On a steel-gray winter day, the red dresses each hung, flapping in the wind along the plaza surrounding the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian—35 of them—in different shapes, sizes and shades. They serve as stand-ins for the potentially thousands of native women who go missing or are murdered each year. There is no definitive tally due to the tangled nature of jurisprudence in and around Indian Country. Law enforcement and sometimes the general public are indifferent. And resources to more fully document the fates of these women is lacking.
Native women are disproportionately affected by violence. A 2016 study by the National Institute of Justice estimated that 84 percent of American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence in their lifetime compared to 71 percent of non-Hispanic white women.
In 2016, 5,712 American Indian and Alaska Native women and girls were reported missing, which is likely the tip of the iceberg, since only 116 were officially recorded in the U.S. Department of Justice's missing persons database, according to a 2018 study by the Urban Indian Health Institute, a division of the Seattle Indian Health Board.
The notion that there is so much silence around the deaths and disappearances of so many native women is excruciating to Jaime Black. The Winnipeg, Manitoba-based artist—a member of the Métis Tribe—created the REDress Project as an expression of her grief and her feeling of connectedness to fellow indigenous women.
The dresses are haunting and evocative. One can easily imagine a woman who once inhabited each garment. Black and the museum's deputy director Machel Monenerkit hope the installation inspires viewers to ask questions, and that it provides a catharsis for those who have experienced violence. "Art transforms, and definitely transcends, and moves our perspectives of how we face a tragedy," says Monenerkit.
It is the first time Black's project has been installed in the U.S. and the first time the American Indian Museum has directly addressed the issue of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW), says Monenerkit. The REDress Project will be up for the month of March only—to coincide with Women's History Month—but the museum will also be hosting a symposium on MMIW on March 21, which will feature an all-female panel of experts.
Black is not an artist by training but has made art her entire life. Working with native artists at the Urban Shaman Contemporary Aboriginal Art gallery in Winnipeg inspired her to further tap into her own creativity. Then, while attending a conference in Germany on indigenous issues in Canada, she heard the now deceased Jo-Ann Episkenew, a native woman who was the director of the Indigenous People's Health Research Center at the University of Regina in Saskatchewan, speak about the hundreds of indigenous women that had gone missing or were murdered in Canada. That hit Black like a bolt of lightning.
She wanted to take immediate action. She talked to professors at the University of Winnipeg's Institute for Women's and Gender Studies about having a workshop on MMIW, and also discussed a vision she had of red dresses. They asked her to put up an installation of those dresses, and the University helped collect the clothes from the community. In 2011, the first REDress Project was born on the University of Winnipeg's campus.
The exhibition has gone on to be shown all over Canada, mostly at universities, where workshops and debates can be held in tandem with the installation, says Black.
The project has become like a child to Black. "It was not something I planned. This is something that grew," she says. "I feel like it was given to me, as a vision. I saw it. I created it. And it's grown. It's like having a child and then it goes into the world. It grew beyond anything I could ever have imagined," Black says.
The color red was part of Black's initial vision. To her, it "is the color of lifeblood—it connects all of us and it is sacred but it is also an allusion to what is happening to our women," she says. But she hopes that everyone can bring their own meaning to the color. "Different cultures all around the world have different spiritual meanings for the color red, and I want people to bring that to the dresses," says Black.
She has asked fellow Canadians to hang red dresses in solidarity, and they have, Black says, noting that on a recent trip to an island in British Columbia—population 500—she saw a red dress.
At a U.S. House of Representatives hearing on the MMIW issue last week, New Mexico Representative Deb Haaland—who took office in January and is one of the first Native American women elected to Congress—wore red. "I'm wearing red today in honor of missing and murdered indigenous women," said Haaland. She noted that the issue of MMIW had been a priority for her long before she'd taken office. "Indigenous women deserve to be protected just like anyone else in this country," she said, holding back tears.
Haaland mentioned several pieces of legislation that she and other members were working to pass to address the issue, including Savanna's Act. That bill was originally introduced in 2017 in memory of Savanna LaFontaine-Greywind, a pregnant 22-year-old member of the Spirit Lake Nation who was brutally murdered by a Fargo, North Dakota, neighbor in 2017.
Savanna's Act would direct the U.S. Department of Justice to come up with new guidelines for the reporting of violent crimes against indigenous people, and mandates that the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Interior consult with tribes on how to further improve federal missing persons databases and tribal access to them, according to Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski, who introduced the bill in the current Congress.
Haaland said she wants to see more interest on the part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. "The FBI got its start solving murders in Indian Country—the Osage murders—and so it seems to me that it is perfectly logical for them to dig in on this issue and find a solution to it," she said, at the hearing.
Sarah Deer, an attorney and professor of women, gender & sexuality studies at the University of Kansas, says that questions of jurisdiction and a history of indifference or even hostility on the part of law enforcement has made it difficult for tribal and non-Indian legal authorities to coordinate on the issue of MMIW.
Native American women also don't often make the most media-friendly and sympathetic victims, she said, at the hearing. Often, they are struggling with homelessness or addiction, or have had their children taken away by social services. They are more likely to experience sexual, physical or psychological violence from an intimate partner than white women, according to the National Institute of Justice. But that doesn't make them any less of a victim, said Deer. "Both on and off-reservation, we need to develop and cultivate a culture of compassion and a culture of understanding," she said at the hearing, noting that kind of sea change could not be easily accomplished with legislation.
Deer says she's hopeful that the REDress Project, along with similar installations, will move people more quickly, especially given the power of social media. She says she's noticed on Facebook art exhibits, pow wows and marches all addressing MMIW. "What's really compelling to me is everyone has settled on the color of red to recognize and memorialize these lives," says Deer.
The REDress Project and similar installations "address the hardships that people are facing in dealing with the issue," but they also create the potential that viewers will become more aware, says Deer.
But she notes that indigenous women have been targeted in America at least since 1492, when Christopher Columbus kidnapped girls and women to take them back to Europe. "It really isn't hyperbole to say it's been going on over 500 years," Deer says.
« CDC's Recommendation for Hepatitis B Vaccination in Infants. Are There More Risks Than Benefits?


160 S Concord Drive - BEAUTIFUL 3 BEDROOM TOWNHOME IN BLACKBERRY KNOLL. END UNIT WITH LOFT FOR EXTRA SPACE. READY TO MOVE IN. NEW CARPETING THROUGHOUT. FRESHLY PAINTED UNIT. FULLY APPLIANCED. NEW APPLIANCES. GREAT DEVELOPING AREA OFF ORCHARD ROAD.


text:
Jarvis Tyner
Home > Authors > Jarvis Tyner
Jarvis Tyner is executive vice chair of the Communist Party USA and a long-time member of the party's national board.. He was a founding member of the Black Radical Congress and served on its national coordinating committee for five years.
Tyner was born in the Mill Creek community of West Philadelphia in 1941 and graduated from West Philadelphia High School. He joined the Communist Party USA at the age of 20. After several years working in various industrial jobs in the Philadelphia area, where he was a member of the Amalgamated Lithographers and the Teamsters union, he moved to New York in 1967 to become the national chair of the DuBois Clubs of America, and later founding chair of the Young Workers Liberation League. He was the Communist Party USA candidate for vice president of the U.S. in 1972 and 1976, running with party leader Gus Hall.
As a leader of the CPUSA Tyner has been an active public spokesperson against racism, imperialism and war. He has written numerous articles and pamphlets and appears on the media, campuses and in other public venues advocating for peace, equality and the socialist alternative. He currently resides in the Inwood section of Manhattan, N.Y., is married and the father of four adult children and one grandchild.
Notes on the historic challenge of the 2022 midterm election
The Trump-Republican attempt to destroy 100 years of hard-fought democratic gains must be defeated.
BY:Jarvis Tyner| November 4, 2022
Until justice is done, the struggle will continue.
BY:Jarvis Tyner| June 18, 2020
Leninism and the African American national question: A reply to Halabi
Can equality be achieved under capitalism? The answer is that the struggle for equality will determine whether or not socialism is achieved.
BY:Joe Sims And Jarvis Tyner| June 5, 2019
African Americans and the Communist Party
Why did African Americans join the Communist Party in large numbers and attract figures like Richard Wright, Lorraine Hansbury, Claudia Jones and Paul Robeson?
BY:Jarvis Tyner| May 12, 2018
Defeat Trump, Defeat Racism
A defeat of Trump's GOP will open new doors of struggle. What do we have to lose with Trump? Everything.
BY:Jarvis Tyner| October 25, 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Scan column row by row, if there is a checkbox ignore it, if there is no checkbox then continue the function - Google apps script I have 5 columns where the values are imported from another service (values is 1 or 0).
So what my function does is that it filters if each cell of each column has the value "1", then it converts it to "yes". If it has a value of "0", then it converts it to a value of "no".
After this, a checked or unchecked checkbox is created depending on the value "yes" or "no".
Now this function is executed every time I open the google sheet document. And this is where I have the error.
Every time the document is opened, it goes through all the rows of all the columns again, and it does not ignore if the cells already have a checkbox, therefore the checkboxes are created again and they are all completely unchecked ignoring the previous value rule "yes" or "no".
So I need to create a cell validation on said columns so that it checks first if there is a checkbox in the cell. If there is a checkbox, do nothing and move on to the next cell. If there is no checkbox, then apply the rules and create the checkbox (checked or unchecked according to the previous rules).
I am a total beginner. I would appreciate a little help please.
This is my current code:
function hechoCheckbox() {
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName('Todos los eventos');
  const lastRow = sheet.getLastRow();

  let rango = sheet.getRange(2, 14, lastRow -1, 5);
  let rangoValues = rango.getValues();

  rangoValues.forEach((fila)=> {

    // semana pasada
    if (fila[0] == 1) {
      fila[0] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[0] = 'no';
    }

