text:
In days of old, when knights were bold and monkeys chewed tobacco
Actually, a long, long time ago in a land far, far away, the world's first international trade fair took place in Hyde Park in London. It was called The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations or, as it is often called today, The Crystal Palace … and a marvel to behold it must have been at 1851 feet long and tall enough to hold fully-grown oaks within it. Not only a marvel to behold, the building, a prodigious green house – all plate glass and prefabricated cast-iron – was a not only technological phenomenon but also, architecturally speaking, a portent of things to come.
Yet I wonder if the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations gets more than a passing glance in present-day design school curricula, so much is there to be covered with the emphasis being on contract/commercial, not residential, design. Not to notice the Great Exhibition of 1851 as part of a History of Architecture and Interiors course would be a very odd choice because one might posit that is where the modern concept of design began, as did the still-current conversation about design quality. That the concept of design took root and flourished in the ensuing debate about the aesthetic horrors created by machine production on exhibit at the Crystal Palace is history that should not be forgotten, pertinent as it is to today, one-hundred-and-sixty-years later.
False Principles of Design and Other Legends of the Past
Perhaps the greatest legacy of the Great Exhibition of 1851 is The Victoria and Albert Museum,"the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design" with a permanent collection of over four million objects. The Museum opened its doors at Marlborough House with its inaugural exhibition about false principles of design – an attempt by Henry Cole, the Museum's first Director, to define the principles of good and bad design.
Curtain rod holder
Examples of False Principles of Decoration Exhibition
Henry Cole's purpose in holding the exhibition and the seventy-eight objects it showcased was to deter the public from buying goods held to be unsatisfactory and to educate them in matters of taste. A quotation from an Appendix to the exhibition catalogue, illustrates the strength of Henry Cole's dissatisfaction with the industrially-produced goods of his day.
"There has arisen a new species of ornament of the most objectionable kind, which is desirable at once to deprecate on account of its complete departure from just taste and true principles. This may be called the natural or imitative style, and is seen in its worst development in some of the articles of form."
with perspective representation of the Crystal Palace and Serpentine
The exhibition, however, was not a success: a quotation from the Victoria and Albert Museum website:
"The reception accorded this exhibition quickly proved that Cole and his assistant, the artist Richard Redgrave had rather misjudged matters. Every article selected for the exhibition, however unprincipled its design might be, was at least commercially very successful. The public were merely amused by the selection but remained unconverted. The manufacturers whose products were criticised were mortified and immediately complained. The exhibition was closed after only two weeks."[My Italics]
Gilt brass and glass gas lamp bracket
In the False Principles exhibition, this bracket was stigmatized as "direct imitation of nature" and thus held to be unfit for its purpose.
Roller-printed and glazed cotton
The chintz above and the printed cotton below were chosen as examples of bad design because of the realistic imitation of nature, and the effect draping or folding the textile would have when used in a room.
Printed Cotton, circa 1850
The reaction to the Great Exhibition – fundamentally a discussion about good taste and bad taste, with the Aesthetes losing every skirmish on the middle-class battlegrounds then and since – is relevant to today not only because, history being what it is, the pendulum has whizzed round a few times, and we're back where we were – maybe.
The aesthetes, the purists, the minimalists, the expounders of principles such as "fitness for purpose", rightly or wrongly, lose every time the wheel of fashion turns, because the rest of us want our cosy world filled with as much novelty as possible. Any real notion of taste is long gone; "taste" is a word that makes us a little self-conscious, is even pronounced in Italics. And, to be honest, I'm glad of it. Whether or not this is a good thing for the environment is a discussion for another day.
