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Steve Keen: Economists Are "Insufficiently Numerate"
"Curiously, though economists like to intimidate other social scientists with the mathematical rigor of their discipline, most economists do not have this level of mathematical education...
...One example of this is the way economists have reacted to 'chaos theory'... Most economists think that chaos theory has had little or no impact - which is generally true in economics, but not at all true in most other sciences. This is partially because, to understand chaos theory, you have to understand an area of mathematics known as 'ordinary differential equations.' Yet this topic is taught in very few courses on mathematical economics - and where it is taught, it is not covered in sufficient depth. Students may learn some of the basic techniques for handling what are known as 'second-order linear differential equations,' but chaos and complexity begin to manifest themselves only in 'third order nonlinear differential equations.' Steve Keen (2011). Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor Dethroned?, Revised and expanded ed. Zed Books, p. 31
The above quotes are also in the first edition. Before commenting on this passage, I want to re-iterate my previously expressed belief that some economists, including some mainstream economists, understand differential and difference equations.
I misremembered this comment as being overstated for polemical purposes. But, in context, I think it is clear to those who know the mathematics.
I took an introductory course in differential equations decades ago. Our textbook was by Boyce and DiPrima. As I recall, we were taught fairly cookbook techniques to solve linear differential equations. These could be first order or second order and homogeneous or non-homogeneous. They could also be systems of linear differential equation. I recall some statement of an existence theorem for Initial Value Problems (IVPs), although I think I saw a more thorough proof of some such theorem in an introductory1 real analysis course. We might have also seen some results about the stability of limit points for dynamical systems. Keen is not claiming that economists do not learn this stuff; this kind of course is only a foundation for what he is talking about.
I also took a later applied mathematics course, building on this work. In this course, we were taught how to linearize differential equations. We definitely were taught stability conditions here. If I recall correctly, the most straightforward approach looked only at sufficient, not necessary conditions. We also learned perturbation theory, which can be used to develop higher order approximations to nonlinear equations around the solutions to the linearized equations. One conclusion that I recall is that the period of an unforced pendulum depends on the initial angle, despite what is taught in introductory physics classes2. I do not recall much about boundary layer separations, but maybe that was taught only in the context of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), not Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). This is still not the mathematics that Keen is claiming that economists mostly do not learn, although it is getting there.
You might also see ordinary differential equations in a numerical analysis course. Here you could learn about, say, the Runge-Kutta method. And the methods here can apply to IVPs for systems of non-linear equations3. I believe in the course that I took, we had a project that began to get at the rudiments of complex systems. I think we had to calculate the period of a non-linear predator-prey system. I believe we might have been tasked with constructing a Poincaré return map.
According to Keen, a sufficiently numerate economist should know the theory behind complex dynamical systems, chaos, bifurcation analysis, and catastrophe theory4. I think such theory requires an analysis able to examine global properties, not just local stability results. And one should be interested in the topological properties of a flow, not just the solution to a (small number of) IVPs. Although this mathematics has been known, for decades, to have applications in economics, most economics do not learn it. Or, at least, this is Keen's claim.
Economists should know something beyond mathematics. For example, they should have some knowledge of the sort of history developed by, say, Fernand Braudel or Eric Hobsbawm. And they should have some understanding of contemporary institutions. How can they learn all of this necessary background and the needed mathematics5, as well? I do not have an answer, although I can think of three suggestions. First, much of what economists currently teach might be drastically streamlined. Second, one might not expect all economists to learn everything; a pluralist approach might recognize the need for a division of labor within economics. Third, perhaps the culture of economics should be such that economists are not expected to do great work until later in their lifetimes. I vaguely understand history is like this, while mathematics is stereotypically the opposite.
As a student, I was somewhat puzzled by why my textbooks were always only Introductions to X or Elements of X. It took me quite some time to learn the prerequisites. How could this only be an introduction? Only later work makes this plain.
Good physics textbook are clear about linear approximations to the sine function for small angles. Although our textbook motivated perturbation theory in the context of models of solar systems, I have never seen perturbation theory applied here in a formal course. Doubtless, astrophysicists are taught this.
Stiff differential equations is a jargon term that I recall being used. I do not think I ever understood what it meant, but I am clear that the techniques I think I have mostly forgotten were not universally applicable without some care.
Those who have been reading my blog for a while might have noticed I usually present results for the analysis of non-linear (discrete-time) difference equations, not (continuous-time) differential equations.
There are popular sciences books about complex systems.
Labels: Steve Keen, Towards Complex Dynamics
Alan Greenspan, Fool or Knave?
Robert Solow quotes Greenspan's new book:
"'In a free competitive market,' [Greenspan] writes, 'incomes earned by all participants in the joint effort of production reflect their marginal contributions to the output of the net national product. Market competition ensures that their incomes equal their "marginal product" share of total output, and are justly theirs.'" -- Robert M. Solow
I am not going to waste my time reading banal balderdash from Greenspan. Solow feels the same way about Ayn Rand:
"I got through maybe half of one of those fat paperbacks when I was young, the one about the architect. Since then I have found it impossible to take Ayn Rand seriously as a novelist or a thinker." -- Robert M. Solow
Anyway, as I have explained repeatedly, marginal productivity is not a theory of distribution, let alone justice. Firstly, in a long-run model, endowments of capital goods are not givens and marginal productivity conditions fail to pin down the functional distribution of income. A degree of freedom remains, which one might as well take to be the interest rate.
Second, ownership of capital goods does not contribute to the product, even though decisions must be made how to allocate capital, both as finance and as physically existing commodities. The New Republic is written for a popular audience, and Solow is plainly trying to avoid technicalities. Is his comment about property in the following an echo of my - actually, Joan Robinson's - point, albeit mixed in with other stuff, including comments about initial positions:
"Students of economics are taught that ... the actual outcome, including the relative incomes of participants, depends on 'initial endowments,' the resources that participants bring when they enter the market. Some were born to well-off parents in relatively rich parts of the country and grew up well-fed, well-educated, well-cared-for, and well-placed, endowed with property. Others were born to poor parents in relatively poor or benighted parts of the country, and grew up on bad diets, in bad schools, in bad situations, and without social advantages or property. Others grew up somewhere in between. These differences in starting points will be reflected in their marginal products and thus in their market-determined incomes. There is nothing just about it." -- Robert M. Solow
As far as I am concerned, Greenspan's job, for decades, has been ensuring, on behalf of the rulers of the United States, that workers do not get too big for their britches.
Period Doubling As A Route To Chaos
Figure 1: An Example of Temporal Dynamics for the Logistic Equation
This post illustrates some common properties of two dynamical systems, chosen out of a large class of such systems. Two quite different functions are drawn, and I demonstrate that, qualitatively, certain behavior arising out of these functions looks quite alike. Furthermore, I point out a mathematical argument that a certain quantitative constant arises for both functions.
I do not claim that the iterative processes here characterize any specific economic model (but see here and here) or physical process. Feigenbaum (1980) mentions "the complex weather patterns of the atmosphere, the myriad whorls of turmoil in a turbulent fluid, [and] the erratic noise in an electronic signal." Such processes have an emergent macro behavior consistent with a wide variety of micro mechanisms. The mathematical metaphors presented in this post suggest that if economic phenomena were described by complex dynamic processes, economists should then reject microfoundations, reductionism, and strong methodological individualism.
2.0 The Logistic Equation
This post is about the analysis of a sequence x0, x1, x2, ... in discrete time. Successive points in this sequence are defined by the repeated iteration of a function fi. (The index i allows one to specify a specific function.) The first few terms of the time series are defined as follows, for a given index i and a given initial value x0:
x1 = fi(x0)
x2 = fi(x1) = fi(fi(x0))
x3 = fi(x2) = fi(fi(fi(x0)))
The logistic function is defined as follows:
f1(x) = a x(1 - x), 0 < a < 4.
Note the parameter a. For a given value of a in the indicated region, the long term behavior of the iterative process defined above is independent of the initial value. This long term behavior varies dramatically, however, with a. In other words, the long term behavior exhibits a kind of dynamic stability, but is structurally unstable.
The behavior of such a sequence can be nicely illustrated by certain diagrams. Figure 1, above, displays the temporal dynamics for one sequence for one value of the parameter a and one initial value. The abscissa and the ordinate in this diagram both range from zero to unity. The 45-degree line then slopes upward to the right from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 1). Any distance measured upward on the axis for the ordinate can be reflected through the 45 degree line to project the same distance horizontally on the axis for the abscissa. That is, draw a line horizontally from the Y-axis rightward to the 45 degree line. Then draw a vertical line downward from that intersection with the 45 line to the X axis. You will have measured the same distance along both the abscissa and ordinate.
Values for the time series are shown in the diagram by vertical lines. When projected downward to the axis for the abscissa, one will have a plot of x0, x1, x2, etc. In the case shown in Figure 1, the initial value, x0, is 1/2. The logistic function is shown as the parabola opening downward. A line is drawn upward from the axis for the abscissa to intercept the logistic function. The value of the ordinate for this point is x1. To find this value, as measured on the abscissa, a line is drawn leftward from the point of interception with the logistic function to the 45 degree line. Next, draw a line downward from this point on the 45 degree line to the logistic function. The value of the ordinate for this new point on the logistic function is then x2. The step function in Figure 1 going down to the labeled point is a visual representation of the entire time series. Can you see that, in the figure, all times series for the given value of the parameter a, no matter the initial value, will converge to the labeled point? In the jargon, the times series for the logistic function for this value of a is said to have a single stable limit point.
As a matter of fact, the long term behavior of every time series for the logistic function is generically independent of the initial value. It makes sense then, not to plot the first, say, 20,000 points of the time series and only plot the next say 5,000 points. This would lead to a boring graph for Figure 1; the only point in the non-transient part of the time series would be at the stable limit point. Figure 2 shows a more interesting case, for a larger value of the parameter a. Notice the upside-down parabola now rises to a higher value. Because of the form of the logistic function, the plotted function remains symmetrical around x = 1/2.) For the parameter value used for Figure 2, no stable limit points exist for the time series. Rather, the time series converges to a limit cycle of period 3. That is, the cycle illustrated with the structure with the black lines has three vertical lines and repeats endlessly.
Figure 2: A Cycle with Period 3 for the Logistic Equation
Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate that the limiting behavior of an iterative process for the logistic equation varies with the parameter a. Figure 3 displays this variation from a value of a somewhere under 3.0 to 4.0. In Figure 3, the value of a is plotted along the abscissa. For each value of a, non-transient values of a time series are plotted along the ordinate. To the left of the figure, the time series converges to a single stable limit point. Somewhere to the right, this limit point becomes unstable, and the limiting behavior consists of a cycle of period 2. Moving further to the right - that is, increasing a, limit cycles of period 4, 8, 16, etc. appear. The limit cycle of period 3 shown in Figure 2 corresponds to a parameter value of a somewhere to the center left of the region shown in the blown-up inset.
Figure 3: Structural Dynamics for the Logistic Equation
In some sense, this is recreational mathematics. Computers these days make it fairly easy to draw a more complete representation of Figure 4 in May (1976). The blow-up in Figure 3 demonstrates that the structural dynamics for the logistic function is fractal in nature. We see the same shape repeated on increasingly smaller and smaller scales. Chaos arises for parameter values of a between the period doubling cascade and the period-3 cycle. (Chaotic behavior is shown in Figure 3 by the dark shaded regions.)
3.0 A Exponential-Logistic Equation
I repeated the above analysis for what I am calling an exponential-logistic function:
f2(x) = (x/c) ea(1 - x), 0 < a
c = 1, if a - ln a ≤ 1
c = -1/(a ea - 1), if 1 < a - ln a
This exponential-logistic function was suggested to me by a function in May (1976). I introduced the scaling provided by c such that the maximum value of this function never exceeds unity. This function, like the logistic function, is parametrized by a single parameter, which I am also calling a. Figure 4 shows the non-transient behavior for a specific value of the parameter a for the exponential-logistic function. In this case, a stable limit cycle of period 32 arises.
Figure 4: A Cycle with Period 32 for the Exponential-Logistic Equation
Notice the exponential-logistic function is generally not symmetric around any value of x; one tail is heavier than the other. Furthermore, it only has a zero at the origin; nothing corresponds to the zero at x = 1 in the logistic function. So, in some sense, it has a quite different form from the logistic function. Yet, as shown in Figure 5, the structural dynamics for iterative processes for the exponential-logistic function are qualitatively similar to the structural dynamics arising from the logistic function. We see the same shapes in Figures 3 and 5, albeit distorted in some sense.
Figure 5: Structural Dynamics for the Exponential-Logistic Equation
4.0 A Feigenbaum Constant
I now report on some quantitative numerical experiments. Table 1, in the second column, shows the smallest value of the parameter a for which I was able to find a limit cycle of the given period for the logistic equation. Cycles of an infinite number of periods - that is, for all positive integer powers of two (2, 4, 8, 16, ...) - exist in the period-doubling region labeled in Figure 3. As suggested by Table 2, the distance between values of a at which period-doubling occurs gets smaller and smaller. In fact all these limit cycles arise before a = 3.5700..., the point of accumulation of a at which chaos sets in. (I do not fully understand the literature on how to calculate the period of limiting cycles for a. I therefore do not report values of a for larger periods than shown in the table, since I do not fully trust my implementation of certain numeric methods.)
Table 1: Period Doubling in the Logistic Equation
Period a Difference Ratio
2 2.9999078
4 3.4494577 0.449550 4.7510
16 3.5644029 0.020324 4.6669
128 3.5698109 0.000200
Table 1, above shows, in the third column, the difference between values of a at which period-doubling occurs. The fourth column shows the ratio of successive difference. Theoretically, this ratio converges to δ = 4.669201609... My numeric exploration has found this constant to at least two significant figures.
The convergence of this ratio, over limit cycles for periods of powers of two, is not limited to the logistic equation. Table 2 reports the result of a numeric experiment with the exponential-logistic equation. Here too, the constant δ has been found to two significant figures. Interestingly, the ratio would theoretically converge to the same constant if the two tables were infinitely extended. In fact, δ is a universal mathematical constant, like π or e.
Table 2: Period Doubling in the Exponential-Logistic Equation
64 5.4303982 0.007087
The above analysis can be generalized to many other functions, albeit I do not fully understand how to characterize the class of such functions. Feigenbaum states that the period doubling route to chaos is not limited to one-dimensional processes. I believe it also arises in continuous time systems, as defined by certain non-linear differential equations. Do you find it surprising that a universal constant with wide applicably to physical processes (like year-by-year changes in the population demographics of certain species), has been discovered in the lifetime of many now alive?
Keith Briggs (1991). A Precise Calculation of the Feigenbaum Constants, Mathematics of Computation, V. 57, No. 195 (July): pp. 435-439.
Mitchell J. Feigenbaum (1980). Universal Behavior in Nonlinear Systems, Los Alamos Science (Summer): pp. 4-27.
Tien-Yien Li & James A. Yorke (1975). Period Three Implies Chaos, American Mathematical Monthly, V. 82, No. 10 (Dec.): pp. 985-992.
Robert M. May (1976). Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics, Nature, 261: pp. 459-467.
Labels: Towards Complex Dynamics
Purge At Amsterdam?
I have noticed that the recent history of economics has been impacted by various purges in various prominent economics departments. I think of, for example, Harvard, Rutgers, and Notre Dame. I had not noticed this one when it was going on:
"For most of my time over ten years at the University of Amsterdam my research and that of my colleagues was strongly supported. (I taught three courses every second fall term, and took leave from Marquette.) Unfortunately over the last two years people in leadership positions there at the faculty of economics decided that the history and methodology of economics (HME) was not important, and in conditions of a financial emergency associated with chronic budget shortfalls closed down the HME group. That included sacking my very accomplished and, in our field, well-respected colleagues Marcel Boumans and Harro Maas, who had been associate professors there for many years, and ending the chair position in HME, which I held, which had been at the faculty for decades. We had six courses in the history and methodology of economics; engaged and enthusiastic students; a research group of up to a dozen people; a master degree in HME; PhD students; and a required methodology course for bachelor students. I do not think there was a better program in the world in our field. We also had great interaction with the London School of Economics, the history of economics people at Duke University, history of economics people in Paris, and the Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics. The HME group was internationally recognized, and attracted students from across the world. Our financial footprint, in fact, was quite small compared to other groups, and by a number of measures of output per person we were more productive than many other research groups at Amsterdam.
Since I fully believe the faculty financial emergency could have been addressed without eliminating the group, I can only put what happened down to prejudice against our field, plus the usual on-going territorial aggrandizing that has been a key factor in the elimination of history of economics from most American universities. It is interesting to me also, that with a few exceptions, members of the economics faculty at Amsterdam made no effort on the HME group's behalf to resist what happened or even personally expressed regret or concern to those who lost their jobs. I find this reprehensible.
The loss of this program was a blow to our field. There are now few places in the world training PhD students in history and/or methodology of economics. So in the final analysis the situation for economics and philosophy is mixed: considerable achievement with an uncertain future. Great weight, in my view, should be placed on restoring PhD training in the field, something that is being done, for instance, through generous grants from the Institute for New Economic Thinking at Duke University under Bruce Caldwell." -- John B. Davis (2012). Identity Problems: An interview with John B. Davis, Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics, V. 5, Iss. 2 (Autumn): pp. 81-103.
Reminder: Reductionism Is Bad Science
I want to remind myself to try to download the following in a couple of weeks:
Abstract: Causal interactions within complex systems can be analyzed at multiple spatial and temporal scales. For example, the brain can be analyzed at the level of neurons, neuronal groups, and areas, over tens, hundreds, or thousands of milliseconds. It is widely assumed that, once a micro level is fixed, macro levels are fixed too, a relation called supervenience. It is also assumed that, although macro descriptions may be convenient, only the micro level is causally complete, because it includes every detail, thus leaving no room for causation at the macro level. However, this assumption can only be evaluated under a proper measure of causation. Here, we use a measure [effective information (EI)] that depends on both the effectiveness of a system's mechanisms and the size of its state space: EI is higher the more the mechanisms constrain the system's possible past and future states. By measuring EI at micro and macro levels in simple systems whose micro mechanisms are fixed, we show that for certain causal architectures EI can peak at a macro level in space and/or time. This happens when coarse-grained macro mechanisms are more effective (more deterministic and/or less degenerate) than the underlying micro mechanisms, to an extent that overcomes the smaller state space. Thus, although the macro level supervenes upon the micro, it can supersede it causally, leading to genuine causal emergence—the gain in EI when moving from a micro to a macro level of analysis. -- Erik P. Hoel, Larissa Albantakis, and Giulio Tononi (2013). Quantifying Causal Emergence Shows that Macro Can Beat Micro, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, V. 110, no. 49.
As far as I can tell, the above article is not specifically about economics. I do not understand download policy for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. I gather that you must be registered to download articles from the current issues, but can download back issues with no such restriction.
Hat Tip: Philip Ball
Honest Textbooks
Every teacher, I guess, of an introductory or intermediate course has a struggle with how to teach material that requires more advanced concepts, outside the scope of the course, to fully understand. I think it would be nice for the textbooks not to foreclose the possibility of pointing out this requirement. I here provide a couple of examples from some mathematics textbooks that I happen to have.
2.0 Probability
Hogg and Craig (1974) is a book on probability and statistics. I have found many of their examples and theorems of use in a wide variety of areas. They usually do not explain how many of these ideas can be expanded to an entire applied course.
2.1 Borel Sets and Non-Measurable Sets
An axiomatic definition of probability is a fundamental concept for this book. Hogg and Craig recognize that they do not give a completely rigorous and general definition:
Let C denote the set of every possible outcome of a random experiment; that is, C is the sample space. It is our purpose to define a set function P(C) such that if C is a subset of C, then P(C) is the probability that the outcome of the random experiment is an element of C...
Definition 7: If P(C) is defined for a type of subset of the space C, and if,
P(C) ≥ 0,
Let C be the union of C1, C2, C3, ... Then P(C) = P(C1) + P(C2) + P(C3) + ..., where the sets Ci, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., are such that no two have a point in common...
P(C) = 1,
then P(C) is called the probability set function of the outcome of the random experiment. For each subset C of C, the number P(C) is called the probability that the outcome of the random experiment is an element of the set C, or the probability of the event C, or the probability measure of the set C.
Remark. In the definition, the phrase 'a type of subset of the space C' would be explained more fully in a more advanced course. Nevertheless, a few observations can be made about the collection of subsets that are of the type... -- Hogg and Craig (1974): pp. 12-13 (Notation changed from original).
2.2 Moment Generating and Characteristic Functions
Hogg and Craig work with moment generating functions throughout their book. In the chapter in which they introduce them, they state:
Remark: In a more advanced course, we would not work with the moment-generating function because so many distributions do not have moment-generating functions. Instead, we would let i denote the imaginary unit, t an arbitrary real, and we would define φ(t) = E(eitX). This expectation exists for every distribution and it is called the characteristic function of the distribution...
Every distribution has a unique characteristic function; and to each characteristic function there corresponds a unique distribution of probability... Readers who are familiar with complex-valued functions may write φ(t) = M(i t) and, throughout this book, may prove certain theorems in complete generality.
Those who have studied Laplace and Fourier transforms will note a similarity between these transforms and [the moment generating function] M(t) and φ(t); it is the uniqueness of these transforms that allows us to assert the uniqueness of each of the moment-generating and characteristic functions. -- Hogg and Craig (1978): pp. 54-55.
3.0 Fourier Series
Lin and Segel (1974) provides a case study approach to applied mathematics. They introduce certain techniques and concepts in the course of specific problems. Fourier analysis is introduced in the context of the heat equation. They then look at more generals aspects of Fourier series and transforms. They state:
Suppose that we now pose the following problem, which can be regarded as the converse to Parseval's theorem. Given a set of real numbers a0, am, bm, m = 1, 2, ..., such that the series
(1/2) a02 + {[a12 + b12] + [a22 + b22] + ...}
is convergent, is there a function f(x) such that the series
(1/2) a0 + {[a1cos(x) + b1sin(x)]
+ [a2cos(2x) + b2sin(2x)] + ...}
is its Fourier series?
An affirmative answer to this question depends on the introduction of the concepts of Lebesque measure and Lebesque integration. With these notions introduced, we have the Riesz-Fisher theorem, which states that (i) the [above] series ... is indeed the Fourier series of a function f, which is square integrable, and that (ii) the partial sums of the series converge in the mean to f.
The problem we posed is a very natural one from a mathematical point of view. It appears that it might have a simple solution, but it is here that new mathematical concepts and theories emerge. On the other hand, for physical applications, such a mathematical question does not arise naturally. -- C. C. Lin & L. A. Segel (1974): p. 147 (Notation changed from original).
4.0 Discussion
Here is a challenge: point out such candid remarks in textbooks in your field. I suspect many can find such comments in many textbooks. I will not be surprised if some can find some in mainstream intermediate textbooks in economics. Teaching undergraduates in economics, however, presents some challenges and tensions. I think of the acknowledged gap between undergraduate and graduate education. Furthermore, I think some tensions and inconsistencies in microeconomics cannot be and are never resolved in more advanced treatments. Off the top of my head, here are two examples.
The theory of the firm requires the absence of transactions costs for perfect competition to prevail. But under the conditions of perfect competition, firms would not exist. Rather workers would be independent contractors, forming temporary collectives when convenient.
Under the theory of perfect competition, as taught to undergraduates, firms are not atomistic. Thus, when taking prices as given, the managers are consistently wrong about the response of the market to changes they may each make to the quantity supplied. On the other hand, when firms are atomistic and of measure zero, they do not produce at the strictly positive finite amount required by the theory of a U-shaped average cost curve.
My archives provide many other examples of such tensions, to phrase it nicely.
Robert V. Hogg & Allen T. Craig (1978). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 4th edition, MacMillan.
C. C. Lin & L. A. Segel (1974). Mathematics Applied to Deterministic Problems in the Natural Sciencs, Macmillan
A New Order In Economics From Manchester
The Post-crash Economics Society
Economics students aim to tear up free-market syllabus, by Phillip Inman, in the Guardian, 24 October 2013.
Letters: Reconnecting economics and real life, in the Guardian, 25 October 2013.
Economics students need to be taught more than neoclassical theory, by Zach Ward-Perkins and Joe Earle, in the Guardian, 28 October 2013.
Mainstream economics is in denial: the world has changed, by Aditya Chakraborthy, in the Guardian, 28 October 2013.
Economics lecturers accused of clinging to pre-crash fallacies, by Phillip Inman, in the Guardian, 10 November 2013.
Teaching evidence-based economics, by Michael Joffe, in the Royal Economic Society Newsletter, October 2013.
University economics teaching to be overhauled, by Phillip Inman, in the Guardian, 11 November 2013.
Cambridge Society for Economic Pluralism (CSEP)
Letter to the editor from the Post Keynesian Study Group, 18 November 2013.
Leter to the editor from the Association for Heterodox Economics, 21 November 2013.
Keynes's new heirs: Britain leads a global push to rethink the way economics is taught, in the Economist, 23 November 2013.
By the way, Ian Steedman, a leading Sraffian economist, was at the University of Manchester not too long ago. And, I believe, he did supervise a number of doctorate theses from students at Manchester. So the closing of the doors to form the current monoculture happened only over the last decade, I guess.
Update: Originally posted on 6 November 2013. Updated on 12 November 2013 to include more links.
Update: Updated on 2 December 2013 to include more links.
Steve Keen: Economists Are "Insufficiently Numerat...


