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You are also entitled to noneconomic damages for physical pain and suffering, mental and emotional suffering, physical impairment, inconvenience, disfigurement, loss of enjoyment of life, loss of consortium (disruption of your personal relationship with your spouse), etc. There is no definite standard of calculating reasonable compensation for these types of damages other than being just and reasonable in light of the evidence. In medical malpractice cases, noneconomic damages are limited by statute to an amount adjusted annually. Punitive damages are intended to punish a defendant for reckless or malicious behavior and deter others from similar conduct. They are only recoverable in rare cases.
An award of noneconomic damages in a medical malpractice case is limited to $250,000 for causes of action accruing on or after October 1, 1995. Liability of the state and its political subdivisions is limited to $750,000 per claim and $1,500,000 per occurrence and they are immune from liability for punitive damages.


text:
How Oppositionist Organizations Act Worldwide – From Egypt to Venezuela
admin Feb 22, 2014 Foundations, Non-Profit Industrial Complex, Otpor | Canvas, The International Campaign to Destabilize Bolivia, The International Campaign to Destabilize Venezuela, The Occupation of Haiti, Whiteness & Aversive Racism
The American Revolution (June 18, 2012) | Written by Natalia Viana of Pública | Republished in English on the website In Serbia by Vladimir Stoiljkovic on Nov 24, 2013.
[*This article has been translated by a volunteer translator. Read the original article in Portuguese here. ]
In one of the Wikileaks leakage – in which Pública (not-for-profit investigative journalism center in Brazil, founded by a team of women journalists) had access – shows the founder of this organization communicating often with analysts from Stratfor, an organization that mixes journalism, political analysis and espionage methods to sell "intel analysis" to clients such as Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Coca-Cola and Dow Chemical – who monitored environmentalists' activities who opposed them – as well as U.S. Navy.
Canvas (acronym for Centre for Applied Non Violent Actions and Strategies) was founded by two Serbian leader students, who participated in the successful uprising that dethrone the dictator Slobodan Milosevic in 2000.
Those students organized creative protests, marches and acts that culminated in the destabilization of the regime. Then, they started to spread their knowledge, teaching opposition groups from many countries on how to organize and defeat governments.
This is the way they came to Venezuela, where they started to train opposition leaders back in 2005. In his TV show, late Hugo Chávez accused the group as being a Coup D'Etat group, and for being under US orders.
"It's called a soft coup", he said.
The beginning in Serbia
"Otpor!" Serbia (Archive)
"It was ten years of student organization in the 90s", says Ivan Marovic, one of the college boys who protested against Milosevic, but who has no connections with the Canvas group.
"In the end, overseas support finally came. I would be silly to deny it. They had a major role at the final steps. Yes, US came with money, but it also came from the entire world: Germany, France, Spain, and Italy. Everybody was collaborating because none would support Milosevic anymore", he said at an interview with Pública.
"Depending on the country, they donated in a different way. North-Americans have strong "arms" formed by NGOs, very active in the support of certain groups, and other countries like Spain don't, and support came via Foreign Ministry".
Among the NGOs are the National Endowment for Democracy (NED – an organization financed by the U.S. Congress), Freedom House and the International Republican Institute (IRI – linked to the Republican Party), as Marovic states. Both of them receive large amounts of money from USAID (United States Agency for International Development), who was ahead of the coups in South American in the 60s and 70s, including Brazil, writes Pública.
All those NGOs are well known by the Latin-American countries, including the new ones. IRI, for instance, gave "political training courses" for 600 haitian opposition leaders in Dominican Republic, between 2002 and 2003.
The coup against Jean-Baptiste Aristide, the legit president elected democratically, occurred in 2004. In an investigation by the U.S. Congress, the IRI was charged for being behind the scenes of two organizations that conspired to dethrone Aristide. In Venezuela, NED sent US$ 877 thousand for opposition groups, months before the failed coup in 2002, as reported by the NYT. In Bolivia, according to US government documents obtained by journalist Jeremy Bigwood – a partner of Pública -, the USAID ran the Office of "Transitions Initiative", which invested US$ 97 million in "decentralization" and "regional autonomy" projects since 2002, strengthening the provinces that opposed Evo Morales.
In contact with Pública, Srdja Popovic, Canvas leader, said that the organization doesn't receive any funding of any governments, and that its major funder is the Serbian businessman Slobodan Djinovic, who was also a student leader in the past.
However, a presentation of the organization, leaked by Wikileaks, points out partners of Canvas such as IRI and Freedom House, which receive large sums of USAID.
For researcher Mark Weisbrot of the Center for Economic and Policy Research from Washington, organizations as IRI and Freedom House "are not promoting democracy".
"Most of the time, they are doing exactly the opposite. They are usually promoting U.S. policies in other countries, and that means opposition to the left-wing administrations in those countries for example, or to governments U.S. don't like."
Stage two: from Bolivia to Egypt
As seen on the same presentation, Canvas' work really impresses. Between 2002 and 2009, it realized 106 workshops, reaching 1.800 participants from 59 countries. Not all of them are North-America's objectors – the group has trained activists in Spain, Morocco and Azerbaijan – but the list includes many of them: Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia, Zimbabwe, Belarus, North Korea, Syria and Iran.
According to Canvas, the situation was important in all of the so-called "colored revolutions" that spread in former USSR countries, in the 2000s.
The document points as "well-succeeded cases" the transfers of knowledge to Kmara movement, back in 2003 in Georgia. That group launched the Roses Revolution which overthrew the president; a little help in the Orange Revolution, in 2004, in Ukraine; by training groups that ran the Cedar Revolution in 2005 at Lebanon; several projects with NGOs in Zimbabwe and the opposition coalition for Robert Mugabe; activists training in Vietnam, Tibet and Burma, besides the "post-democracy groups" projects in Syria and Iraq. In Bolivia, they assisted the Santa Cruz groups, which are the most staunch opposition groups of Evo Morales, in the preparation for the 2009 elections in that country.
Until 2009, the group's main manual, "Non Violent Struggle – 50 Crucial Points" had already been translated to five languages, including Arab and Farsi.
One of Canvas actions that had earned notorious visibility was the training of a leadership for the April 6 movement, considered to be the spark for the Egyptian Spring. This movement started its organization via Facebook in solidarity to the textile workers at the city of Mahalla al Kubra, in the Nile Delta. It was the first time the social network was used in this purpose in Egypt. In the mid-2009, Mohammed Adel, one of the April 6 movement leaders, traveled to Belgrade to meet Popovic.
In the Stratfor analysts' mailings, Popovic boasts himself in maintaining relations with April 6 movement leaders, in special to Mohammed Adel – which became the main source of information about the Egyptian uprising in 2011. In Stratfor inside communication, he is known by codename RS501.
"We just talked with our friends in Egypt and found out a few things", he states on January 27, 2011. "Tomorrow the Muslim Brotherhood will bring their strength to the streets, so it can be even more dramatic… We have obtained better information of these groups and how they organize in the last few days, but we are still trying to know them".
Stratfor documents
The leaked documents show Canvas acting less independently than it really states. At least in two occasions, Srdja Popovic had participated in National Security Council (NSC) meetings.
The first mentioned meeting occurred in December 18, 2009, and the topic under discussion was Russia and Georgia. At the time Popovic's "best friend" worked at the NSC, in his own words the "senior counselor to Russia for Obama", Michael McFaul, who is nowadays ambassador for that country.
This same meeting was all about funding opposition in Iran via pro-democratic groups, as Popovic later said, a topic of special interest for him.
"The Iran policy is made by Dennis Ross, in NSC. There is a crescent function on Iran at the State Department under the Assistant Secretary John Limbert. The Pro-Democratic Program funds for Iran rose from US$ 1.5 million in 2004 up to US$ 60 million in 2008 (…) After June 12, 2009, NSC decided to neutralize the existing programs' effects, which started in Bush administration. Apparently, the bottom line was that U.S. doesn't want to be related to interferences in Iran's internal politics. The U.S. won't give to the Iranian regime an excuse for rejecting the nuclear program negotiations", said Serb, which believes that the Obama administration would be acting like "an elephant in a dishes store" with its new policy.
"As a result, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, Freedom House, IFES and IRI had their appeal requirements rejected", he says in an email at beginning of January of 2010.
The second Popovic meeting at NSC had occurred at 5 p.m. on July 27, 2011, as Popovic related to analyst Reva Bhalla.
"These guys are awesome" said in an enthusiastic email, the Stratfor analyst for Eastern Europe, Marko Papic.
"They open a small shop in a country and then try to overthrow the government. If well used, they are more powerful than an air force combat battalion".
In his own words, Marko explains to his colleagues at Stratfor that Canvas is an "export-a-revolution" group – "It still depends on US funding, and basically travels around the world in search of autocratic and dictatorial governments to overthrow (the ones US don't like)".
The first contact with the group leader, who would become his inveterate source, was in 2007. "Since then, they fed up with intel from Venezuela, Georgia, Serbia, etc."
In the mailing, Popovic demonstrates great interest in exchanging information with Stratfor, whom he calls as "Austin's CIA". In order to that, he manages to contact many activists in different countries. Besides maintaining a relation with an organization with the same ideological vein, he establishes a valuable information exchange, Pública wrote.
For instance, on May 2008, Marko said to him that he acknowledged that Chinese Intel would be considering striking the organization for their work with Tibetan activists. "That was already expected", answers Srdja. On May 23, 2011, he asked for information about regional autonomy for the Kurds in Iraq.
One of the most frequently themes in discussions with Stratfor's analysts is Venezuela. Srdja helps analysts to understand what the opposition is thinking. All the communication is made via a safe and encrypted email, as Marko Papic states. Moreover, the Canvas leader went to Stratfor's headquarters in Austin, in 2010, to make a briefing on the situation in Venezuela.
"This year, we are definitely going to increase our activities in Venezuela", explains the Serbian in his "Venezuela Situation Analysis" presentation, on January 12, 2010. For that year's election on September, he states that "we are in touch with activists and people that may help you", and prohibits the publishing or spread of that information by the analysts.
The document sent by email, would be the "basis of our analysis of what we plan to do in Venezuela". On the next day, he reiterates in another email: "Explaining the action plan we sent yesterday, it is obviously a revolution guide".