Each of the five examples I borrowed from the Victoria and Albert Museum – the curtain finial, Crystal Palace wallpaper, gas lamp bracket, chintz and printed cotton – is attractive by today's standards (or, if you are a strict Modernist, probably not). Aesthetically speaking, I'm promiscuous, so I love 'em all, and possessing a fifty-year-old hand-blocked length of the Hollyhock linen I've decided to have a blazer lined with it.
The five images below are of newly printed carpets by Moooi. Printed carpet, long the unmentionable poor relation frequently seen hanging around many a roadside rug sale, has now come out of the industry closet with a photo-realistic smack between the eyes – to say nothing of a final broadside to notions of taste.
Jewels Garden
Maison Christian Lacroix
Imitating nature, industrial revolutions and twenty-first-century photo-realism
Whereas Henry Cole and his associates were horrified at the nullifying effect of the Industrial Revolution on the hand-made craftsman aesthetic thereto customary, we today have for so long lived with an orthodoxy of industrial processes that has made craft something of Etsy tweeness or, at the extreme, an artistic wannabe, we are inured to it all. Of course, to every such blanket statement there are exceptions which are worth noting.
Henry Cole and his fellow exhibition organizers found few supporters in the general public and the manufacturers of his time, but the Arts and Crafts Movement that came after him was influenced by his ideas as were, in their turn, the early Modernists, and here we are nearly two-hundred years later in a post-industrial society, in a technological revolution watching an interior design industry in its death-throes still producing printed textiles that probably would have given Cole apoplexy, but excite the rest of us with their novelty or, perhaps more importantly, in the case of chintz, the lack of. Plus ça change.
Photographs of Moooi Carpets from Dezeen
Photographs of five objectionable objects from Victoria and Albert Museum
Images of Crystal Palace from Wikipedia
A book recommendation and the persistence of an idea
I'm not sure why since I came back from California I've been captivated by dining rooms, but many a time I've sat in mine in the early morning sun, black dog at my feet, leafing through books searching for rooms I like. I found many of the formal kind, fewer of the less so, and not a few that were nothing more than showing off. Stylists rule, I guess. I came across old favorites, other rooms I'd forgotten about, influences and, two days ago at an evening event at my favorite furniture store, a book about a Spanish decorator, the Marquis of Azpeztequia, who died in January this year – a fact that surprisingly made hardly a ripple in the design social media here.
I first knew of the Marquis of Azpeztequia, better known to the English-speaking world as Jaime Parladé, from the pages of The World of Interiors during the 1980s, with photographs of a house for a couple from Bilbao (I learn from the book it is no longer standing), which at the time made both of us fell in love with pink-lined linen sheers and cream-colored crewel upholstered furniture. Seeing those rooms again brings it all back and I would like to write about them in the future to see if I can recapture the magic – for magic it was and Señor Parladé was no trickster. These two dining rooms in Spain are by him, the first with walls of toile de jouy and the second of cordovan painted leather, and illustrate what I realize now I was searching for all those mornings and had to go out of the house to find – atmosphere.
Nowadays there are many who decorate or, as my old prof would put it, desecrate – it all depends on your point of view – but few create atmosphere. It could be argued that atmosphere is a combination of stylist, lens, photographer and lighting and I tend to agree, for one has only to see realtors' photographs of once famously atmospheric rooms to recognize that the skill of a good photographer is paramount when working with rooms of any subtlety. It is the combination of the two professionals – the two artists, if you will – that create the intangible that lifts off the page.
Jaime Parladé
Ricardo Labougle, Joaquín Corté, Derry Moore, photographers
This is the third of three books about decorators I have felt worth buying this year
The Formal Dining Room
