text:
"A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples", by Rind, Bauserman and Tromovitch.
Filed under: Notícias e política, Saúde e bem-estar — Tags:abuse, bauserman, examination, properties, samples, tromovitch — Yurinho @ 18:24
"A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples" was written by Bruce Rind, Robert Bauserman and Phillip Tromovitch. Below are some statements made in that text. They may or may not reflect my opinion on this subject. Questions about my personal opinion can be asked in the comments.
The allegation that intimate relationships in childhood and adolescence always cause intense harm despite the minor's gender do not find empirical base.
Media gives the sensation that relationships involving minors are always harmful, no matter if it's an adult-child relationship or a child-child relationship.
Many researchers agree with that media's view on things, saying that majority, or even all, of the relationships involving minors are harmful.
Some researchers go as far as saying that all mental health problems that appear in adulthood are consequence of child sexual abuse.
But is it true? People's imagination dictates that all relationships with minors, be child-child or adult-child, are intensely harmful all times they occur, no matter the "victim's" gender (if boy or girl). The purpose of the report made by the authors is to verify if that belief is correct.
We have the habit of saying that all relationships involving minors are "child sexual abuse", that all those minors are "victims", that all those adults are "perpetrators", but the use of those terms in scientific literature is problematic, because there are adult-child relationships that aren't negative. In those cases, there's no victim and, if there's no victim, there's no abuse. Thus, there's no scientific reason to label all those relationships as abusive. Plus, the use of negatively-charged terms harm the neutral appraisal of those events.
The attack on social values doesn't necessarely constitutes abuse. Masturbation and homosexuality were once considered socially wrong (with masturbation being even regarded as "self-abuse") and, however, neither practice causes damage, nor can you say that they are abuse most of the times. That way, there's no causality between attacking social values and harm to the involved parties.
An immoral act isn't necessarely harmful.
It's different when a father forcefully penetrates his five-year-old daughter and a thirteen-year-old teen who kisses his fifteen-year-old girlfriend on the lips. Does it make sense to punish the second case? Can we really say that the second case constitutes "rape"?
When science labels as "abuse" all adult-child intimacy, whenever it happens, even when there's no damage, even when the minor claims that the act was beneficial, it reveals that science is working with moral or legal concepts. But science, if it tries to be neutral, can not give moral judgement. Let the data speak; the reader will say if it's abuse or not.
Before, all "immoral" sexual acts were considered abusive, but, today, relationships with minors (adult-child, for example) are the last frontier of traditional sex morals. It's one of the very few sexual acts that are still labelled as "always abusive".
Even if there are researchers who say that intimate child-child or adult-child relationships are always harmful, there are also researchers who disagree. So, scientific literature isn't agreeing in this point.
The problem with some research is the lack of variable control. For example: an eight-year-old boy who has some exploratory sexual games with his brother who is ten years older, but this same boy receives daily beltings from his father. He then grows up psychologically disadjusted. Some researches would wholeheartedly ignore the father's acts and accuse the brother of being the cause of disadjustment, for having sexually abused the minor, even if the boy claims that those games were harmless.
Intimate adult-child or child-child relationships, even if the child is prepubescent, aren't necessarely negative and not always result in harm.
Some researchers reason that the result, if negative or positive, is more influenced by extra-sexual factors. It's not the act per itself, but the conditions surrounding it (for example, if the act was forced by a stranger or violent, if the parents found out and made big deal out of it, and others).
And for other researchers, the damage caused to minors is overestimated because researchers, by interviewing people who are already in treatment for consequences, try to guess how many minors are harmed. It's like going to a hospital to gauge the percentage of ill people. Of course you would get a number close to 100%. So, clinical individuals aren't a reliable demographic to study the impact of adult-child or child-child intimacy in the general population.
For disagreeing researchers, the fact that there are people who had intimate relationships in childhood or adolescence, but say that the experience wasn't bad nor harmful, only indicates that the symptoms had no time to appear. Before 2009, in Brazil, relationships with people under age of fourteen would only be criminal if the minor didn't approve the act, if the minor's parents didn't approve the act or if the act ended in damage to the minor. A relationship which met the safety and approval criteria wouldn't even be consiered "pedophilia". I doubt that there's a single man of my age in Northeast who didn't "fool around" with their very father. Are we all waiting for symptoms to occur?
Those researchers use those samples for generalizations, despite clinical and legal samples not being fit to be used for generalizations outside of clinical and legal spheres, that is, they can not be used as representative of the whole population.
People who had intimate relationships in childhood or adolescence, but didn't report, nor sought treatment, did neither thing because they didn't feel the negative effect. So, there's a population os "victims" who didn't suffer with the "abuse". It's hard to call it abuse that way. Think about it: at what age did you lose your virginity and how was your partner? Are those relationships that uncommon?
When it comes to gender equivalence, there are researchers who say that relationships in childhood and adolescence cause equivalent effect in boys and girls, but there are also researchers who say that boys respond better. It's important to remember that "sexual relationships" here doesn't include only sex in strict sense (phallic penetration to mouth, anus or vagina). Of course, penetrating a child causes pain, disgust and trauma most of the times. So, if we were discussing only sex in strict sense, it would be impossible to conclude that there are children who do not suffer with those relationships. The researchers are also including in that group of sexual relationships the "libidinous acts" (kisses on the lips, intimate fondling, genital tickling, mutual nudity and other non-penetrative acts).
The authors of the study found out that, in the college population and the national population, men who had sexual experiences in childhood, yes, react way better to them than women do.
Other researchers, however, conclude that the apparent fact that boys react better is a myth.
There's another problem with some studies: the researcher tends to pay more attention to negative experiences, despite positives. They exclude, diminish or abstract the positives, making them look meaningless.
Traumatic events are a statistical minority in the population of individuals who had relationships in childhood or adolescence. For the reason why only negative relationships appear in media, see MAP Starting Guide.
Even traumatic events may be a comorbity: besides having intimate relationships, the child was also neglected by parents and abused in a non-sexual manner. Is the "molestation" the only thing to blame for the trauma?
Several children who had trauma not only had intimate relationships, forced or not, but also suffered bullying, emotional pressure, neglect, among other things, in a way the trauma could very well be a combination of factors, with the relationships, specially if not forced, nor painful, having a minor role.
Many researches are in agreement that it's not the intimate relationship that causes the damage, but "third variables", such as degree of willingness, degree of pain and family dynamics.
Those who research child sexual abuse must take non-sexual aspects in consideration while considering judgement.
Even non-traumatic, but still negative, events are minority.
If you are recruiting people who had relationships in childhood or adolescence, don't make an ad asking if there are "molested" people around, because, that way, people who had positive experiences and don't feel victimized won't attend to the study, harming neutrality. After all, people who had positive experiences, such as myself, do not feel "molested".
Not only the damage of those relationships is not frequent, but is also rarely intense.
How can some researchers say that adult-child intimacy has equal impact in boys and girls… if they aren't willing to include more boys in the samples?
Studies done before the nineties have subjectivity, imprecision and sampling problems, which leads them to contradict each other.
To solve that problem once and for all, the study authors conducted a meta-analysis using neutral samples: college students. In the college population, there must be a good number of individuals of both genders who may or may not have liked the experience, thus, who may or may not have disclosed or sought treatment.
To be fair, the authors did that meta-analysis by means of literature review. They took studies that were already available and did the math, rather than doing direct interviews. However, their results are validated by other studies done with better methods, one of them, by the way, conducted in Campinas, Brazil.
On United States, half of the population is exposed to college in some way. So, the college population is perfect for that kind of study, in terms of generalization.
Strangely, studies about child sexual abuse using college samples are rare… Why?
This study will only use college samples.
Before anyone becoming "irritated", this study doesn't take only forced acts into account. If it did, it wouldn't conclude the way it concluded. It takes in account "degrees of freedom" and the presence of elements such as penetration and force. Thus, not all cases analyzed in the college population involve violence or coercion, but they also include sexual acts in which the minors engaged willingly.
The study also looks for somatic problems, such as sleep disturbances or gastrointestinal problems, which could be linked to the experience of childhood intimacy.
What's child sexual abuse? Depending on your doctrine bias, it can be any intimate contact between adult and child, regardless of absence of damage and the kid's willingness to participate, or it can be only unwanted experiences, since the "abuse" label should only be assigned to cases in which harm is done.
What's a "child"? For most of the studies revised by the authors, "child" is anyone below age sixteen. For Brazilian law, "child" is anyone under age twelve. However, more than half of the revised studies also claim that situations involving two minors are also abuse, as long as the age gap between them is five years or more (example: thirteen-year-old boy and eight-year-old girl, or twelve-year-old girl and seven-year-old boy).
If we take in consideration all possible definitions of abuse, the amount of cases that can be included in all those definitions is very small.
The cases analyzed by the authors vary in intensity. A simple invitation to do something intimate would already count as abuse. The scale would be: invitation, exhibitionism, fondling, masturbation, oral sex, attempted intercourse and completed intercourse. Putting things that way, one can see how the study can conclude that many cases of abuse end in no damage, because everything under masturbation generally cause no pain or suffering, unless the subject is forced into it.
Damage varies according to intimacy of the act and degree of closeness between the two. An intimate fondling done by someone who's trusted probably causes no harm, while penetration done by a complete stranger may cause a trauma.
About half of the people who had intimate relationships in childhood or adolescence repeat the experience before adulthood.
Use of force in adult-child relationships or in child-child relationships doesn't occur even in half of the cases. More than half of the times, the minor isn't forced.
If a relationship ends up causing harm (by force or penetration, for example), the degree of disadjustment caused by the act per itself is small. The violence associated with the act causes most of the damage.
It's important to remember that this data refers to general population, not to those who sought help for sexual abuse consequences (who are a minority of the population and whose experiences can not be generalized).
The authors verified the study subjects looking for any of the following symptoms: alcoolism, anxiety, depression, dissociation, eating disorder, hostility, interpersonal problems, sensation of not being in control of their own life, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paranoia, phobia, psychopathy, low self-esteem, sexual disadjustment, social disadjustment, somatization, suicidal tendency.
Two factors that contribute for disadjust are force deployed (rape) and the fact of the victim being a girl (penetration, probably). So, boys tend to suffer less or even not suffer at all in sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence, as long as there's no force deployed.
The number of forced relationships with minors is small, compared to the number of consented relationships, be it with adults or other minors.
Truthfully, what causes harm to the minor is the violence in the relationship, not the relationship per itself. Eliminating the violent element, there's no victim. If you are a boy, however.
Boys don't differ from control group if there was no violence in the relationship they had. But girls, strangely, manifest problems even in consented relationships.
Unwanted intimacy is always harmful.
The chance of harm is higher is there's penetration. Even more if the act is repeated or if it's long-lasting. Even more if forced and done by an authority figure, such as the father.
Out of the samples studied, 72% of the girls and 33% of the boys agree that the sexual experiences they had in childhood or adolescence were "negative". However, 37% of the boys and 11% of the girls agreed that their experiences were "positive". From that information, we draw that sexual encounters in childhood or adolescence aren't always negative, which means that it's not the relationship per itself that causes the damage, but elements that are associated. Plus, that shows that boys react much better.
One of the studies reviewed by the authors made the interviewees classify their sexual experiences in childhood and adolescence in a scale that went from 1 (very positive) to 7 (very negative), in a way that a lower number indicated a better experience. The mean rating for boys was 3.38, while the mean rating for girls was 5.83. So, yes: boys tend to react much better to intimacy with adults or other minors during their childhood and adolescence. That also shows that intimacy before age 18 doesn't necessarely result in harm.
On one hand, the experience might have felt good when it happened, but how those children see the act after they grow up? 59% of 514 women see those experiences as negative, even if they felt positive at the time they happened, but only 26% of men (118 samples) have the same sensation. On the other hand, 42% of men see those experiences as positive even after reaching adulthood, while 16% of women keep positioning themselves positively towards the positive experiences even after maturing.
It's very unlikely that relationships before age of consent could harm sexual performance in adult life.
Those who were harmed by the act get over that in some time. That means that permanent damage is also uncommon. That's equivalent to saying that, when there's harm, the harm is not typically intense. Traumatic sexual experiences are a very small minority.
After all that was seen, it's clear that child-child and adult-child intimacy doesn't cause harm in a lot of times that it occurs. So, therapists who work with minors who had sexual play or relationships shouldn't assume that those experiences were negative and must ask the minor how do they feel about them. The psychologist mustn't treat a problem that doesn't exist. Analogically, parents shouldn't take their child's romance as an automatic bad sign.
But one thing is still unclear: if there's positive and negative relationships, what causes the damage? Of course, factors such as penetration, pain and coercion influence the result negatively, in a way that the sexual experience without those elements may very well be harmless. But how can one explain the disadjustment in people who only report positive experiences?
It seems that the answer resides in family. Besides the minor's sexual experience, which was positive, family problems unrelated to their sexuality could have caused the disadjustment. So, disadjustment in people with positive experiences can be explained by other factors, such as neglect (letting the child starve or ignoring their cry) and nonsexual abuse (spanking, belting).
That way, if a person had positive sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence, but still shows some sort of psychological problem, it makes more sense to attribute their problem to other factors, rather than the sexual experience.
Some adults were asked if their emotional problems have those relationships they had as minors or current family problems as source. Many report that the relationships no longer affect them, but the family continues bad.
The authors conclude that, in the college population, around 14% of men and 27% of women had sexual intimacy in childhood or adolescence. However, if any of them had any psychological problem, it rarely had roots in that intimacy.
Thus, traumatic involvements are a statistical minority.
So, the affirmation that sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence, specially if not painful or forced, are always harmful is prejudice. They can be harmful, but, statistically, they usually are not and, when they are, the damage is usually small. Trauma caused by sexual experiences are rare.
One third of studied men report that experience was negative, but two thirds say it was not (that is, it could have been positive or neutral). With women, it's the opposite. However, when damage occurs, it's normally overcomed.
On the other hand, three in every eight men who had intimate experiences in childhood or adolescence report that the experience was positive. With women, the number is one in ten.
The reason for that is cultural: boys see sexual experiences like an "adventure" or a way to satisfy natural curiosity, but girls, because of social standards built around the female gender, tend to see those experiences as immoral. That's specially bad if penetration occurs.
Minors can feel pleasure.
Girls tend to feel shame over those encounters, but boys see them as a proof of maturity, specially if interacting with the opposite gender, specially if the woman is older. When the experience isn't positive, the boy is usually indifferent.
Another reason for the boy to respond better to those encounters is that his body needs less stimulation to feel pleasure. They get involved with the act quicker. It seems that the male gender is more active.
The reactions to the act, when it's not painful or violent, can easily be attributed to gender roles traditionally attributed to men and women. Men learn in adolescence that they must be manly, libidinous, dominant, in movement. Women are taught to be passive, chaste, sexually reticent. But the world is ridding itself of social roles based on gender.
Why is the number of negative experiences with girls so high? Because, for some reason, they are a more common target of forced sexual experiences. So, it's not the act per itself, but the pain and violence that causes the harm. Women who respond positively or indifferently didn't experience nor pain, nor violence.
If on one hand the reactions to sexual experiences were very different between boys and girls, on the other they are very alike, if we only take in consideration the experiences in which the minor was forced. Because the effects are almost the same when coercion is present.
Many people who had sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence and have some sort of emotional disadjustment already had said disadjustment before the experience.
Negative sexual experiences happen more commonly inside the family.
Sometimes, it's not the father having intimate relationships with children, but children between themselves. Siblings can force each other.
Sexual experiences rarely affect family structure. Usually, it's family structure that makes those experiences easier to happen. For example: a child who is sexually involved with an adult, hiding in plain sight from their parents, is, certainly, being neglected in other areas as well. Their parents do not care. That's why the child grows disadjusted, even if the relationship is positive: a relationship like that, in the current society, is a sign of parental negligence.
If your child is going bad at school, there's a good chance that he is being physically, emotionally or verbally abused, rather sexually abused.
Verbal abuse is more harmful than intimate relationships in childhood or adolescence, according to the study. That's because verbal abuse is more common and is always violent, while sexual experiences aren't so common and can be willingly engaged in.
If the relationship happens within family, the chance of harm is higher. It wasn't my case.
Many times, everything goes well… until someone finds out.
Child-child and adult-child relationships were usually analyzed from a legal and moral bias, rather than empirically.
If there's no harm, it's not abuse, from a scientific point of view. So science should not label harmless relationships as abusive. To deserve the "abuse" label, there must be damage somewhere.
Label everything as "abuse" induces the researcher and the reader to presume that the act was negative, even if it was not.
On 18th century, masturbation was immoral. On 19th century, homossexuality was immoral. On 20th century, relationships involving minors are immoral. In this century, maybe people will no longer see them as immoral. I'm sure that it was this clue that sent the conservative Christian right into overdrive.
Treating masturbation like an illness spanwed treatments that caused more harm than benefit, as they treated a problem that was not there. Treating relationships with minors as "sick" makes up for the same effect, if there's no harm in those relationships. Of course some minors may suffer with the act. But if the minor didn't suffer, doesn't need treatment.
Some of our medical definitions have bounds with the laws, which in turn have bounds with customs and, of course, religion.
Masturbation, promisuicity, oral sex and homossexuality were all behaviors once taken for "sick". Now they are treating child sexuality as sick.
A socially unnacceptable act isn't necessarely sick.
"For these male college students, 37% viewed their CSA experiences as positive at the time they occurred; 42% viewed these experiences as positive when reflecting back on them; and in the two studies that inquired about positive self-perceived effects, 24% to 37% viewed their CSA experiences as having a positive influence on their current sex lives. Importantly, SA men across all levels of consent (i.e., both willing and unwanted experiences) did not differ from controls in current psychological adjustment, although SA men with unwanted experiences only did, implying that willingness was associated with no impairment to psychological adjustment." How can "abuse" bring benefit?
If the act isn't forced, the chance of harm is way smaller. Negative sexual experiences in childhood and adolescence, even if the partners were adults, are statistical minority.
To tell a child "you have been abused" when they don't feel abused will simply make them ignore you. The experience remains the same. If you try to force the abuse idea through the child, the abuser is you.
Many minors who had those relationships refuse to be called "victims".
It's the minor who should judge the experience.
According to the authors, if a minor willingly participated in an act and the act resulted in benefit, the correct term to be employed is "child-child sex" or "adult-child sex", saving the term "child sexual abuse" for forced or negative experiences. I, however, think that the term "sex" should be replaced with "intimacy", because "sex" delivers the idea of penetration, which doesn't always occur.
Another problem is that the current definitions treat children and adolescents as having equal maturity. A five-year-old child is different from a fifteen-year-old adolescent.
Relationships between adult and adolescent are more common and were socially accepted in the past.
There's no need to presume violence in relationships with minors below age of consent. But that doesn't imply that the researchers want a change in the laws.
Cases of sexual experiences which occur outside of family before legal age can affect the family if found out, because of judicial intervention. However, the number of minors who tell the secret represents less than ¼ of the cases. Which means that ¾ of the cases are never found out.