text:
Utah State University - » Musicians, film-makers get thumbs-up from Richmond council
Musicians, film-makers get thumbs-up from Richmond council
March 25th, 2013 Posted in Opinion
By Shayna Marcure
RICHMOND — City Council spent time approving an array of local building-use requests at its recent meeting, with nearly a full-room turnout.
A request to use the Community Building for routine "musician get-togethers" was passed unanimously."It isn't a show for bands to come and play and people to come and watch. It's for people to come together and play music," local Howard Iverson said. "Younger folk can come play with us older musicians. It's fun and an opportunity for the young musicians around here."
Iverson said the events would be absolutely free. When Councilwoman Terrie Wierenga expressed concern about clean-up, Iverson promised his extra time to tidying any mess. "I am a very clean person," he said. Six years ago, Iverson worked on a similar community music project that was successful, so the council had little to question.
The project will be a bi-weekly community event, and the council granted Iverson a fee-waiver, to allow use of the building for free. Musical meetings will begin in upcoming months.
Star Trek enthusiasts and film-maker "wannabes" also gained permission to use the Community Building theater to mobilize their written scripts from paper to screen. Marla Trowbridge, from Trenton, and Stewart Hunsaker, Smithfield, presented their plan to utilize the local theater to increase the production value of their films. "We do have one film under our belt," Hunsaker said. "With this building, we can build a couple of sets, and film what we need to film."
In return for free use of the building, Trowbridge shared how valuable she believed "sweat equity" to be. "We spend a lot of time cleaning up and improving the space we use," she said. The duo also invited Mayor Mike Hall to appear in their short film, as thanks for approving their request to use the theater. Filming will begin in early May.
The council also approved the 12,000-square-foot renovation of and addition to the old Pet Milk/WDCI factory for commercial warehousing, after an hour-long discussion. The conditional use permit was passed unanimously.
With the help of Fire Marshal Jason Winn of Cache County Fire District, the council formulated a specific set of stipulations at the meeting, which must be met before occupational use of the Pet Milk building is allowed. These conditions include:
improvements made to the water line running across Main Street to 200 South.
a 20 ft.-wide passage way to the building for fire vehicles, and a turn-around amounting to a 60-ft. radius, seasoned with all-weather pavement.
installation of two fire hydrants within 450 feet of the building, with available water flow of 2,250 gallons per minute for two hours.
disconnection of the existing sewer line, and installation of a private sewer lateral connecting to the city's main sewer line
According to the council, no business except for warehousing will take place within the specified space of improvements, and said warehousing will only include "dead storage." In other words, no animals, no active ingredients, and no hazardous matter will be stored within the warehouse.
Tags: city council, community arts events, film-makers, musicians, Richmond