The document Pública had access, was written at the beginning of 2010 by the "analytical department" of the organization, and reports not only the pillars for the Venezuelan president, but also lists the main institutions and organizations that support that government (among them are the Armed Forces, the Police, the Justice, nationalized sectors of economy, Teachers and the Electoral Council), the major potential leaders in order to form an efficient coalition and its "potential allies" (students, the independent and the international press, syndicates, the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers, Rotary Club and the Catholic church).
At the end, Canvas' indications seem quite right. Among the major opposition leaders that would have the capability of unifying them, are Henrique Capriles Radonski – governor of Miranda state and an opposition candidate in elections on October by the 'Mesa de Unidade Democrática' coalition -, the mayor for the Metropolitan District of Caracas, Antonio Ledezma, and the former mayor of the City of Chacao, Leopoldo Lopez Mendoza. Also listed are two student leaders, Alexandra Belandria of Cambio group, and Yon Goicochea of the Venezuelan Student Movement.
The strategy's main goal is "to provide a basis for a more detailed planning and to be potentially executed by interested parties and by Canvas". This "detailed" plan would be developed afterwards with interested parties.
In another email, Popovic explains: "When somebody asks for our help, like it is in Venezuela, we formally make the question: 'how would you do that?' (…) In this case we have three campaigns: the unification of opposition, the campaign for the September election (…) In NORMAL circumstances, activists come and join us to work together in a workshop format. We simply guide them, and that gives efficiency to the plan because the activists create it themselves, it is fully theirs, in other words, it's authentic. We just give them the tools".
But with Venezuela was different, as Popovic explains: "In this case, due to the completely disaster that took place, and the suspicion between the opposition groups and the disorganization, we had to start from zero. If they (activists) are going to proceed in the next steps, depends exclusively on them, in other words, if they acknowledge that the lack of UNITY can make them lose the election even before it starts".
Those who received this report (as the Stratfor staff, for instance) may have learned that according to Canvas' logic, the main themes to be explored by the opposition campaign in Venezuela are:
>Crime and lack of safety: "The situation gets worse dramatically since 2006. Motivation for a change".
>Education: "Government is taking care of the Educational System: teachers need to be incited. They're going to lose their jobs or submit themselves! They need to be encouraged and there will be a risk. We have to convince them that the high level society are on our side; they hold a responsibility that we value. Teachers must motivate students. Who will influence them? How do we reach them?"
>Youth: "The message must be directed to the youth in general, not only to university students".
>Economy: "Venezuela's oil is not property of the government, it's people's property, it's your money, it's your right! Welfare state programs".
>Women: "What do mothers want? Law control? Police acting under local authorities? We will settle the needs for that. We don't want thugs anymore".
>Transportation: "Workers need to arrive in their jobs. The money is yours. We must request the accountability, and the way it is, we cannot do it".
>Government: "Wealth redistribution, everyone must have an opportunity".
>"There's a strong presidentialist tendency in Venezuela. How can we change that? How can we work that?"
At the end, Popovic finishes his email with a harsh criticism about the Venezuelans he articulates: "Moreover, there is no such a thing as a safety culture in Venezuela. They are retarded … It's completely a joke!" Pública reported.
Searched by Pública, the Canvas leader denied that the organization elaborates custom action plans for revolutions. And he was far less enthusiastic than his "guide" designated to Venezuela.
"We teach people on how to analyze and understand non-violent conflicts – and during the learning process, we demand that students and participants use the tools we provide in the course. We also learn from them! Then we combine their realized work with public information to create case studies. And that is transformed in a longer analysis by two interns. We use these researches and share it with other students, activists, researchers, professors, organizations and journalists who we cooperate with – that are interested in understand the people power phenomena".
Asked, Popovic also responded to criticism made by Hugo Chavez in his TV show: "It's a well-known formula… For decades, the authoritarian regimes all over the world made 'export-type revolution' accusations as being the main cause for the uprising in their countries. The Serbian Pro-Democratic Movement was clearly accused for being an U.S. tool by the state TV and Milosevic, even before that government have been overthrew by the students. That also occurred in Iran, Zimbabwe, Belarus…"
A former colleague of the student movement, Ivan Marovic – who gives lectures on how the revolt in Serbia has dethroned Milosevic nowadays, and who has no connections with Canvas – agrees with him: "It's impossible to export a Revolution. I always say in my lectures that the most important thing in order to a well-succeeded social change is to have the majority at your side. If the president has the majority at his side, nothing will happen".
However, Marovic evaluates that a change had occurred in the way western governments sees "NGOs affiliates", especially in the US, after the Serbian revolution in 2000, and the "colored revolutions" that had followed in Eastern Europe.
"One month after we overthrew Milosevic, the New York Times published an article where it says that who really overthrew Milosevic was the US funding support. They're increasing their role. And now they do believe that US money can overthrow governments. They tried the same in Belarus, sending a large amount of money to NGOs, but it didn't work".
Researcher Mark Weisbrot partially agrees with Marovic. No foreign group, even more a small one, can cause a revolution in a country for sure. For him, it's not the north-american government money that makes the difference – NGOs funded via the NSC, USAID or the Department of State.
"The Venezuelan elite don't need any money. What these US financed groups (from past to date) aggregates are two things: 1) the ability and knowledge to subvert regimes; 2) and this support has a unifying role. Opposition can be divided and they can make it unify".
For him, many times the U.S. has sponsored a "pernicious influence" on legitimate movements. "We always have people fighting for democracy in those countries, with a variety of demands, land reform, social protection, jobs… And what happens is they lead the whole movement with lots of money, inspired by policies the US is interested in. Often, the democratic groups that receive the money end up falling into disrepute. "
The author of the article: Pública – not-for-profit investigative journalism center in Brazil, founded by a team of women journalists. Translation by the_joker (Wikileaks forum)
Heiko Ahrens on May 20, 2017
.. and then it is the DNC that blames Russia interfering in the election they lost!? This cannot be true, can it?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Come On (Kish Mauve song)
Come On (CNBLUE song)
Come On may refer to:
"Come On" (How I Met Your Mother), TV series episode
Come On (game), video game
Come On (film), a 2000 French film produced and directed by Pascal Aubier
The Come On, a 1956 American film starring Anne Baxter
In music:
Come On (EP), an EP by Elf Power
"Come On" (Chuck Berry song), also covered by The Rolling Stones
"Come On" (CN Blue song), a song by CN Blue
"Come On" (Earl King song)
"Come On" (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)
"Come On" (Kish Mauve song), also covered by Will Young
"Come On" (The New Power Generation song)
"Come On", by Barry White
"Come On", by Hell on Wheels
"Come On!", by The Hives from Lex Hives
"Come On", by Jimmy Somerville from Home Again
"Come On", by Krokus from Metal Rendez-vous
"Come On", by Rihanna, aka "S&M"
"Come On", by Tommy Roe
"Come On", by The Verve from Urban Hymns
"Come On", by The Visionaries from Galleries
"Come On", a single by Mushroomhead
"Come On/Let's Go", a song by Paul Weller from As Is Now
Come On Come On (disambiguation)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Come_On
"Come On" is a song performed by British electronic duo Kish Mauve. The song was written and produced by Mima Stilwell and Jim Eliot for their debut album Black Heart (2009). It released as a double A-side single with "Morphine" on 2 March 2009 by YNYS Recordings.
Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Come On" / "Morphine".
(Released 2 March 2009 (2009-03-02))
"Come On" – 3:54
"Morphine" – 3:16
Will Young version
"Come On" was covered by British singer-songwriter and actor Will Young. It was released on 21 November 2011 as the second single from his fifth studio album, Echoes (2011).
A music video to accompany the release of "Come On" was first released onto YouTube on 24 October 2011 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-eight seconds.
Critical reception
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four stars out of five and a positive review, stating:
Therefore, it comes as little surprise that his latest chart botherer - a rendition of Kish Mauve's 2009 electro-rock hit 'Come On' - is far more than a note-for-note rehash. "Walk away, that's what you do," he bawls innocently over bobbing synths courtesy of Richard X, before defiantly calling "come on, come on" to his contrary lover. In fact, even after repeated listens, Young's lounge-pop reinvention still sounds like a different number altogether.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Come_On_(Kish_Mauve_song)
"Come On" is a song by the South Korean rock band CN Blue, written by Jung Yong-hwa, translated in Japanese by Kenji Tamai and composed by Lee Jong-hyun. It was released on August 1, 2012 in 3 different editions: CD+DVD, Regular edition and Lawson store limited edition. It is the third major single of the group under Warner Music Japan and their sixth overall.
The single was announced by their Korean label, FNC Media, on June 12, 2012, revealing details about the single. In June 25, it was revealed that the song will be used as opening theme song of TV Asahi's "Music ru TV" during July. In July 2, all single covers, tracklist and a teaser of the music video were released. At this same day, the first major album of the group in Japan was announced to be release on August 29. The Album will include the songs from the single and the songs from previous 2 singles "Where You Are" and "In My Head".
Every edition of the single will come with a different jacket cover and different features: the CD+DVD edition will include the CD single, a special DVD featuring the music video of "Come On" and a Special feature, a 44-pages photobook, four folded mini-posters, a serial code to unlock a special bonus feature and comes in a sleeve case. The regular edition will come with the CD single and a serial code. The Lawson limited ediiton will include with the CD single, 5 calendar cards and a serial code. This version will only be sold on Lawson.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Come_On_(CNBLUE_song)
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Into Space
Mood 2 Chill
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add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Another Woman
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Turtle
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Diamente
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Where the Wild Roses Grow
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Good Advice
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Aaj Phir Jeene Ki
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Cry
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101 Dance Hits
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen The Way (Put Your Hand in My Hand)
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Nessaja
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Because the Night
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen You're Free
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen Forever
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen One in a Million
add to main playlist Play in Full Screen If You Want Me
add to main playlist