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who died and made you king?
if this is how you want to support soccer, then that's just fine. just know it isn't the only way.
It's here. The World Cup has arrived in a massive crescendo of excitement and delirium that is rarely ever reserved for soccer here in the States.
Everyone from Beats by Dre to Subway and ESPN to McDonald's are pushing (sometimes) epic commercials to remind us of the action to come. Every publication in the country has rushed to put out a guide and dish their thoughts on the world's biggest events.
But there have been quite a few pieces doing the rounds ranging from "aiming to correct" to "straight up bashing" the way we American fans are supporting the game during this World Cup. Some have taken aim at our "incorrect" use of soccer — ahem, football — terminology. Others have mocked us for aping European supporter culture. And a scant few others revert to the 1990's and scoff at us for liking soccer in the first place.
And you know what's most astounding about all of this negativity? A sizable chunk of it is coming from our own fellow supporters.
That's right, fans of a sport that is just now escaping the realm of the fringe are going out of their way to potentially alienate converts and relative newbies alike. Hell, I'm a very long-time fan of the beautiful game, and it's even starting to alienate me.
Last summer, while at a crowded bar watching the Confederations Cup, I commented to a friend with me that "the field looked terrible". Overhearing my comment, a kid next to me who I didn't know and had maybe just turned 21 turned to me and said with a very negative tone, "It's pitch, not field". While I wanted to give him a lecture on how I've been playing and supporting soccer longer than he's been alive, I thought that would do more harm than good. So I calmly replied, "They're synonyms, you know. Neither is wrong".
His response? "Well don't try saying that in England," while giving me a dirty look. I'd be willing to bet my would-be-educator — wearing an Arsenal shirt to an international soccer match featuring zero Arsenal players — had never actually been to England to try out the supposed faux pas himself.
Of course, the debate over "correct" soccer terminology has been around forever. Kits versus jerseys. Sideline or touchline. Cleats against boots. Even the name we use for the sport itself is open to debate.
And none of them are wrong. You see, there's this magical thing about language: it changes depending on where you are. I use them all, interchangeably. Whatever works best in the moment.
Look at this picture. To some people, this might be a shopping cart. Others might call it a shopping buggy. Neither is wrong, it's just regional dialect. Why should soccer be any different?
I've also seen a fair bit of angst aimed at American fans for our penchant for incorporating the supporting habits of other countries. Knocking aside the fact that we're a nation whose culture has been entirely shaped by the importation of cultures from around the world as millions have immigrated here of over the last two centuries, is this really such a bad thing?
Take for instance the American supporters' fondness for wearing and carrying soccer scarves. Sure, the tradition of scarves comes from England where it can be quite cold for much of the season and a scarf is necessary to stave off hypothermia. And true, American soccer is mainly played in the warmer months of the year when a scar will up your sweatiness from damp to drenched. But who cares? If someone wants to wear one, let them. You're not the one getting sweatier.
Others have complained that we ripped of the Portugues/Italians/Argentina/etc. with our use of giant tifos to support our sides. I don't recall any of the fans in those countries trademarking the idea and banning it's use elsewhere.
This isn't a one way street either. Loud blaring music being played over the crowd noise at stadiums around England and at the World Cup? Yeah, they got that from American sports arenas. You're welcome, world.
Point is, who gives a rat's ass about how someone is supporting soccer. All that should matter is that they're supporting soccer.
Everyone has their own way of supporting, talking about and enjoying soccer. And whether you're a soccer hipster who thinks they were in before the party started — and let me tell you loud and clear: you weren't — or someone who's just dipping their toes into the world's game, you're perfectly entitled to enjoy it however you like.
And there's absolutely nothing wrong with that. Unless it's with a vuvuzela… those things are just stupid and annoying.
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Scott J. says:
Domestic snobs are just precious "know it alls". Foreign snobs have a mixed feel of desperately showing their superior knowledge with a hint of fear that a new power could arise in the not too distant future.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Pandas GroupBy Concatenation Issues I have a data table that contains
NAME, DATE, TYPE, VALUE A, VALUE B, VALUE C, ....
Theoretically the NAME, DATE, TYPE are supposed to be unique, but it turns out they are not, so I need to figure out how to handle it.
Example Input:
Bob, 1/1/18, AType, blah, test, test2
Bob, 1/1/18, AType, blah2, test, test2
Bob, 1/1/18, BType, blah, test, test2

Ideal Output
Bob, 1/1/18, AType, [blah,blah2], test, test2
Bob, 1/1/18, BType, blah, test, test2

My goal is to merge the VALUE A values into a JSON style array, and then take the last value for VALUE B and VALUE C.
I have tried:
data.groupby('NAME', 'DATE', 'TYPE').apply(lambda x: ','.join(set(x)))

But that merges ALL of the fields....  Or seems to.
Any help?

A: This seems to work:
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame([['Bob', '1/1/18', 'AType', 'blah', 'test', 'test2'],
                   ['Bob', '1/1/18', 'AType', 'blah2', 'test', 'test3'],
                   ['Bob', '1/1/18', 'BType', 'blah', 'test', 'test2']],
                  columns=['NAME', 'DATE', 'TYPE', 'VALUE A', 'VALUE B', 'VALUE C'])

f = {'VALUE A': lambda x: set(x), 'VALUE B': 'last', 'VALUE C': 'last'}

df = df.groupby(['NAME', 'DATE', 'TYPE'])['VALUE A', 'VALUE B', 'VALUE C']\
       .agg(f).reset_index()
df['VALUE A'] = df['VALUE A'].map(list)

#   NAME    DATE   TYPE        VALUE A VALUE B VALUE C
# 0  Bob  1/1/18  AType  [blah2, blah]    test   test3
# 1  Bob  1/1/18  BType         [blah]    test   test2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Full List of Courses Offered In Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA)
Full List of Courses Offered In Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA)
The list of courses offered in Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA): If you want to apply for admission into Ondo State School of Health Technology then it may interest you to know that the list of courses offered in Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA) has been updated and published here in this post.
The general public are by this notice informed that the list of courses offered in Ondo State School of Health Technology has been released and published below.
List of Courses Offered By Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA)
The following are the courses offered in Ondo State School of Health Technology (SOHELTECHA):


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FITS MORE SHOES: The Zero Aero Walkable Cleat fits any shoe with a 3-hole or 4-hole mount.
EASY MAINTENANCE: For easy bearing lubrication, a fitting to facilitate grease injection is included.
TRUE LOCKING MECHANISM: The Zero Aero's locking mechanism does not rely on spring tension for security, so entering and exiting Zero Aero pedals is easy, but unintended release is virtually impossible.
* Note: Zero Aero pedals are not compatible with Speedplay Ultra Light Action and X-Series cleats. Zero Aero cleats are not compatible with Ultra Light Action and X-Series pedals.


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML3.2 EN">

<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="DOCTEXT">
<TITLE>MPE_Close_graphics</TITLE>

MPE_Close_graphics

Closes an X11 graphics device

Synopsis

#include "mpe.h"
int MPE_Close_graphics( handle )
MPE_XGraph *handle;

Input Parameter

handle
 MPE graphics handle.

Return Values

MPE_ERR_BAD_ARGS
'handle' parameter is bad

MPE_SUCCESS
success

Notes For Fortran Interface

The Fortran interface to this routine is different from its C
counterpart and it has an additional argument, ierr, at the end
of the argument list, i.e. the returned function value (the error
code) in C interface is returned as the additional argument in
Fortran interface.  The Fortran interface is invoked with the
CALL statement.

All MPI and MPE objects, MPI_Comm, MPE_XGraph and MPE_Color, are
of type INTEGER in Fortran.

Location:../src/graphics/src/mpe_graphics.c

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Frequent question: How much waste goes to landfill in the UK 2019?
How much waste was sent to landfill in the UK 2019?
How much of the UK's waste goes to landfill?
How much waste did the UK produce in 2019?
What percentage of waste goes to landfill?
How many landfills are in the UK?
How much waste is in the UK?
Where are landfills UK?
How is waste collected in the UK?
Where is the biggest landfill site in the UK?
How much waste is produced each year in the UK?
How much of UK waste is exported?
UK biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) sent to landfill has fallen from approximately 7.2 million tonnes in 2018 to around 6.6 million tonnes in 2019. Provisional figures for 2020 show that 67.2% of UK packaging waste was either recycled or recovered, the same as in 2019.
EXCLUSIVE: The amount of waste sent to landfill in England rose by 4% in 2019 to 45,859,000 tonnes, according to data published by the Environment Agency. This represents an increase of around 1.8 million tonnes from 2018, when 44,079,000 tonnes was sent to landfill.
After recycling, the most common destination for the UK's rubbish is landfill, with 24% of waste sent there in 2016. In England, the amount of waste sent for incineration has been increasing, up from 10.1 to 10.8 million tonnes in 2017-18.
In 2019, the total weight of 'waste from households' in England was 22.1 million tonnes, up from 22.0 million tonnes in 2018. The weight of waste sent for recycling was 10.1 million tonnes in 2019, a 2.2 per cent increase from 9.8 million tonnes in 2018.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is a larger ecosystem?
Landfilling of waste has decreased from 94 percent of the amount generated in 1960 to 50 percent of the amount generated in 2018.
There are only around 500 operational landfills in England and Wales.
It is estimated that the UK generated 43.9 million tonnes of commercial and industrial (C&I) waste in 2018, of which 37.2 million tonnes (85%) was generated in England. The latest estimates for England only, indicate that C&I waste generation was around 37.2 million tonnes in 2019.
Augean North Limited MARKS QUARRY LANDFILL SITE England
Augean North Limited Port Clarence Non-Hazardous Landfill Site England
Augean South Limited East Northants Resource Management Facility England
Augean South Limited Thornhaugh Landfill Site England
Garbage collection – or rubbish collection, as the locals call it in the UK – sees household waste collected on the curbside by the local authority. The waste is then transferred to local landfill sites.
Packington, UK
The Packington Landfill outside Birmingham is one of the UK's biggest landfill sites. It's technically a 'land raise', as it forms a towering hill of waste in the countryside, rather than being hidden underground.
The average household in the UK produces more than a tonne of waste every year. Put together, this comes to a total of 31 million tonnes per year, equivalent to the weight of three and a half million double-decker buses, a queue of which would go around the world two and a half times. 4.
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: How can environmental factors affect an organization?
UK exports to the country increased from 12,000 tonnes in 2016 to 209,642 tonnes in 2020, about 30% of the UK's plastic waste exports.
Categories Wild nature


text:
8. 21. 15 by Jaime Trosper
/FromQuarkstoQuasars
Astronomy Photo of the Day: 8/21/15 — Dark Heart of the Milky Way
/ FromQuarkstoQuasars
The dark heart of the Milky Way is seen at x-ray wavelengths (Image Credit: ESA/XMM-Newton/G. Ponti et al.)
The dark heart of the Milky Way—the galaxy the Sun, and roughly 400 billion other stars, call "home"—is revealed in a new image from the European Space Agency (ESA). Taken by the XMM-Newton Telescope, which examines the night sky in the x-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the image hones in on the densely-packed central part of our galaxy.
In addition to hosting many high-mass stars, the central Milky Way has a wide-range of cosmological objects. Of course, its most notable one is Sagittarius A*: a supermassive black hole with the mass of millions of Sun-like stars.
This image, in particular, shows how the gaseous reservoirs surrounding the stars and supermassive black hole were impacted by populations of dead stars—namely pulsars and neutron stars. Here, the brightest sources of light happen to be places where binary star systems have arisen.
Comprised of two stellar objects, the most common configuration for a binary system consists of a dense stellar corpse (born following the death of a massive star), and another larger companion. The smaller body becomes a cannibal of some sorts...siphoning material from it neighbor, ultimately bombarding space with high-energy x-rays as a result.
Younger clusters of stars are tinged-red, while Sag A is the fuzzy object near the center (to the right). Everything you see here is spread across one thousand light-years of space.
More from the ESA:
A second image was also released:
Galactic center's heavy metal emission (Image Credit: ESA/XMM-Newton/G. Ponti et al.)
Per the ESA: "The image combines data collected at energies that correspond to the light emitted by heavy elements such as silicon and argon, which are produced primarily in supernova explosions, as well as other narrow energy bands. It spans about 2.5º across, equivalent to about one thousand light-years."
Interview: Michel Bauwens on Peer-To-Peer Economics and Its Role in Reshaping Our World
Stunning Images Chart Shapeshifting Nature of Venus' Polar Vortex
Astronomy Photo of the Day: 11/10/15 — CARMA-7
No, Science Does Not Say That Religious Children Are More Likely to be 'Immoral"
Scientists Take a Closer Look, Find No Evidence of Alien Megastructures
More on FromQuarkstoQuasars
What's the (Anti)...
6. 12. 21 on the byte
Physicists Find Particles That Switch Between Matter and Antimatter
11. 7. 15 on futurism
Newfound Radio Galaxy is the Largest Known, And It's Dying
New Visualization Shows Incredible Variety of Extraterrestrial Worlds
READ MORE STORIES ABOUT / FromQuarkstoQuasars


text:
Sergio González bzw. Sergio Gonzalez ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Sergio Gonzalez (Ringer) (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Ringer
 Sergio González (Fußballspieler, I), paraguayischer Fußballspieler
 Sergio González (Fußballspieler, II), uruguayischer Fußballspieler
 Sergio González Karg (* 1925), mexikanischer Segler
 Sergio González Soriano (* 1976), spanischer Fußballspieler
 Sergio Ariel González (* 1974), argentinischer Biathlet
 Sergio Reynaldo González Bayard (* 1990), kubanischer Beachvolleyballspieler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Henry Nicholls
Sleepyhead
The Way of the Panda
Lonesome George
Back in the day, when I learned the craft of copy-editing and proof-reading as the assistant editor of Trends in Ecology and Metabolism (don't ask), computers seemed fairly novel in the workplace. Armed with a red and a green pen, I'd mark up manuscripts by hand, scribbling in the generous margins of A3 proofs. Nobody edits like this nowadays, but the obsession over house style and detail left a lasting impression.
For almost a decade, I was the editor of Endeavour, a quarterly magazine written by historians of science for historians of science. It was a role in which I attended conferences, rubbed shoulders with academics and helped take their writing in a more popular, narrative-driven direction.
In 2007, I also became the editor of Galapagos Matters, the members' magazine of the Galapagos Conservation Trust. Over the years, I have planned, commissioned and edited hundreds of articles for the magazine promoting the important work of this small charity in these celebrated islands.
If you have an essay, article, chapter or book that you want transformed so your words will speak clearly to your audience, please make contact.
Copyright © 2023 Henry Nicholls. All rights reserved. Theme Spacious by ThemeGrill. Powered by: WordPress.


Our solution is a search engine that indexes your catalog of videos and generates "timeline" metadata for every moment of a video. We use multiple AI techniques including Natural Language Processing on speech-to-text transcripts or closed captions, OCR, face recognition, object recognition and automatic scene detection. Once the search index has been created for your catalog, you can search a single word, a personality or a specific topic and the search engine will find all the videos and the corresponding segments for each video. We provide this solution as an API that can be integrated with front end apps or MAM/DAM.
- Search inside interviews, speeches, customer testimonials, courses etc.


text:
De heidedaguil (Heliothis maritima) is een nachtvlinder uit de familie van de uilen, de Noctuidae.

Beschrijving
De voorvleugellengte bedraagt tussen de 13 en 17 millimeter. De grondkleur van de voorvleugels is lichtbruin tot roodbruin. De soort lijkt veel op de lichte daguil (H. viriplaca), waarmee het tot 1937 als één soort is beschouwd.

Waardplanten
De heidedaguil gebruikt struikhei, dophei en spurrie als waardplanten. De rups is te vinden van juli tot oktober. De soort overwintert als pop.

Voorkomen
De soort komt verspreid over Europa en een deel van Azië voor. De verspreiding in Azië is onzeker vanwege de nog recente acceptatie dat de heidedaguil en lichte daguil verschillende soorten zijn.

In Nederland en België
De heidedaguil is in Nederland en België een zeer zeldzame soort. De vlinder kent twee jaarlijkse generaties die vliegen van eind mei tot halverwege augustus.

Ondersoorten
 H. maritima angarensis Draudt, 1938 - China
 H. maritima bulgarica Draudt, 1938 - Alpen, Balkan, Zuid-Rusland, en als trekvlinder naar Centraal- en Noord-Europa
 H. maritima centralasiae Draudt, 1938 - Turkije, Iran, Centraal-Azië
 H. maritima maritima (Graslin, 1855) - Zuid- en West Frankrijk
 H. maritima warneckei Boursin, 1964 - Zuid-Engeland, Nederland, Sleeswijk-Holstein, Denemarken, Gotland (Zweden). Vernoemd naar Georg Warnecke.

Externe links

Heliothis
Dier uit het Palearctisch gebied


Ideally, promotions should be handed to deserving employees of an establishment on the basis of merit or special consideration, the latter being done by the discretion of the governing board of the firm. That said, it is absolutely unprofessional and may be regarded as sexual harassment if such career advancements or special bonuses are leveraged upon the indulgence of the employee in any sexual fantasies of the employer. Such overt propositions go to make the workplace quite hostile and adverse for the employee, and at such point, the employee has the legal backing to seek the counsel and expert services of a licensed attorney. A good attorney would be key in helping you make sense of the law, he will carefully analyze your circumstance and help define it as being worthy of pursuance in court. Afterward, your attorney would gather and review all corroborative materials to establish a solid case for you.
Rawa Law Group, a five-star law firm in California has all the skilled and talented attorneys necessary to give your case the needed lift for the desired outcome. Our Sexual Harassment attorneys in Pomona are the best in the game, having won compensations reaching hundreds of millions for many grateful clients in our over two decades of active legal contribution. We are ready to take on your case without any mandated upfront payment or fee and will go out of our way to set up consultation meetings for your case, this we will do in order to make the proceedings as convenient and stress-free as possible.


Robert Creighton was born in Kingston in 1861, a son of Warden John Creighton. At 21, Robert became Warden's Clerk at Kingston Penitentiary. Promoted to Accountant on Dec. 29, 1892, he was transferred to Head Office in Ottawa on February 1, 1903.
From December of 1913 to April 1914, Mr. Creighton served as Warden of the Alberta Penitentiary at Edmonton. On August 1, 1914, he was permanently appointed as the Warden of Kingston Penitentiary, forty-four years after his father was appointed to the same position.
Warden Creighton's entire time as warden at Kingston Penitentiary was overshadowed by World War 1. Manufacturing at Canada's penitentiaries changed to support the war effort. Crime rates dropped as men went overseas. By 1918, inmates were granted pardons on condition they enlist for service. Many staff took leaves of absence to enlist, so temporary guards were hired to fill their positions.


text:
Featured, Morgan Pottinger McGarvey Firm News · June 26, 2012
Kentucky Supreme Court decision in Hall v. MERS reduces likelihood that lenders will owe statutory damages for human errors in the process of releasing satisfied mortgages
Kentucky Supreme Court decision in Hall v. MERS reduces likelihood that lenders will owe statutory damages for human errors in the process of releasing satisfied mortgages.
On June 21, 2012, the Kentucky Supreme Court issued its first decision interpreting KRS 382.365 concerning a mortgagee's responsibility for releasing of record a satisfied mortgage. Among other issues, the case involved the extent to which the lender will be exposed to statutory damages when human error kept the lender from releasing of record its satisfied mortgage. M&P filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of a major mortgage lender in Kentucky, and the Kentucky Supreme Court adopted the interpretation of KRS 382.365 set out in M&P's brief.
The case involved an error in a mortgage release which the lender had promptly recorded after the loan was repaid. However, because of human error, the mortgage release incorrectly referred to the book and page number of the owner's deed instead of the lender's mortgage. The problem was compounded when the notice from the property owner's attorney simply stated that "the mortgage has not been released of record." The lender read this letter and took no action since it had recorded a mortgage release.
KRS 382.365 imposes significant statutory damages (up to $500/day) if a mortgage lender fails to release a mortgage after receiving a written notice of failure to release its lien. However, KRS 382.365 excuses the lender if it can show "good cause" as for why the lien was not release of record. In this case, the borrower argued that "good cause" can never include human error by the lender. M&P argued that this was an incorrect interpretation of the statute.
The Kentucky Supreme Court agreed with M&P's argument, and the Court decided that "in certain circumstances, human error can form the basis upon which 'good cause' exists for failure to timely release a lien." The Court decided that "good cause" is "to be made on a case-by-case basis, under the totality of the circumstances." It further held that the existence of "good cause" is required by the statute to be decided by the judge. It is not a jury issue. After considering all of the circumstances in the case involving MERS, the Supreme Court held that "good cause" existed and no statutory damages were owed.
M&P stresses that all mortgage lenders should strive to promptly and correctly release satisfied mortgages and have in place effective systems to deal with customer complaints about unreleased mortgages. But when those systems fail for reasons where the lender can show "good cause", the Hall v. MERS case reduces the likelihood that the lender will owe statutory damages.
For more information, please contact Thurman Senn at (502) 560-6750 or by email.
Filed Under: Featured, Morgan Pottinger McGarvey Firm News


text:
Information About Japanese Girls For Marriage
November 2, 2021 Uncategorized
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Japanese persons are accountable and punctual, and so they respect another person's time. Particularly when compared to the level of life within the USA or in the UK. After all, the ladies of Thailand want their future kids to live in a first-world country with a top quality of medical care and schooling.
Apart from, Japanese women were created for family life as a result of they are glorious housekeepers, respectful wives, and caring mothers. When you ask a Japanese girl for a date, you will not have to attend for her as a result of she would not have to spend much time in entrance of a mirror.
And virtually 10,000 of those girls married Western men (only 2,000 married Indian, Chinese language, Japanese, and Taiwanese males). Japanese girls have sturdy life values, which is why they are so attracted to international males. If you are curious about ladies from Asian nations, their peculiarities, and the most effective online places to meet them, is an ideal source.
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However you won't be able to meet these girls on the Japanese platform if you are not in Japan because this dating platform is in search of partners for you primarily based in your location. The uniqueness of beautiful Japanese girls can be explained by their great features.
To marry a Thai woman in Thailand, you must comply with 6 steps: obtain an affirmation of freedom to marry; translate this document into Thai; take it to the Ministry of Foreign https://www.champselyseesbrides.com/japanese-brides/ Affairs office; register the wedding; certify it with the Ministry of International Affairs; and report it to the US.
An age gap, even when it is a big age hole, is not a problem for Thailand ladies. At EliteMailOrderBrides, we conduct exhaustive research and examine prices, options, and guarantees to jot down detailed reviews. 1869: A gaggle of Japanese people arrive at Gold Hills, California and construct the Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Farm Colony Okei turns into the first recorded Japanese lady to die and be buried in the United States.
A Japanese woman believes that a guy from the USA or every other nation will treat her like no one did before. Thailand ladies have no problems with the normal gender roles — she's the spouse, the mom, and the housekeeper, if you are the protector and breadwinner.


text:
Q: Spring test properties file overriden by main properties file I have a project where I am setting up Spring test configuration, for the DAO (JPA) layer. My test config gets loaded but only after the main config, especially properties file. So instead of trying to connect to HSQLDB, my test connects to the "real" PostGre database.
Here is my test class :
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration({"/spring-dao-test.xml"})
@Transactional
@Rollback
public class EnseigneDaoTest {

    @Autowired
    EnseigneDao enseigneDao;

    public EnseigneDaoTest() {
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    @Test
    public void testFindById() {
        Enseigne enseigne = enseigneDao.findById(Enseigne.class, "4");

        assertNotNull(enseigne);
        assertEquals("Auchan should have ID 4", "Auchan", enseigne.getLibelle());
    }
}

Here is the spring-dao-test.xml :

<!-- Searches for entities in this package, no need for Persistence.xml -->
<context:component-scan base-package="fr.xxx.ddc.dao" />

<context:property-placeholder
    location="classpath:fr/insee/config/ddc-dao-test.properties"/>

<bean id="entityManagerFactory"
    class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean">
    <property name="packagesToScan" value="fr.xxx.ddc.model" />
    <property name="jpaVendorAdapter" ref="jpaVendorAdapter"/>
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    <property name="jpaDialect" ref="jpaDialect" />
    <property name="jpaProperties">
        <props>
            <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">${fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto}</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.use_sql_comments">true</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.max_fetch_depth">${fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth}</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.default_batch_fetch_size">${fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.default_batch_fetch_size}</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.id.new_generator_mappings">true</prop>
        </props>
    </property>
</bean>
<bean id="jpaDialect" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect" />
<bean id="jpaVendorAdapter" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter">
    <property name="database" value="HSQL"/>
    <property name="showSql" value="true"/>
    <property name="generateDdl" value="true"/>
</bean>

<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
    <property name="driverClassName" value="${fr.xxx.database.ddc.driverClassName}"/>
    <property name="url" value="${fr.xxx.database.ddc.url}" />
    <property name="username" value="${fr.xxx.database.ddc.username}" />
    <property name="password" value="${fr.xxx.database.ddc.password}" />
</bean>

<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager">
    <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory" />
</bean>

<tx:annotation-driven />

The ddc-dao-test.properties :
fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.schema=ddc
fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth=3
fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.default_batch_fetch_size=15
fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto=create
fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.show_sql=false

#Driver H2 pour test
fr.xxx.database.ddc.driverClassName=org.hsqldb.Driver

fr.xxx.database.ddc.url=hsqldb:mem:
fr.xxx.database.ddc.username=sa
fr.xxx.database.ddc.password=

and I get the following log :
09:24:40.262 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.StandardEnvironment - Adding [class path resource [fr/insee/config/ddc-dao.properties]] PropertySource with lowest search precedence
[...]
09:24:41.717 [main] INFO org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer - Loading properties file from class path resource [fr/insee/config/ddc-dao-test.properties]
09:24:41.718 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.MutablePropertySources - Adding [localProperties] PropertySource with lowest search precedence
09:24:41.719 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Searching for key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [environmentProperties]
09:24:41.719 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Searching for key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [systemProperties]
09:24:41.720 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Searching for key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [systemEnvironment]
09:24:41.720 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Searching for key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [class path resource [fr/insee/config/ddc-dao.properties]]
09:24:41.720 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Found key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [class path resource [fr/insee/config/ddc-dao.properties]] with type [String] and value '3'
09:24:41.721 [main] DEBUG org.springframework.core.env.PropertySourcesPropertyResolver - Found key 'fr.xxx.ddc.hibernate.max_fetch_depth' in [environmentProperties] with type [String] and value '3'

How do I get rid of the ddc-dao.properties ? It seems there are some concepts I didn't get.
Thanks in advance.
Thanks a lot.

A: Finally I managed to do it.
The problem is indeed the
<context:component-scan base-package="fr.xxx.ddc.dao" />

loading DaoConfiguration.java, itself loading the main .properties file.
I needed to exclude the class, which is done this way :
<context:component-scan base-package="fr.xxx.ddc.dao" >
    <context:exclude-filter type="assignable" expression="fr.xxx.ddc.dao.config.DaoConfiguration"/>
</context:component-scan>

and then my DaoConfiguration is no more loaded, nor the ddc-dao-config.xml or the ddc-dao.properties. My in-memory db is used as the log shows :
org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException: Table "ENSEIGNES" not found

Hope this helps someone.


text:
Afternoon Headlines
Search thestarphoenix.com
Share this Story: U of S appoints outside investigator over researcher's claims to Indigenous identity
U of S appoints outside investigator over researcher's claims to Indigenous identity
Jean Teillet, a B.C. lawyer specializing in Indigenous rights, has been chosen to head investigation into claims made by Carrie Bourassa.
Bryn Levy
Carrie Bourassa called a CBC investigation highlighting discrepancies in her account of her ancestry part of a "smear campaign." Photo by Alexa Lawlor /jpg
The University of Saskatchewan has announced that a B.C.-based lawyer specializing in Indigenous rights law will investigate statements made by Carrie Bourassa, a high-profile researcher in Indigenous health who is accused of making up claims of Métis, Tlingit and Anishinaabe heritage.
In a statement posted to the U of S website Thursday, the university announced the appointment of Jean Teillet, who is Metis, and a senior counsel with Pape Salter Teillet LLP, a firm with a 40-year history of working on legal issues related to Indigenous rights.
U of S appoints outside investigator over researcher's claims to Indigenous identity Back to video
A biography of Teillet on the firm's website notes she has served as lead counsel on a number of significant Indigenous rights cases. These include arguing before the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Powley, which saw the court affirm constitutional protection of Métis harvesting rights.
Teillet is also the author of The North-West is Our Mother: The Story of Louis Riel's People, published in 2019. A biography on publisher HarperCollinsCanada's website notes Teillet is Riel's great grand-niece.
Bourassa was earlier this month stripped of her roles and duties at the university and placed on indefinite, unpaid leave in the wake of statements she made following a CBC investigation highlighting inconsistencies and contradictions in her claims about her heritage.
Earlier this week, Bourassa was removed from her position as scientific director of the federal Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health.
In an interview after CBC's story was published, Bourassa told Postmedia she had done nothing wrong but acknowledged she was trying to close gaps in her reported ancestry. She said she was Métis by virtue of having been adopted into the community when she was an adult.
University Provost and Vice-President Academic Airini, who goes by one name, answered questions from members of the U of S council about the Bourassa situation at a meeting Thursday afternoon.
At that time, she said it was "very important the investigator is Indigenous, has the necessary skills and expertise particular to our case and to this context as well."
She also stressed that while the university was committed to a process that "prioritizes Indigenous voices" among U of S faculty, staff and students, "it's for the investigator, who's an independent investigator, to determine with whom the meetings will be held. The senior administration doesn't actually have input on that."
Airini also reported to council that the university is undertaking a separate process to address how it will confirm Indigenous identity in its recruitment retention and that this process was to be shaped by input from the U of S Indigenous community.
CIHR severs ties with U of S prof accused of fabricating Indigenous heritage
U of S strips top researcher of role after Indigenous ancestry questioned
Leading Saskatchewan health prof's Indigenous identity under scrutiny
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With Ambisonic technology, the directionality of the sound field is composed of spherical harmonic components. The zero-order component is termed W and is omnidirectional. The first-order components are figure-of-eight (lemniscate) responses which point forward, left and up. These are termed X, Y and Z, respectively. There are also second-order components, and higher. The collection of components of a soundfield is termed B-Format.
To be played, B-Format needs to be decoded, by an Ambisonic decoder, into a set of speaker feeds.
Custom version of WAVE-EX for B-Format defined at http://www.rwdobson.com/bformat.html.
The W channel is attenuated by -3 dB (1/sqrt(2)) relative to the unnormalized spherical harmonic component. This is the case for all orders. That is to say, a source at +45° azimuth (zero elevation) would produce equal signals in W, X, and Y.
No shelf filters. These are a decoding option.
The sequence of the channels is WXYZRSTUVKLMNOPQ, with unused channels omitted. Pictures at http://members.tripod.com/martin_leese/Ambisonic/Harmonic.html.
The dwChannelMask field should be set to zero for all B-Format configurations.
Many people already offer plug-ins and other Ambisonic software. Such people are encouraged to support the above format (in addition to other formats).


Pine Hill Zendo Inc. v. Town of Bedford Zoning Board of Appeals. The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.becketlaw.org/case/pine-hill-zendo-inc-v-town-bedford-zoning-board-appeals/.
Pine Hill Zendo Inc. v. Town of Bedford Zoning Board of Appeals. (Apr. 04, 2019). https://www.becketlaw.org/case/pine-hill-zendo-inc-v-town-bedford-zoning-board-appeals/.
"Pine Hill Zendo Inc. v. Town of Bedford Zoning Board of Appeals." The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty. Accessed [Apr. 04, 2019]. https://www.becketlaw.org/case/pine-hill-zendo-inc-v-town-bedford-zoning-board-appeals/.
Few cases better illustrate the arbitrary and even whimsical way in which local zoning boards often reject petitions for special use permits than the case of Pine Hill Zendo v. the Town of Bedford, New York. Pine Hill Zendo is a Buddhist temple, albeit a very small one. It is one of a handful of Rinzai Zen Buddhist temples in North America with a resident teacher, and consists of a meditation room in the home of John and Angela Mortensen. For a few hours four days a week, the zendo's eleven members gather at the house for silent meditation, brief liturgies and instruction.
In the spring of 2001, however, a neighbor complained to the Town Planning Board, and the Mortensens were asked to apply for a special use permit that would allow them to use the home as a "church or other place of worship," although neither of those terms is defined anywhere in the Town zoning ordinance. The Zoning Board of Appeals held a hearing on the application on September 5, 2001, and a group of neighbors appeared in opposition. None claimed that they had been harmed or even inconvenienced by Pine Hill Zendo during the previous two years. One resident even testified that other neighbors told her they had never seen or heard anything, and didn't even realize the Zendo existed. Opponents simply speculated that traffic and parking problems might develop.
The ZBA rejected the application for a special use permit, citing "issues related to traffic and on-street parking," although on-street parking is permitted in the area at any time except for overnight hours during the winter months. And, incongruously, the Board cited concern over noise, despite the fact that the Zendo's primary activity is silent meditation.
On November 2, 2001, Becket joined the case. On November 6, 2001, Pine Hill Zendo filed suit against the Bedford ZBA in the Supreme Court for the County of Westchester, New York, seeking reversal of the Board's decision. The Town of Bedford subsequently settled, resulting in a victory for the Zendo.


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Convulsing
Tumba de Carne – Decatexis // Perpetuo Altar Review
By Kronos on September 24, 2021 in Reviews, Death Metal, 13 comments
"After maybe 300 reviews, I'd estimate I've locked up several kilobytes of server space recommending artists work with Colin Marston. As a result, I of course take full credit for all the bands that line up to record with him and receive a small monthly stipend from the Menegroth budget. But not every band has to take that advice, and since my kickback is limited by studio throughput, I'm in the market for another producer to praise/shake down. That's where Argentina's Tumba de Carne come in." Tumba thumper.
Mylingar – Döda Själar Review
By Master of Muppets on July 31, 2019 in 20 Buck Spin, 2019, Amor Fati Productions, Death Metal, Experimental Metal, Reviews, Swedish Metal, Uncategorized, Death Metal, 47 comments
"Simply saying these Swedes sound insane would be completely underselling the bands bestial brand of barbaric blackened brutality. Döda Själar is death metal of the blackest, filthiest variety, the kind you turn to when Incantation or Convulsing just can't quite hit that horrid spot." Overkilled.
Ferrous Beuller's and GardensTale's Top Ten of 2018
By Ferrous Beuller on December 21, 2018 in 2018, Blog Posts, Lists, 139 comments
Ferrous Beuller and GardensTale need to unburden themselves and share all their picks for the best of 2018. Be polite and sit quietly until they're done, then you can go outside and get a cupcake.
Convulsing – Grievous [Things You Might Have Missed 2018]
By Ferrous Beuller on December 19, 2018 in 2018, Australian Metal, Black Metal, Death Metal, Reviews, Self-released, Things You Might Have Missed 2018, Black Metal, Death Metal, 90 comments
"Convulsing might just command one of the best combinations of atmospheric black and death metal I've ever heard. Sloan has a rare ability to fuse dense death metal riffing with a suffocating black metal fluidity. Grievous somehow manages to bludgeon yet persuasively menace in one fell blow." Death spasms.
P.H.O.B.O.S. – Phlogiston Catharsis Review
By Master of Muppets on September 7, 2018 in 2018, Black Metal, Doom Metal, French Metal, Industrial Metal, Reviews, Transcending Obscurity, Black Metal, Doom Metal, Industrial Metal, 46 comments
"If there's any country you can trust to surrender untold riches ov blackened gold after relatively little investigative prodding, it's France. Harboring such harbingers of box-breaching blackness as Alcest, Deathspell Omega, and Blut Aus Nord, the French black metal scene is very much alive and mentally unwell, and in France Muppet trusts. Muppet also trusts in Transcending Obscurity Records to the extent that a French black metal act appearing on their roster would normally be the epitome of Master-bait music." Stop touching your promo.
Atavisma – The Chthonic Rituals Review
By Master of Muppets on July 31, 2018 in 2018, Death Metal, Doom Metal, French Metal, Memento Mori, Reviews, Sludge Metal, Death Metal, Doom Metal, Sludge Metal, 148 comments
"Get your shitkickers on and nightlights 'n Prozac at the ready, yo, today we're going somewhere filthy and utterly devoid of light or joy. France's Atavisma will be dragging us pleasantly by the throat through a subterranean and sinister network ov nightmares which they call The Chthonic Rituals. I'm just here to narrate the whole ordeal and giggle as you lot wail and bump into each other in the dark." Bumping in the night.


Home&Breakfast: enjoy the privacy of a private rental and let our staff spoil you. Gorgeous breakfast and daily cleaning included.
Let this be your stay in Marrakesh!
experience the calm and peaceful lifestyle, which has been lost, long time ago, in all modern societies.
The riad will be all for you and will welcome you among its stylish tadelakt walls, inlaid woods decorations, wrought iron, mosaics and traditional motifs, which we have enjoyed decorating with playful colours. We decided to keep the original structure to allow our guest to live an authentic experience.
The whole riad will be at your disposal! You will find 5 rooms, each with private bathroom. The cool patio, the silent and elegant hub of the riad, is the ideal setting to relax, read a book, or refresh in the pool after a tour in the medina. The terrace, where you can sunbathe, or relax in the shadow of the pergola drinking a freshly squeezed orange juice, or have a dinner under the stars... The hammam, an absolutely amazing experience! Enjoy it with the other treatments we offer, and we will organize a deep relax moment all for you!Furthermore, there is a bhou (living rooms) with fireplace, SAT TV, HIFI with USB Key for your music..
During the day Oussama is at your disposal for any information you need and Noura will deal with your breakfast and possible meals. They will always respect your privacy, but they are always there if you need something. I am always reachable by message or phone if you need to contact me.
We can arrange transfer from to the airport, dinners and private parties, hamma & SPA, city guided tours, daily trips in the surroundings of Marrakech (Essaouira, Ourika valley, Ouzoud waterfalls, Ouarzazate and the Agafay desert and lake Lalla Takerkoust), camel, quad and sidecar rides, ballooning, and much more. Do not hesitate to ask!
2 years ago during a trip to Morocco, I felt in love with Marrakech and its magic, and now I'm very happy to have the possibility to host other people coming here to visit this wonderful land.
There is a washing machine. Ask Noura if you need it.
There are 2 fireplaces in the riad. It is not allowed to light them up by yourself. In the case, ask Oussama, who will do it for you.
KITCHEN ACCES: it's allowed only to take drinks from the cooler. It's forbidden to use the gaz.
The riad is rented with the formula Home & Breakfast: private rent (no other guest) with staff and service available during the day. We don't have a 24h reception, so you are requested to inform us your approx time of arrival, in order to organize your welcome. Thanks.
An incredibly and unforgettable authentic experience just in the medina!
We are so happy we booked this amazing riad! Veronica, the owner, has been incredibly responsive since our initial booking, from organizing airport transfers, day excursions, or any special requests we had for our stay. It was actually my birthday on the second day of our trip, and she worked with my boyfriend to coordinate cake, flowers, and decorations to surprise me. I was shocked as I didn't suspect anything!
The riad is definitely pretty and well located with lovely rooms and relaxation areas, so really a perfect place to call home when visiting Marrakech!
What made the stay special was the personal care and attention we received from the riad staff. They were helpful in setting up everything for us and really taking wonderful care of us. We ate delicious, home cooked meals prepared by Noura and Oussama every night in addition to the daily breakfast starting each day off great! The most hospitable place and the most hospitable people! I am already thinking about when and how to get back! Thank you so much!
Home&Breakfast: enjoy the privacy of a private rental without missing the comfort of an on site staff. 5 rooms, a cool patio, a fresh pool, a traditional hammam and a sunny terrace for your exclusive use. Gorgeous breakfast and daily cleanings included. We can also organize happy hours, dinners & parties.
The riad will be all for you and will welcome you among its stylish tadelakt walls, inlaid woods decorations, wrought iron, mosaics and traditional motifs, which we have enjoyed decorating with playful colours. You will find 5 rooms, each with private bathroom, a living rooms with fireplace, a patio with a small pool a hammam, and a nice terrace that offers you comfortable sunbeds and a shady pergola.
The cool patio, the silent and elegant hub of the riad, is the ideal setting to relax, read a book or make conversation, maybe with Oussama who can give you some tips about what to see during your stay. The pool will be at your disposal if you want to freshen up after a tour in the city, such as the terrace, where you can relax in the sun, drinking a freshly squeezed orange juice, that is waiting to offer you unforgettable evenings.
At your disposal, you will also find a hammam, a living room with fireplace, digital TV and free WIFI.
During the day Oussama is at your disposal for any information you need and Noura will deal with your breakfast and possible meals. They will always respect your privacy, but they are always there if you need something.
Enjoy our tours & activities: customized city guided tours, quad, camel & sidecar rides, hammam and spa, tours to Essaouira, the Atlas, the desert. Come & live an authentic Moroccan experience!
L'IVA è incusa nel prezzo. La tassa di soggiorno pari a 23dh a persona a notte non è inclusa nel prezzo. VTA included. The tourist tax of 23dh per person per night is not included in the price. TVA inclut. La taxe de séjour de 23DH par personne et par nuit, n'est pas comprise dans le prix. EXTRA GUESTS: it's TOTALLY forbidden to allow to let in the riad anyone without a regular reservation. In the case this rule will not be observed, ALL the guests have to leave the riad immediately without any refund. CHECK IN: our reception is open from 8.30am to 6pm. If previously agreed with at least 1 day of advance we can welcome guests as follows: from 06pm to 10pm: extra fee of € 15 from 10pm to 01am: extra fee of € 30 We cannot grant not agreed arrival or arrivals after 01am. CHECK OUT: rooms must be left within h. 10.00. Who will leave the rooms after 10.00 will be charged of € 100. If you have special needs just ask us. PRICE: price includes ONLY: room, breakfast and daily cleaning. Any other service has to be considered on request and to be paid separately. BREAKFAST: it's served from 8.30 to 10.00. If you have special needs please ask us and we will do our best to satisfy your request. FOOD AND DRINK: it's forbidden to bring food or drinks from outside in the riad. We have everything, just ask to Noura and Oussama. SMOKING: the riad is no-smoking. You can smoke only on the terrace. If you don't respect this rule there's an amend of € 100 HENNE TATTOO: indelibly stain towels and sheets etc. In this case, we will be forced to charge the cost of linen: Sheets € 30, pillowcases: € 10 towels: large Middle € 25: € 12, small € 6. FIREPLACE: there are 2 fireplaces in the riad. It is not allowed to light them up by yourself. In the case, ask Oussama, who will do it for you. KITCHEN ACCES: it's allowed only to take drinks from the cooler. It's forbidden to use the gaz.


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Home » Intermediate Hikes » Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge
Published on 20 August 2017 | by Pierre-Alexandre
Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge
The Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge (or Charles Kuonen Hängebrücke in German) is located in Randa in the Valais Alps and is a must-see on the Europaweg trail from Grächen to Zermatt. The bridge is 494 meters long, weighs 58 tons and is the longest pedestrian suspension bridge in the world. It was inaugurated on July 29, 2017, replacing the Europabrücke closed in 2010 as a result of the risk of landslides. The panorama offered from the Charles Kuonen suspension bridge is magical with on one side the Weisshorn and the Bishorn surrounding the Bisgletscher and on the other the foothills of the Dom.
The itinerary I suggest here describes a loop from Randa station to the hamlet of Chüebodmen before climbing along the Birchbach river to the Europaweg and going down to the Europahütte, the suspension bridge and the starting point. This route is, in my opinion, much more interesting than the one going directly to the Europahütte, as the loop leads to great pastures away from the crowds of hikers excited to tread the bridge. Although this hike is not difficult, crossing the suspension bridge can be tricky for people who have a fear of heights since it dominates the bottom of the valley by 85 meters and is only 85 cm wide.
Ascent: 2 hour 20 min
Descent: 1 hour 20 min
Elevation Gain: 1,160 meters
Round-trip: 9.4 km
Map: Carte nationale 1328 Randa
From Geneva, take the motorway to reach Sion then Visp. Then drive up towards Zermatt to come to the village of Randa and park in the parking lot next to the train station. For public transport users, take the InterRegio (IR) train to Visp and then change to the Regio (R) going to Zermatt and get off at Randa station.
GPS Coordinates (WGS 84) of the Starting Point : 46.099879, 7.781555
From Randa train station, follow the direction "Europahütte 2 h 30" as indicated by the sign. The road will sneak steeply through the charming village and make the hiker discover picturesque chalets. After two intersections, the trail divides into two: ignore the direction of the suspension bridge and take the narrow path on the left towards the Europahütte and Chüebodmen as specified by the wooden signs. The trail then traverses a great meadow from which one can observe the village below. After attaining another crossroads where you will find a red bench, leave the footpath on the right going up towards the Europahütte to turn left towards Gere and Chüebodmen. The pathway then passes through the forest to reach further the hamlet of Chüebodmen recognisable by its pasture and its typical chalets. Continue to progress at the edge of the woods and follow the direction of the Europahütte as indicated by a yellow sign. From there, the path becomes much steeper. It then uncovers the Birchbach river and the Hohberge. After a relatively steady climb, you finally come to the Europaweg and a small suspension bridge on the left (which is not necessary to cross, as it is not on the course), culminating point of the ascent at 2327 m above sea level.
Proceed towards the Europahütte located 25 minutes away. The trail runs alongside a balcony and discovers the Weisshorn as well as the Bishorn and the beautiful Bisgletscher. A bench at Miesboden allows for a well-deserved break before the start of the descent. Further on you can see the Europahütte and the Charles Kuonen suspension bridge. The road first reaches the Europahütte, where one must follow the direction "Randa 1 h 20", and then the suspension bridge after several switchbacks in the slope. Cross the bridge and continue the descent into the forest to return to the village of Randa (or "Randa Dorf") and to finally reach the station.
Photos of the Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge
Download the paper route (PDF) Download the route (KML) Download the route (GPX)
Tags : Alps, Ascent = 2-3 hours, Canton of Valais, Gain = 850-1500 meters, Randa, Switzerland, Valais Alps
Lac Vert and Lac de Chésery via Portes du Soleil The Moléson Le Grammont


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Home About Us Council Sub-Committees Access to Information and Regulatory
ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND REGULATRY SUB-COMMITTEE
Extensive work has been done in this area.
SANEF's media policy work aims to shape the future we want for the media in South Africa – particularly on issues related to freedom of expression and access to information. The key word to focus on is "open": to campaign for #opengovernment, #opendata, #openbudget, #openjustice, #openregulation, #openelections, etc.
One of the biggest achievements of 2019 was progress with media efforts to establish access to the internet as a basic human right, with seven key initiatives:
Implementation of government policy to provide free internet access at government sites such as schools and libraries;
Zero-rated access to government websites and data, as envisaged in official e-government policies;
Free wifi as a basic municipal service and run as a public utility alongside the provision of water and electricity;
Minimum standards for free internet access, including for such offers by commercial operators;
My i-Rights: every citizen should be entitled to a daily tranche of free internet access to exercise their digital access to information and online communication rights;
Digital literacy programmes in education curricula; and
Oversight by the SA Human Rights Commission on the progressive realisation of free internet access rights.
For more information on access to information and regulatory issues contact the committee chair:
Izak Minnaar – [email protected]


Converting 2465 kg to lb can be challenging in case you don't have a conversion table or at least the standard conversion constant to guide the process. By definition, Kilogram is the International Standard, SI unit for mass/weight. It is the weight equivalent to the standard weight of Sèvres found in Paris that is approx. 2.205 lb. Below is the solution for your problem. We have also included a conversion chart and a calculator for easier conversion.
What is 2465 kilograms (kg) in ponds (lb)?
Cups to Pints unit conversion – how many pints are in 2902 Cups?
Cups to Pints unit conversion – how many pints are in 2596 Cups?
Pounds to Kilograms conversion -how many lb are in 1976kg?
Converting units from Cups to Gallons – how many gallons are in 1421 Cups?
How to convert centimeters to inches – What is 2190 cm in "?


Th grade science worksheets best of properties matter works on states of matter for kids solid liquid gas scienc. Homeschool science year in review and whats coming up nex on lovely chemistry a study of matter worksheet answers works. Kids science year worksheet states of matter a sci properties on worksheet chemistry classification of ma. Science matter worksheets kidz activities on states of matter worksheet high school edab.


Civility maintained a foothold in the late 1970's despite a toxic political environment.
Jimmy Carter reigned over 12% inflation and interest rates of 21% with banks piling on additional costs almost double the prime rate. There was the hostage crisis and gas prices breaking the dollar barrier for the first time…if you could find it.
Gas saving tactics from the government mandated odd and even days at gas stations and a widely ignored 55mph national speed limit.
Truckers weren't about to lose money nor time. Their road culture gave us C.W. McCall's song Convoy…and woke the public to the benefits of the CB Radio. The fad quickly caught Hollyweird's (sic) notice and Burt Reynolds starred in Smokey and The Bandit and Kris Kristofferson's movie Convoy.
The original CB (citizens band) Radio offered 23 channels and expanded to 40 channels as the popularity flourished. The government noticed and, of course, figured they should control it with CB Permits from the FCC if you wanted to install one in your car. When the permit requests hit over one million per month…they finally gave up trying to keep up.
The dictionary defines civility as consideration and politeness. My FCC CB Radio permit was KXD5196. My handle was hilltopper and my closest buddy was crows nest. An hour commute included bear warnings and road reports while exchanging greetings with others in the 7-10 mile radius neighborhood of the early radios. It was a community with codes for "please" and "thank you".
In the example above "breaker one 9" is asking permission to talk on channel 19. "Thanks good buddy" was always heard at sign off. The Bandit's sense of humor was always an integral part of the conversations.
Instead of a small radius of reach, we can now connect with people at every corner of the earth using a gadget we carry in our pocket. Please and thank you have become pejoratives. Smile at someone on the street and they'll call 911. Texting replaces talking. Dumb people have smartphones. Celebrities I never heard of give political advice while politicians give religious advice. Reporters offer opinions without facts and facts are ignored in favor of gossip. Next thing you know they'll be mailing poison and bombs.


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Apply a quarter-sized amount to wet hair, lather and rinse.
Follow up with Nano Works Gold Conditioner.


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UBE2H (UbcH2) [6His-tagged]
Home » Research Tools » E2 Conjugating Enzymes » UBE2H (UbcH2) [6His-tagged]
62-0078-100 Lot No. 1829
E2 Scan Kit version 2
UBE2H (UbcH2) [GST-tagged]
UBE2H (UbcH2) [untagged]
E. coli expression
50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol
~23 kDa
Accession number: NP_003335. For full protein sequence information download the Certificate of Analysis pdf.
QA; Activity
E2-Ubiquitin Thioester Loading Assay: The activity of His-UBE2H was validated by loading E1 UBE1 activated ubiquitin onto the active cysteine of the His-UBE2H E2 enzyme via a transthiolation reaction. Incubation of the UBE1 and His-UBE2H enzymes in the presence of ubiquitin and ATP at 30°C was compared at two time points, T0 and T10 minutes. Sensitivity of the ubiquitin/His-UBE2H thioester bond to the reducing agent DTT was confirmed.
The enzymes of the ubiquitylation pathway play a pivotal role in a number of cellular processes including regulated and targeted proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins. Three classes of enzymes are involved in the process of ubiquitylation; activating enzymes (E1s), conjugating enzymes (E2s) and protein ligases (E3s). UBE2H is a member of the E2 conjugating enzyme family and cloning of the human gene was first described by Kaiser et al. (1994). Human UBE2H shares 54% identity with its yeast homologue (UbcH8) and full length forms of both the human and yeast enzymes showed similar enzymatic activities in vitro by catalyzing the ubiquitylation of histones (Kaiser et al., 1995). In skeletal muscle whole cell extracts TNFα up-regulates and increases the conjugating activity of UBE2H in vitro via binding of NFκB to the promoter region of the gene (Li et al., 2003). UBE2H has been mapped to a region on chromosome 7 (Hayashida et al., 2000) and the gene has been identified as a candidate for involvement in an autistic disorder with neurodevelopmental complications. Single strand conformation analysis demonstrated a significant association between a polymorphism in the UBE2H gene suggesting it could be one of the 7q-susceptibility loci for Autistic Disorder (Vourc'h et al., 2003). An association has also been made between UBE2H and the motor neuron disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) where single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis identified a known and sporadic polymorphism in the gene (Martin et al., 2008).
Hayashida S, Yamasaki K, Asada Y, Soeda E, Niikawa N, Kishino T (2000) Construction of a physical and transcript map flanking the imprinted MEST/PEG1 region at 7q32. Genomics 66, 221-5.
Kaiser P, Mandl S, Schweiger M, Schneider R (1995) Characterization of functionally independent domains in the human ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UbcH2. FEBS Lett 377, 193-6.
Kaiser P, Seufert W, Hofferer L, Kofler B, Sachsenmaier C, Herzog H, Jentsch S, Schweiger M, Schneider R (1994) A human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologous to yeast UBC8. J Biol Chem 269, 8797-802.
Li YP, Lecker SH, Chen Y, Waddell ID, Goldberg AL, Reid MB (2003) TNF-alpha increases ubiquitin-conjugating activity in skeletal muscle by up-regulating UbcH2/E220k. FASEB J 17, 1048-57.
Martin I, Vourc'h P, et al. (2009) Association study of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme gene UBE2H in sporadic ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 10, 432-5.
Vourc'h P, Martin I, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Marouillat S, Barthelemy C, Pierre Muh J, Andres C (2003) Mutation screening and association study of the UBE2H gene on chromosome 7q32 in autistic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 13, 221-5.