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wild Honey was the unanimous choice of both my sister and aunt when I asked them to recommend a good all-day breakfast/ brunch place in town. Both were raving about the variety of their all-day breakfasts and the quality of the offerings, and were literally staring wide-eyed at me for not knowing/ having tried Wild Honey yet.
Being wildly popular, only the branch at Scotts Square take in reservations. The original outlet at Mandarin Gallery only take walk-in customers. We made reservations 2 weeks in advance, and got a quiet table at a corner. My favourite kind of table in any restaurant. The veranda area of Wild Honey looked good too, especially if you like basking in sunshine and people-watching.
The menu at Wild Honey is like an encyclopedia of the breakfasts served around the world. A very sumptuous encyclopedia. Everything sounds so delicious, I want them all! This is where good friends come in handy- "let's choose one each and then share!" was the order of the day. I like.
The English breakfast ($24) at Wild Honey was a wholesome platter of goodness. The pork sausage and bacon was grilled very nicely- a little charred but still juicy and tender. The grilled potatoes and sauteed mushrooms were well flavoured. The scrambled eggs were creamy and paired really well with the soft fluffy brioche. Highly recommended if you're a heavy breakfast eater and want a full works that could last you through the day.
If you are in the mood for some exquisiteness and having something really out of your everyday breakfast routine, the Crab Cakes with Caviar ($38) would satisfy you. The crab cakes were generously packed with fresh crab meat and pan-fried to perfection. The crab cake sits comfortably in between a crispy english muffin and an egg benedict, topped with hollandaise sauce and caviar. Ah, such fine delights of life!
I must be a Scandinavian, the way I cannot resist salmon and potatoes. This has got to be the reason. I can eat this every morning, and I probably would not even know of this thing called the morning blues. The Scandinavian breakfast ($24) was a happy combination of grilled Norwegian salmon and fried potato rosti, and topped with hollandaise source. Perfect union of the two things that I like the most.
My favourite drink at Wild Honey was the cappuccino ($6). The coffee was smooth and frothy. The straws that came with the iced drinks were a winner- they immediately lift up my spirits the moment I saw them. So festive and so happy!
Wild Honey is a place of indulgence, on days where you'll like to pamper yourself with that perfect start, to replenish the mid-day drive, or to reward yourself after a long day at work. Be prepared to go on an exquisite culinary expedition at Wild Honey, in the comfort of the cushioned arm chairs of the cosy and homely place.