    // semana actual
    if (fila[1] == 1) {
      fila[1] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[1] = 'no';
    }

    // proxima semana
    if (fila[2] == 1) {
      fila[2] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[2] = 'no';
    }

    // mes actual
    if (fila[3] == 1) {
      fila[3] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[3] = 'no';
    }

    // trimestre actual
    if (fila[4] == 1) {
      fila[4] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[4] = 'no';
    }

  })

  rango.setValues(rangoValues);
  rango.insertCheckboxes('yes');
}

A: In your script, as a simple modification, how about adding a condition for checking the cell value is yes as follows?
Modified script:
function hechoCheckbox() {
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName('Todos los eventos');
  const lastRow = sheet.getLastRow();
  let rango = sheet.getRange(2, 14, lastRow - 1, 5);
  let rangoValues = rango.getValues();
  rangoValues.forEach((fila) => {
    // semana pasada
    if (fila[0] == 1 || fila[0] == 'yes') {
      fila[0] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[0] = 'no';
    }
    // semana actual
    if (fila[1] == 1 || fila[1] == 'yes') {
      fila[1] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[1] = 'no';
    }
    // proxima semana
    if (fila[2] == 1 || fila[2] == 'yes') {
      fila[2] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[2] = 'no';
    }
    // mes actual
    if (fila[3] == 1 || fila[3] == 'yes') {
      fila[3] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[3] = 'no';
    }
    // trimestre actual
    if (fila[4] == 1 || fila[4] == 'yes') {
      fila[4] = 'yes'
    } else {
      fila[4] = 'no';
    }
  })
  rango.setValues(rangoValues);
  rango.insertCheckboxes('yes');
}

*

*As another approach, I thought that in your situation, the forEach can be also modified as follows.
function hechoCheckbox() {
  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
  var sheet = ss.getSheetByName('Todos los eventos');
  const lastRow = sheet.getLastRow();
  let rango = sheet.getRange(2, 14, lastRow - 1, 5);
  let rangoValues = rango.getValues().map(r => r.map(c => [1, "yes"].includes(c) ? "yes" : "no"));
  rango.setValues(rangoValues);
  rango.insertCheckboxes('yes'); //  or rango.insertCheckboxes('yes', 'no');
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: tslint.json unknown compiler option 'extends' i try to upgrade my WebPart to SharePoint spfx 1.9.1, i follow recommandation generated by  o365 spfx project upgrade --output md > report.md, but when i build my project i get two errors :
[16:10:57] Error - 'tsc' sub task errored after 322 ms
 exited with code 1
[16:10:57] 'bundle' errored after 1.99 s
[16:10:57]
[16:10:57] Error - [tslint] error TS5023: Unknown compiler option 'extends'.
[16:10:57] Finished subtask 'tslint' after 621 ms
[16:10:57] ==================[ Finished ]==================
Error - 'tsc' sub task errored after 322 ms
 exited with code 1
Error - [tslint] error TS5023: Unknown compiler option 'extends'.
[16:10:58] Project ls2-formation version:2.1.0
[16:10:58] Build tools version:3.8.8
[16:10:58] Node version:v10.16.3
[16:10:58] Total duration:5.12 s
[16:10:58] Task errors:2

I think it's caused by tslint.json :
{

  "extends": "@microsoft/sp-tslint-rules/base-tslint.json",
  "rules": {
    "class-name": false,
    "export-name": false,
    "forin": false,
    "label-position": false,
    "member-access": true,
    "no-arg": false,
    "no-console": false,
    "no-construct": false,
    "no-duplicate-variable": true,
    "no-eval": false,
    "no-function-expression": true,
    "no-internal-module": true,
    "no-shadowed-variable": true,
    "no-switch-case-fall-through": true,
    "no-unnecessary-semicolons": true,
    "no-unused-expression": true,
    "no-use-before-declare": true,
    "no-with-statement": true,
    "semicolon": true,
    "trailing-comma": false,
    "typedef": false,
    "typedef-whitespace": false,
    "use-named-parameter": true,
    "typeof-compare": true,
    "variable-name": false,
    "whitespace": false
  }

}

A: The error seems to be coming from the tsconfig.json file.
You need to ensure that the file is as below.
Notice, the extends attribute that is located above compilerOptions
{
  "extends": "./node_modules/@microsoft/rush-stack-compiler-2.9/includes/tsconfig-web.json",
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "es5",
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "jsx": "react",
    "declaration": true,
    "sourceMap": true,
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "outDir": "lib",
    "inlineSources": false,
    "strictNullChecks": false,
    "noUnusedLocals": false,
    "typeRoots": [
      "./node_modules/@types",
      "./node_modules/@microsoft"
    ],
    "types": [
      "es6-promise",
      "webpack-env"
    ],
    "lib": [
      "es5",
      "dom",
      "es2015.collection"
    ]
  },
  "include": [
    "src/**/*.ts"
  ],
  "exclude": [
    "node_modules",
    "lib"
  ]
}


text:
Q: "Variable binding depth exceeds max-specpdl-size" error with basic emacs calc example I'm trying to replicate the main example for the embedded use of emacs calc. (https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/calc/Embedded-Mode-Overview.html) So I have the line ln(ln(x)) with an empty line before and after.
But as result of C-x * e I get: calc-embedded: Variable binding depth exceeds max-specpdl-size.
I'm using GNU Emacs 27.1 (build 1, x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version 3.24.30, cairo version 1.16.0) of 2022-01-24, modified by Debian under Ubuntu jammy. I tried in org-mode and in *scratch*.
max-specpld-size is 1840. That should be enough.
Any suggestion on how to make embedded calc work?

A: I was able to recreate the same error by activating calc-embedded in a scratch buffer and killing that buffer.  Then, when opening a new scratch buffer and trying to start calc-embedded, the calc-embedded-info array is populated with bad buffers and it goes into infinite recursion.
So, to fix it I set the info to nil: (setq calc-embedded-info nil), to start from a clean slate.
I think this should normally be handled by the kill-buffer-query-functions hook, but I'm not sure this is set in calc-embedded.


Which Hair Color 2016 Suits For Fair Skin and best hair color ideas in this topic. You all know the most important factor for choosing a hair color should be your skin tone. If you do not choose the suitable color will look too artificial . It will also hide your facial beauty. Fair skin is also called as pale skin.
WHICH HAIR COLOR SUITS FOR FAIR SKIN?
Best colors are red and ginger for fair skin. These warm colors will brighten your skin tone.
If you have fair skin with green eyes black, brown and red shades will look good on your skin. Black is the darkest shade and will create contrast and allow your eyes look more attractive. If you want to pay attention to your eyes darker colors like black is good for creating contrast.
If you have blue eyes and fair skin; you should be redhead! Because red hair will look so natural on you as your natural hair color. You can use reddish colors like strawberry blonde or copper shades instead of red.
WHICH SHADE OF BLONDE SUITS FOR FAIR SKIN?
Platinium blonde will be the impressive choice! Many celebrity has fair skin prefer platinium blonde. We must say it is bold color but results are amazing! When you combine it ith red lipstick look even more charming. You facial structures dont't hide by this hair color.
Golden blondes are good choice, add your blonde hair color a little golden tones. This hair color is also look natural, it is the best feature of this hair color.
WHICH SHADE OF BRUNETTE SUITS FOR FAIR SKIN?
Brunnette shades with yellow undertone is proper for fair skin like golden brunette. Also reddish brunettes add impressive hue and create warm effect.
Which Hair Color 2016 Suits For Fair Skin and best choices in gallery.
Tags:2016 Best Hair Color for Pale Skin, 2016 Best Hair Colors For Fair Skin, 2016 Hair Colors For Fair Skin, 2016 Hair Colors For Fair Skin And Green Eyes, Which Hair Color 2016 Suits For Fair Skin?
What Are The Medium Length Layered Hairstyles?


text:
Q: Is java Jersey 2.1 client thread safe? Documentation for jersey 2.0 says:

Client instances are expensive resources. It is recommended a
  configured instance is reused for the creation of Web resources. The
  creation of Web resources, the building of requests and receiving of
  responses are guaranteed to be thread safe. Thus a Client instance and
  WebResource instances may be shared between multiple threads

Is client still thread-safe in version 2.1? I cannot find information about thread safety in docs for 2.1.

A: Yes, the Jersey 2.1 client is thread safe and it should be thread safe even in the future Jersey version. You can create many WebTarget from one Client instance and invoke many requests on these WebTargets and even more requests on one WebTarget instance in the same time.
The thread safety can be broken if you register your custom non-thread safe provider into a Client or a WebTaget. For example a ClientRequestFilter that is not thread safe and cannot handle more requests simultaneously. Jersey built-in providers are thread safe. Some Jersey extension providers must not be thread safe and in this case this is specified in the javadoc of a provider.

A: I think, based on the 2.1 release notes, nothing has changed in that regard, but I cannot find the motivation for this change in documentation.


text:
How to use SHEBANQ is documented on the
[wiki of the SHEBANQ repository on Github]({{wiki}}).

People with access can edit those pages directly in the browser, if they are logged
in with GitHub.

You can also clone the wiki:

```
cd ~/github/etcbc
git clone {{wiki}}
```

Then you can make as many edits as you like, in whatever tool you like,
and save it back to the online version by

```
cd ~/github/etcbc/shebanq.wiki
git add --all .
git commit "updated docs"
git push origin master
```

### Feature documentation of the BHSA

This is stored in the [BHSA]({{bhsa}}) repository and published
via its GitHub pages method.

The source docs are in its
[docs]({{bhsa}}/tree/master/docs) directory.

If you have cloned you can edit the docs locally,
and then build the docs via [mkdocs]({{mkdocs}}).

You install mkdocs by

```
pip3 install mkdocs
pip3 install mkdocs-material
```

In order to build the documentation you do

```
cd ~/github/etcbc/bhsa
mkdocs build
```

In order to publish it, you do

```
cd ~/github/etcbc/bhsa
mkdocs gh-deploy
```

Note that publishing will trigger a build, so if you want to publish,
you can leave out the build step.

Finally, you can commit the changes to the doc sources by:

```
cd ~/github/etcbc/bhsa
git add --all .
git commit "updated feature docs"
git push origin master
```

### Technical documentation

The technical documentation of SHEBANQ is also by means of mkdocs.

In order to modify it, you have to install it, and a plugin:

```
pip3 install mkdocs
pip3 install mkdocs-material
pip3 install mkdocstrings
pip3 install 'pytkdocs[numpy-style]'
```

You need an extra tool for Javascript documentation:

```
npm install -g jsdoc
npm install -g jsdoc-to-markdown
```

Apart from a nest of markdown files, the documentation consists also
of special comments extract from the Python and Javascript code.

We get the Python docstrings by means of the mkdocs plugin mkdocstrings.

We get the Javascript docstrings by means of jsdoc and jsdoc-to-markdown.

We have [build script](maintenance.md#operation) to automate the maintenance steps,
and it also takes care of documentation handling.

Just do

```
cd ~/github/etcbc/shebanq
python3 build.py --help
```

to look at the options, or inspect the
[source code]({{repo}}/blob/master/build.py).

#### Why mkdocs?

One of the advantages of mkdocs is that you can 'invoke' docstring documentation
from within markdown files. It will then inject the formatted docstrings
at that place in the documentation.

That is handy, because this SHEBANQ is not a usual Python package, such as
[Text-Fabric]({{textfabric}}) is.
For example, automatically building documentation for the whole SHEBANQ using
[pdoc3]({{pdoc3}}) is not possible, in contrast to Text-Fabric.

A second good point is that mkdocstrings is potentially capable of
doing Javascript as well.
At the moment, there is not yet a handler for Javascript, so this advantage
does not yet materialize.

But still ...

We extract the Javascript documentation using jsdoc(to markdown) and
dump it into our source docs folder.
From there it will be seen by mkdocs, and formatted with the other stuff.

And the excellent thing is the `autorefs` plugin of mkdocs, by which
we can easily cross-reference between all doc sources.

That means that we can put a reference to a Javascript class right in the docstring
of a Python class, *and vice versa*.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Selected individuals capable of setting up agri-business projects can apply for a loan from any financial institution for medium term (3-5 years).
SEDF will pay 100% KIBOR for capital cost and up to 50% of KIBOR for working capital for three years which may be extended up to 5 years on successful review.
SEDF financial support shall not exceed projects valuing PKR. 200 Million.


Joppa Logistics s.r.o - Vacancies and career in Joppa Logistics s.r.o.
Would you like to work in the field of transport and forwarding? Check the current offer of vacancies.
We are looking for an International Transport Operator for our Brno-based central office .
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Alright Zeke, I'll Draw Your Infection!
Not so much the case. He imagined some things. Two teams to be exact. I don't know the story or origins. He refused to tell me incase I thought to steal his idea. Kidding, he just didn't tell me. I know for sure he has already thought it out.
It was pretty fun using the loose reference to illustrate.
Next week I'll talk coasters, SKA, beer and bars!
This old soul will always be faithful to my heart. Even when my heart is empty.
Here is an illustration I contributed to Cosondra Sjostrom's poem book titled Creepy Romance. This illustration along with 49 other talented artists are in the recent installment of the series, book four. Not kidding on the talent. Some of the work in this book makes me feel intimidated. In a good way of course.
The recent book, along with the past two installments are on sale now via web (here). I'll attending the book release event this Saturday in Los Angeles at Lock & Key The book will be on sale there as well.
Keeping the February spirit I've been working on a little comic in the vein on my Arch Agency series. I wanted to do some kind of love story my way. I plan to post up five pages here on V-Day.
Planning to make a few copies and hand them out to friends at this months Scramble Jam in Long Beach. It's a day after on the 15th at Dutch's Brewhouse. I'll have a few there for the room as well.
I've been drawing on them as warm ups before the comic pages and blank covers I obsess over. Listing for sale as I do them at my store (link here). My store is kinda sad with only 5 items, but for now this is how it be.
The side goal is to complete all 25-26 pages and print a small book zine to sell at shows (Which all be talking more about later).
First, about this paper. This is an instruction worksheet from The Women's Institute Of Domestic Arts & Sciences circa 1927. This institute was a fashion and design school based in Scranton Pennsylvania. Founder Mary Brooks Picken was an instructor during this time.
I have roughly 25 of these worksheets along with several original printings of the school's instruction books from the year 1927.
According to my math that makes these worksheets 99 years old give or take a few months. I am using the instruction books as reference to drawing authentic costumes for my women of choice.
I want to get into the routine of drawing these women on Friday and/or Saturday night. Being as though I difficulty finding time to go out, I'll just draw my dates. How's that for a being anti-social doctor?


text:
Malaysia and Safe Sex
Our Correspondent Oct 25, 2012
As a conservative Islamic society, Malaysia frets over teenage sex and the spate of unplanned babies left on doorsteps by unwed young mothers.
But according to a survey by Durex, the condom maker, the nation lags far behind in the youthful sex stakes. Indeed, the median age of first sexual experience is at 23 the highest of all 37 countries in the survey. At 23.7 years the country's youth are more than three years behind the lead country in early sex – Brazil at 17.3, Colombia, at 17.4 and New Zealand at 17.5.
So not only are Malaysians slow to get started having sex they, are also quite cautious about it, with no less than 54 percent using condoms for their first experience, a higher than average percentage according to "Face of Global Sex Report 2012". By contrast among the most carefree are the New Zealanders, only 32 percent of whom use condoms in their first sexual experiences.
(Malaysia is also probably the world's biggest single producer of condoms, churning out 2 billion condoms a year from a 3.6-hectare site in Johor, with 1,000 workers operating production lines for a company named Karex, which makes the protective sheaths for a variety of different condom companies. Karex has two more production lines, one in Klang and a second in the Thai border town of Hatyai, producing another billion or so.)
Indonesia youth rank even lower than New Zealanders, with first-experience condom use at just 27 percent but with first experience at 23.6 years. The circumstances of their first experience were probably very different from those in New Zealand and will have changed over time. The percentage of those using condoms the last time they had sex is now 54 percent in Indonesia, close to Malaysia's 57 percent though still behind Thailand at 69 percent.
While New Zealanders start early with unprotected sex, the Brazilians start even earlier but also have the highest rate of first time condom use. With its long history of female emancipation and high level of births out of wedlock, New Zealanders clearly believe condoms can take the fun away.
Malaysians on the other hand have the lowest among Asian countries of unplanned pregnancies other than Korea. Indeed, the survey clearly shows that east Asia is a huge user of condoms with very high levels of use in first time sex in countries such as Taiwan, Japan and Korea and continuing high rates thereafter – other than in China.
Those with an aversion to condom use should head for the Czech Republic which at under 40 percent has by far the lowest rate of use in last sexual experience, and not to Canada which has the highest at almost 80 percent.
Despite the sex tourism to southern Thailand and elsewhere, Malaysia also reports a relatively low incidence of experience with Sexually Transmitted Infections – 78 percent have had no such experience. Among Asian countries only Taiwan, India and Indonesia do better although surprise surprise, France and the United Kingdom both report lower instances than Malaysia. Brazil has only slightly more at 76 percent.
Easily bottom of the infections league is Turkey where almost 50 percent have had some experience with Russia not far behind and China making a poor showing compared with Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore.
Quite how accurate answers may be to the various questions cannot be assessed. The 27,000 respondents varied in age between 18 and 64. Not surprisingly given the spread of HIV awareness and the availability of condoms, younger age groups were more likely to use them for their first experience. So, according to the report, men were more likely to use them than women. This imbalance implies, though the survey is mute on the topic, that many men's first experience was with a sexual professional, not a wife or steady girlfriend. Overall those reporting they used condoms first time the majority were with a steady partner not spouse.
The survey covered not between 500 and 2,000 people in the countries assessed. Results excluded the 14 percent who said they were virgins – but the published results do not elaborate on the relative prevalence of virginity across countries and age groups. It did however not a correlation between income and condom use with the lowest income groups least likely to have used them.
Previous surveys by Durex have shown wide variations in the frequency of sex and levels of satisfaction. On one of these measures Malaysia came out well, with 76 percent reporting sex at least weekly just behind Brazil at 82 percent and Russia at 80 percent and China at 78 percent but far ahead of Hong Kong and Singapore at 62 percent and Japan at a miserable 34 percent.
In terms of enjoyment, 38 percent of Malaysians reported being satisfied with their sex lives, a moderate level well behind India at 61 percent but ahead of Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan at just 15 percent. Very generally the data suggest an inverse relationship between levels of economic development and frequency and enjoyment of sex – a useful antidote to GDP fetishism.


2. Under my 'My Aadhaar' tab, go to Aadhaar Services and then click 'Aadhaar Authentication History'.
3. On the Aadhaar Authentication History page, enter your 12 digit UID and then mention your security code. Click 'Send OTP'.
5. In the next step, select the Authentication Type such as demographic, biometric, OTP, biometric and OTP, demographic and OTP, and demographic and biometric, date range, number of records you wish to be displayed and enter OTP. Click the 'Submit' button.


text:
Nicholas A. Tomso
Email Nicholas
Nicholas A. Tomso is Hopkinson & Abbondanza's newest attorney!
Nick's focus and specialty lie in Estate Planning, Elder Law and Estate Administration. Nick is a certified Veteran Affairs attorney and licensed to practice in the State of Maine. Nick joined the firm following his previous work with an estate planning firm near Baltimore, Maryland. Nick derived his knowledge from practice and studies at the University of Baltimore School of Law where he received his Juris Doctorate in 2020, and his Bachelor of Arts Degree from the University of Vermont in 2015.
Nick recently became married to his wife, Caitlyn and recently welcomed a daughter, Aila to the family! Nick was admitted to the Maine State Bar Association in May 2021 when he joined Hopkinson & Abbondanza. Nick's focus lies in finding creative solutions to complex estate plans and implementing innovative procedures to meet the diverse needs of his clients.
Nick's professional goals and personal mindset align closely with the firm's commitment to efficiency, expertise, and professionalism. Nick is eager to lend his sharp mind and dedication to resolving his client's estate planning needs. Nick is also very interested in reaching the next generation of young adults to ensure their plan for the future is secure.
In his personal life, Nick lives in Gorham with his wife, where they live with their daughter, Aila and Plott Hound, Moose. Together, they like to spend their weekends exploring and enjoying Maine's beautiful beaches, forests, mountains, and lakes. Nick keeps his mind and hands active by playing the ukulele, cooking delicious meals, and playing games in his free time.


text:
Q: Escaping characters in bash (for JSON) I'm using git, then posting the commit message and other bits as a JSON payload to a server.
Currently I have:
MSG=`git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+'`

which sets MSG to something like:
Calendar can't go back past today

then
curl -i -X POST \
  -H 'Accept: application/text' \
  -H 'Content-type: application/json' \
  -d "{'payload': {'message': '$MSG'}}" \
  'https://example.com'

My real JSON has another couple of fields.
This works fine, but of course when I have a commit message such as the one above with an apostrophe in it, the JSON is invalid.
How can I escape the characters required in bash? I'm not familiar with the language, so am not sure where to start. Replacing ' with \' would do the job at minimum I suspect.

A: jq can do this.
Lightweight, free, and written in C, jq enjoys widespread community support with over 15k stars on GitHub. I personally find it very speedy and useful in my daily workflow.
Convert string to JSON
echo -n '猫に小判' | jq -Rsa .
# "\u732b\u306b\u5c0f\u5224"

To explain,

*

*-R means "raw input"

*-s means "include linebreaks" (mnemonic: "slurp")

*-a means "ascii output" (optional)

*. means "output the root of the JSON document"

Git + Grep Use Case
To fix the code example given by the OP, simply pipe through jq.
MSG=`git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+' | jq -Rsa .`

A: git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+' | jq --slurp --raw-input

The above line works for me. refer to
https://github.com/stedolan/jq for more jq tools

A: Using Python:
This solution is not pure bash, but it's non-invasive and handles unicode.
json_escape () {
    printf '%s' "$1" | python -c 'import json,sys; print(json.dumps(sys.stdin.read()))'
}

Note that JSON is part of the standard python libraries and has been for a long time, so this is a pretty minimal python dependency.
Or using PHP:
json_escape () {
    printf '%s' "$1" | php -r 'echo json_encode(file_get_contents("php://stdin"));'
}

Use like so:
$ json_escape "ヤホー"
"\u30e4\u30db\u30fc"

A: Instead of worrying about how to properly quote the data, just save it to a file and use the @ construct that curl allows with the --data option. To ensure that the output of git is correctly escaped for use as a JSON value, use a tool like jq to generate the JSON, instead of creating it manually.
jq -n --arg msg "$(git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+')" \
   '{payload: { message: $msg }}' > git-tmp.txt

curl -i -X POST \
  -H 'Accept: application/text' \
  -H 'Content-type: application/json' \
  -d @git-tmp.txt \
  'https://example.com'

You can also read directly from standard input using -d @-; I leave that as an exercise for the reader to construct the pipeline that reads from git and produces the correct payload message to upload with curl.
(Hint: it's jq ... | curl ... -d@- 'https://example.com' )

A: I found something like that :
MSG=`echo $MSG | sed "s/'/\\\\\'/g"`

A: The simplest way is using jshon, a command line tool to parse, read and create JSON.
jshon -s 'Your data goes here.' 2>/dev/null

A: I was also trying to escape characters in Bash, for transfer using JSON, when I came across this. I found that there is actually a larger list of characters that must be escaped – particularly if you are trying to handle free form text.
There are two tips I found useful:

*

*Use the Bash ${string//substring/replacement} syntax described in this thread.

*Use the actual control characters for tab, newline, carriage return, etc. In vim you can enter these by typing Ctrl+V followed by the actual control code (Ctrl+I for tab for example).

The resultant Bash replacements I came up with are as follows:
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//\\/\\\\} # \
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//\//\\\/} # /
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//\'/\\\'} # ' (not strictly needed ?)
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//\"/\\\"} # "
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//   /\\t} # \t (tab)
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//
/\\\n} # \n (newline)
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//^M/\\\r} # \r (carriage return)
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//^L/\\\f} # \f (form feed)
JSON_TOPIC_RAW=${JSON_TOPIC_RAW//^H/\\\b} # \b (backspace)

I have not at this stage worked out how to escape Unicode characters correctly which is also (apparently) required. I will update my answer if I work this out.

A:
[...] with an apostrophe in it, the JSON is invalid.

Not according to https://www.json.org. A single quote is allowed in a JSON string.

How can I escape the characters required in bash?

You can use xidel to properly prepare the JSON you want to POST.
As https://example.com can't be tested, I'll be using https://api.github.com/markdown (see this answer) as an example.
Let's assume 'çömmít' "mêssågè" as the exotic output of git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s'.
Create the (serialized) JSON object with the value of the "text"-attribute properly escaped:
$ git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s' | \
  xidel -se 'serialize({"text":$raw},{"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"})'
{"text":"'\u00E7\u00F6mm\u00EDt' \"m\u00EAss\u00E5g\u00E8\""}

Curl (variable)
$ eval "$(
  git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s' | \
  xidel -se 'msg:=serialize({"text":$raw},{"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"})' --output-format=bash
)"

$ echo $msg
{"text":"'\u00E7\u00F6mm\u00EDt' \"m\u00EAss\u00E5g\u00E8\""}

$ curl -d "$msg" https://api.github.com/markdown

'çömmít' "mêssågè"

Curl (pipe)
$ git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s' | \
  xidel -se 'serialize({"text":$raw},{"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"})' | \
  curl -d@- https://api.github.com/markdown

'çömmít' "mêssågè"

Actually, there's no need for curl if you're already using xidel.
Xidel (pipe)
$ git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s' | \
  xidel -s \
  -d '{serialize({"text":read()},{"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"})}' \
  "https://api.github.com/markdown" \
  -e '$raw'

'çömmít' "mêssågè"

Xidel (pipe, in-query)
$ git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s' | \
  xidel -se '
    x:request({
      "post":serialize(
        {"text":$raw},
        {"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"}
      ),
      "url":"https://api.github.com/markdown"
    })/raw
  '

'çömmít' "mêssågè"

Xidel (all in-query)
$ xidel -se '
  x:request({
    "post":serialize(
      {"text":system("git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'\''%s'\''")},
      {"method":"json","encoding":"us-ascii"}
    ),
    "url":"https://api.github.com/markdown"
  })/raw
'

'çömmít' "mêssågè"

A: OK, found out what to do. Bash supports this natively as expected, though as always, the syntax isn't really very guessable!
Essentially ${string//substring/replacement} returns what you'd image, so you can use
MSG=${MSG//\'/\\\'}

To do this. The next problem is that the first regex doesn't work anymore, but that can be replaced with
git log -n 1 --pretty=format:'%s'

In the end, I didn't even need to escape them. Instead, I just swapped all the ' in the JSON to \". Well, you learn something every day.

A: This is an escaping solution using Perl that escapes backslash (\), double-quote (") and control characters U+0000 to U+001F:
$ echo -ne "Hello, \n\tBye" | \
  perl -pe 's/(\\(\\\\)*)/$1$1/g; s/(?!\\)(["\x00-\x1f])/sprintf("\\u%04x",ord($1))/eg;'
Hello, \u000a\u0009Bye

A: I struggled with the same problem. I was trying to add a variable on the payload of cURL in bash and it kept returning as invalid_JSON. After trying a LOT of escaping tricks, I reached a simple method that fixed my issue. The answer was all in the single and double quotes:
 curl --location --request POST 'https://hooks.slack.com/services/test-slack-hook' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data-raw '{"text":'"$data"'}'

Maybe it comes in handy for someone!

A: Adding a JSON-aware tool to your environment is sometimes a no-go, so here's a POSIX solution, in the form of a shell function, that should work on every UNIX/Linux:
json_stringify() {
    [ "$#" -ge 1 ] && LANG=C command -p awk '
        BEGIN {
            for ( i = 1; i <= 127; i++ )
                repl[ sprintf( "%c", i) ] = sprintf( "\\u%04x", i )

            for ( i = 1; i < ARGC; i++ ) {
                s = ARGV[i]
                printf("%s", "\"")

                while ( match( s, /[\001-\037\177"\\]/ ) ) {
                    printf("%s%s", \
                        substr(s,1,RSTART-1), \
                        repl[ substr(s,RSTART,RLENGTH) ] \
                    )
                    s = substr(s,RSTART+RLENGTH)
                }
                print s "\""
            }
            exit
        }
    ' "$@"
}

remark: You might prefer to use the widely available (but non-POSIX) perl instead:

edit: Fixed an error in the perl code
json_stringify() {
    [ "$#" -ge 1 ] && LANG=C perl -le '
        for (@ARGV) {
            s/[\x00-\x1f\x7f"\\]/sprintf("\\u%04x",ord($&))/ge;
            print "\"$_\""
        }
    ' -- "$@"
}

Example:
json_stringify '"foo\bar"' 'hello
world'

Then, each argument will be converted to a JSON string and outputted (one per line):
"\u0022foo\u005cbar\u0022"
"hello\u000aworld"

Limitations:

*

*Cannot handle NUL bytes.

*Doesn't validate the input for UNICODE; it only escapes the mandatory ASCII characters specified by the RFC 8259.

Replying to OP's question:
Here's how you can build a valid JSON object using the json_stingify function:
MSG=$(git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+')

curl -i -X POST \
  -H 'Accept: application/text' \
  -H 'Content-type: application/json' \
  -d '{"payload": {"message": '"$(json_stringify "$MSG")"'}}' \
  'https://example.com'

A: I had the same idea to send a message with commit message after commit.
First i tryed similar was as autor here.
But later found a better and simpler solution.
Just created php file which is sending message and call it with wget.
in hooks/post-receive :
wget -qO - "http://localhost/git.php"

in git.php:
chdir("/opt/git/project.git");
$git_log = exec("git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o ' .\+'");

And then create JSON and call CURL in PHP style


text:
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text:
Making Sense of the Invisible
I bandy about this word, affect, and I know in doing so I am being at once cryptic, imprecise, vague, and perhaps misleading. But such is the way of affect — it resists ready categorization, ready made words, ready definition. That, however, is a cop out so let me say some things about affect.
We might say affect is emotion — sadness, anger, happiness, anxiety, fear. And there is no doubt that those are affective states. But they are also so subject oriented, so bound up with the individual's psychological state. And what I am talking about exceeds the subject but perhaps streams through the subject as sadness, anger, happiness, anxiety, fear.
I want to use this word affect — perhaps erroneously — to designate the wealth and breadth of invisible states, invisible durations, invisible shapes that inflect our lives all the time at infinite touchpoints. The invisible cloaks things, permeates things. And this invisibility is not neutral or blank: it is shaped, it goes like this or like that. It is affective.
From whence these affects? Well, from things, from themselves. Along with rocks and gas and water, they make up the cosmos. They may be independent streams that wind and whip and eddy. They take up things and things take them up — they coagulate in places, inflect objects, make people's hearts go pitter patter. This is what the world is made of: matter visible and invisible, things and affects and all the ways they interact.
This is why you may find yourself walking down a street thinking, "Man, this block feels weird." Or why you sit in one area of the cafe rather than another. It's why you are attracted to this thing, that person, that place. It's why, as the weather changes, you feel giddy, reclusive, pensive, melancholy. The atmosphere is atmospheric. This is why weather is the most interesting subject in the world. And why the idea of seasonal affective disorder is at once perfect and absurd: we all have seasonal affective (dis)order, necessarily.
Affect streams through you; it goes to other affective trajectories, carrying you along for the ride. This is not say you are mere vehicle. You are a productive cog within the affective flow; you are a productive cog within the flow of the universe (even if you're a vampire, sucking life from the world). You are a singular inflection point within the whirl and teem.
By Daniel Coffeen at January 30, 2011 6 comments:
What are you an agent for?
The human being — its body but also its operations — is a host for nonhuman becomings: we are all run through with moments of this and that, river and sun, storm and tree, rock and cloud. We are run through with affective trajectories, invisible but palpable forces that crisscross and constitute the world.
We are, each of us, nodes within this symphony of the cosmos, turning with its relentless, infinitely variegated rhythms — planets and suns and rocks all twirling in and around each other, attracting each other, repelling each other, colliding with each other. And then, on a smaller scale, on a more local scale, here we are: people and machines and cars and noises and smells and coffee cups twirling in and around each other, attracting each other, repelling each other, colliding with each other.
The global turning and the local turning are, of course, one cosmic turning.
The human host — its physical constitution, its intelligence — has its potential and limits. Each host has its own potential and limits. But there are various ways that a specific human host can operate in the grand cosmic machinery; each host can operate in — tolerate — any number of constellation of forces.
The question for each of us — the question of the human — is this: What cosmic forces run through your machine? How do you inflect them? How might you use this same machinery to operate with a different calculus of cosmic forces?
It is not our job to resist the forces of inhumanity. Inhumanity pervades us, and this is good and necessary. The question is: Which inhuman forces does your machinery accommodate?
In other words, who do you work for? What are you an agent for? What forces do you impel, propel, sustain? What world do you create?
On Life, Style, Buddhism, and the Peculiarities of Western Philosophy
Back when I was teaching, in every class I ever taught, there was always one student who would raise his hand or approach me after a lecture and say, "That's like Buddhism."
Now, I wonder if this is a distinctly California phenomenon. Somehow, I can't imagine the same thing happening at U Penn. But perhaps times have changed and Buddhism — or some version of Buddhism — has penetrated the American vocabulary, its psyche, its sense of its self.
The ideas that define and shape my thinking may share certain notions with Buddhism — a critique of the ego, the collapse of a subject/object dichotomy, a sense of participating in life rather than standing at a critical remove. No doubt, there are more commonalities.
And yet an enormous abyss yawns between Deleuze's The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque and the writings of Chuang Tzu. One experiences that difference immediately and palpably in their respective styles: while both are somewhat cryptic, one is exacting, dense, conceptual; the other is poetic and light.
This difference — what we can call their style — is not irrelevant. On the contrary, it is precisely what matters. Style is thought rendered as a life, as a way of going in this world. It is a posture and predilection, a mode, an operation: a living through.
I think it is safe to say that more people can reference some Buddhist notion — perhaps erroneously — than can reference Kant, Nietzsche, Derrida, Bergson, or Deleuze. The density — and, often, the absurdly pedantic prose — of Western philosophy is prohibitive. Buddhist writings, on the other hand, while complex and at times cryptic have a certain accessibility.
And this accessibility has to do with that fact that Buddhism concerns itself with how to live, how to operate in this world. Kant or Hegel, on the other hand, read like aliens: it's hard to imagine what these impossibly complex texts have to do with living life.
And, no doubt, this is a valid critique of Western philosophy: it is "academic." And yet....
And yet this conceptual approach to life is still an approach to life. And I, for one, happen to enjoy concepts. I happen to enjoy the elaborate, bizarre, beautiful conceptual structures of Kant and the careful, considered density of Deleuze. And this enjoyment is a life, is a posture, is a style. This is how I roll, and I dig it.
This is to say that I read all texts — Bergson or Buddha — as modes of living. Of course, the fact that I read this way — that I read philosophers for their style as much as for their ideas — places me outside of the academic community. And as I am not part of the academic community, I could care less. But my point is this: just because the academic approach to Western philosophy doesn't understand or concern itself with concept as style, as life, doesn't mean we need to critique Western philosophy for missing life.
Rather, it obliges us to find the life in Hegel and Kant and Derrida and Foucault. Perhaps we find that life distasteful. I, for one, have found Heidegger unpalatable. And Hegel, well, I could never digest dialectics. And, jeez, Kant is so hilariously uptight and reasonable that he's gloriously insane. I, for one, love that delirium — even if I am not a Kantian disciple.
I am a thinker. Such is my being. Such is my becoming. And so I roll with those who think aggressively, beautifully, thoroughly, baroquely: Deleuze, Bergson, Merleau-Ponty, Nietzsche, Foucault, Burroughs. This is my style. This is my life. Not the serenity or peace of Zen; not the quiet, cryptic piety of Buddhism; but the intellectual beauty — and at times crankiness and pedantry — of my Western cohorts.
This is not a critique or negation of Buddhism. It is an affirmation of me. Peace.
Taste as Category, or Make What I Like Its Own Thing
I had a fantastic time today at this impeccable purveyor of spirits: Cask, it calls itself. I bought four bottles of booze, each its own species: a rye, a scotch, a tequila, a gin.
But as I discussed each item with one or two of the shop keepers, it became obvious that I wanted the same experience, in a sense, from each: clean, heady, dry, spicy, complex. I used identical words to describe what I wanted but I used different differentiators to make clear what I did not want: no caramel in the rye, little peat in the scotch, not too floral in the gin, no dirt in my repasado.
What I was doing was creating a horizontal species — not a genus of any one species of booze but a palate, a flavor profile, that runs across the different verticals.
Music and film, of course, use this horizontal mood mapping: if you like this music, you'll like this other music that's dark, drone, and contemplative.
But even in those realms, especially in music, the mapping tends to stay within its vertical — if you like The Smiths, you might like The Cure. Of course you might.
What's more complex is making the jump to a different vertical. People do this all the time. It's called their taste. Algorithms have more trouble.
Taste is a predilection that can become a piece of code, a meme. It is an operation, a metabolism, that can become separated from the body that tastes (albeit it in a different form, necessarily).
A vertical category enjoys a certain kind of code, less operational than material: a bourbon uses corn, rye; tequila, agave; gin, fuck if I know. But within each vertical, within each prescription, there is necessarily a horizontal trajectory, a mode of putting those things together.
And this horizontal trajectory transcends the material — it is the operation, the invisible action, of putting things together.
These tastes, these metabolic styles, can become categories. But because we live in a vertical culture, we tend towards vertical categories. Horizontal categories are left to fashion and the arts (curation) but even more to the individual.
As de Certeau argues in The Practice of Everyday Life, the individual is not just a distinctive node, but a productive node within the strategies of power and capital. But he doesn't focus on the kinds of species such nodes can produce and what such a knowledge might look like.
Love, Strength, and Negotiating the Affective Flux
The question — or a question, as the case may be — is how to negotiate the endless affective flux, this relentless flow of moods and energies coming at us from everywhere all at once?
There was a time, many years ago, when I was practicing my very own kind of qigong, courtesy of my good friend. We'd spend hours moving energy up and down our bellies; then making these vast spheres of energy in our hands. We could make the flesh on our hands move by moving the other hand across it, no flesh touching: a palpation with qi. I shit you not.
But it also made us incredibly vulnerable to the grotesque qi that pervades the streets of any city, especially fetid San Francisco. I'd walk down the street and I'd be overwhelmed by the ill qi coming from this or that person.
I lacked the power — and the discipline — to negotiate this qi, to parry, absorb, defer, or placate it. And so I avoided exposure as best I could.
But that was weakness. I was fucking around with powerful forces and this made me poorly equipped to handle the world, to negotiate the affective universe — which is the universe. So, soon, I abandoned it, opting for the affective blindness of this American life.
What, then, is the way to negotiate this affective resonance? What happens when you find yourself confronted with ill formed qi, with an encounter that is foul, sour, sick, malformed?
No doubt, it is often best to avoid it, retreat, duck and cover. This is the safest way for the weak, and I am weak.
But, suddenly, I have a glimpse of what Christians mean by love — an infinite forgiveness of all the ill formed qi that comes your way: the cranky spouse, the acting out child, the cruel boss, the confused lover, the demented, neurotic, sick and plain old stupid and mean. We've all encountered these moments; we've all been these moments ourselves — cruel, stupid, anxious, cranky.
Love would be the posture that would never confront such ill qi on its terms but would at once parry and placate, absorb and return with positive qi, with beautiful energy, an infinite generosity.
But such love involves a fortitude that I cannot fathom. Like Kierkegaard's Johannes de Silentio in Fear and Trembling who cannot grasp the faith of Abraham, the faith of silently and without a hint of anxiety, sacrificing his only son, I am confounded by the demands of love. It exceeds me.
I've been rereading Castaneda. And I think don Juan knows such strength and the love it allows. Why else would he tolerate Carlos who's an imbecile? And Jesus, perhaps, knows such strength. But Carlos does not and nor do Jesus' followers. We slip into judgment so readily and love does not judge.
Now, I don't think love means never judging. Judgment is implicit in any gesture towards change, towards trying to shift someone else's state, someone else's qi. Love is not all smiles — Jesus could be a harsh bitch, as could don Juan. But it is infinitely generous. It has the strength not to need to tend to itself. Love has the unimaginable fortitude to indulge other people's profound sickness, their madness.
Me, when I'm confronted with angst and ill will and existential confusion, tend to lash out or retreat. Which is not necessarily wrong; one does what one must. But this glimpse I have of love, of what love is, is making me rethink how I approach the social and how I approach myself.
So where does this love leave us? Where does it leave me? Fuck if I know.
For now, I enjoy Old Potrero Rye and the temporary peace it affords, thank you very much.
By Daniel Coffeen at January 02, 2011 12 comments:
On Life, Style, Buddhism, and the Peculiarities of...
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Q: Otmar, in that very seat yesterday Esteban Ocon was telling us that there's been a lot of interest in him for 2019. What can you tell us about his future?
Otmar SZAFNAUER: Well, I'm glad there's interest, he's a great driver and glad we chose him a couple of years ago and have helped him to progress to the point where others are interested. Just happy to say he's our driver.
Szafnaier: In truth, we haven't decided yet. If I was to say this or that, I'd probably be proven wrong. Because that hasn't been decided. He's got a contract with us, so for us to… for him to go elsewhere we'd have to agree to that.
Szafnaier: Sergio, every year about this time we start talking to him about what he wants to do in the future. I don't think it's a secret that he goes year-by-year with us but that year-by-year has been five years now. Again, we like Sergio, the combination is great. I know a couple of years ago, maybe even last year, we had some issues but those have been resolved and they work really well together now. And as you can see, they're very close in the points table, maybe one point apart. I think we've got a great driver line-up and long may it continue.
Q: Now Otmar, you've mentioned the financial constraints your team operates under and Pérez has mentioned it as well just this week. While Force India has always been excellent at performing under such constraints, is the situation now a little bit more critical?
Szafnaier: We're used to operating under such constraints. I think the situation's critical because the midfield's gotten very competitive. Where last year probably at this time we enjoyed a bit of a gap to our midfield competitors, that doesn't exist anymore and, depending on what racetrack we go to, some of our competitors are a bit quicker than we are, and at other ones we are a bit quicker than they are. So, it's going to be a big fight in the midfield. If you have financial constraints - which I believe our constraints are great than some of our midfield competitors - it makes it harder. But we're here to do the best we can and we'll continue to push and try to get two points finishes and we're still focussing on getting fourth again.
Q: Mario, there's a test here at the Hungaroring next week. What's on the agenda for Pirelli?
Mario ISOLA: We are developing our construction for 2019 and also we are planning to test some compounds. I'm talking about the second Toro Rosso car that is dedicated to our tyre testing. Obviously, teams are testing to check their own development. This is useful data for us to understand how our tyres are working. We had a test in Silverstone just after the race with the three cars and we collected quite a lot of data. We were very lucky because the weather conditions in Silverstone were very stable and sunny. So, we ran the test and I believe we have a new product of next year.
Q: The FIA published the tyre tender for 2020 onwards very recently. What are your thoughts on that?
Isola: I'm analysing the document because it is… not complicated but I would say it is different to previous tenders because there are a lot of technical conditions in it. So, we are analysing the numbers that are in the tender. Obviously, we need some time to go that. It's interesting, with the introduction of 18-inch tyres from 2021 and no more blankets. So, on the technical side, it is a challenge for sure.
Q: Toto, quick progress report, if we could, from FP1. Your cars only fifth and sixth, what conclusions should be drawn?
Toto WOLFF: Before we talk about this race weekend and FP1 session, I don't want to go just back to business as usual because we are Mercedes and Ferrari are our great friends and at this stage I want to use the opportunity to say that we are feeling with Ferrari and feeling with the family and friends of Sergio and we as well are badly shocked by the events. He was a friend and ally. A great rival and competitor and will be dearly missed. Coming back to the session that you mentioned. It is very early days. Hungary is always very different to all the other tracks. The heat is just kicking in and through the sessions now we need to learn how to set the car up, and understand how the tyres perform and then eventually, hopefully, be ready tomorrow afternoon.
Q: Driver contracts are done. How important is that stability for the team?
Wolff: The driver contracts were done a long time ago. At least it feels that way within Mercedes. Even though we didn't have any signature and therefore nothing to announce. It felt that way since the early stages of the season. There weren't any stumbling blocks to be negotiated, in so far as I don't think there was any insecurity on the drivers' side or our side about whether this would come together. Now it's out in the open, we don't get the questions any more from you guys - and that makes it a bit easier.
Q: I'm going to ask you another question about stability then. You've made some senior management changes recently. Why do you feel the need to make then now?
Wolff: Like in any company, you will have a situation where talent grows, develops and eventually comes up and, a few years ago, we identified that we don't want to create bottlenecks for this upcoming talent and eventually lose them because they don't see any opportunity any more in the team. The amazing thing we achieved with Aldo [Costa] and Mark Ellis was to identify, mentor and develop that talent. And we had a clear plan with them to eventually put them in positions where they would succeed these great engineers. And that is happening as we speak, over time, over the next 12 months. Mark and Aldo are going to step aside a little bit and this new, young generation of leaders will be coming up. But both of them will stay within the family in roles to be identified - or roles to be discussed in detail. Mark wants to take it a little bit easier. This is a sport that is all-consuming if you give it everything. Aldo wants to spend some time with the family but still be part of the Mercedes family. I'm very proud that we have achieved that transition and were the first team to kind of do that in a structured way.
Q: (Jonathan McEvoy - The Daily Mail) To Toto. I was wondering how you see Lewis' mood. His mindset at the moment. He said this is the hardest race he's been involved in. I don't here, I mean this season and the Ferrari rivalry. That a). And b) his remarks about Sky. Would you rather your driver was going home after a race and watching that - or would you expect him to be out celebrating with some mates?
Wolff: The most important is that we give everybody his freedom to organise his time the way he feels, or she feels is right. And be non-judgemental. This is how I try to be within the team. We're all different. Lewis is a four-time World Champion. He knows pretty well how to extract the maximum performance out of himself and, in so far, I think whatever he does after the race, whatever he feels like doing, is the right thing for him. And, he's in a good frame of mind. We are all pushing very hard in this championship. The hardest we've done in the past because with Red Bull and Ferrari we have two competitors that we recognise as great organisations and in so far, I think his behaviour, the way he deals with it, is very authentic. He wears his heart on the sleeve. He gives you guys great content - because it polarises - and for me this is just fine.
Q: (Scott Mitchell - Autosport) Toto, last couple of years Force India has obviously been a good friend for you with Esteban and the opportunity that he's had there. With the situation that the team's in at the moment, do you see that as a viable option for next season, even or Esteban or another Mercedes junior in the form of George Russell?
Wolff: We are still very much friends. Otmar walks the dog and comes for breakfast in Oxford, in my place. So… that hasn't changed. Force India is a team that we aligned with and we have a lot of exchange going on. It has been a great harbour and a great development place for some of the young drivers. They have taken decisions with us that at the time were courageous - like when Esteban was on nobody's radar, Otmar and his guys took the decision to take him onboard and today everybody wants to have Esteban in the car. They are a good group of racers that punch above their weight. The way Otmar and his team have dealt with their liquidity struggles is amazing. Competing against some of the works teams and we just recognise that.
Q: (Dieter Rencken) Toto, it's no secret that Mercedes has nurtured Esteban through his junior career and also holds his contract, in fact he said so yesterday. Under what circumstances would you let him race with a foreign engine?
Wolff: I think that… We have picked Esteban up when Gravity fell apart and the first team that he was actually associated with was Renault. We at the time had just started our junior programme and it just felt right with Pascal and Esteban to give them a go. To date we are trying to set them a path that eventually will make them very successful long term; put then a position to be world champions maybe one day. But with Valtteri and Lewis we have a line-up that is stable, that works for us, and at that stage there is no opportunity within Mercedes and if he has an opportunity somewhere else to be successful as a racing driver and another team or constructor to be successful with Esteban, we wouldn't want to stand in the way.
Q: (Alan Baldwin - Reuters) One of the grievances Lewis seemed to have was that he wasn't recognised for what he did on Sunday in Hockenheim by the TV commentators. Do you think Lewis gets enough recognition for what he does and what he achieves?
Wolff: Positive headlines don't sell any newspapers and don't generate any clicks and I think that he is a polarising sportsman that sells papers. We could talk about philosophy and the digital revolution and the impact on it for a long time but I just think that in the now and here great achievements are never recognised in the way they should be recognised and in five or 10 years we will be looking back and saying we were part of an amazing driver's journey that will fill books but this is just the way it goes and I think he knows that.
Q: (Luis Vasconcelos - Formula Press) For all three, this is the fifth year of these power unit regulations and certainly we are seeing some reliability issues, which is not to be expected at this stage. For Toto, is there is a technical explanation for this? Why are we having more problems, your cars, the Renaults, Ferrari had at the end of last year? For Otmar, in this area is there anything an independent team can do to prevent that, being caught out by that, and for Mario, is this a good change, that people are not criticising tyres or having problems with the tyres and blaming them and they are losing races for other reasons?
Isola: Interesting question! No, I don't think so. We try to do our best with the data we receive from the teams and obviously the hybrid power train is working in a different way and we adapt our product to that. I hope that we are not criticised, because we are supplying a good product not because they are having a problem with the power unit.
Wolff: The product is great.
Wolff: We are being pushed by the competition. You've said that we are in the fifth year of these engines, which normally is a phase where the development slope flattens out; that would be the logic. Mature regulations, which also guarantee great competition because there are not big gaps between the power units any more. But this season is different. Ferrari has a great power unit and they are setting the benchmark from race to race, they are able to extract more, and this is making us push and obviously making Renault and Honda push and you just reach certain limits. But this fight and the rivalry is the reason why we are in Formula 1. We are trying to be the best ourselves and we recognise that, but this is one of the reasons why you see that we are reaching certain limits by just extracting the last millisecond of performance.
Szafnaier: My thoughts are that Mercedes have done a great job for us in the last five years; we have had great reliability from them. Your question was did we have an impact on the reliability. All installations are different. We get the power train from them but we have to cool it the way we want to cool it. We've got to supply it with fuel the way we want to supply it with fuel and some other things. So we do have an impact on that but predominantly it is the powertrain manufacturer that has an impact on reliability. They do a wonderful job, but as Toto says, we are pushing them now to extract more performance and sometimes that comes at the cost of reliability. It's no secret that we are struggling on the straights to keep up with Haas and Sauber, so we've got to push these guys to gain that advantage back.
Q: (Brigitta Gyimesi) Toto, Lewis' qualifying issue at Hockenheim and the two problems that struck Mercedes in Austria seem to be very similar to each other. Are you concerned that this hydraulics issue might be a recurring problem that could bite you in the coming races?
Wolff: In Formula 1 you are never comfortable with anything, because you're pushing the boundaries. We have seen similar effects by kerbs but the causes and consequences are totally different. We are on top of it, and we don't expect any of these problems to come back. The outcome, the consequence of the hydraulic failure was the same but the cause was very different.
Q: (Alan Baldwin - Reuters) Otmar going back to what we were saying earlier about the critical situation for the team. Sergio referred to this yesterday. Was he referring to it being critical in sporting terms or critical in more fundamental terms, for the team's survival financially. There have been reports out there about possibly going into administration. Can you just clarify that?
Szafnaier: Unfortunately, I don't know what Checo meant by that, because I haven't talked to him, but just to answer: there is a high correlation between critical financial situation and the sporting situation. The more money you have in this game, usually the better you do. But hopefully that will be solved soon and we'll get back to operating in the normal manner that we are used to. We are just in this critical period, which might last a week or two, we have to keep our heads down, do the best we can here, go enjoy, after the test, enjoy our break and then come back fighting thereafter.
Q: (Dieter Rencken) Otmar, your comments about what Toto's just said, that they wouldn't stand in the way of Esteban. Does your tripartite contract allow you release him to Renault?
Szafnaier: Sure. I mean, we can do whatever we want to do. It's fine for him to go, but we have to agree to that. I'm sure Toto has persuasive tools, if that's what we all want to do. We work well together. We had great discussions about Esteban when he came in and if it's mutually beneficial then of course that's what we are going to do. We won't stand in his way. But first and foremost my job is to look after Force India, so I will be pushing to do what's best for us.
Q: (Péter Vámosi - Racingline.hu) Question to all. Yesterday, during the press conference we were talking about a race for team bosses. How do you like the idea. Esteban and Valtteri that you, Toto, could be really good against Christian Horner?
Szafnaier: Is it team bosses or team bosses' wives.
Wolff: Then I would be really good.
Szafnaier: Then Toto would win.
Wolff: If it was between team bosses' wives I would win. The other thing is I am more ambitious than talented. But I think against Christian maybe it's still enough.
Q: Toto would you welcome such a race?
Wolff: I would be up for it, yeah, immediately. Let's do that.
Q: (Scott Mitchell - Autosport) Otmar, on the Force India situation, how urgently does the team need fresh investment and when do you think that that could be likely?
Szafnaier: I think it's imminent. I know there's discussions going on in the background. I'm not privy to those because it's a shareholder issue and I'm not a shareholder, otherwise I would know more. But it will be very soon.
Q: (Luis Vasconcelos - Formula Press) For the two team bosses: almost every team has a young drivers' programme and obviously that has helped a lot of talent coming to Formula One, but do you think it's still possible for somebody who's not part of any young drivers' programme from a Formula One team to make it independently to Formula One?
Szafnaier: We are his (Toto's) young driver programme. Just kidding. I think it's been like this for quite some time. You need talent in racing but you also need funding because even at the lower formulas, motor racing is not a cheap sport. So it's great that Red Bull, Mercedes, Renault, Ferrari all have young driver programmes because they identify that talent and help them through, be it financially or guidance. Is it possible? Definitely. There are some people who come through who aren't in a young driver programme. Is it likely? Maybe not as likely as it used to be. But it's definitely possible.
Wolff: I think that the best guys will find us. We are looking at junior formulae, go-karting and if somebody really stands out, then all of us having a junior programme will eventually get in touch.
Q: (Dieter Rencken) Toto, you've got an entrepreneurial nature. It's probably no exaggeration to state that you've probably spent more time in this current role than you've spent in any other job in your life before. Could you see yourself taking equity stake in another team like Sauber or Force India, possibly, possibly even alongside your existing role?
Wolff: Thank you for the flowers! No. When I decided to take up the opportunity with Daimler and became a shareholder of the Mercedes F1 team and involved in the management of it, I had to relinquish all positions of potential conflict of interest and I sold my shares in HWA, as you know, and I also sold the shares in Williams and I will not, neither directly or indirectly, be involved in any other Formula One team.
Q: (Alan Baldwin - Reuters) Toto, you spoke fondly of Sergio Marchionne at the beginning and obviously Maurizio's not here to talk about anything but I just wondered… they've obviously got a lot on their plate at the moment but when things do settle down, and given your experience and your involvement in negotiations with Formula One about the future, what do you think the main challenges will be for the new man, Camilleri, when he comes in?
Wolff: Sergio was a bigger personality than life, somebody that in the meetings and in the strategy group and in the negotiations with Formula One and FIA had the most powerful voice and these shoes are impossible to fill. With Ferrari, they have a management structure that remains unchanged. Maurizio was very much in charge for running the team and remains our sparring partner in the sport and Maurizio and Mattia and the group somehow are guaranteed that the Formula One team and the operations of the Formula One team is going to continue going forward like it has in the past. For negotiations with F1, Maurizio is also very much up to speed. He was part of most of the discussions, he represents Ferrari in the strategy group so I think it will give the new man coming in a lot of know-how and a lot of information and insofar I think he's going to be able to catch up pretty quickly but obviously there was only one Sergio Marchionne.
Q: (Scott Mitchell - Autosport) Mario, going back to the tyre tender, Michelin have suggested that it's a problem for them to do one year with 13 inch wheels and then move on to 18 inch wheels after that. Is that a concern for you or would you welcome that flexibility to go with one size and then move to another size in the same cycle?
Isola: I believe that when you are in Formula One, you can never stop the development so in the statue of the change of size we just change the size, the width of our tyres two years ago and you must be ready to produce any tyre that the sport requires so it's clearly a challenge, we are interested to apply for the tender. Now the request is to move to 18 inches in 2021, as I said, it's a big technical challenge but we had many other big technical challenges in the past. If you accept to be here, you accept to put a lot of effort, resources, development and testing in the activity.
Q: (Rocio Andreina Romero Navarrete - Motorlat) Mr Szafnauer, how has the team evolved so fast in the last races? What changes have you made? We can see a difference compared to the start of the season to the mid-season results.
Szafnaier: Well, at the beginning of the year, we weren't able to put all the developments on the car that we had discovered, so it's taken us time to get the car to where it needs to be and then once you get the developments on the car, there's a little bit of learning that happens too to extract the performance out of it. We've done that now, so I think we're at a better place than at the beginning of this season and there's still more to come. We're not quite where we want to be, it's tough in the midfield. We still have to push developments this year. Unfortunately the cars are changing a lot next year. The regulations have changed significantly again so we've got to make a decision at some point to stop this year's development and start on next year's which will happen soon, but we need to develop to a point where fourth in the championship is still possible but not at the great expense of next year's car.
Q: (Peter Vamosi) Two weeks ago, at the Slovakia-ring, two popular FIA series, WTCR and the European truck race championship, merged for a race weekend and it was a big success. What do you think? Is it a good idea to make something like that with Formula One also, maybe together with DTM or WEC, whatever?
Wolff: There are other good examples in the past where series have merged. I remember 15 years ago where Mario and I used to play in the Super Racing Weekend and the FIA GT and Endurance format with the European Touring Car championship and with all the Renault single-seater, junior feeder series, Renault two litres, World Series and it was a fantastic place to be, at the track with lots of audience. There were manufacturers engaged in each of the series, therefore lots of guests and hospitality, activities on the track and what you've seen in Slovakia-ring is a similar exercise. I think Formula One is bigger than all these series, much bigger than all these series but you mustn't close your eyes, there could be opportunities out there to invite a series to race with us.
Isola: I agree with Toto because it's important to provide the spectators with a good show for all the weekend, not to stay here just for one hour of free practice or qualifying for Formula One and it's good to have different series joining. Super Racing Weekend was a good example because it was a mix of sprint racing, endurance racing, single-seaters, touring cars which we have in Melbourne, we had the GTs; in Montreal we had the Ferrari Challenge so we already have in the race weekend a lot of support events that are giving the spectators the opportunity to see something different than Formula One.
Szafnaier: I'm not saying we forget but we should always remember that we do this for the fans so if the fans find it useful to do that then absolutely, we should look at it.
Q: (Peter Varkas - Auto Motor) For the team bosses: sometimes it's crazy to see the rate of the development war between the top teams now. Toto, you had the engine upgrade in France, then in Austria the new aero package, then Ferrari responded at Silverstone with their new aero package, so is it fair to say that the rate of development this year is the highest ever so it's even higher than before. And Otmar, if that is so, does it make the task for the midfield teams even harder because the top teams are getting all these developments and that makes it hard for the small teams to keep up?
Szafnaier: I've always said and I said it to everybody in our factory, this is a development race, that's what we're in and I think Formula One is at the pinnacle of that. We measure our development rate against the top teams, so we know where we start off. Do we develop as quickly as they do, are we falling behind and unfortunately, that's what Formula One is and we've got to be prepared for that and you've got to have an organisation that's prepared for that. You've got to have the tools in order to develop faster than your competition and that's what it's about. So unless the regulations significantly change, that's how we go about our business.
Wolff: Yeah, I agree with your assessment. It's the steepest development rate that we have seen in the last years, on the chassis and on the power unit side.


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text:
Course Number: 517
Caries versus Erosion
The Role of Fluoride in Caries Reversal
Find Your Fit - P&G Careers
Managing Dental Erosion: Current Understanding and Future Directions
Course Author(s): Donald J. White, PhD; Warden H. Noble, DDS, MS, MSEd; Nicola West, BDS, FDSRCS, PhD FDS (Rest Dent)
Save your progress
Etiological Factors
Differences Between Dentin and Enamel Erosion
Dental Erosion and Diet
The Salivary Pellicle
Gastroesophageal Reflex Disorder (GERD)
Patient Age and Risk Factors
Key Differences Between Caries and Dental Erosion
Fluoride and Dental Erosion
Current Methodologies to Assess Dental Erosion
Lesion Progression Methods
Surface Layer Measurements
Progression of the Erosive Lesion
Clinical Strategies to Prevent and Manage Dental Erosion
Risk Assessment for ETW
Clinical Examination
The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE)
Challenges in the Management of ETW
Preventing and Managing Dental Erosion
Oral Hygiene Practices and Home Care
References / Additional Resources
Test Preview
Dental caries is an infectious disease caused by the complex interaction of cariogenic (caries-causing) bacteria with carbohydrates (i.e., sugars) on the tooth surface over time. Cariogenic bacteria metabolize carbohydrates for energy and produce organic acids as byproducts. The acids lower the pH in the plaque biofilm.47
The hydroxyapatite of tooth enamel is primarily composed of phosphate ions (PO43–) and calcium ions (Ca2+). Under normal conditions, there is a stable equilibrium between the calcium and phosphate ions in saliva and the crystalline hydroxyapatite that comprises 96% of tooth enamel. When the pH drops below a critical level (5.5 for enamel, and 6.2 for dentin), it causes the dissolution of tooth mineral (hydroxyapatite) in a process called demineralization. When the natural buffer capacity of saliva elevates pH, minerals are reincorporated into the tooth through the process of remineralization.47
The initial stage of the caries process results in white spot formation, a result of acid penetration and solubilization of some (but not all) of the subsurface mineral (Figure 11A). Left untreated, this subsurface damage can progress to a point where the crystal can no longer provide sufficient support to the enamel surface structure, and the surface collapses (cavitates).
The caries process can be affected in several ways. One of the most effective methods to prevent caries is by promoting remineralization and slowing down demineralization. This can be accomplished with fluoride therapy. It is widely accepted that the regular use of fluoride, such as in dentifrice and drinking water, is extremely effective at preventing dental caries. In 1999, the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued a statement that water fluoridation is one of the 10 most important public health measures of the 20th century.48 Fluoride's presence in low concentration and high frequency is more effective at preventing caries than high levels of fluoride used in low frequency. Because water fluoridation is not available in many countries, dentifrice is considered to be one of the most important sources of fluoride globally.
When fluoride is present in oral fluids (i.e., saliva), fluorapatite, rather than hydroxyapatite, forms during the remineralization process. Fluoride ions (F–) replace hydroxyl groups (OH–) in the formation of the apatite crystal lattice (Figure 11B), resulting in a stronger, fluoridated tooth mineral (fluorapatite). Fluorapatite is less soluble than hydroxyapatite, even under acidic conditions. Because fluorapatite is less soluble than hydroxyapatite, it is also more resistant to subsequent demineralization when acid challenged.
Caries is generally considered to be a sub-surface phenomenon. With fluoride treatment, a noncavitated lesion can be remineralized with fluorapatite and have greater resistance to subsequent demineralization than hydroxyapatite. Even at very low concentrations, fluoride is effective as an anticaries agent.49
In the US, there are three commonly used sources of fluoride in oral care products; sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF2). All three of these fluoride sources provide the important F- ion, which both inhibits demineralization and promotes remineralization of damaged tooth mineral. In addition, SnF2 is considered to have unique properties, as it provides efficacy against bacterial acids in addition to its fluoridating benefits.
Figure 11.
A) Demineralization – the caries formation process. Damage occurs in subsurface regions of the enamel, leaving an intact outer layer on the enamel surface. B) Remineralization – the caries reversal process. Caries is reversed through the process of remineralization, in which calcium, phosphate and fluoride are incorporated in the areas damaged due to demineralization processes, resulting in a stronger, fluoridated mineral.