"More than any other room in the house, the dining room is a place for old traditions, a scene of ritual use where we can indulge in memories of the way our parents and grandparents did things in days gone by. We can put to use objects we have inherited from previous generations without their seeming like irrelevant artifacts. Many otherwise modern people when using their dining rooms actually enjoy returning to the vanished world of manners commonly thought to have been more gentle and refined than our own."
Mark Hampton
Almost thirty years ago, Mark Hampton wrote about the essential nostalgia and costly exhibitionism of dining rooms. His essay, The Integrity of Dining Rooms, written at a time of resurgence of an idea first established, allegedly, during the eighteenth-century – that of a room dedicated to dining, not communally in the medieval manner, but socially for members of le beau monde. So well-written and apparently personal is it, it is easy to forget that Mr Hampton's essay, written at the height of the trickle-down economy, should be seen as precisely what it was, a piece of marketing for the magazine in which it appeared, the long-ago defunct House and Garden, and his own flourishing business working for those who had created that economy.
Oval dining room, Britwell Salome
David Mlinaric
The Salon Rouge, British Embassy, Paris
Geoffrey Bennison
Lord Weidenfeld's dining room
Exquisite but unattributed from Instagram
An eighteenth-century dessert setting
A recreation of the French manner at Waddesdon
Formal dining rooms persist in this modern age – when for most people, I should think, beyond the seasonal reenactments of Rockwellesque family gatherings that are a powerful tool for selling the idea of family to families – the actual need for a room solely dedicated to dining, is rare. Essentially a room of ceremony and parade, the formal dining room co-exists with the "great room" – that combination of kitchen, living room and dining space so useful to the modern family – and unless the family is given to much entertaining at table, is a status symbol as vestigial as the human tail. Belonging as it does to the "public" part of a dwelling where the inhabitants are characterized by what they display in terms of possessions and behavior, an inordinate amount of money may be spent on it. And so the dining room goes on, generation after generation, lugged around as Coleridge said in another context:
Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks
Had I from old and young !
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung
The Happiness and Heartache
His First Birthday
The Health of the Bride
Stanhope Forbes
Mariage de Convenance
Sir William Quiller Orchardson
Two night ago, beneath a beautiful Venetian chandelier, seven of us dined on gumbo, salad and bread pudding and I thought then however grand the room, atmosphere also comes from the mood of people with whom one sits, not from dimmed lighting so beloved of restaurateurs and which has begun now to sap the joy from residential dining spaces. We were a crowd international in origin – Mexican, British, Spanish, Texan and Chinese – and a jolly one, despite three of us being very serious architects. We ended the evening, skirting the hiphop-throbbing frat houses of Georgia Tech, with a viewing of the College of Architecture's adaptive reuse of the Hinman Research Building. It's the kind of thing one does, at midnight after a good dinner with architects,
A most magnificent space, an erstwhile machine shop, likened too easily to a cathedral as are many older industrial spaces (the present-day Tate Modern, for example) and not shown to advantage by my iPhone photographs, hence this link to official Geogia Tech images.
Personal Preferences
Melvyn Dwork
Joseph Braswell
William Hodgkins
Tino Zervudachi
"Atmosphere" is where I begin my search for images of rooms that could give me ideas for our sparsely furnished dining room. More alcove than room, we use it every day and at the weekends we breakfast there too. Facing full east, it's the ideal place for weekend relaxing over a second cup with iPads, especially when the the plumbago is in bloom, the hummingbirds squabble and dart about, and the clouds build.
Some of the best times have been spent at that table listening to the Jeweler, such a rare friend and a superb raconteur much given to elliptical digressions and occasional jaw-dropping transgressions that can cause tear-inducing and cathartic belly laughs. His partner, the Celt's much valued friend, is of a quieter bent – though occasionally disposed to slipping off dining chairs onto dogs – and typically looks on in wide-eyed, if speechless mellowness. The rest of us try not to simultaneously inhale and chew, and end the evening with a feeling of magnificent well-being that has nothing to do with bourbon and everything to do with companionship and laughter.