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Most Disliked Female Tennis Players [2023]
September 7, 2022 December 2, 2022 gossiprabbit
Tennis is a fun racket game where the fans get entertained whenever the ball gets hit with high-level energy and crosses the net. The game is full of energy, and watching the professionals play makes it more thrilling.
However, this is not always the case. Many professional tennis players of both genders are also there who spoil the game and make us hate them.
Here we will be talking about a few female tennis players who ruin the game of tennis because of their moral shortcomings.
The first female tennis player on the list is the former number one female tennis player in the world, Maria Sharapova.
The Olympics medalist and the only Russian to add Grand Slam is skilled and a treat to watch on the court.
However, many people find her unapproachable because of her attitude problem. They also complain that she is more focused on business than the actual game on the court.
Fans existing hatred for her escalated when she failed the drug test during 2016 Australian Open and got suspended for two years.
She did not pay attention that the supplement she was taking for her magnesium deficiency got banned that year, and fans could not contain their hate for her.
Another name on the list is the first-ever Canadian player to reach the final of the Grand Slam tournament representing Canada, Eugenie Bouchard.
The 2013 WTA Newcomer of the Year gets a lot of hate from the fan for her lack of sportsmanship.
Bouchard never shakes hands with her opponent before the game, even though they offer her their hand.
Besides her lack of sportsmanship, she also receives lots of hate for being rude and publicly calling her fellow WTA players a cheater.
Dayna Yastremska
Dayna Yastremska also joins the list for the same reason as Bouchard. Like Bouchard, Yastremska also denied a handshake from her opponents on many occasions.
In addition to this lack of sportsmanship, she has also argued with the empire several times. All of these overshadow her skill as a tennis player and make fans hate her.
Not only do her fans lose all the fun while she is on the court, but even the empires and supervisors are also unhappy.
Yulia Putintseva
The list continues with another skilled female tennis player, Yulia Putinseva, who might be an ace with her racket but has ruined her reputation because of her foul temper.
In one of the matches, Putintseva threw her racket and even passed sarcastic and rude comments to the empire when things did not go her way.
The two-time WTA Tour winner can do magic on the tennis court, but she lacks even the must-have general sportsmanship during any game.
Yulia is just 1.63 m tall. Although she is not among the shortest WTA players, she is a bit shorter in stature compared to most female tennis players.
Jeļena Ostapenko
Like Putintseva, we also have Jelena Ostapenko, known for throwing tantrums on the court by bashing her racket.
Despite being the only player between 2018 and 2019 to win the Grand Slam title, she receives a lot of criticism from the fans for being a sore loser.
She often loses her temper when things do not go according to her on the court and shows it by aggressively throwing her racket.
Danielle Collins
Since we are already on female tennis players receiving hate from the players for their aggressive behavior on the court, we cannot forget another two-time WTA tour singles winner Danielle Collins.
Fans have a great dislike for her gameplay on the court as it involves lots of unnecessary shouting.
She often shouts while missing points during the game and even storms out of the venue without even offering a simple handshake to her opponent when she loses a game, which makes her intolerable to tennis lovers.
The last one on the list of the most hated female tennis players is Martina Hingis, one of the greatest female tennis players.
Though Hingis had already retired from the tennis court in 2017, people still recall her magic with her racket.
She is the first player from Switzerland in both genders to achieve the world's number one rank and ever hold a major title to her name.
She has forty singles and thirty-six double titles to her name at the young age of twenty and has had a glorious career over the years.
But, these are not the only things that fans remember about her. Many fans still remember her rudeness towards other fellow female tennis players.
In an interview for Times Magazine, Hingis called out the William sisters for using their skin tone to get more sponsorships and endorsements.
She even publicly insulted Jana Novena, her former doubles partner, by calling her old and slow.
All these female tennis players are living proof that no matter how good they are, people will always judge them if they do not treat others or the game with respect.
Despite having skills and great form on the tennis court, fans still hated these players because of their ill behavior and lack of respect for their game and their opponent.
Even when they have world titles, fans will never forget their moral shortcomings, both on and off the court.
More: Check this article about the most disliked female golfers.
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Wyndham Destinations Asia Pacific Sponsors 10th Anniversary GNEX Conference
Wyndham Destinations Asia Pacific has confirmed that it will be a Silver Sponsor for next year's Global Networking Experience (GNEX) Conference, which will be held in Las Vegas at the Bellagio Hotel and Casino from February 18-21, 2020.
For 10 years, GNEX has united innovators, executives, and high-level talent in the vacation ownership, leisure, and hospitality industries. Since 2011, GNEX has held its annual conference in world-class locations such as Miami, and the Baha Mar Resort in the Bahamas. To celebrate its 10th anniversary, GNEX 2020 will call the Bellagio Hotel and Casino its home.
"It has never been a more exciting time to be in the vacation ownership industry, and this year's GNEX conference promises to reflect just that, with its innovative format, great networking opportunities and high-quality events. The conference brings together a unique mix of companies and attendees from all over the globe and, now in its tenth year, is shaping up to be the largest in the event's history. Wyndham Destinations Asia Pacific is proud to support this important industry conference once again," said Barry Robinson, President and Managing Director International Operations, Wyndham Vacation Clubs.
Wyndham Destinations Asia Pacific markets and sells vacation ownership interests across a network of 69 resort properties throughout Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Indonesia, Thailand, Europe, Japan and Hawaii in the US. The company is headquartered in Singapore, serves more than 71,000 vacation owners and is the largest vacation ownership development operation outside of the United States.
"We are delighted to once again have the support of such a prominent industry leader; one who contributes to our global audience and brings with them experience and ideas from multiple markets around the world." Says Paul Mattimoe, President & CEO, Perspective Group.
GNEX 2020 will mark the return of its popular speaker format, X-Talks, which debuted in 2018 and the 60-Second Pitch. In addition to these popular events, GNEX announced two new conference programs: Expo LIVE! and The Boardroom. Expo Live! Will feature select sponsors and exhibitors the opportunity to present their products and services to attendees on the main stage and The Boardroom will bring together vacation ownership industry titans to raise questions, debate, and discuss current hot topics in the industry.
Confirmed sponsors include: Holiday Systems International, INTUITION Brand Marketing, Walltopia USA, Light, Resort Management Services, Wyndham Destinations, Access Development, SPI Software, Jim Madrid, My Travel Club, The Registry Collection, Asociación Mexicana de Desarrolladores Turísticos (AMDETUR), Association of Vacation Owners (AVO), Cooperative Association of Resort Exchangers (C.A.R.E.), Canadian Vacation Ownership Association (CVOA), ARDA Developments Magazine.
For more information on GNEX 2020 visit https://gnexconference.com
For information on Sponsorship Opportunities visit https://gnexconference.com/sponsorship
About Wyndham Vacation Resorts Asia Pacific
Wyndham Vacation Resorts Asia Pacific develops, markets and sells Vacation Ownership interests in a network of 28 Vacation Ownership resorts in the Asia Pacific region and serves more than 55,000 Vacation Owners throughout Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Thailand in the WorldMark South Pacific Club by Wyndham. Wyndham Vacation Resorts Asia Pacific is a division of Wyndham Vacation Ownership, part of Wyndham Worldwide. The Asia Pacific corporate office is located on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia and employs more than 2,000 staff throughout the South Pacific. Visit www.wyndhamAP.com for more information.
About GNEX Conference
With a new destination every year, a heavy focus on networking, high-quality events, and innovative format, GNEX Conferences attract senior-level executives from more than 130+ companies across the globe. The conference brings together a unique mix of attendees from traditionally separated segments of the hospitality industry, enabling you to network with companies that specialize in Hotels, Vacation Ownership, Resort Real Estate, Vacation Rentals, OTAs, Travel Agencies & Travel Clubs, plus all the vendors that supply them, including Resort Management, Sales & Marketing, Legal & Financial, Construction & Renovation, Technology, HR & Training and more… For more details on our next event in Las Vegas at the Bellagio Hotel and Casino visit https://gnexconference.com
By GNEXConference|2019-09-05T13:54:40+00:00September 5th, 2019|News|Comments Off on Wyndham Destinations Asia Pacific Sponsors 10th Anniversary GNEX Conference
Equiant Confirms Supporting Sponsorship at GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
Catalyst Announces Bronze Sponsorship at GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
SPI Confirms Bronze Sponsorship At GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
GuestView Guide Confirms Bronze Sponsorship at GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
Lloydshare Confirms Silver Sponsorship at GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
arrivia announces Gold Sponsorship at GNEX-ACOTUR 2022 Conference
GNEX 2022 Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada
Sharon Mattimoe
Email: info@gnexconference.com
Web: GNEX Conference


