Elements of Style Blog — Page 2 of 433 — live your life beautifully.
The book is officially out guys! I know a lot of you have started receiving them in the mail, which has been SO fun to see on social media!
We had a great launch event last night at Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams who so graciously hosted all of us! Lots of cozy places to sit and chat, have a drink and flip through the new book. Thank you to everyone who came out and waited in line to get their book signed- it was so wonderful to meet so many of you! If you have not ordered a book, you can now right HERE! :) If you feel so inclined to leave a review on Amazon, that would be super appreciated too!
You probably saw on my Instagram over the weekend that one of my favorite projects from book 2 graced the cover of the Boston Globe Magazine on Sunday. This was such a thrill for me, as my most meaningful (in new business growth) press I had ever gotten in my career was the cover of The Globe Magazine in 2009. It's how my most long-term employees (Lindsey and Allison) found me and many, many of my most valued clients. National press is amazing, and makes you feel legitimized as a designer, but nothing beats local press for actual clients in the door. So thank you to the Globe for being such an amazing supporter of me from the get go! Also, in my new book we feature Lindsey's nursery which is BONKERS good, so it's kind of a full circle moment in the life of my business!
OK, so this picture is EVVVVVVVVVERYTHING. Michael J. Lee shot this project for the book and this picture was exactly as I had pictured it in my mind when I finished this room (an all time favorite I've ever done). I envisioned it as a cover, and so this is very gratifying!


Now that the new Shiloh Commons is starting to get up and running, a lot of folks have been wondering what is coming next on the prominent Billings West End intersection.
The Shiloh and Central intersection is quickly becoming a prominent location in Billings. The new Shiloh Commons (pictured below) is already home to a new Mazevo coffee shop, Taco Del Sol, and Dee-O-Gee- a popular pet store also up and running in Bozeman.
Source: New Car Wash Planned for Shiloh and Central?


text:
The Vindolanda Trust
Buy tickets Donate
Roman Vindolanda Fort & Museum
Roman Army Museum
Day Planner
Places to stay and services
Digging up memories
Blogs & more
Global Vindolanda
Favourite Five
Vindolanda Inspired
Friends and members
Excavate
Vindolanda Excavations
Consolidation & Conservation
American Donors
History of the Trust
What is Designation?
National Significance
Our Eco Journey
Green Journey
Recycling: A Roman Case Study
If you want to explore more of Hadrian's Wall, its forts, milecastles and turrets then we suggest you visit the Hadrian's Wall tourism website Hadrian's Wall Country. Here you will find a comprehensive list of places to visit along the entire length of the Wall.
You don't have to travel far from either the Roman Army Museum or Vindolanda to find the best places to see the Wall itself.
Walltown Crags, near the Roman Army Museum is one of the most dramatic sections of the Wall as it winds along the top Whin Sill ridge. You may recognise this stretch of Wall if you've seen our award winning 3D film at the Roman Army Museum as it was one of the locations.
Another wonderful stretch of Hadrian's Wall is between Steel Rigg and Housesteads. This is only 1 mile north of Vindolanda and is also where you will find the famous Sycamore Gap - the sycamore tree was made famous in 1991 when it featured in the blockbuster film Robin Hood:Prince of Thieves, starring Kevin Costner.
Within the central section of Hadrian's Wall English Heritage manages Birdoswald Roman Fort, Housesteads Roman Fort, Chesters Roman Fort and Corbridge Roman Town. Details of these attractions along with admission prices can be found on the English Heritage website.
Please note: If you are visiting Hadrian's Wall remember DO NOT WALK ON THE WALL. Walking on the Wall damages the ancient monument.
To experience a photographic journey of Hadrian's Wall we recommend viewing Hadrian's Wall Pictures by photographer Roger Clegg. Here is a flavour of his wonderful photography.
Updated: 9th September, 2020
Author: Sonya Galloway
Emperor for a Day
21st May - 25th September
Both sites
Dress your favourite bear or plush toy as an emperor for the day and bring them out to meet our Emperor Ted bears at the museums.
28 Days of Latin
1-28 February
Throughout February we will have a Latin word of the day for people to make use of in their everyday lives. This event is run with the support of our friends at Minimus so look out for the little mouse making an appearance.
1900 Bunting Challenge
24 January - 23 September 2022
Join us in celebrating 1900 years of Hadrian's Wall with our 1900 Bunting Challenge. Create by knitting, crocheting or sewing the shield design bunting flags to help us reach our target of 1900 bunting flags to be displayed at Roman Vindolanda in October 2022.
2022 Excavations
28 March - 23 September 2022
Roman Vindolanda Fort
The Vindolanda Roman excavations are back for 2022. The archaeologists and their teams of volunteers will be out Mon - Fri weather permitting. See history as it is uncovered.
Hadrian's Wall 1900 Celebrations
Hadrian's Wall 1900 will mark the first phase of the building of Hadrian's Wall. A packed programme of events and activities will take place throughout 2022 including exhibitions, lectures and film screenings.
In our area
Here are some interesting places to visit and things to do just a stones throw away from Vindolanda and the Roman Army Museum
Castles and Coast
Northumberland has many fine castles that you can visit, some of them are even built from Hadrian's Wall stones!
Tickets & Entry Slots
How to visit Vindolanda Roman Fort and Museum and the Roman Army Museum. This page will take you through the new systems we have in place for visiting our sites, what is open and how to visit.
Visit Roman Vindolanda today and you will find one of the North East's most famous and not to be missed tourist attractions lying in the beautiful landscape of Hadrian's Wall Country. Formerly a key military post on the northern frontier of Britain, Vindolanda is the home of Britain's 'Top Treasure' - the Vindolanda Writing Tablets - and is one Europe's most important Roman archaeological sites, with live excavations taking place every year.
Lying in magnificent countryside next to a sweeping section of Hadrian's Wall and based at the site of Magna Roman Fort, the Roman Army Museum is an authentic and dramatic tribute to Rome's extraordinary military legacy. Step into the life of a Roman soldier and experience life on the front line of Emperor Hadrian's formidable British frontier.
How to find us no matter how you like to travel, make your journey as smooth as possible and enjoy more time with us.
Booking & Visiting FAQs
Have you got questions about what to expect when you arrive or how to book? Take a look at our Frequently Asked Questions page which answers some of our visitors most popular queries.
Information and links to all you need to know about visiting our sites, Roman Vindolanda Fort and Museum and the Roman Army Museum.
Carved stone depicting mystery horseman uncovered.
A beautifully carved sandstone relief which depicts a naked male figure holding a spear stood in front of a horse/donkey has been uncovered during the annual excavations at the Roman fort of Vindolanda near Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland.
2022 Vindolanda Excavation places are now FULLY BOOKED
This is a suggested day planner for your visit to Roman Vindolanda and the Roman Army Museum.
Find out about any opportunities to join the award winning teams at Vindolanda and the Roman Army Musuem.
A beautifully carved sandstone relief which depicts a naked male figure holding a spear stood in front of a horse/donkey has been uncovered during the annual excavations at the Roman fort of Vindolanda near Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland. Read more
Updated: 2nd August, 2021
Full sitemap
Charity No. 1159798 Company No. 9182268
© Copyright 2019 Charity. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ghastly hospital fires
Callous disregard for safety of patients
Posted: Jan 11, 2021 06:16 AM (IST)
Photo for representation only. - PTI file photo
The disregard for safety measures is the spark for the alarming regularity with which blazes break out in our buildings, asphyxiating many and crippling others with burns. The latest victims of this fatal failure, unfortunately, are 10 newborn babies at the special unit of Bhandara General Hospital in Maharashtra. This is the fourth such tragedy to strike in quick succession. August 2020 saw the loss of lives of eight Covid patients as a fire raged through a hospital in Ahmedabad, followed by similar deaths of 10 Covid-infected in a makeshift healthcare facility of Vijayawada. Then, five victims of the novel coronavirus perished in November in a Rajkot clinic.
One can recount many more such gruesome incidents reported over the years. But what is more shameful is the utter failure to improve and regulate the state of affairs despite the ghastly frequency of fire mishaps. Each heartbreaking tragedy leads to a familiar cold pattern: condolence messages of politicos, blame game, investigations, announcement of a meagre compensation for the victims (notwithstanding the fact that treating burn injuries is a long and costly affair) or their kin. Then, as the victims are more or less left to fend for themselves, it is business as usual. With probes and trials going on at a snail's pace, public attention — and pressure — sadly fails to sustain. Outrage erupts again during the next mishap.
With all-round apathy prevailing, most buildings are hazardous tinderboxes. India finds itself accounting for one in every five serious fire accidents of the world, as per the Global Disease Burden Study of 2017. Strict and swift action against those guilty of violating building safety protocols can bring down the toll of the tragic loss of precious lives. All concerned — builders, hospital managements, civic and fire authorities, approvers and auditors — fall in the net of culpability. Efforts to provide a sizeable insurance cover to the vulnerable patients must also be stepped up so that they are given a dignified and fighting chance for justice.