Drama we don't need – gawd knows the world provides enough of that – but good lighting is an absolute. Since my eyes have deteriorated, I cannot clearly see who is at the other side of the table but the whorls of fingerprint left by the maid on the silver is completely identifiable and as to the number of angels dancing on the head of a pin, I can be precise. Candlelight is wonderful for smoothing out wrinkles; Botox better, I hear, but until the mooncalf look becomes acceptable for everyone, I'll keep the beeswax burning. Candlelit dining tables are divinely romantic but I do worry once in a while, when surrounded by acquaintances caressing their newly Botox-injected faces to see if they still have them, that these candle flames, by some mischance, a stray breeze and the clouds of fragrance with a superabundance of sillage, might become the final conflagration that takes down the whole universe.
Early morning coffee with one of my peeps
Beyond, a view to the dining table
The Health of the Bride, Stanhope Forbes from Paradise Lost, Christopher Wood, Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1988
Mariage de Convenance, Sir William Quiller Orchardson, from Victorian Painting, Christopher Wood, Bulfinch Press, Little, Brown and Company, 1999
His First Birthday, Frederick Morgan, from Victorian Painting, Christopher Wood, Bulfinch Press, Little, Brown and Company, 1999
Christmas Eve, from The World of Carl Larsson, The Green Tiger Press, La Jolla, 1982
Recreation of an eighteenth-century dessert setting in the French manner at Waddesdon from Flora Domestica: A History of British Flower Arranging 1500-1930, Mary Rose Blacker, photography by Andreas von Eisiedel, The National Trust, Harry N. Abrams Inc.
Photograph of dining banquette by Melvyn Dwork from Manhattan Style, John Esten with Rose Bennett Gilbert, Photographs by Chinsee, Little, Brown and Company, 1990
Photograph of kitchen dining table from Tino Zervudachi: A Portfolio, Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni, Pointed Leaf Press, LLC, 2012
Photograph of Joseph Braswell's dining banquette by Peter Vitale from Architectural Digest, April 1977
Photograph of William Hodgkin dining table and chairs by Peter Vitale for Architectural Digest, May 1983
Photograph of Lord Weidenfeld's dining room by Geoffrey Bennison from Geoffrey Bennison: Master Decorator Hardcover, Gillian Newberry, Rizzoli, 2015
Photograph of the Salon Rouge from Mlinaric on Decorating, Mirabel Cecil, Francis Lincoln Limited, 2008
Photograph of the oval dining room, Britwell Salome from David Hicks: A Life of Design, Ashley Hicks, Rizzoli, 2009
Photograph of Mark Hampton's Fort Worth dining room from Mark Hampton: An American Decorator, Duane Hampton, Rizzoli, 2010
Ginger-ale and croutons
This afternoon I'm sitting on a terrace high on a bluff overlooking the ocean reading James Lees-Milne's Diaries from 1984 to 1997 and came across this entry for Thursday, 19th September 1984.
"Last night after dinner David Hicks telephoned to say Rory had died at 7.30. A[lvilde]pretended she knew already – so odd of her. She adored Rory and cherished the knowledge that she had known him years before David and other grand and rich friends. This morning, poor Gilbert telephoned from Ménèrbes, saying that he had spent the whole night with Rory on his bed, unable to believe he was dead."
"Rory," of course, is Roderick Cameron, about whom I've written a number of times before. In some ways it's good to have an end to that story because he was much more to his friends than the creator of the so-called tablescape (according to Hicks) and talented arranger of beautiful rooms that many have aspired to emulate. But, more about Mr Cameron at another date when I return to my erstwhile theme of what a friend called my "dead decorators."
I am, perhaps, finding Mr Lees-Milne a tad depressing for such a sunny day, harping as he does on loss, death and ruined architecture. Nonetheless, his diaries are fascinating; he knew everyone and has absolutely nothing to do with anything or the fact I'm in California.
Ginger-ale and croutons based on a sentence in JL-M diaries and suggested my lunch in hotel bar.
In days of old, when knights were bold and monkeys...