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About Us | CONCERT PICS | MORE CONCERT PICS | SHINDIG POPS | POPS' TRUE COLOURS | LATINA POPS | TOP SHOTS | MORE SHINDIG SHOTS | POPS' BIG MOMENT | AWESOME POPS | SHINDIG REVIEW | MORE REVIEW | POPS ..... Out of her cocoon
SHINDIG REVIEW
A real shindig
if there was one
By Leah Salterio Gatdula
Pops Fernandez didn't have to prove anything Saturday night, when she filled up the Ultra to the brim during her major concert, "Shindig." She was not out to reinforce her title as the country's "Concert Queen." She mounted the Ultra stage simply to give her fans a grand time with her songs, dances and larger than life performance.
It was a rainy weekend, but the fans braved the rains and made a beeline to the Ultra gates to witness Pops perform. It was a sold-out show. At the last minute, people were still scampering for tickets, but to no avail.
The multi-media promo for the concert worked wonders - TV specials, parties, press conference, radio plugs, TV and print ads, even billboards -- so that "Shindig" turned out to be a huge success.
"I'm not out to compete with anyone," an overwhelmed Pops told her audience. "Maybe you just see the rawness and sincerity every time I perform, that's
why you all came here tonight."
You knew there was an entire troupe of Pops' loyalists when parking at the Ultra was an ordeal and it took nearly an hour to enter the special ringside gates. Those holding bleacher tickets probably took forever to get inside.
Every available seat in the venue was taken. Surprisingly, even the aisles were filled with fans. It seemed that half of Pasig's population was able to sneak in past the Ultra guards and didn't mind squatting on the floor just to see Pops perform.
The show started fashionably late, but the fans didn't seem to mind. They were probably having a ball star-gazing. At half past 8, show biz stars were spotted in the audience, among them Albert and Liezl Martinez, Princess Punzalan, Rowell Santiago, Rustom Padilla, Rica Peralejo and Ai-Ai de las Alas. Pops' mom and concert producer, Dulce Lukban, also sat on the front row with noted hairdresser Ricky Reyes and travel agency owner Cris Aquino.
Regine Velasquez, who is being pitted against Pops by some nasty writers for the "Concert Queen" tag, was also in the audience.
Veejays Belinda Panelo and KC Montero documented the event for their program on MTV Asia.
Pops is no concert queen for nothing. It took her two years to return to a major concert venue but her popularity has not waned. "Shindig" was apparently much-awaited by her hordes of fans and Pops showed it was no impossible feat to fill up a huge venue again.
Thank God, this was one concert which didn't have a front act. From the first minute, it was Pops who wowed the crowd with her adrenalin-pumping epertoire of dance ditties and upbeat tunes.
For her opening salvo, Pops launched to a Britney Spears number, "Oops I Did it Again," with a bevy of dancers clad in yellow-gold outfits. She sang and danced with much energy as if she was a tyro trying to prove herself. But Pops was simply all too eager to please her audience that night.
After the number, she made her exit in a motorcycle driven by a man in an all-black outfit and helmet, who was later introduced to be Diether Ocampo, much to the delight of the crowd.
Without changing outfits, Pops was back, this time in the elevated portion of the stage inspired by Urban Decay. She did a dance medley with more dancers trying to fit in the stage, cramped by session musicians and their instruments, plus other props for visual effects.
A cocooned Pops emerged from an electric-pleated gold wrap for her Madonna medley of "Frozen," "Nothing Really Matters" and "Ray of Light." She had choreographed numbers and one wonders how she managed to remember all those steps for each song. But Pops never missed a beat.
At one point in the show, somebody from the audience hollered, "Pops, nanonood si Martin," referring to her estranged hubby, Martin Nievera.
Pops pretended she didn't hear it and remarked, "If it's nice, say it again, if it's not, don't." The audience roared.
Sentimental numbers
There were also sentimental numbers in the lineup, like Pops' a capella version of the Ogie Alcasid original, "Bakit Ngayon Ka Lang," with Three of a Kind, the trio of Edward Granadosin, Annie Francisco and Gelo Francisco. We heard her render this ballad during her Captain's Bar concert last year, but sang it as a beautiful duet with Ariel Rivera.
The audience screamed when Pops carried out a heartfelt rendition of Martin Nievera's songs - "No Way to Treat a Heart" and "You Threw It All Away."
With guest Franco Laurel, she did a medley of pop hits "Everyday I Love You" by Boyzone and "I Knew I Love You Before I Met You" by Savage Garden.
Franco later did his own number and danced to the instrumental strains of "Black Cat."
Pops also did her version of the Cindy Lauper original, "True Colors," carried out with maximum costume effect only fitting for a real concert diva.
A touching moment during the concert was when Pops sang the acoustic version of Ronan Keating's "When You Say Nothing At All," with her eldest son, Robin, on the guitar.
Her other son, Ram, meanwhile, joined her onstage for a dance revolution and regaled the crowd with his very Martin-like antics.
In keeping up with the concert title, Pops gave the audience a slew of dance numbers like "I Can't Get No Satisfaction" (recently revived by Britney Spears), "I Will Survive," "Strong Enough," "Do You Believe in Love" and "It's Alright, It's Okay."
In an effort to sing more songs, she had mostly disco medleys like "Heaven Knows," "Last Dance" and "Could It Be Magic."
She blended vocals with young rapper Carlos Agassi, who oozed with tons of sex appeal in a stretched red vinyl outfit, which emphasized his well-toned body, and black leatherette pants.
With Keempee de Leon, Pops did a medley of the latest dance hits by Jennifer Lopez ("Feelin so Good"), Christina Aguilera ("What A Girl Wants") and Coco Lee ("Do You Want My Love").
However, it was rather disappointing to hear Pops sing old dance tunes like Janet Jackson's "Escapade" or the Gloria Estefan medley ("Conga," "Rhythm is Gonna Get You," "Keep on Dancing" and "Get on Your Feet").
At one point, my seatmate remarked, "Dapat ibinaon na 'yang mga kantang 'yan."
For the finale of more disco hits, show biz stars who were in the audience were pulled out to dance onstage with Pops.
Aside from being a musical showcase, "Shindig" was also a visual feast, what with Pops' numerous costume changes. She donned close to a dozen outfits, tailored by four designers.
Apparently, the show allotted a huge budget for Pops' clothes, which she herself conceptualized.
Everything was executed with sophistication as Pops changed from one outfit to another. Noticeably, the concert queen showed a lot of skin onstage with those figure-hugging and eye-popping clothes. No wonder we heard frequent oohhs from the crowd every time she donned a different outfit.
Maxie Cinco was adventurous and creative enough to create most of Pops' sexy two-piece outfits, which included midriffs, bustier, micro shorts, mini-skirts and tight-fitting pants. Most of Cinco's creations were clothes pieced together for quick costume changes.
Pops emerged onstage for the first time garbed in a matte-gold stretched lame jacket and pants, with faux animal fur on the collar and cuffs. She later topped the same pants with a spaghetti-strapped beaded corsette with tasseled fringes, created by Gabby Barredo for the Madonna medley. It was complemented by the electric pleated gold wrap by Steve de Leon.
For the Janet Jackson production number, Pops conceptualized a stylized cowboy chaps attire a la Liza Minelli in "Cabaret." The midriff fuschia top had a peak-a-boo vest with matching micro shorts. The ensemble looked a little complicated with the pants made of red, frosted organza, dotted with spangles bought from Hong Kong. This one, too, was by Cinco.
Steve de Leon fashioned a red Caribbean-inspired ensemble for Pops' Jennifer Lopez medley of "Baila" and "Let's Get Loud," which got the audience to its feet. Pops later removed the bell skirt to reveal a glittering red pants.
Rajo Laurel did a fabulous black opera coat, made of paper and tafetta for the "True Colors" number. When Pops shed the coat, it revealed a rainbow-colored backless gown made of tulle and Murano glass beads, also by Laurel.
Cinco also tailored a jazzed-up denim of a multi-colored, sequined long-sleeves wrap blouse for Pops, as well as the black leatherette bustier with silver urban chains and stretch pants accentuated by smoked and mirror glass - which Pops wore for her number with Agassi.
The snake-skin fuschia pink top worn over a burgundy velour brassiere was reportedly bought from Mango. It was matched with pink bootleg pants.
If not for the songs, one would think "Shindig" was actually a fashion showcase. But with a brilliant musical director at the helm (Homer Flores) and an artist who gave herself to her audience, the show was a real treat.
Pops promised to give the fans a shindig and a real shindig it was.