Global Traders, Inc. is an international trading and financing firm that prides itself on unparalleled service and performance. We are committed to providing unbiased advice and prudent strategies for product sourcing, financing and investment. Our services are always tailored to your unique needs. In this competitive world of international trade, Global Traders, Inc. is dedicated to providing our clients with services unsurpassed in sourcing of agricultural products and equipment, construction and mining as well as other capital intensive equipment supplies and delivery. GTI is your partner in your growth process; we were not there when you started, but we will be there to lend a hand when you need it most, and catapult you to your goal. Our reward is satisfied clients!
At Global Traders, Inc., we treat our clients with courtesy and integrity. We guarantee realistic, honest financial and business advice that achieve results. We will lead you on a course to financial freedom. Our years of experience and notable expertise ensure that your financial future and product needs are in good hands.
Our consistent track record of uncompromising ethics instills confidence and trust. We use cutting edge technologies to ensure up to the minute information from the financial and business world. This allows us to respond quickly, and give you the most relevant information and perspective.
Copyright . Global Traders, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
On Main Street, economy edges out Iraq
Some Republicans worry that voter anxiety could hurt them on Election Day.
By Gail Russell Chaddock Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
@RussellChaddock
While Washington is fixing on the prospect of war with Iraq, voters are getting more anxious about the economy – a shift that's worrisome to some GOP candidates in close races.
A new public-opinion poll, released yesterday, shows that the economy and jobs is now the No. 1 issue for voters in the Nov. 6 congressional elections.
The reasons? Exhibit A is the plunging stock market. The Nasdaq market hit a six-year low last week. But other factors are at work. Companies like phone giant SBC Communications continued to lay off workers. And consumer confidence has been ebbing.
Yet, you'd hardly know it by listening to the issue dominating Capitol Hill, where talk has of late been all Iraq, all the time.
Democrats, aware that economic concerns can work in their favor on Election Day, have tried to steer public discourse in the direction of the economy. But, like stubborn compass needle, the White House has managed to pull public attention consistently toward the confrontation with Saddam Hussein.
That appears likely to change as Nov. 5 draws near. Democrats are sure to play up economic issues. And now, some Republican backbenchers are concerned that they not appear to be ignoring key voter concerns.
"We're playing like a football team that had a good first-half lead, and now we're trying to run out the clock and play defense. We're hoping that a focus on the war will take us through the election, and I don't think it will," says Rep. Jim DeMint (R) of South Carolina.
For weeks, members on both sides of the aisle toed their leadership's line on how to deal with the economy. Republicans were to avoid talking about it. GOP political advisers have been telling members to keep the focus on national security and the war, where President Bush, as a popular commander in chief, has an edge.
Meanwhile, Democrats were being advised to avoid a showdown with the president over Iraq and get the discussion back to issues like healthcare and the economy, where Democrats have an advantage, even if it meant toning down doubts on the war.
The Democrats tried. Two weeks ago, Senate majority leader Tom Daschle announced that he would devote the week to refocusing the national debate on the economy. On Sept. 18, he released a 30-page attack on the Bush economic record, which noted the loss of more than 2 millions jobs, a $4.5 trillion plunge in stock market wealth, and an increase of $3.8 trillion to the national debt. It all barely registered in the national news media. At the same time, Mr. Daschle said he would bring up a vote to support use of force in Iraq before the Senate breaks in mid-October. "Otherwise, it will be all Iraq all the time," he said.
But that strategy cracked last week, when leading Democrats from former Vice President Al Gore to liberal icon Ted Kennedy (D) of Massachusetts broke the near-silence and plunged into an attack on the president's strategy on Iraq. Daschle and others also charged that the president was using the war for political gain.
In the weekly Democratic radio address on Saturday, Sen. Robert Torricelli (D) of New Jersey tried to get the party back on message. "The president rightly seeks to marshal our national resolve against the purveyors of hatred and violence who have made America their target," he said. "But shouldn't we be equally as vigilant about attacking the economic challenges we now face?"
In fact, GOP ratings have picked up, since the war talk began in earnest in September. Approval both for President Bush and Republicans in Congress jumped more than 5 points since August, according to a Harris poll last week.
Still, the economy has gained in voter priority in recent months, according to the poll released today by Zogby International. Some 22 percent of likely voters said it would be the most influential issue for them, versus 10 percent for terrorism and safety, 10 percent saying war against Iraq, and 10 percent saying taxes.
A Washington Post/ABC poll released Sunday, found a similar pattern – that 51 percent of Americans rate the economy as the nation's biggest problem, but 47 percent say that terrorism is most pressing.
"Whether or not there is any intention, the focus on national security issues, terrorism, and Iraq is surely helping President Bush and the Republicans. Cynics may attribute this to a deliberate political strategy.... If they are right, it is a successful one," concluded analysts at the Harris Poll in Rochester, N.Y.
The White House insists that Bush is not using war to avoid talking about the economy. "The president in virtually every speech he gives spends a significant part of time talking about the economy," says White House spokeswoman Claire Buchan. Campaigning for GOP candidates in Flagstaff, Ariz., Friday, the president said: "I want you to know that I am constantly thinking about our economy and trying to work with Congress to improve the job base. But my most important job is to protect America...."
But what worries some Republican backbenchers in Congress is that any bounce the administration is getting from the war will not last through the elections, especially if the bad economic news continues. They also worry that the war focus is getting Republicans off the message that brought them to power in the Congress: smaller government and economic growth.
"I feel passionately that Republicans ought to be talking about the
economy and corporate greed," says Rep. Pete Hoekstra, who was one of the architects of the GOP takeover of the House in 1994. He and other conservative Republicans pressed the House leadership on this issue last week.
"Iraq may be enough [to win the November elections], but I think we're much better than just Iraq and the war on terrorism. They are critical issues but they are only part of what would be a whole solid set of reasons why people can support Republican candidates," says Mr. Hoekstra.
Other House Republicans who would not be quoted in this story say that their own leadership has yielded to the White House in focusing on national security. They say that most of the GOP caucus has come to see their job as implementing the White House vision. That could change if Republicans lose the House in the next Congress, some say.
Many Republicans are especially worried about the 401(k) and individual retirement account statements that will land in voter mailboxes just before the November vote. "Two-thirds of likely voters ... tell us they have 401(k)s or IRAs," says pollster John Zogby.
Meanwhile, dissatisfaction in Republican ranks with the president's economic team continues to grow. "We should have people out there every day on the economy, every bit as strongly as [Secretary of Defense Donald] Rumsfeld is on the war," says one GOP House member.
"The White House is betting that nothing is going to break on the economy that will hurt them," says Stan Collender, an economic analyst at Fleishman-Hillard Inc. in Washington. "If I were a Republican in a marginal district, I'd be worried."
US voters would like more focus on the economy, survey shows
GOP voters more enthusiastic about Nov. 4: By how much?
Obama 2012: why weak jobs report is especially painful


text:
0 Cottonwood Ave, Victorville, CA, 92395
Listing Agent: Sam Chung 00997013
Courtesy of: A-Ju Realty
Address: 0 Cottonwood Ave
Neighborhood: Victor Valley
GREAT LOCATION !! Vacant land located on the corner of Cottonwood and Pahute. Across the street from shopping centers, Hilton Garden Inn, and Azusa Pacific University - High Desert Regional Campus. EXCELLENT POTENTIAL.
Listing Agent: Sam Chung 00997013 Courtesy of: A-Ju Realty "All data, including all measurements and calculations of area, is obtained from various sources and has not been, and will not be, verified by broker or MLS. All information should be independently reviewed and verified for accuracy. Properties may or may not be listed by the office/agent presenting the information. IDX information is provided exclusively for personal, non-commercial use, and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. The listing broker's offer of compensation is made only to participants of the MLS where the listing is filed." Updated: 28th January, 2023 12:49 PM (UTC)


text:
Reading: Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Stand...
Data report
Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-Task Procedure
Timothy J. Ricker ,
College of Staten Island, City University of New York, US
Evie Vergauwe
University of Geneva, CH
Working memory performance is impaired when an attention-demanding task is executed during memory retention. The cognitive load effect is the consistent finding that the size of the memory impairment is determined by the relative amount of time that the secondary processing task occupies attention during memory retention. Cognitive load has been proposed to be a Priority-A benchmark any model of working memory should be able to explain (Oberauer et al., 2018), in part because the effect appears to generalize across different experimental procedures and materials. Using a standard dual-task procedure, we detail four experiments using a visual working memory recall task, two requiring memory for low-level features and two requiring memory for canonical angles (up, down, left, right, etc.). In all four experiments, we failed to find a cognitive load effect, calling into question the generality of the cognitive load effect and whether it is driving forgetting in multitasking contexts.
Keywords: working memory, short-term memory, visual memory, multitasking, cognitive load, forgetting
How to Cite: Ricker, T. J., & Vergauwe, E. (2020). Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-Task Procedure. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), 15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Accepted on 23 Jun 2020 Submitted on 17 Apr 2020
The working memory system maintains information in an immediately available state for ongoing cognition. Much recent work has argued that concurrent processing demands of a task, or cognitive load, drive forgetting from working memory (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004; Barrouillet, Bernardin, Portrat, Vergauwe, & Camos, 2007; Barrouillet & Camos, 2015; Barrouillet, Portrat, & Camos, 2011; Bayliss, Bogdanovs, & Jarrold, 2015; Camos, Lagner, & Barrouillet, 2009; Hudjetz & Oberauer, 2007; Liefooghe, Barrouillet, Vandierendonck, & Camos, 2008; Vergauwe, Barrouillet, & Camos, 2010). Cognitive load is a measure of attentional demand that indexes how much maintenance can occur during memory retention. Attention is thought to maintain memory representations in the absence of verbal rehearsal through a process called refreshing (Barrouillet et al., 2004; Camos et al., 2018; Cowan, 1992; Raye, Johnson, Mitchell, Greene, & Johnson, 2007; Vergauwe & Cowan, 2014). When attention is needed for a concurrent task, it is not available for refreshing and, as a result, forgetting occurs.
An important role for cognitive load in working memory
Cognitive load is often defined as the proportion of time attention is occupied by a secondary task during memory retention, which can be increased by, for example, increasing the pace at which a secondary task needs to be performed (Barrouillet et al., 2004; Barrouillet et al., 2007; Barrouillet & Camos, 2015; Barrouillet et al., 2011; Hudjetz & Oberauer, 2007). This conception follows from the assumptions of the Time-Based Resource-Sharing (TBRS) model proposed by Barrouillet et al. (2004) who assumed that unattended working memory representations are forgotten with the passage of time. In order to keep memories from becoming inactive and forgotten, attention must be directed toward each representation, in sequence (i.e., refreshing). Critically, the TBRS model assumes that any secondary task that requires attention will prevent refreshing from occurring at the same time. Higher cognitive loads mean less time is available for memory maintenance and more time for trace decay to occur. Thus, the cognitive load of the secondary task has an inverse relationship to the total number of items that can be maintained in working memory. There are several alternative models of cognitive load effects with somewhat different assumptions, but all of them predict a strong, inverse relationship between cognitive load and the total number of items remembered in dual-task situations (Lemaire & Portrat, 2018; Oberauer & Lewandowsky, 2011; Oberauer, Lewandowsky, Farrell, Jarrold, & Greaves, 2012; Portrat & Lemaire, 2015). Accordingly, the cognitive load effect has been proposed to be a Priority-A benchmark any model of working memory should be able to explain (Oberauer et al., 2018), in part because the effect appears to generalize across different experimental procedures and materials.
The notion that forgetting is always entirely determined by cognitive load was, however, questioned by Ricker and Cowan (2010) and Vergauwe, Camos, and Barrouillet (2014) who raised the possibility that memory representations of detailed sensory features cannot be maintained by attention-based mechanisms and, therefore, are forgotten gradually across the absolute length of a retention interval. This previous work suggests that a pre-existing conceptual representation may be necessary for attention-based refreshing to function. Critically, under this assumption, one must predict that memory materials predominantly composed of low-level perceptual features do not show cognitive load effects. In the experiments that follow, we tested the prediction that memory items predominantly composed of low-level perceptual features will not show a cognitive load effect, whereas memory items predominantly composed of conceptual representations will show a cognitive load effect.
Experiment 1
In our first experiment we test the prediction that materials predominantly composed of low-level sensory features lacking a conceptual long-term memory representation do not produce cognitive load effects. If attention cannot be used to maintain such representations, then memory performance for these stimuli should not suffer from increased cognitive load of the secondary task.
One-hundred and six students (67 female, ages 18–41)1 from universities in the United States participated in the experiment in exchange for partial course credit. Ten participants were excluded from the analysis because they did not complete the experiment.
In cognitive load experiments, the failure to observe a cognitive load effect could be due to the secondary task not inducing a load or because participants fail to perform the secondary task. In order to ensure that the secondary task was performed diligently, we only include trials with perfect secondary task accuracy in our analysis. This resulted in five participants without any data for analysis in one or more experimental conditions who were removed from the analyses reported in the results section (see Table 1 for results with alternative filtering). The inferential results reported in the text are reported in column 3 of Table 1 (in bold font) for all experiments. This left forty-three participants included in the analysis of Experiment 1a and forty-eight participants included in the analysis of Experiment 1b.
Performance Metrics across Experiments and Inclusion Criteria.
Participant Inclusion Criteria
.8 secondary task accuracy or better
Must have a high accuracy* trial in all conditions
All participants that completed the study
Trial Inclusion Criteria
High accuracy* trials only
Experiment 1a (continuous memoranda + tone task)
Participant N 38 38 43 44
Effect Size (d) 0.11 0.42 0.07 0.46
Bayes Factor (H10) 0.33 0.80 0.12 3.94
Experiment 1b (continuous memoranda + parity task)
Experiment 2a (canonical memoranda + tone task)
Experiment 2b (canonical memoranda + parity task)
Bayes Factor (H10) 0.24 0.70 0.29 14.82
Note: Effect sizes and Bayes factors pertain to the effect of Cognitive Load.
* A high accuracy trial is one with perfect performance on the secondary task.
The memory items were rings with a dot placed randomly along the outer circumference (Figure 1). The location of the dot on the edge of the circle was determined randomly on each trial, ranging anywhere within 90 degrees to the left or right of the top of the circle (Experiment 1a) or across the entire range of the circle (Experiment 1b). Each stimulus had the following properties in Experiments 1a & 1b respectively: ring diameter 2.5/2.3 cm, dot diameter 0.4/0.3 cm, ring center located at one of eight locations 4.5/4.2 cm from the center of the screen. The 8 locations were the location directly above the center of the screen and the 7 remaining locations that resulted from 45 degrees steps around a circle.
An example of a single experimental trial in Experiment 1.
The response probe consisted of presentation of the memory stimulus ring in its original color, size, and location but with the dot located in the center of the ring. Participants were instructed to move the dot to the location in which they saw it during study.
In Experiment 1a participants heard a series of tones during our secondary task. Each individual tone was presented for 250 ms at a high (523.252 Hz) or low (130.813 Hz) pitch. In Experiment 1b participants saw a series of numbers during the secondary task. The numbers ranged from 1 to 8 and were presented visually at the center of the screen in 30-point font. Each number was presented until a response was made or until the next stimulus was presented. Two different secondary tasks were used to assess the robustness of our findings. See the design section for the presentation schedule in each cognitive load condition.
We used a within-subjects design in which all non-fixed variables, such as item location, the angle of the dot location, and the cognitive load, were determined randomly with an equal probability on each trial. There were 3 possible levels of cognitive load, our variable of interest, resulting in a one-factor design with 3 levels. In Experiment 1a, one two-choice tone judgement was to be performed every 3 seconds, every 1.5 seconds, or every second, for the low, medium, and high load conditions respectively. The retention interval was always 6s. Experiment 1b used an identical design, except that the two-alternative choice task was a parity judgement of a presented number instead of a tone judgment task. There were 8 practice trials in Experiment 1a and 12 practice trials in Experiment 1b, followed by either 4 or 5 blocks of 30 experimental trials in both experiments.
Except for the nature of the secondary task, all aspects of the procedure were identical between Experiments 1a and 1b, see Figure 1 for a single experimental trial. Participants pressed the space bar to begin each trial, which began with a white fixation cross presented at the center of a black screen for 500 ms. Next came item presentation, with each item being presented one at a time and followed by a post-perceptual mask and a consolidation period before presentation of the next item or, in the case of the final item, before the retention interval began. Each item was displayed for 400 ms, followed by a post-perceptual mask displayed for 200 ms. The mask was presented at the same location as the memory item and consisted of 8 circles, each slightly displaced from the location of item presentation and eight dots randomly placed in the region of item presentation. Next, there was a 200 ms blank screen during which only the fixation cross was presented.
After all three memory items were presented the 6s retention interval began. The first stimulus in the secondary cognitive-load task was presented at the time of retention interval onset. In Experiment 1a participants heard a series of tones and it was the participant's task to push the down arrow key if the tone was low pitched or the up-arrow key if the tone was high pitched. In Experiment 1b participants saw a series of numbers presented in the center of the screen. It was the participant's task to push the 'a' key if the number was odd or the 's' key if the number was even. The level of cognitive load for the current trial determined the rate and number of secondary-task stimulus.
After the retention interval, memory for each of the three items was tested in the order of item presentation. For each item, a probe ring was presented in the location of the original memory item with a dot in its center. Participants were to move the dot to the original location of the memory item. Feedback was given for all three memory items simultaneously by displaying the correct location of each dot and the participant's entered response. Sound feedback was also given during this period. In Experiment 1a, if the average error on the present trial was less than 12 degrees, an increasing-frequency happy sound sequence was played. If average error was between 12 and 40 degrees a slightly increasing frequency neutral sound sequence was played. If the average error was greater than 40 degrees, a decreasing frequency sad sound sequence was played. In Experiment 1b, the feedback tone thresholds were shifted to 20 and 60 degrees respectively to account for the larger stimulus presentation space when using the entire circle.
Visual examination of Figure 2 shows no effect of Cognitive Load on mean response error in Experiment 1a or 1b. Mean error was overall larger in Experiment 1b than in 1a, which was to be expected given that the stimulus space was larger in Experiment 1b (see the materials section for stimulus details). Repeated-Measures ANOVAs of mean response error as a function of Cognitive Load confirms the lack of a cognitive load effect in Experiment 1a, F(2,84) = 1.16, dz = 0.07, Bayes factor = 8.62 in favor of the null (means: 0.33 = 25, 0.67 = 24, 1.00 = 25), and in Experiment 1b, F(2,94) = 0.82, dz = 0.12, Bayes factor = 12.83 in favor of the null (means: 0.33 = 50, 0.67 = 50, 1.00 = 52). The Bayes factors were calculated following the method described by (Rouder, Morey, Speckman, & Province, 2012) using the BayesFactor package for R (Morey & Rouder, 2015) with the standard deviation of the effect size set to (√2)/2.
Mean response error in degrees of angle by cognitive load condition (number of digits/6s retention interval) observed in Experiment 1a (continuous memoranda + tone task; panel a) and Experiment 1b (continuous memoranda + parity task; panel b) Error bars represent standard error of the mean. The blue line shows the linear regression of mean response error on cognitive load. Note that the y-axis is compressed in panel a. relative to panel b. due to Experiment 1a having one half the total stimulus range compared to Experiment 1b.
Experiments 1a and 1b give clear evidence against an effect of cognitive load on memory performance when remembering materials that are predominantly composed of continuous low-level perceptual features. As can be seen in Table 1, using other types of data filtering to assess the robustness of our findings show that some modest evidence for an effect of cognitive load can be found, but only when no filtering was applied to the data, which has, to our knowledge, never been done. Cognitive load studies typically exclude participants and/or trials with poor secondary-task performance. Note that we have used cognitive load manipulations that correspond to three different pace levels that have frequently been used in previous cognitive load studies (e.g., Barrouillet et al., 2007; Vergauwe et al., 2010; Vergauwe, Hartstra, Barrouillet, & Brass, 2015).
In Experiment 2 we explore the same set of cognitive load conditions as in Experiment 1, but with canonical memory stimuli instead of the continuous memory stimuli. Experiments 2a and 2b are the same as Experiments 1a and 1b, except that the location of the dots on the rings could now only appear at the four cardinal directions, up, down, left, right, and the 4 locations that lie halfway between these locations (see Figure 3 for an example). In Experiment 2b we also marked the possible presentation locations of the categorical items of the probe during memory recall. We expected to find a cognitive load effect for these memoranda, given that all past research indicates that this should be the case with categorical memoranda (Barrouillet et al., 2004; Barrouillet et al., 2007; Barrouillet & Camos, 2015; Barrouillet et al., 2011; Bayliss et al., 2015; Camos et al., 2009; Hudjetz & Oberauer, 2007; Liefooghe et al., 2008; Vergauwe et al., 2010).
An example of a response probe in Experiment 2b. The black dots show the eight possible dot locations for canonical memory items. Each memory item only contained a single dot.
Ninety students (53 female, ages 18–43) from the College of Staten Island participated in exchange for partial course credit. Seven participants were excluded from the analysis because they did not complete the experiment. After filtering out trials that did not show perfect secondary task performance, twenty-four participants did not have any data in one or more experimental conditions, leading to their exclusion from the sample. This left twenty-two participants included in the analysis of Experiment 2a and thirty-seven participants included in the analysis of Experiment 2b.
All materials were the same as in Experiment 1b, with the following exceptions. In Experiment 2 all memory stimuli were canonical locations on the ring, with the dot located at the top of the ring or one of the 7 other locations resulting from moving 45 degrees around the edge of the ring (see Figure 3). In Experiment 2b the memory-probe ring also marked all possible presentation locations with a white circle at each of the 8 locations. The secondary task stimuli in Experiments 2a and 2b were the same as those in Experiments 1a and 1b, respectively.
All aspects of the design were the same as in Experiment 1, except that Experiments 2a and 2b had 4 blocks of 30 experimental trials.
Except for the canonical nature of the memory stimuli in Experiment 2, all aspects of the procedure were the same in Experiment 2 as in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2b the canonical nature of the stimuli was repeatedly stressed in the instructions and practice sections of the experiment. Response markers were also placed on the response probe to mark the possible stimulus locations in Experiment 2b.
Visual examination of Figure 4a shows no effect of Cognitive Load on mean response error in Experiment 2a and the slightest hint of an effect in Experiment 2b. Repeated-Measures ANOVA of mean response error as a function of Cognitive Load confirms this lack of an effect for Experiment 2a, F(2,42) = 0.001, dz = 0.01, Bayes factor = 13.68 in favor of the null (means: 0.33 = 47, 0.67 = 47, 1.00 = 47), and indicate no effect in Experiment 2b, F(2,72) = 2.12, dz = 0.24, Bayes factor = 3.42 in favor of the null (means: 0.33 = 40, 0.67 = 40, 1.00 = 44).
Mean response error in degrees of angle by cognitive load condition (number of digits/6s retention interval) observed in Experiment 2a (canonical memoranda + tone task; panel a) and experiment 2b (canonical memoranda + parity task; panel b) Error bars represent standard error of the mean. The blue lines show the linear regression of mean response error on cognitive load.
The results of Experiment 2 demonstrate no effect of cognitive load on the recall of canonical visual memory items. As can be seen in Table 1, when no filtering whatsoever was applied to the data, there was still evidence against an effect of Cognitive load in Experiment 2a, whereas there was evidence for an effect of Cognitive load in Experiment 2b.
We hypothesized that low-level features cannot be maintained using directed attention, whereas conceptual representations can. Therefore, we predicted no cognitive load effect for low-level features used in Experiment 1, whereas we did expect a cognitive load effect for conceptual memory materials used in Experiment 2. Despite the contrast in memory materials between the two experiments, the results were highly similar; neither experiment produced an effect of cognitive load. This is a novel finding. More research will be needed to explore why we have failed to find an effect of cognitive load in our two experiments despite consistent findings in favor of similar cognitive load effects for visuo-spatial memoranda in the published literature (e.g., Barrouillet, De Paepe, & Langerock, 2012; Langerock, Vergauwe, & Barrouillet, 2014; Vergauwe, Barrouillet, & Camos, 2009; Vergauwe et al., 2010; Vergauwe, Dewaele, Langerock, & Barrouillet, 2012; Vergauwe et al., 2015). Below, we speculate on four potential reasons.
First, one clear difference between our experiments and most of the previous work examining cognitive load effects is our use of a Brown-Peterson task. In the Brown-Peterson task all of the memory items are presented before a single retention interval, during which a series of secondary task executions is required (Brown, 1958; Jarrold, Tam, Baddeley, & Harvey, 2011; Lucidi et al., 2016; Neath, VanWormer, Bireta, & Surprenant, 2014; Peterson & Peterson, 1959). Past work on cognitive load effects is largely, though not uniquely, built on the complex-span task (Barrouillet et al., 2004; Barrouillet et al., 2007; Oberauer et al., 2012; Vergauwe et al., 2009, 2010). In this latter task there is a retention interval after each memory item, with a series of secondary task executions during each retention interval. From existing theoretical perspectives there is no reason that cognitive load effects should require multiple individual retention intervals after each item, but perhaps something about multiple retention intervals contributes to cognitive load effects.
Second, the presentation duration may have played a role in our failure to observe a cognitive load effect by allowing considerable time for working memory consolidation. Working memory consolidation is the process by which a fragile sensory memory trace is stabilized into working memory and made resistant to forgetting (Chun & Potter, 1995; Jolicœur & Dell'Acqua, 1998; Ricker, 2015; Ricker & Cowan, 2014). De Schrijver and Barrouillet (2017) systematically varied a period of free time between item presentation and secondary task onset during which attention could be used to focus on the memory item for consolidation. When this consolidation period was longer, they observed smaller cognitive load effects on memory performance. Perhaps the present failure to observe a cognitive load effect stems from allowing relatively long consolidation times for our memory items.
Third, the finding could be specific to the stimuli used in our study. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use an angle reproduction task to explore cognitive load effects. Fourth, perhaps some combination of these previous explanations is responsible for our failure to observe cognitive load effects.
To conclude, the current findings are surprising and in contradiction with a large amount of past research showing the ubiquitous nature of cognitive load effects (Barrouillet et al., 2004; Barrouillet et al., 2007; Barrouillet et al., 2011; Bayliss et al., 2015; Hudjetz & Oberauer, 2007; Oberauer et al., 2018; Vergauwe et al., 2009, 2010). While more research is needed to understand the key factor in determining the presence vs. absence of cognitive load effects, our results show that there are clear unexpected boundary conditions to the effect.
All data reported in this work are available on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/w9mv6/.
1Six of the participants in Experiment 1a did not complete the experiment and the program failed to record their demographic data as a result. The gender and age breakdowns omit these participants. Only participants that completed the full experiment are included in the data analysis.
Ethics and Consent
The reported work was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Experiment 1a was approve by the University of Missouri Institutional Review Board, study #1168779. Experiments 1b, 2a, and 2b were approved by the City University of New York – University Integrated Institutional Review Board, study #2015-1156. All participants gave informed consent prior to participation in the study.
Thanks to Aileen Sammartano, Johna Palladino, and Cinthya Ramirez for their help with data collection.
This work was completed, in part, with support from Swiss National Science Foundation Grants PZ00P1-154911 and PCEFP1_181141 to Evie Vergauwe.
Both authors jointly contributed to the conceptualization, design, interpretation, and write up of the reported studies. The data was collected in T.R.'s laboratory and analyzed by T.R.
Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., & Camos, V. (2004). Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 83–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83
Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., Portrat, S., Vergauwe, E., & Camos, V. (2007). Time and cognitive load in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(3), 570–585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.570
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2015). Working Memory: Loss and Reconstruction. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315755854
Barrouillet, P., De Paepe, A., & Langerock, N. (2012). Time causes forgetting from working memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 19(1), 87–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0192-8
Barrouillet, P., Portrat, S., & Camos, V. (2011). On the law relating processing to storage in working memory. Psychological review, 118(2), 175–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022324
Bayliss, D. M., Bogdanovs, J., & Jarrold, C. (2015). Consolidating working memory: Distinguishing the effects of consolidation, rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a working memory span task. Journal of Memory and Language, 81, 34–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.12.004
Brown, J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 10(1), 12–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470215808416249
Camos, V., Johnson, M., Loaiza, V., Portrat, S., Souza, A., & Vergauwe, E. (2018). What is attentional refreshing in working memory? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 19–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13616
Camos, V., Lagner, P., & Barrouillet, P. (2009). Two maintenance mechanisms of verbal information in working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 61(3), 457–469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2009.06.002
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(1), 109–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.109
Cowan, N. (1992). Verbal memory span and the timing of spoken recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(5), 668–684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90034-U
De Schrijver, S., & Barrouillet, P. (2017). Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 24(5), 1651–1657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1226-7
Hudjetz, A., & Oberauer, K. (2007). The effects of processing time and processing rate on forgetting in working memory: Testing four models of the complex span paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 35(7), 1675–1684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193501
Jarrold, C., Tam, H., Baddeley, A. D., & Harvey, C. E. (2011). How does processing affect storage in working memory tasks? Evidence for both domain-general and domain-specific effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(3), 688–705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022527
Jolicœur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive psychology, 36(2), 138–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1998.0684
Langerock, N., Vergauwe, E., & Barrouillet, P. (2014). The maintenance of cross-domain associations in the episodic buffer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(4), 1096–1109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035783
Lemaire, B., & Portrat, S. (2018). A Computational Model of Working Memory Integrating Time-Based Decay and Interference. Frontiers in psychology, 9(416). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00416
Liefooghe, B., Barrouillet, P., Vandierendonck, A., & Camos, V. (2008). Working memory costs of task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 478–494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.478
Lucidi, A., Langerock, N., Hoareau, V., Lemaire, B., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2016). Working memory still needs verbal rehearsal. Memory & Cognition, 44(2), 197–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0561-z
Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2015). BayesFactor (Version 0.9.10-2) [Computer Software].
Neath, I., VanWormer, L. A., Bireta, T. J., & Surprenant, A. M. (2014). From Brown-Peterson to continual distractor via operation span: A SIMPLE account of complex span. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 68(3), 204–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000018
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2011). Modeling working memory: a computational implementation of the Time-Based Resource-Sharing theory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 18, 10–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0020-6
Oberauer, K., Lewandowsky, S., Awh, E., Brown, G. D. A., Conway, A., Cowan, N., … Ward, G. (2018). Benchmarks for models of short-term and working memory. Psychological bulletin, 144(9), 885–958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000153
Oberauer, K., Lewandowsky, S., Farrell, S., Jarrold, C., & Greaves, M. (2012). Modeling working memory: An interference model of complex span. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 19(5), 779–819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0272-4
Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of experimental psychology, 58(3), 193–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0049234
Portrat, S., & Lemaire, B. (2015). Is Attentional Refreshing in Working Memory Sequential? A Computational Modeling Approach. Cognitive Computation, 7(3), 333–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-014-9294-8
Raye, C. L., Johnson, M. K., Mitchell, K. J., Greene, E. J., & Johnson, M. R. (2007). Refreshing: A minimal executive function. Cortex, 43(1), 135–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70451-9
Ricker, T. J. (2015). The role of short-term consolidation in memory persistence. AIMS Neuroscience, 2, 259–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2015.4.259
Ricker, T. J., & Cowan, N. (2010). Loss of visual working memory within seconds: The combined use of refreshable and non-refreshable features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(6), 1355–1368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020356
Ricker, T. J., & Cowan, N. (2014). Differences between presentation methods in working memory procedures: A matter of working memory consolidation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(2), 417–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034301
Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., Speckman, P. L., & Province, J. M. (2012). Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56(5), 356–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001
Vergauwe, E., Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2009). Visual and spatial working memory are not that dissociated after all: A time-based resource-sharing account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(4), 1012–1028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015859
Vergauwe, E., Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2010). Do mental processes share a domain-general resource? Psychological science, 21(3), 384–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610361340
Vergauwe, E., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2014). The impact of storage on processing: How is information maintained in working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(4), 1072–1095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035779
Vergauwe, E., & Cowan, N. (2014). A common short-term memory retrieval rate may describe many cognitive procedures. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00126
Vergauwe, E., Dewaele, N., Langerock, N., & Barrouillet, P. (2012). Evidence for a central pool of general resources in working memory. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 359–366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.640625
Vergauwe, E., Hartstra, E., Barrouillet, P., & Brass, M. (2015). Domain-general involvement of the posterior frontolateral cortex in time-based resource-sharing in working memory: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 115, 104–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.059
Ricker, T.J. and Vergauwe, E., 2020. Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-Task Procedure. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), p.15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker TJ, Vergauwe E. Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-Task Procedure. Journal of Cognition. 2020;3(1):15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker, T. J., & Vergauwe, E. (2020). Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-Task Procedure. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), 15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker TJ and Vergauwe E, 'Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-task Procedure' (2020) 3 Journal of Cognition 15 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker, Timothy J., and Evie Vergauwe. 2020. "Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-task Procedure". Journal of Cognition 3 (1): 15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker, Timothy J., and Evie Vergauwe. "Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-task Procedure". Journal of Cognition 3, no. 1 (2020): 15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108
Ricker, T. J.and E. Vergauwe. "Consistent Failure to Produce a Cognitive Load Effect in Visual Working Memory Using a Standard Dual-task Procedure". Journal of Cognition, vol. 3, no. 1, 2020, p. 15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.108


There are simple steps you can take to avoid lizard, flaky and rough skin patches on your body.
your skin is in need of an extra boost.
Terme di Saturnia is a range of prestigious thermal professional skin care crafted from the therapeutic waters of Saturnia, Italy. These waters have been celebrated for more than 3000 years for their natural power to heal and beautify the skin.
The Saturnia thermal Springs are the inspiration for the Terme di Saturnia Resort & Spa, a leading hotel of the world whose spa receives multiple awards: best destination spa, best medical spa, best Italian resort, best mineral Spring spa and more.
Every Terme di Saturnia formula features BIOGLEA™, a unique thermal plankton extracted from the mineral springs with exceptional nourishing, moisturizing and exfoliating properties. This exclusive extract is coupled with the latest cosmetic breakthroughs for ultimate performance.


text:
Biografia
Formatasi nelle giovanili del , emigrò a Ferrara nel 2019 dopo la chiusura della sezione femminile del suo club di provenienza e, un anno più tardi, fu a Padova al  in pieno stop delle attività agonistiche di club per via della pandemia di COVID-19.

Esordì in campionato nel 2021 e fece parte della squadra laureatasi campione d'Italia a fine stagione.

Aggregata alla nazionale maggiore già in occasione del Sei Nazioni, debuttò a Nizza a settembre 2022 in un test match di preparazione alla  perso 0-21 contro la , e fu in campo anche nel secondo incontro con lo stesso avversario, a Biella una settimana dopo, vinto 26-19.
Successivamente è stata inclusa nella rosa selezionata per prendere parte alla competizione mondiale.

Palmarès

 Valsugana: 2021-22

Note

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
is a 1998 Japanese simulation role playing game. It was developed by TNS Co., Ltd. and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn. It was never released outside of Japan.

Gameplay

Wachenröder is a simulation role playing game. Most of the game is presented in an isometric perspective, similar to the genrelike games Shining Force, Vandal Hearts, Front Mission or Final Fantasy Tactics, and consists of several turn-based fights separated by cutscenes. Some cutscenes are preceded by the playable character Bellebete narrating the story.

The stages consist of 3D maps, which can be turned in all directions, as well as zoomed in to get a closer look at the gameplay.

Combat in the game consists of turn based battles.

The story advances through use of pre-rendered computer generated movies.

Plot
Many tactical role playing games were set in medieval settings, while Wachenröder is instead set in the Victorian era. The setting has been described as "steampunk".

The story takes place in a dark future on the island Edward, which is ruled by the noble and magnanimous King Wizar (who is imprisoned by the evil prime minister Vlad at the time which the game begins). In this alternate history, steam power is very sophisticated and the people hold it dear: vehicles, gadgetry or weapons are driven by vapor in place of electricity. This links Wachenröder, based on its contents and its overall design, to the steampunk genre.

Since the building of several wastewater treatment plants for the rich upper class, the citizens of Edoalds suffer more and more from diseases caused by hazardous waste and contaminated drinking water.

The gamer assumes the role of Lucian Taylor, who is in search of Imperator Duran, to avenge the illness-caused death of his younger sister, which he holds him responsible for.

Development
Many of the game's artists were recruited from the anime industry. Anime and manga artist Range Murata was an artist for the game. Artist Takeyuki Takeya worked on Iria: Zeiram The Animation. Katsumi Yokota worked on character designs for the game. He also worked on Panzer Dragoon Saga, and Front Mission Alternative.

The game was previewed at the 1998 Tokyo Game Show.

The game was developed at a time when there was growing interest in the simulation RPG genre for four years in Japan.

Musician Ian McDonald (a member of Foreigner and King Crimson), contributed two tracks to the game's musical score. This is part of a larger trend in the late 1990s, where established musicians compose music for video games. Other examples Stewart Copeland composing the music for the Spyro the Dragon games, and Ronnie Montrose composing the music for Mr. Bones.

The Wiener Werkstätte logo is printed on the game's cover, the CD-ROM, and used in the actual game itself.

Release
The game was released in Japan on August 6, 1998 for the Sega Saturn, and published by Sega. The game received a television commercial featuring the character Segata Sanshiro.

The little artbook that comes packed with the game, begins with a longer German text that tells the background story in lyric poetry.

The game's soundtrack, Wachenröder Original Game Soundtrack, was published by Marvelous Entertainment.

The game received previews in various magazines in Europe and North America, however it was never released outside of Japan.

Reception

Weekly Famitsu gave the game a score of 29 out of 40. Reviewers compared the presentation and graphics to Final Fantasy Tactics.

The German magazine Video Games praised the quality of the use of the German that exists in the game.

Three reviewers for the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine gave the game scores of 7, 6, and 8 respectively.

Gamers' Republic gave the game a B−, while praising the artwork and music, but were highly critical of the gameplay and graphics. The reviewer instead recommended Shining Force III: Scenario 2 as a better import title to play. In a separate review for the game's soundtrack, Gamers' Republic gave the score a B and recommended the music for fans of rpg music.

In 2001, IGN writer David Smith listed the game as the second most wished game he would like to see ported to the PlayStation. He praised the artwork of the game saying "the character design and world art have a wonderfully grim, clammy, sepia-toned neo-Victorian sort of quality to them."

Notes

References

1998 in video gaming
Tactical role-playing video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Sega Saturn games
Sega Saturn-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Satoshi Miyashita
Video games scored by Takayuki Negishi
Single-player video games


Sally RideWIKIMEDIA, NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATIONThroughout history, women have achieved tremendous accomplishments in the traditionally male-dominated fields of science, technology, engineering, and math—commonly referred to as the STEM fields. We have worked on the Manhattan Project, contributed to human understanding of DNA, discovered radium, and helped design and build the Golden Gate Bridge, just to name a few accomplishments. In addition to mastering difficult subjects and techniques of experimentation, as women, we also had to overcome the bias against our participation in the STEM disciplines, which have limited our opportunities. Although these obstacles are less overt today, bias still remains.
It wasn't long ago that women were denied the opportunities we are today able to enjoy in science and the other STEM fields. In fact, up through the 1960s, it was common to see job listings for positions like engineers or college science professors that read, "Women need not apply." Certain professions were viewed as "manly" and therefore not suitable for women. Forget about women's intellectual curiosity; forget about our intelligence, drive, talent, or creativity. We were simply barred from entry.
Before women were widely accepted into higher education, men pursued degrees in, and predominantly held the jobs that required those degrees. Working toward gender equality in higher education opened the doors for women to get an education, but not a job. The educational acts of the 1970s were really just the beginning of the bigger push to give women equal opportunities in the workforce. Progress takes time.
Thankfully, we don't see the same degree of blatant gender discrimination today, but we're far from a place of gender balance or equality in the sciences or the STEM fields, which remain male-dominated. My belief is that there is no legitimate excuse for anyone, male or female, to not be allowed to follow his or her passions in life because of gender. With the right support especially early on, girls can thrive in science and STEM.
Accomplished leaders, such as the recently departed Sally Ride, have made huge strides for women in the science fields. In 1983, Ride was the first United States woman in space. It was her space shuttle mission that showed women that they could break barriers and enter science-related fields. She opened doors for more young girls to pursue STEM with confidence and really helped unlock the brilliance of a generation of women.
Another female high achiever in a STEM field is Lisa Jackson. She was appointed by President Barack Obama as the current head of the Environmental Protection Agency. This amazing woman earned a masters degree in chemical engineering and is the proud mother of two. Her science-based focus, priorities and accomplishments as an administrator serve as inspiration to women in the science fields that they too can change the world. These women have inspired countless others by their example.
These days, more and more women have elected to pursue a career as well as nurture a strong family life. Women who choose to follow careers in STEM disciplines face unique and frustrating challenges. Even after we establish ourselves in our careers, we continue to encounter potential career-ending traps. Women in STEM careers have higher attrition rates than do their male counterparts—especially within the first ten years on the job—we also have higher attrition rates than women in other careers. The general belief that men outperform women in math and science fields is one of the reasons for the high attrition rate. Other reasons include cognitive gender differences, a woman's lack of interest in the STEM fields, work-life balance issues, and bias—all important factors to acknowledge and correct. If we want to attract the best and brightest minds into the fields that will move us forward, we can no longer look to only half of the population.
Many of us who opt to follow careers in math and science know that bias continues well after we complete our schooling. By maintaining certain fields as male-dominated, we are also allowing the culture within those fields to be established and maintained by men. Therefore, the males in math- and science-related institutions and workplaces will continue to foster cultures that only meet the needs of men. These male-oriented cultures are not inviting to women, and as a result, they deter young women—even those with exceptional abilities—from choosing fields in math and science. Because of lingering gender stereotypes in the workplace, there still tend to be preconceived notions that women cannot handle leadership roles within STEM disciplines as well as men.
According to the US Census Bureau, in 2009 among adults twenty-five and older, 29 percent of women had at least a bachelor's degree compared with 30 percent of men. Yet, women typically earn 20 percent less than their male counterparts in the STEM fields. Also, women only make up approximately 10 percent of the population in the engineering fields. The system is broken and needs to be fixed.
The fix starts with exposure to the STEM fields at a young age. Young adults are inquisitive and may end up in STEM fields for a variety of reasons, and early exposure to these fields would result in more informed and more precise decisions when selecting a college or university and a particular course of study. More than that, it would help young women understand that their gender shouldn't determine the career path they choose and that pursuing a STEM career doesn't make them any less feminine.
Once in a STEM career, women and men can act as mentors. The significance of mentorship is undeniably important if we are to bring more women into STEM. Women need strong, professional, and positive influences, so share your expertise, experience, and guidance. An optimistic and confident mentor can have a huge impact on someone's life.
Karen Purcell, P.E., is the founder and president of PK Electrical, an electrical engineering, design, and consulting firm in Reno, Nevada. She is the author of Unlocking Your Brilliance: Smart Strategies for Women to Thrive in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math.


text:
Manuals/guides (4)
Resource kits (2)
Data/statistics (1)
Evaluation reports (1)
Issue papers (1)
Ending violence against women and girls (5)
Anti-violence interventions (4)
Domestic violence/interpersonal violence (3)
Sexual and reproductive health and rights (2)
Access to justice and legal protection (1)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1)
Crisis response and recovery (1)
Financing for gender equality (1)
Gender data production and collection (1)
Governance and national planning (1)
Harmful practices (1)
Health care services (1)
Indigenous women (1)
Primary prevention (1)
Rape/sexual assault (1)
Schooling (1)
Sex-disaggregated data (1)
Trafficking/sexual exploitation (1)
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (-) (12)
Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (1)
Beyond vulnerability to gender equality and women's empowerment and leadership in disaster risk reduction: Critical actions for the United Nations system
Date: Tuesday, 23 November 2021
This report asks what needs to change in the approach of the United Nations system as a whole to make significant practical progress on gender equality in disaster risk reduction by 2030. It asks how the United Nations system, and each individual entity, can better support Member States to empower women and promote women's leadership in disaster and climate risk governance to underpin risk-informed sustainable development that leaves no one behind.
The journey towards comprehensive sexuality education: Global status report
Date: Monday, 1 November 2021
Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is central to children and young people's health and well-being, equipping them with the knowledge and skills they need to make healthy, informed, and responsible choices in their lives, including to prevent HIV and promote gender equality. This global status review of the CSE provides an analysis of countries' progress towards delivering good quality school-based CSE to all learners and maps some forward-looking recommendations to countries.
Guidance note and checklist for tackling gender-related barriers to equitable COVID-19 vaccine deployment
Date: Monday, 1 March 2021
The Gender Equality Working Group of the Sustainable Development Goal 3 Global Action Plan on Healthy Living and Well-being for All, chaired by UN Women, along with the Gender and Health Hub at the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, developed a guidance note and a checklist of key actions to respond to gender-related barriers to vaccine access for countries to prioritize in COVID-19 national deployment and vaccination plans.
Decision tree: Data collection on violence against women and COVID-19
Date: Wednesday, 1 July 2020
This decision tree guides data collectors through the various considerations, viable options, and alternative data sources for obtaining information without jeopardizing participants' safety or the data's integrity. In doing so, it aims to identify data sources and methodologies that are useful for strengthening services and referral pathways for women experiencing violence during COVID-19.
Funding for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in humanitarian programming
Date: Monday, 8 June 2020
This study ascertains the levels of existing funding flows to gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls, and the impact of shortfalls on global humanitarian outcomes.
COVID-19 and essential services provision for survivors of violence against women and girls
Date: Tuesday, 28 April 2020
This brief explores the implications for the provision of essential services for women and girls who have experienced violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides recommendations for governments, civil society, and international organizations that are seeking to improve the quality of and access to coordinated health, police and justice, and social services for all women and girls during the crisis and provides examples of promising practices to date.
Indigenous women's maternal health and maternal mortality
Date: Sunday, 1 April 2018
UNFPA, UNICEF, and UN Women have developed a fact sheet to highlight the discrimination that indigenous women and adolescent girls face in their efforts to access reproductive health care in many parts of the world. The experiences of indigenous women often lead to health risks and mortality rates that can be more than three times higher than those experienced by non-indigenous women.
International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach
Date: Wednesday, 10 January 2018
UNESCO, in collaboration with UN Women, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO, published an updated guidance which promotes health and well-being, respect for human rights and gender equality and the empowerment of children and young people to lead healthy, safe and productive lives.
Female genital mutilation/cutting and violence against women and girls: Strengthening the policy linkages between different forms of violence
Date: Tuesday, 7 February 2017
This policy note explores policy and programming interlinkages between different forms of violence and considers entry points in the areas of (i) national legislation, (ii) prevention strategies, (iii) response for survivors, and (iv) data and evidence, for increased coordination and collaboration to advance the objectives of ending both female genital mutilation/cutting and other forms of violence against women and girls, in particular intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence.
Essential services package for women and girls subject to violence
Date: Monday, 7 December 2015
The Essential services package forms part of the United Nations Joint Global Programme on Essential Services for Women and Girls Subject to Violence. This programme is a partnership by UN Women, UNFPA, WHO, UNDP and UNODC which aims to provide greater access to a coordinated set of essential and quality multi-sectoral services for all women and girls who have experienced gender-based violence. This programme is supported by the Governments of Australia and Spain.
A framework to underpin action to prevent violence against women
Date: Wednesday, 25 November 2015
Prevention cannot be a short-term effort, but rather an endeavour that requires ongoing commitment from governments and other stakeholders, increased research to inform and monitor progress, and persistent action that addresses violence against women at its source. The joint UN framework draws together contemporary knowledge and practice in violence prevention. Its focus is on addressing the root causes as well as risk and protective factors associated with violence against women.
Joint evaluation of joint programmes on gender equality in the United Nations system
In 2012–2013, UN Women, UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA and the MDG-Fund, in partnership with the Governments of Norway and Spain, undertook a corporate joint evaluation of joint programmes on gender equality in the United Nations system to address a gap in evidence on country-level joint gender programmes (JGPs).


You'll have more meatballs than this- i just forgot to take a picture until they were already snacked on.
We don't really eat a lot of meat around here in the Recipe Box kitchen- partly because it just doesn't occur to me to cook it all that often and partly because meat in Scotland is loads more expensive than vegetables and grains, and since I don't mind a lack of meat and I'm the one who does most of the meal planning and cooking, here we are. And when we have a party? The only meat I usually bother with is charcuterie.
When it comes to ground beef, I probably only eat it four times a year when it's chili season or I'm somewhere with top-notch beef tartare (fun fact: I was a vegetarian for five years, and didn't eat ground beef for probably another three after that). Even as a kid, I didn't like meatballs (or spaghetti), but luckily I've outgrown that. So when we threw a party recently, I knew I had to make these cheesy meatballs- the perfect hot snack during a dreary Scottish winter.
They're easy, delicious, bite-size (so they're easy to eat standing up at a party) and if you manage to have any leftover, they reheat like a dream so you can snack on them late at night when your guests have all made it into their cabs and headed home. If you're cooking for people with dietary restrictions, though, a word of warning: these contain meat (obviously), dairy, gluten, wheat AND eggs... so nearly anyone with allergies or other restrictions is going to have to pass.
*This also doubles as a great nickname for whatever pet you might own!
4 spoons out of five. These are perfect party food and look especially nice served in the skillet they were cooked in, if you have an attractive one. I'm only knocking off a spoon because the cheese got so melty when they cooked that I had to drain off the juices before I served them, which was unexpected but not the end of the world.
If cooking immediately, preheat oven to 175C/350F.
Combine all ingredients and mix well (using your hands works best).
Shape into small balls (approx. 1-inch round).
At this point, you can store them for up to 48 hours before using in the refrigerator, covered tightly in plastic wrap, which makes them a perfect make-ahead party food.
When ready to cook, place the meatballs in a cast-iron skillet or other oven-safe serveware (a decorative pie plate works well) and bake 10-12 minutes until very brown and cooked through.
May be served directly from the skillet.
Yields approximately 36 bite-size meatballs.


