What do terms like "Level 4" and "Level 5" mean? Here's the complete guide.
What does it mean when someone refers to "Level 4" or "Level 5" self-driving? What are the levels, and who decides which systems qualify?
The "levels" are taken from a framework established by SAE International, the professional association of automotive engineers, as a shorthand to describe how far a particular system goes in automating the task of driving a vehicle. The SAE's framework has been widely adopted by regulators, engineers, and automakers -- and by investors, too.
The SAE's framework describes six levels of vehicle automation, ranging from no automation at all -- an old-school car -- to fully automated, meaning a system that can drive at least as well as a skilled human in any situation.
It hasn't always been easy to make sense of this framework. As you'd expect from a society of automotive engineers, the SAE's own descriptions of the levels are jargony and a little hard for nonexperts to parse. But for the most part, they make sense when explained in plain English -- and that's what you'll find below.
A Waymo self-driving minivan. Image source: Waymo LLC.
First and foremost, an "autonomous driving" system is one that allows a vehicle to drive safely on public roads without human involvement. Terms like "automated driving," "driverless vehicle," and "self-driving car" are all describing the same technology: A computer "brain" and sensors that can drive a vehicle in place of a human, at least under some circumstances.
Advanced driver-assist and driverless systems rely on several types of sensors, including cameras, radar, and lidar (a sensor that uses invisible laser beams to precisely measure distances) to help the vehicle's computer "brain" understand where the vehicle is relative to its surroundings.
The number of sensors used, the amount of computing power required for the "brain," and the overall cost of the system all typically increase as the level of automation increases.
Self-driving systems are a form of artificial intelligence. They generally incorporate machine learning, meaning algorithms that can adjust themselves and improve their effectiveness as more data is acquired.
Fully driverless systems acquire vast amounts of data as they travel from place to place and encounter new traffic situations. The individual vehicles' systems typically share that data with a remote data center, which updates all of the vehicles using the system with lessons learned. This process is called fleet learning.
The level assigned to any given system is assigned by its manufacturer. As of right now, there is no independent or government agency certifying a given system as Level 3 or Level 4 or whatever. Until that changes, the levels are best thought of as a manufacturer's claim: They might be a bit optimistic, so drive carefully.
If you'd like to dig deeper, you'll find a comprehensive overview of driverless-vehicle systems here, with links to even more in-depth information. But those five points are enough for us to get started.
Control of steering or brakes, but not both, under limited circumstances.
More automation, but not self-driving.
System can control steering and brakes, under limited circumstances -- like on a highway.
Similar to Level 2, but with a little more time for the human to take over.
True self-driving, but under limited circumstances.
May be "geofenced" -- limited to a carefully mapped area.
Full self-driving with no limitations.
Anti-lock brakes and cruise control are still Level 0.
Adaptive cruise control is a Level 1 system.
Human driver still needs to be alert and ready to take over.
Controversial: How much distraction is OK?
Most "self-driving" efforts are aiming at Level 4.
Level 0 isn't that hard to understand, but even here there are some nuances. Probably the most important point is this: There are plenty of modern cars with driver-assistance features that still qualify as Level 0.
For instance, antilock brakes don't count as automation because the human still has to step on the brake pedal. Even systems that automate a momentary task -- like the automatic emergency braking systems found on some new cars -- don't count as automation for our purposes, because they don't automate the "dynamic driving task" on -- you guessed it -- an ongoing basis.
The takeaway: While your grandfather's old Buick is certainly a Level 0 vehicle, so are many modern cars that are equipped with what we think of as "driver-assist" features.
The SAE defines a Level 1 system as one that provides either steering control or acceleration-and-braking control on an ongoing basis -- but only under limited, specific circumstances.
What does that mean? Here's an example using technology that's probably familiar to you.
Aside from very basic entry-level models, most cars made in recent years have a cruise-control system. You've almost certainly used one, but if you haven't, the principle is simple: Accelerate to a desired speed, activate the cruise control, and the system will hold the vehicle at that speed, even up and down hills, after you take your foot off of the accelerator pedal.
That doesn't count as "automation" in the SAE's framework, because the dynamic part of the driving task isn't automated: The human still has to be ready to hit the brakes (and deactivate the system) if there's slower traffic ahead.
In recent years, automakers have begun offering more advanced cruise-control systems, so-called adaptive cruise control. Adaptive cruise control systems are smarter: They use radar to keep your car at a safe distance behind the vehicle ahead. If the car ahead slows, the system automatically slows your car as well in an effort to maintain a safe distance.
With adaptive cruise control, one part of the dynamic driving task -- controlling acceleration and brakes -- is automated. Of course, it's only automated under specific circumstances, namely when you turn the system on while driving on the highway. But that's sufficient to lift an adaptive cruise-control system into Level 1.
Level 2 is "partial automation." It's for driver-assistance systems that provide both steering and acceleration-and-braking control, but again, only under limited circumstances. If the human driver has to intervene regularly -- for instance, when the car is exiting a highway -- then it's probably a Level 2 system. Importantly, it's not "self-driving," even if it kinda-sorta seems like the vehicle is driving itself.
That can make understanding Level 2 a little tricky. Let's take a closer look.
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Autopilot and General Motors' (NYSE:GM) Super Cruise, both of which can accelerate, brake, and steer under many (but not all) circumstances, can certainly deliver an experience that seems like "self-driving." But there's a reason that GM and (usually) Tesla are very careful not to describe them as full self-driving systems in their current forms: With both, the human driver needs to be alert and ready to take over the driving task on very short notice -- more or less instantly.
That's a critical distinction. If a human driver is needed on short notice, then a system shouldn't be described as "self-driving." Instead, it's properly referred to as an advanced driver-assist system (ADAS).
That may sound like splitting hairs, but it's a big deal because the expectations around a given system can affect how safe it is in practice. A Tesla Model S equipped with an early version of Autopilot was involved in a fatal accident in May 2016 when the car's system failed to recognize a tractor-trailer crossing the road -- and the human driver apparently didn't intervene to hit the brakes.
That was the first known fatal accident involving anything close to a self-driving system, and it emphasized that these systems needed to do a better job of ensuring that human drivers were alert and ready to take control on short notice.
That in turn led to considerable discussion within the industry: How could a system ensure that a human driver was alert without excessively annoying the human?
The challenge: How to keep the driver alert, but not annoyed?
Annoyance may seem like a trivial consideration when we're talking about avoiding fatal accidents. But consider this: If the system is too annoying to use, it won't get used.
The current version of Tesla's Autopilot warns drivers not to take their hands off of the steering wheel while the system is in use. To enforce that, the system has sensors that aim to detect whether the driver's hands are on the wheel.
If the driver's hands aren't on the wheel, the system gives a visual reminder after 30 seconds, followed by an audible warning after 45 seconds. After a minute with no intervention by the driver, the Autopilot system shuts off and can't be turned back on until the car is restarted.
It's not a bad system, but reviews have suggested that it's easy to fool -- drivers can just nudge the wheel when the lights come on to reset the warning cycle, while otherwise driving hands-free.
GM's solution allows for hands-free driving. Instead of detecting steering-wheel motions, it uses a camera to track the driver's head position. If the system detects that the driver's eyes aren't on the road, it begins a series of prompts to try to get the driver's attention back on the road.
GM also built a slew of additional safeguards into Super Cruise to try to ensure that it's only used in circumstances it can safely handle. For starters, if the vehicle isn't on a highway, the road's lane markings aren't clearly visible, or the system thinks that the driver isn't fully attentive -- it won't even switch on. That may sound like a recipe for constant annoyance, but it's all elegantly implemented. Most reviewers have agreed that Super Cruise is a pleasure to use.
To sum up, a Level 2 system is an advanced driver-assist system that can allow for hands-free driving under limited circumstances. But the human driver has to remain alert and ready to take over the "dynamic driving task" on short notice, and the leading systems attempt to ensure that the driver remains alert while the systems are in use.
The SAE defines Level 3 as "conditional automation." The difference between Level 2 and Level 3 is a matter of degree. In practice, it depends on the answer to this question: How alert does the human in the vehicle's driver's seat have to be?
With a Level 2 system, the driver needs to be very alert, ready to take over the driving task right away right away if the system encounters something it can't handle. With Level 3, the expectation is that the system can handle the driving as long as it's within its "operational design domain," meaning that the human's role is to be a "fallback."
The sustained and [operational design domain]-specific performance by an [automated driving system] of the entire [dynamic driving task] with the expectation that the [dynamic driving task] fallback-ready user is receptive to [automated driving system]-issued requests to intervene, as well as to [dynamic driving task] performance-relevant system failures in other vehicle systems, and will respond appropriately.
Got that? If you're thinking that it's only a vague difference from Level 2, you're not alone.
The difficulty in defining (and explaining) a difference between Level 2 and Level 3 is the problem with Level 3 in practice. It's easy for us to understand that a Level 2 system isn't true self-driving, while (as we'll see below) Level 4 is self-driving, and it's fairly easy to explain that difference to users. But Level 3 seems to exist in between. It's self-driving, except when it isn't.
Put simply: Once Ford engineers had added all of the technology needed to make their prototype Level 3 system meet their safety standards, they were essentially at Level 4. Given that, they reasoned, why plan to offer Level 3 at all?
A lot of other automakers have reached the same conclusion about Level 3, but not all. There's another point of view, namely that Level 3 could be interpreted as a nicer implementation of the concepts behind Level 2 systems like Super Cruise.
With Traffic Jam Pilot engaged, drivers no longer need to continuously monitor the vehicle and the road. They must merely stay alert and capable of taking over the task of driving when the system prompts them to do so.
But note: While Audi will offer this system in Germany, which recently passed laws making this type of system explicitly legal, Audi won't bring it to the United States -- at least, not yet -- because of concerns about liability and regulatory exposure.
It's not hard to see why. Even in Audi's own words, the distinction is still vague. The idea seems to be that Audi's system will give the human a bit more time to take over than a Level 2 system would. But still: Does the human in the driver's seat need to be paying attention, or not?
Fortunately, the next level doesn't require such hair-splitting to understand.
The SAE says that Level 4 is "high driving automation": The system doesn't need a human backup at all, as long as it's operating within its "operational design domain." Put another way, a Level 4 system still has limits, but as long as it's within those limits, no human intervention will be needed -- it's real self-driving.
Here's what that means in practice.
Most of the "self-driving" systems under development today depend on highly detailed 3-D maps to help the vehicle's "brain" know exactly where it's located, down to a few centimeters (or less). These systems generally use several lidar units to "map" the vehicle's surroundings from moment to moment. The lidar images are then compared to a stored 3D map.
A Level 4 system is true self-driving as long as the system is operating within its limits. It doesn't matter whether the human sitting in the driver's seat is distracted, asleep, or not even present -- a Level 4 system will get the vehicle safely to its destination, as long as it's operating within its intended limits.
General Motors' first Level 4 vehicle, set to enter production in 2019, doesn't have a steering wheel or pedals. They're not needed as long as the vehicle operates within specified limits. Image source: General Motors.
Level 4 vehicles are coming soon -- in fact, they're already here. Waymo, the Alphabet (NASDAQ:GOOGL) (NASDAQ:GOOG) subsidiary formerly known as the Google Self-Driving Car Project, began deploying Level 4 vehicles in a pilot ride-hailing service in Chandler, Arizona, earlier this year. General Motors (NYSE:GM) has said that its own self-driving subsidiary, GM Cruise, expects to deploy a fleet of "thousands" of Level 4 taxis in dense urban environments in the U.S. starting in 2019. Others will follow over the next few years.
But note that Waymo and GM aren't choosing locations at random. Waymo spent months "training" its prototype vehicles on the roads and traffic conditions in and around the Chandler area; GM Cruise has been doing the same with its Chevrolet Bolt-based vehicles in San Francisco. For now, those vehicles are limited to the areas with which their systems are most familiar, all of which have been very carefully mapped.
Those limits are what make the systems Level 4. For instance, no matter how the maps are used, if the vehicle is dependent on a map, that means it's limited, because it can't go anywhere that isn't yet mapped. Of course, a Level 4 system could have other limits; it may not switch on if it detects heavy snow, for instance.
Long story short: If a system offers full automated driving within limits, the limits are what makes it Level 4.
Level 5 is the dream: Unconditional (that is, no-limits) automated driving, with no expectation that a human driver will ever have to intervene.
Put another way, a Level 5 system should be able to go anywhere a skilled human driver could go, under any conditions a skilled human driver could handle, entirely on its own.
Needless to say, there aren't any Level 5 systems available now. A few automakers, including Tesla and BMW, have claimed that they will have Level 5 systems within a few years -- but many experts believe that true Level 5 autonomy will take years to develop, if it ever happens at all.
It's possible that Level 5 systems will be the eventual result after lots of connected Level 4 vehicles are deployed and learning. Remember what I said about machine learning and fleet learning above? Systems that are deployed in thousands of vehicles operating every day will amass huge amounts of data and encounter lots of new situations -- both of which mean they'll advance quickly on their own. Between this ongoing fleet learning and the expansion of well-mapped areas, the most widely deployed systems will effectively become Level 5 -- eventually.
It's also possible that a true Level 5 system -- a single system that can safely drive in a Montana snowstorm, a Shanghai traffic jam, and anywhere else a skilled human driver might be able to go -- won't come into being for many, many years (notwithstanding the bold promises made by certain CEOs).
Full self-driving is an incredibly difficult problem to solve. Consider that even Waymo -- which began way back in 2009 as the Google Self-Driving Car Project and has some of the best and most experienced engineers in the field -- is still having trouble getting its vehicles to safely navigate some routine traffic situations in suburban Chandler, where the situations are all known and the area is carefully mapped. How do you think they'd fare in a completely unfamiliar environment -- downtown Mumbai, for instance?
A capable human driver from suburban Arizona would probably be able to navigate Mumbai pretty well with a smartphone and a bit of familiarization. But at least right now in 2018, it looks like it could be many years before a self-driving system will be able to do the same -- and that means that true "full self-driving" won't arrive anytime soon.


"Latina Mom Bloggers Digital and iBlog Magazine partner with BodenPR to Launch 2nd Annual Survey on Latina Blogging and Digital Influencers' Industry"
MIAMI, FL – February 18, 2015 – (HISPANICIZE WIRE) – Are U.S. Latina bloggers optimistic about the opportunities that exist in the digital marketing industry? How is the industry evolving and what does it mean for professional Latina bloggers? Which brands are successfully integrating culturally relevant campaigns that resonate with this niche group?
The national online survey will uncover the continuing evolution of Latina bloggers' beliefs about their careers and their use of social media and technology. Building upon the first survey, the 2nd annual survey targets Latina bloggers based in the U.S. and Puerto Rico who produce content for leading brands wanting to target U.S. Hispanic consumers. The survey will be heavily promoted nationally through iBlog magazine, the Latina Mom Bloggers Digital Influencer Network and the Hispanicize brand of companies.
Latina Mom Bloggers and iBlog magazine will present the 2015 Latina Women's Blogging Industry Survey findings during the 6th Annual Hispanicize 2015, Latino trends and influencer event taking place March 16-20, at the InterContinental Miami hotel. The final findings also will be available via a downloadable report that can be accessed at www.iblogmagazine.com.
Latina Mom Bloggers (www.LatinaMomBloggers.com) is a 100% Latino-owned digital influencers network that helps brands and agencies execute tailored and culturally relevant campaigns that engage U.S. Hispanic consumers. The company connects its vetted Latina and Latino content creators with branded marketing opportunities to produce results-driven programs including brand ambassadorships, branded content development, product reviews, influencer-brand events, Twitter Parties, Facebook chats, online media interviews and other customized programs.
The company is part of the corporate group that includes the annual Hispanicize Event, Being Latino, Hispanicize Wire and the Hispanic PR Blog.
iBlog magazine is the leading online business resource and national print magazine for professional women bloggers and influencers who want to grow a thriving business. iBlog connects professional bloggers of all backgrounds with social media experts, top bloggers, national brand executives, agency and PR Firm representatives and internet marketing specialists. iBlog provides its members with exclusive content that delves into the hottest issues in the women's blogging industry and provides access to the resources and experts that bloggers and influencers need to succeed! Visit them at iBlogmagazine.com.


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Sell your gold to someone who buys old gold. By that way, you will be able to earn what you are looking for. For example, cash for gold is the most leading second-hand jewelry buying market, which offers, 100% value for old, broken, damaged jewelry. Not only that, the experts are practicing the same from over 20 years and do not allow any fraudulent activities. Moreover, the company allows free services like home pick-up services from any mentioned location within a range of 45KM. The service doesn't end here, they offer a free evaluation of the valuable assets and also, offer free quote after testing them in German Keratometer. Once the quote is accepted, the expert relies on the payment through instant cash or any other preferred method.


Hotsy – we manufacture the finest cleaning equipment used by professionals today, and have been for 40 years.Hotsy is a name known throughout North America as being one of the biggest manufacturers of high pressure cleaning equipment. Since 1970 we've been producing top quality pressure washing equipment that can be found in a variety of cleaning applications. Known for rugged durability, our commercial cleaning equipment is industrial-grade, and will hold up to the harsh demands of daily use.


Your author spent a very pleasant Saturday afternoon on the Lee Navigation, moving a friend's boat a short from Tottenham Hale to beside what was once the Olympic Park. The experience was every bit as good as anticipated with sunshine and a couple of stops on the way, and a chance to have a go at operating the mechanics of Tottenham Lock.
Unfortunately, securing a boat ride through the lock is not as easy as it should be, but if you do know anyone with a boat, particularly a big one, and a key to operate the control panel, you might be able to have a go. Otherwise there are boats for hire further up the river.


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We completed a job for Susan from East Boldon. Walls partly tiled and the rest plastered.
We also completed a job for Michael of Prudhoe.


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While Traditional TV Loses Ground, These Marketing Techniques Stand Strong
By Peter Gasca October 23, 2014
I feel as though the television gods are answering my prayers.
Over a year ago, my family made the decision to "cut the cord" and cancel our expensive cable subscription in favor of Internet only. Our subscription to hundreds of channels was, after all, being wasted, since our television was rarely tuned to anything other than Nick Jr. for the kids.
When mom and dad had our rare screen time, there was no shortage of great shows on Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Apple TV to satisfy our binge-watching needs. When we wanted something different, we could simply stream YouTube, The Daily Show, or our favorites at TED through our Google Chrome Cast.
Related: Like HBO, CBS Cuts the Cord and Launches a Digital Subscription Service
For months I have felt like I knew a secret nobody else was on to.
It appears networks are getting the message. HBO and CBS both announced last week that they were to offer an on-demand streaming service starting in 2015. Google also announced a television set top to compete with Apple TV. It is probably just a matter of time before our cable is completely "al a carte."
Dreams really do come true.
While this is great news for consumers, it is also a great opportunity for entrepreneurs and small businesses. For years, larger corporations with huge advertising budgets were the only companies that could afford to advertise on television and reach huge audiences. With more and more consumers leaving cable for these on-demand services and devices, most of which are commercial free, the competitive gap is closing.
The strategy to reach them is nowhere near as innovative as the changes in television. In fact, businesses need only to consider a few time-tested traditional strategies to get ahead.
These days, your customers are constantly sharing content and writing reviews, all of which have a significant influence on the purchasing decisions of their friends and families. By creating great content and monitoring how it is being shared and discussed, you can turn your customers into your own public-relations machine. Proceed with caution, however, as a poorly implemented content strategy can have an equally powerful negative effect.
Related: You'll Market Better and Be More Persuasive Knowing These 10 Brain Facts
For years, companies would imagine that a television advertisement would complete their marketing needs. Instead, companies should focus on driving grassroots support by actually being in front of consumers. Trade shows, open houses and community-sponsored events are just a few things in which your company could partake to drive visibility for your company.
An easy and affordable way to reach new audiences is to engage with influential bloggers in your industry to write about your company. For only the cost of a sample product or a small fee for advertising, you can get bloggers to review your product for their audience of readers. You can also offer to guest write on behalf of your company for other industry blogs, helping you to not only garner visibility but to also establish your credibility as an industry expert.
Media companies and publishers are always looking for good stories. Learn to be a good storyteller and look for opportunities to promote activities you are doing in your community or innovative business practices you are implementing at your company. Create relationships with media influencers and learn how to pitch ideas that will get picked up and reported.
People will consume television content for as long as television content is created. How they consume it, however, will continue to change and evolve. As large corporations scramble to find the most effective way to reach consumers through these new channels, small businesses can stay ahead of the game by combining time-tested strategies with new and traditional channels of reaching people.
Now, I just need to convince the ESPN gods to create a cable-free package of college football games.
A dreamer can still dream.
Has the move away from cable television affected your business? Please share your valuable experiences with other readers in the comments section below.
Related: 10 Common Blog Writing Mistakes (Infographic)
Peter Gasca
Entrepreneur Leadership Network Writer
Peter Gasca is an author and consultant at Peter Paul Advisors. He also serves as Executive-in-Residence and Director of the Community and Business Engagement Institute at Coastal Carolina University. His book, One Million Frogs', details his early entrepreneurial journey.
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"Flightless Bird, American Mouth" द्वारा Iron and Wine. This song has been my प्रिय for over two years now. The lyrics don't make much sense, so it just makes आप swim in the melody and feel the song. It's what all songs should do… It melts me into a puddle every time I hear it.
Counting Crows' August and Everything After. This was the very first cassette tape I ever owned and it's still my प्रिय front to back album. It makes me feel every feeling I want. It makes me think. It makes everything okay.
According to a source, rumors of Christina Perri working in recording studio are true, with as many as eight songs having been put to tape. "It's still in the early stages," "He's got security on the doors to ensure no-one hears a whisper," a स्रोत said.
Are मशहूर हस्तियों और likely to divorce या break up? Earlier this week news reports surfaced that Christina Perri, 29, and his partner had विभाजित करें, विभक्त करें up. Is the singer best known for his hit song Jar of Hearts really single again?
To find out why I can't प्यार you?
And who कहा it was cool to be asking me these questions?
And why are आप laughing?
What? What might आप do?
To take my दिल again.
For the pain of one और loveless night.
Do आप feel the way I do right now?
Christina is awesome, so we need a सूची of all her songs, in any and all forms, all in one place.
I made one of these for link a while ago, in care आप want to know how this will begin to develop after a while.
If आप know of another song या cover Christina's done, just leave a टिप्पणी दे letting me know (preferably with a link) and I'll update as soon as I can.


Catch us at Casa Maiz this Saturday @ 7pm!
Welcome to our first Instructor Spotlight!
At Arcadia Academy of Music, we want to celebrate all the great talent that make up the vibrant musical community at all our locations, from instructors to students, to alumni and special guests. We know that many of our community members are actively working as professionals in the music industry; as educators, performers, composers, recording engineers, and more. And so, over the course of the next year we will be hosting interviews with some of our most talented, as you will get a sneak peak into the lives of these musicians.
We encourage you to participate in the blog discussions through here or on our Facebook page, and let us know if you would also like to participate in writing your very own blog on music related topics! Up first, we have one of the guitar instructors from our Woodbridge location, Michael Murray, who was kind enough to share some insight into his busy life as an artist. Enjoy!
Through a Craigslist ad of all things. Was still relatively new to the GTA at the time and was completely unaware of any music schools around. When I was looking for a job Arcadia hired me. I'm glad they did, because where I grew up we had nothing near this level when it came to private music lessons, and the school board music programs were not even worth mentioning.
How did you first find out about the bands you're now a part of?
In this case I was a founding member of both groups. Earth's Yellow Sun started out as a student ensemble at Humber and grew into it's own thing. The Groove Monks is a wedding band that plays various functions, I'm the main guitar chair but I sub out from time to time. Most groups I'm involved in these days I was part of from the beginning in some way, whether it be as a player as with the monks and EYS and Tayua, or a producer in the case of Ten Meter Band (now just the guitarist).
Are there any upcoming events for any of these bands?
Many! EYS will be making it's on-stage debut on October 15th at the Hard Luck Bar in Toronto and various other shows in the GTA are happening soon after that. Groove Monks always has some wedding or baptism or what have you coming up. Snaggle just finished raising money to record an album in January to be released sometime next year and has many performances lined up in the coming months, and Tayua has various small events lined up, mostly Latin community events, and is planning a small Canadian tour next year.
What was it like working with industry-renowned musicians such as Ted Quinlan, Tony Zorzi, Emile D'eon, and Rob Bulger? Was there anything interesting about their work process?
Obviously the experience was great but not always in the way one might expect. A large part of studying with someone like that is getting into their thing as much as you can and deciding what you want to incorporate yourself and what you are not as interested in. It can be very easy as a student to fall into the trap of thinking your instructor is not right for you, or is not helping you with what you want to learn, especially at that level of education. A wise student will recognize the value in hearing out their teachers, and engage with the instructor for the period of study to try to learn everything they're taught before deciding what is and isn't worth their time. Which is also to address the second part of the question, as these guys all had such radically different approaches to playing and teaching that every year at the school was a whole new world of guitar for me.
What were some of your challenges as a Humber student? How steep is the learning curve for those who, like yourself, were relative latecomers in starting an instrument?
The greatest challenge as a Humber student was the same as seems to be the case with most of the students I've met at Arcadia: practicing. That might seem odd as it was a music program, but your time is devoured by essays, theory homework, transcriptions, rehearsals and performances (and rehearsals and performances are NOT practicing, make no mistake). The other big killer there is your own ego and the egos of others. There's so much posturing and attitude, favoritism among the faculty, etc. that it can kill your desire to play music and otherwise just take a high personal and emotional toll. Learning to handle these things is an important skill to have if you want to be a musician. The learning curve was absurdly high for myself and others in the same boat as me who were new to jazz or just music in general, as the majority of people in my year had already had a lot of training and were at a much higher level than me going in. That said, if you can stick it out everyone tends to even out by the end of the program and everyone finds their area to shine in.
Both are very important, depending on what you want to do. You can have a lot of success as a totally middling player by knowing the right people. That said, if you know the people who do what you want to do but those people know you aren't good enough to cover anything they might ask you to do then those opportunities won't come. It's important to practice as much as possible and maintain your product (your playing) that you're selling, then take every chance you get to show it off. To complement that, you have to be known by the people who do what you want to do. If you're good, and people know it, and they know you like what they do, then they will at some point throw opportunity your way. So I guess my answer is, practice til you can't handle any more then go out and make friends in the world you want to be in.
What instrument(s) do you teach and what's it like teaching at Arcadia?
I teach guitar and can teach other stringed instruments (bass, ukulele, cavaquinho if it ever came up). Though even contained within the world of guitar there is a lot to explore between steel string acoustic, nylon string acoustic, electric, extended range, etc. The environment at Arcadia is very conducive to work, I find it to be a very positive vibe but with so much going on around you it's relatively easy to focus when you're in the room.
Are there any differences in styles/genres?
Radical differences. EYS is a technically demanding and mostly through-composed progressive metal group, Groove Monks is a cover band for functions. I'm also in a Latin folk band called Tayua and a few jazz and jazz-fusion bands, and I do other stuff when it comes up (was in the band of a talk show for a while, got a Frank Zappa tribute with the Art of Time ensemble coming up next year, etc). Each of these has it's own challenges, the main one being what gear to bring and how to get it all there!
One feeds the other. The knowledge that I'm trying to communicate to the students comes from personal experience, but likewise the act of teaching forces you to examine your own methods and ways of thinking, leading to (hopefully) improvements in your own playing, which in turn can open up further opportunities for you in the playing world. And I would be lying if I said I didn't get some ideas that later grew into something larger from an offhand comment from a student.
What advice would you give to young musicians who want to attend/audition for Humber College's Jazz program?
First, it is very, very hard to get into. Their acceptance rate is very low. If you think you want to attend, speak to someone who already did and get their opinion on the audition process and the program itself. Then find someone else and ask them the same questions, repeat ad nauseum. Everyone's experience there was different, but the common factor is the level of difficulty is very high and if you want to succeed beyond the program your level of dedication and patience must also be very high. If you have trouble balancing your grade 11 math homework with practicing for 15 minutes every day as well then this program is not for you. That said if you think you've got what it takes then find a mentor, go through the audition requirements on the humber website, and get to work.
Was it hard to balance work, life, class and rehearsal as a student?
Very, and to be honest I'm not sure life made it into the balance at all. I was pulling routine 16 – 20 hour days throughout much of the program with very, very little sleep. I spoke to my cousin who is an engineer and we compared notes, and if you factored in rehearsals I was doing more "course work" a week than she had during her studies. And the thing is that's not in any way special, because everyone at Humber was working that hard. It's just what was required of you. That said though, I did say yes to too many things, and ended up playing on dozens of recitals and recording projects which took more time out of my life than they reasonably should have.
A few things. These days my time is mostly spent practicing, I'm on a big self-improvement kick right now in a few different areas. Band-wise, EYS has it's first shows coming up in October. Tayua is working on new material and planning a small Canadian tour next summer. Snaggle will be recording an album in January, and will be doing a bunch of jazz clinics in various high schools around the area. I've also been writing material for a new group I'll lead in the jazz vein, hoping to kick that off before the end of the year.
Yes. If you're a student and you're reading this, then stop here and go practice!
Next Week: Spotlight on Judith Soo!
Can you do a spotlight on, Matthew Attard please?
We sure can! And thanks for checking out our blog! We will ask Matthew to participate for sure. Thank you!


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Art Alert: 'Between Two Cultures' concert to highlight art of maqam
The traditional musical genre will be showcased through the works by composers from Egypt, Jordan and Denmark
Ahram Online , Tuesday 5 Feb 2019
The musicians in one of the final rehearsal prior to the concert on 13 February (Photo: Between Two Cultures facebook page)
A concert dubbed "Between Two Cultures" will invite the audience to experience the traditional art of the maqam at the Arabic Music Institute on 13 February.
The evening will include compositions by Nahla Mattar (Egypt), Sune Kølster (Denmark), Shady Hanna (Egypt), Yara Al Nimer (Jordan), Kamal Ahmed Mustafa (Egypt) and Rossela Adel Samir (Egypt).
The quartet performing the compositions will feature Khaled Saleh on violin, Mohamed Abdel Fattah on cello, Michael Onsy on oud and Mariam El-Mamlouk on piano.
Organised by the Danish Egyptian Dialogue Institute and the Cairo Opera House, the concert is a result of a the "Maqam in Contemporary Composition" workshop spearheaded by Mattar and Kølster, who brought together composers with knowledge of both classical Western composition and maqam tonality, and who were willing to explore new layers of intercultural collaboration.
Literally meaning "a place", the maqam is a famous genre of music common in North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia with a unique modal structure.
Although maqam has been practiced for several centuries, in recent decades it has been overshadowed by other more popular music traditions, including those coming from West.
However, in recent years a younger generation of composers and musicians in the Middle East have begun to look into their musical heritage and build further on its richness by exploring maqam, and taking advantage of a number of initiatives to promote the genre, including masterclasses, workshops and concerts.
One of the newest such initiatives is the Maqom Art International Forum which first took place in September 2018 in the Uzbekistani city of Shakhrisabz, 80 kilometres south of Samarkand. Musicians come from a number of different regions to perform, including Egyptian musicians.
Wednesday 13 February at 7pm
Arabic Music Institute, Ramsis Street, Downtown Cairo
For more arts and culture news and updates, follow Ahram Online Arts and Culture on Twitter at @AhramOnlineArts and on Facebook at Ahram Online: Arts & Culture


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Discovery Notes We found it under a tree, directly in front of the Jones Science Center, on the Ouachita Baptist University campus.
Naming Notes The name was thought of from the name of a conference, known as the Northstar conference.
Plaque Notes Small and large plaques combined, that are cloudy with a strong halo.


eam collaboration has never been more important in the workplace, but getting it right isn't easy. When an organization lacks collaboration and teamwork skills, it often ends up functioning as a collection of silos. Inconsistencies, narrow viewpoints and competition between groups will eventually result in lost opportunities"and lost money.
With all the collaboration and social tools we now have access to, you might think the problem of isolated functions operating in a vacuum is a thing of the past. It's not. According to IDC the average knowledge worker spends 15% to 30% of their time just looking for information.
That's a serious productivity cost with potentially far-reaching consequences, and companies are feeling the impact: Eighty-six percent of respondents in a Fierce Inc. survey blamed workplace failures on lack of collaboration or ineffective communication. But a strong commitment to group collaboration is no guarantee the organization will benefit from it. Endless, free-wheeling discussions and idea sharing without the decision-making skills and accountability to back them up will only drain time and resources. The result: Slow progress and poorly executed projects"if they get off the ground at all.
These pitfalls are becoming even more pronounced as today's complex issues and projects are requiring collaboration across functions and large, dispersed groups. We're deliberately bringing together the "best minds" and diverse specialists to handle these challenging issues, but, according to recent team research, it's those very qualities that can end up getting in the way of the group's progress.
A large majority of today's workplace spends a high percentage of its time in team-related activities, and this trend is only expected to escalate, according Jeanne Meister, co-author of "The 2020 Workplace: How Innovative Companies Attract, Develop, and Keep Tomorrow's Employees Today." The organization's success depends on their ability to collaborate; we need to make sure they have the tools to deliver.
Effective business collaboration isn't just about what people know; it's about how they think. Whether they're newly formed, well established, virtual or working cross-functionally, teams perform at their best and get more done when they can adapt their communications to the thinking styles of others and tap into the full diversity of thinking available to them.
As projects become more complex, we need all of that thinking working together. We need the task-driven thinking as well as the interpersonal thinking; the analytical deliberation as well as the visionary risk-taking. In fact, a six-year study at the U.S. Forest Service found that 70% or more of the teams were "successful" when they had all thinking styles represented, versus 30% or fewer when they didn't. But you have to do more than just bring together that diversity.
Our research has shown that mentally diverse groups can be extremely creative and effective. The key to success is taking the steps and time necessary to find synergy. It's not enough to understand one's own thinking preferences; people have to build the thinking agility to adapt to others' preferences, optimize their collaborative work flow and recognize when different thinking is needed.
Despite the overabundance of "feel-good" teambuilding exercises out there, there's more to successful collaboration than just making sure people get along with each other. A thinking-based approach helps team members understand the factors that will drive their performance and how to make sure what they're doing on a daily basis, both individually and as a group, is the most productive and effective it can be.


text:
Q: Unity3D - How can I destroy one of two colliding objects with the same scripts and variables So my question is sort of simple I guess. I've got two objects that are exactly the same, same tags, name, etc.
Now I would like to make it so that when they collide with OnCollisionEnter, that a script chooses only ONE of them to destroy.
Is there any way I can accomplish this? I've thought of different things such as choosing a random number, timers.... sigh.
To clarify: I'm trying to detect collision on two objects with the exact same variables and simply choose one to act upon ON COLLISION, not before.
As a temporary solution, I'm checking the instance ID of the two colliding objects, and the one with the largest ID is chosen to act.

A: Perhaps destroy the one with the lower rigidbody.velocity.magnitude
It's very unlikely they would have identical speeds, however if they do maybe add a small random offset whenever you set a force.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Calories intake
GeorgiaOnline
India: Egyptian Army Contingent leads March on Kartavya Path on Republic Day
Georgia: PM Garibashvili attends Georgian-Polish co.'s test show of unmanned aircrafts
Georgian Tea Gamarjoba to be sold in Czech Supermarket OXALIS
Georgia: Mikheil Chkhenkeli meets leaders of Munich Technical University in Germany
Georgian Ombudsman discusses children rights with representatives of state
COVID-19 laws in Wales eased, sports club welcome the ruling
COVIDEuropeHealth
From Saturday, Covid laws in Wales have been relaxed, enabling up to 500 people to congregate for outdoor gatherings. Football teams and the parkrun running charity have praised the regulation adjustment.
The benefits of parkrun, according to Karl Johnson of Pontypridd parkrun, are both physical and mental, and "to have the event back up and running is a tremendous comfort to many."
The Welsh government stated that all restrictions would be lifted by February 10th.
"It was lovely to see our parkrun family back together today after a dismal two-week break," Mr Johnson said following Saturday's event.
"Our wonderful band of volunteers deserves credit for committing to our event on such short notice; 30 volunteers coming together in under 16 hours is fairly outstanding."
"It's been sad that we've had to cancel the last two weeks; I know that some racers have gone over the border to other races in the meanwhile." We're ready and eager to go now that we have the opportunity."
Football clubs may now welcome additional fans, thanks to parkrun. In their first match of the year in the Ardal South West League, Ynyshir Albions Football Club will meet Ton Pentre AFC at The Oval, Ynyshir, Rhondda Cynon Taf.
"We're incredibly thrilled," said Cei Mason, the club's treasurer. Match day revenue is critical to our ability to manage the club.
"I'm sure many other clubs in Wales will feel the same way and would appreciate this news as the expense of maintaining a grassroots club continues to climb," he added.
Despite the changes, he stated that they may not be able to reach the maximum capacity of 500 fans.
"We were unable to announce the expanded capacity to all of our followers because the news arrived late. Mr Mason stated, "We'd like to get back up to those kinds of levels in the coming weeks."
The club will need to make certain alterations ahead of the game to ensure that safety requirements such as social distancing are observed.
"We have chosen to change into our equipment outside the ground to give the away team the entire run of the building to abide to social distance restrictions," Mr Mason said.
"It's not ideal, but we'll do our best to make it work so the game can continue on."
Marcin Kentacky - January 27, 2023
Georgia1297


With a button stating "Stop Mountaintop Removal" pinned to his suit, Berry accepted a Distinguished Service to Rural Life award from the international Rural Sociological Society. The organization held its 69th annual meeting over the weekend in Louisville.
Berry said he was surprised to be honored by the group, given that much of his writing over the years has generated controversy. His books and essays are known for a theme that blames the demise of rural communities on agribusiness and the industrial economy.
If anyone in the crowd disagreed with him yesterday, no one indicated that. Instead, he was met with a steady line of students and teachers clutching his books, all of which he happily signed.


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March 16th, 2020 151 comments
Doctor Who The Faceless Ones Steelbook – update
Available to order from www.zoom.co.uk and www.zavvi.com
All formats are available to order from www.amazon.co.uk ( (Steelbook delayed)
Doctor Who's missing serial The Faceless Ones will be released on DVD, Blu-Ray and SteelBook on 16th March 2020.
BBC Studios is pleased to announce that The Faceless Ones will be the next animated Doctor Who release, filling a gap in missing content. Following the success of The Power of the Daleks, Shada and The Macra Terror, The Faceless Ones will be released on DVD, Blu-Ray and as an exclusive steelbook next year.
The Faceless Ones is the mostly missing eighth serial of the fourth season of Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in six weekly parts from April to May 1967. Starring Patrick Troughton as the Doctor, the story concerns a sinister race of identity-stealing aliens known as the Chameleons.
Only two of the six episodes are held in the BBC film archives with snippets of footage and still images existing from the other four. Fortunately, off-air recordings of the soundtrack also still exist, making the animation of a complete serial possible once again.
The six new animated episodes are being made in full colour and high definition and will include the following exclusive special features:
Photographic reconstruction of the story, including surviving footage of episodes 1 & 3
Audio commentary on episodes 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6
'Making of the animated series'
Camera script PDF's
Surviving film fragments from the story
x5 'Easter Egg' surprises
Coming Soon Fury from the Deep trailer
Categorised under: Blu-ray, DVD
Josef Lewandowski
£22 on Amazon
SilentNinjaZero
September 23rd, 2020 - 9:16am
Steelbook is back in stock on Amazon for anyone interested. They have it for £28.81
August 19th, 2020 - 12:05pm
Just decided to start collecting the steelbooks.
Bought this one off Amazon, hasnt arrived yet though. Hopefully soon.
Amazon van just pulled up outside.
It's arrived


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Men victorious, women fall in tennis CAA tournament semis
Women's season ends, men to face Seahawks
By Caitlin Rundle | 4/19/19 10:17pm
Photo by Caitlin Rundle | Elon News Network
The men's tennis team prepares for their match against the College of William and Mary in the CAA semifinals.
Elon Universty's women's and men's tennis teams both played the College of William and Mary Tribe in their semifinals matches of the Colonial Athletic Association tournament. The women lost their match 4-3 while the men won their match 4-2, thanks to the clinching win from senior Taylor Foote.
William and Mary won the first doubles point of the women's match to put the team ahead in overall scoring 1-0.
The Phoenix claimed the first two singles points, making the overall score 2-1, before Tribe freshman Mila Saric took down Phoenix freshman Uma Nayar to make the score 2-2. Each team would claim one more singles point, making the overall score 3-3.
Everything then relied on the No. 6 match, where Phoenix freshman Nicole Shiau played Tribe junior Charlotte Madson. Shiau put up a fight after Madson cruised past the first set, but couldn't keep up. Madson took the clinching point and ended the Phoenix season for women's tennis.
Women's tennis will say goodbye to three seniors: Montana Moore, Maria Paraja and Suzanne Zenoni.
This is the second time this year that the women's team played the Tribe, previously losing 5-2.
The men's team seemed to have a little more luck against the Tribe, winning 4-2 and claiming their spot in the CAA tournament finals against No. 1 seed University of North Carolina Wilmington.
Though they came out with the win, the men's team started off shaky, losing their doubles matches and a chance at the first point overall.
"We lost the doubles point to a good team. They're a good doubles team," said men's head coach Michael Leonard.
The Phoenix's first point would come from sophomore Kyle Frankel in the No. 4 spot, followed by fellow teammates seniors Mario Paccini and Felipe Osses-Konig.
The No. 1 spot was filled by Felipe Sarrasague and his opponent, Tribe sophomore Sebastian Quiros. While the first set was kept close, the second set was an easy win for Quiros, and the Phoenix were up 3-2.
No. 5 and No. 6 matches began as Sarrasague finished up his match, and it became a race to see who would finish faster, and for which school.
Enter senior Taylor Foote in the No. 6 spot.
Caitlin Rundle | Elon News Network
The men's tennis team celebrates their first ever berth in the CAA tournament finals after beating the Tribe of William and Mary
Foote has yet to lose a singles match this year, and he was not about to let the semifinals of the CAA tournament be his first.
"The best thing to do is not worry about the win or loss but to just play your hardest. I just tried to focus on my part, and that's exactly what I did," Foote said.
Foote would finish his match in straight sets, 6-1, 6-4, and would secure the Phoenix's spot in the finals of the CAA tournament.
"It's just like any other match, it's going to be a battle, we all know that. It's going to be a war out there, but we're looking forward to it," Osses-Konig said.
The Phoenix are appearing in their first ever finals match, playing the University of North Carolina Wilmington Seahawks at 2 p.m. at the Jimmy Powell Tennis Center. The winner of this match moves on to NCAA Regionals.


Greg Ryan: Rockcreek Mobile MD Locksmith Services. We provide fast, local and reliable locksmith services to most parts of Maryland and Washington states.
Rockcreek Mobile MD Locksmith Services. We provide fast, local and reliable locksmith services to most parts of Maryland and Washington states.


They never get the orders right. Staff 8s usually friendly.
Generally this is good store with good service when we dine in.
This review is based on our Thanksgiving order of the, "Family Holiday Turkey Dinner".
The turkey contained two complete slices of turkey and about a cup of small, burned pieces and chunks. It made almost three servings equivalent to 2-3 ounces of turkey.
Good thing there was a lot of stuffing and potatoes. The young lady was nice enough to provide us with 2 additional sauce containers of gravy. Otherwise, I would feel completely taken for a ride on this order.
We won't order that from them again. Probably won't order online again, to be honest. There was a period where either the management or staffing was horrid. So we stopped going for the better part of 2 years. This is our second "visit" in 2018. The in-store experience was MUCH better.
Food ordered was hot and well packaged for pick up. Will do this again in the future.
The staff is nice, but 90% of the time the order comes out wrong or cold.
Nice restaurant with friendly host and wait staff!


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World's First Cable-Free Elevator Zooms Horizontally and Vertically Using Maglev Tech
It could help change the way that buildings are designed, as well as getting you to your floor faster.
Jamie Condliffe archive page
Willy Wonka's preferred mode of transport just became a reality. A new kind of elevator uses linear motors, similar to those in maglev trains and HyperLoop, to whiz its cabins through shafts, and will be able to move people up, down, left, or right.
The German engineering firm ThyssenKrupp first announced the idea of a maglev elevator way back in 2014 to a mixture of excitement and disbelief. Now, three years on, it has performed its first public test of the technology in a dedicated elevator experimentation tower in Rottweil, Germany.
As you can see in the video above, the elevator, known as Multi, doesn't use a cable at all. Instead, it runs on rails that act as linear motors, using magnetic fields to accelerate cabins along their length. When a cabin stops at a floor, those rails can rotate so that it can move off to the left or right rather than continuing up or down.
ThyssenKrupp's vision is of a system of several such shafts placed next to each other, so software might plan routes that take cabins between shafts and around congestion, saving people time.
The linear motor technology could also help side-step a major issue facing current skyscrapers. As Wired UK notes, regular cable designs can only safely rise about 1,600 feet in one continuous stretch, so in tall buildings there have to be numerous lift shafts installed to get people to the top. Multi could solve that, which could free up space and also allow architects to design buildings in different shapes and styles.
One German developer, OVG Real Estate, has already taken the plunge, and will install the system in its forthcoming East Side Tower building in Berlin. But—and honestly, there had to be a big "but" here—it's unlikely many buildings will be kitted out with these kinds of elevators in the near future. That's because Multi will apparently cost as much as five times more than a standard lift system. And, sadly, golden tickets don't stretch very far in the world of real estate.
Jamie Condliffe


Hampi, a sleepy village in Karnataka, was the last capital of Vijayanagar Empire. It is characterized by some captivating ruins, intermingled with large boulders that are found all over the landscape. Dating back to the 14th century, the ruins stretch for over 25 kilometers and comprise of more than 500 monuments. Hampi is very popular to tourists and you can access it from Goa.
Fort Kochi is also known as the "Gateway to Kerala". The city has hosted British, Arabs, Dutch, Chinese and Portuguese settlers in the past leaving some of their cultures. Fort Kochi is has numerous architecture and historical sites and is a fascinating place to explore on foot. When you visit the city make a point of watching the traditional Kathakali dance.
Kerala canals provide an ideal site for taking a trip in a boat as you relax and enjoy the cool breeze of the Lake Vembanad and breath taking sight of the palm lined shores. Boat riders are served with Indian traditional seafood cooked by a chef and chilled beer. People can also spend a night on the boat in the middle of the calm water.
Varkala beach in Kerala has a fascinating view with a long winding cliff extending over the Arabian Sea. Along the length of the cliff, there is a paved footpath bordered by coconut palms, shops, beach shacks, guest houses and hotels. A sandy beach is located at the bottom of the cliff. Tourists who visit during late match and early April get an opportunity to watch the temple festival.
Madurai is the home to the Meenakshi temple, the most important temple in Southern India. The ancient city is more than 4,000 years old and has many magnificent temples and buildings built along winding paths. Chithirai festival is held in April of each year for 12 days.
Karnataka state has astonishing beauty, exotic wildlife, rich heritage, blooming gardens and medieval charm. The state is a must visit destination for South India tourists.
Mysore is renowned for its sandalwood products which are very famous all over the world. Popular places that you can consider for visiting include Ambavilas Palace, Brindavan Gardens, Railway Museum and Jayalakshmi.
Hyderabad Known as the "City of Smiles" the capital city of Andhra Pradesh. The city is characterized by mixed cultural and historical tradition. Major attractions are Golconda Fort, Birla Mandir, Charminar and many more.


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ROUND 3 REVIEW
posted 10 Feb 2014, 17:05 by Unknown user [ updated 10 Feb 2014, 17:18 ]
Duane Joubert continued his perfect form with a third consecutive class win in the delayed third round of the McRae Motorsport Rallysprint Series at Perth Motorplex last week. With his mother, Sue, in the co-driver seat the in-form driver steered his 1983 Toyota Sprinter AE86 around the 3.25km course in 2:39.500, more than 30 seconds quicker than his closest rival.
This season Joubert, who keeps his 30-year-old car in immaculate showroom condition, has been in outstanding form in the Tarmac 2WD up to 2000cc class winning each of his three events by comfortable margins. And it continues his excellent form from last season when he missed completing the clean-sweep when he was pushed into second place by Colin Youd, in his 1990 Westfield SE, in the last round. It was a sweet moment for Youd who had finished second behind Joubert in the previous four heats.
Meanwhile, with just two heats remaining in the 2013-14 season, competition at the head of the outright leaderboard is intensifying.
Since making the decision to buy a new, more powerful, car (a Mitsubishi Evo 9 MR) Will White has won both of his rounds in the Tarmac 4WD over 3500cc class and moved to equal first place overall with Mark Greenham, who has finished second-fastest overall in his Mitsubishi Evo 7 in each of the first three heats. With only two heats remaining competition between these two rivals is sure to escalate.
And just to keep things interesting, Jamie Lister who competes in a less powerful Subaru WRX STi is just four points adrift and still in contention to take out the overall championship despite racing in the Tarmac 4WD under 3500cc class.
Rounds three and four of the series were both moved after the forced evacuation of the Perth Motorplex last month because of the Kwinana bush fires. This means that competitors now only have two weeks, instead of the normal month, to get their cars ready for the next round of sprints.
Round Four of the McRae Motorsport Rallysprint will be held at Perth Motorplex in Kwinana, on Thursday, February 20, starting at 6.30pm.
Anybody wanting to know more about the Rallysprint series should visit www.rallysprints.com.au.