What's just about everyone's worst nightmares, whether out camping in the desert or even about the house?
And I'm not talking about those little eight-legged creepy crawlies that we happen upon everyday while going about our business. No, I'm talking about spiders the size of small dogs and with the ability to bring down prey much larger than some piddly insect – we're talking large animals and even … shudder … human beings!
Currently, the largest spider recognized by science is the Goliath Bird-Eater of South America (how's that for a name?) and it is said to have a leg span of up to eleven inches. And while it is certainly a giant spider by anyone's yardstick, there remains tales and stories of even larger spiders being seen out in the Mojave Desert.
Now everyone has seen pictures of hairy desert tarantulas (and if you're like me, devoured all those great cheapo-yet-creepy 1950's movies about giant tarantulas running rampant across the countryside scaring teenagers) but truth be told, they are fairly slow and docile animals that just want to be left alone as they go about their business.
But there HAVE been reports and rumors of much bigger spiders being encountered out in the Mojave Desert – if you've read my book or seen my YouTube Channel you know I've done stories on both giant spiders in the Mojave and the legend of giant camel spider attacks that you might find interesting.
SO could there be something that big lurking out there ready to dine on you or your loved ones should you be so lucky as to be camping in the desert? Well, I personally have seen tarantulas as big as a small dinner plate (and even got some shaky phone video of the beastie as seen in my episode linked above) but so far no one has actually brought back proof of any giant spiders that could be scientifically validated.
But that doesn't mean people aren't still reporting seeing giant spiders in the desert.
If you read through some of the comments on my YouTube channel on the giant spider episodes, you'll see some people report seeing or encountering a larger-than-life spider on several occasions.
One man said while he was in the army and working as a transport driver, he happened to be delivering some supplies to an isolated outpost in the Mojave when he came across a giant spider crossing the road. He said it was big, black and hairy and when the heavy truck he was driving hit the animal (he was moving too fast to swerve and to be honest, didn't really feel like doing so) the front wheels actually bounced and gave the entire truck a jolt as they passed over the monster's body. He said he and his commanding officer, who was in the truck beside him, looked at each other and decided they were NOT going to stop. Pity really, we might just have had the chance to actually get a specimen of these extremely rare creatures.
When I appeared on the Coast to Coast radio show, one of the listeners who called in reported then when he was a young man, he and his brother had stopped by the side of the road in the desert to relieve themselves. And when standing there in the darkness, they happened to see a set of red eyes reflecting back at them. Their father very wisely told them to leave it alone, finish their business and get back in the truck, but as boys will do, they decided to pick up some rocks and through them at the thing.
What happened next would make anyone piss themselves! Hurtling out of the darkness toward the two boys was what he described as a "giant spider" that tried to attack them before they could run screaming back to their father's truck and clamber in. The only real description of the thing he could give was that it was a big hairy tarantula-like spider but of a size that was astounding – and that he carried the nightmare of that moment for the rest of his life.
So, the question is asked – are you at risk for being attacked by a giant spider in the Mojave Desert? Well, if you want the odds, I'd say you're probably not going to have to worry too much about it. You will certainly see a large tarantula or two, maybe a camel spider (the normal size ones) and some very big scorpions, especially at night, but come out and enjoy the Mojave.
But if you do see a set of red eyes (or bluish-white or even green depending on the species) looking back at you reflecting from your campfire or flashlight – DON'T throw any rocks at it!
– Don't leave your tent unzipped during the day or night, that's just asking to have a whole bunch of creepy crawly visitors come in (they're looking for shade or warmth too) and pay you a visit.
– Never leave your boots or clothes laying on the ground. And if you do, make sure you shake them out well before putting them on.
– Make sure there are no spider burrows or holes under your tent or tarp. Blocking the entrance to one's home means he or she just might decide to give you a nasty surprise while you lay sleeping – or getting up in the morning and stepping out.
– Don't squash a spider in the desert – the great spirit of all living things will get mad and send a real big one to make your life painful as hell.
Okay, I made that one up, but you know the drill – live and let live!
JUST IN: This article claims that spiders all over the world are getting larger because of extended seasons due to climate change! Yow! Just what we needed, right?


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Sanitary Drum Motors from VDG create ROI
Home / Media / News / Sanitary Drum Motors from VDG create ROI
Van der Graaf, a global manufacturer of drum motors located in Brampton, Ont., says its line of SSV series sanitary drum motors is available in five versions: TM100, TM113, TM127, TM160, and the TM215, with drum diameter and horsepower differences, but each advancing food safety and worker safety. Other options are available for each of these drums.
The drum motor is a one component conveyor drive where the motor, gear drive and all moving parts are enclosed inside the drum. The motor and gears operate in a sealed oil bath ensuring proper lubrication and cooling. With no external motor, gear reducer, sprockets, chain or OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)-required chain guard, no external component maintenance is required.
Designed and engineered specifically for the food industry, the USDA-approved sanitary series drum motors meet and exceed the highest level of sanitation requirements. The all-stainless steel construction, IP69K sealing system can withstand up to 3,000 psi (pounds per square inch) of wash down pressure.
Because the systems have no moving parts, worker safety is increased. Other benefits include: improved sanitation via reduced harbouring areas, reduced maintenance necessity, which leads to drum motor efficiency, and thus a faster return on investment.
With a total operating cost lower than other conventional drive systems, the Van der Graaf drum motor will pay for itself by its design, engineering and installation time, though true ROI is achieved through electrical and mechanical efficiencies that create lower operating for increased profits.
Van der Graaf president Alex Kanaris says his company designs motors to the standards of the meat and poultry industries, which makes them perfectly applicable to snack foods and other food applications.


