It's great to see you here. And it's very important to have you all here together: most of your delegations are combined delegations from health and agriculture ministries. Minister Schippers and I work together to promote healthy food, but also to promote healthy food production. Both are urgent matters.
Resistant bacteria are one of the greatest threats to public health today. But they aren't a new threat. As early as 1945, when Sir Alexander Fleming accepted his Nobel Prize for the discovery of penicillin, he warned us about it.
Sir Alexander was afraid that the day might come when penicillin could be bought by anyone in the shops. Ignorant people could then easily underdose themselves, he said. The bacteria wouldn't be killed, but would fight off the drug and become resistant, rendering the antibiotics ineffective.
After more than seventy years, it's high time now to act on this knowledge. Because resistant bacteria are spreading among humans. Among livestock too, bacteria are spreading that can be transmitted to humans. So there's no point in fighting resistance among humans unless we tackle the problem in livestock as well. Health care and livestock farming have to join forces in a One Health approach.
National efforts alone aren't enough. After all, we can't stop bacteria at the border. We have to join forces in all of Europe to change the everyday use of antibiotics in livestock farming. We cannot and must not use antibiotics as a cheap way of managing infections. The risks are too great. It's our task to work with veterinarians and farmers to make sure that they use antibiotics with care, and only when necessary. And it can be done. I'd like to share the Netherlands' experience with you.
To be honest, we had a long way to go. In 2009, European statistics showed that the Netherlands was one of the countries with the highest veterinary antibiotic use in Europe. But in human health care, we were among the most restrained. These figures were released at a time when political leaders and society were greatly concerned about the risks that livestock production posed for human health. Livestock farmers, veterinarians and politicians all felt that action was urgently needed.
Together we took responsibility for tackling the problem in a public-private partnership. We drew up guidelines for individual farms on reducing the use of antibiotics. Veterinarians and farmers were asked to register their antibiotic prescriptions and use, ensuring both transparency and oversight. This enabled us to call large-scale users to account. The livestock sector also took measures to prevent infections in animals.
So awareness led to action, and action yielded results. Overall, antibiotic usage in Dutch livestock farming has been reduced by 58% since 2009. And the antibiotics that are the most critically important to humans are hardly used at all. Most importantly, this approach led to a significant reduction in the number of resistant bacteria in our livestock population. While farmers maintained their production levels and profit margins.
There is no blueprint for tackling antibiotic resistance. Countries themselves often know best what will work for them. I do hope, however, that sharing our national experiences at this conference will inspire and move us to take action.
In the EU we're currently negotiating on the Regulations on veterinary medicines and medicated feed. These include measures that will help reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. With these draft Regulations, the European Commission has taken a big step in the right direction. Several member states would like to include additional measures in the proposals. Today would be a good time to agree on our ambitions.
Seventy years ago, Sir Alexander Fleming called on the world to use antibiotics with care. At the time his audience saw no need to publicise his warning and spur governments to take action. Let's not make that mistake again today. Let's convert our aims into action. If we want our children's generation to profit from Sir Alexander's discovery, if we want antibiotics to protect their generation from infections, we have to act now and we have to act together. We owe it to ourselves, and we owe it even more to our children.
Thank you very much. I look forward to a productive meeting.


text:
Aulopocella bilamella is een mosdiertjessoort uit de familie van de Lekythoporidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1991 door Lu.

Lekythoporidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This month, we launch a new section: Training & Education. The intent of this section is to let you know about the ongoing efforts in the industry towards bringing the trade to a new generation of tile setters, recaps or announcements of workshops and regional trainings and how some contractors are devising their own apprenticeship programs, often using materials from NTCA. Are you teaching a class or developing a program or supporting the trade in some way with outside-the-box training, education or outreach? Contact me at [email protected] to let me know!
April 2018 was a busy month for the NTCA van that carries Mark and Connie Heinlein along the workshop trail. Here Connie shares her insider view on workshops and regional training that month. – Ed.
We left home in Michigan's U.P. on April 10th for a 2,300-mile round trip to New York and New Jersey for workshops and regional training. A trip like that brings many challenges: packing all the necessary equipment from trowels to tablecloths, finding comfortable and affordable hotels, eating healthy, performing a great training even when we are road weary, and discovering some fun along the way. On this particular trip the fun involved Broadway tickets and a birthday celebration.
Another thing that keeps things fun and exciting is that each workshop is different and has its own unique personality and atmosphere. Location, season, attendance, topic, even the dinner menu affect the individuality of an NTCA workshop.
Here is a sampling of just a few of our many amazing NTCA workshop experiences, and a view of a Regional Training Program.
The first event of this trip was at Daltile in Albany, NY. Manager Tom Drucker and his staff did a tremendous job of planning and putting on an excellent event. Seventy-plus attendees that included representatives of all tile-related professions – architects, designers, general contractors, and of course, tile contractors, project managers, installers, mechanics and finishers – participated in the event, not to mention the Daltile staff and the manufacturer representatives who supported the effort. More than 20 people took advantage of the CEUs available for the two presentations that Mark performed – Failures: Could It Be Me? and Tile Industry Standards.
The workshop was lively and vibrant, fueled by the celebratory atmosphere that comes with a dozen product vendors, a delicious barbecue buffet, enthusiastic learners, a great Daltile support staff, the vision that our host Tom Drucker had for the evening and our tremendous state ambassadors John Mendenhall and Eric Tetreault.
At the conclusion of the night we celebrated with several new NTCA members, reviewed plenty of standards-based installation questions, and enjoyed the awarding of gift card prizes donated by the manufacturers and vendors. It was amusing to watch Mark run off his barbecue and corn bread calories delivering the prizes to the winners.
Another stop on this trip was Nemo Tile in Red Bank, New Jersey. We had no idea what a tremendous day we had ahead of us as the staff came out to greet us and guide us to our specially reserved parking spot.
The staff at Nemo Tile, led by manager Carrie Bocci and owner Matt Karlin, planned for a full-day event of training for their customers. The early part of the day involved training from manufacturers including Schluter, Bostik LATICRETE, and Alpha Tools. In the comfort and beauty of Nemo's showroom the attendees learned, networked, and were treated to a delicious breakfast and lunch buffet. They even had a professional technician to make sure that the audio and video ran perfectly, without any glitches.
Mark greatly enjoyed the surprise honor of being introduced by none other than Phil Woodruff of Schluter Systems, who trained Mark as a tile contractor and influenced him to become a Certified Tile Installer and NTCA member contractor.
In attendance were architects, designers, general contractors, distributors, product representatives, and tile installers, including a few true blue NTCA members. Quite a few people were able to earn a CEU for attending an AIA-accredited program. We also had some wise attendees who decided to join the NTCA by the end of the day.
The specifics of the NTCA training for the event included Failures: Could It Be Me?, Introduction to Standards, and the hands-on demonstration segment of the new Tile Matters program. There was genuine excitement for learning how to use ASTM C920 sealant in expansion joints, proper troweling techniques, and the importance of substrate flatness. There were also lively discussion and questions about everything from grout joint sizes to troweling direction for tile set in a herringbone pattern. All in all, many topics were covered, plenty of ideas were shared, and everyone went away with some new learning.
I certainly cannot forget to mention the tremendous member-only regional training at the Daltile Stone Center in Moonachie, NJ. Daltile's Vinnie Sgro and Rocko Gallotta, along with Jerry Joyce, facilitated an excellent gauged thin porcelain tile training event. The NTCA and its corporate sponsors – Will White and crew of Custom Building Products and tool provider Ben Szell of European Tile Masters – trained 20 NTCA member installers in both classroom theory and practical application that brought together standards-based tile knowledge and this new product that is gauged porcelain tile and slabs.
It was a busy and productive couple of weeks on the road. Stay tuned for more reports from the workshop trail!


On Thursday January 17th, 2019 Somers VFD members were honored at the Putnam County Fire training graduation ceremony. SVFD members Laurent Verard and Douglas Crockatt completed the firefighter 1 training program in 2018 at Putnam. Firefighter 1 is the basic entry class that all SVFD members complete to become firefighters. This class is approximately 129 hours long. Congratulations to both of our members and all who completed this rigorous training program!