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models, migrations

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('jobs', '0007_auto_20150227_2223'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='jobcategory',
            name='active',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=True),
            preserve_default=True,
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='jobtype',
            name='active',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=True),
            preserve_default=True,
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='job',
            name='region',
            field=models.CharField(blank=True, verbose_name='State, Province or Region', max_length=100, default=''),
            preserve_default=False,
        ),
    ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Information This information is given as a guide only. It is intended for the average user and assumes your laser has abequate extraction in place for the materials/volumes you are processing. If you are processing on a large scale then you may need to take additional action. If in doubt ask!
Merry Christmas from all at Hobarts, thank you for making 2018 yet another successful year!


text:
"The Classical Annex" is a short story by E. M. Forster, written in 1930–1931 and published posthumously in The Life to Come (and Other Stories) in 1972.

External links
Plot Summary

Classical Annex, The
Short stories by E. M. Forster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Stunnning New Quick Delivery Toll Brothers Home in the beautiful, gated community Dorada Estates. Luxury features throughout include, chef's kitchen, stainless appliances, and a huge great room. The master suite will not disappoint with a large WIC, freestanding tub,and dual vanities. 12 ft soaring ceilings that make this home a must see! 4 car side load garage,paver driveway and sidewalks with front yard landscape. Luxury resort style living.


text:
Krakovští z Kolovrat (podle rodinou preferovaného pravopisu Krakowští z Kolowrat, případně Kolowrat-Krakowští) jsou jednou z větví rodu Kolovratů a posledními žijícími příslušníky tohoto rodu. Svůj název odvozují od hradu Krakovec. Současnou hlavou rodiny je Maximilian Alexander Kolowrat-Krakowský (* 1996).

Počátky rodu
První písemně doložená zpráva o starobylém rodu Kolowratů pochází již z konce 13. století. Za skutečného zakladatele rodu a prvním historicky doloženým pánem z Kolowrat je však považován až Albrecht z Kolowrat († 1391), jehož předkové pocházeli z vesnice Kolovraty (u Uhříněvsi). Hejtman a maršálek královny Anny Svídnické (manželky Karla IV.), přísedící zemského a dvorního lenního soudu vstoupil do historie v roce 1347, kdy figuroval jako svědek při prodeji Rožmitálu. Se třemi manželkami měl osm dětí, z toho šest synů, kteří položili základy jednoho z nejrozvětvenějších českých šlechtických rodů.

Rozvětvení páni z Kolowrat
Během 14. a 15. století se rod Kolowratů rozdělil do osmi rodových větví:
 Liebsteinské,
 Kornhauzské,
 Žehrovické,
 Bezdružické,
 Nowohradské,
 Mašťovské,
 Černonické,
 a jediné dosud žijící – Krakowské.
Rod Kolovratů hrál nezanedbatelnou úlohu v historii a politice nejen v Čechách, ale i v celé střední Evropě. Členové rodu zastávali nejrůznější významné funkce. Našli bychom mezi nimi polní maršály, první ministry, nejvyšší kancléře, královské místodržící, guvernéry, ambasadory, arcibiskupy a také podporovatele českého národního obrození. Řada z nich podporovala umění, kulturu, vzdělání, hospodářský a stavební vývoj a podílela se na ekonomicko-sociálním rozvoji státu. Za své zásluhy byli páni z Kolowrat v 17. století povýšeni do říšského a posléze do českého hraběcího stavu.

Linie Kolowrat-Krakowští
Linie Kolowrat-Krakowští odvozuje svůj název od hradu Krakovec u Rakovníka, který zakoupil v roce 1443 Albrecht z Kolowrat (1422–1470) a založil tak nejpočetnější větev Kolowratů. Vilém Albrecht Kolowrat-Krakowský (1600–1689), nejvyšší kancléř, získal v roce 1671 říšský hraběcí titul a o tři roky později i titul český.

Význačným příslušníkem linie Kolowrat-Krakowských byl bezesporu vzdělaný a schopný politik, kterého si dokonce oblíbila česká a uherská královna Marie Terezie – hrabě Leopold Vilém Kolowrat-Krakowský (1727–1809), který získal Řád zlatého rouna. Leopold Vilém měl se dvěma manželkami 17 dětí a nejmladší z nich – František Xaver I. Kolowrat-Krakowský (1783–1855) je společným předkem všech dnes žijících potomků pánů z Kolowrat.