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Available-for-Sale Securities [Abstract]
Available-for-Sale Investments [Text Block]
Note 6: Available-for-Sale Investments
Available-for-sale investments as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 were as follows:
Gross Gross Gross Gross
Adjusted Unrealized Unrealized Fair Adjusted Unrealized Unrealized Fair
(In Millions) Cost Gains Losses Value Cost Gains Losses Value
Asset-backed securities $ 16 $ — $ (3) $ 13 $ 48 $ — $ (12) $ 36
Bank deposits 1,240 1 — 1,241 1,046 1 (1) 1,046
Commercial paper 3,829 — — 3,829 3,820 — (3) 3,817
Corporate bonds 820 18 (2) 836 892 14 (9) 897
Government bonds 3,081 — (2) 3,079 4,131 — (4) 4,127
Marketable equity securities 165 437 (3) 599 189 385 (12) 562
Total available-for-sale
investments $ 9,246 $ 456 $ (10) $ 9,692 $ 10,672 $ 400 $ (41) $ 11,031
In the preceding table, government bonds include bonds issued or deemed to be guaranteed by government entities. Government bonds include instruments such as U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency securities, and non-U.S. government obligations as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011.
The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt investments as of June 30, 2012, by contractual maturity, were as follows:
(In Millions) Cost Fair Value
Due in 1 year or less $ 8,423 $ 8,430
Due in 1–2 years 374 380
Instruments not due at a single maturity date 111 108
Total $ 9,081 $ 9,093
Instruments not due at a single maturity date in the preceding table include asset-backed securities and money market fund deposits.
We sold available-for-sale investments for proceeds of $274 million in the second quarter of 2012 and $607 million in the first half of 2012 ($1.2 billion in the second quarter of 2011 and $8.8 billion in the first half of 2011). The gross realized gains on sales of available-for-sale investments were $34 million in the second quarter of 2012 and $36 million in the first half of 2012 ($36 million in the second quarter of 2011 and $64 million in the first half of 2011) and were primarily related to our sales of marketable equity securities. We determine the cost of an investment sold on an average cost basis at the individual security level. Impairment charges recognized on available-for-sale investments were $35 million in the second quarter of 2012.
The before-tax net unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments that have been included in other comprehensive income (loss) and the before-tax net gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings were as follows:
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) included in
other comprehensive income (loss) $ (138) $ (12) $ 114 $ 24
Net gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss) into earnings $ 31 $ 44 $ 26 $ 88
Name: intc_AvailableForSaleInvestmentsTextBlock
Name: us-gaap_AvailableForSaleSecuritiesAbstract


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China's Kaisa kicks off $12 billion debt restructuring after missing pay date: source
Reuters / Dec 09, 2021, 15:05 (IST)
Chinese property developer Kaisa Group Holdings Ltd has started work on restructuring its offshore debt worth $12 billion, a source with direct knowledge of the matter said on Thursday, after missing a bond payment deadline this week.
Court orders FIR against ex-minister Arun Shourie for Udaipur hotel sale
PTI / Sep 17, 2020, 20:39 (IST)
A special court in Jodhpur has asked the CBI to file cases against former Union minister Arun Shourie and the then disinvestment secretary Pradip Baijal over the sale of an ITDC hotel, allegedly at a loss of Rs 244 crore to the exchequer. The CBI court also directed filing of cases against 3 others associated with the sale two decades back of Laxmi Vilas Palace Hotel.
Khadim to premiumise sub-brands to spur growth, margins
PTI / Oct 29, 2017, 11:42 (IST)
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Our Chapters
The Importance of Plate Tectonics
by Jeff Zweerink
Growing up in the Midwest, I thoroughly enjoyed the impressive thunderstorms that took place during the summer months. I used to watch with rapt attention as lightning streaked across the sky and would wait in anticipation for the booming thunderclap. Occasionally, tornado alarms also accompanied the storms. Since I was and still am impressed by powerful displays of nature, one of my personal disappointments is never having actually seen a tornado—although I am grateful for not having to deal with the devastation that one can cause. Just one year after moving to Southern California, I experienced a dramatically different display of nature's power. Early in the morning on October 16, 1999, the magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake struck. It is quite an experience to walk into your kids' bedroom while your house moves up and down like a boat on the ocean! As a father, I was concerned about my kids' safety. But as a scientist, I was fascinated by the phenomenon.
Earthquakes occur when Earth's vast, massive plates grind past each other in a process known as plate tectonics. The movement of the plates can also cause hot, rocky material from deep inside Earth to move through cracks in these plates to produce volcanoes. Earthquakes and volcanoes happen today and have occurred throughout human history, sometimes resulting in extensive destruction.
In 2004, a major earthquake in the Indian Ocean produced a tsunami that killed more than 200,000 people. Vesuvius erupted in AD 79, spewing rock and dust that killed thousands in the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Around 250 million years ago, a million-year-long volcanic eruption in the Russian region of Siberia wiped out over 90 percent of the species living at the time. Given the destructive nature of volcanoes and earthquakes, one naturally asks, why do we even need plate tectonics? Well, it's incredibly important for life on Earth. Here is one reason why.
Plate Tectonics Is a Global Thermostat
Earth's atmosphere warms the planet well beyond the temperature expected from the amount of solar radiation received. However, both the changing luminosity of the sun and the addition of photosynthetic organisms on Earth require some mechanism to regulate the amount of greenhouse heating. The plate tectonic activity on Earth plays this role of global thermostat.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are the dominant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. The productivity of methane-producing bacteria largely drives the amount of methane in the atmosphere because methane reacts quickly and doesn't stay around for long. The largest driver of water vapor is temperature changes. Hotter air tends to hold more water, and colder air tends to hold less. In general, more water vapor causes more greenhouse heating, but water vapor also forms clouds that reflect sunlight into space. Rather than wade into the messy details of regulating methane and water vapor, let's address the amount of carbon dioxide instead.
As long as a planet has substantial land mass, the dominant mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is the weathering of certain rocks and minerals (and to a lesser degree, the burial of organisms and organic matter). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with these minerals and produces solid materials. Erosion also exposes more of the minerals to react with the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Erosion processes then carry those solids down streams and rivers, eventually depositing the material on the bottom of the ocean. Thus, weathering removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporates it into the crust. In Earth's interior, reactions return the carbon dioxide to a gaseous form that volcanic eruptions then release back into the atmosphere.
Plate tectonics facilitates the release of carbon dioxide from the crustal rocks as well as replenishes the continental land mass lost through erosion and weathering. Scientists refer to this as the carbonate-silicate cycle (the particular minerals contain silicates that convert the atmospheric carbon dioxide into solid carbonates). The efficiency of the carbonate-silicate cycle depends on temperature. Warmer temperatures increase weathering (and the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere), which consequently causes the planet to cool. As the temperature cools, weathering slows (and the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide grows) causing the planet's temperature to rise. Thus, the carbonate-silicate cycle serves as a planetary-scale thermostat. Higher temperatures also result in greater growth of complex plants (and lower temperatures decrease productivity). These plants also remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by incorporating it into solid materials that eventually find their way to the ocean floor. Thus, the presence of complex plants on Earth dramatically increases the efficiency of the carbonate-silicate cycle.
Only on a planet with long-standing, relatively constant plate tectonic activity can this global thermostat operate.
"Habitable" Includes Active Plate Tectonics
In all the discussions about what makes a planet habitable, liquid water remains the key criterion. For a given planet to have liquid water, the surface temperature must fall within a well-defined window. Scientists recognize that the atmosphere dramatically affects the surface temperature, so they perform sophisticated calculations to determine orbital distances that permit the planet to have the proper temperature. The details of these calculations almost always include the thermostat effects of plate tectonics. Given this reality, we must add long-lived plate tectonic activity to the list of characteristics that a planet must have to support life.
DesignGeology & EarthAstronomy
A Dime's Worth of Difference
The universe is incredibly massive. Nevertheless, its mass must be spectacularly fine-tuned for life to be possible. Exactly how massive the universe is remained...
Complex Life's Narrow Requirements for Atmospheric Gases
I have visited the Dead Sea, 1,412 feet below sea level, and have climbed 14,000-foot-high mountains. In both instances I noticed a decrease in...
Where Did the Cambrian Oxygen Come From?
The Cambrian explosion, as I discussed in last week's article ("Cambrian Explosion Becomes More Explosive"), is the sudden, simultaneous appearance of the greatest number...
Your support helps more people find Christ through sharing how the latest scientific discoveries affirm our faith in the God of the Bible.


