text:
δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences
T. Sowers, M. Bender, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich
We use records of surface temperature and CO2 at Byrd and Vostok, along with their respective chronologies, to constrain the ice age-gas age difference (Δage) throughout the section of the Vostok ice core corresponding to the last glacial termination. In principle, Δage values calculated from these data can be used to discriminate whether gas in the firn mixes to the bubble close-off depth or to a depth equivalent to the diffusive column height. In practice, however, uncertainties in the chronology of Byrd and Vostok are too great to allow us to distinguish between these two possibilities. One can only say that at the time of the last termination, Δ for Vostok was between three and 10.6 kyr. Previous estimates fall within this range. -from Authors
https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01297
10.1029/92jd01297
Dive into the research topics of 'δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
chronology Physics & Astronomy 100%
gas transport Physics & Astronomy 93%
firn Earth & Environmental Sciences 89%
ice Agriculture & Biology 68%
tracer techniques Agriculture & Biology 68%
tracers Physics & Astronomy 66%
tracer Earth & Environmental Sciences 53%
Pleistocene Earth & Environmental Sciences 52%
Sowers, T., Bender, M., Raynaud, D., & Korotkevich, Y. S. (1992). δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(D14), 15,683-15,697. https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01297
Sowers, T. ; Bender, M. ; Raynaud, D. ; Korotkevich, Y. S. / δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice : a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. 1992 ; Vol. 97, No. D14. pp. 15,683-15,697.
@article{38fc77ccaa2343d08a01b3bb035209f7,
title = "δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences",
abstract = "We use records of surface temperature and CO2 at Byrd and Vostok, along with their respective chronologies, to constrain the ice age-gas age difference (Δage) throughout the section of the Vostok ice core corresponding to the last glacial termination. In principle, Δage values calculated from these data can be used to discriminate whether gas in the firn mixes to the bubble close-off depth or to a depth equivalent to the diffusive column height. In practice, however, uncertainties in the chronology of Byrd and Vostok are too great to allow us to distinguish between these two possibilities. One can only say that at the time of the last termination, Δ for Vostok was between three and 10.6 kyr. Previous estimates fall within this range. -from Authors",
author = "T. Sowers and M. Bender and D. Raynaud and Korotkevich, {Y. S.}",
doi = "10.1029/92jd01297",
pages = "15,683--15,697",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
number = "D14",
Sowers, T, Bender, M, Raynaud, D & Korotkevich, YS 1992, 'δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences', Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. D14, pp. 15,683-15,697. https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01297
δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice : a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences. / Sowers, T.; Bender, M.; Raynaud, D.; Korotkevich, Y. S.
In: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D14, 1992, p. 15,683-15,697.
T1 - δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice
T2 - a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences
AU - Sowers, T.
AU - Bender, M.
AU - Raynaud, D.
AU - Korotkevich, Y. S.
N2 - We use records of surface temperature and CO2 at Byrd and Vostok, along with their respective chronologies, to constrain the ice age-gas age difference (Δage) throughout the section of the Vostok ice core corresponding to the last glacial termination. In principle, Δage values calculated from these data can be used to discriminate whether gas in the firn mixes to the bubble close-off depth or to a depth equivalent to the diffusive column height. In practice, however, uncertainties in the chronology of Byrd and Vostok are too great to allow us to distinguish between these two possibilities. One can only say that at the time of the last termination, Δ for Vostok was between three and 10.6 kyr. Previous estimates fall within this range. -from Authors
AB - We use records of surface temperature and CO2 at Byrd and Vostok, along with their respective chronologies, to constrain the ice age-gas age difference (Δage) throughout the section of the Vostok ice core corresponding to the last glacial termination. In principle, Δage values calculated from these data can be used to discriminate whether gas in the firn mixes to the bubble close-off depth or to a depth equivalent to the diffusive column height. In practice, however, uncertainties in the chronology of Byrd and Vostok are too great to allow us to distinguish between these two possibilities. One can only say that at the time of the last termination, Δ for Vostok was between three and 10.6 kyr. Previous estimates fall within this range. -from Authors
U2 - 10.1029/92jd01297
DO - 10.1029/92jd01297
SP - 15,683-15,697
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
IS - D14
Sowers T, Bender M, Raynaud D, Korotkevich YS. δ15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1992;97(D14):15,683-15,697. https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01297


text:
EAGLES OFF TO CAMROSE FOR DOUBLE-HEADER
PHOTO: The Eagles have had a tough time winning games in Camrose lately as they have not defeated the Kodiaks in Camrose for almost five years. (Photo courtesy Julie Wilson)
They may only be listed as Games #27 and #28 on the Canmore Eagles 2013-14 Alberta Junior Hockey League regular season schedule, but this weekend's road trip to Camrose for a pair of games against their Southern Division rival Kodiaks will be a true litmus test for this year's Eagle hockey club.
The Eagles are off to a solid start this year with a record of 14-11-1 and currently lead the Kodiaks by three points in the AJHL Southern Division standings. Unfortunately for Canmore, success in Camrose has been hard to come by as the Eagles have not beaten the Kodiaks (10-12-6) at the Encana Arena since sneaking out with a 5-4 victory way back on December 11, 2008.
"It's been almost five years since we've won in their building, so obviously it's been a tough place for us to pick up a win," said Eagles Head Coach and General Manager Andrew Milne, whose club is 4-6-1 on the road this season. "The Encana Arena is a pretty intimidating rink to play in. It's a big rink in every way – 2,300 seats, 700 standing room spots, instant replay jumbo-tron, press boxes, bright lights – you name it, they've got it in Camrose. We just need to go up there and concentrate on the task at hand. We need to be completely focused, ignore the noise, and stick to our style of play. But we look forward to going into their building this year. We've won eight of our last nine games, including big road wins in Brooks and Okotoks, so we're playing well too. It should be an excellent weekend of hockey."
Camrose is also playing some of their best hockey of the season having lost just twice in their past 10 games. The Kodiaks also shook up their lineup on November 8 when they made a 3 for 2 player trade with the Okotoks Oilers and acquired Spencer Kryczka, Stefan Danielson and Braeden Salverda.
NOTEBOOK: The Eagles will head up to Camrose with several of their key players still on the injured list. Defenceman John Stevens and Jakob Lavoie have been out of the lineup since being injured on November 9, while 20-year sniper Luke Simpson has not played since Oct. 12 . . . The Eagles are now entering a very busy portion of the schedule as the team will play 14 games from Nov. 23 to Dec. 21, a stretch of 29 days. . . Canmore's next home game is Tuesday, November 26 when the Olds Grizzlys pay a visit to the Canmore Recreation Centre.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Heat energy continuously flows to the Earth's surface from its interior, where central temperatures of about 6 000°C exist. The predominant source of the Earth's heat is the gradual decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes (40K, 232Th, 235U and 238U). The outward transfer of heat occurs by means of conductive heat flow and convective flows of molten mantle beneath the Earth's crust. This results in a mean heat flux at the Earth's surface of 80kW/km2 approximately. This heat flux, however, is not distributed uniformly over the Earth's surface; rather, it is concentrated along active tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity transports high temperature molten material to the near surface.
Although volcanoes erupt small portions of this molten rock that feeds them, the vast majority of it remains at depths of 5 to 20 km, where it is in the form of liquid or solidifying magma bodies that release heat to surrounding rock. Under the right conditions, water can penetrate into these hot rock zones, resulting in the formation of high temperature geothermal systems containing hot water, water and steam, or steam, at depths of 500 m to >3,000 m.
Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil). Geothermal resources range from shallow ground to hot water and rock several miles below the Earth's surface, and even farther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma. Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a variety of applications.
Extensive global distribution; it is accessible to both developed and developing countries.
Environmentally friendly nature; it has low emission of sulphur, CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
Indigenous nature; it is independent of external supply and demand effects and fluctuations in exchange rates.
Independence of weather and season.
Contribution to the development of diversified power sources.
Geothermal power plants operated in at least 24 countries in 2010, and geothermal energy was used directly for heat in at least 78 countries. These countries currently have geothermal power plants with a total capacity of 10.7 GW, but 88% of it is generated in just seven countries: the United States, the Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand, and Iceland. The most significant capacity increases since 2004 were seen in Iceland and Turkey. Both countries doubled their capacity. Iceland has the largest share of geothermal power contributing to electricity supply (25%), followed by the Philippines (18%).
The number of countries utilizing geothermal energy to generate electricity has more than doubled since 1975, increasing from 10 in 1975 to 24 in 2004. In 2003, total geothermal energy supply was 20 MToE (metric Tonne Oil Equivalent), accounting for 0.4% of total primary energy supply in IEA member countries. The share of geothermal in total renewable energy supply was 7.1%. Over the last 20 years, capital costs for geothermal power systems decreased by a significant 50%. Such large cost reductions are often the result of solving the "easier" problems associated with science and technology improvement in the early years of development.
Although geothermal power development slowed in 2010, with global capacity reaching just over 11 GW, a significant acceleration in the rate of deployment is expected as advanced technologies allow for development in new countries. Heat output from geothermal sources increased by an average rate of almost 9% annually over the past decade, due mainly to rapid growth in the use of ground-source heat pumps. Use of geothermal energy for combined heat and power is also on the rise.
India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the potential geothermal provinces can produce 10,600 MW of power (but experts are confident only to the extent of 100 MW). But yet geothermal power projects has not been exploited at all, owing to a variety of reasons, the chief being the availability of plentiful coal at cheap costs. However, with increasing environmental problems with coal based projects, India will need to start depending on clean and eco-friendly energy sources in future; one of which could be geothermal.
The extremely hot water from drill holes when released from the deep reservoirs high pressure steam (termed as flashed steam) is released. This force of steam is used to rotate turbines. The steam gets condensed and is converted into water again, which is returned to the reservoir. Flashed steam plants are widely distributed throughout the world.
Usually geysers are the main source of dry steam. Those geothermal reservoirs which mostly produce steam and little water are used in electricity production systems. As steam from the reservoir shoots out, it is used to rotate a turbine, after sending the steam through a rock-catcher. The rock-catcher protects the turbine from rocks which come along with the steam.
In this type of power plant, the geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger where its heat is transferred to a secondary liquid, namely isobutene, iso-pentane or ammonia–water mixture present in an adjacent, separate pipe. Due to this double-liquid heat exchanger system, it is called a binary power plant. The secondary liquid which is also called as working fluid, should have lower boiling point than water. It turns into vapor on getting required heat from the hot water. The vapor from the working fluid is used to rotate turbines. The binary system is therefore useful in geothermal reservoirs which are relatively low in temperature gradient. Since the system is a completely closed one, there is minimum chance of heat loss. Hot water is immediately recycled back into the reservoir. The working fluid is also condensed back to the liquid and used over and over again.
Some geothermal fields produce boiling water as well as steam, which are also used in power generation. In this system of power generation, the flashed and binary systems are combined to make use of both steam and hot water. Efficiency of hybrid power plants is however less than that of the dry steam plants.
The term enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), also known as engineered geothermal systems (formerly hot dry rock geothermal), refers to a variety of engineering techniques used to artificially create hydrothermal resources (underground steam and hot water) that can be used to generate electricity. Traditional geothermal plants exploit naturally occurring hydrothermal reservoirs and are limited by the size and location of such natural reservoirs. EGS reduces these constraints by allowing for the creation of hydrothermal reservoirs in deep, hot but naturally dry geological formations.EGS techniques can also extend the lifespan of naturally occurring hydrothermal resources. Given the costs and limited full-scale system research to date, EGS remains in its infancy, with only a few research and pilot projects existing around the world and no commercial-scale EGS plants to date. The technology is so promising, however, that a number of studies have found that EGS could quickly become widespread.
It has been estimated from geological, geochemical, shallow geophysical and shallow drilling data it is estimated that India has about 10,000 MWe of geothermal power potential that can be harnessed for various purposes. Rocks covered on the surface of India ranging in age from more than 4500 million years to the present day and distributed in different geographical units. The rocks comprise of Archean, Proterozoic, the marine and continental Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Teritary, Quaternary etc., More than 300 hot spring locations have been identified by Geological survey of India (Thussu, 2000). The surface temperature of the hot springs ranges from 35 C to as much as 98 C. These hot springs have been grouped together and termed as different geothermal provinces based on their occurrence in specific geotectonic regions, geological and strutural regions such as occurrence in orogenic belt regions, structural grabens, deep fault zones, active volcanic regions etc., Different orogenic regions are – Himalayan geothermal province, Naga-Lushai geothermal province, Andaman-Nicobar Islands geothermal province and non-orogenic regions are – Cambay graben, Son-Narmada-Tapi graben, west coast, Damodar valley, Mahanadi valley, Godavari valley etc.
There is no installed geothermal generating capacity as of now and only direct uses (eg.Drying) have been detailed.
There are no operational geothermal plants in India.
Steam discharge was estimated 3000 cu meter/ day with high temprature gradient.
Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI.
Unlike traditional power plants that run on fuel that must be purchased over the life of the plant, geothermal power plants use a renewable resource that is not susceptible to price fluctuations.
New geothermal plants currently are generating electricity from 0.05$ to 0.08$ per kilowatt hour (kwh).Once capital costs .Once the capital costs have been recovered price of power can decrease below 0.05$ per kwh. The price of geothermal is within range of other electricity choices available today when the costs of the lifetime of the plant are considered.
Most of the costs related to geothermal power plants are related to resource exploration and plant construction. Like oil and gas exploration, it is expensive and because only one in five wells yield a reservoir suitable for development .Geothermal developers must prove that they have reliable resource before they can secure millions of dollar required to develop geothermal resources.
Although the cost of generating geothermal has decreased by 25 percent during the last two decades, exploration and drilling remain expensive and risky. Drilling Costs alone account for as much as one-third to one-half to the total cost of a geothermal project. Locating the best resources can be difficult; and developers may drill many dry wells before they discover a viable resource. Because rocks in geothermal areas are usually extremely hard and hot, developers must frequently replace drilling equipment. Individual productive geothermal wells generally yield between 2MW and 5MW of electricity; each may cost from $1 million to $5 million to drill. A few highly productive wells are capable of producing 25 MW or more of electricity.
Geothermal power plants must be located near specific areas near a reservoir because it is not practical to transport steam or hot water over distances greater than two miles. Since many of the best geothermal resources are located in rural areas , developers may be limited by their ability to supply electricity to the grid. New power lines are expensive to construct and difficult to site. Many existing transmission lines are operating near capacity and may not be able to transmit electricity without significant upgrades. Consequently, any significant increase in the number of geothermal power plants will be limited by those plants ability to connect, upgrade or build new lines to access to the power grid and whether the grid is able to deliver additional power to the market.
Finding a suitable build location.
Energy source such as wind, solar and hydro are more popular and better established; these factors could make developers decided against geothermal.
Main disadvantages of building a geothermal energy plant mainly lie in the exploration stage, which can be extremely capital intensive and high-risk; many companies who commission surveys are often disappointed, as quite often, the land they were interested in, cannot support a geothermal energy plant.
Some areas of land may have the sufficient hot rocks to supply hot water to a power station, but many of these areas are located in harsh areas of the world (near the poles), or high up in mountains.
Harmful gases can escape from deep within the earth, through the holes drilled by the constructors. The plant must be able to contain any leaked gases, but disposing of the gas can be very tricky to do safely.
In the case of geothermal energy, several topics are identified as being key to its advancement in the global market place. These are related to cost reduction, sustainable use, expansion of use into new geographical regions, and new applications. The priorities are categorized as "general" or specific to RD&D.
Life-cycle analysis of geothermal power generation and direct use systems.
Sustainable production from geothermal resources.
Power generation through improved conversion efficiency cycles.
Use of shallow geothermal resources for small-scale individual users.
Studies of induced seismicity related to geothermal power generation (conventional systems and enhanced geothermal systems.
Development of better exploration, resource confirmation and management tools.
Development of deep (>3 000 m) geothermal resources.
Geothermal co-generation (power and heat).
MeSy India acts as technical arm to governmental institutions in the conduction of scientific and geothermal research projects, and stimulates new R&D projects in collaboration with Indian national research institutions and international organizations, in particular in the field of techniques and earthquake mechanisms, reservoir induced seismicity, advanced mining technologies, ground water production stimulation, use of geothermal energy, hazardous underground waste storage.


Plastic parts in my engine?
Yeah no, i'll pass next time. On another note, i didn't know you could get a plastic wheeled waterpump for these cars, all the ones i've installed/seen have been a cast metal wheel instead.
RE: earliere post on bolt in my tyre, i took them off and put others on, but now 1.5 months later they still held pressure. They've been properly patched up now and i hope they're good to go from now on again!


text:
Boston Scientific links just approved liver cancer device to improved survival
Boston Scientific has presented retrospective data on the use of its radioactive glass beads in the treatment of the liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
The clinical trial found a correlation between survival and radiation absorbed by the tumor, giving Boston Scientific data to make the case for using the recently approved device.
Analysts at Evercore ISI estimate the approval of the device, TheraSphere, opens up a $150 million U.S. market opportunity to Boston Scientific. Sirtex Medical markets a similar device in HCC outside the U.S. but is yet to win FDA approval in the indication.
FDA approved a humanitarian device exemption application for TheraSphere in 1999. The HDE approval permitted Boston Scientific to start distributing the device without meeting usual efficacy requirements but placed restrictions on its commercial prospects.
Boston Scientific freed itself from those restrictions last week by securing the full FDA approval of the device in HCC patients with unresectable solitary tumors of up to 8cm. FDA granted the approval on the basis of data from LEGACY, a retrospective study that linked TheraSphere to a 93% rate of overall survival at three years and an objective response rate of 72.2% at four weeks.
Evercore noted that while the survival rate was high, it was based on a small number of evaluable patients, about 51 patients.
On Thursday, Boston Scientific followed up with data from another retrospective study, TARGET, at the Society of Interventional Radiology annual scientific meeting. The study found the median overall survival in recipients of the device was 20.3 months. Less than 5% of subjects had adverse events.
Boston Scientific framed the results as evidence that TheraSphere enables the delivery of high doses of radioactive yttrium, also known as Y-90, to tumor cells while minimizing the exposure of healthy tissues. If Boston Scientific can persuade physicians of the value of the device, Evercore calculates it could start to tap a $150 million opportunity, although they note the lack of data from a randomized trial "could be a factor in modeling adoption."
The market estimate is based on an assumption that 45% of HCC are localized tumors and that 25% of patients awaiting a transplant are eligible for the treatment. Evercore combined those figures with an estimated average selling price per dose of around $18,000, a figure the analysts reached by going over data released by Sirtex.
Sirtex markets its Y-90 resin microspheres for use in HCC in more than 50 countries but is yet to secure FDA approval. Days after Boston Scientific shared news of its approval, Sirtex said the agency has signed off on a clinical trial that could support expanded use of its device in the U.S. The clinical trial is set to start recruiting the first of a targeted 100 HCC patients in the second quarter.
Filed Under: Medical Devices, Policy & Regulation, Clinical Trials
What does J&J's Ottava delay mean for Intuitive and Medtronic? It's complicated.
The setback doesn't remove hurdles the rivals face playing catch-up to market leader Intuitive's da Vinci, which has a two-decade head start.
By Ricky Zipp • Oct. 28, 2021
Legacy medical devices, growing hacker threats create perfect storm of cybersecurity risks
Aging medtech and increasingly sophisticated criminals are leaving hospitals highly vulnerable to attacks.
By Greg Slabodkin • June 22, 2021


I started a crawl last night. Ran out of memory. Altered some settingings and started again. Still ran out of memory.
Eventually, after around 7,000 pages or so, and an hour+ of crawling I ended up with a "crawling" page that ONLY has the heading "Crawling", the menu bar, the 'No Sitemaps Found' message, and the "Run in Background" option. NO other information is on the page. No stop button, and not even a button to start a new crawl.
Re: Odd Behevior with "Crawling" page.


I believe designers can design anything if they are given the right tools to do so. I am especially interested in enabling the designers to make the world better by design whether is was designing a device that eliminated human error during use, a device that can be used easier by all from an old man with arthritis trying to do his daily routines, or a product that will bring clean water to a rural village in a developing country.
My approach is to develop these tools to equip the designer to answer any problem. I have developed the foundation for empathic experience based design theory to increase the innovativenss and improve the user interaction characteristics of products. I work closely with psychologist and sociologists to better understand the human as a user of products. My approach to design research is rigorous data based, human centered and interdisciplinary.
In addition, I also work in Systems Engineering. Specifically in the areas of modularity, system decomposition and design for system integration.
Chiriac, N., Hölttä-Otto, K., Suh, E. Lysy, D. 2011, Level of Modularity and different levels of system granularity, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol 133, October 2011, 101007.
Salonen, M. Hölttä-Otto, K. Otto, K., 2008, Affecting product reliability and lifecycle costs with early design phase product architecture decisions. International Journal of Product Development. 5:1-2, pp. 109-124.
Hölttä-Otto, K. & de Weck, O., 2007, Degree of modularity in engineering systems and products with technical and business constraints. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application. June, Volume 15, No. 2.
Otto, K. & Hölttä-Otto, K., 2007, A multi-criteria assessment tool for screening preliminary product platform concepts.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. Volume 18, Number 1 February.
Hölttä-Otto, K. & Magee, C., 2006, Estimating factors affecting project task size in product development – an empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol 53, No 1. February.
Hölttä-Otto, K., Otto, K., & Luo, J., 2013, Innovation differences between new venture startups and incumbent firms,International Conference on Engineering Design ICED'13. Seoul, S. Korea.
Kuhr, R., Otto, K., Sosa, R., Raghunath, N., Hölttä-Otto, K., & Wood, K., 2013, Design with the Developing World: A Model of Interactions, International Conference on Engineering Design ICED'13. Seoul, S. Korea.
Chiriac, N., Hölttä-Otto, K., Suh, E. & Lysy, D., 2011 Level of modularity at different levels of system granularity, Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference, Washington, DC, August 27-31, 2011.
Kershaw, T. C., Hölttä-Otto, K., & Lee, Y. S. 2011 The Effect of Prototyping and Critical Feedback on Fixation in Engineering Design. Cog Sci Conference, Boston, MA.
Genco, N., Hölttä-Otto, K., and Seepersad, C.C., 2011, Factors that influence the creativity of engineering students. ASEE 2011, Vancouver, BC.
Saunders, M. N., Seepersad, C. C. and Hölttä-Otto, K. 2009, "The Characteristics of Innovative, Mechanical Products,"ASME IDETC Design Theory and Methodology Conference, San Diego, CA, BEST PAPER AWARD.
Ranawat, A. and K. Hölttä-Otto, 2009, "Four Dimensions of Design Similarity," ASME IDETC Design Theory and Methodology Conference, San Diego, CA.
Celona, T., Embry-Pelrine, C. & Hölttä-Otto, K., 2007, Are modular products larger than integral products? International conference on engineering design, ICED07. Paris.
Hölttä-Otto, K., Helminen, P., Ekman, K. & Roemer, T., 2007, A pilot program teaching dispersed product development in collaboration with an international university. ASEE'07. Honolulu, HI.
Simpson, T.W. Marion, T. de Weck, O. Hölttä-Otto, K. Kokkolaras, M. and Shooter, S. B., 2006,"Platform-Based Design and Development: Current Trends and Needs in Industry" ASME design engineering technical conferences DETC. Philadelphia.
Hölttä, K., Suh, E. S., and de Weck, O., 2005, Tradeoff between modularity and performance for engineered systems and products. International conference on engineering design, ICED05. Melbourne.
Hölttä, K., 2004, Comparative analysis of product modularization methods. NordDesign. Tampere.
Hölttä, K. & Otto, K., 2003, Incorporating design complexity measures in architectural assessment. ASME design engineering technical conferences DETC. Chicago.
Hölttä, K., Tang, V., & Seering, W., 2003, Modularizing product architectures using dendrograms. International conference on engineering design, ICED03. Stockholm.
Hölttä-Otto, K. Otto, K., and Simpson, T. W., 2013, Defining Modules for Platforms: An Overview of the Architecting Process. In: Advances in Product Family and Product Platform Design – Methods & Applications, Simpson, T.W.; Jiao, J.; Siddique, Z.; Hölttä-Otto, K. (Eds.), 2013, XIV, 748 p. Springer.
Hölttä-Otto, K. Chiriac, N., Lysy, D. and Suh, E. S., 2013, Architectural Decomposition – the role of granularity and decomposition viewpoint. In: Advances in Product Family and Product Platform Design – Methods & Applications, Simpson, T.W.; Jiao, J.; Siddique, Z.; Hölttä-Otto, K. (Eds.), 2013, XIV, 748 p. Springer.
Hölttä-Otto K. and Otto, K., 2006, Platform Concept Evaluation. In: Product platform and product family design – Methods and Applications. Simpson, T., Siddique, Z., and Jiao, J. (Eds.). Springer.
See projects here, or propose in any of the listed research areas!


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An improvement in an apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions is disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing defining a vacuum chamber, with a reactor located within the vacuum chamber. The improvement comprises a device disposed within the housing having a high-pressure outlet tube for engagement with the reactor, a bypass for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the outside of the vacuum chamber, an orifice for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber and at least one valve for selectively opening or closing the bypass and the orifice. The device may be engaged and disengaged with the reactor by a manual shaft and gear arrangement for operating the reactor at higher pressures relative to the normal vacuum operation.
This invention relates to apparatuses for carrying out catalyzed chemical reactions, and more particularly to apparatuses for studying catalysts by real-time analysis of reaction products.
Basic information about the physical and chemical processes involved in catalytic reactions, such as reaction intermediates, reaction mechanisms, absorption and desorption of reactants and products in catalytic reactions, oxidation and reduction of catalysts, catalyst poisons, the concentration of reactants on a catalyst surface, etc., has heretofore been obtained using techniques such as molecular beam mass spectrometry, modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry, thermal desorption experiments, and temporal analysis of products ("TAP"). TAP is generally a technique for real-time analysis of reaction products, i.e., detection and analysis are carried out as nearly as possible to the instant of reaction, before further reaction of the products or further reaction of fragile and reactive intermediates. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,412 to Ebner et al.
The nature of certain techniques for analysis of catalytic reactions dictates that they be carried out in a vacuum. The vacuum is necessary to achieve molecular flow through the reactor as well as to operate the mass spectrometer, a common instrument utilized in analyzing reaction products and intermediates. However, the necessity of creating a vacuum has greatly limited the conditions which a researcher can impose on his experiment. For example, it has been found desirable to conduct certain catalytic reaction experiments at conditions of standard temperature and pressure. Current vacuum systems for real-time analysis are incapable of creating such conditions, and thus their usage has been unduly limited.
Accordingly, we have invented an improvement in an apparatus for carrying out catalyzed chemical reactions which permits the operator to rapidly switch from one set of experimental conditions to another and to examine a variety of pressure regimes using the same catalyst sample. The apparatus includes a housing defining a vacuum chamber and means for producing a vacuum therein. A reactor is located within the vacuum chamber, the reactor allowing for passage of a reactant gas or gas mixture into the reactor and a product gas out of the reactor. The improvement comprises a device which is disposed within the housing for operating the reactor at higher pressures relative to the normal vacuum operation.
The device includes a high-pressure outlet tube for engagement with the reactor to receive the product gas, means for providing a pressure-tight seal between the reactor and the high-pressure outlet tube, and a bypass for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the outside of the housing. The device also includes an orifice for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber and at least one valve for selectively opening or closing the bypass and the orifice. Means are also included for maintaining elevated pressures within the device and the reactor when the high-pressure outlet tube and the reactor are engaged, as well as means for selectively engaging or disengaging the device from the reactor.
The means for providing a pressure-tight seal between the reactor and the high-pressure outlet tube may include an O-ring interposed between the high-pressure outlet tube and the reactor. The O-ring may further be mounted on a sealing flange, which itself may be in direct contact with a spring that exerts a compressive force on the sealing flange, placing the O-ring in pressure-tight contact with the reactor. Means for extending or retracting the spring may also be provided.
The device may further include means for cooling the sealing flange when the high-pressure outlet tube is engaged on the reactor, and the at least one valve may be a solenoid valve or an air actuated valve. The orifice may receive a capillary tube, and the means for maintaining pressure within the device may include a backpressure regulator in fluid communication with the bypass. When the capillary tube is utilized, the at least one valve may include a rotary seat valve disposed upstream of the capillary tube for opening and closing the capillary tube.
The means for selectively engaging or disengaging the device from the reactor may include a linear slide which is integral with the device and which may be displaced by a drive assembly, with the drive assembly preferably being threadingly connected to a journaled drive shaft whereby rotation or counter-rotation of the drive shaft will vertically displace the linear slide. The drive assembly may further include a knob affixed to the drive shaft for manual rotation of the drive shaft.
A mass spectrometer may be disposed inside of the housing, and a gas chromatograph may be disposed outside of the housing.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of a TAP pump probe experiment of ethylene oxidation.
Our invention is a device which may be incorporated in an apparatus for carrying out and analyzing chemical reactions for providing capability in the apparatus to conduct experiments at pressures of 0.0001 to 1 atmosphere or greater. The invention is particularly suitable for attachment to temporal analysis of products systems ("TAPS"), which normally may be operated only at vacuum pressures. A method and apparatus for carrying out catalyzed chemical reactions and for studying catalysts with TAPS systems is disclosed more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,412 to Ebner et al., incorporated herein by reference.
FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a TAPS system 10 utilizing the improvement of the present invention. The TAPS system 10 includes a housing 12 defining a sealed vacuum chamber 14 in which the bulk of the components of the system are located. A vacuum may be achieved in the vacuum chamber by means of a vacuum pump, including but not limited to oil diffusion pumps, turbo molecular pumps, ion pumps, and cryopumps (not shown).
Reactants are fed into the system via inlet 16, and they then pass through a series of pulse or continuous flow valves 18 where they may be selectively fed through pulse valve inlet 20 to a reactor 22. A plurality of catalyst particles 24 are disposed within the reactor 22, and these may be of varying composition depending on the type of reaction desired to be carried out.
Under normal vacuum operating conditions, the reaction products and intermediates would be drawn out of the reactor 22 and into the vacuum chamber 14. A mass spectrometer 26 is commonly disposed in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 14, thereby providing temporal analysis of the reaction products and intermediates. FIG. 1 shows a device 28 in accordance with the present invention for operating the reactor 22 at higher pressures relative to the normal vacuum operation. The device 28 is also shown within the housing 12 in a first position disengaged from the reactor 22.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the device 28 is shown in a second position engaged on the reactor 22 for receiving reaction products and intermediates. The device 28 may be selectively engaged or disengaged from the reactor 22 by means of a linear slide 29 which is integral with the device 28 and which is mounted on a fixed support 27. A drive assembly 30 is in mechanical communication with the linear slide 29, and the drive assembly threadingly receives a journaled drive shaft 32 which, when rotated by a knob 33, causes vertical displacement of the linear slide 29. Specifically, a traveling nut 31 engages a spring 35 and is fixed against rotation by a bearing cover 37. As the drive shaft 32 rotates, the traveling nut moves downward, pressing against the spring 35 which itself rests on a plate 39. The plate 39 is fixed to the linear slide 29, and thus, as it is forced downward, so is the linear slide. A stop 41 assures that the linear slide 29 will not travel further than required to place the device 28 in proper alignment with the reactor 22.
The drive shaft 32 has a horizontal gear 34 disposed adjacent to its lower end. The horizontal gear 34 is engaged to a corresponding vertical gear 36 for translating motion from the drive shaft 32 to a portion of the device 28 which will be discussed in further detail below. While the presently preferred embodiment displaces the device 28 by manual shaft and gear means, it will be understood that displacement could equally be achieved by electric or air driven configurations.
When the device 28 is engaged on the reactor 22, a high-pressure outlet tube 38 is placed in fluid communication with the reactor 22 for receiving product gas. More specifically, a sealing flange 40 is positioned adjacent the inlet of the high-pressure outlet tube 38. An O-ring 42 is mounted to the sealing flange 40. When the device 28 is engaged on the reactor 22, the sealing flange 40 and the O-ring 42 are urged into compressive contact with a flange 44 adjacent the outlet of the reactor 22. Thus, a pressure-tight seal between the reactor 22 and the high-pressure outlet tube 38 is formed.
Due to high temperatures incurred in operation of the reactor 22 for carrying out chemical reactions, the sealing flange 40 and the O-ring 42 are air cooled by means of a cooling sleeve 46 which is exterior to and concentric with the high-pressure outlet tube 38. Preferably, the cooling sleeve is designed to prevent decomposition of the O-ring 42 and the sealing flange 40 at elevated temperatures exceeding 500° C.
The cooling sleeve 46 more particularly comprises an outer layer 48 and an inner layer 50, cooling air being first introduced to the outer layer through an inlet 52 and circulated by means of a vent 54 to the inner layer 50, ultimately being expelled through an outlet 56. Ambient air under pressure is introduced into the cooling sleeve 46 through inlet 52 from a cylinder or the like located outside the housing 12. The air is simply expelled to ambient through the outlet 56, avoiding any leakage into the vacuum chamber 14 which would contaminate the experiment.
Encircling the cooling sleeve 46 is a threaded tube 58 which is affixed to the vertical gear 36 and which has a spring 60 extending therefrom. The spring 60 makes contact with the sealing flange 40, thus biasing the O-ring 42 against the flange 44 of the reactor 22. The vertical gear 36 is rotatably mounted on the cooling sleeve 46 while the threaded tube 58 is mounted in such a way as to prevent rotation relative to the vertical gear 36. Thus, rotation of the drive shaft 32 and the appending horizontal gear 34 in a first direction will cause extension of the sealing flange 40 in the direction of the reactor 22, while counter-rotation of the drive shaft will cause retraction of the sealing flange 40.
More specifically, a first sleeve 61 and a second sleeve 62 are telescopically mounted to the drive shaft 32 as shown in FIG. 1. The second sleeve is of lesser diameter than the first sleeve, and the second sleeve has an angled slot 63 at its upper end. The horizontal gear 34 is mounted to the second sleeve 62 by a spline 67 with a spring 59 interposed between the second sleeve and the horizontal gear. The first sleeve 61 is affixed to the traveling nut 31. After the stop 41 is engaged on the fixed support 27, the traveling nut 31 compresses the first sleeve 61 until it engages a flange 69 located on the second sleeve 62. The second sleeve is then forced downward until the slot 63 is aligned with a pin 65 on the drive shaft 32. Here, the edges of the slot 63 engage the pin 65, which is affixed to the drive shaft, and rotation of the drive shaft 32 now causes rotation of the second sleeve 62. The second sleeve engages the spline 67 affixed to the horizontal gear 34, thereby rotating the horizontal gear and ultimately urging the threaded tube 58 against the spring 60. The spring 60 compresses the sealing flange 40 and the O-ring 42 against the flange 44 on the reactor 22.
Positioned at the downstream end of the high-pressure outlet tube 38 is a valve assembly 64 for placing the high-pressure outlet tube 38 in fluid communication with a bypass 66. The bypass 66 is in fluid communication with the outside of the housing 12, feeding reaction products to an analytical machine or machines such as a gas chromatograph 68. The bypass 66 is also in fluid communication with a backpressure regulator 70 which maintains elevated pressures within the device 28 and the reactor 22 when the high-pressure outlet tube 38 and the reactor 22 are engaged.
Fluid communication between the high-pressure outlet tube 38 and the bypass 66 is controlled by a first valve 72 which may either be of the solenoid or air driven type such as those well known in the art. An orifice 74 is also included on the valve assembly 64 for placing the high-pressure outlet tube 38 in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 14. The first valve 72 may serve the dual function of controlling fluid communication between the high-pressure outlet tube 38 and the orifice 74 when bypassing the reaction products to the outside of the housing 12. The first valve 72 is simply rested on top of the orifice 74, and this placement of the valve upstream of the orifice 74 provides the added advantage of preventing clogging or plugging of the orifice 74 when fluid communication of the high-pressure outlet tube 38 with the vacuum chamber 14 is not desired.
Referring to FIG. 3, a second preferred embodiment of the valve assembly 64 is shown having a second valve 76 distinctly responsible for controlling fluid communication between the high-pressure outlet tube 38 and the vacuum chamber 14. A further feature of the second preferred embodiment is placement of a replaceable capillary tube 78 in the orifice 74, which provides flexibility in choosing orifice diameter and which generally provides the capability of utilizing a leak to the vacuum chamber 14 which is of much smaller diameter than the orifice 74. As shown in FIG. 3, the second valve is of the solenoid type having a piston 80 which is in direct contract with a retractable shutter 82 which, when the piston 80 is extended, is forced over the outlet of the capillary tube 78. It will appreciated by those skilled in the art that the second valve may alternatively be placed upstream of the capillary tube 78 with the added advantages relating to clogging discussed above. Additionally, the second valve may include a rotating seat valve 77, such as that shown in FIG. 4, or it could be a ball valve, either of which are well known in the art.
When the device 28 is incorporated into a conventional TAP system, the operator is able to select a much wider range of experimental conditions to which the reactants will be exposed, and thus increased understanding of catalysts and development of catalytic processes is fostered. When the device 28 is engaged on the reactor 22, the operator can, through manipulation of the valve(s), direct flow of product gases either to the gas chromatograph through the first valve 72 and the bypass 66 or to the mass spectrometer through the orifice 74. Use of the replaceable capillary tube 78 in the orifice 74 can provide a leak to the vacuum chamber 14 of varying diameter, thus permitting the operator to easily change the flow rate of product gases to the mass spectrometer.
The device 28 may be disengaged from the reactor 22 and moved out of position while the vacuum chamber 14 is under a vacuum. This permits the operator to rapidly switch from one set of experimental conditions to another and to examine a variety of pressure regimes using the same catalyst sample. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the valve assembly 64 and the bypass 66 may be equipped with a heating element to control temperature and prevent undesirable condensation of high temperature product gases.
Employment of the device 28 in conventional TAP systems provides for obtainment of both mass spectrometry and gas chromatography data during a single run of a given catalyst sample. Such capability is not present in conventional TAP systems. With the improvement of the present invention, the sample can be cycled between high and low pressure conditions simply by engaging and disengaging the device 28, and new information can be obtained which would not be obtainable from TAP low-pressure experiments alone.
To demonstrate the capabilities of the TAP system equipped with the improvement of the present invention, a series of experiments were performed using the selective oxidation of ethylene over silver metal as a test reaction. In all experiments, the reactor 22 was initially loaded with a 0.5 gram sample of 300 micron silver power obtained from a commercial source and used without further pretreatment. Reaction studies were performed by flowing or pulsing a single gas or gas mixture through the reactor 22 with the device 28 engaged or disengaged. The reactant gases used in these studies contained typically one or more of the following components: oxygen-16, ethylene, and ethylene-d4.
A silver sample was placed in the reactor 22 and the device 28 was engaged. The vacuum chamber 14 was then evacuated to 10-6 torr while the reactor 22 was held at a pressure of 800 torr by introducing a flow of oxygen into the reactor 22 via the inlet 16. Gas flowing through the reactor 22 exited by means of the capillary tube 78 mounted in the orifice 74 of the valve assembly 64, flowing into the vacuum chamber 14. Under these conditions, the pressure in the vacuum chamber was typically 1×10-4 to 5×10-5 torr. It was determined that the pressure in the reactor 22 could be easily varied from a few torr to 1500 torr by adjusting the pressure of the oxygen feed in coordination with the backpressure regulator 70.
Similar experiments were performed at various pressures with different mixtures of oxygen and ethylene. In these experiments, the product gases were analyzed by allowing the product gases to flow to the mass spectrometer via the capillary tube 78. In another set of experiments, a portion of the product gas was diverted to the gas chromatograph and the product gas was analyzed using both the mass spectrometer and the gas chromatograph. It was determined that either device could be employed to determine the various components in a gas mixture, and complementary data could be obtained by taking mass spectrometry data at the instant the gas chromatograph sample was obtained.
In addition, it was determined that the gas composition of the mixture could be easily maintained at a relatively constant value (varying less than 2%) over an extended period of time (i.e., eight hours). A typical mass spectrum of a gas mixture flowing through the reactor 22 and exiting the capillary tube 78 is shown in FIG. 5.
These experiments demonstrated that the TAP reactor 22, when equipped with the improvement of the present invention, may be maintained at pressures significantly above those encountered in a typical TAP experiment, and that high pressure continuous flow experiments could be performed, and finally that data could be collected in a complementary fashion with either a gas chromatograph or a mass spectrometer detector.
A silver sample was placed in the reactor 22 and the device 28 engaged thereon. The vacuum chamber 14 was then evacuated to 10-6 torr while the pressure in the reactor 22 was held at 800 torr by introducing a flow of oxygen into the reactor 22 via inlet 16. The reactor 22 was then heated to 100°, 200°, 300°, and 400° C. to determine if a gas-tight seal could be maintained between the reactor 22 and the high-pressure outlet tube 38 at elevated temperatures. Gas flowing through the reactor 22 exited by means of the capillary tube 78 and flowed into the vacuum chamber 14. The pressure in the vacuum chamber 14 was monitored with an ionization gauge and over the course of the heating, it was found that the ionization gauge gave a constant signal corresponding to a pressure of 2.2×10-4 torr. This demonstrated that a gas-tight seal was in fact maintained. A similar experiment was performed in which the capillary tube 78 was closed by the second valve 76. In this case, the pressure in the vacuum chamber 14 never rose above 10-6 torr. This further demonstrated the effectiveness of the gas-tight seal at elevated temperatures.
A silver sample was placed in the reactor 22 and the device 28 was engaged. The vacuum chamber 14 was then evacuated to 10-6 torr while the pressure in the reactor 22 was held at 760 torr by introducing a 19.0 cc/min. (STP) flow of oxygen into the reactor 22 via inlet 16. The reactor was then heated to 250° C. and the reactor product gas, exiting by means of capillary tube 78, was analyzed with the mass spectrometer. The reactor pressure and temperature were held constant for 30 minutes under a constant oxygen flow after which the feed gas was switched from oxygen to an oxygen-ethylene blend containing 12.3% C2 H4 and 80.7% O2. During the switch, the reactor temperature and pressure remained constant.
The composition of the product gas from the reactor 22 was continuously monitored with the mass spectrometer and a switch from the oxygen feed to the oxygen-ethylene blend was readily observable. After the composition of the product gas had stabilized, its mass spectrum was collected and stored in computer memory. It was found to consist primarily of peaks due to the parent and fragmentation ions of oxygen and ethylene.
Next, the reactor feed was switched to ethylene and the reactor temperature raised to 350° C. The reactor was held at these conditions for 30 minutes and then cooled to 250° C. At this time, the feed was again switched to the oxygen-ethylene blend, and a mass spectrum was collected. The feed was then cycled between ethylene and oxygen-ethylene blends several more times until the mass spectrum of the oxygen-ethylene blend gave a constant product distribution. FIG. 6 shows the mass spectrum obtained after three and five reduction cycles. Mass peaks labeled A and B cannot be attributed to ethylene or oxygen but must correspond to a new product with a molecular weight of 44. This new product peak can be attributed to either ethylene oxide, carbon dioxide or a mixture of the two. Mass peak A was collected after three reduction cycles and mass peak B was collected after five reduction cycles.
The increased intensity of the mass 44 peak indicates that the reduction cycles increased the amount of reaction product formed. This improvement in catalyst activity has been observed by other researchers using other types of reactor systems. This demonstrates that with the present invention engaged, a catalyst sample may be activated at conventional reaction conditions, and catalytic reactions can be investigated at elevated temperatures and pressures. Our reaction data is consistent with other microreactor experiments run under similar conditions, such microreactors not having the vacuum-high pressure dual capability of the present invention.
After the silver sample was activated by the procedure described in Example III, the device 28 was disengaged and the continuous feed of oxygen and ethylene was shut off. A series of pulsed experiments were then performed with the reactor operated at the vacuum conditions normally encountered in a TAP type experiment. TAP transient data was collected in the pump-probe format by adjusting the mass spectrometer to a specific mass peak and tracking its intensity and time. After 100 pulses of data were collected and signals averaged, a second mass peak corresponding to a different product was collected in a similar fashion. Data collection continued until all desired product peaks were analyzed.
FIG. 7 shows the pulsed data for mass peaks 44 (curve A) and 48 (curve B) corresponding to products carbon dioxide and ethylene oxide-d4. These data indicate that the silver previously activated by the procedure in Example III was active under conventional TAP experimental conditions and produced transient spectra similar to that from other TAP experiments.
An additional set of experiments were performed with a silver sample which had not been activated by the procedure in Example III. A sample was placed in the reactor 22 and the vacuum chamber 14 was pumped down without the device 28 engaged. The sample was then cycled through a series of low pressure oxidation-reduction cycles similar to those performed with the device 28 engaged. In this case, however, the absolute pressure in the reactor 22 was significantly lower. The reactor was then heated to 250° C. and ethylene-d4 and oxygen were pulsed over the catalyst as before. An examination of the mass spectrum revealed that no ethylene oxide-d4 or carbon dioxide was produced. These results indicate that the pretreatment of a catalyst using the improvement of the present invention can produce a significantly different catalyst from that obtained by pretreatment at the lower pressures of conventional TAP experiments.
Having described the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that the foregoing description is not intended to limit the invention except within the scope of the following claims.
means for selectively engaging or disengaging the device from the reactor.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for providing a pressure-tight seal between the reactor and the high-pressure outlet tube includes an O-ring interposed between the high-pressure outlet tube and the reactor.
3. The device of claim 2 further including a sealing flange on the high-pressure outlet tube, said O-ring mounted on the sealing flange.
4. The device of claim 3 further including a spring which exerts a compressive force on the sealing flange, placing the O-ring in pressure-tight contact with the reactor.
5. The device of claim 4 further including means for extending or retracting said spring.
6. The device of claim 3 further including means for cooling the sealing flange when the high pressure outlet tube is engaged on the reactor.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one valve includes a solenoid valve.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein said at least one valve includes an air actuated valve.
9. The device of claim 1 wherein said orifice receives a capillary tube.
10. The device of claim 9 wherein said at least one valve includes a rotating seat valve disposed adjacent to and in fluid communication with an inlet of the capillary tube for opening and closing the capillary tube.
11. The device of claim 9 wherein said at least one valve includes a shutter hingedly connected adjacent to and in fluid communication with an outlet of the capillary tube for opening and closing the capillary tube.
12. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for maintaining pressure within said device includes a backpressure regulator in fluid communication with said bypass.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein said means for selectively engaging or disengaging the device from the reactor includes a linear slide which is integral with the device and which may be displaced by a drive assembly.
14. The device of claim 13 wherein said drive assembly includes a journaled drive shaft which is threadingly connected to a traveling nut whereby rotation or counter-rotation of the drive shaft vertically displaces the traveling nut whose movement is translated to the linear slide by a plate fixed to the linear slide and a spring interposed between the traveling nut and the plate.
15. The device of claim 14 wherein said drive assembly further includes a knob affixed to the drive shaft for manual rotation of the drive shaft.
means for displacing the device for engagement and disengagement of the high-pressure outlet tube and the reactor.
17. The device of claim 16 further including a spring on the high-pressure outlet tube which exerts a compressive force on the sealing flange, placing the O-ring in pressure-tight contact with the reactor.
18. The device of claim 17 further including means for extending or retracting said spring.
19. The device of claim 16 further including means for cooling the sealing flange when the high-pressure outlet tube is engaged on the reactor.
20. The device of claim 16 wherein said at least one valve includes a solenoid valve.
21. The device of claim 16 wherein said at least one valve includes an air actuated valve.
22. The device of claim 16 wherein said orifice receives a capillary tube.
23. The device of claim 22 wherein said at least one valve includes a rotating seat valve disposed adjacent to and in fluid communication with an inlet of the capillary tube for opening and closing the capillary tube.
24. The device of claim 22 wherein said at least one valve includes a shutter hingedly connected adjacent to and in fluid communication with an outlet of the capillary tube for opening and closing the capillary tube.
25. The device of claim 16 wherein said means for displacing the device includes a linear slide which is integral with the device and which may be displaced by a drive assembly.
26. The device of claim 25 wherein said drive assembly includes a journaled drive shaft which is threadingly connected to a traveling nut whereby rotation or counter-rotation of the drive shaft vertically displaces the traveling nut whose movement is translated to the linear slide by a plate fixed to the linear slide and a spring interposed between the traveling nut and the plate.
27. The device of claim 26 wherein said drive assembly further includes a knob affixed to the drive shaft for manual rotation of the drive shaft.
Machiels, Development of a Pulse Reactor with On-Line MS Analysis to Study the Oxidation of Methane, American Chemical Society, 1982.


House of Friendship - Are You The One?
We are all Stronger Together. With the tremendous support of this community, we help more than 42,000 individuals each year who are need food, housing, community resources or addiction treatment. Please walk with us as we respond with compassion to those who need help. Let's make Waterloo Region a place where everyone can belong and thrive!


text:
BBC.com relaunches news site
BBC.com has relaunched its news site, with new functionality and design and ramped up coverage of sport, travel, business and technology.
Objectives of the redesign were an overhaul of the layout, including better use of video and images, more prominent labelling and easier ways to share stories with others.
"This investment clearly underscores our commitment to growing our digital business internationally and continuing to bring people authoritative and distinctive journalism," said Luke Bradley-Jones, global EVP and managing director, BBC.com. "Our new redesign will make it even easier to find, use and share the BBC's global news".
Later this summer, BBC.com will launch a travel section, in partnership with sister company Lonely Planet. The organisation said this section was already attracting blue chip advertisers and will launch with partners in different territories, including Hilton in Europe and Emirates in North America. Enhanced technology, sports and entertainment sites will follow.
BBC.com also offers a range of apps, including the BBC News app for iPad and iPhone and a BBC Sports app for iPhone. In addition, the business has today launched an edition specifically for North America, a strategy it aims to roll out in other territories.
According to BBC.com, more than 600 blue chip advertisers have now partnered with it since its commercial launch in late 2007.
Related: iPhone, media, iPad, apps, sport, travel
CaliberAI raises €600,000 to bring AI to content moderation
The lightbulb moment that led to mental health app KeepAppy
Félix Lajeunesse: What it's like to film VR on the ISS
Meet Ireland's Technovation World Summit winners


The EM6.2 is designed for medium production workshop cutting up to 2" six wire hoses.
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For further information or a quotation please contact sales@abdex.com.au.


The Call for Papers for the second annual SABSA APAC Congress has been extended until 9th July. In 2018, the Congress will take place in Sydney for the first time, running 4th through 6th December at the Langham Hotel. View the Call for Papers.


text:
Q: TFTP server running on virtual machine not responding I'm running TFTP server on a Ubuntu virtual machine(VM Virtual Box), using tftpd-hpa package. When I try to connect to a server on my local machine as a client and try running get or put command, I get Transfer timed out message. 10.0.2.15 is and IP address on my virtual machine. Example:
local@DESKTOP-GE94PQ9:~$ tftp 10.0.2.15
tftp> get text.txt
Transfer timed out.

Server side should be working perfectly fine, since I'm manage to get and put files when I run both server and client on a same machine. The problem is presumably in connecting on server that's running on virtual machine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hey all. We haven't given the shop lights a day off in quite a while so we decided to close her down tomorrow, Labor Day. The store and our customer service department will re-open Tuesday. Please not that our website will be up and running as usual so get your orders in because back to school orders are starting to pile up. As of now custom lead times are still at 12 business days but that could go up soon. Enjoy the beautiful weather and go skate!


Jeff Sussna is Founder and Principal of Ingineering.IT, a Twin-Cities firm providing Cloud Migration, Agile Quality Coaching, and IT Service Design consulting services. Jeff has over twenty years experience leading the development and operation of advanced online systems. He has done work for major technology companies, product startups, media conglomerates, and Fortune 500 corporations. His focus is the intersection of agile design, development, and operations.
This page was last modified on March 16, 2012, at 21:03.


text:
Q: SammyK LaravelFacebookSdk - can't obtain an access token I've searched for a Laravel Facebook SDK and I found this package that works with Laravel 4.2 (my laravel app version). I use this just to get my facebook page posts but I got into a problem, my access token expires every 2 hours or in some cases because of other reasons like facebook logout, etc.
I found out that there are 2 ways to handle expired access tokens, either to extend the access token, either to request a new one using the old access token.
The questions is how to request a new access token because I store it into my database and I need to get my facebook page posts all the time?
I've followed this instructions but for me it does not work.
When I use this code:
try
{
    $token = Facebook::getTokenFromRedirect();
    echo "Success<br>";
    print_r($token);
}
catch (FacebookQueryBuilderException $e)
{
    // Failed to obtain access token
    echo 'Error:' . $e->getMessage();
}

the only thing what I see on the screen is Success and that is all, it's like the $token is empty.
I've also checked Facebook Query Builder which is included into SammyK LaravelFacebookSdk and tried to use getTokenFromCanvas() insted of getTokenFromCanvas() but I get this error: Method getTokenFromCanvas does not exist.
Any idea to make this work?

A: By default Facebook will return a user access token that expires after 2 hours. You can extend it for a long-lived access token that'll last 60 days.
Once you obtain an AccessToken entity in Laravel Facebook SDK 1.2, you can extend it like it shows in the example:
try {
    $token = $token->extend();
} catch (SammyK\FacebookQueryBuilder\FacebookQueryBuilderException $e) {
    dd($e->getPrevious()->getMessage());
}

In your GitHub issue you mentioned:

What I want to achieve is to get the posts from my facebook page

You can use a page access token to grab your page posts. You can obtain a page access token from the /me/accounts endpoint.
If you use a long-lived user access token to obtain the page access token, the page access token will never expire so it's ideal to store in your database to pull posts from a page.
See more about handling access tokens. Good luck! :)


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Cubanita frozen food focus in on meeting customer's everyday needs, combine that with our high quality control standards ensures you will receive only but the finest in distinct dough product. We are devoted to helping you maximize your profits so that you can become more effective and competitive that being said, we find the best solution to fit your food service vending needs. As we are constantly striving to provide the very best frozen dough product their is!


text:
Thomas Cook Launches New Barbados Flights
Antigua and Barbuda Seeing Growth in UK Bookings
By Dana NilandCJ Contributor U.K. luxury tour operators have reported growth in revenue in revenue following the Antigua and Barbuda Tourism Authority's recent marketing campaign. Luxury tour operator, the Inspiring Travel Company has reported an increase in Antigua bookings this …
Norwegian to Bring Back UK-Puerto Rico Flights
Norwegian is bringing back its flights to Puerto Rico. The low-cost carrier announced that it would be bringing back the United Kingdom's only direct flights to Puerto Rico beginning in November. The carrier first launched the flights in the recent …
Barbados, UK Sign Air Services Agreement
Barbados and the United Kingdom have signed a new air services agreement. The deal is "expected to strengthen existing air transport links between the two countries," according to a statement. "Under this agreement, Barbadian-designated carriers can operate to intermediate points …
United Kingdom, Caribbean Hold High-Level Talks in London
Above: regional flags at the talks in London (Photo: UKG) By the Caribbean Journal staff Officials from the British government and across CARICOM met in London this week for high-level talks. The UK side included Foreign and Commonwealth Office Minister …
Caribbean Urges Changes to "Discriminatory" British APD Tax
Above: a British Airways Flight By Alexander Britell The British Air Passenger Duty continues to rise, and it continues to hurt tourism to the Caribbean, according to the Caribbean Tourism Organization. In a statement issued ahead of UK Chancellor George …
Dominica Gets Nod From UK For Transition to Caribbean Court of Justice
Above: the Caribbean Court of Justice By the Caribbean Journal staff Dominica is moving ahead with its plans to shift its final court of appeal to the Caribbean Court of Justice. Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit said Thursday that the …
UK to Provide Humanitarian Support For St Vincent, St Lucia
Above: St Vincent (CJ Photo) By the Caribbean Journal staff The United Kingdom will be providing around $370,370 USD in emergency support for humanitarian efforts in St Vincent and the Grenadines and St Lucia, according to the British High Commission …
Cayman Enterprise City Courts Tech Sector in United Kingdom
Above: Cayman Enterprise City By the Caribbean Journal staff The Cayman Enterprise City special economic zone has begun a campaign to court tech and media companies in the United Kingdom. The economic zone project says it is looking for companies …
Grenada Tourism Minister: British APD "Keeping Families Apart"
Above: Grenada By the Caribbean Journal staff The Air Passenger Duty on flights originating in the United Kingdom continues to rise, despite significant opposition from the Caribbean region and the UK tourism industry. Following the announcement by British Chancellor of …
Antigua to See More UK Airlift
Above: Antigua's booth at World Travel Market By the Caribbean Journal staff Antigua and Barbuda expects will see increased airlift out of the United Kingdom this season, according to Tourism Minister John Maginley. Most notably, beginning Dec. 19, Antigua will …
Cayman Islands, United Kingdom Sign "FATCA-Type" Agreement
Above: UK and Cayman Islands officials (Photo: Ministry of Financial Services) By the Caribbean Journal staff The Cayman Islands and the United Kingdom signed what the former called a "FATCA-type" agreement on Tuesday. The agreement paves the way for Cayman …
UK Warship Patrols Waters Between Turks and Caicos and Haiti
Above: the Wave Knight By the Caribbean Journal staff A United Kingdom warship patrolled the waters between the Turks and Caicos Islands and Haiti on Sunday, following a request by the office of Turks and Caicos Governor Ric Todd. The …
UNWTO's Vogeler: British APD "Needs to Be Addressed"
Above: a British Airways flight By Alexander Britell PORT OF SPAIN — The United Kingdom's Air Passenger Duty, a tax levied on flights originating in the country, "creates an obstacle to job creation and economic growth" in many destinations, including …
UK Formally Requests Extradition of Former TCI Premier Michael Misick
Above: Former TCI Premier Michael Misick By Alexander Britell The United Kingdom is formally requesting the extradition of former Turks and Caicos Premier Michael Misick this month, the TCI announced in a statement Wednesday. Misick was arrested under an Interpol …
Michael Misick Arrested in Brazil; UK Seeks Former TCI Premier's Extradition
Above: former TCI Premier Michael Misick By Alexander Britell Former Turks and Caicos Premier Michael Misick has been arrested at the Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro by Brazilian Federal Police, according to the TCI Special Investigation and Prosecution …
Barbados Tourism Minister: Winter Season "Will Be An Improvement"
Above: Bridgetown (CJ Photo) By the Caribbean Journal staff Barbados' winter tourist season "will be an improvement on where it was last year," according to Tourism Minister Richard Sealy. The Minister said there were a number of "encouraging developments" that …
Hague: Turks and Caicos Elections Mark "Return to Democratic Government"
Above: British Foreign Secretary William Hague (Photo: FCO) By the Caribbean Journal staff Turks and Caicos Islanders will head to the polls on Friday, a "significant step" on the path to democracy, according to British Foreign Secretary William Hague. The …
UK Team in Montserrat to Review Strategic Growth Programme
Above: Little Bay By the Caribbean Journal staff A team from the United Kingdom's Department for International Development is in Montserrat to examine whether has Montserrat has met its six-month milestones in the Strategic Growth Programme. The move comes after …


It's Sunday and we've got the last of your Amazon deals for this week with our PC game deals roundup. Today, we've got The Sims 4 Seasons at 50% off, Divinity: Original Sin 2 at 35% off, the SteelSeries Nimbus Wireless Controller at 25% off, and so much more. Have a peek at the rest of the great deals!
Well, that's it for this weekend, but don't forget to check back next weekend as we round up even more awesome deals with even more savings. And if you're looking for something else, be sure to check out our latest list of top PS4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch deals here. Happy Shopping!


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Deborah Kelleher
First orchestra for disabled people a 'game-changer' for teaching music
Ronan McGreevy
February 6, 2019, 19:14
Orchestras have always been associated with the musical elite. It would have been inconceivable a generation ago that somebody with an intellectual di(...)
Deborah Kelleher's ambitious plan for the Royal Irish Academy of Music
Michael Dervan
In May 2010, the Royal Irish Academy of Music (RIAM) lost its director, John O'Conor, in less than happy circumstances. Those circumstances did not be(...)
Royal Irish Academy of Music set for €20m transformation by 2021
Deirdre Falvey
The Royal Irish Academy of Music will almost double student numbers after a €20 million transformation of its Dublin campus on Westland Row, to make I(...)
Another mountain to climb: Celine Byrne takes on Mother Abbess
Tanya Sweeney
Maria Callas probably put it best: "You are born an artist or you are not. And you stay an artist, dear, even if your voice is less of a firework. The(...)
Moya Doherty appointed chair of new RTÉ Board
Moya Doherty, the creator of Riverdance and a founding director of independent radio station Today FM, has been appointed chair of the new RTÉ Board.(...)
Music that's good enough to moan along to
Did you get out of the wrong side of the bed this morning? Are you hacked off with the weather? Are last night's dirty dishes still in the sink(...)


Olympia Auset isn't your average 27-year old living in Los Angeles. The Howard University alum is changing her community through her low-cost organic grocery service, SÜPRMARKT.
It all began when Olympia realized that commuting almost 2 hours just to find affordable, healthier food options wasn't cutting it. She wanted to be able to easily access organic foods not only for herself but for her friends, family, and community.
SÜPRMARKT was born after she and two friends got together for weekly vegan dinners. Over time, she began inviting more and more friends until it became an event that people started anticipating. When a friend's mom opened her home and donated $300, $100 went towards produce for a soft launch of SÜPRMARKT among friends and $200 covered the costs of the meal.
SÜPRMARKT is a low-cost organic grocery service that hosts weekly pop-ups as well as a delivery service. You can find the pop-ups in and around Los Angeles, with most events in south LA and can order dry goods for shipping nationwide.
"As of now, we provide organic vegetables, fruits, dates, nuts, and coconut oil. We even accept EBT payments to ensure that everyone can purchase fresh produce. With our delivery subscription service, customers can pay $100 per month and guarantee fresh organics in their fridge each week," Olympia says.
SÜPRMARKT partners with a farm about 2 hours outside of LA to get its produce. For items that are not locally grown, they purchase them wholesale from organic vendors.
Olympia has hopes to get a storefront in Los Angeles soon and then expand into other cities. You can find the weekly pop-up locations on their Instagram: @supr.mrkt.


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Fees Hike In Medical Colleges Can Impact Counselling Process
During this COVID-19 situation, fees hike has become a challenge for many.
NEET 2019 Round One Counselling Registrations Closing Today: Check How To Apply
NGO Demands Cancellation Of AIIMS MBBS Counselling, Alleges SC Order Violation
Cabinet Approves Setting Up Of 75 Govt Medical Colleges, Move To Add Over 15,000 MBBS Seats
Fees For Non-clinical PG Courses In Uttarakhand's Medical Colleges Reduced To Rs 1 lakh
Since ancient times, we have seen a remarkable change in every field including the medical one in which there are a wide range of courses which have like National Eligibility cum Entrance Test which is one of the main exams to enter in any medical field.
MBBS, also known as Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, has been one of the prestigious courses among medical courses across the globe since generations. Despite its reputation, MBBS is the most challenging course in higher education.
But as Haryana government colleges, Kerala and Karnataka private colleges seek a hike in fees which is affecting the counselling process as well. During this COVID-19 situation, fees hike has become a challenge for many.
Students who cracked NEET recently were baffled after the Haryana, Kerala and Karnataka department of medical education and research issued a notification to hike the course fee in government and private medical colleges.
Many NEET candidates, who wanted to opt for a government medical college seat in the state (Haryana) had to pay around Rs.40 lakhs for the four-year course. MBBS fees in medical colleges in Haryana raised from Rs 56,000 to Rs.80,000 plus the bond fees. Haryana is also an open state and allows other state candidates to take part in counselling and get admission on the basis of NEET UG 2020 score on 50 % of total seats.
Similarly, Kerala private medical colleges are demanding up to Rs.22 lakhs per annum. The health department is gearing up to challenge the High Court order that would pave the way for fee hike. In Karnataka private medical colleges, the fees will be 9.82 lakhs for one year.
Commenting on the fee hike Gaurav Tragi, founder of Career Expert said, "The coronavirus pandemic already had a devastating impact on the lives of the people. The government should look into this matter. As already due to this pandemic, there has been a delay in counselling, admissions and semesters. This fee hike can be the hurdle for many brilliant students."
Fees Hike medical colleges Counselling Process


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The ideal place where you will find everything about gaming and technology
Remembering the 5th Annual 3D Technology Awards
By Rowen Yu January 1, 2019 Technology
The International 3D & Advanced Imaging Society is a ceremony that takes place annually and where several honors are granted to films that have been highlighted in the area of creative arts and stereoscopic 3D sciences. Here, the company remembers the awards that were granted in its 5th edition:
Pixar Animation
The cinematographic studio Pixar received one of the most important recognition of the ceremony, the Sir Charles Wheatstone, an honor given to people who have made a difference in the 3D cinematographic world, for their educational and narrative values.
Gravity is a film by Alfonso Cuaron, starring George Clooney and Sandra Bullock that became a blockbuster during their release year.
It was the most awarded of the 3D Technology Awards, receiving 4 honors as it was: Live Action 3D Feature; Theatrical Motion Picture: Outstanding Use Of 2D To 3D Conversion; 3D Scene: Moment Of The Year and Stereography: Live Action.
It is one of the highest-grossing Disney films of recent times that featured directors like Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck, with the leading roles of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, and Josh Gad.
Produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Walt Disney Pictures, it was another of the top winners by receiving two awards such as Animated 3d Feature and Stereography: Animation.
It was a series that was popularized by its spectacular productive content and received several nominations deservedly. In the 3D Technology Awards, it wasn't the exception and it took the recognition of "Best advanced images for 4k Entertainment".
It was produced by Picturehouse Entertainment and directed by Nimród Antal, it won the award for Best Documentary film, a category very fought.
Get a Horse
It's an animated film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and directed by Lauren MacMullan. It even received other important nominations during the awards season, such as the Oscars; and in the 3D Technology Awards it took the recognition as "Best Short Film".
A Belic film directed by Fedor Bondarchuk, under the production company Columbia Pictures, received one of the most cherished awards as the 2014 Jury Prize for having shown various artistic achievements in 3D.
Each winner is presented with a Lumiere gold statuette, so acclaimed by many producers, and during the 5th edition, they were granted to films from different places in the world such as China, Japan, Russia, the United States, and Europe.
If you wanna know more about our last article, and learn about the best video games titles 2019 is bringing for us, read here.
Remembering the 7th Annual Creative Arts Awards Ceremony
Advanced Imaging Society once again held a new ceremony, this time celebrating the 7th annual award for the most outstanding ...
The International 3D & Advanced Imaging Society is a ceremony that takes place annually and where several honors are granted ...
New Imaging Tech for VR – How's the Future Looking?
Virtual reality is an environment of scenes or objects of real appearance, generated through computer technology, thus providing the real ...
6 Games We're Already Expectant for in 2019
Currently, a lot of video games have revolutionized the world, literally. Their releases have become trending topics in social networks, ...
Mobile Gaming – How Did It Evolve?
The last few years we have seen the amount of technological innovations that have created and every day surprises us ...
Advanced Imaging Society is a project that began a few years ago as a hobby to try to venture into the world of the Internet, as we really didn't have many expectations.
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This white paper presents the first rigorous analysis and estimate of the size of the impact investing market. It estimates that over 1,340 organizations currently manage USD 502 billion in impact investing assets worldwide. This research also underscores the diversity of the market, capturing data from many types of investors — from family offices to foundations to banks to pension funds — who are based in every region of the world and investing worldwide. Over 800 asset managers account for about 50% of industry assets under management, while 31 development finance institutions (DFIs) manage just over a quarter of total industry assets. Most impact investing organizations are relatively small, with about half managing less than USD 29 million each, yet there are also many large players managing over USD 1 billion each. Overall, this research indicates that a significant amount of capital is at work to address the world's social and environmental challenges. And the market continues to grow rapidly, with new investors entering to establish impact investing practices and to allocate additional capital to positive impact.
This study is the first piece of detailed research on gender lens investing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It adds to other regional analyses of gender lens investing emerging in the last few years in Asia and in Europe (authored by the same team as this report at the ESADE Institute for Social Innovation). The specific objectives of the study are to: 1) Describe the opportunity for different gender lens investing strategies in LAC; 2)Highlight key case studies and current activities in LAC; and 3) Offer top-level recommendations for how different players can put gender lens investing into practice. It is not intended to be a comprehensive landscaping of gender lens investing activities in LAC. IDB Invest's hope is that this research helps to catalyze more gender lens investing activities in the region by providing a much-needed starting point and reference for entrepreneurs, investors, ecosystem players and corporates to explore and pursue such strategies. They also believe that it will be useful to investors not currently active in the region, but who are looking at global gender lens investing opportunities. Finally, it will help the global gender lens investing movement with a more detailed and synthesized regional overview.
This report defines the growing approach of impact investing, and offers the financial markets greater clarity on what constitutes credible impact investing. The four fundamental tenets, which have been refined in collaboration with leading impact investors around the world, provide further definition of the baseline expectations for impact investing. Investors making impact investments: 1) Intentionally contribute to positive social and environmental impact; 2) Use evidence and impact data in investment design; 3) Manage impact performance; and 4) Contribute to the growth of impact investing.
Calvert Impact Capital found two reasons for the lack of action in incorporating gender equity into inclusive impact investing markets: 1.) the business case for incorporating gender in investment decisions needs to be strengthened from a private markets perspective and 2.) investors are confused about how to incorporate gender into their process and analysis. They wrote this report to address these two issues and share practical guidance for creating a gender inclusive investment strategy, learned from evolving their own gender-lens investment approach.


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Landstar System, Inc. (NASDAQ:LSTR) Forecasted to Earn FY2024 Earnings of $9.50 Per Share
Posted by Defense World Staff on Jan 13th, 2023
Landstar System, Inc. (NASDAQ:LSTR – Get Rating) – Equities researchers at KeyCorp issued their FY2024 earnings per share estimates for Landstar System in a research note issued to investors on Tuesday, January 10th. KeyCorp analyst T. Fowler anticipates that the transportation company will post earnings per share of $9.50 for the year. The consensus estimate for Landstar System's current full-year earnings is $11.77 per share.
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Landstar System (NASDAQ:LSTR – Get Rating) last posted its earnings results on Wednesday, October 19th. The transportation company reported $2.76 earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, meeting the consensus estimate of $2.76. Landstar System had a return on equity of 52.31% and a net margin of 5.85%. The company had revenue of $1.82 billion for the quarter, compared to analyst estimates of $1.79 billion. During the same quarter in the previous year, the firm earned $2.58 earnings per share. The firm's quarterly revenue was up 4.7% compared to the same quarter last year.
Several other research firms have also issued reports on LSTR. Cowen cut their target price on Landstar System to $155.00 in a research note on Thursday, October 27th. Morgan Stanley upgraded Landstar System from an "underweight" rating to an "equal weight" rating and lifted their target price for the company from $120.00 to $140.00 in a research note on Monday. Susquehanna raised their price target on Landstar System from $147.00 to $150.00 and gave the stock a "neutral" rating in a report on Friday, October 21st. Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft lowered their price target on Landstar System from $189.00 to $182.00 in a report on Monday, November 28th. Finally, Jefferies Financial Group began coverage on Landstar System in a report on Monday, October 24th. They issued a "hold" rating and a $145.00 price target for the company. Nine analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating, According to data from MarketBeat.com, the stock currently has a consensus rating of "Hold" and an average price target of $155.30.
Landstar System Price Performance
LSTR opened at $171.07 on Thursday. The business's 50-day moving average is $167.74 and its two-hundred day moving average is $155.35. Landstar System has a 1 year low of $137.15 and a 1 year high of $178.14. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.08, a current ratio of 1.58 and a quick ratio of 1.58. The firm has a market capitalization of $6.15 billion, a PE ratio of 14.09, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 1.56 and a beta of 0.91.
Landstar System Dividend Announcement
The company also recently announced a None dividend, which will be paid on Friday, January 20th. Investors of record on Friday, January 6th will be issued a dividend of $2.00 per share. The ex-dividend date is Thursday, January 5th. Landstar System's dividend payout ratio (DPR) is 9.88%.
Insider Buying and Selling
In related news, CEO James B. Gattoni sold 20,000 shares of Landstar System stock in a transaction dated Monday, October 31st. The stock was sold at an average price of $155.86, for a total transaction of $3,117,200.00. Following the completion of the sale, the chief executive officer now owns 74,792 shares of the company's stock, valued at $11,657,081.12. The transaction was disclosed in a filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission, which is available at the SEC website. Corporate insiders own 0.90% of the company's stock.
Institutional Inflows and Outflows
A number of large investors have recently bought and sold shares of the stock. Bridgewater Associates LP purchased a new stake in shares of Landstar System in the second quarter valued at approximately $739,000. DekaBank Deutsche Girozentrale lifted its stake in shares of Landstar System by 17.8% in the 2nd quarter. DekaBank Deutsche Girozentrale now owns 26,495 shares of the transportation company's stock valued at $3,822,000 after purchasing an additional 4,013 shares during the last quarter. Aptus Capital Advisors LLC lifted its stake in shares of Landstar System by 3.2% in the 2nd quarter. Aptus Capital Advisors LLC now owns 24,472 shares of the transportation company's stock valued at $3,558,000 after purchasing an additional 753 shares during the last quarter. Raymond James & Associates lifted its stake in shares of Landstar System by 229.1% in the 3rd quarter. Raymond James & Associates now owns 148,591 shares of the transportation company's stock valued at $21,452,000 after purchasing an additional 103,440 shares during the last quarter. Finally, Morris Capital Advisors LLC lifted its stake in shares of Landstar System by 1.8% in the 2nd quarter. Morris Capital Advisors LLC now owns 17,957 shares of the transportation company's stock valued at $2,611,000 after purchasing an additional 310 shares during the last quarter. 98.90% of the stock is owned by institutional investors and hedge funds.
Landstar System Company Profile
Landstar System, Inc provides integrated transportation management solutions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and internationally. The company operates through two segments: Transportation Logistics, and Insurance. The Transportation Logistics segment offers a range of transportation services, including truckload and less-than-truckload transportation, rail intermodal, air cargo, ocean cargo, expedited ground and air delivery of time-critical freight, heavy-haul/specialized, U.S.-Canada and U.S.-Mexico cross-border, intra-Mexico, intra-Canada, project cargo, and customs brokerage, as well as offers transportation services to other transportation companies, such as third party logistics, small package and less-than-truckload service providers.
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Kibo Energy (LON:KIBO) Share Price Crosses Below 200-Day Moving Average of $0.15
Tilray Inc (NASDAQ:TLRY) Expected to Earn FY2025 Earnings of ($0.14) Per Share
William Blair Analysts Reduce Earnings Estimates for 3M
Q1 2023 EPS Estimates for Kellogg Raised by Analyst
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National Bank Holdings Co. to Post Q1 2023 Earnings of $1.04 Per Share, DA Davidson Forecasts
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