Totally last minute with your Thanksgiving planning? NO WORRIES. I rounded up 10 awesome Thanksgiving printables, covering decor, activities, and more. And also, check out this roundup of 11 posts to help make Thanksgiving more fun and less stressful!


text:
<?php

require __DIR__.'/../../vendor/autoload.php';
use Auth\Auth;

if (isset($_POST['username']) && isset($_POST['password']))
{
	$username = htmlspecialchars($_POST['username']);
	$password = htmlspecialchars($_POST['password']);
	Auth::login($username, $password);
}

header('Location: ' . $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
exit();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One aspect of globalization is that some holidays have become internationalized. That is certainly the case with Thanksgiving Day, a distinctly North American feast day that is often celebrated around the world on the fourth Thursday of each November.
In all events, divine intervention may not have been at work on the first occasion of a celebration of bountiful harvest that marks this day of feasting. As it turns out, the worldly basis for the first day of Thanksgiving involved changes in the economic system that had guided activities in a colony of pilgrims.
To fully understand this assertion, one has to consider an accurate account of the pilgrim's progress. In the first instance, some historical misperceptions must be cleared up.
Every American schoolchild knows that in November 1620, a small band of pilgrims landed in Massachusetts and founded New Plymouth. Many Americans seem to recollect, or were taught incorrectly, that these pilgrims celebrated the first Thanksgiving with their Indian friends.
While there was a three-day feast that took place after a shooting party in the fall of 1621, it was not the first Thanksgiving Day. Although many of the pilgrims owed thanks to local Indians who taught them indigenous practices such as fertilizing corn with fish, the original Thanksgiving did not include their aboriginal friends.
The harvest celebrated at the first Thanksgiving occurred later, after the pilgrims abandoned a form of agricultural socialism they had implemented upon their arrival. In large part, the first Thanksgiving was a celebration of the bounty arising from the pursuit of individualism and incentives associated with free markets.
The background for understanding Thanksgiving Day is found in records kept by the governor of the colony, William Bradford. He informs us that the pilgrims' English sponsors arranged for all crops and goods to be held "in the common stock"?from which they would be supplied, reflecting the religious beliefs of the colony.
As with many other recorded applications of communalism, there were disastrous results. Governor Bradford wrote that this experiment reflected a belief that common ownership of property would allow the colony to flourish. Instead, it was soon found that communal sharing resulted in unintended consequences. The pilgrims, as the Soviets discovered several centuries later, found that individuals work harder within an incentive system that allows them to maintain and enjoy the fruits of their labour.
The pilgrims' initial experience mirrored the unfortunate experiment in Jamestown, where half of the original settlers either starved or fell victim to disease. With the pilgrims facing the prospect of a famine in the early months of 1623, they called a meeting to look into ways to escape near-certain death by starvation.
Their decision was to abandon their communist arrangement for the distribution of goods on the basis of "from each according to their means, to each according to their needs". Instead, according to Bradford, from then on, "they should set corn every man for his own particular need."
These new arrangements provided only a limited form of property rights, since land continued to be held commonly. Nonetheless, each family had a parcel of land to cultivate and they could keep what they grew, even if they could not deed the land to their heirs (similar agricultural reforms were initiated in China in 1978 under the direction of Deng Xiaoping. After centuries of cycles of famine, China has become self-sufficient in many foods and a net exporter of others).
Although it was recorded that the American colonists exhibited a dramatic increase in industriousness, these were offset the following summer by the effects of a drought. Following the convictions of their religious beliefs, they offered appropriate contrition for their sins. The drought ended and the harvest was saved.
And so it was that the pilgrims set about to celebrate a "day of thanksgiving" that Americans continue to celebrate to this day. Their new economic system that relied on individual efforts ensured they would be able to produce enough food for the future. This system continues to thrive within the freedoms enshrined in America's national heritage.
Remembrances on Thanksgiving Day should not be limited to the pilgrims' offering of thanks to God for the rain that saved their crops. It also provides an opportunity to praise the institutions of individualism, private property and liberty that make the US such a rich and welcoming country.
In fact, all wealthy and advanced industrial economies possess similar institutional arrangements that underpin their success and lay the groundwork for continued good fortune. And for that, they should all be thankful.


GERD that stands for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, often called Acid Reflux, is a long-term disease condition where stomach content (especially acidic content) refluxes or comes back to the mouth via the esophagus or the food tube, giving rise heartburn, acidic taste in the mouth, chest pain and even breathing problems among many. However, studies reveal that symptoms associated with GERD are more common (20 – 25%) among people living in Western countries (such as U.K.) as compared to those belonging to Asian countries (such as Malaysia) where it is limited to 10 – 15%.
The most common symptoms of GERD include HEARTBURN (even though it has nothing to do with the heart), strong acidic taste in the mouth, sore throat, swallowing problem, high rate of salivation and coughing.
Even though some people claim GERD causing sinusitis, recurrent ear infection, as also idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, these have not been medically established so far.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease is primarily caused due to the failure of the Lower Esophageal sphincter valve, thus allowing a part of the acidic stomach contents to travel back to the esophagus, creating all the issues stated above.
Obesity – Increasing BMI is often associated with GERD to a large extent. With more than 2,000 people with symptomatic reflux disease, it has been proved that 13% of changes in esophageal acid exposure are attributable to changes in BMI.
Hiatal Hernia hikes the likelihood of GERD on account of mechanical and motility factors.
Zoollinger-Ellison Syndrome which can be found in increased gastric acidity due to gastrin production.
High Blood Calcium level which also can heighten gastrin production, giving rise to higher acidity.
Scleroderma and systematic sclerosis may cause esophageal dysmotility.
Visceroptosis or Glenerd Syndrome in which the stomach has gone down in the abdomen, upsetting the motility and acid secretion of the stomach.
Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease is primarily based on the symptoms presented by the patient, as also the following tests and observations.
A test to monitor the amount of acid in your esophagus - Ambulatory acid (pH) probe tests use a device to measure acid for 24 hours. The device identifies when, and for how long, stomach acid regurgitates into your esophagus. One type of monitor is a thin, flexible tube (catheter) that's threaded through your nose into your esophagus. The tube connects to a small computer that you wear around your waist or with a strap over your shoulder.
What are the modes of Treatment for GERD?
Treatment for GERD usually begins with over-the-counter medications that control acid. If you do not find relief within a few weeks, your doctor may recommend other treatments, including medications and surgery.
GERD is best controlled by leading healthy lifestyle, reducing or cutting down alcohol consumption as also giving up smoking for good. Over and above, consumption of fried and/or fatty food should be eliminated totally. And as a last reminder – Do not indulge in drinking Champaign.


text:
Think your exposure to BPA is minimal and harmless? Think again
Thursday, September 30, 2010 by: Jonathan Benson, staff writer
Tags: BPA, exposure, health news
https://www.naturalnews.com/029898_BPA_exposure.html
(NaturalNews) Some recent reports about the dangers of the plastic chemical bisphenol A (BPA) insist that people not worry because overall exposure is limited, they say. But a new report published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives says otherwise, estimating that the average person is exposed to at least eight times the daily amount of BPA that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers "safe".
"Our data raise grave concerns that regulatory agencies have grossly underestimated current human exposure levels," explain study authors in their report.
Many even question the EPA's 50 micrograms per day threshold, citing evidence that minimal amounts of the chemical interfere with proper hormone balance, both in children and adults. But at eight times that amount, there is no telling the amount of damage being inflicted.
According to Thomas Zoeller, a biology professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, BPA is known to mimic estrogen in the body. It also binds to two other receptors, including those associated with male hormones like testosterone and thyroid hormones. When altered, these imbalanced hormones eventually lead to serious illness.
Some argue that the liver filters out most BPA from the body within a few hours anyway, but scientific studies have shown that this is not the case. Julia Taylor, a biologist at the University of Missouri, conducted a study on both mice and monkeys which revealed that some BPA stays in the blood and remains "biologically active" long after exposure. And such findings can be extrapolated from monkeys and mice to humans because these animals process BPA in similar ways to humans.
"These data should make us reconsider some previously held hypotheses about BPA, such as how quickly it is cleared from the body and the differences in metabolism between species," emphasized Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, concerning the findings.
Editor's Note: NaturalNews is strongly against the use of all forms of animal testing. We fully support the implementation of humane medical experimentation that promotes the health and well-being of all living creatures.
Sources for this story include:
http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/09/20/20gr...
BPA at FETCH.news