text:
Aga Khan IV
The Aga Khan IV
Aga Khan III
Shah Karim al-Hussaini
(1936-12-13) 13 December 1936 (age 82)
Salimah Aga Khan
(m. 1969; div. 1995)
Inaara Aga Khan
Ismaili Muslim
Prince Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, KBE (Persian: شاه کریم حسینی، آقاخان چهارم, Urdu: شاه کریم حسینی، آقاخان چهارم; Aga Khan is also transliterated as Aqa Khan and Agha Khan[1]) was born on 13 December 1936, in Geneva, Switzerland. He is a British[2] business magnate,[3][4][5][6] racehorse owner and breeder,[3][7] as well as being the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailism, a denomination of Ismailism within Shia Islam consisting of an estimated 25-30 million adherents (about 20% of the world's Shia Muslim population).[6][8][9][10] He has held this position of Imam, under the title of Aga Khan IV, since 11 July 1957,[11] when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III. The Aga Khan claims to be a relative of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali,[12] considered the first Imam in Shia Islam, and Ali's wife Fatima az-Zahra, Muhammad's daughter from his first marriage. In 1986 the Aga Khan ordained the current version of the Ismailia Constitution – an ecclesiastical decree[13] affirming to Nizari Ismailis his "sole right to interpret the Qur'an and provide authoritative guidance on [all] matters of faith"[14] and formalising his sole discretion, power and authority for the governance of Nizari Ismaili jamats (places of worship) and institutions.[15]
Forbes describes the Aga Khan as one of the world's ten richest royals with an estimated net worth of US$800 million (2010). Additionally he is unique among the richest royals as he does not rule over a geographic territory.[16] He owns hundreds of racehorses, valuable stud farms, an exclusive yacht club on Sardinia,[17] a private island in the Bahamas,[18] two Bombardier jets, a £100 million high speed yacht Alamshar, named after his prize racehorse,[19] and several estates around the world, with his primary residence at Aiglemont estate in the town of Gouvieux, France, north of Paris. In 2008, the then French President Nicolas Sarkozy pledged that the Aga Khan, a British citizen, would be let off all 'direct taxes, stamp duty, and wealth tax' by the country of France - saving the Aga Khan an amount estimated to be in the billions of Euros.[20] The Aga Khan's philanthropic institutions spend about US$600 million per year – mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.[21]
Among the goals the Aga Khan has said he works toward are the elimination of global poverty; the promotion and implementation of secular pluralism;[22] the advancement of the status of women; and the honouring of Islamic art and architecture.[21][23][24][25][26] He is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world. The organisation has said it works toward improvement of the environment, health, education, architecture, culture, microfinance, rural development, disaster reduction, the promotion of private-sector enterprise and the revitalisation of historic cities.[23][26][27][28][29][30] Since his ascension to the Imamate of Nizari Ismailis in 1957, the Aga Khan has been involved in complex political and economic changes which have affected his Nizari Ismaili followers, including the independence of African countries from colonial rule, expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[23] Aga Khan IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Canadian Parliament on 27 February 2014.[31]
2 Marriages, divorces and children
3 Ascension to Nizari Ismaili Imamat
4 Nizari Ismaili Imamat
5 The Status of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism
6 Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat
7 Golden Jubilee Year of Imamat
8 Aga Khan Development Network
9 Promotion of Islamic architecture
10 Personal finances
11 Thoroughbred horse racing
12 Yacht Alamshar
13 Titles, styles and honours
13.1 Titles and styles
13.2 Honours
13.3 Honorary degrees
13.4 Awards
14 Ancestry
16 References and notes
Born Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Aga Khan IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly Khan, (1911–1960) and his first wife, Princess Tajuddawlah Aly Khan, formerly the Hon. Joan Barbara Yarde-Buller (1908–1997), the eldest daughter of the 3rd Baron Churston.[32]
Born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 13 December 1936, Prince Karim was declared healthy despite being born prematurely.[33] The Aga Khan's brother, Prince Amyn, was born less than a year later. Their parents divorced in 1949, in part due to Prince Aly Khan's extramarital affairs,[34] and Prince Aly Khan shortly after married Rita Hayworth – with whom he had a daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, the half-sister of Aga Khan IV.
The Aga Khan IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness (1931–1965), from his mother's first marriage, as Joan Yarde-Buller was previously married to Loel Guinness of the banking Guinnesses.[35]
Prince Karim spent his childhood in Nairobi, Kenya,[36] where his early education was done by private tutoring. His grandfather, Aga Khan III, engaged Mustafa Kamil, a teacher from Aligarh Muslim University, for both Prince Karim and Prince Amyn[citation needed]. Prince Karim later attended the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, the most expensive boarding school in Europe,[37] for nine years where he ended up with, in his words, "fair grades."[35] As a youngster Prince Karim would have preferred to attend MIT and study science, but his grandfather, Aga Khan III, vetoed the decision and Prince Karim attended Harvard University where he was elected a member of The Delphic Club. There, he switched to majoring in History after flunking an engineering course.[38]
When his grandfather died, the young Prince was thrust into the position of the Aga Khan (IV), and he went from being not only a university student but also to replacing his grandfather as the new Nizari Ismaili Imam. He says about it: "Overnight, my whole life changed completely. I woke up with serious responsibilities toward millions of other human beings. I knew I would have to abandon my hopes of studying for a doctorate in History."[35] The Aga Khan IV graduated from Harvard in 1959, two years after becoming the Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History (with Cum Laude honors) and his varsity H for soccer.[35]
The young Aga Khan was a competitive downhill skier, and he skied for Iran (at that time led by the secular Shah) in the 1964 Olympic Games.[35][39] Riots broke out in East Africa during the time of the games and the Aga Khan was accordingly besieged with cables and questions from East African Nizari Ismaili leaders, some of whom had flown to Innsbruck, asking their imam for guidance. Specifically, his followers wanted to know whether they should try to hold on to their interests in East Africa or instead return to India and Pakistan.[35]
Paul Ress, of Sports Illustrated, writes that the young, contact lens wearing Prince turned Aga Khan IV, having responsibility to go with his wealth, did not live the playboy lifestyle of his father. He did, however, relish "...speed on water as well as on snow, highways and in the air..." and increased the speed of his 72-foot yacht (the Amaloun) by almost 20%.[35] After being named Aga Khan the young prince, who habitually drove at 90 to 145 miles an hour "road permitting," noted he could no longer afford to risk his life on a piste [ski run].[35] Ress writes about traveling to Chantilly in one of the young Prince's Maseratis. The chauffeur, Lucien Lemouss, slowed to 80 miles per hour as they fell in behind a slower moving Ferrari, and the young Prince had the chauffeur pull over, took over the driver's seat, and swiftly passed the Ferrari.[35]
The young Aga Khan, who at times was followed by "telephoto maniacs" (i.e. paparazzi), discusses his privacy:
I take all sorts of precautions when I go out with friends. I have taught myself not to show any emotion in public places. I never sit next to a woman with whom the press is trying to link me. Here in Gstaad I go often to a bistro outside the village for a fondue because the proprietor will not let anyone take pictures in his establishment. I stopped going to certain Paris theatres because I discovered they were tipping off the press to my presence. I realise that I may seem extreme on the subject, but do not forget that my mail has been stolen and my servants bribed. Close personal friends have taken private snapshots of me in my home and then sold them to magazines. I have been blackmailed on the telephone. All I desire is to have my private life respected. Is that unreasonable?[35]
Marriages, divorces and children
The Aga Khan married his first wife, former British model Sarah ("Sally") Frances Croker-Poole, who assumed the name Begum Salimah Aga Khan, on 22 October 1969 (civil) and 28 October 1969 (religious), at his home (at that time) in Paris, France. The couple were married for 25 years, during which they had three children. Not many years into the marriage, they filed for divorce. By 1984, the Aga Khan and Begum Salimah took to separate lives.[40] However, their marriage did not officially end by divorce until eleven years later, in 1995. The Aga Khan and Begum Salimah had one daughter and two sons together:
Princess Zahra Aga Khan (born 18 September 1970)
Prince Rahim Aga Khan (born 12 October 1971)
Prince Hussain Aga Khan (born 10 April 1974)
The Aga Khan married for the second time with Gabriele zu Leiningen, who assumed the name Begum Inaara Aga Khan, at his walled compound and chateau, Aiglemont, in Gouvieux, France, on 30 May 1998. However, a little over six years later – on 8 October 2004 – an announcement was made that the Aga Khan and Begum Inaara were to seek a divorce.[41][42] In September 2011, a divorce settlement was reached in French courts. The divorce settlement amount was agreed to by both the Aga Khan and the Begum in March 2014.[43] By Begum Inaara, the Aga Khan has a son:
Prince Aly Muhammad Aga Khan (born March 7, 2000)
Ascension to Nizari Ismaili Imamat
Nizārī-Ismāʿīlī Imams
1. Ali
2. Husayn
3. al-Sajjad
4. al-Baqir
5. al-Sādiq
6. Ismā'il
7. Muhammad
8. Abdullāh (Wāfi Ahmad)
9. Ahmad (Tāqi Muhammad)
10. Husayn (Rādhi Abdullāh)
11. ʿUbayd Allāh al-Mahdī b'il-Lāh
12. Muhammad al-Qā'im
13. Ismāʿīl al-Mansur
14. Ma'ādd al-Mu'izz
15. Nizār al-Aziz
16. Mansur al-Hākim
17. Ali az-Zāhir
18. Ma'ādd al-Mustansir
19. Nizār al-Mustafá
20. Al-Hādī
21. Al-Mutadī
22. Al-Qāhir
23. Hassan II ʻAlā Dhikrihi-s-Salām
24. Nūr-al-Dīn Muhammad II
25. Jalālu-d-Dīn Hassan III
26. 'Alā' ad-Dīn Muḥammad III
27. Ruknu-d-Dīn Khurshāh
28. Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad
29. Qāsim Shāh
30. Islām Shāh
31. Muḥammad b. Islām Shāh
32. Al-Mustanṣir billāh II
33. ʻAbdu-s-Salām Shāh
34. Gharīb Mīrzā
35. Abū Dharr ʻAlī
36. Murād Mīrzā
37. Dhū-l-Fiqār ʻAlī
38. Nūru-d-Dīn ʻAlī
39. Khalīlullāh II ʻAlī
40. Nizār II
41. As-Sayyid ʻAlī
42. Ḥasan ʻAlī
43. Qāsim ʻAlī
44. Abū-l-Hasan ʻAlī
45. Shāh Khalīlullāh III
46. Hassan ʻAlī Shāh
47. Āqā ʻAlī Shāh
48. Muhammad Shāh
49. Karīmu-l-Hussaynī
Following the death of his grandfather the Aga Khan III, Prince Karim, at the age of 20, became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismailis and Aga Khan IV, bypassing his father, Prince Aly Khan, and his uncle, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, who were in direct line to succession. In his will, the Aga Khan III explained the rationale for choosing his eldest grandson as his successor (which marked the first time in the claimed history of the Nizari Ismaili chain of Imamat that a grandson of the preceding Imam – instead of one of the sons of the preceding Imam – was made the next Imam):
In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world has provoked many changes, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Nizari Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office.[44]
In light of his grandfather's will, the Aga Khan IV has sometimes been referred to by Nizari Ismailis as the "Imam of the Atomic Age."[45] The will of the Aga Khan III added that the next Aga Khan, in the first several years of his Imamat, should look to the Aga Khan III's widow for guidance on general matters pertaining to the Imamat:
I DESIRE that my successor shall, during the first seven years of his Imamat, be guided on questions of general Imamat Policy, by my said wife, Yvette called Yve Blanche Labrousse Om Habibeh, the BEGUM AGA KHAN, who has been familiar for many years with the problems facing my followers, and in whose wise judgment, I place the greatest confidence.[46]
Nizari Ismaili Imamat
Aga Khan IV receiving a gift of Trinitite, residue from the first nuclear bomb detonation, while visiting the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1959.
Upon taking the position of Imam, the Aga Khan IV stated that he intended to continue the work his grandfather had pursued in building modern institutions to improve the quality of life of the Nizari Ismailis[citation needed]. Takht nashini (installation of the new Imam) ceremonies occurred at several locations over the course of 1957 and 1958. During this time, the Aga Khan emphasised to his followers the importance of fostering positive relations with different ethnicities[citation needed] – a message highly appropriate considering the racially tense atmosphere in East Africa at the time between blacks and South Asians. During the Aga Khan's installation ceremonies in the Indian subcontinent, the Aga Khan stressed his commitment to improving the standard of living of Nizari Ismailis and encouraged co-operation with individuals of other religions[citation needed]. The main themes that the Aga Khan emphasised to his community during these first few months of his Imamat were material development, education, interracial harmony, and confidence in religion[citation needed].
In 1972, under the regime of President Idi Amin of Uganda, people of South Asian origin, including Nizari Ismailis, were expelled. The South Asians, some who of whose families had lived in Uganda for over 100 years, were given 90 days to leave the country.[47] The Aga Khan phoned his long-time friend Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to immigrate to Canada.[48] The Aga Khan also undertook urgent steps to facilitate the resettlement of Nizari Ismailis displaced from Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Burma, to other countries[citation needed]. Most of these Nizari Ismailis found new homes in Asia, Europe and North America[citation needed]. Most of the initial resettlement problems were overcome remarkably rapidly by Nizari Ismailis due to their educational backgrounds and high rates of literacy[citation needed], as well as the efforts of the Aga Khan and the host countries, and moral and material support from Nizari Ismaili community programs.
The Aga Khan has encouraged Nizari Ismailis settled in the industrialised world to contribute towards the progress of communities in the developing world through various development programs[citation needed]. He has described his role as Imam as being partly to uplift the material and spiritual wellbeing of Nizari Ismailis – a duty which requires an understanding of Nizari Ismailis in the context of their geographic location and their time.[33] He elaborated on this concept in a 2006 speech in Germany, saying "The role and responsibility of an Imam, therefore, is both to interpret the faith to the community, and also to do all within his means to improve the quality, and security, of their daily lives and the people with whom Ismailis share their lives."[49] This engagement of the Aga Khan with Nizari Ismailis is said to extend to the people with whom the Nizari Ismailis share their lives, locally and internationally.[50]
The Aga Khan is one of several Shia signatories of the Amman Message which gives a broad foundation for defining those denominations of Islam that should be considered as part of the wider Muslim Ummah.[51]
During the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, he said:
I have two reactions to the pope's lecture: There is my concern about the degradation of relations and, at the same time, I see an opportunity. A chance to talk about a serious, important issue: the relationship between religion and logic.[52]
When the Aga Khan IV was asked about his view on the consumption of alcohol in a 1965 interview with the Sunday Times, he said, in line with Muslim teaching:[53]
Our belief is that the thing which separates man from the animals is his power of thought. Anything that impedes this process is wrong. Therefore alcohol is forbidden. I have never touched alcohol. But this, to me, is not a puritan prohibition. I don't want to drink. I've never wanted to drink. There's no pressure being placed on me by my religion.
The Status of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism
Part of a series on Shīa Islam
Isma'ilism
Ẓāhir
Bātin
Nūr
Pīr
'Aql
ʿIlm
Hujja
Dā'ī
Taqiya
Love of Mohammad and Ahl_al-Bayt
Striving|Struggle
Mustā'lī & Nizari History
Shuʿayb
Nabi Shu'ayb
Seveners
Qarmatians
Abū Saʿīd al-Jannābī
Abū Tāhir al-Jannābī
Fatimid Caliphate
Nizari Ismaili state
Baghdad Manifesto
Qāżi Noʿmān
al-Sulayhi
Zoeb bin Moosa
Mustā'lī
Batiniyya
Hassan-i Sabbah
Alamut
Lambsar Castle
Alamut Castle
Masyaf Castle
Rashid ad-Din Sinan
Satpanth
Pir Sadardin
Böszörmény
Aga Khan
Jama'at Khana
Du'a
Early Imāms
Husayn
as-Sajjad
al-Baqir
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak
Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir
ʿAbadu l-Lāh (al-Wāfī Ahmad)
Ahmad (al-Taqī Muhammad)
Ḥusayn (ar-Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)
ʿAbdu l-Lāh al-Mahdī bi l-Lāh
al-Qāʾim
al-Manṣūr
al-Muʿizz
al-ʿAzīz
al-Ḥākim
al-Ẓāhir
al-Mustanṣir bi l-Lāh
Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn'il-Lāh / Aḥmadu l-Mustāʿlī bi l-Lāh
Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām'il-Lāh
Abu l-Qāsim al-Tayyib
Nizari Ismaili & Taiyabi Da'is
Nizārī Ismā'īlī
Taiyabi-Musta'li Ismailis
Dawoodi Bohra
Disputed between Mufaddal Saifuddin and Taher Fakhruddin
Sulaymani
Al-Fakhri Abdullah
Alavi Bohra
Haatim Zakiyuddin
The Ismailis are a sect of Shi'a Islam, and their theology is derived from the teachings of the early Shi'i Imams - 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to early Shi'i theology, God or Allah is absolutely transcendent and unique. Unlike Sunni theology where God's Essence is conjoined to eternal attributes, the early Shi'i Imams emphasized a theology according to which God's Essence is beyond all names and attributes. The first creation of God is a spiritual entity (ruhani) or light (nur) called the Intellect ('Aql), the Light of Muhammad (nur Muhammad) or the Light of Ali. This cosmic Intellect or Light exists prior to the creation of the physical world and is the highest of created beings is identified with the Eternal Imam or the spiritual essence of the Prophet Muhammad and the Shi'i Imams. The historical Imams on earth are the locus of manifestation (mazhar) of the Light (nur) or Intellect (aql). Ismaili philosophers developed these ideas further using Neoplatonic frameworks and identified the Intellect ('Aql) or Light of the Imam with the Universal Intellect (Nous) of Plotinus. Similarly, the Imam's human soul - revered as pure based on Qur'an 33:33 - is regarded as the reflective mirror of the Universal Intellect. [54]
There may be a difference between the publicised position of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism, as per the present Aga Khan and his representatives, versus the position he occupies in the private worship services of Nizari Ismailis (which are not open to the public nor other Muslims). For instance, a report was issued at the 1975 Ismailia Association Conference – a meeting of the Aga Khan with senior Nizari Ismaili council leaders from several countries – to address the question of the divinity of the Imam. It mentioned:
"The Imam to be explained as the 'mazhar' ["locus of manifestation"] of God, and the relationship between God and the Imam to be related to varying levels of inspiration and communication from God to man."[55]
The term mazhar is also used in Sufi literature by Ibn 'Arabi, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and many others. The meaning of the word mazhar denotes the idea of a mirror in which an object is reflected as an image but not incarnate. Similarly, the Imam as mazhar (locus of manifestation, mirror) differs greatly from the idea of incarnation or indwelling (hulul) in which the Divine dwells inside a material body.
Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat
From 11 July 1982 to 11 July 1983 – to celebrate the present Aga Khan's Silver Jubilee, marking the 25th anniversary of his accession to the Imamat – many new social and economic development projects were launched[citation needed]. These range from the establishment of the US$450 million international Aga Khan University with its Faculty of Health Sciences and teaching hospital based in Karachi[citation needed], the expansion of schools for girls and medical centres in the Hunza region[citation needed] (one of the remote parts of Northern Pakistan bordering on China and Afghanistan that is densely populated with Nizari Ismailis), to the establishment of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program[citation needed] in Gujarat, India – and the extension of existing urban hospitals and primary health care centres in Tanzania and Kenya[citation needed].
Golden Jubilee Year of Imamat
11 July 2007 to 13 December 2008 marked the 50th Anniversary of the Aga Khan's reign of Imamat (Golden Jubilee). On this occasion, leaders representing Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world gathered at the Aga Khan's residence to pay homage to the Imam[citation needed]. As part of the Golden Jubilee, the Aga Khan made official visits to various countries – using the visits to recognise the friendship and longstanding support of certain leaders of state, government, and others, to the Aga Khan and his Nizari Ismaili community, as well as to lay the foundations for certain future initiatives and programmes.[56] Areas of the world visited included the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Aga Khan also organised a Nizari Ismaili sports meet in Kenya, and teams of Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world came to play in this event.[57]
Main article: Aga Khan Development Network
The Aga Khan is founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), one of the largest private development networks in the world,[citation needed] which coordinates the activities of over 200 agencies and institutions, employing approximately 80,000 paid staff, the majority of whom are based in developing countries[citation needed]. AKDN is partly funded by his followers and donor partners that include numerous governments and several international organisations. AKDN agencies operate in the fields of health, education, culture, rural development, institution-building and the promotion of economic development, with special focus on countries of the Third World. It is dedicated to improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor, without regard to their faith, origin or sex[citation needed]. The AKDN's annual budget for non-profit development activities in 2010 was approximately US$625 million[citation needed]. The network operates in more than 35 of the poorest countries in the world[citation needed].
AKDN includes the Aga Khan University (AKU), the University of Central Asia (UCA), the for-profit Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF), the Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS), the Aga Khan Education Services (AKES), the Aga Khan Planning and Building Services (AKPBS), and the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM). One of the companies that the AKFED is the main shareholder of is the famous Serena Hotels Group[58] – a chain of luxury hotels and resorts primarily located in Africa and Asia. Despite the Qur'anic prohibition on alcohol (a prohibition that is accepted by Nizari Ismailis[53]), many of Serena's properties have bars and serve alcohol to guests – including in Muslim nations like Pakistan.[59] The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA)is the largest architectural award in the world[citation needed]. The Aga Khan is also the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, which he founded in 1977[citation needed]. He is also a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society[citation needed].
Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FOCUS), an affiliate of the AKDN, is responsible for emergency response in the face of disaster. Recent disasters that FOCUS was involved in helping address include the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan (AKDN earthquake response) and the South Asian Tsunami[citation needed].
Significant recent or current projects that are related to development and that are being led by the Aga Khan include the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Global Centre for Pluralism (GCP) in Ottawa, the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, the Al-Azhar Park ([2]) in Cairo, the Bagh-e Babur restoration in Kabul, and a network of full IB residential schools known as the Aga Khan Academies (AKA).
The Aga Khan has expressed concern about the work of the AKDN being described as philanthropy. In his address to the Tutzing Evangelical Academy in Germany, he described this concern:
Reflecting a certain historical tendency of the West to separate the secular from the religious, they often describe [the work of the AKDN] either as philanthropy or entrepreneurship. What is not understood is that this work is for us a part of our institutional responsibility – it flows from the mandate of the office of Imam to improve the quality of worldly life for the concerned communities.[49]
Promotion of Islamic architecture
In 1977, the Aga Khan established the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, an award recognising excellence in architecture that encompasses contemporary design and social, historical, and environmental considerations. It is the largest architectural award in the world(prize money for which is a million US dollars) and is granted triennially.[citation needed] The award grew out of the Aga Khan's desire to revitalise creativity in Islamic societies and acknowledge creative solutions for buildings facilities and public spaces[citation needed]. The prize winner is selected by an independent master jury convened for each cycle[citation needed].
In 1979, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) established the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (AKPIA), which is supported by an endowment from Aga Khan. These programs provide degree courses, public lectures, and conferences for the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism. Understanding contemporary conditions and developmental issues are key components of the academic program.[60] The program engages in research at both institutions and students can graduate with a Master of Science of Architectural Studies specialising in the Aga Khan program from MIT's Department of Architecture.[citation needed]
Forbes describes the Aga Khan as one of the world's ten richest royals, one rank richer than the Sultan of Oman, with an estimated net worth of US$1 billion (2010).[61] Additionally he is unique among the richest royals as he does not preside over a geographic territory.[16] He owns hundreds of racehorses, valuable stud farms, an exclusive yacht club on Sardinia,[17] a private island in the Bahamas, two Bombardier jets, a £200 million high speed yacht named after his prize racehorse Alamshar,[62] and several estates around the world, including an estate called Aiglemont at Gouvieux, north of Paris. He founded the Kenyan media company Nation Media Group.[63] His philanthropic institutions, funded by his followers, spend more than $600 million per year – primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.[21]
The Aga Khan is and has been involved in other business ventures such as luxury hotels. In the 1990s, the Aga Khan had a group of US$400 a night Italian luxury hotels, called Ciga. Currently the Aga Khan, through his for-profit AKFED, is the largest shareholder in the Serena Hotels chain.[64] The Aga Khan's racing horse businesses bring in considerable income.[65] He owns and operates the largest horse racing and breeding operation in France, the French horse auction house, Arqana, Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen in Ireland, and other breeding/stud farms in Europe.[65]
The tally varies significantly every year, and it seems to be difficult to have a precise number. In 2009, it was noted by Forbes that the Aga Khan's net worth was US$800 million – after a decline of $200 million over the course of the previous year.,[61] while in 2013, Vanity Fair estimated his fortune to be well over 1 billion .[66]
Thoroughbred horse racing
The racing colors of the Aga Khan
At his self-titled estate Aiglemont, in the town of Gouvieux in the Picardy region of France – about 4 kilometres west of the Chantilly Racecourse – the Aga Khan operates the largest horse racing and breeding operation in the country.[citation needed] In 1977, he paid £1.3 million for the bloodstock owned by Anna Dupré and in 1978, £4.7 million for the bloodstock of Marcel Boussac.[67]
The Aga Khan is said to be the France's most influential owner-breeder and record winner of The Prix de Diane, sometimes referred to as the French Oaks.[68]
The Aga Khan owns Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen, Ireland, and the Haras de Bonneval breeding farm at Le Mesnil-Mauger in France. In March 2005, he purchased the famous Calvados stud farms, the Haras d'Ouilly in Pont-d'Ouilly and the Haras de Val-Henry in Livarot.[citation needed] Haras d'Ouilly had been owned by such famous horsemen as the Duc Decazes, François Dupré and Jean-Luc Lagardère.[citation needed]
In 2006 the Aga Khan became the majority shareholder of French horse auction house Arqana.[65]
On 27 October 2009 it was announced that Sea The Stars, regarded by many as one of the greatest racehorses of all time, would stand stud at the Aga Khan's Gilltown Stud in Ireland.[69]
His unbeaten homebred filly, Zarkava, won the 2008 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.
Yacht Alamshar
The Aga Khan IV commissioned a 164-foot yacht, named Alamshar, with a price tag of £200 million. It should be noted the cost and maintenance are partly covered by chartering. The yacht is named after a prized racehorse of his, and was supposed to have a top speed of 60 knots as part of his hope of setting a new transatlantic speed record. However, the yacht only reached a top speed of 30 knots in its initial trials.[19]
Titles, styles and honours
Styles of
His Highness
Spoken style
Your Highness
Alternative style
Titles and styles
1936–1957: Prince Karim Aga Khan
From 1957: His Highness the Aga Khan IV
From 1959: His Royal Highness the Aga Khan IV
The title Prince(ss) is used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty. The title was officially recognised by the British government in 1938.[70]
Author Farhad Daftary wrote of how the honorific title 'Aga Khan' (from agha and khan) was first given to Aga Khan I at the age of thirteen after the murder of his father: "At the same time, the Qajar monarch bestowed on him the honorific title (laqab) of Agha Khan (less commonly but more correctly transcribed as Aqa Khan), meaning lord and master." Daftary additionally commented, "The title of Agha Khan remained hereditary amongst his successors."[1] On the other hand, in a legal proceeding, the Aga Khan III noted that 'Aga Khan' is not a title, but, instead a sort of alias or "pet name" that was given to Aga Khan I when he was a young man.[71]
The style of 'His Highness' was formally granted to the Aga Khan IV by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather Aga Khan III.[72] The granting of the title to the Aga Khan IV was preceded by a strong expressed desire of the Aga Khan III to see the British monarchy award the non-hereditary title to his successor.[46][46] The style of His Royal Highness was granted in 1959 to the Aga Khan IV by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, later overthrown in the Iranian Revolution of 1979,[73] but he uses instead His Highness.[74][75][76] Over the years, the Aga Khan has received numerous honours, honorary degrees, and awards.
Bahrain: Member 1st Class of the Order of Bahrain (2003)[77]
Canada: Honorary Companion of the Order of Canada (CC, 2005)[78]
Comoros: Grand Cross of the Order of the Green Crescent (1966)[77]
France: Commander of the Legion of Honour (1990)[77]
France: Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (2010)[77]
France: Receives the titles Grand Mécène (Grand Patron) and Grand Donateur (Grand Donor), Paris (2009)[citation needed]
India: Padma Vibhushan (2015)[79]
Iran: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown (1967)[77]
Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. The Aga Khan is the first Muslim to receive the honour (1977)[77]
Italy: Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour (1988)[77]
Ivory Coast: Grand Cross of the National Order (1965)[77]
Kenya: Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya (CGH, 2007),[77][80]
Madagascar: Grand Cross of the National Order of Malagasy Republic (1966)[77]
Mali: Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali (2008)[77]
Mauritania: Commander of the National Order of Merit of Mauritania (1960)[77]
Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne (1986)[77]
Pakistan: Nishan-i-Imtiaz (NI, 1970)[77]
Pakistan: Nishan-e-Pakistan (NPk, 1983)[77]
Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (GCIH, 1960)[77]
Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (GCM, 1998)[77]
Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC, 2005)[77]
Senegal: Grand Officer of the Order of the National Lion (1982)[77]
Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (1991)[77]
Tajikistan: Recipient of the Order of Friendship (1998)[77]
United Kingdom: Ordinary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE, 2003),[74][77]
Upper Volta: Grand Cross of the National Order of Upper Volta (1965)[77]
Zanzibar: Grand Cross of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar (1957)[77]
Canada: Honorary LL.D. degree, McGill University (1983)[81]
Canada: Honorary LL.D. degree, McMaster University (1987)[82]
Canada: Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Toronto (2004)[83]
Canada: Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Alberta (2009)[84]
Canada: Honorary DUniv degree, University of Ottawa (2012)[85]
Canada: Honorary D.S.Litt. degree, University of Toronto (2013)[86]
Egypt: Honorary D.H.L. degree, American University in Cairo (2006)[citation needed]
Ireland: Honorary LL.D. degree, National University of Ireland (2008)[citation needed]
Kyrgyzstan: Honorary Professorship of the Osh State University (2002)[citation needed]
Lebanon: Honorary D.H.L. degree, American University of Beirut (2005)[citation needed]
Mali: Honorary Doctorate, University of Sankore (2008)[citation needed]
Pakistan: Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Peshawar (1967)[citation needed]
Pakistan: Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Sindh (1970)[citation needed]
Portugal: Honorary Doctorate, University of Évora (2006)[citation needed]
Tajikistan: Honorary LL.D. degree, Khorugh State University (1995)[citation needed]
United Kingdom: Honorary D.Litt. degree University of London (1989)[citation needed]
United Kingdom: Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Wales (1993)[87]
United Kingdom: Honorary D.D. degree, University of Cambridge (2009)[88]
United States: Honorary LL.D. degree, Brown University (1996)[89]
United States: Honorary LL.D. degree, Harvard University (2008)[90]
United States: UCSF Medal, San Francisco (2011)
Canada: Key to the City of Ottawa (2005)[77]
Canada: Honorary Canadian citizenship (2009)[91]
Canada: Gold Medal, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (2013)
Canada: Address to the Parliament of Canada (2014)
France: Silver Medal of the Académie d'Architecture (1991)[77]
France: Insignia of Honour, International Union of Architects (2001)[77]
France: Associate Foreign Member, Académie des Beaux-Arts (2008)[77]
France: Philanthropic Entrepreneur of the Year, by Le Nouvel Economiste, Paris (2009)[77]
Germany: Die Quadriga Award, the United We Care Award (2005)[77]
Germany: Tolerance Prize of the Evangelical Academy of Tutzing (2006)[77]
Italy: Honorary Citizen of the Town of Arzachena (Sardinia) (1962)[77]
Italy: Gold Mercury Ad Personam Award, Non-State Organization (1982)[77]
Ireland: ITBA Special Recognition Award, County Kildare (2012)[citation needed]
Ivory Coast: Freeman of Abidjan, and presented with a Key to the City of Abidjan (1960)[77]
Jordan: One of The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the world, by Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, (2009)
Kazakhstan: State Award for Peace and Progress (2002)[77]
Kazakhstan: Honoured Educator of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2008)[77]
Kenya: Honorary Citizen of the Town of Kisumu (1981)[77]
Madagascar: Key to the city of Majunga (1966)[77]
Mali: Honorary Citizen of the Islamic Ummah of Timbuktu (2003)[77]
Mali: Citizen of Honour of the Municipality of Timbuktu (2008)[77]
Monaco: "Personality of the Sea", by Prince Albert of Monaco (1999)
Pakistan: Honorary Colonel of the 6th Lancers by the Pakistani Army (1970)[77]
Pakistan: Honorary Citizen of Lahore, and presented with a key to the city of Lahore (1980)[77]
Pakistan: Honorary Membership, Pakistan Medical Association, Sindh (1981)[77]
Pakistan: Key to the city of Karachi (1981)[77]
Pakistan: Honorary Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) (1985)[77]
Pakistan: Citation by Institute of Architects, Pakistan (2014)
Portugal: Key to the City of Lisbon (1996)[77]
Portugal: Foreign Member, Class of Humanities, by Lisbon Academy of Sciences (2009)[77]
Portugal: 2013 North–South Prize of the Council of Europe (2014)
Russia: One of The 15 Most Influential Islamic Leaders in the world, published in the blog of Chairman of the public sector of Russia's Muftis Council, (2012)
Scotland: Carnegie Medal for Philanthropy (2005)[77]
Spain: Gold Medal of the Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España.[citation needed]
Spain: Guest of Honour of Granada (1991)[77]
Spain: Honorary Citizen of Granada (1991)[77]
Spain: Gold Medal of the City of Granada (1998)[77]
Spain: Royal Toledo Foundation (Real Fundación de Toledo) Award (2006)[77]
Sweden: Archon Award, International Nursing Honour Society, Sigma Theta Tau International (2001)[77]
Tanzania: Honorary Citizen of Dar es Salaam (2005)[77]
United Kingdom: The Gold Mercury International "AD PERSONAM" Award (1982)[77]
United Kingdom: Honorary Fellowship, Royal Institute of British Architects (1991)[77]
United Kingdom: Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy (2005)[77]
United Kingdom: Winner of the 10th annual Peter O'Sullevan Award at the Savoy in London (2006)[77]
United Kingdom: David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award (2012)
United States: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia (1984)[77]
United States: Institute Honor of the American Institute of Architects (1984)[77]
United States: Honorary Member of the American Institute of Architects (1992)[77]
United States: Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996)[92]
United States: Hadrian Award, World Monuments Fund (1996)[77]
United States: Panellist at the White House Conference on Culture and Diplomacy (2000)[citation needed]
United States: Vincent Scully Prize, National Building Museum (2005)[77]
United States: Key to the City of Austin (2008)[77]
United States: ULI J.C. Nichols Prize for Visionaries in Urban Development, Los Angeles (2011)[77]
United States: One of The 500 Most Powerful People on the Planet, Foreign Policy (magazine) (2013)
Uzbekistan: Honorary Citizen of the City of Samarkand and presented with a key to the city of Samarkand (1992)[77]
Ancestors of Aga Khan IV
16. Aga Khan I
8. Aga Khan II
17. Sarv-i Jahan Khanum
4. Aga Khan III
18. Mirza Ali Muhammad Nizam al-Dawla
9. Shams al-Muluk
19. Khurshid Kulah Khanum
2. Prince Aly Khan
5. Cleope Teresa Magliano
1. Aga Khan IV
24. Hon. John Yarde-Buller
12. John Yarde-Buller, 2nd Baron Churston
25. Charlotte Pole
6. John Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston
26. Sir Hastings Reginald Yelverton
13. The Hon. Barbara Yelverton
27. Barbara Rawdon-Hastings, 20th Baroness Grey of Ruthyn
3. The Hon. Joan Barbara Yarde-Buller
14. Alfred John Smither
7. Jessie Smither
15. Jessica Henrietta Pococke
Royalty portal
Ismaili Centre
Nizari Ismaili
Ismailis
Yacht Club Costa Smeralda
↑ 1.0 1.1 Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Ismailis: Their History and Doctrines (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-35561-5. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Five Things To Know About The Aga Khan". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 3.0 3.1 Minahan, James (1998). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood Press. p. 256. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "QATAR HOLDING SEALS COSTA SMERALDA DEAL". ANSA. Retrieved 28 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Kabul This Spring?". Conde Nast Digital. Retrieved 28 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 6.0 6.1 Zachary, G. Pascal (9 July 2007). "The Aga Khan, a jet-setter who mixes business and Islam". NY Times. Retrieved 7 December 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Wood, Greg (6 October 2008). "port Horse racing Zarkava's triumph brings a new high for Aga Khan". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "The 500 Most Influential Muslims – 2011". Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. Retrieved 20 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "His Highness the Aga Khan". Retrieved 26 November 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "World View – Aga Khan". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
↑ "Ismailia Constitution" (PDF). Central Institutions of the Shia Imami Ismaili Tariqah. Retrieved 17 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 16.0 16.1 Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010). "World's Richest Royals". Forbes. Retrieved 28 March 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
↑ Jackson, Candace (July 29, 2011). "My Own Private Island". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 19.0 19.1 Leak, Christopher (30 March 2008). "More carthorse than racehorse ... the Aga Khan's £100m yacht". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 6 December 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Daily Mail - Sarkozy 'exonerated' billionaire Aga Khan from paying tax, corruption inquiry hears". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Aga Khan joins Prime Minister's neighbourhood. Canada.com (8 December 2008). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fortunes" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "SPIEGEL Interview with Aga Khan". SPIEGEL. Retrieved 8 July 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 (23 November 2008) Aga Khan holds up Canada as model for the world. Vancouver Sun
↑ Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Ppaf.org.pk.
↑ HUSAIN, ISHRAT. "LESSONS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION" (PDF). <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 26.0 26.1 Aga Khan Development Network. Akdn.org.
↑ The Aga Khan, Leader of a Global Network of Cultural, Educational and... – LOS ANGELES, Oct. 27, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/. Prnewswire.com.
↑ "Towards A Happier State". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 30 November 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (13 November 2009). "Afghan Enclave Seen as Model for Development". The New York Times. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Blooming in Cairo. Saudi Aramco World.
↑ Rizwan Mawani (March 3, 2014). "A Relationship of Mutual Respect and Admiration: His Highness the Aga Khan Becomes First Faith Leader to Address Joint Session of Canadian Parliament". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Person Page 3145, Thepeerage.com; accessed May 6, 2014.
↑ 33.0 33.1 Frischauer, Willi (1970). The Aga Khans. London: The Bodley Head Ltd. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Frischauer-.C4.80g.C4.81_Kh.C4.81ns" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Harriman, Pamela (May 30, 2005). "Lives and Loves: Pamela Harrima". The Scotsman, p. S2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 Ress, Paul Evan (August 10, 1964). "Prince Karim Aga Khan". Sports illustrated. Retrieved March 28, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ G. Pascal Zachary, "Do Business and Islam Mix? Ask Him", New York Times, July 8, 2007
↑ Ram, Vidya. "In Pictures: Europe's Most Expensive Boarding Schools". Forbes. Retrieved April 22, 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Mann, Anthony. "The Quiet Prince of Islam". Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved April 21, 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Iran Alpine Skiing at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games". sports-reference.com. Retrieved December 15, 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Hollingsworth, Mark (March 2011). "Aga in Waiting" (PDF). ES Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Princess Inaara Foundation Archived 12 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Leppard, David; Winnett, Robert (November 21, 2004). "Aga Khan faces the $1 billion divorce". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved November 21, 2008. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "AP: Aga Khan divorces German princess after dispute". http://news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 June 2014. External link in |website= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Aly Khān's Son, 20, New Aga Khan", The New York Times, July 13, 1957, p. 1
↑ Thobani, Akbarali (1993). Islam's Quiet Revolutionary: The Story of Aga Khan the Fourth. Vantage Press. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 van Grondelle, Marco. "The Shi'a Imami (Nizari) Ismailis and British Foreign- and Colonial Policy" (PDF). Self. Retrieved 22 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda". British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 August 1972. Retrieved 19 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Geddes, John (27 October 2010). "A holy man with an eye for connections". Macleans. Retrieved 17 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 49.0 49.1 Address by His Highess the Aga Khan to the Tuting Evangelical Academy Upon Receiving the "Tolerance" Award. Germany: http://www.akdn.org/Content/605. 20 May 2006. External link in |publisher= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Address by His Highess the Aga Khan at Graduation Ceremony of the Masters of Public Affairs Programme at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. Paris: akdn.org/speeches/2007June15_en. 15 June 2007. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Aga Khan's official reply to Amman Message. Ammanmessage.com.
↑ SPIEGEL interview with Aga Khan – Der Spiegel. October 12, 2006
↑ 53.0 53.1 "SUNDAY TIMES – WEEKLY REVIEW". Ismaili.net. Retrieved 10 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ http://ismailignosis.com/2014/07/11/light-upon-light-glimpses-into-the-succession-of-the-shia-ismaili-imams/
↑ Rupani, Eqbal (5 May 1975). Report of the Ismailia Association Conference Paris—April 1975 (retrieved from mostmerciful.com) (Report). Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved 7 December 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Golden Jubilee". Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Golden Jubilee Games". Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Tourism Promotion Services (TPS)". Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development. Retrieved 10 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Singh, Sarina (2008). Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. p. 85. pp. Lonely Planet. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. AKPIA (Academic Brochure). <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 61.0 61.1 Pendleton, Devon; Serafin, Tatiana; von Zeppelin, Cristina (17 June 2009). "In Pictures: World's Richest Royals: Prince Karim Al Husseini, Aga Khan". Forbes. Retrieved 26 Nov 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "£200 million super-yacht leaves Devonport dockyard". Plymouth Herald. London. 8 July 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Coleridge, Nicholas (March 1994). Paper Tigers: The Latest, Greatest Newspaper Tycoons (1st Carol Pub. Group ed.). Secaucus, N.J: Birch Lane Pr. ISBN 9781559722155. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Wafula, Paul (24 November 2011). "Serena adds Tanzanian link to its hotels chain". Daily Nation. Retrieved 9 April 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 "Aga Khan: Owner Profile". North Riding, Gauteng, South Africa: RaceHorseOwner.com. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>.
↑ Reginato, James (31 January 2013). "In Pictures: World's Richest Royals: Prince Karim Al Husseini, Aga Khan". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 26 Nov 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Aga Khan Bio. Racehorseowner.com (13 December 1936).
↑ McGrath, J A (17 June 2012). "Shock winner Valyra earns the Aga Khan record seventh win in the French Oaks". The Daily Telegraph. London. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Sea The Stars goes to Aga Khan's Gilltown Stud.". racingpost.com (27 October 2009).
↑ Edwards, Anne (1996). Throne of Gold: The Lives of the Aga Khans, New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-00-215196-0
↑ "Bombay High Court:Haji Bibi vs H.H. Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah 1 September 1908". Russell, High Court of Bombay. Retrieved 26 March 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Patrick Montague-Smith (1970) Debrett's Correct Form. Debrett's Peerage Ltd. ISBN 0-905649-00-1. Page 106.
↑ "Aga Khan Development Network – About us: Awards and Honours". Retrieved 28 April 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 74.0 74.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 57155. p. 24. 31 December 2003. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
↑ "Aga Khan Development Network – About us: His Highness the Aga Khan". Retrieved 16 October 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Forms of Address: His Highness the Aga Khan – website Debrett's
↑ 77.00 77.01 77.02 77.03 77.04 77.05 77.06 77.07 77.08 77.09 77.10 77.11 77.12 77.13 77.14 77.15 77.16 77.17 77.18 77.19 77.20 77.21 77.22 77.23 77.24 77.25 77.26 77.27 77.28 77.29 77.30 77.31 77.32 77.33 77.34 77.35 77.36 77.37 77.38 77.39 77.40 77.41 77.42 77.43 77.44 77.45 77.46 77.47 77.48 77.49 77.50 77.51 77.52 77.53 77.54 77.55 77.56 77.57 77.58 77.59 77.60 77.61 77.62 77.63 77.64 77.65 List of honours
↑ Khan "Aga Khan, C.C. – Order of Canada" Check |url= value (help). Retrieved December 7, 2006. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Padma Awards 2015," Press Information Bureau, Government of India
↑ Kenya: Country Honours Aga Khan (Page 1 of 1) – website allAfrica.com
↑ http://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/sites/mcgill.ca.secretariat/files/hondoclistalpha_0.pdf
↑ http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf
↑ http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/all-about-alumni/aga-khan-ed-mirvish-honorary-degree/
↑ http://www.senate.ualberta.ca/HonoraryDegrees/PastHonoraryDegreeRecipients.aspx
↑ http://www.uottawa.ca/president/honorary-doctorates/citations/khan-aga-2012
↑ http://news.utoronto.ca/aga-khan-receives-honorary-degree-trinity-college-u-t
↑ Graddedigion er Anrhydedd / Honorary Graduates - website of the University of Wales
↑ Eight hundred year-old Cambridge University awards Mawlana Hazar Imam an honorary degree. Theismaili.org.
↑ Previous Ogden Lectures: His Highness the Aga Khan - website of the Brown University
↑ "House of Commons Debates: 40th Parliamenet, 2nd Session". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 2009-06-19. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/honorary-degrees-awarded-at-commencement/
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
NanoWisdoms Archive -- Dedicated to the Aga Khan's speeches and interviews (over 600 readings and 1,000 quotes)
His Highness the Aga Khan Spiritual Leader of Shia Ismailis
AN ISLAMIC CONSCIENCE: the Aga Khan and the Ismailis – Film of HH the Aga Khan IV
About His Highness the Karim Aga Khan
About Her Highness the Begum Aga Khan (PIF)
The Institute of Ismaili Studies
The Institute of Ismaili Studies: Introduction to His Highness the Aga Khan and Selected Speeches
Aga Khan article at SIPA (Columbia University)
Brown University President Vartan Gregorian's introduction of the Aga Khan (1996 baccalaureate address)
The Ismaili website
Read the spirit
Padma Vibhushan award recipients
Ebrahim Alkazi
Kishori Amonkar
M. Balamuralikrishna
T. Balasaraswati
Nandalal Bose
Hariprasad Chaurasia
Kumar Gandharva
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Satish Gujral
Gangubai Hangal
Bhupen Hazarika
M. F. Husain
Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer
Ali Akbar Khan
Amjad Ali Khan
Allauddin Khan
Yamini Krishnamurthy
Dilip Kumar
R. K. Laxman
Birju Maharaj
Kishan Maharaj
Sonal Mansingh
Mallikarjun Mansur
Mario Miranda
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Raghunath Mohapatra
Jasraj Motiram
Benode Behari Mukherjee
Ram Narayan
D. K. Pattammal
K. Shankar Pillai
Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Kaloji Narayana Rao
S. H. Raza
Zohra Sehgal
Uday Shankar
V. Shantaram
Shivkumar Sharma
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
M. S. Subbulakshmi
K. G. Subramanyan
Kapila Vatsyayan
Homai Vyarawalla
Bimala Prasad Chaliha
Naresh Chandra
T. N. Chaturvedi
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
Suranjan Das
Rajeshwar Dayal
Basanti Devi
P. N. Dhar
Jyotindra Nath Dixit
M. S. Gill
Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
H. V. R. Iyengar
Bhola Nath Jha
Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi
Ajudhia Nath Khosla
Rai Krishnadasa
V. Krishnamurthy
P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
Pratap Chandra Lal
K. B. Lall
Sam Manekshaw
Om Prakash Mehra
Mohan Sinha Mehta
M. G. K. Menon
Brajesh Mishra
Sumati Morarjee
A. Ramasamy Mudaliar
Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda
Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan
Braj Kumar Nehru
Bhairab Dutt Pande
Ghananand Pande
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
T. V. Rajeswar
C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao
V. K. R. V. Rao
Khusro Faramurz Rustamji
Harish Chandra Sarin
Binay Ranjan Sen
Homi Sethna
Arjan Singh
Harbaksh Singh
Kirpal Singh
Tarlok Singh
Lallan Prasad Singh
Balaram Sivaraman
Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
T. Swaminathan
Arun Shridhar Vaidya
Dharma Vira
Narinder Nath Vohra
Literature and Education
V. S. R. Arunachalam
Jagdish Bhagwati
Satyendra Nath Bose
Tara Chand
Suniti Kumar Chatterji
D. P. Chattopadhyaya
Bhabatosh Datta
Avinash Dixit
Mahasweta Devi
John Kenneth Galbraith
Sarvepalli Gopal
Lakshman Shastri Joshi
Kaka Kalelkar
Gopinath Kaviraj
Kuvempu
O. N. V. Kurup
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
Sitakant Mahapatra
John Mathai
Kotha Satchidanda Murthy
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir
Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri
Bal Ram Nanda
R. K. Narayan
Amrita Pritam
K. N. Raj
C. Rangarajan
Raja Rao
Ramoji Rao
Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
Rajaram Shastri
Kalu Lal Shrimali
Govindbhai Shroff
Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh
Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey
Mahadevi Varma
Bashir Hussain Zaidi
Jasbir Singh Bajaj
B. K. Goyal
Purshotam Lal
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
S. I. Padmavati
Autar Singh Paintal
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
Balu Sankaran
V Shanta
Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
Prakash Narain Tandon
Brihaspati Dev Triguna
M. S. Valiathan
Sunderlal Bahuguna
B. K. S. Iyengar
Rambhadracharya
Sri Ravi Shankar
L. K. Advani
Montek Singh Ahluwalia
Aruna Asaf Ali
Fazal Ali
Adarsh Sein Anand
Madhav Shrihari Aney
Parkash Singh Badal
Sikander Bakht
Milon K. Banerji
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
P. N. Bhagwati
Raja Chelliah
Chandra Kisan Daphtary
Niren De
C. D. Deshmukh
Anthony Lancelot Dias
Uma Shankar Dikshit
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
P. B. Gajendragadkar
Benjamin A. Gilman
Zakir Husain
V. R. Krishna Iyer
Jagmohan
Lakshmi Chand Jain
Aditya Nath Jha
Mehdi Nawaz Jung
Ali Yavar Jung
Vijay Kelkar
Hans Raj Khanna
V. N. Khare
Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
Jivraj Narayan Mehta
Hirendranath Mukherjee
Ajoy Mukherjee
Pranab Mukherjee
Padmaja Naidu
Gulzarilal Nanda
Govind Narain
Fali Sam Nariman
Hosei Norota
Nanabhoy Palkhivala
K. Parasaran
Hari Vinayak Pataskar
Naryana Raghvan Pillai
Sri Prakasa
N. G. Ranga
Ravi Narayana Reddy
Y. Venugopal Reddy
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
Lakshmi Sahgal
M. C. Setalvad
Nagendra Singh
Swaran Singh
Walter Sisulu
Soli Sorabjee
Kalyan Sundaram
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
M. N. Venkatachaliah
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
V. K. Aatre
Salim Ali
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Satish Dhawan
Anil Kakodkar
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
Daulat Singh Kothari
Verghese Kurien
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
G. Madhavan Nair
Roddam Narasimha
Jayant Narlikar
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Benjamin Peary Pal
Yash Pal
I. G. Patel
K. R. Ramanathan
Raja Ramanna
C. R. Rao
C. N. R. Rao
Palle Rama Rao
Vikram Sarabhai
Man Mohan Sharma
Obaid Siddiqi
E. Sreedharan
M. R. Srinivasan
George Sudarshan
M. S. Swaminathan
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Janaki Devi Bajaj
Mirabehn
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
Durgabai Deshmukh
Nanaji Deshmukh
Nirmala Deshpande
Mohan Dharia
U. N. Dhebar
Valerian Gracias
Veerendra Heggade
Mary Clubwala Jadhav
Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
Usha Mehta
Sister Nirmala
Nellie Sengupta
Edmund Hillary
Dhirubhai Ambani
Ghanshyam Das Birla
Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan
Lakshmi Mittal
N. R. Narayana Murthy
M. Narasimham
Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
Azim Premji
Prathap C. Reddy
J. R. D. Tata
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Aga_Khan_IV&oldid=650858"
EngvarB from September 2013
Articles containing Persian-language text
Articles containing Urdu-language text
British billionaires
British philanthropists
British racehorse owners and breeders
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
Owners of Epsom Derby winners
British Ismailis
Nizari imams
British imams
British people of English descent
British people of Iranian descent
British people of Italian descent
British people of Pakistani descent
Qajar dynasty
20th-century imams
21st-century imams
People from Geneva
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Iran
British alpine skiers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Companions of the Order of Canada
Grand Crosses of the National Order of the Ivory Coast
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Iran)
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Throne
Recipients of the Order of Merit for Labour
Grand Officers of the National Order of the Lion
Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit (Portugal)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Recipients of the Order of Friendship
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Chiefs of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya
Members of the Académie d'architecture
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Quran reciters
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan
Vincent Scully Prize winners
Pages with URL errors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
With 17 years of land use and transit/transportation planning experience in the Mid-Atlantic region, Mr. Penny has successfully navigated a career in both the public and private sectors. As the former manager of a regional transportation planning practice, Mr. Penny oversaw the growth of the department in the Virginia, D.C., Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania markets. Mr. Penny has participated in many notable transit projects such as the Maryland Transit Administrations BaltimoreLink and Purple Line projects and he has overseen contracts that have totaled in excess of $50,000,000.
Mr. Penny currently serves as the Chief of Transit and Sustainable Transportation for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation. In this role, Mr. Penny oversees many transportation and planning initiatives.
Mr. Penny's technical disciplines include; contract management, transit planning, transportation, multimodal planning, alternatives- analysis, land use planning, policy studies, public outreach, economic development, strategic planning, grants management, environmental planning and Transit Oriented Development planning. He has participated and or managed state and local government contracts with clients including: MDOT, SHA, MTA, MPA, MES, Baltimore Metropolitan Planning Commission, Maryland National Park and Planning Commission, Anne Arundel County, Baltimore City, the City of Cumberland, City of Lancaster, Penn DOT, DDOT, VRE, SEPTA and NJT.
Mr. Penny has a B.S. in Political Science and Mass Communications from Towson University
11:00 am - 12:15 pm • Curbside Assets – Parking, Streetlighting and Outdoor Amenities (and how they can benefit your city's bottom line)
Scooters, bike shares and car shares provide an important service to communities. However, the coveted sidewalk and curb space is demanded by many competing uses. Learn about how cities such as DC, Baltimore and Alexandria are navigating the challenge of curbside reallocation in a manner the promotes safety, access for all and good planning practices. PRESENTATION MATERIALS:
Baynes


text:
//  Copyright (c) 2013, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
#pragma once

#include <atomic>
#include <deque>
#include <set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

#include "db/dbformat.h"
#include "db/log_writer.h"
#include "db/snapshot.h"
#include "db/column_family.h"
#include "db/version_edit.h"
#include "memtable_list.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "rocksdb/db.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/memtablerep.h"
#include "rocksdb/transaction_log.h"
#include "util/autovector.h"
#include "util/stats_logger.h"
#include "util/thread_local.h"
#include "db/internal_stats.h"

namespace rocksdb {

class MemTable;
class TableCache;
class Version;
class VersionEdit;
class VersionSet;
class CompactionFilterV2;

class DBImpl : public DB {
 public:
  DBImpl(const DBOptions& options, const std::string& dbname);
  virtual ~DBImpl();

  // Implementations of the DB interface
  using DB::Put;
  virtual Status Put(const WriteOptions& options,
                     ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
                     const Slice& value);
  using DB::Merge;
  virtual Status Merge(const WriteOptions& options,
                       ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
                       const Slice& value);
  using DB::Delete;
  virtual Status Delete(const WriteOptions& options,
                        ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key);
  using DB::Write;
  virtual Status Write(const WriteOptions& options, WriteBatch* updates);
  using DB::Get;
  virtual Status Get(const ReadOptions& options,
                     ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
                     std::string* value);
  using DB::MultiGet;
  virtual std::vector<Status> MultiGet(
      const ReadOptions& options,
      const std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>& column_family,
      const std::vector<Slice>& keys, std::vector<std::string>* values);

  virtual Status CreateColumnFamily(const ColumnFamilyOptions& options,
                                    const std::string& column_family,
                                    ColumnFamilyHandle** handle);
  virtual Status DropColumnFamily(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);

  // Returns false if key doesn't exist in the database and true if it may.
  // If value_found is not passed in as null, then return the value if found in
  // memory. On return, if value was found, then value_found will be set to true
  // , otherwise false.
  using DB::KeyMayExist;
  virtual bool KeyMayExist(const ReadOptions& options,
                           ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
                           std::string* value, bool* value_found = nullptr);
  using DB::NewIterator;
  virtual Iterator* NewIterator(const ReadOptions& options,
                                ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);
  virtual Status NewIterators(
      const ReadOptions& options,
      const std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>& column_families,
      std::vector<Iterator*>* iterators);
  virtual const Snapshot* GetSnapshot();
  virtual void ReleaseSnapshot(const Snapshot* snapshot);
  using DB::GetProperty;
  virtual bool GetProperty(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                           const Slice& property, std::string* value);
  using DB::GetApproximateSizes;
  virtual void GetApproximateSizes(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                                   const Range* range, int n, uint64_t* sizes);
  using DB::CompactRange;
  virtual Status CompactRange(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                              const Slice* begin, const Slice* end,
                              bool reduce_level = false, int target_level = -1);

  using DB::NumberLevels;
  virtual int NumberLevels(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);
  using DB::MaxMemCompactionLevel;
  virtual int MaxMemCompactionLevel(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);
  using DB::Level0StopWriteTrigger;
  virtual int Level0StopWriteTrigger(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);
  virtual const std::string& GetName() const;
  virtual Env* GetEnv() const;
  using DB::GetOptions;
  virtual const Options& GetOptions(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family) const;
  using DB::Flush;
  virtual Status Flush(const FlushOptions& options,
                       ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family);

  virtual SequenceNumber GetLatestSequenceNumber() const;

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
  virtual Status DisableFileDeletions();
  virtual Status EnableFileDeletions(bool force);
  // All the returned filenames start with "/"
  virtual Status GetLiveFiles(std::vector<std::string>&,
                              uint64_t* manifest_file_size,
                              bool flush_memtable = true);
  virtual Status GetSortedWalFiles(VectorLogPtr& files);

  virtual Status GetUpdatesSince(
      SequenceNumber seq_number, unique_ptr<TransactionLogIterator>* iter,
      const TransactionLogIterator::ReadOptions&
          read_options = TransactionLogIterator::ReadOptions());
  virtual Status DeleteFile(std::string name);

  virtual void GetLiveFilesMetaData(std::vector<LiveFileMetaData>* metadata);
#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE

  // checks if all live files exist on file system and that their file sizes
  // match to our in-memory records
  virtual Status CheckConsistency();

  virtual Status GetDbIdentity(std::string& identity);

  Status RunManualCompaction(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, int input_level,
                             int output_level, const Slice* begin,
                             const Slice* end);

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
  // Extra methods (for testing) that are not in the public DB interface
  // Implemented in db_impl_debug.cc

  // Compact any files in the named level that overlap [*begin, *end]
  Status TEST_CompactRange(int level, const Slice* begin, const Slice* end,
                           ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family = nullptr);

  // Force current memtable contents to be flushed.
  Status TEST_FlushMemTable(bool wait = true);

  // Wait for memtable compaction
  Status TEST_WaitForFlushMemTable(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family = nullptr);

  // Wait for any compaction
  Status TEST_WaitForCompact();

  // Return an internal iterator over the current state of the database.
  // The keys of this iterator are internal keys (see format.h).
  // The returned iterator should be deleted when no longer needed.
  Iterator* TEST_NewInternalIterator(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family =
                                         nullptr);

  // Return the maximum overlapping data (in bytes) at next level for any
  // file at a level >= 1.
  int64_t TEST_MaxNextLevelOverlappingBytes(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family =
                                                nullptr);

  // Return the current manifest file no.
  uint64_t TEST_Current_Manifest_FileNo();

  // Trigger's a background call for testing.
  void TEST_PurgeObsoleteteWAL();

  // get total level0 file size. Only for testing.
  uint64_t TEST_GetLevel0TotalSize();

  void TEST_SetDefaultTimeToCheck(uint64_t default_interval_to_delete_obsolete_WAL)
  {
    default_interval_to_delete_obsolete_WAL_ = default_interval_to_delete_obsolete_WAL;
  }

  void TEST_GetFilesMetaData(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                             std::vector<std::vector<FileMetaData>>* metadata);

  Status TEST_ReadFirstRecord(const WalFileType type, const uint64_t number,
                              SequenceNumber* sequence);

  Status TEST_ReadFirstLine(const std::string& fname, SequenceNumber* sequence);
#endif  // NDEBUG

  // needed for CleanupIteratorState
  struct DeletionState {
    inline bool HaveSomethingToDelete() const {
      return  candidate_files.size() ||
        sst_delete_files.size() ||
        log_delete_files.size();
    }

    // a list of all files that we'll consider deleting
    // (every once in a while this is filled up with all files
    // in the DB directory)
    std::vector<std::string> candidate_files;

    // the list of all live sst files that cannot be deleted
    std::vector<uint64_t> sst_live;

    // a list of sst files that we need to delete
    std::vector<FileMetaData*> sst_delete_files;

    // a list of log files that we need to delete
    std::vector<uint64_t> log_delete_files;

    // a list of memtables to be free
    autovector<MemTable*> memtables_to_free;

    autovector<SuperVersion*> superversions_to_free;

    SuperVersion* new_superversion;  // if nullptr no new superversion

    // the current manifest_file_number, log_number and prev_log_number
    // that corresponds to the set of files in 'live'.
    uint64_t manifest_file_number, pending_manifest_file_number, log_number,
        prev_log_number;

    explicit DeletionState(bool create_superversion = false) {
      manifest_file_number = 0;
      pending_manifest_file_number = 0;
      log_number = 0;
      prev_log_number = 0;
      new_superversion = create_superversion ? new SuperVersion() : nullptr;
    }

    ~DeletionState() {
      // free pending memtables
      for (auto m : memtables_to_free) {
        delete m;
      }
      // free superversions
      for (auto s : superversions_to_free) {
        delete s;
      }
      // if new_superversion was not used, it will be non-nullptr and needs
      // to be freed here
      delete new_superversion;
    }
  };

  // Returns the list of live files in 'live' and the list
  // of all files in the filesystem in 'candidate_files'.
  // If force == false and the last call was less than
  // options_.delete_obsolete_files_period_micros microseconds ago,
  // it will not fill up the deletion_state
  void FindObsoleteFiles(DeletionState& deletion_state,
                         bool force,
                         bool no_full_scan = false);

  // Diffs the files listed in filenames and those that do not
  // belong to live files are posibly removed. Also, removes all the
  // files in sst_delete_files and log_delete_files.
  // It is not necessary to hold the mutex when invoking this method.
  void PurgeObsoleteFiles(DeletionState& deletion_state);

  ColumnFamilyHandle* DefaultColumnFamily() const;

 protected:
  Env* const env_;
  const std::string dbname_;
  unique_ptr<VersionSet> versions_;
  const DBOptions options_;

  Iterator* NewInternalIterator(const ReadOptions&, ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
                                SuperVersion* super_version);

 private:
  friend class DB;
  friend class InternalStats;
#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
  friend class TailingIterator;
#endif
  friend struct SuperVersion;
  struct CompactionState;
  struct Writer;

  Status NewDB();

  // Recover the descriptor from persistent storage.  May do a significant
  // amount of work to recover recently logged updates.  Any changes to
  // be made to the descriptor are added to *edit.
  Status Recover(const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families,
                 bool read_only = false, bool error_if_log_file_exist = false);

  void MaybeIgnoreError(Status* s) const;

  const Status CreateArchivalDirectory();

  // Delete any unneeded files and stale in-memory entries.
  void DeleteObsoleteFiles();

  // Flush the in-memory write buffer to storage.  Switches to a new
  // log-file/memtable and writes a new descriptor iff successful.
  Status FlushMemTableToOutputFile(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, bool* madeProgress,
                                   DeletionState& deletion_state,
                                   LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  Status RecoverLogFile(uint64_t log_number, SequenceNumber* max_sequence,
                        bool read_only);

  // The following two methods are used to flush a memtable to
  // storage. The first one is used atdatabase RecoveryTime (when the
  // database is opened) and is heavyweight because it holds the mutex
  // for the entire period. The second method WriteLevel0Table supports
  // concurrent flush memtables to storage.
  Status WriteLevel0TableForRecovery(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, MemTable* mem,
                                     VersionEdit* edit);
  Status WriteLevel0Table(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, autovector<MemTable*>& mems,
                          VersionEdit* edit, uint64_t* filenumber,
                          LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  uint64_t SlowdownAmount(int n, double bottom, double top);

  // TODO(icanadi) free superversion_to_free and old_log outside of mutex
  Status MakeRoomForWrite(ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
                          bool force /* flush even if there is room? */,
                          autovector<SuperVersion*>* superversions_to_free,
                          autovector<log::Writer*>* logs_to_free);

  void BuildBatchGroup(Writer** last_writer,
                       autovector<WriteBatch*>* write_batch_group);

  // Force current memtable contents to be flushed.
  Status FlushMemTable(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, const FlushOptions& options);

  // Wait for memtable flushed
  Status WaitForFlushMemTable(ColumnFamilyData* cfd);

  void MaybeScheduleLogDBDeployStats();

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
  static void BGLogDBDeployStats(void* db);
  void LogDBDeployStats();
#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE

  void MaybeScheduleFlushOrCompaction();
  static void BGWorkCompaction(void* db);
  static void BGWorkFlush(void* db);
  void BackgroundCallCompaction();
  void BackgroundCallFlush();
  Status BackgroundCompaction(bool* madeProgress, DeletionState& deletion_state,
                              LogBuffer* log_buffer);
  Status BackgroundFlush(bool* madeProgress, DeletionState& deletion_state,
                         LogBuffer* log_buffer);
  void CleanupCompaction(CompactionState* compact, Status status);
  Status DoCompactionWork(CompactionState* compact,
                          DeletionState& deletion_state,
                          LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  // This function is called as part of compaction. It enables Flush process to
  // preempt compaction, since it's higher prioirty
  // Returns: micros spent executing
  uint64_t CallFlushDuringCompaction(ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
                                     DeletionState& deletion_state,
                                     LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  // Call compaction filter if is_compaction_v2 is not true. Then iterate
  // through input and compact the kv-pairs
  Status ProcessKeyValueCompaction(
    SequenceNumber visible_at_tip,
    SequenceNumber earliest_snapshot,
    SequenceNumber latest_snapshot,
    DeletionState& deletion_state,
    bool bottommost_level,
    int64_t& imm_micros,
    Iterator* input,
    CompactionState* compact,
    bool is_compaction_v2,
    LogBuffer* log_buffer);

  // Call compaction_filter_v2->Filter() on kv-pairs in compact
  void CallCompactionFilterV2(CompactionState* compact,
    CompactionFilterV2* compaction_filter_v2);

  Status OpenCompactionOutputFile(CompactionState* compact);
  Status FinishCompactionOutputFile(CompactionState* compact, Iterator* input);
  Status InstallCompactionResults(CompactionState* compact,
                                  LogBuffer* log_buffer);
  void AllocateCompactionOutputFileNumbers(CompactionState* compact);
  void ReleaseCompactionUnusedFileNumbers(CompactionState* compact);

#ifdef ROCKSDB_LITE
  void PurgeObsoleteWALFiles() {
    // this function is used for archiving WAL files. we don't need this in
    // ROCKSDB_LITE
  }
#else
  void PurgeObsoleteWALFiles();

  Status GetSortedWalsOfType(const std::string& path,
                             VectorLogPtr& log_files,
                             WalFileType type);

  // Requires: all_logs should be sorted with earliest log file first
  // Retains all log files in all_logs which contain updates with seq no.
  // Greater Than or Equal to the requested SequenceNumber.
  Status RetainProbableWalFiles(VectorLogPtr& all_logs,
                                const SequenceNumber target);

  Status ReadFirstRecord(const WalFileType type, const uint64_t number,
                         SequenceNumber* sequence);

  Status ReadFirstLine(const std::string& fname, SequenceNumber* sequence);
#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE

  void PrintStatistics();

  // dump rocksdb.stats to LOG
  void MaybeDumpStats();

  // Return true if the current db supports snapshot.  If the current
  // DB does not support snapshot, then calling GetSnapshot() will always
  // return nullptr.
  //
  // @see GetSnapshot()
  virtual bool IsSnapshotSupported() const;

  // Return the minimum empty level that could hold the total data in the
  // input level. Return the input level, if such level could not be found.
  int FindMinimumEmptyLevelFitting(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, int level);

  // Move the files in the input level to the target level.
  // If target_level < 0, automatically calculate the minimum level that could
  // hold the data set.
  Status ReFitLevel(ColumnFamilyData* cfd, int level, int target_level = -1);

  // table_cache_ provides its own synchronization
  std::shared_ptr<Cache> table_cache_;

  // Lock over the persistent DB state.  Non-nullptr iff successfully acquired.
  FileLock* db_lock_;

  // State below is protected by mutex_
  port::Mutex mutex_;
  port::AtomicPointer shutting_down_;
  port::CondVar bg_cv_;          // Signalled when background work finishes
  uint64_t logfile_number_;
  unique_ptr<log::Writer> log_;
  bool log_empty_;
  ColumnFamilyHandleImpl* default_cf_handle_;
  unique_ptr<ColumnFamilyMemTablesImpl> column_family_memtables_;
  struct LogFileNumberSize {
    explicit LogFileNumberSize(uint64_t _number)
        : number(_number), size(0), getting_flushed(false) {}
    void AddSize(uint64_t new_size) { size += new_size; }
    uint64_t number;
    uint64_t size;
    bool getting_flushed;
  };
  std::deque<LogFileNumberSize> alive_log_files_;
  uint64_t total_log_size_;
  // only used for dynamically adjusting max_total_wal_size. it is a sum of
  // [write_buffer_size * max_write_buffer_number] over all column families
  uint64_t max_total_in_memory_state_;

  std::string host_name_;

  std::unique_ptr<Directory> db_directory_;

  // Queue of writers.
  std::deque<Writer*> writers_;
  WriteBatch tmp_batch_;

  SnapshotList snapshots_;

  // cache for ReadFirstRecord() calls
  std::unordered_map<uint64_t, SequenceNumber> read_first_record_cache_;
  port::Mutex read_first_record_cache_mutex_;

  // Set of table files to protect from deletion because they are
  // part of ongoing compactions.
  std::set<uint64_t> pending_outputs_;

  // At least one compaction or flush job is pending but not yet scheduled
  // because of the max background thread limit.
  bool bg_schedule_needed_;

  // count how many background compactions are running or have been scheduled
  int bg_compaction_scheduled_;

  // If non-zero, MaybeScheduleFlushOrCompaction() will only schedule manual
  // compactions (if manual_compaction_ is not null). This mechanism enables
  // manual compactions to wait until all other compactions are finished.
  int bg_manual_only_;

  // number of background memtable flush jobs, submitted to the HIGH pool
  int bg_flush_scheduled_;

  // Has a background stats log thread scheduled?
  bool bg_logstats_scheduled_;

  // Information for a manual compaction
  struct ManualCompaction {
    ColumnFamilyData* cfd;
    int input_level;
    int output_level;
    bool done;
    Status status;
    bool in_progress;           // compaction request being processed?
    const InternalKey* begin;   // nullptr means beginning of key range
    const InternalKey* end;     // nullptr means end of key range
    InternalKey tmp_storage;    // Used to keep track of compaction progress
  };
  ManualCompaction* manual_compaction_;

  // Have we encountered a background error in paranoid mode?
  Status bg_error_;

  std::unique_ptr<StatsLogger> logger_;

  int64_t volatile last_log_ts;

  // shall we disable deletion of obsolete files
  // if 0 the deletion is enabled.
  // if non-zero, files will not be getting deleted
  // This enables two different threads to call
  // EnableFileDeletions() and DisableFileDeletions()
  // without any synchronization
  int disable_delete_obsolete_files_;

  // last time when DeleteObsoleteFiles was invoked
  uint64_t delete_obsolete_files_last_run_;

  // last time when PurgeObsoleteWALFiles ran.
  uint64_t purge_wal_files_last_run_;

  // last time stats were dumped to LOG
  std::atomic<uint64_t> last_stats_dump_time_microsec_;

  // obsolete files will be deleted every this seconds if ttl deletion is
  // enabled and archive size_limit is disabled.
  uint64_t default_interval_to_delete_obsolete_WAL_;

  bool flush_on_destroy_; // Used when disableWAL is true.

  static const int KEEP_LOG_FILE_NUM = 1000;
  std::string db_absolute_path_;

  // count of the number of contiguous delaying writes
  int delayed_writes_;

  // The options to access storage files
  const EnvOptions storage_options_;

  // A value of true temporarily disables scheduling of background work
  bool bg_work_gate_closed_;

  // Guard against multiple concurrent refitting
  bool refitting_level_;

  // Indicate DB was opened successfully
  bool opened_successfully_;

  // No copying allowed
  DBImpl(const DBImpl&);
  void operator=(const DBImpl&);

  // dump the delayed_writes_ to the log file and reset counter.
  void DelayLoggingAndReset();

  // Return the earliest snapshot where seqno is visible.
  // Store the snapshot right before that, if any, in prev_snapshot
  inline SequenceNumber findEarliestVisibleSnapshot(
    SequenceNumber in,
    std::vector<SequenceNumber>& snapshots,
    SequenceNumber* prev_snapshot);

  // Background threads call this function, which is just a wrapper around
  // the cfd->InstallSuperVersion() function. Background threads carry
  // deletion_state which can have new_superversion already allocated.
  void InstallSuperVersion(ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
                           DeletionState& deletion_state);

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
  using DB::GetPropertiesOfAllTables;
  virtual Status GetPropertiesOfAllTables(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                                          TablePropertiesCollection* props)
      override;
#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE

  // Function that Get and KeyMayExist call with no_io true or false
  // Note: 'value_found' from KeyMayExist propagates here
  Status GetImpl(const ReadOptions& options, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
                 const Slice& key, std::string* value,
                 bool* value_found = nullptr);
};

// Sanitize db options.  The caller should delete result.info_log if
// it is not equal to src.info_log.
extern Options SanitizeOptions(const std::string& db,
                               const InternalKeyComparator* icmp,
                               const InternalFilterPolicy* ipolicy,
                               const Options& src);
extern DBOptions SanitizeOptions(const std::string& db, const DBOptions& src);

// Determine compression type, based on user options, level of the output
// file and whether compression is disabled.
// If enable_compression is false, then compression is always disabled no
// matter what the values of the other two parameters are.
// Otherwise, the compression type is determined based on options and level.
CompressionType GetCompressionType(const Options& options, int level,
                                   const bool enable_compression);

// Determine compression type for L0 file written by memtable flush.
CompressionType GetCompressionFlush(const Options& options);

}  // namespace rocksdb

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nimble is a Utility Item. It provides a 10% movement speed bonus per rank. This item could be very useful for Champions without any Movement Abilities.
300 You gain +10% Movement Speed.
600 You gain +20% Movement Speed.
900 You gain +30% Movement Speed.
This item's effect does not stack with the movement speed granted by cards, but it does seem to stack with some champions' skills (such as Viktor's Hustle and Maeve's Prowl).
This page was last edited on 4 February 2019, at 08:09.


text:
Isorropus tricolor is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. It is found in Madagascar.

References

 Arctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1880