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Vector portrait painting for logo design.
It's great to make new friends and I always have the opportunity to get in touch with new people thru social networking sites, community web sites, forums and freelance agencies. Here is a vector portrait I created recently for a new friend - a graphic and web designer from Sweden, this is was for a logo and he supplied me with an old half-tone print and I created this line art work based upon his specification.
The entire artwork was done in Freehand MX - my favorite vector editing software, and later converted into standard eps 8 file in Illustrator.


Deezer Elite, the high definition audio streaming service, is now available all around the world. It hit the US in September, and came to the UK through Sonos last month. Now everyone in the world with a Sonos can access the 35 million FLAC tracks that make up the library.
It's only available through a Sonos system until the end of the year. Presumably then it will be opened up to anyone with an internet connection.
Tracks on Deezer Elite have a bitrate of 1,411kbps. According to Deezer, that's five times the quality of a standard MP3. Though what constitutes a 'standard MP3' is open to discussion.
Deezer Elite costs £14.99 a month for 12 months, or £120 a year if you pay up front. The same deal applies to a two-year contract, with £240 paid upfront.
With each offer, you get your first month free as a trial.
Deezer Elite is one of more than 60 music services available through Sonos. To get it, open any Sonos controller and go to Add Music Services.
Sonos has long been one of our favourite multi-room systems. It's certainly not cheap, but it's a stylish, simple-to-use and great-sounding way of filling your house with tunes.


Is Home Exchange right for you?
All members of the Fellowship need to be Rotarians or have a connection to Rotary. A few members may be widows/widowers of Rotarians or Rotaract members.
They are our commercial partner. They have been in the home exchange marketplace for many years and have database technology for facilitating home swaps. Their owners are reliable and experienced and they have many non-Rotary members. Rotarian Home Exchange Fellowship members can choose, but are not required, to consider trading their home with non-Rotarians.
Why would I want to consider trading my home with a non-Rotarian?
This will give you more date and destination choices. My family has swapped 20 times with non-Rotarian families. I think 80% of the adults in these families would make excellent Rotarians. Studies have shown that that the home exchange community is middle to upper middle class, more than 90% have attended University, over 60% have advanced graduate degrees. Three of our closest friends are non-Rotarian families we met while trading homes in England, Sweden, and France.
Why are home exchange and Rotarians a good combination?
Rotarians support international peace and understanding. Visiting another country on a home exchange provides significant exposure to other cultures and peoples. You should visit local Rotary clubs while on exchange. You will make connections and learn more about current events and culture. For example, I have read much in the press about the German attitude towards other countries sharing the Euro. In Berlin I had a half hour discussion with a German businessman on this subject after the Rotary meeting. I visited one Berlin club so often I was invited to the party celebrating the induction of the new President.
Can I trade homes in my own country?
Do I have to be over 50 to participate?
No, though it happens that most Rotarian Home Exchange Fellowship members are over 50. We have traded with people in their 30's.
Can I contact you with questions, suggestions, or if we have difficulties?


In July, Development and Planning Minister Albert Mabri Toikeusse revealed that negotiations are under way between the Abidjan government and China's state-run policy banks that will provide the West African state with up to US$10 billion in preferential loans over the next six years. That is more than twice the figure that President Alassane Dramane Ouattara announced on his return from a trip to China in late 2012 (AAC Vol 5 No 11).
End of preview - This article contains approximately 526 words.


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You are looking at 1-7 of 7 articles for:
Ethnic Diversity x
Political Theory x
Deliberative Democracy and Multiculturalism
Monique Deveaux
Political Science, Political Theory, Ethnic Diversity
Deliberative democracy is widely associated with a public sphere that is more inclusive of cultural and religious minority groups than that established by a model of politics as interest ... More
Deliberative democracy is widely associated with a public sphere that is more inclusive of cultural and religious minority groups than that established by a model of politics as interest aggregation. But it has also been criticized for stipulating unjust terms for this political inclusion, and for being insufficiently responsive to identity group-based claims. Such challenges have prompted much internal debate about the validity and the practical consequences of different norms and mechanisms of deliberative democracy. This chapter argues that models of public deliberation less beholden to Habermasian discourse ethics are able to offer a more promising response to these multicultural challenges.
Deliberative Ideals Across Diverse Cultures
Jensen Sass
Political Science, Political Theory, Comparative Politics, Ethnic Diversity
In the scheme of history, most political deliberation has taken place outside the modern West. But the study of deliberation, however extensive it has become, has largely ignored this ... More
In the scheme of history, most political deliberation has taken place outside the modern West. But the study of deliberation, however extensive it has become, has largely ignored this wider world. Examining how deliberation manifests across different societies has considerable promise for both explanatory and normative political theory. To explain why people deliberate—which should be among the first questions deliberative democrats ponder—it is first necessary to examine how people deliberate, and why this varies. Doing so with a comparative and historical perspective, even in the preliminary fashion presented here, reveals how social and political ideals can motivate and shape deliberative practice. And there are normative stakes in this agenda. If collective deliberation is to prevail in global governance, we must fashion political ideals which motivate diverse peoples to come together in discourse, rather than confront their problems, or compound them, by less desirable means.
Fair Division
Steven J. Brams
This article provides a review of the literature on fair division, which has flourished in recent years. It focuses on three different literatures in the field: the allocation of several ... More
This article provides a review of the literature on fair division, which has flourished in recent years. It focuses on three different literatures in the field: the allocation of several indivisible goods, the division of a single heterogeneous good, and the division, in whole or in part, of several divisible goods. The article discusses problems that arise in allocating indivisible goods, and highlights the trade-offs that must be made when not all of the criteria of fairness can be satisfied at the same time. It also describes and provides the procedures for dividing divisible goods fairly, which is based on different criteria of fairness.
Indigenous Spheres of Deliberation
Martin Hébert
Indigenous peoples' rights to self-determination and self-government are recognized by several international instances. Deliberation plays a key role in the exercise of these rights, and ... More
Indigenous peoples' rights to self-determination and self-government are recognized by several international instances. Deliberation plays a key role in the exercise of these rights, and its forms are as diverse as the cultures and social structures of which it is part. However, efforts to understand commonalities and differences between contexts and experiences have led to discussions of what Rodolfo Stavenhagen has termed the "indigenous situation." This chapter looks at some ways in which self-identified Indigenous peoples have maintained, repurposed, and developed practices of political deliberation within such contexts of colonialism, nation-state formation, and capitalist expansion. A particular emphasis is put on the various scales at which deliberation takes place, be it in community life, regional organizations, or national and international political movements.
Will Kymlicka
Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations, Ethnic Diversity
It has often been noted that the political claims of minorities and indigenous peoples are marginalized within traditional state-centric international political theory; but perhaps more ... More
It has often been noted that the political claims of minorities and indigenous peoples are marginalized within traditional state-centric international political theory; but perhaps more surprisingly, they are also marginalized within much contemporary cosmopolitan political theory. In this chapter, I will argue that neither cosmopolitanism nor statism as currently theorized is well equipped to evaluate the normative claims at stake in many minority rights issues. I begin by discussing how the "minority question" arose as an issue within international relations—that is, why minorities have been seen as a problem and a threat to international order—and how international actors have historically attempted to contain the problem, often in ways that were deeply unjust to minorities. I will then consider recent efforts to advance a pro-minority agenda at the international level, and how this agenda helps reveal some of the limits of both cosmopolitan and statist approaches to IPT.
Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic
Christopher Lebron
Paul Gilroy's The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness has, since its publication, been a foundational text for scholars working at the intersection of race, culture, and ... More
Paul Gilroy's The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness has, since its publication, been a foundational text for scholars working at the intersection of race, culture, and political thought. This chapter identifies three themes that structure Gilroy's expansive argument and make it enduring. First, Gilroy offers juxtaposing analyses of the role of roots and routes in the history of black trans-Atlantic culture. Second, it argues that Gilroy thinks that many scholars prize racial essentialism or authenticity over understanding the ways black culture has evolved over time in ways that have shaped and benefitted from modernity. Last, Gilroy seeks to reclaim a genuine appreciate of black culture as a major contribution to modernity as a means of resisting the problem of double-consciousness since this distracts from the appreciation and study of black culture to blacks acculturating themselves to social values that do not contribute to their social or political liberty.
Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship
Jeff Spinner-Halev
By finding a way to incorporate people's cultural attachment in a liberal framework, Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship changed the way liberal political theorists look at identity. ... More
By finding a way to incorporate people's cultural attachment in a liberal framework, Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship changed the way liberal political theorists look at identity. Kymlicka argued that culture, and in particular language, could not be a private matter as liberals assumed, since every state must pick one official language (or a small number of them). Yet official languages were unfair to those who spoke a different language; additionally Kymlicka argued that individual self-respect was an important liberal value, and was tied to a secure cultural context. Critics argued that culture was hard to define, and cultural attachments were much more malleable than Kymlicka suggested. While these criticisms did undermine the power of some of Kymlicka's arguments, one of Kymlicka's lasting contributions is the now widely accepted idea that certain kinds of identities cannot be assumed to be a private matter.


What an exciting time for Kentville Mazda! Mazda Canada has been implementing an New Image Design across Canada for the past five years. After 2 years of planning and designing we were finally ready to break ground, which we did in October 2011. We are hoping to have everything completed by March 2012.
Our new building will have many new features to better serve our valued customers. We feel that our ability to give our customers the #1 sales and service that they are familiar with at Kentville Mazda, will even greater exceed their expectations. We will have more spacious offices for your comfort and sales experience. A wonderfully large showroom to view our great lineup of Mazda products, including the new CX5. A relaxing and comfortable Zoom Zoom Lounge for our customers, including our Zoom Connect Area (wireless internet), Big Screen TV, Café Tables, and Complimentary Beverages. Our building may be changing, but you can be guaranteed that our friendly and helpful staff will still be the same!


How to get customers to your online Store?
One of the big questions every person having online store ask is "How can I get more customers to my online store?" It's easier than you think. Here we will talk about a term called SEO and how to get traffic to your website. Managing businesses on the internet is completely different than running businesses in the physical world. At the outset, on the internet, you have no physical store.
The big advantage of this is that anyone in the world can visit your store over the Internet. Another advantage is that you do not have the expenses such as rent for the premises, cleaning and others. As for others, it requires a completely different strategy to drive customers to your online stores. For a physical store, geographic location is very important. But on the internet there are no geographic limits.
There are many online stores around the world. The customer only needs to enter the domain name of the online store and they can start shopping. When you start your own store online, it is important that you know a little about how to get customers to your store. There are some important concepts for online traffic.
1. Search engine: There are search services like Google and Yahoo where you can search for things on the internet.
2. SEO or Search engine optimization: It means short actions that can be taken to improve your search engine rankings on the result pages of search engines. Here, the basic tip is to use important and descriptive keywords and links. The traffic is a term used for the visitors coming to your site.
3. Search engine submitter: It is software or an online service that automatically makes things like adding the URL (the online address of your store) in directories and in search engines. Using a submitter is perhaps the smartest thing one can do to get and increase traffic to the online store or any other website. A good submitter can quickly increase the traffic flow to your online store.


text:
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import {
  DatePickerIOS,
} from 'react-native';

// eslint-disable-next-line react/prefer-stateless-function
export default class CustomDatePickerIOS extends Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <DatePickerIOS
        date={this.props.date}
        mode="date"
        onDateChange={this.props.onDateChange.bind(this)}
      />
    );
  }
}


text:
Babylon System is a Vampire
February 4, 2021 0 Comments
The men and women who created the nation of Jamaica were not politicians. They were not paid. They were all volunteers. Together they created a mood, a knowledge, a drive and a determination, all born of unity of purpose. They produced self-government, a Constitution and a whole way of life independent of the colonial powers that had been in existence for some 400 years. They produced the Jamaican. Today the embers of the nation-building effort lie unremembered in the cold ashes of the April 1962 general election.
The man who lit the flame for all this was Osmond Theodore Fairclough. He launched the original Public Opinion in 1937 as the cornerstone of the National Movement, the movement to create the Jamaican nation. In the arid desert of Jamaica's colonial wilderness, that newspaper was a verdant oasis of rest and refuge for free thinkers and progressive writers. The 100th edition of today's Public Opinion seems a good place to begin examining what happened to that effort, and perhaps to signal future articles to pick up once again on that largely abandoned task.
Fairclough was not alone. There were also the members of the National Reform Association led by Ken Hill, members of the Jamaica Agricultural Society, members of the Jamaica Union of Teachers, members of the Poetry League and the Ratepayers and Taxpayers Association, and members of the Jamaica Progressive League of New York. Together they followed Fairclough's dream, formed the political party to be known as the People's National Party, and persuaded Norman Manley to become their leader.
The unity survived the split when Bustamante left the party to form the Jamaica Labour Party in 1943, and it was still able to produce the 1944 Constitution and Jamaica's first vote based on universal adult suffrage where every man and woman aged 21 and over could vote and select their representatives at the polls for the first time. The unity survived the PNP's loss in those 1944 general elections and went on to blossom under Norman Manley's government from 1955 to April 1962.
When Manley won in 1955, he did two things immediately. One was to remove the tax from bicycles and drays. The other – in recognition that although he was well-educated he did not know it all – was to seek help, not from Britain or the United States, but from the United Nations. The result was the provision of a Canadian, George Cadbury, to work with his administration in creating the tools ofgovernment.
Things went well. But they came to a crashing halt in 1962 with Bustamante as Prime Minister and Edward Seaga as Minister of Development and Welfare when the entire unity and cohesion of the volunteer spirit and the volunteers themselves were cast into outer darkness. Much later in his life Seaga would express regret that the change of administrations after elections resulted in good policies being thrown out or simply ignored.
But in 1962 it was a time to throw out all that reflected the previous government.
Out went Island Cricket Coach George Headley. Out went Island Track Coach Herb McKenley. Out went Dr. Philip Lecky whose breeding of the Jamaica Hope strain of cattle put Jamaica at the top of the world. Out went the leaders of the Jamaican-born Jamaica Welfare, including Thom Girvan and Eddie Burke. In the Civil Service a new expression was making the rounds for the first time in Jamaica's history. It was "political victimisation."
In came menace. And intense political partisanship. And gun crimes, this to attain astronomical proportions a decade later in order to remove Michael Manley from the Prime Minister's Office. All of which – and more – was a reminder of Norman Manley's famous remark, "Something evil has descended on Jamaica."
And a 1981 declaration that the people had to fend for themselves and find their own salvation because the government, ignoring Jamaica's history, and newly imbued with US anti-welfare-state and anti-"big government" ideology, would no longer look after them.
Initiated and instituted by the politicians, the gun crimes are no longer controlled by the politicians. (There was indeed a time when Edward Seaga drew up a list of names of criminals in his constituency and, signalling he could no longer control them, offered it to the police). But the absence of political control has not resulted in any reduction in criminal gun activity. We chug along with an average of 1,300 gun murders a year, ZOSO or no ZOSO.
The quick conclusion here is that our salvation as a nation does not depend on politicians. As it was in the beginning when non-politicians created the national framework, so is it now. Jamaica needs its best citizens to come together in unity to recreate the peace and prosperity we all seek.
What is needed here is the full recreation of the national movement that was stalled when Norman Manley's PNP lost power in 1962. Michael Manley indeed tried to recapture it between 1972 and 1980 but was beset by damaging repeated propaganda from his (local) political opponents about communism and by some of his own party members going too far.
Let me be clear. The real damage of the seventies was local. Michael Manley's opponents in Jamaica pushed the Cuba-communism propaganda believing it would help them obtain American help. The Americans were only called in to help when the local effort seemed unequal to the task. The main reason the Americans responded was bauxite, and Seaga's promise to remove the bauxite levy that Manley instituted in 1974 and which the American bauxite companies in Jamaica had never stopped complaining about.
But, as Seaga himself was to say, Michael was no communist. And when Seaga met Fidel Castro in Jamaica some years later he acknowledged that there had been a time for anti-Cuban posture, but that time had passed. Besides, just last year, there was a newly declassified American document saying the reason was more that the US was concerned about Michael Manley's popularity in the region than anything else.
So what really happened since the 1962 Independence election?
A Justifiable National Fever
We abandoned unity. We lost our cool. People were encouraged to find their own salvation – education, employment, housing. They tried. But many took to the gun as a tool of work like a hoe or a screwdriver. They embraced Babylon System as suggested by our international directors. Files get "lost" – if the price is right. We saw our national temperature rise, and keep rising with the gun. People now take out contracts on the lives of other people for the simplest of reasons.
The worst part of it is that this rising national fever is largely justifiable.
The people are tired of waiting for things to go right; for better to come; for justice; for crooks in high places to cease getting let-off; for big man to get the same punishment as small man; for law to rule; for their roads to be repaired instead of the money ending up in the politician's pocket; for taxes to be collected fairly; for economic development to be built solidly on a platform of social development; for jobs to be created so that young men and women do not have to turn to the gun or to scams; tired of singing "justice, truth, be ours forever…"
Bob Marley was right:
We've been trodding on ya winepress much too long…
We've been taken for granted much too long
So-so Zoso cannot take us any further towards a normal national temperature. In the darkening afterglow of colonialism, sugar, and bauxite we have natural resources and mechanisms that we can apply. But they have to be seen through a national lens.
Why, for instance, is our ganja not a big part of our national planning? Our history tells us we have it in us to be creators of our own destiny. Why are we limiting our aid sources to the US, UK and China? Why not Sweden? Or Germany? Neither of which have imperial designs on us? We are not short of bright inventive people in government and the private sector. But they have been bent to the Babylon System of inapplicable foreign remedies instead of national-born initiatives.
Ewart Walters, CD, MJ, is a journalist and former diplomat. His book We Come From Jamaica is the story of the National Movement 1937-1962. Comments may be sent to [email protected]
By Ewart Walters


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text:
Super League: Wigan boss Shaun Wane unsure about restructure
Last updated on 22 January 201422 January 2014 .From the section Rugby League
Wigan head coach Shaun Wane says he is not sure bringing back promotion and relegation will improve Super League.
The Rugby Football League announced that the top two divisions will run with 12-team leagues from 2015.
"I am very much one for our youngsters being promoted. I want to make sure clubs are encouraged to play the kids," Wane told BBC North West Tonight.
We could have easily sat back on our laurels in pre-season but it has been tough and the new lads have jumped into training and the work ethic we have
"With the new structure, I am not sure it is going to work that way but that is my only concern."
Top-flight clubs face the risk of dropping into the Championship for the first time since 2009, with plans to scrap the licensing system that was introduced five years ago.
And Bradford Bulls coach Francis Cummins said the idea to bring back relegation was a "rubbish" one.
Wane admits that he has to accept the ruling and is pleased with his squad going into the new season, despite star man Sam Tomkins moving to New Zealand Warriors for a world record fee.
"They have made their decision and I will deal with it," said Wane. "But I am confident going into this year.
"I am happy with the players we have signed, they are quality and they are young. Hopefully they stay with us for years to come.
Wigan comeback stuns Warrington
"Everybody can be replaced. Sam is a great player, there is no doubt about that, but we have Matt Bowen now.
"It was sad losing him but we have some quality in our team and Matt will surprise people next season."
Having won the Grand Final and Challenge Cup double last season, captain Sean O'Loughlin feels the side have a difficult task in the 2014 campaign.
"There is probably a little bit more pressure on us now," said O'Loughlin. "We won the double last year and I think it is something the squad is relishing.
"We could have easily sat back on our laurels in pre-season but it has been tough and the new lads have jumped into training and the work ethic we have."
Australian Open: Raducanu beats Stephens in final set - radio & text


The BWHT board had a surprise guest, Professor Mariantonieta Gutierrez Soto, who was visiting from afar to present at MIT. Left to right: BWHT Board Members: Maria D'Itria, Meg Campbell, Ferna Phillips, Mariantonieta Gutierrez Soto (guest), Cindy Stone, Linda Stern, Mary Rudder at the Boston Public Library, June 5, 2018. Hidden from view were Karyn Greene, Jane Becker and Michelle Jenney.


Japanese Festival Music, Op. 84 (1940), is a composition by Richard Strauss. The full title is Festmusik zur Feier des 2600jährigen Bestehens des Kaiserreichs Japan für großes Orchester (Japanische Festmusik).
Hisato Ohzawa who wrote his Symphony no. 3, "Symphony of the Founding of Japan"
Jacques Ibert who wrote an Ouverture de fête "pour célébrer le 26e centenaire de la fondation de l'empire Nippon"
Ildebrando Pizzetti who wrote a Symphony "In Celebrazione dell XXVIo Centenario della Fondazione dell'Impero Giapponese"
Sándor Veress who wrote his first symphony, "Hungarian Greetings on the 2600th Anniversary of the Japanese Dynasty"
Benjamin Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem was also commissioned in this process, but was ultimately rejected by the Japanese foreign ministry as an insult.
Japan's request for a composition from an American composer was turned down due to the deterioration of relations between the countries.
Joseph Goebbels assigned the Japanese commission to Germany's most prominent composer, Richard Strauss. Strauss, age 75, put aside composition on his opera Die Liebe der Danae to work on Japanese Festival Music while staying in the Italian Tyrol. He completed the work on April 22, 1940 and received 10,000 Reichsmarks for his effort.
Japanese Festival Music is written for a large orchestra 3 Flutes (piccolo), 2 oboes, English Horn, 4 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, contrabassoon, 8 French horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 2 Tubas, 14 tuned temple gongs, timpani, various percussion, two harps and strings. There is also an option for either an organ or an additional 3 trumpets, 4 trombones and 2 French horns.
The première was at the Kabukiza Theatre, Tokyo on December 14, 1940. Helmut Fellmer, a music professor in Tokyo at the time, conducted the NHK Symphony Orchestra (augmented to 165 musicians for this occasion and called The Symphony Orchestra in Celebration of the 2600th Anniversary of the Japanese Imperial Dynasty). The audience for this occasion also heard the other three commemorative works. Fellmer conducted this orchestra again on December 19, 1940 for a recording on Nippon Columbia. The first European performance was in Stuttgart on October 27, 1941 with Hermann Albert conducting.
Japanese Festival Music is probably Richard Strauss's least programmed work and is often described as one of his weakest compositions. Norman Del Mar compared it to the Festliches Präludium (Festive Prelude for Orchestra and Organ) in which "a vast orchestra piles one towering climax upon another". Strauss conducted the work for recording in late 1940 with the Bavarian State Opera Orchestra (possibly he recorded it before the Tokyo premiere); this recording was issued on CD in 1990 by Deutsche Grammophon in a 3-CD set of Strauss conducting his own works (catalogue number 429 925-2 GDO3), and four years later on Preiser 90205. The duration of the work is approximately fourteen minutes. The score was published by Oertel in Berlin in 1941 (on the cover is a crest of the chrysanthemum against a red background) and is obtainable from Boosey & Hawkes.
Boyden, Matthew. Richard Strauss. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.
Del Mar, Norman. Richard Strauss: A Critical Commentary on His Life and Works. London, Barrie and Rockliff, 1969.
Kennedy, Michael. Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma. Cambridge: University Press, 1999.
This page was last edited on 3 December 2017, at 23:11 (UTC).


text:
"We'll Get You Pie Before You Die," by Alpha Unit
The fruits of their labor built America's cities and homes, historians say, and made some people very rich. Nowadays we call them loggers.
Once upon a time they were lumberjacks. Or "timber beasts," if you really didn't like them.
Life was rough and frequently cut short when you did this kind of work. At the beginning of the twentieth century when serious efforts were made to unionize the logging industry, most workers in the country were virtual slaves, called "wage slaves" by organizers, according to journalists John C. Hughes and Ryan Teague Beckwith. In their book On the Harbor: From Black Friday to Nirvana, they chronicle unionization efforts for loggers in the Pacific Northwest, and go into detail about their working conditions.
Record-keeping wasn't very good in those days, but a man's life expectancy as a logger was said to be about seven years, they say.
Seldom a week went by without a buddy killed or maimed by a rolling log, a falling tree, a giant splinter run through him, or a whipping cable slicing him in two.
From the time he got out of bed in the morning, a logger never knew if he'd make it back to the bunkhouse in one piece, as one writer put it. Hughes and Beckwith continue:
Sawmill workers and shingle weavers lost fingers so routinely that it was practically a rite of passage. Hands and arms went flying, too, in geysers of blood, as the saws shrieked.
None of this made much of a difference to the employers. None of what many workers take for granted today existed then in this industry – no safety regulations, no inspections of gear or practices, and certainly no health insurance or rehabilitation programs. According to Hughes and Beckwith:
When a logger was crippled or killed, the bosses often said it was his own damn fault. He was too careless, or a greenhorn. Maybe just unlucky. "Joe's number was up. We're burnin' daylight. Let's get the lead out!"
These workers were easy to take advantage of. They were typically single young men, often recent immigrants. Many were migrants who followed timber jobs as they became available. But conditions in lumber camps were so bad that, by one estimate, the annual turnover rate was as high as 600 percent.
Employers didn't seem to care. They weren't moved in the slightest to do anything to ameliorate the conditions that were creating this astronomical turnover. Conditions like overcrowded, lice-infested bunkhouses. Another author, John E. Haynes, described some of the logging camps in Minnesota.
Bunkhouses were ventilated only by doors at each end and one or two small skylights in the roof. One or perhaps two iron stoves, kept fired all night, provided heat. The poor ventilation compounded sanitary problems.
The men worked 11-hour days in the cold Minnesota winter and generally wore two or three sets of underwear in addition to their outer garments. The combination of wet snow and hard labor soaked the jacks' clothes every day, but the men were without washing facilities either for themselves or what they wore…layers of sets of wet-from-sweat clothes hung near the stove every night to dry for the next day.
The steam from the clothes joined the stench of tightly-packed, unwashed bodies in the bunkhouses, prompting one Wobbly to comment that "the bunkhouses in which the lumberjacks sleep are enough to gag a skunk."
Toilet facilities were primitive in the extreme, says Haynes. Privies were simply shallow, open pits with a roof and some poles for seats. The privies were rarely treated with lime or even covered with dirt.
To the men who hired the workers, all of this was perfectly okay. If you were a worker who didn't think it was okay, your option was to quit. A perfectly fine arrangement, correct?
Not so, said union organizers, specifically the IWW, or Industrial Workers of the World – also known as the Wobblies. It was workers just like these loggers that the Wobblies focused their energies on.
Any wage earner could be a Wobbly, says labor historian Gibbs M. Smith. It didn't matter what your occupation, race, creed, or sex was. You could be Black or White or Asian, American or foreign-born, skilled or unskilled.
This openness toward unskilled workers is what set the IWW apart from the American Federation of Labor. The AFL adhered to a craft union philosophy and were too conservative for the Wobblies. Consisting mainly of skilled workers, the AFL refused to organize the unskilled.
"Big Bill" Haywood led the IWW. He favored industrial unionism over craft unionism, stating:
We are going to go down into the gutter to get at the mass of workers and bring them up to a decent plane of living.
Machinery and advancing technology were progressively eliminating the need for skilled craftsmen, Smith writes. The IWW believed that since the employers had united into great combinations of capital to maintain supremacy, it was necessary to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, into industrial unions "to wage effective war on the integrated power of modern industry."
In their efforts to organize loggers, it wasn't just conditions in the camps that the IWW protested. They strongly objected to the "job sharks" who supplied laborers to the mills and logging camps. Because working conditions were so awful, employers hired agents to snare fresh bodies, as Hughes and Beckwith put it.
In the winter of 1911-12, the IWW took a stand against the logging companies and their job agents in Aberdeen, Washington.
Off-duty laborers would pass by and congregate near the Sailors' Union Hall in downtown Aberdeen, where IWW organizers had begun their outreach efforts. The favored spot was near a saloon owned by a city councilman. The City Council didn't like the IWW, seeing them as subversives, so it passed an ordinance prohibiting street speaking in the locality.
But the City Council chose to look the other way for one group in particular, another group that was interested in the laborers, or at least in their souls – the Salvation Army.
The Wobblies didn't like this one bit.
Joe Hill, an immigrant from Sweden who had worked his way across the country as a laborer in factories and mines, and on farms and waterfronts, had joined the IWW once he made it to California. He mocked the "Starvation Army" in a song that parodied their hymn "In the Sweet Bye and Bye":
Long-haired preachers come out every night,
Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right;
But when asked how 'bout something to eat
They will answer with voices so sweet:
You will eat, bye and bye,
In that glorious land above the sky;
Work and pray, live on hay,
You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
The IWW kept up their protests of the Aberdeen ordinance, suffering vigilante violence in the process. In January of 1912, the City Council passed another ordinance – this time outlawing all street speaking. The Salvation Army, too, had to lie low.
But the IWW wasn't contented. This was about the principle of free speech as well as organizing workers. They staged another protest, complete with singing, soap boxing, a boycott of local merchants, and a lot of bad publicity.
Eager to avoid the kind of destructive conflict that had gripped Spokane a couple of years earlier during IWW-led protests, the city of Aberdeen reached a settlement with the Wobblies. They consented, finally, to street speaking. The Wobblies moved the free-speech fight on to other cities, and organized a massive strike that closed every wood-working plant on Grays Harbor.
The timber industry eventually met many IWW demands, such as clean bedding and the 8-hour workday, during World War I. According to Hughes and Beckwith:
Frightened of paralyzing strikes that could harm logging of spruce for military planes, the U.S. Army created a special Spruce Production Division. With military efficiency the "Spruce Army" improved conditions more than the Wobblies ever had.
The Wobblies didn't get everything they set out to get as an organization. They wanted all workers united into "One Big Union." It hasn't happened. They wanted workers to unite to overthrow capitalism. Capitalism is still here, a hundred years later (and so are the Wobblies).
But the city fathers in Aberdeen became afraid of them. Lumber company owners were afraid of them, and so were Chamber of Commerce managers. The U.S. Army became afraid of them. That's quite a feat.
Haynes, John E. 1971. Revolt of the "Timber Beasts": IWW Lumber Strike in Minnesota. St Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.
Hughes, John C. and Beckwith, Ryan Teague, eds. 2005. On the Harbor: From Black Friday to Nirvana. Las Vegas: Stephens Press.
Smith, Gibbs M. 1969. Joe Hill. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Author Alpha UnitPosted on July 20, 2011 Categories Alpha Unit, Americas, Government, Guest Posts, History, Labor, Left, Local, Midwest, Minnesota, Modern, North America, Regional, US, USA, War, Washington, West, World War 1
5 thoughts on ""We'll Get You Pie Before You Die," by Alpha Unit"
lafayettesennacherib says:
Keep on Wobblin' – you've got the fight of your lives coming up. Great piece, Alpha. Someone was bound to post this, so here goes: Monty Python's 'lumberjack song'
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mL7n5mEmXJo
LaFleur says:
Excellent article. I wish all those people who repeat libertarian and Fox News talking points would study this stuff. Especially libertarians. Things are bad enough without going back to the days of Henry Clay Frick, although for mine workers and many others, they never went away.
Hacienda says:
Did any of those loggers ever encounter a Big Foot? How many natives were killed per tree fallen? What was the racial breakdown, gay percentages of loggers? Were there black loggers? Did they happy slap the white loggers? Were the logging companies owned by JEEUUUUWWWS?
Let's pick it up, Alpha. I gots ta know. I jus gots ta know. LOL.
Otherwise good piece, I learned a few things in it. "Timber Beasts" LOL.
Alpha Unit says:
The burning questions of our time will have to remain unanswered. 🙂
vik says:
There is some quite beautiful and much unquestionably skilful prose in this post.
My own, perhaps, jaundiced view is informed by the vernacular accounts of Indian immigrants to the lumber camps. Essentially, witless drunks, or those weak willed or in social anomie- got their hands sliced off. People with sound bodies and strong community ties (like the Indian Sikhs) who saved their money and made their own sanitary and hygienic arrangements (if only for Religious reasons) thrived and quickly rose from the ranks of sweated labour to mercantile entrepreneurship. The Racist backlash of the White middle class- more especially in Canada, not the U.S- is clear evidence that it wasn't Rockfeller or the Pinkertons or whatever who poisoned the wells of class amity and instrumentalized racism but, rather, the fucking sentimental and holier than thou middle fucking class.
Incidentally, one Wobby was Jayprakash Narayan (a hero of Arthur Koestler's!) who funded his studies in America by selling hair-straightener to 'Negroes'.
Why do I mention this? It's because the Wobblies and all their sentimental supporters in the middle class- then as now- were mutatis mutandis just such fucking liars.
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Nintendo Switch Games: Does The Nintendo Switch Lite Come With Games?
1 Are There Free Online Games You Can Get With The Nintendo Switch Lite? (Or The Other Switch consoles)
2 What Are The Best Free Online Games (From The Nintendo eShop) For The Nintendo Switch? (or Switch OLED/ Switch Lite)
2.1 Fortnite
2.2 Rocket League
2.3 Asphalt 9
2.4 Arena of Valor
2.5 Pokémon Quest
3 Online Gaming With The Nintendo Switch (Using Switch Online)
4 What Free Nintendo Switch Games Come With Switch Online?
When looking to buy a Nintendo game console you will come across many different questions that you will want to be answered. Many people have questions about the Joy-Con controllers, battery life, etc. but the first question might be if you should get the Nintendo Switch or the Switch Lite.
Once you know what Nintendo device you are going to purchase, you will want to get the best deal that is available. This is where many people wonder if the Switch Lite console will even come with games, or if they have to be purchased separately.
Unfortunately, the Nintendo Switch Lite console does not come with any games. You can download games from the Nintendo eShop (and there are many different free games that you can download) but the Switch Lite console doesn't come with any regular Nintendo games when you make the purchase.
The Nintendo Switch Lite only comes with what you need to start playing and does not include any games with your purchase. The Nintendo Switch Lite does give you access to the eShop where you can download many free games but the console will not have any games included.
Even though the Switch Lite gaming system does not come with any regular Switch games, you are still able to find cheap games for your system. Because Nintendo wants you to have fun playing with their system, and they want you to play all of the most popular games, they will even have sales for their games pretty regularly.
The original Switch console does sometimes include a game (specifically the Mario Kart standard Switch console includes the Mario Kart game) but currently, no Switch Lite handheld console includes games.
Currently, there is not a Switch OLED model that includes any games with the purchase either.
You can get deals pretty regularly on third-party Switch games but on the most popular Nintendo titles like Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Super Mario Odyssey, Animal Crossing: New Horizons, etc. you won't find deals very often (if at all).
Nintendo does a good job at making sure its customers can play their systems, even if they do not have much extra money after buying the gaming system. So downloading the free Switch Lite games onto your console will provide plenty of fun until you can afford the best titles.
After all, it would not be very fun to buy a gaming system and only be able to play the free multiplayer games that you can get from the e-Shop. Of course, those games are fun (who doesn't love playing Fall Guys or Fortnight) but playing the most popular Nintendo games with friends (like Super Smash Bros or Super Mario Party) is a great way to spend time.
Want to take your Nintendo Switch to the next level? Then check out this Nintendo Switch accessory bundle by clicking here.
Do you love your Switch but want to stand out from everyone else with the same model? Then look no further than this custom Joy-Con grip.
This Joy-Con grip will make your Switch console look amazing and you can even choose the one that fits your style the best!
Are There Free Online Games You Can Get With The Nintendo Switch Lite? (Or The Other Switch consoles)
If you own a Nintendo Switch Lite, you've probably wondered if you can get free games for your system. There are a lot of good games for the Switch Lite, but if you can get them for free then why would you pay for them?
This is one of the biggest questions people have when they purchase a new gaming system. Thankfully Nintendo does a great job of taking care of their customers and giving them plenty of opportunities to have games for their system.
The Nintendo Switch Lite has many different free online games that you can download and play in the handheld mode on the platform. Some of these free online games will require you to have a Nintendo Switch Online subscription (and if you do get this subscription you get access to free NES and SNES games) but with many others, you just need a Nintendo Account and to download them from the eShop.
The Switch Lite is a great handheld device that is a great choice for your portable gaming needs. Being able to download and play many free online games is just another bonus to the gaming experience that the Switch Lite has to offer.
What Are The Best Free Online Games (From The Nintendo eShop) For The Nintendo Switch? (or Switch OLED/ Switch Lite)
When you want to get a free game to try out, you don't want to spend your time playing something that isn't fun to play. To be honest, there are a lot of games that have no point and are not even that fun to play.
This is why I went through and made a list of the top games that you can and will want to play on the Nintendo Switch Lite console. Even though some of these games require you to pay some money if you want to keep playing past a certain level, they are totally worth playing just the free part until you can come up with the money to buy the whole upgraded game.
The top 5 best free online games are:
Asphalt 9
One major downside to playing these games on your Switch Lite is that it only offered handheld play. That makes local multiplayer incredibly difficult (because of the small screen size).
The Switch Lite doesn't offer a docked mode (the regular Nintendo Switch consoles are the only ones that work with the Switch dock) so despite these games being free to download and play on your Switch Lite console, it won't be the best experience.
In the next part of this article, we are going to go over a little bit about every one of these spectacular games. Although you may be familiar with these games, you may also find out something that you did not know.
With Fortnite being first on the list, we will start with this amazing fun game. Fortnite was released in 2017, and by 2019 was one of the most popular games in the world.
This game is made up of 100 players battling it out on one map to be the last person standing. This game is free, but if you want to win, there are quite a few items you will be tempted to purchase to help you get there faster.
Although most gamers have heard about Rocket League, there are surprisingly still some people that do not play it, or even know what the game is all about. If you have seen it played, then you know it is similar to soccer, but there is a lot more that goes into the game besides getting the ball into the goal.
The best part about this game is that instead of players, you are a race car that has a boost, and can do jumps and flips, and tricks in mid-air in order to get the soccer ball into the opponent's net.
This game is extremely fast-paced, fun to play, and will make you want to scream. You will scream in joy as you make the game-winning goal, or scream in defeat as you barely miss the block of the final shot.
If you love racing, then this game was made for you! Don't look now, but Asphalt 9 has all of the racing thrills and high speed chases as you race down streets and try to beat your opponents to the finish line.
In this game, you will start with a simple Mitsubishi, and need to work your way up to a better car. You can do this by winning races in order to win money and buy blueprints for other cars, or you have the option to spend some money on upgrades and be one step ahead of your opponents.
The game is a multiplayer online battle arena where you will battle against other people playing the game. If you choose, you can even partner with those people and battle other online players in a 3 on 3 or 5 on 5 matches.
In order to win this game, you will need to practice, and have quick reactions as well as think about how to destroy your opponents from a tactical standpoint. This is a fun battle game that can also test your mind as you play.
When it comes to games that people are familiar with, I do not think there is a single person in the world that does not know what Pokémon is. This game is extremely popular and fun to play.
If you like or even love the original Pokémon game, then you will love to play Pokémon Quest! This game is similar to the original Pokémon, but it is made in cube form.
No matter who you are, this game is a fun one to play, and the fact that it is free, just makes it that much better. Everyone loves a free game, but a popular free game is even better.
Online Gaming With The Nintendo Switch (Using Switch Online)
Are you tired of playing your favorite Nintendo Switch games solo? Well, you're in luck because Nintendo Switch Online is here to save the day!
This subscription service allows you to play with friends online, access a library of classic games, and even get some sweet discounts on digital games.
But who exactly would want to get Nintendo Switch Online? Well, for starters, anyone who wants to play Mario Kart or Splatoon 2 with their buddies online.
I mean, let's be real, nothing beats trash talking your friends over a friendly game of Mario Kart. Plus, with the library of classic games, you can relive your childhood and show your kids the games you grew up playing.
But it's not just for the nostalgia-seekers and online gamers. If you're a hardcore Switch player, you'll definitely want to get Nintendo Switch Online.
Not only do you get discounts on digital games, but you also get access to exclusive offers and deals. Plus, with cloud saves, you'll never have to worry about losing your progress in a game again.
So, if you're tired of playing alone and want to take your gaming experience to the next level, Nintendo Switch Online is for you. But if you're still on the fence, just remember, you don't want to be left out when all your friends are dominating online.
Trust me, you don't want to be the one stuck playing Mario Kart alone.
What Free Nintendo Switch Games Come With Switch Online?
If you're a Nintendo Switch Online subscriber, you get access to a whole bunch of free games that you can play to your heart's content. And let me tell you, these games are not your average, run-of-the-mill, boring titles.
No, no, no. These games are the cream of the crop, the best of the best, the top of the heap.
First up, we've got the classics. You know, the games that you used to play on your old Nintendo console and still hold a special place in your heart. Well, now you can play them again on your Switch! We're talking about games like Super Mario Bros. 3, The Legend of Zelda, and Donkey Kong. These games are the ones that started it all and they're still just as fun and entertaining as they were back in the day.
Next, we've got the hidden gems. These are the games that you may have never played before, but trust me, they're worth checking out. We've got games like Ice Hockey, Clu Clu Land, and Wrecking Crew. These games may not have the same name recognition as the classics, but they're just as fun and will keep you entertained for hours on end.
With the Switch Online subscription, you get all of the following NES Games:
ADVENTURES OF LOLO
Balloon Fight™
Blaster Master
City Connection
Clu Clu Land™
Crystalis
DAIVA STORY 6 IMPERIAL OF NIRSARTIA
DIG DUG II™
Donkey Kong Jr.™
Dr. Mario™
EarthBound™ Beginnings
Eliminator Boat Duel
Excitebike™
Fire 'n Ice
Ghosts'n Goblins™
Ice Climber™
JOURNEY TO SILIUS
Kirby's Adventure
Kung-Fu Heroes
MAPPY-LAND
Mario Bros.™
Mighty Bomb Jack
NES™ Open Tournament Golf
Ninja JaJaMaru-kun
Punch-Out!!™ Featuring Mr. Dream
River City Ransom
Rygar
S.C.A.T.: Special Cybernetic Attack Team
Shadow of the Ninja
Solomon's Key
Star Soldier
StarTropics™
Super Dodge Ball
Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
Super Mario Bros 2
Tecmo Bowl
VS. Excitebike™
Wario's Woods™
Yoshi™
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link
With the Switch subscription you also get access to many SNES games as well. The SNES games that you can play with the Nintendo Switch Online subscription are:
Bombuzal
BRAWL BROTHERS
Caveman Ninja (also known as Joe & Mac)
Claymates
Congo's Caper
Demon's Crest
Donkey Kong Country
Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong-Quest
Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!
EarthBound™
Earthworm Jim™ 2
Fighter's History
F-ZERO™
Jelly Boy
Joe & Mac 2: Lost in the Tropics
Kirby Super Star™
Kirby's Avalanche™
Kirby's Dream Course™
Kirby's Dream Land™ 3
Magical Drop2
Mario's Super Picross
Natsume Championship Wrestling
Operation Logic Bomb
Panel de Pon
Pilotwings™
Pop'n TwinBee
Prehistorik Man
Psycho Dream
Rival Turf!
Spanky's™ Quest
Smash Tennis™
Star Fox™
Star Fox™ 2
Stunt Race FX™
Super Baseball Simulator 1,000
SUPER E.D.F. EARTH DEFENSE FORCE
Super Ghouls'n Ghosts™
Super Punch-Out!!™
Super Puyo Puyo 2
Super Mario Kart™
Super Mario World™
Super Mario World™ 2: Yoshi's Island
Super Metroid™
Super Tennis
Super Valis IV
The Ignition Factor
The Legend of Zelda™: A Link to the Past
The Peace Keepers
Tuff E Nuff
If you get the expansion pack for the Switch online membership (at an additional cost of course) you get access to N64 and Sega Genesis games as well.
The N64 games that you get with that subscription are:
Banjo Kazooie™
Kirby 64™: The Crystal Shards
Mario Golf
Mario Party™
Mario Party™ 2
Pilotwings™ 64
Pokémon™ Puzzle League
Pokémon Snap™
Sin & Punishment
The Legend of Zelda™: Majora's Mask™
The Legend of Zelda™: Ocarina of Time™
Wave Race™ 64
WIN BACK: COVERT OPERATIONS
Yoshi's Story
The Sega Genesis games that you get with the expansion pack subscription are:
ALISIA DRAGOON
Altered Beast
Beyond Oasis
Castlevania: BLOODLINES
Contra: Hard Corps
Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine
Dynamite Headdy
Ecco the Dolphin
Golden Axe II
Gunstar Heroes
Light Crusader
MEGA MAN: THE WILY WARS
M.U.S.H.A.
Phantasy Star IV
Ristar
Shining Force
Shining Force II
Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master
Sonic The Hedgehog Spinball
Space Harrier II
Super Fantasy Zone
Sword of Vermillon
Target Earth
Thunder Force II
ToeJam & Earl
Zero Wing
You can easily see why so many people are talking about the free games on the Switch Lite. It is sad that more gaming companies do not have free games for their devices like Nintendo does for the Switch Lite, but that is just one reason that Nintendo is better than other gaming companies.
Despite the drawbacks that the Switch Lite console has (such as not having a TV mode, no kickstand or tabletop mode, not having separate Joy-Cons, etc.) it is still a great home console. Despite the Switch Lite not having the graphic capabilities of consoles like the PlayStation, Xbox, or even a PC Nintendo fans still love this little handheld console.
Now that you know what the top 5 free games are for the Nintendo Switch, you can see why so many people are always talking about their Switch Lite and raving about how amazing it is. The Switch Lite is an extremely good gaming device, and having free games, just makes it that much better.
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LIRR & Unions Reduce Labor Costs By $6.5M
In what should be considered a win all the way around, the MTA Long Island Rail Road & local private sector unions have reached an agreement that will help reduce labor costs by $6.5M on several projects. Here is more via the official release I was sent:
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced that MTA Long Island Rail Road and local private-sector unions have reached a Project Labor Agreement designed to reduce the LIRR's labor costs on seven major construction projects by nearly 11%, saving the Railroad an estimated $6.5 million over the course of the next five years while protecting local trade union jobs.
"This Project Labor Agreement is a real win-win for both the riders of the LIRR and the hardworking men and women of local Long Island trade unions," Governor Cuomo said. "As the MTA moves forward on vital LIRR repairs and improvement projects, this agreement will help reduce costs, while creating and retaining good jobs on Long Island. I commend the leadership of the MTA and the Building and Construction Trades Council of Nassau and Suffolk for their hard work in reaching this agreement."
The agreement, negotiated between the LIRR and the Buildings and Construction Trades Council of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, is a first for the MTA and the LIRR. In addition to reducing costs, the pact includes a 'no strike' clause on the covered projects, provides opportunities for minorities and women to enter trade union apprentice programs and includes non-discrimination provisions in union hiring hall and job placement practices.
The first project to benefit from the agreement, which is subject to approval by the MTA Board of Directors, will be civil and structural work for Phase 1 of the LIRR's proposed construction of a second track on its Main Line between Farmingdale and Ronkonkoma scheduled to get underway early next year. The MTA has budgeted $137.7 million for this first phase in its 2010-2014 Capital Plan.
The 'Double Track' project will improve service and reliability on one of the LIRR's busiest branches, spur economic activity, improve off peak frequency of service and reserve peak commuting opportunities, including connections to MacArthur Airport. The Double Track project environmental assessment and 30-day comment period on the project has been completed and a final decision on the project is expected in the fall.
The seven projects covered by the agreement are expected to create between 400 and 500 private sector construction jobs on Long Island.
The other projects covered by the agreement are: the New Mid-Suffolk Electric Yard ($76.6 million); Hicksville Station Improvements ($55.2 million) and Hicksville North Siding ($37.7 million); Ellison Avenue Bridge Replacement in Mineola ($39.2 million); Great Neck Pocket Track Extension ($25.8 million); Wantagh Station Platform Replacement ($20.7 million); and the Colonial Road Highway Bridge Replacement, also in Great Neck ($9.5 million). The total cost of union labor on those projects was originally estimated at $60.1 million.
"The MTA is the economic engine of the region and this ground breaking agreement will ensure that the jobs we help create through our capital program stay local and help the Long Island economy," said MTA Chairman and CEO Thomas Prendergast. "At the same time, by working with organized labor, we will also be able to hold down costs and save precious dollars on these LIRR projects."
"This agreement will result in real cost savings to LIRR customers and to the taxpayer," said LIRR President Helena E. Williams. "At the same time, it means that local construction jobs will go to Long Islanders whose spending power helps fuel the Long Island economy. We wanted to make sure we did everything we could to preserve local jobs while getting the most value for the MTA as we modernize and improve the LIRR. I want to thank our labor partners in the building trades for showing real leadership and flexibility to get this agreement done. It will benefit their members, the railroad and all of Long Island."
"Long awaited projects including Double Track mean better, more reliable service for LIRR commuters and we are pleased to see that they will be done with local labor, preserving local jobs, while helping the MTA hold down costs," said LIRRCC Chairman Mark J. Epstein. "This is a ground breaking agreement for the LIRR, the MTA and organized labor on Long Island. It shows that when all sides work together, vitally necessary projects can move forward benefitting commuters and the LI economy."
State Senator Charles J. Fuschillo, Jr. said, "This agreement is a win for Long Island commuters, labor force and economy. I commend the Long Island Rail Road and the Building and Construction Trades of Nassau and Suffolk County for working together to come to an agreement that will allow these vital projects to move forward ensuring that our mass transit system continues to be efficient and reliable."
County Executive Steve Bellone said, "Congratulations to the Long Island Railroad and the Building and Construction Trades of Nassau and Suffolk Counties for negotiating a Project Labor Agreement which saves money, promotes economic development and protects union jobs. The men and women of the construction trades are a critical component of the regional economy and this agreement will provide an opportunity for more construction personnel to enter apprentice programs and secure good paying jobs and increase their skill sets."
Richard O'Kane, President of the Building and Construction Trades Council of Nassau and Suffolk, said, "This agreement reflects not just the strong work ethic of organized labor but the ability of public authorities to work closely with the construction trades for the purpose of strengthening our region's critical infrastructure. We are proud to be part of this dual track coalition and we are looking forward to helping create the groundwork for a strong and robust 21st Century mass transit system on Long Island."
Rich Schaffer, Town of Babylon Supervisor, said, "This historic agreement is proof that by working together on all levels, major savings can be achieved for the benefit of taxpayers. I applaud Governor Cuomo, the MTA and everyone involved in this agreement because it means good local jobs and the start of the LIRR repairs and improvements that will benefit all Long Island commuters."
Brookhaven Town supervisor Ed Romaine said, "This agreement announced today by Governor Cuomo will provide a major economic boost for our area. With creation of up to 500 private sector jobs and savings of more than $6 million, this is truly a win-win for our residents, and I thank the Governor for his leadership on this issue."
The Buildings and Construction Trades Council of Nassau and Suffolk is an umbrella organization representing 20 trade unions, all signatories of the agreement. Those unions are the Operating Engineers Local 138, Plumbers Local 200, Steam Fitters Local 638,Sheet Metal Workers Local 28, Asbestos Workers Local 12, Roofers Local 154, Iron Workers Local 361, Painters Local 1486, I.B.T. Local 282, Glaziers Local 1087, Bricklayers Local 1, Cement Masons Local 780, Engineers Local 15-D, Resilient Floor Coverers, Local 2287, Iron Workers Local 580, Laborers Local 66, Suburban New York Regional Council of Carpenters, Sheet Metal Workers Local 137, Laborers Local 1298, Lathers Local 46, Elevator Constructors Local 1 and Dockbuilders Local 1456.
Under the agreement, the Railroad guarantees that its contractors will employ only trade workers under the terms of collective agreements in the construction industry on Long Island, a key issue for labor which has seen many local jobs go to out-of-state firms employing non-union workers in recent years.
In undertaking negotiations with the Buildings and Construction Trades Council and its members, the Long Island Rail Road's goal was to obtain the best work at the lowest possible price, prevent favoritism, fraud and corruption, and avoid delays and labor unrest.
In seeking to achieve this goal, the unions agreed to the following changes in their current contracts:
• A 40-hour work week for all trades
• 10-hour days Monday – Thursday straight-time with Friday make-up days; Saturday overtime capped at time and a half rate;
• Eight annual holidays; and
• Maximum percentage apprenticeship work force allowed by state law.
The LIRR estimates that the contract revisions will result in direct savings of $6,595,179 or 10.97% of the total labor cost of these capital projects. The estimated economic benefits of the PLA have been confirmed in a study performed by the engineering firm of Hill International, which has performed this service in connection with numerous other PLAs. Moreover, additional savings are expected as a result of no-strike and management rights provisions which ensure the work proceeds expeditiously with a dependable contractor workforce over the full five-year period.
The deal includes Equal Opportunity hiring provisions and promises fair treatment for minority and women contractors, terms of which were negotiated with the help of MTA Chief Diversity Officer Michael Garner. Veterans also benefit through the use of the "Helmets to Hardhats" program, providing qualified individuals with apprenticeship opportunities.
Deals like this help show that both sides can reach an agreement that benefits each other instead of never ending labor disputes that do no good in the long run.
LIRR, MTA Finances