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Das Wehrbereichskommando III war ein Wehrbereichskommando der Bundeswehr. Aufgabe dieser Kommandobehörde war die Territoriale Verteidigung im Wehrbereich III.

Das Wehrbereichskommando wurde 1956 in Düsseldorf aufgestellt. Zwischen 1994 und 2001 wurde die Führung des Wehrbereichs durch den fusionierten Stab "Wehrbereichskommando III / 7. Panzerdivision" wahrgenommen. Der Wehrbereich III umfasste bis 2001 Nordrhein-Westfalen. 2001 wurden die Wehrbereiche neu geordnet. In Erfurt wurde das Wehrbereichskommando III neu aufgestellt. Das "neue" Wehrbereichskommando III übernahm die Führung des "neuen" Wehrbereichs III, der Berlin, Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen und Sachsen umfasste. Das Wehrbereichskommando III wurde 2013 außer Dienst gestellt.

Geschichte

Das "alte" Wehrbereichskommando III (1956–2001)
Das Wehrbereichskommando III wurde ab Januar 1956 in Düsseldorf als Teil des Territorialheeres aufgestellt. Der Wehrbereich III umfasste das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. Das Wehrbereichskommando III war bis 1969 dem Kommando Territoriale Verteidigung unterstellt. Von 1958 bis 1961 wurden TV-Stäbe (Territorialverteidigungsstäbe) aufgestellt, die ab 1963 in Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos umgegliedert wurden und dem Wehrbereichskommando nachgeordnet waren. Aufgestellt wurden folgende Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos:

  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 31 (Köln)
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 32 (Düsseldorf)
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 33 (Münster)
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 34 (Arnsberg)
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 35 (Detmold)
 Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 36 (Aachen)

Ab 1964 wurden in den Verteidigungsbezirken mit der Aufstellung nachgeordneter Verteidigungskreiskommandos begonnen. Das Wehrbereichskommando wurde ab 1969 zur Einnahme der Heeresstruktur III in das Heer eingegliedert und dem Territorialkommando Nord unterstellt.

Nach Ende des Kalten Krieges wurde das Territorialheer deutlich verkleinert. In der Heeresstruktur V wurden die Wehrbereichskommandos und Divisionsstäbe fusioniert. Das Wehrbereichskommando III verschmolz zum 1. April 1994 mit der 7. "westfälischen" Panzerdivision. Der fusionierte Stab wurde als "Wehrbereichskommando III / 7. Panzerdivision" bezeichnet. Der fusionierte Stab unterstand dem I. Korps. Die Trennung zwischen einem der NATO unterstellten Feldheer und dem auch im Verteidigungsfall unter nationalem Kommando bleibenden Territorialheer wurde damit organisatorisch in der Friedensgliederung aufgeweicht. Erst im Verteidigungsfall wären die fusionierten Stäbe voraussichtlich wieder getrennt worden.

Zum 1. Juli 2001 wurde die Fusion rückgängig gemacht und das Territorialheer als Teilbereich des Heeres aufgelöst. Die 7. Panzerdivision bestand bis 2006 als eigenständige Division fort.

Das "neue" Wehrbereichskommando III (2001–2013)

2001 wurden alle Wehrbereichskommandos grundlegend neu geordnet. Zum 1. Oktober 2001 wurde in Erfurt ein "neues" Wehrbereichskommando III aufgestellt. Teile des Personals wurden vom Wehrbereichskommando VII / 13. Panzergrenadierdivision herangezogen. Das "neue" Wehrbereichskommando III übernahm ab 2001 als Teil der neu aufgestellten Streitkräftebasis die Führung der Truppenteile und die Organisation der Territorialen Verteidigung im "neuen" Wehrbereich III. Dieser umfasste nun die Länder Berlin, Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen und Sachsen. Zwischen 1997 und 2001 entsprach dieser Teil Ostdeutschlands dem Wehrbereich VII. Das Wehrbereichskommando VII entfiel.

Die "alten" Wehrbereiche III (Nordrhein-Westfalen) und IV (Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen, Saarland) wurden 2001 zum "neuen" Wehrbereich II zusammengelegt. Die Führung übernahm der Stab des "alten " Wehrbereichskommando IV in Mainz, der 2001 die neue Bezeichnung Wehrbereichskommando II erhielt. Das "alte" Wehrbereichskommando III mit Stabssitz in Düsseldorf entfiel.

Der Schwerpunkt des Wehrbereichskommandos III war die Führungsunterstützung. Die Verteidigungsbezirke wurde teils neu geordnet und reduziert. Dem "neuen" Wehrbereichskommando III unterstanden folgende Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos:

  Standortkommando Berlin
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 71
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 75
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 76
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 81
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 82
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 84
  Verteidigungsbezirkskommando 85

2007 wurden als dem Wehrbereichskommando III nachgeordnete Verbände die Landeskommandos neu aufgestellt. Die bisher nachgeordneten Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos entfielen. Die Aufgabe des Landeskommandos in Berlin übernahm 2007 das Standortkommando Berlin, das von einem Verteidigungsbezirkskommando zu einer den Landeskommandos äquivalenten Kommandobehörde aufgewertet wurde. Dem Wehrbereichskommando III unterstanden folgende neu aufgestellte Landeskommandos:

  Landeskommando Brandenburg (Potsdam)
  Landeskommando Sachsen (Dresden)
  Landeskommando Sachsen-Anhalt (Magdeburg)
  Landeskommando Thüringen (Erfurt)

Daneben unterstanden:

 Standortkommando Berlin
 Feldjägerbataillon 350 (Berlin)
 Stabsmusikkorps der Bundeswehr (Berlin)
 Wachbataillon beim Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (Berlin)
 Feldjägerbataillon 351 (Leipzig)
 Führungsunterstützungsregiment 38 (Storkow)
 Wehrbereichsmusikkorps III (Erfurt)
 Sportfördergruppen Berlin, Frankenberg/Sachsen, Frankfurt (Oder) und Oberhof
 die Truppenübungsplatzkommandanturen Oberlausitz (Weißkeisel), Wittstock und Klietz
 Prüfgruppe gemäß § 78 BHO 32 (Erfurt)
 Materialprüfkommando III (Erfurt) (wurde zum 1. Juli 2012 dem Logistikzentrum der Bundeswehr (LogZBw) (Wilhelmshaven) – Logistische Steuerstelle 4 (LogStSt 4) Sondershausen unterstellt)

Auflösung
Das Wehrbereichskommando IIII wurde 2013 außer Dienst gestellt und seine territorialen Aufgaben dem Kommando Territoriale Aufgaben der Bundeswehr und den bisher nachgeordneten Landeskommandos und dem Standortkommando Berlin übertragen.

Gliederung

Verbandsabzeichen

Das Wehrbereichskommando führte ein Verbandsabzeichen mit folgender Blasonierung:

"Von einer silbernen Kordel mit eingeflochtenem schwarzen Faden gefasst, geteilt zu Schwarz, Rot, Gold in goldenem Mittelschild ein einköpfiger schwarzer Adler, den Kopf nach rechts gewendet, die Flügel offen, aber mit geschlossenem Gefieder, Schnabel, Zunge und Fänge von roter Farbe (Bundesadler); der Mittelschild unten begleitet von der schwarzen römischen Ziffer III."

Die Schildteilung entsprach der Flagge Deutschlands. Die Motive des Verbandsabzeichens ähnelten im Übrigen dem Wappen Deutschlands. Der Bundesadler war das deutsche Wappentier. Er wurde ähnlich auf den Truppenfahnen abgebildet. Die enge Anlehnung an das Wappen und die Flagge Deutschlands verdeutlichte, dass das Territorialheer und seine Wehrbereichskommandos auch im Verteidigungsfall unter Kommandogewalt des nationalen Befehlshabers blieb und nicht der NATO assigniert war.

Die Verbandsabzeichen der Kommandobehörden im Territorialheer waren sich besonders ähnlich. Insbesondere unterschieden sich die Verbandsabzeichen der übergeordneten Territorialkommandos und der anderen Wehrbereichskommando nur durch die Beschriftung. Auch das Verbandsabzeichen des Bundesministeriums der Verteidigung war bis auf den Bord fast identisch. Der bei den Wehrbereichskommandos silber/schwarz geflochtene Rand symbolisierte die Stellung unterhalb des Bundesministeriums der Verteidigung, das entsprechend eine "höherwertige" goldene Kordel aufwies.

Befehlshaber
Die letzten Befehlshaber im Wehrbereich waren:

Literatur

Weblinks

3
Gegründet 1956
Aufgelöst 2013
Behörde (Düsseldorf)
Behörde (Erfurt)
Militärischer Verband in der Streitkräftebasis (Bundeswehr)
Behörde in der Streitkräftebasis (Bundeswehr)
Historische Organisation (Düsseldorf)
Historische Organisation (Thüringen)
Thüringer Geschichte (21. Jahrhundert)
Geschichte Nordrhein-Westfalens (20. Jahrhundert)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia