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text:
Feldhäuser ist der Name folgender Orte in Deutschland:
 ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Schöpstal, Landkreis Görlitz
 ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Rietschen, Landkreis Görlitz
 ein Ortsteil der Stadt Reichenbach/O.L., Landkreis Görlitz; siehe Feldhäuser (Reichenbach/O.L.)

Feldhäuser ist der Name folgender Orte in Österreich:
 Feldhäuser (Gemeinde Badersdorf), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Badersdorf, Bezirk Oberwart, Burgenland
 Feldhäuser (Gemeinde Großsteinbach), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Großsteinbach, Bezirk Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, Steiermark

Feldhäuser ist der Name eines Ortes in Tschechien:
 Kunnersdorfer Feldhäuser: Kunratické Polní Domky

Siehe auch:
 Feldhaus
 Feldhausen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
In the current universe, high-energy nonthermal particles are ubiquitous at various scales from the earth to clusters of galaxies.
Cosmic rays (CRs) provide one of the best examples.
The energy density of CRs is about $1\ {\rm eV}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$ in our Galaxy, which is comparable to that of thermal particles.
Therefore, CRs are thought to have important roles in galaxies.
It is widely accepted that blast waves of supernova remnants are the origin of CRs with energies up to $10^{15}{\rm eV}$
and the standard acceleration mechanism is diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) \cite{axford77}.
In fact, radio, x-ray and gamma-ray observations of supernova remnants have shown the evidence that electrons and ions are accelerated to highly relativistic energies \cite{koyama95}.
Furthermore, a CR precursor ahead of the shock front, which is a prediction of the diffusive shock acceleration, was directly imaged \cite{ohira17}.
The CRs could even affect outflow dynamics of galaxies in the halo region, and their energy density is comparable to that of the warm-hot intergalactic medium \cite{mf18}.

It has not been studied when, where, and how the first population of CRs are generated since the Big Bang.
These questions are, in other words, relevant for us to reveal the history of the nonthermal Universe and their roles in high-redshift environments.
The CRs in the early universe can heat the intergalactic medium, and future HI 21-cm observations could shed light on the beginning of the nonthermal universe \cite{sazonov15}.
Ref. \cite{sazonov15} showed that CRs with energies of a few tens MeV most efficiently heat the intergalactic medium, but so far, we do not understand whether the first CRs can be accelerated to the energy scale or not.
In addition, in order for CRs to heat the intergalactic medium, CRs have to escape from the acceleration site.
In early universe, there are two energetic shocks that could accelerate the first population of CRs, supernova blast waves of the first stars and accretion shocks of the large scale structure formation in the universe.
In this work, we consider particle accelerations by the two types of shocks, showing that the first CRs are provided by Weibel mediated nonrelativistic collisionless shocks driven by the first star explosion at $z\approx 20$.
We use the notation $Q_{a,x}=Q_a/10^x$ in CGS units.

\section{Supernova blast waves of the first stars and collisionless shocks}
Several cosmological simulations show that the first stars can be formed in dark matter halos with halo masses of $M_{\rm h}\sim 10^6\ M_{\odot}$ at $z\approx 20$ \cite{yoshida03}.
The first stars are expected to be more massive than the Sun \cite{omukai98} but may have a wide range of masses, $10\ M_{\odot}\lesssim M_* \lesssim 10^3\  M_{\odot}$\cite{hirano14}.
Because their lifetime is shorter than the Hubble time at the age of the Universe,
the first stars gravitationally collapse at $z\sim5- 20$.
During their lives, the first stars emit a lot of ultraviolet photons ionizing surrounding gas, forming HII regions.
The number density, temperature, and ionization fraction of the HII region are typically $n\sim1\ {\rm cm}^{-3}, T\sim1\ {\rm eV}$, and $f_{\rm i}=1$, respectively, just before the first stars end their lives \cite{kitayama04}.

After the core collapse of the first stars, their envelopes may be ejected as supernovae.
According to a recent cosmological simulation \cite{hirano14}, about $30\%$ of the first stars may directly collapse to black holes and the remaining $\sim70\%$ explode as normal core-collapse, pair-instability, and pulsational  pair-instability supernovae.
In this work, we mainly consider normal core-collapse supernovae from the first stars as the sources of the first CRs, and the others are discussed later.

Supernova ejecta consist of the inner core with a shallow density profile and the outer envelope with a steep density profile.
The bulk of the ejecta has a velocity of $u_{\rm ej}\simeq 4.5 \times10^8\ {\rm cm\ s}^{-1}\ {\mathcal E}_{\rm SN,51}^{1/2}M_{\rm ej,34}^{-1/2}$, where ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}$ and $M_{\rm ej}$ are explosion energy and ejected mass, respectively.
The shock velocity is almost constant, $u_{\rm sh}\approx u_{\rm ej}$, until the swept-up mass becomes comparable to the ejecta mass, $t\lesssim t_{\rm dec}=(3M_{\rm ej}/4\pi m_{\rm p}n)^{1/3}/u_{\rm ej}$, where $m_{\rm p}$ and $n$ are the proton mass and number density in the HII region.
However, in the earliest phase of the SN expansion, the outer region of the ejecta drives a faster shock with $u_{\rm sh}\gg u_{\rm ej}$ \cite{self}.
Details depend on mass-loss mechanisms of the first stars, which could be caused by the pulsational instability and perhaps rotationally induced chemical mixing \cite{baraffe01}.
Assuming a wind density profile of $\varrho_{\rm cs}=DR^{-2}$ with an outer ejecta profile $\varrho_{\rm ej}\propto t^{-3}{(R/t)}^{-\delta} $ (where $\delta=10$ for a radiative envelope with a convective core), we obtain $u_{\rm sh}\simeq 3.3 \times{10}^9\ {\rm cm\ s}^{-1}\ {\mathcal E}_{\rm SN,51}^{7/16}M_{\rm ej,34}^{-5/16}D_{12}^{-1/8}t_{4}^{-1/8}$ \cite{self}. Here we take a fiducial value for blue supergiants, $D\sim10^{12}~{\rm g\ cm}^{-1}$ \cite{smith}.
If the mass loss is small, the fast shock initially propagates in the wind region,
and subsequently propagate in the the HII region.
Thereafter, the transition to the homologous expansion occurs, and finally after $t > t_{\rm dec}$, the shock velocity decreases with time as $u_{\rm sh}\propto t^{-3/5}$.

To understand whether particles are accelerated by the shock or not, we first investigate what types of collsionless shock and magnetic field turbulence are generated.
Magnetic fields in the surrounding HII region of the first stars are poorly constrained.
The Biermann battery effect around the first stars generates magnetic fields of $\sim 10^{-17}\ {\rm G}$ in the $10^2 -10^3\ {\rm kpc}$ scales at $z\approx20$ \cite{doi11}.
Since the field strength is too small to affect the collisionless shock, the HII region can be treated as an unmagnetized plasma.
Then, some of downstream hot plasma leak to the shock upstream region.
Collisionless plasma instabilities are excited between the upstream plasma and the leaking plasma.
As a result, the upstream cold flow is dissipated by electromagnetic fields generated by the collisionless plasma instabilities and a collisionless shock is formed.
Note that the shock propagating inside a star is radiation mediated rather than collisionless, and the radiation pressure is important even after the shock breakout. However, collisionless shocks should eventually form when the shock propagates in a wind environment \cite{breakout}, and then the first and earliest CRs will be produced. Then, collisionless shocks of supernova remnants will propagate in the HII region.

Since numerical simulations show that unmagnetized shocks with $\beta_{\rm sh}=u_{\rm sh}/c\gtrsim 10^{-1}$ are the nonrelativistic Weibel mediated shock \cite{kato08}, the shock driven by the fast-envelope ejecta is so.
However, unmagnetized shocks with  $\beta_{\rm sh}\approx 10^{-2}$ are poorly understood.
As a first step, we consider evolution of two counter streaming electron-proton plasmas where the relative velocity is $\beta_{\rm sh} \sim 10^{-2}$ and the temperature of each plasma is $T\sim1\ {\rm eV}$.
Since the electron mass is smaller than the proton mass, instabilities caused by the two electron beams grow initially.
If the relative velocity (or shock velocity) is a nonrelativistic velocity,
growth rates of the electron and ion Weibel instabilities are given by $\gamma \sim \beta_{\rm sh}\omega_{\rm pe}$ and $\gamma \sim \beta_{\rm sh}\omega_{\rm pp}$ \cite{davidson72},
and the growth rate of the electron two-stream instability is given by $\gamma \sim \omega_{\rm pe}$ \cite{ichimaru73}.
$\omega_{\rm pe}$ and $\omega_{\rm pp}$ are the electron and proton plasma frequencies.
Since the electron two-stream instability is the most unstable mode, the two electron beams initially excite electrostatic fields.
If only protons leak to the upstream region from the downstream region,
instead of the electron two-stream instability,
the Buneman instability becomes the most unstable mode and generates electrostatic fields \cite{buneman58}.
As a result, only electrons are heated,
but protons remain cold beams because the frequency of excited waves is close to the electron plasma frequency.
The initial electrostatic instabilities are saturated when the electron thermal velocity becomes comparable to the relative velocity between the two beams.
Thus, the electrons are heated to $T_{\rm e}\sim m_{\rm e} u_{\rm sh}^2$, where $m_{\rm e}$ is the electron mass \cite{ohira07}.
In a such plasma, the ion acoustic instability, ion-ion two stream instability, and the ion Weibel instability are unstable.
Since the ion-ion two stream instability has the largest growth rate of $\gamma \sim \omega_{\rm pp}$ \cite{ohira07},
the electrostatic fluctuations are excited and protons are heated to $T_{\rm p} \sim T_{\rm e}\sim m_{\rm e} u_{\rm sh}^2$ \cite{ohira07}.
Thereby, the ion acoustic instability and the ion-ion two stream instability are stabilized but the ion Weibel instability is still unstable.
Most of the kinetic energy of the proton beams are not dissipated by the early electrostatic instabilities.
Then, the ion Weibel instability finally generates magnetic field fluctuations and dissipates the proton beams.
Therefore, collisionless shocks driven by the core ejecta is also nonrelativistic Weibel mediated shocks.

\section{Acceleration of the first CRs}
{\it Ab-initio} plasma simulations have shown that relativistic Weibel mediated shocks can accelerate particles by DSA \cite{spitkovsky08}.
Therefore, we can expect that first supernova remnant shocks first accelerate CRs at $z\approx 20$.
We here derive the acceleration time scale of DSA in the nonrelativistic Weibel mediated shock.
The acceleration time scale of DSA is given by $t_{\rm acc}=20{\kappa}/u_{\rm sh}^2$ \cite{drury83}, where $\kappa$ is the diffusion coefficient of the accelerated particle, and we assume that the downstream diffusion coefficient is the same as the upstream one.
The ion Weibel instability generates magnetic field fluctuations, $\delta B$, with the coherent length scale of the proton inertial length, $\lambda_{\rm \delta B}=\alpha c/\omega_{\rm pp}$, where $\alpha$ is a numerical factor.
The nonlinear evolution of the Weibel instability has been widely discussed theoretically and investigated by numerical simulations \cite{kato05}. Very recently, it is shown that the drift kink instability at $\lambda_{\delta B}\approx 10\ c/\omega_{\rm pp}$ stops the nonlinear growth of the magnetic field fluctuations \cite{ruyer18}. In this work, we adopt $\alpha=10$ as a fiducial value.

The magnetic field strength around the nonrelativistic collisionless shock is subject to more uncertainties.
To estimate the acceleration timescale, we introduce a magnetic field energy fraction, $\epsilon_{\rm B} = \delta B^2 / (4\pi n m_{\rm p} u_{\rm sh}^2)$.
The gyroradius of particles with a momentum of $p$ is represented by $r_{\rm g}=  \lambda_{\rm \delta B}\hat{p} /(\alpha \beta_{\rm sh}\epsilon_{\rm B}^{1/2})$, where $\hat{p} = p / (m_{\rm p}c)$.
If the momentum is larger than $m_{\rm p}u_{\rm sh}\alpha \epsilon_{\rm B}^{1/2}$, the gyroradius is larger than the coherent length scale of magnetic field fluctuations.
For Weibel mediated shocks, because $\epsilon_{\rm B}$ is smaller than about $10^{-2}$ as argued later, most protons thermalized by the shock satisfy this condition. Then, the diffusion coefficient is given by $\kappa\approx 2\pi vr_{\rm g}^2/\lambda_{\rm \delta B}$ \cite{shalchi09}, where $v$ is the particle velocity.
Then, the acceleration time scale of DSA in the nonrelativistic Weibel mediated shock is given by
\begin{equation}
t_{{\rm acc},s}=\frac{40\pi}{\alpha \epsilon_{\rm B}\beta_{\rm sh}^4}\frac{\hat{p}^3}{\sqrt{\hat{p}^2+(m_s/m_{\rm p})^2}}\omega_{\rm pp}^{-1}~~,
\label{eq:tacc}
\end{equation}
where the subscript $s={\rm e, p}$ represents particle species.
The diffusion length around the shock, $\kappa/u_{\rm sh}$, depends on the energy of accelerated particles.
We naively expect that $\epsilon_{\rm B}$ is not constant in space
because the number flux density of leaking protons, $f_{\rm leak}$, decreases with the distance from the shock and consequently the electric current that generates magnetic field fluctuations decreases as well as $f_{\rm leak}$.
From the Biot-Savart law, one can estimate the magnetic field strength by $\delta B / \lambda_{\rm \delta B} \approx 4\pi e f_{\rm leak}/c$.
In order to estimate the number flux density of protons, $f_{\rm leak}$, we introduce the CR proton energy flux fraction, $\eta_{\rm p} = f_{\rm leak} (\gamma_{\rm p} - 1 )m_{\rm p}c^2 / (nm_{\rm p}u_{\rm sh}^3/2 )$, where $\gamma_{\rm p}$ is the Lorentz factor of leaking protons.

In the current universe, $\eta_{\rm p}$ is expected to be about 0.1 to supply Galactic CRs by supernova remnants  \cite{baade34}.
Then, the magnetic field energy fraction in the diffusion region of protons with the momentum of $\hat{p}=(\gamma_{\rm p}^2-1)^{1/2}$ is represented by $\epsilon_{\rm B} = \left\{ \alpha f_{\rm leak} / (nu_{\rm sh}) \right\}^2 = \alpha^2\eta_{\rm p}^2\beta_{\rm sh}^4 / \{4(\gamma_{\rm p} -1)^2\}$.
The above estimate is based on the CR current in the upstream region.
The magnetic field fluctuations in the downstream region of all types of collisionless shocks are open issues \cite{keshet}. We simply assume that the diffusion coefficient in the downstream is less than or equal to that in the upstream region.
This is a reasonable assumption that provides the upper limit of the maximum energy, and has been commonly used in many studies.

For $\hat{p}\gg1$, since electrons and protons have the same diffusion length, and
$\epsilon_{\rm B}\approx \alpha^2 \eta_{\rm p}^2\beta_{\rm sh}^4\hat{p}^{-2}/4$,
the acceleration time scale is
\begin{equation}
t_{{\rm acc},s}=\frac{160\pi \hat{p}^4}{\alpha^3\eta_{\rm p}^2 \beta_{\rm sh}^8} \omega_{\rm pp}^{-1}~~,
\label{eq:taccr}
\end{equation}
which does not depend on particle species.
For $\hat{p}\ll1$, electrons and protons have the different diffusion length even though they have the same momentum. For nonrelativistic protons, $\epsilon_{\rm B}\approx \alpha^2 \eta_{\rm p}^2\beta_{\rm sh}^4\hat{p}^{-4}$, and the acceleration time scale is
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm acc, p}\approx \frac{40\pi \hat{p}^7}{\alpha^3\eta_{\rm p}^2 \beta_{\rm sh}^8} \omega_{\rm pp}^{-1}~~.
\label{eq:taccn}
\end{equation}
For relativistic electrons with a momentum of $m_{\rm e}/m_{\rm p}\ll \hat{p}\ll 1$,
since the diffusion length of electrons with a momentum of $\hat{p}$ is that of protons with a momentum of $\hat{p}^{2/3}$,  $\epsilon_{\rm B}\approx \alpha^2 \eta_{\rm p}^2 \beta_{\rm sh}^4\hat{p}^{-8/3}$ and the acceleration time scale is
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm acc, e}\approx \frac{40\pi \hat{p}^{14/3}}{\alpha^3\eta_{\rm p}^2 \beta_{\rm sh}^8} \omega_{\rm pp}^{-1}~~.
\label{eq:tacce}
\end{equation}

The maximum energy of accelerated particles are decided by a finite acceleration time, a finite size of the acceleration region, or cooling \cite{ohira12}.
Since the acceleration time scale for Weibel mediated shocks strongly depends on the shock velocity, $t_{\rm acc}\propto u_{\rm sh}^{-8}$,
particles are most efficiently accelerated during the free expansion phase $t\lesssim t_{\rm dec}$.
The time-limited maximum energy is obtained from the condition $t_{{\rm acc},s}=t_{\rm dec}$, which is almost the same as the size-limited maximum energy for the case of supernova remnants at $t=t_{\rm dec}$ \cite{ohira12}.
At the deceleration time of the core ejecta, the size-limited maximum energies are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
E_{\rm max,p}^{\rm dec}&\simeq& 110\ {\rm MeV}\ \alpha_{,1}^{6/7}\eta_{\rm p,-1}^{4/7}M_{\rm ej,34}^{-19/21}{\mathcal E}_{\rm SN,51}n_{,0}^{1/21}~,
\label{emaxps}
\\
E_{\rm max,e}^{\rm dec} &\simeq& 320\ {\rm MeV}\ \alpha_{,1}^{9/14}\eta_{\rm p,-1}^{3/7}M_{\rm ej,34}^{-19/28}{\mathcal E}_{\rm SN,51}^{3/4}n_{,0}^{1/28}~.
\label{emaxes}
\end{eqnarray}
For the above parameters, only electrons are accelerated to the relativistic energy, and cooling is negligible at $t=t_{\rm dec}$.

For earlier shocks driven by fast velocity components of the ejecta, the size or time-limited maximum energies of protons are given by
\begin{equation}
E_{{\rm max},s}^{\rm env} \simeq3.0\ {\rm GeV}\ \alpha_{,1}^{3/4}\eta_{\rm p,-1}^{1/2}M_{\rm ej,34}^{-35/64}{\mathcal E}_{\rm SN,51}^{49/64}D_{\rm 12}^{-3/32}t_{4}^{-7/32}~~.
\label{eq:emaxr}
\end{equation}
For the above parameters, both protons and electrons are accelerated to the relativistic energies, and cooling is negligible.

Therefore, for first core-collapse supernovae with above parameters,
CRs are accelerated to a few GeV and a few hundreds of MeV by the fast-envelope and core ejecta, respectively.
Since the shock velocity decreases with time after the deceleration time of the core ejecta,
the size or time-limited maximum energy also decreases with time.
The time evolution is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
E_{\rm max,p} &=&E_{\rm max,p}^{\rm dec}(t/t_{\rm dec})^{-38/35}~~, \\
E_{\rm max,e} &=&E_{\rm max,e}^{\rm dec}(t/t_{\rm dec})^{-57/70}~~.
\end{eqnarray}

The cooling time of protons due to Coulomb losses is given by $t_{\rm cool}\approx1.5\times10^{15}\ {\rm sec}\ n_{,0}^{-1}\hat{p}^3$.
For the parameters adopted at Eqs. (\ref{emaxps}) and (\ref{emaxes}),
the maximum energy of protons is limited by the Coulomb loss for $t\ge t_{\rm c} \simeq 29\ t_{\rm dec}$
and the time evolution is given by $E_{\rm max,p}\sim 2.9\ {\rm MeV}\ (t/t_{\rm c})^{-12/5}$.
Once the maximum energy is limited by cooling ($t>t_{\rm c}$),
newly accelerated particles cannot escape from the acceleration site.
Therefore, the first supernova remnants can scatter CR protons in the energy ranges $3\ {\rm MeV}\lesssim E\lesssim3\ {\rm GeV}$ to the intergalactic medium as long as the downstream diffusion coefficient is not much larger than the upstream one.
They emit gamma rays and produce light nuclei by nuclear interactions, which would affect something and be observable \cite{reeves70}.

Since magnetic field fluctuations are generated by the Weibel instability driven by the accelerated protons,
the size of the acceleration region is limited by the diffusion length of protons with the maximum energy, $\kappa/u_{\rm sh}$.
For $t\ge t_{\rm c}$, the maximum energy of electrons is limited not by the Coulomb loss but by the size of the diffusion region.
In that case, the maximum energy of electrons is obtained from the condition, $\hat{p}_{\rm max,e}^2=\hat{p}_{\rm max,p}^3$, and one can obtain $E_{\rm max,e}\sim21\ {\rm MeV}\ (t/t_{\rm c})^{-9/5}$.
All the electrons accelerated by the first supernova remnants can escape from the first supernova remnants and heat the intergalactic medium.

\section{Other possible accelerators of the first CRs}
Here, we discuss the CR acceleration by explosion phenomena except the normal core-collapse supernova.
For pulsational pair-instability supernovae, stellar mass of $M_{\rm ej}\sim\ 10^{34}\ {\rm g}$, is ejected with ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}\sim10^{51}\ {\rm erg}$ before the collapse.
The remaining stars with $M\sim 10^{35}\ {\rm g}$ finally explode as core-collapse supernovae with ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}\sim 10^{51}\ {\rm erg}$ and $M_{\rm ej}\sim 10^{34}-10^{35}\ {\rm g}$ \cite{woosley17}.
For pair instability supernovae, all the stellar mass, $M\sim\ 2\times 10^{35}\ {\rm g}$, is ejected with ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}\sim 10^{53}\ {\rm erg}$.
About $30\%$ of first stars are expected to collapse to black holes directly, which can eject a small mass
because neutrino cooling during the protoneutron star phase makes the gravitational mass of the core small.
The expected ejecta mass and explosion energy are $M_{\rm ej}\sim 10^{30}\ {\rm g}$ and ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}\sim 10^{47}\ {\rm erg}$ for massive stars in the current universe \cite{lovegrove13}.
From Eqs.(\ref{eq:taccr}) and (\ref{eq:taccn}), the pulsational explosion of pulsational pair-instability supernovae,
the final explosion of pulsational pair-instability supernovae, pair instability supernovae, and the direct collapse of first stars accelerates CR protons to $\sim130\ {\rm MeV}$, $\sim17-130\ {\rm MeV}$, $\sim1.0\ {\rm GeV}$, and $\sim 57\ {\rm MeV}$, respectively.
It should be noted that the kinetic energy of some supernova ejecta are dissipated not in the HII region but in the stellar wind and ejecta that might be sufficiently magnetized.
If so, the shock would be a magnetized collisionless shock and CRs would be accelerated to higher energies like CRs in the current universe.

If first stars explode as a gamma-ray burst or form black-hole binaries, relativistic jets would be produced, resulting in relativistic collisionless shocks and CR acceleration to higher energies \cite{schneider02}. However, whether the relativistic jets are produced by the collapse of first stars and black-hose binaries in the early universe and whether magnetic fields are sufficiently generated in the stellar wind and ejecta are open issues. Therefore, the maximum energy of first CRs could tell us the magnetic field strength around the first star.

\subsection{Acceleration of CRs associated with the earliest cosmological structure formation}
Large-scale structures naturally serve as CR reservoirs, and accretion shocks have been considered as one of the high-energy accelerators in these environments~\cite{accretion}.
Strong accretion shocks are expected for local massive clusters, while the shocks are expected to be weaker at higher redshifts.
The physical situation should largely be different in the early universe because typical halos are smaller and the intergalactic medium is less ionized.

Halo masses that can collapse at $z=20$ within the 3-sigma fluctuations is about $M_{\rm h}\sim 10^6\ M_{\odot}$ \cite{barkana01}.
The velocity of the accretion shock is about the virial velocity, $u_{\rm sh}\approx v_{\rm vir} = 6.8\times 10^{5}\ {\rm cm\ s}^{-1}\ M_{\rm h,39}^{1/3}\{(1+z)/20\}^{1/2}$.
In order to accelerate charged particles by the shock, about a half of matters around the accretion shock has to be ionized \cite{ohira}.
Since most of matters in the universe is not ionized at $z\approx20$, ionization by radiation from the shocked region is important for the particle acceleration.
However, the shock velocity have to be larger than about $10^{7}\ {\rm cm/s}$ in order to ionize the upstream matter sufficiently \cite{dopita11}.
Therefore, accretion shocks due to the cosmological structure formation at $z\approx20$ are unlikely to accelerate particles to high energies.

At $z\lesssim10$, halos with $M_{\rm h}\sim 10^{10}\ M_{\odot}$ can collapse and the velocity of the accretion shock is about $10^{7}\ {\rm cm\ s}^{-1}$ \cite{barkana01}.
The ionization fraction and temperature of the shock upstream region are $f_{\rm i}\sim 0.2\ u_{\rm sh,7}^2$ and $T\sim1\ {\rm eV}$ \cite{dopita11}.
The photoionization precursor length is $10^{20}\ {\rm cm}\ n_{,-1}^{-1}$ \cite{sutherland17}.
In the spherical top-hat halo model, the baryon number density is given by $n\sim 18\pi^2\ {\bar n_{\rm b}}=4.2\times10^{-2}\ {\rm cm}^{-3}\ \{(1+z)/10\}^3$ when the halo is virialized, where ${\bar n_{\rm b}}$ is the mean baryon number density of universe at the virialization time.
Magnetic fields in the upstream region of the accretion shock would be amplified by the turbulent dynamo or CR streaming because accretion flows would be very complicated and the first CRs have already accelerated at $z\approx20$.
However, since the above magnetic-field amplification and generation are still open issues, here we assume that
the accreting plasma is unmagnetized.
Then, since the thermal velocity of electrons, $v_{\rm th,e}=4.2\times10^7\ {\rm cm\ s}^{-1}\ (T/1{\rm eV})^{1/2}$, is larger than the shock velocity of the accretion shock, only the Weibel instability is unstable in the collisionless shock transition region.
Therefore, the accretion shock at $z\lesssim10$ is also the Weibel mediated nonrelativistic shock and
can accelerate particles by DSA.
The acceleration time scale is given by Eq.(3) or Eq.(4).
For the accretion shock at $z\lesssim10$, the maximum energy of accelerated protons is nonrelativistic and
limited by cooling due to the Coulomb loss.
Then, the cooling-limited maximum energy is obtained from the condition $t_{\rm acc,p} = t_{\rm cool}$:
\begin{equation}
E_{\rm max,p} \simeq  330\ {\rm keV}\ \alpha_{,1}^{3/2}\eta_{\rm p,-1}\beta_{\rm sh,-3}^4 n_{,-1}^{-1/4}~~.
\end{equation}
Since the acceleration of protons is not limited by the size of acceleration region, most accelerated protons cannot escape to the upstream region.
Even though the accelerated protons escape to the upstream region of the accretion shock,
they are quickly thermalized and cannot heat the far upstream region of the accretion shock.
The free streaming distance during the cooling time of ionization is $\sim2\ {\rm kpc}\ {[(1+z)/21]}^{-3}{(E/330~\rm keV)}^2$ \cite{sazonov15},
which is much smaller than that of protons accelerated by the first supernova remnants.
For electrons, the maximum energy is limited by the size of the diffusion length of accelerated protons, where the cooling due to the ionization loss is negligible for electrons.
Then, the maximum energy of electrons is obtained from the condition, $\hat{p}_{\rm max,e}^2=\hat{p}_{\rm max,p}^3$:
\begin{equation}
E_{\rm max,e} \simeq 4.1 \ {\rm MeV}\ \alpha_{,1}^{9/8}\eta_{\rm p,-1}^{3/4}\beta_{\rm sh,-3}^{3} n_{,-1}^{-3/16}~~. \nonumber
\end{equation}
All the accelerated electrons can escape from the accretion shock and heat the intergalactic medium.

\section{Impacts on cosmological evolution}
Our study has several important implications for the cosmological evolution of galaxies and intergalactic medium.
First, low-energy CRs may impact the heating and ionization of ambient gas in the early universe. In the current universe, the local CR luminosity density is $Q_{\rm CR}\approx2\times{10}^{46}\ {\rm erg}\ {\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1}({\rm SFR}/0.015\ M_\odot\ {\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1})$\cite{mf18}, where $\rm SFR$ is the star-formation rate density. With a massive POP-III SFR of $\sim{10}^{-5}-{10}^{-4}\ M_\odot\ {\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1}$ around $z\sim20$, we have $Q_{\rm CR}^{\rm III}\sim{10}^{43}-{10}^{44}\ {\rm erg}\ {\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1}$. By comparing the CR loss time $t_{\rm loss}(z)$ to the Hubble time at $z$, $t_{H}(z)\approx1.9\times{10}^{8}{[(1+z)/21]}^{-3/2}\ {\rm yr}$, the CR energy density is estimated to be $u_{\rm CR} \sim3\times10^{-18}\ {\rm erg\ cm^{-3}}{[(1+z)/21]}^{3}({\rm min}[t_H(z),t_{\rm loss}(z)]/100\ {\rm Myr})$
$({\rm SFR}_{\rm III}/{10}^{-4}\ M_\odot~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1})$ in the physical volume, and the similar value can be obtained by using a POP-III supernova rate of ${10}^{-7}-{10}^{-6}\ {\rm Mpc}^{-3}\ {\rm yr}^{-1}$ and a typical kinetic energy of ${\mathcal E}_{\rm SN}\sim{10}^{51}\ {\rm erg}$.

A low-energy part of first CRs ($E\lesssim 30\ {\rm MeV}$) ionizes and heats the neutral intergalactic medium. The temperature shift is estimated by~\cite{sazonov15}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\Delta T}_{\rm IGM}&\approx& \frac{2f_{\rm heat}Q_{\rm CR}^{\rm III}t_{H}(z)}{3\Omega_b\varrho_{\rm crit}/m_p}\sim4\ {\rm K}\ \left(\frac{f_{\rm heat}}{0.25}\right){\left[\frac{(1+z)}{21}\right]}^{-3/2}\nonumber\\
&&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\times\left(\frac{{\rm SFR}_{\rm III}}{{10}^{-4}\ M_\odot {\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1}}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_{\rm heat}\sim0.25$ is the energy fraction used for heating, $\Omega_b=0.04$ and $\varrho_{\rm crit}\approx1.88h^2\times{10}^{-29}~{\rm g}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$ is the critical density.
Given that the CMB temperature is $T_{\rm CMB}=2.7~{\rm K}~{(1+z)}$, the effect of the first CRs may be observed by future HI 21-cm observations, especially if the first CR production rate comoving density may continue down to lower redshifts, e.g., $z\approx 6$ (see \cite{desouza11} for the redshift evolution of the POP III SFR).

Second, the first CRs may provide seed fields for intergalactic magnetic fields.
In our galaxy, the magnetic field energy density is comparable to the CR energy density.
If the energy of the first CRs is converted to the energy of magnetic fields by some plasma effects at $z\approx 20$, the comoving magnetic field strength is estimated to be
\begin{eqnarray}
B_0&=&(1+z)^{-2}\sqrt{\varepsilon_B8\pi u_{\rm CR}}\nonumber\\
      &\sim&3\times{10}^{-11}\ {\rm G}\ \varepsilon_B^{1/2}~{\left[\frac{(1+z)}{21}\right]}^{-5/4}\nonumber\\
&&\times {\left(\frac{{\rm SFR}_{\rm III}}{{10}^{-4}\ M_\odot{\rm Mpc}^{-3}{\rm yr}^{-1}}\right)}^{1/2},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon_B$ is the energy fraction transferred to magnetic fields and the magnetic flux conservation is assumed to estimate $B_0\equiv B(z=0)$.
Note that the cooling time of CRs above 100 MeV is typically longer than the Hubble time for the average intergalactic medium density.
This value is consistent with lower bounds on the current intergalactic magnetic fields, $10^{-18} - 10^{-15}\ {\rm G}$ \cite{IGMFreview}, which can be explained if a very small fraction of the first CR energy can be converted the magnetic field energy. Testing such a magnetic field strength is challenging but could be probed by ultrahigh-energy gamma-ray observations \cite{murase09}.
Moreover, the magnetic field generated by the first CRs at $z\approx 20$ is sufficiently large as a seed for galactic dynamos to explain current galactic magnetic fields~\cite{davis99}, which is especially the case if the first CRs are trapped in protogalaxies.

Finally, we point out that the first CRs may eventually lead to CR-driven wind once magnetic fields are amplified. It has been suggested that CRs play an important role in the evolution of galaxies \cite{pakmor16}, and such feedback on protogalaxies should be examined in more detail and may be important for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation.

\section{Conclusions}
We studied the origin of the first CRs. We have found the followings:
1) The first CRs can be accelerated by the first supernova remnants driven by the explosion of first stars at $z\approx20$ (corresponding to about 180 million years after the big bang).
2) The first CRs are accelerated by DSA in the nonrelativistic Weibel mediated shocks, although CR streaming instabilities can play some roles in the presence of violent mass losses in the preexplosion phase.
3) The maximum energy of the first CRs lies in the $0.1-10\ {\rm GeV}$ range. As a result, secondary neutrinos produced by these CRs are not expected in the IceCube range unless supernovae are accompanied by choked jets or dense magnetized environments \cite{neutrino}.
4) The first CR protons with energies larger than a few MeV can escape from the first supernova remnants, whereas all accelerated electrons can.
These CRs may impact the heating, ionization, magnetic field generation, and the cosmological evolution of protogalaxies. In particular, we suggest that HI 21cm signatures can be used as a powerful test for the first CRs.
5) Accretion shocks associated with the cosmological structure formation at $z\approx 20$ are unlikely to accelerate particles because the shocks propagate in neutral media. On the other hand, the accretion shocks at $z\lesssim 10$ can accelerate particles. The maximum energies of protons and electrons are a few hundreds keV and several MeV, respectively. Only the accelerated electrons can escape from the accretion shock without energy losses.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Tom Abel, Katusaki Asano, Takashi Hosokawa, Fumio Takahara, and Ryo Yamazaki for useful comments.
This work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K17702 (Y.O.), JP19H01893(Y.O.) and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and NSF Grant No. PHY-1620777 (K.M.).  Y.O. is supported by MEXT/JSPS Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Daring to Explore the Abandoned Spreepark from Hanna
5 Mins Read June 17, 2020
Believe it or not, Berlin is one of the most unique cities I've ever explored. Between memorials and relics from World War II, one hell of a street art culture, and abandoned airports, Olympic villages and the Spreepark amusement park, the city never ceased to amaze me. Someday I'll have to write a full blog post about my week there, but for now, here's a tidbit.
I've been known more than once to explore places that were technically off-limits. From an abandoned church in Prizren, Kosovo to ending up in a Finnish prison, there's a reason I call myself an adventure blogger. This is my story of doing the same in Berlin. This is not a recommendation for others to do so, but I'm never going to complain if another traveler follows in my footsteps.
Abandoned Ruins in Berlin
Spreepark
Click to Pin It
First of all, Berlin was originally built to accommodate several million people. Far more than its current population of 3.5 million. In fact, the population peaked at 4.5 million in 1942. Now there are shells of buildings throughout the city center, and relics all over to be explored. Parts of the city can appear to be practically abandoned. Verily, many places are.
There are three airports in the city, but only one is needed. Currently, the Tegel airport is in use, but will close when the Brandenburg opens. The Brandenburg itself is years overdue opening, and that's a story in itself. Then there's Tempelhof, Hitler's prize airfield. Closing in 2008, it's now a recreational center where locals paraskate down the abandoned runways, and a community garden has sprung up in the grass.
Another fantastic relic I only found out about after I left is the Olympiastadion (Olympic Stadium) and nearby Olympic Village built for the 1936 Olympics. That's where the legendary Jesse Owens won his four gold medals with Hitler watching from the grandstands. It's on my bucket list now for the next time I go to Berlin. If you want to explore before I do, follow this guide.
Then there's Spreepark. Originally built in 1969 and called Kulturpark Plänterwald, it changed its name to Spreepark in 1989. It operated until 2002 when the park faced bankruptcy and the owners fled to Peru with six of the attractions! Since then, it's been deserted. Guided tours offered now and then, but it's mostly closed to the public and guarded against entry.
You might have actually seen the park. It was a key scene in the 2011 movie Hanna. Unfortunately, it doesn't quite look the same, as a fire destroyed part of the remaining buildings in August 2014.
Now there is a fence running around the entire park, and a construction firm has set up at one end of the park for some kind of development. I walked around the entire perimeter trying to find a way in, and finally settled on crawling through a hole under the fence – possibly made by a dog or badger. With the thick overgrowth, there was only so much I could explore, and I had earlier seen guards in the park, although they had cheerfully waved at me when they saw me inspecting another hole in the fence earlier.
The park was certainly eerie. After 15 years, the attractions can hardly be recognized as such. Vegetation is everywhere, and only a handful of attractions remain. However, if you're an enthusiast for exploring abandoned locations, this place is perfect! You could spend hours getting to every point of the park. Part of that might be spent dodging the guards, in case they're less cheerful at seeing you on the wrong side of the fence.
My Couchsurfing host did tell me an interesting story about people who have jumped the fence. There was a group a few years back that was caught by the guards and fined, except for one member of the group. It was an old lady. When questioned by the guards, she said she simply wanted to see the park again, as she had enjoyed it as a youth. Instead of ordering her to pay, the guards treated her to lunch and a special tour of the park.
Unfortunately, I only got a handful of photos from within the park. If you want to read a fantastic account of the park, including lots of updates and all the best photos, check out this post. I really love exploring urban ruins when I travel. I know there's also an abandoned waterpark in Hue, Vietnam. I'll have to make it out to that one someday too.
Looking for more things to do in Berlin? Here are some of my other articles for Germany's capital.
Learning About German Cuisine on the Secret Food Tour in Berlin
Budget Travel Guide: How Expensive is Berlin on a Budget?
What Do You Do With Only 48 Hours in Berlin
Here's some extra reading to save hundreds on your next vacation or stage of your journey.
5 Steps to Book Cheap Flights
Hostels: To Book or Not to Book
Is Workaway Worth it for the Traveler?
Click here to claim your $25 credit with AirB&B
Cover Photo Source: Daniel Heitz
AbandonedAmusement ParkBerlinGermanySpreepark
My Five Weeks in Sjuntorp Could Have Been Better
Mayonnaise is Not a Liquid! And Most Fear is Irrational

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pilger, NE – Midwest Bank has been awarded a $25,000 economic development grant to help the Village of Pilger. FHLBank Topeka, a wholesale financial institution of which Midwest Bank is a member, awarded the grant through its Joint Opportunities for Building Success (JOBS) program. JOBS helps financial institutions throughout Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma promote jobs and economic growth in their communities.
The JOBS grant will provide funding to assist Pilger through a difficult period of rebuilding.


text:
Q: Does Powershell have a feature like Bash's "autocd" shopt? Does powershell have a feature like bash's autocd shopt?
If you enable that in bash you can navigate into folders by typing out their name.
For example if you have a folder called "foo" in your current directory and you type out foo it would execute cd foo instead.

A: If anyone's still looking for this, I've put an implementation here and on the PowerShell Gallery. It includes several other niceties from bash such as CD_PATH, improved tab completion for directory paths and cd-, cd+.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Coconut, vanilla, sweet, light. A grain, as if from a picture book. Unfortunately, a little fleeting and not as difficult as the older ones. Still, good whiskey.
Lots of vanilla, here you can feel the bourbon barrel. To add some sweet tropical fruit with a very slightly alcoholic touch. Overall rather unobtrusive and discreet. with water more fruit and much more sweetness.
Starts slightly alcoholic and very sweet. The ripe mangos are shown to good effect. In the background you can still find vanilla and candied nuts. Milder, more pleasing, oily and sweeter with water.
Medium long sweet finish, with vanilla, some wood and slightly peppery towards the end. At the end there is a bitter note on the back of the palate. With water more sweetness and less bitterness.
The nose was fine, if not good, but in the mouth it was not a pleasure for me without water! Water definitely helps!


text:
Fabio Wibmer, né le , est un cycliste autrichien.

Biographie
,  il est un spécialiste de et il est rider MTB. L'Équipe le considère comme le meilleur  de sa génération.

En 2016, il devient champion d'Autriche de descente VTT.

Il est sponsorisé par la marque de boisson énergisante red bull depuis juin 2017.

Palmarès en VTT
2016
  Champion d'Autriche de descente

Références

Lien externe

Naissance en juin 1995
Coureur cycliste autrichien
Coureur de VTT


text:
Hack Litigation: Judge Contemplates Dismissal of Suit Against IBM
A federal judge is deciding whether to throw out a suit filed by D.C.-based law and lobbying boutique Butera & Andrews alleging that IBM Corp. and an unidentified employee in its Durham, N.C., facility tried to hack into its e-mail system.
By Anna Palmer | Updated on July 10, 2006
The original version of this story was published on Legal Times


By default, projects are not associated with your Sellsy clients, prospects or suppliers. This allows you to manage internal projects without linking them to a particular customer.
However, you can easily link customers, prospects and suppliers to your project.
For this, use the module to the right of the project view.
Now your client is linked to the project. You can add as many associations as you want.
Important: linking a customer does not provide right of access to the project. External access can only be granted at the individual level.


text:
By Cindy Ren
Joanna Zeng, a current Grade 12 student, is known in the Collingwood community for her passion for writing. Originally from China, Joanna has been attending Collingwood School since kindergarten. When asked "What does art mean to you as a means of expression?" Joanna answered, "Art is a universal language. That's what is so incredible about it. Someone who speaks Russian could look at a painting and see the same thing as someone who speaks Japanese. But that isn't quite accurate—they'd see the same painting, but might interpret it differently. Art is multi-faceted and layered. Different people can get different things out of the same work. But they can all understand it just the same. To me, art is a means of communication. A way to speak to others from the heart."
Ever since she was little, Joanna felt an irresistible pull towards artistic forms of expression. When asked about how she views writing as one of her creative activities, she answered: "I love writing. It's a creative outlet. It's a comfort that has never failed me—I always write something when I feel incredibly stressed, and if I go too long without writing anything, I start to feel antsy and get headaches. I view it as a comfort, as catharsis."
In addition to writing, Joanna has other creative passions such as singing and reading. Her biggest passions, however, are story writing and singing—all of which she claims she is equally passionate about. In reference to how she found her passion for story writing Joanna shares, "Writing stories is like creating entire worlds out of words and letting the characters bring themselves to life. It feels like my creations almost—develop a mind of their own. Sometimes it feels like I'm watching a show, and trying to transcribe as much as possible into words even. I've been writing stories from a pretty young age, and I'm not really sure where the passion came from. It's just always been there, I guess. The power and the fun that comes with creating things."
As a thriving writer herself, Joanna offers some important advice to her fellow writers: "Write. The more you write, the better you become. The only way to really develop your style, and improve your writing, is just to write more. Reading helps too I suppose. Preferably actual books, and not texts." Joanna can vouch for the importance of writing, as ever since she was little, she would immerse herself in books such as Thirteen by Kelley Armstrong and Arrows of the Queen by Mercedes Lackey. She says with a smile, "I've always loved reading as a kid, especially fantasy."
Behind every great creative mind, there are always other precedent creative minds that have stood as influences. Joanna shares that some of her most significant creative influences are Kelley Armstrong and Sarah J Maas.
Currently, Joanna is a member of the Collingwood Creative Writing Club. She has been writing a variety of short stories and poems, and she enjoys editing other people's writing.
Looking towards the future, Joanna strives to become an editor or a teacher. For now, she is not sure what she wants to study as an undergrad but potentially anything that makes her happy.
Oh Door
Oh door, oh door.
I wonder what lies within?
A room full of starlight, or perhaps filled with sin?
Oh door, oh quaint blue door.
If I knocked on you,
Would you shudder with a boom?
Oh door, little slice of sky.
If I opened you, would you make me cry?
Would I tremble at what's inside?
You look like the witch's door,
In an old tale,
A fable filled to the very core,
With adventure and revelry and magic galore.
Oh door, with the black iron lock,
You look innocent, so sweet and pure,
Like the damsel within, i'm no doubt sure.
In nine days minus three the prince will be here,
Upon a white horse,
Sure to free her.
You look like the fourth wall,
And not quite a door.
If I opened you up,
Would I find something more?


A few things to bear in mind when blogging to maximise its usefulness as a resource.
To welcome us back to the Apprenticeship after a long break following BootCamp, we spent some time today discussing the importance of blogging to record our progress on the course and build a resource for ourselves. We put our heads together and discussed how we might improve our blogs, pooling our ideas so we might build user-friendly, interesting and useful content.
I am already making use of WordPress Tags and Categories to divide my website up between my coding work and my 3D modelling, and I use Custom Post Types (CPT) for my Sketchblog.
In terms of contextual navigation, I've modified my theme's functions.php file to add pagination to my post archives pages, and multi-page posts contain links near the bottom, to allow the user to navigate between pages easily. You can go back and forth between posts, and tags are displayed clearly too, so it's easy to find posts on similar topics.
Notes on how to better control page rankings on Search Engine Results Pages.
A little game to test your multi-tasking skills.
The Agile Manifesto and some of the main principles of the Agile mindset.
Fun games for demonstrating some of the principles of Agile.
Michael Adamson is a web developer, digital artist and animator.


EAST PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) – Rhode Island is getting its first triage and call center for mental health and substance abuse disorders.
BH Link is a 24/7 facility for Rhode Islanders experiencing behavioral health crises and for their families and friends struggling to find help.
It official opening is on Wednesday.
BH Link, on waterman Avenue in East Providence, will provide immediate assistance and support with the help of registered nurses, counselors, psychiatrists, phone screeners and peer specialists.
It will provide services including a crisis and suicide hotline, housing and basic needs referrals, short-term psychiatric services, and education.


text:
Myers House
One killer horror movie fan has built an exact recreation of Michael Myers' childhood home.
Myers House The Myers House
Top Places in North Carolina
Mary's Gone Wild Folk Art and Doll Baby Museum
Supply, North Carolina
Whirligig Park (Formerly Acid Park)
Land of Oz Theme Park
Beech Mountain, North Carolina
The facade of the Myers family home from John Carpenter's seminal 1978 slasher classic, Halloween is one of the most iconic locations in all of horror cinema, and one overachieving fan has gone to the trouble building his own version of it.
Located in Hillsborough, North Carolina, the real life replica was built by Kenny Caperton, maybe the biggest Halloween fan of all time (after this move). The original Myers house used in the film is actually located in California, but when Caperton built his house, he could not locate the blueprints of the original, which was built in 1888. Nonetheless, he went to the film and faithfully recreated the interior as best he could, only updating it to be more livable, but keeping the corridors as tight and claustrophobic as in the film.
The decorations have also been updated since Caperton and his wife actually live in the house, but an entire bookshelf alcove has been devoted to Caperton's awesome collection of Halloween memorabilia, even including the masks from the much maligned, Michael-Myers-free third installment, Halloween III: Season of the Witch.
Visitors are encouraged to come by around in October when the home is appropriately kitted out for the season. Keep in mind that this house is a private residence and unlike in Halloween, it is not totally rad when unexpected visitors show up.
film eccentric homes architectural oddities architecture
EricGrundhauser
jowensamuels95, catherinine
http://io9.com/meet-the-horror-fan-who-built-and-lives-in-an-incred-1735960557
http://www.thecabinet.com/darkdestinations/location.php?sub_id=dark_destinations&letter=m&location_id=the_myers_house_north_carolina
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1TfC95HKWc
Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278
Bennett Place
Duke Lemur Center
V & E Simonetti Historic Tuba Collection
The scene of the largest surrender of Confederate troops at the end of the American Civil War.
This research center for rare prosimians is studying how they sleep to help prolong human life.
The humble horn finally finds a place in the sun.
The Can Opener
This too-low North Carolina railroad trestle is still a notorious big rig executioner.
Sculptured House
This iconic science fiction house still looks like something from the future.
Chemosphere
This ultra-modern home clings to the slope of the Hollywood Hills on a precarious stilt.
Jiutepec, Mexico
Camino Real Sumiya
The tragic heiress Barbara Woolworth Hutton built her seventh husband this Japanese-inspired palace in Mexico.
Kleine Trippenhuis
One of Amsterdam's narrowest houses is located right across the canal from its widest.
Appears in 1 List
50 Strangely Made Houses In The United States
Featuring upgrades you won't see on HGTV.
Larissa Hayden December 16, 2019


Since the 1960s, Saskatchewan's cultural identity has been transformed by the influential practices of artists of Aboriginal descent. These artists have challenged and expanded artistic conventions through the creation of compelling work that demands a response. These works often confront viewers with their assumptions, forcing an awareness of personal and cultural identity as key elements of the works' interpretation.
The purpose of this exhibition, the second in the Saskatchewan Art History Series, is to stimulate a discussion of Saskatchewan's art history in the context of the work of these artists, emphasizing the importance of political and cultural perspectives in the understanding of art.
Featuring work from the permanent collection of the MacKenzie Art Gallery, with additions from the permanent collections of the Dunlop Art Gallery, Native Heritage Foundation of Canada (First Nations University of Canada Collection), and the Saskatchewan Arts Board, this exhibition addresses a part of Saskatchewan's ongoing art history by spanning work made in the second half of the twentieth-century.
Drawing upon many generations of art making, this exhibition features Bob Boyer, Ruth Cuthand, Mary Longman, Gerald McMaster, Angelique Merasty, Edward Poitras, Sherry Farrell Racette, Allen Sapp and Sarain Stump, among others.


Check out my straightforward and concrete supplemental Principles of Micro book A Step-by-Step Guide to the Principles of Microeconomics by Kona Publishing!
Please email me at nhuntington-klein@fullerton.edu for working PDFs if not linked.
Although the choice between colleges can be thought of as being made collectively by a family, models of educational choice almost universally portray the decision as made by the student alone. Using a novel experimental method for identifying collective decision functions, I find that students have more influence than parents over the decision, but not exclusive control. Students care more than parents about classroom experience and future earnings. Ignoring the dual-agent nature of the decision can weaken predictions and lead to poorly-targeted policy designs.
Huntington-Klein, Nick, and Elizabeth Ackert. 2018. "The Long Road to Equality : A Meta - Regression Analysis of Changes in the Black Test Score Gap over Time". Social Science Quarterly 99 (3): 1119–33. Link. Working Paper PDF. Online Appendices.
This study performs a meta-regression analysis of over 1,100 regressions in 165 studies to examine the relationship between African American racial status and student achievement scores in K-12 education from 1979 to 2010. The study examines time trends in the black test score gap and estimates the extent to which controls for confounding variables including socioeconomic status and schooling characteristics attenuate the size of the gap. Across the samples in the study, the absolute relationship between Black status and achievement decreased during the 1980s and early 1990s, but has been stagnant since the late 1990s. We estimate that socioeconomic status alone explains more than half of the gap, and this influence does not vary significantly over the time period of interest. Controlling for differences in school characteristics only reduces the gap slightly, but school-level factors explain an increasing proportion of the gap over time.
Huntington-Klein, Nick, and Elaina Rose. 2018. "Gender Peer Effects in a Predominantly Male Environment : Evidence from West Point". AEA Papers and Proceedings 108: 392–95. Link.
There is considerable interest in the success of women in overwhelmingly male environments. One hypothesized determinant of success is the increased presence of other women. However, the theoretical direction of this effect is uncertain. Previous studies of heavily male contexts have had mixed results. We take advantage of random peer group assignment at West Point military academy to identify gender peer effects in the first years in which women were admitted. We find that women do significantly better when placed in companies with more women peers. The addition of one woman peer reduces the gender progression gap by half.
Goldhaber, Dan, Cyrus Grout, and Nick Huntington-Klein. 2017. "Screen Twice , Cut Once : Assessing the Predictive Validity of Applicant Selection Tools". Education Finance and Policy 12 (2): 197–223. Link.
Despite their widespread use, there is little academic evidence on whether applicant selection tools can improve teacher-hiring processes. We examine two screening instruments used to select classroom teachers. The screening instruments strongly predict teacher value-added in math and teacher attrition and weakly predict value-added in reading, but do not predict teacher absences. An increase of one standard deviation in screening scores is associated with an increase of about 0.06 standard deviations of student math achievement and a decrease in teacher attrition of three percentage points. These results are robust to corrections for sample selection.
Huntington-Klein, Nick. 2017. "A Method for Estimating Local Average Treatment Effects in Aggregate Data with Imperfect Assignment". Applied Economics Letters 24 (11): 762–65. Link.
In some contexts, the effect of a treatment can be estimated with easily-accessible aggregate rather than individual data, using difference-in-difference estimation. However, under imperfect assignment this produces intent-to-treat estimates, which may not be the treatment effect of interest. This paper provides a method for estimating local average treatment effects using aggregate data. I also suggest a data source that allows the method to be applied when treatment rates are not recorded.
Huntington-Klein, Nick, James Cowan, and Dan Goldhaber. 2017. "Selection into Online Community College Courses and Their Effects on Persistence". Research in Higher Education 58 (3): 244–69. Link.
Online courses at the college level are growing in popularity, and nearly all community colleges offer online courses (Allen & Seaman, 2015). What is the effect of the expanded availability of online curricula on persistence in the field and towards a degree? We use a model of self-selection to estimate the effect of taking an online course, using region and time variation in internet service as a source of identifying variation. Our method, as opposed to standard experimental methods, allows us to consider the effect among students who actually choose to take such courses. For the average person, taking an online course has a negative effect on the probability of taking another course in the same field and on the probability of earning a degree. The negative effect on graduation for for students who choose to take an online course is stronger than the negative effect for the average student. Community colleges must balance these results against the attractive features of online courses, and may want to consider actively targeting online courses towards those most likely to do well in them.
Huntington-Klein, Nick. 2016. ""( Un )informed College and Major Choice ": Verification in an Alternate Setting". Economics of Education Review 53: 159–63. Link.
In their recent paper "(Un)informed College and Major Choice: Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data," Hastings, Neilson, Ramirez, & Zimmerman (2016) provide an informal costly-information model, linking family background to students' beliefs about educational costs and benefits. They verify predictions of their model using a data set of beliefs about college institutions and majors among Chilean college applicants and students. I test some of those same predictions using a data set of beliefs about college institutions and different levels of college education among high school students in the United States. I verify their predictions, with some exceptions, supporting the use of their costly-search model.
Long, Mark C., Dan Goldhaber, and Nick Huntington-Klein. 2015. "Do Completed College Majors Respond to Changes in Wages ?". Economics of Education Review 49: 1–14. Link.
In an analysis connecting labor market earnings to college major choices, we find statistically significant relationships between changes in wages by occupation and subsequent changes in college majors completed in related fields of college study between 1982 and 2012. College majors (defined at a detailed level) are most strongly related to wages observed three years earlier, when students were college freshmen. The responses to wages vary depending on the extent to which there is a strong mapping of majors into particular occupations. We also find that women, blacks, Hispanics, and students with low test scores are less likely to respond to wage changes. These findings have implications for policy interventions designed to align students' major choices with labor market demand.
Huntington-Klein, Nick. 2015. "Subjective and Projected Returns to Education". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 117: 10–25. Link. Recipient of 2013 Storer Award for Labor Economics.
There is significant heterogeneity over high school students in the wage and employment rate returns to education. I evaluate this heterogeneity using subjective returns derived from a data set of high school juniors and seniors in Washington State. Variation over observables in projected returns estimated using observed data is uncorrelated with variation in subjective returns elicited by directly asking students about their beliefs. These results mean that returns estimated using observed data are likely a very weak proxy for student beliefs.
Please email me at nhuntington-klein@fullerton.edu if you cannot access these papers.
"CVRoller: A Python Program Designed to Automatically Generate and Update CVs." 2018. cvroller.com.
This is a general-purpose automatic document generation language tuned specifically towards the generation of academic CVs. Multiple different CV variants can be updated at once from centrally updated CV data. CVRoller allows CV generation in HTML, PDF, and Markdown formats, and was used to make the CV you are reading right now.
This Harvard Business Review article summarizes work by myself and Elaina Rose on the performance of women at the West Point military academy in the early 1980s. We look at the progression gap between men and women, and whether women tended to do better when randomly placed in companies that have a heavier concentration of women.
"vtable: A Quick and Easy Variable Browser for R." 2018. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vtable. Link.
This is an R package for the purpose of viewing information about data while working on it. vtable() automatically generates and displays a table of information about the variables in a data set, including name, class, range, labels, and summary statistics.
"Student Courseload at CSU Fullerton" with Andrew Gill. 2018. Report for CSU Fullerton.
This report details a pair of studies performed at CSU Fullerton. The first uses administrative data to examine the effect of an increased student courseload on student performance. The second examines an experiment performed with the goal of increasing student courseload.
"Assessing the Effects of Tuition-Free Community College in Maryland" with William Zumeta. 2017. Maryland Independent Colleges and Universities Association.
This report examines the likely financial impact on students and the state of a potential plan for Maryland to implement tuition-free community college.
America's diverse higher education landscape includes more than 700 four-year nonprofit colleges and universities that focus on baccalaureate education. These private nondoctoral (PND) institutions are located in almost every state and collectively enroll about 1.6 million students and award nearly 150,000 degrees annually, with the majority of these being bachelor's degrees. As this report will show, these independent colleges and universities are effective and efficient academic enterprises and, as such, are a valuable resource to the states in which they are located, as well as to the nation.
This study examines key aspects of the cost-effectiveness of PND colleges as providers of baccalaureate degrees and explores how states might feasibly make better use of these colleges to produce more degrees efficiently. The study looks at degree production and cost in the PND sector relative to other higher education sectors, focusing on the most comparable public institutions. PND colleges and universities have a 22 percentage point edge over comparable public institutions in four-year graduation rates and a nearly 12 point advantage in six-year graduation rates, and they hold a significant advantage for all subgroups. Moreover, PND colleges retain students initially interested in STEM and health to degrees in those majors at rates (41 percent) approaching twice the rates of public doctoral and nondoctoral institutions (24 and 23 percent, respectively).
"Understanding Sub-baccalaureate Certificate Production and Incidence in Washington's Labor Force Through 2023" with William Zumeta. 2015. Washington Student Achievement Council.
This report describes the production of sub-baccalaureate certificates in Washington State, and projects the growth of certificate production through 2023.
"It's Selective, But Is It Effective? Exploring the Predictive Validity of Teacher Selection Tools" with Dan Goldhaber and Cyrus Grout. 2014. CEDR Policy Brief 2014-9.
Evidence suggests teacher hiring in public schools is ad-hoc and often does not result in good selection amongst applicants. Some districts use structured selection instruments in the hiring process, but we know little about the efficacy of such tools. In this paper we evaluate the ability of applicant selection tools used by the Spokane Public Schools (SPS) to predict three outcomes: measures of teachers' value-added contributions to student learning, teacher absence behavior, and attrition rates. We observe all applicants to the district, both those who are and who are not hired. We find that the screening instruments predict teacher value-added in student achievement and teacher attrition, but not teacher absences.
Increased time to college-degree completion increases tuition and foregone earnings costs. Encouraging college students to take more semester credits is a low-cost way to reduce time to completion. We implemented an experimental informational intervention to increase student course loads by varying the intensity of information about the benefits of taking 15 credits per semester. We find no effect of our treatment on students' course loads. Our null finding is of interest because of the increasing popularity of low-cost informational interventions. Uncovering null results like these is important for the design of future interventions.
"Human Capital vs. Signaling is Empirically Unresolvable." CSU Fullerton Department of Economics Working Paper 2018/010. PDF. PAPRSS Review.
Economists offer two major explanations for the fact that we find causal labor market returns to education. The first is human capital accumulation: education improves ability. The second is signaling: education allows initially high-ability students to distinguish themselves. A major point of interest in the economics of education is relative contributions of signaling and human capital. Empirical evidence generally excludes the trivial case: neither human capital nor signaling explain either 0% or 100% of the return. I argue that exclusions of the trivial case form the limits of what can be learned from empirical data. An education returns model with some non-zero contribution of both signaling and human capital cannot be empirically distinguished from another model with different non-zero contributions, making human capital vs. signaling a poor framing for understanding the return as a whole, and for policy decision-making.
Many college students in the United States take longer than the proscribed four years to complete their bachelor's degrees. Long time-to-degree leads to billions of dollars of additional costs in higher education in the form of education costs and lost wages. Time-to-degree can be reduced if students to take more credits each term. However, an increased course load may lead students to reduce their time investment in each course, harming performance. Using longitudinal data on two cohorts of students at a regional four-year university with a high average time-to-degree, we fail to find any evidence that a high course load has a negative impact on student performance in class. This result is consistent with a model where students substitute time away from non-education activities when their course loads increase.
Prior studies find that undergraduate major choices are responsive to earnings associated with those majors, but weakly suggests that responsiveness has dropped over time. Using data on college graduates from 1973 to 2013, we find that responsiveness of major choice to labor market returns has weakened over time. The weakening response is due to changes within demographic groups rather than demographic changes in the college graduate population over time. If the goal is to maintain or increase the alignment between college major and labor market returns, incentivizing undergraduates to select high-earning majors is necessary.
In order to graduate with a bachelor's degree, students must determine which classes they must take in order to satisfy the requirements of their major. These requirements are often complex and difficult to comprehend, leading to some policy interventions that aim to reduce complexity by either increasing the amount of student guidance in course choice or by reducing the amount of complexity-increasing choice. We perform two student preference experiments on students at two large four-year universities to determine how students might respond to increasing guidance or reduced choice in their course-taking options. We find that students do not respond strongly to increases in guidance such as grouping courses into meaningful categories or removing cross-cutting requirements, but strongly reject a reduction in options, even when given a rationale for the reduction. These results suggest that increased-guidance policies have some avenues to operate in without student push-back, but that strong reductions in choice are unlikely to be popular.
Past research on choice under ambiguity - decisions made when the probability of each outcome is unknown - has typically focused on scenarios in which ambiguity is presented alongside risks with known probabilities. Understanding the response to ambiguity is then difficult to distinguish from the response to risk, confounding our understanding of how subjects behave in conditions of ambiguity. In this paper I take advantage of the fact that all decisions are necessarily ambiguous to some extent to develop a scenario in which ambiguity is present but is otherwise risk-free. Respondents participate in a task that is very similar to a multi-armed bandit but with no random variation in payouts. I show that respondents anticipate ambiguity in payouts without prompting, continue to do so for long periods of time, respond differently to gains and losses in this context, and that this tendency is independent of risk preference. I offer a basic, clean framework for creating a riskless ambiguous environment for subjects, and argue that these exploratory results make the case for further study of ambiguity in riskless environments.
"Most Likely to Succeed: Personality and Long-Run Economic Outcomes" with Elaina Rose.
We estimate the effect of college seniors' personality traits on long-run career and economic outcomes. The analysis uses a novel data set that merges information from the 1980 - 1984 West Point yearbooks with detailed alumni records. Personality traits were inferred from peer-written narratives and faculty-conferred distinctions. The narratives were evaluated by West Point alumni from non-study classes and the multiple reports were aggregated using a Latent Class Model (LCM). We find that cadets identified by faculty as leaders, and those characterized by peers as leaders, determined, or social prove to be more successful in terms of military and civilian career outcomes 31-35 years after graduation.
These Open Resources Will Help You Master Statistics. Forbes, February 28, 2019.
Study of West Point Cadets Shows How Women Help Each Other Advance. CSU Fullerton News Center, January 25, 2019.
Facing growing scrutiny, colleges set out to prove their value. The Hechinger Report, January 22, 2016.


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with NOBLE BEAST and WICKED INQUISITION
Sunday, November 8, 2015 at 7:00pm
San Francisco heavy metal cultists CASTLE released their latest album, Under Siege on May 20, 2015 via Prosthetic Records in North America. Recorded at Sharkbite Studios in Oakland, Calif. earlier this year with producer/mixer Billy Anderson (Neurosis, Eyehategod) — who also produced their 2012 Juno-nominated release Blacklands — Under Siege pushes CASTLE's unique sound further with the confluence of punishing riffs and melodic passages of haunted, full-blooded madness.
Read more about CASTLE
NOBLE BEAST
Noble Beast is a traditional/power-metal band hailing from the frozen tundra of St. Paul, Minnesota. After many years spent paying dues and building a reputation in the Minnesota metal scene, Noble Beast released their debut full-length in 2013 to widespread international acclaim, getting rave reviews from The Metal Observer, Metal Wani, Toilet Ov Hell, Metal Shock Finland, Black Wind Metal, and others. Their sound runs the gamut from soaring Germanic power-metal to roaring American speed metal, with an emphasis on riff-driven melodicism and anthemic choruses.
Read more about NOBLE BEAST
WICKED INQUISITION
Wicked Inquisition is a doom metal band based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. Formed in 2008 by Nate Towle, the band has found a common middle-ground in doom metal, incorporating a wide variety of influences into a powerful sound, primarily inspired by artists such as Black Sabbath, Budgie, Blue Öyster Cult, and Trouble.
Read more about WICKED INQUISITION


The Blonde Salad blogger Chiara Ferragni angry the bond with Italian rapper Fedez (real name Federico Leonardo Lucia) in a abundant alfresco commemoration in Italy over the weekend. The couple, who allotment a 7-month-old babyish boy called Leone, wed at the Dimora Delle Balze in Noto, Italy on Saturday. Fedez wore a Versace ensemble for the ceremony, while Chiara absolved bottomward the alley in a attractive Dior Haute Couture dress which alloyed "Italian ability afflatus with French haute couture," according to Dior.
As she angry the knot, Chiara was amidst by her bridesmaids, who wore blush eco-sustainable gowns advised by Alberta Ferretti.
Ahead of the bells weekend, Vogue reports, the brace flew their admired ones to Sicily on clandestine Alitalia flights adorned with their hashtag #TheFerragnez. Once they landed, guests were met by animation versions of Chiara and Fedez to bang off the celebrations. On the black afore the wedding, the brace captivated a call dinner, area Chiara abashed in a custom Prada design.
Following their bells on Saturday, the helpmate afflicted from one Dior Haute couture dress to addition (and again another!) for the reception. Things alone connected to get added and added abundant as the night went on. The couple's accession included an action esplanade area guests could ride a Ferris caster and a carousel.
So, what would it amount to bandy a bells like Chiara and Fedez's absurd ceremony? Let's booty a afterpiece attending below!
PRICE: Approx. $300,000. €250,000 on boilerplate (including a three day rental fee with bedfellow apartment for €35,000).
PRICE: Approx. $200,000 (for 200 bodies calm & international).
Alitalia annular cruise flight from Milan to Catania = $382.90 per being (economy class, three day annular trip) = $60,000 for estimated 150 people.
Alitalia annular cruise flight from Los Angeles to Catania = $2,605 per being (economy class, three day annular trip) = $130,250 for estimated 50 people.
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H1Z1: King of the Kill Early Access Preview
H1Z1: King of the Kill is definitely one of those games that makes me glad that fully sensory immersion virtual reality isn't a thing. Gunshots and bloody feet aside, the running would do me in.
King of the Kill is the spin-off of H1Z1 that encapsulates the old Battle Royale style of play in its own game mode. Each game comprises of approximately 150 players (give or take who is sleeping at that hour), running around in a large sandbox map trying to kill one another with discovered items as toxic gas slowly forces them into a smaller and smaller zone of safety.
In King of the Kill players discard the unnecessary 15 GB of survival-oriented data and focus purely on the hunt. Moreover, there are a variety of server modes that let players choose how they like their sandbox murder: with zombies or without them, with friends or lone wolf. Either way, there's gonna be a lot of shooting.
Oh my, the running.
My experience in H1Z1: King of the Kill benefitted greatly from my experiences in Battle Royale, as the game is quite unfriendly to new players. Controls are not explained, nor are the rules of the spawn locations, the expected weapons, how inventory space (pockets and bags) works, how the first aid system works, etc. etc. My advice is to look up some videos before throwing yourself into the meatgrinder.
Before each match players wait within a small purgatory box surrounded by proxy-chat blasting fellow combatants. Once the match starts, each player parachutes in and can direct (somewhat) where they land.
It's largely down to luck of the draw whether you are blessed or cursed with where you spawn. High loot-spawn locations (such the two cities or the smaller rural areas) are always crawling with combatants and generally turn into bloodbaths quickly (careful, bathrooms have no windows and are great ambush locations). But remote locations stand a chance to be looted quickly. Being just that little bit too slow might mean you enter an empty house or, worse, get gunned down by the lucky looter as they exit. Moreover, the map doesn't indicate where the hunting cabins and campsites are, so players unfamiliar with the game map will get slightly lost.
I say "slightly" because the map does offer some help: it's divided into grids, the HUD provides you with a location, and you are supplied with a compass – but trust me, you'll still get lost.
The game has the ability to switch between third-person and first-person, which boils down to perspective accuracy vs range of vision, and is largely up to the player to decide. Players can walk, run, crouch, sit (for some reason), and lie prone, and can move in all of those positions (except for the sitting one, but that has been known to change on occasion).
Spawning within allotted locations within the game (once again benefitting a knowledgeable player), police cars, jeeps and trucks serve as the vehicular transport (and sometimes weapon) within the game, and can easily outpace not only other players, but the environmental hazard of the toxic gas. In order to force players together, toxic gas is released a few minutes after the game starts, and the dynamic map shows the progression of the gas across the map. Death in the cloud is a gradual bleeding of health. Bandages and first-aid kits can slow or stall the decay of your health bar, but not by much.
The toxic gas presents another one of those "luck of the draw" moments, because if you happen to spawn in the opposite corner of the map, you better start running as soon as your feet hit the ground. Moreover, you better hope you run in the right direction, because the green circle that indicates safety doesn't appear until the first announcement of the toxic gas (five minutes before it arrives).
Graphics-wise, King of the Kill's textures are quite nice, but other than that it's nothing mind-blowing. Granted, for a pre-release multiplayer sandbox map hosting 150 players (per game), it's definitely not bad, either. Turning up your graphics will allow you to see fine detail in the distance, especially if you lengthen the draw distance. This puts people with more powerful PCs at a slight advantage, but then again so do faster internet connections.
Ultimately, King of the Kill is what you pay for – a sandbox deathmatch a la The Walking Dead crossed with Hunger Games. It is strangely addictive for those that enjoy that sort of style: you play, you run, you die, you hit "play again".
Also, don't expect the game to be problem-free. It's Early Access, so there will always be issues, bugs, and the occasional crash, but from what I have been able to see the development team does stay in touch with their player base over such issues.
Does the split away from H1z1 seem a bit like a cash grab? Definitely, especially when coupled with the numerous micro-transactions that exist within the game(s). The division between games brings nothing revolutionary to King of the Kill. But it's still a division that makes some sense, considering the H1Z1 crowd was a little bit split in its focus as well. It would all depend on the pricing at release. £15 ($20) for an Early Access seems steep, but for a developed game? Perhaps.
For what it is then, does King of the Kill offer a good time? Well, let's just say staring at a small truck stop as toxic fumes flutter at your heels and knowing there are about to be 12 other people in that tiny radius, all looking to kill you, still gets the blood pumping.
H1Z1: King of the Kill is available on PC in Early Access. It's slated to be fully released this summer, along with PS4 and Xbox One versions.
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MINN_LAB's installation for Northern Spark, entitled "Weather Report", was the first in a series of evolving iterations, engaging the public's perception of climate change. This installation illustrated a varying density of both qualitative and quantitative data, generated during the night by the active involvement and response of the public participant as well as through simple weather measurements using classical equipment. A suspended curtain of luminous inflatables along the river's edge will depict this evolving set of data over the course of the night. The approach from the below the stone arch bridge side offers a more abstract representation of color, while the pathway directly along the inflatables will provide a more detailed and intimate display of information. The installation seeks to represent a range of public perception and opinion around the notion of climate change and our tangible role in it as a society, both individually and collectively. The long term goal of this ongoing project is to catalog the data, moving towards digital and mobile representations of it, thereby freeing it up to manifest at other venues and in other communities. The intent is to develop a continually evolving human-driven perception report.


The one-liners come hard and fast in this winning satire from the director of "In the Loop."
Armando Iannucci is one the world's greatest living satirists. His hilarious depictions of governmental dysfunction give a cartoonish gloss to the hectic nature of real-life leadership. The British satirist's two rambunctious TV shows — BBC's "The Thick of It" and HBO's "Veep" — along with his Oscar-nominated "In the Loop," show a consistent knack for exposing deranged bureaucracies and the power-hungry, backstabbing lunatics who think they own the place.
In Iannucci's tilted world of feuding diplomats and narcissistic leaders, scathing one-liners meet the bitter pill of lost causes. He anticipated the modern era of political corruption and remains its greatest truth-teller, so it was only a matter of time before he applied that same uncompromising humor towards earlier periods hobbled by the same authoritarian problems.
Enter "The Death of Stalin." Iannucci's first adapted work culls from French writers Fabien Nury and Thierry Robin's graphic novel (Nury has a screenwriting credit, but the bulk of the writing is credited to Iannucci along with David Schneider and Ian Martin) to tell an embellished story about the fallout of the Soviet tyrant's demise, and the mad scramble among his various underlings as they claw their way to replacing him. Iannucci's prickly British wit easily transports to 1953 Russia, in part because he makes no effort to diminish the Cockney and American accents among the English-speaking cast, nor the vulgar outbursts that make the rest of his work such a twisted joy. It's "Veep" in the Soviet Union, a welcome expansion of Iannucci's canvas that keeps his savage comedy intact.
In more ways than one, this is vintage Iannucci. Though the rusty color palette and sweeping camera work indicate a more polished cinematic eye, it's clear that the material belongs to Iannucci from the moment one character opens his mouth. It's backstage at a symphony that just wrapped up for the night when a call arrives from Stalin himself asking for a recording; since none exists, the manager scrambles to force patrons back into the theater and make the musicians start over again. This event also opens the source material, but Iannucci turns up the momentum, with smarmy overlapping dialogue and insult comedy zipping along at a rapid-fire pace.
Morbid hijinks ensue: A composer is deposed, another nabbed from his home in the dead of the night, and insults fly left and right. Then comes the biggest threat: The pianist (Olga Kurylenko) refuses to play for the General Secretary because he killed most of her family. So they talk about a bribe. Everything seems to be going according to schedule until she slips a damning note to Stalin into the recording that ultimately precipitates his demise when it makes him laugh a little too hard. This is just the opening movement to a grand satire driven by profound cynicism about self-obsessed leaders — "Duck Soup" with real dictators.
With Stalin out of the picture, the role of leader falls to Georgy Malenkov, played by Jeffrey Tambor with a ridiculous wig and a baffled expression that's a constant source of grim hilarity; he's more obsessed with finding a child who posed with Stalin for a famous photograph to recreate the image than figuring out how to handle the dead man's policies. As with the visionary D.C. satire "In the Loop," nobody spends much time discussing real policies or political philosophies in "The Death of Stalin"; they're merely a backdrop for voracious men drunk on their vain, egotistical drives.
And so the snake pit assembles for a devious game of thrones. The scowling deputy premier Lavrentiy Beria (Simon Russell Beale) attempts to maintain order while privately scheming to overtake Malenkov, but he meets his match with the motor-mouthed Nikita Khrushchev, a fellow deputy played by no less than Steve Buscemi doing his usual dyspeptic Steve Buscemi. The new context — horrible would-be dictator spouting foul-mouthed orders in every direction — gives the actor one of his most enjoyable roles in years, a delightfully salty riff on the corruptive nature of power.
As Stalin's brain trust makes a frantic attempt to organize Stalin's funeral, familiar faces come and go. Stalin's daughter Svetlana (Andrea Riseborough) has no patience for any of the commandeering men attempting to organize her father's legacy, while his son Vasily (Rupert Friend) shows up as a hot mess, demanding he make a speech at the public memorial as the leaders exchange worried expressions about his mental stability.
Eventually, "The Death of Stalin" crystallizes into a comic portrait of the circumstances that led to a violent coup, with Khrushchev overtaking Stalin's role under deadly circumstances from which even Iannucci can't mine a punchline. Even so, he finds his way to a shrewd denouement that ranks as one of the sharpest examples of his sarcastic vision.
"The Death of Stalin" marks the first instance in which Iannucci has applied his style to real-life figures, and it's as though he has crafted a historical foundation for the rest of his work. There are obvious parallels to modern times in "The Death of Stalin," and the way the movie transforms a dark chapter of Soviet history into a bubbly workplace comedy suggests that history's greatest villains always take themselves too seriously — so why should we? Viewed in the broader context of Iannucci's work, "The Death of Stalin" amounts to a complete dose of the absurdity that defines his vision. Selfish leaders come and go, but no matter who winds up on top, it's only a matter of time before somebody topples the tower all over again.
"The Death of Stalin" premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. IFC Films will release it in 2018.


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South Carolina State House District 22: Jason Elliott vs. B.K. Brown
Incumbent Republican Rep. Jason Elliott is being challenged by Democrat B.K. Brown in the race for state House District 22.
South Carolina State House District 22: Jason Elliott vs. B.K. Brown Incumbent Republican Rep. Jason Elliott is being challenged by Democrat B.K. Brown in the race for state House District 22. Check out this story on greenvilleonline.com: https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/26/sc-state-house-district-22-jason-elliott-vs-b-k-brown/1508568002/
Margaret Rabon, The Greenville News Published 10:21 a.m. ET Oct. 26, 2018 | Updated 5:09 p.m. ET Nov. 1, 2018
Statehouse(Photo: File)
2018 voter guide: Races, candidates, ballot measures for Greenville residents this general election
Here's a look at each candidate's background and the issues they would most want to address in office.
B.K. Brown, Democrat
Brown, 79, said he previously served as vice chairman for the Republican party on the county level. He said his platform is focused on five specific positions: pro choice, pro gun sense, pro public schools, pro environment and pro health care. He believes that government is meant to be a service to citizens and not a business.
No criminal conviction or judgment against Brown was found in a search of records.
Jason Elliott Headshot (Photo: https://www.scstatehouse.gov/member.php?code=0529545391)
Jason Elliott, Republican
Elliott, 48, was elected to the state House in 2016. He serves on the Education and Public Works Committee and is chairman of the Motor Vehicle Subcommittee. He wants to continue to focus on public safety, infrastructure and roads, education, improving legislative transparency, growing local businesses and reforming state government, according to his campaign website. He is South Carolina's first openly gay legislator.
No criminal conviction or judgment against Elliott was found in a search of records.
His campaign website: http://votejasonelliott.com/.
Read or Share this story: https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/26/sc-state-house-district-22-jason-elliott-vs-b-k-brown/1508568002/


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WORDS BY JOHN MATA JR.
IF YOU EVEN PARTLY FOLLOW THE CUSTOM TRUCK SHOW SCENE, YOU MUST'VE HEARD ABOUT TEXAS HEAT WAVE AT SOME POINT IN YOUR LIFE. Pound for pound, it is in a class of car shows that reaches way further than your average weekend show 'n shine. Heat Wave has reached epic proportions, as it is now known as a huge annual custom automotive extravaganza mixed with a full-blown tattoo expo. It even carries some serious weight in the live entertainment arena, too. If you haven't been, you're really missing out on a very unique "car show" experience like no other.