Další výraznou osobností větve Kolowrat-Krakowské byl Jan Nepomuk Karel, zvaný Hanuš (1794–1872), poslední příslušník březnické větve, vlastenec a filantrop, který podporoval Matici českou a přispěl nejvyšší darovanou částkou do celonárodní sbírky na stavbu Národního divadla. Díky svému vlastenectví, mecenášství a pomoci potřebným se stal předlohou k postavě hraběte Březenského v románu Boženy Němcové Pohorská vesnice.

Novodobá historie
Koncem 19. století se správy rodového majetku Kolowratů ujal hrabě Leopold Filip Kolowrat-Krakowský (1852–1910), poslanec říšské rady a českého sněmu, držitel řádu železné koruny 2. třídy. Kromě panství na Přimdě a na Klatovsku spravoval také Kolowratský palác a Nový Kolowratský palác v ulici Na příkopě č. 17 v Praze.

Nástupcem hraběte Leopolda Filipa a novým pánem panství Kolowrat-Krakowských se stal nejstarší syn Alexandr Kolowrat-Krakowský (1886–1927), zvaný "Saša". Proslavil se nejen jako prezident filmové společnosti, který pro film objevil Marlene Dietrichovou, ale také jako úspěšný a uznávaný automobilový závodník. Získal celou řadu automobilových cen a stal se pravou rukou Václava Klementa, majitele automobilky Laurin & Klement. Na jeho počest se dodnes koná každoroční sraz historických vozidel Jízda Saši Kolowrata s okružní jízdou v okolí Přimdy a s návštěvou sousedních měst v Bavorsku.

Když v roce 1927 Alexandr Kolowrat-Krakowský zemřel, správy panství se ujal jeho bratr Jindřich Kolowrat-Krakowský. Ten pak po roce 1948 emigroval do USA, kde dlouhá léta žil, ale po roce 1989 se vrátil do své rodné vlasti. Na základě restitučních zákonů bylo Kolowrat-Krakowským vráceno prakticky celé někdejší panství a Jindřich se společně se svým nejmladším synem Františkem Tomášem ujal jeho správy. Jindřich Kolowrat-Krakowský byl za odbojovou činnost v průběhu druhé světové války prezidentem Edvardem Benešem vyznamenán Válečným křížem a v roce 1991 převzal z rukou prezidenta Václava Havla na Pražském hradě Masarykův řád druhé třídy.

V roce 1996 ve věku 98 let Jindřich Kolowrat-Krakowský zemřel a jeho dědicem a nástupcem se stal František Tomáš Kolowrat-Krakowský, který se spolu s otcem jako jediný vrátil z USA do tehdejšího Československa, aby s péčí řádného hospodáře spravovali rodový majetek. František Tomáš zemřel v roce 2004 a pokračovateli tohoto starobylého českého šlechtického rodu jsou Maximilian Alexander a Francesca Dominika Kolowrat-Krakowští, děti Františka Tomáše Kolowrat-Krakowského.

Významné osobnosti rodu
 Albrecht starší z Kolowrat († 5. 7. 1391), zakladatel kláštera řádu sv. Augustina v Dolním Ročově
 Albrecht mladší z Kolowrat (uváděn 1369–1416), spoluzakladatel augustiniánského kláštera v Dolním Ročově
 Albrecht I. z Kolowrat (uváděn 1422–1470), přísedící dvorského lenního soudu
 Jindřich Albrecht z Kolowrat a z Krakovce (uváděn 1479–1530), hejtman rakovnického kraje a nejvyšší dvorský lenní soudce v Čechách
 Albrecht II. z Kolowrat (uváděn 1503–1542), hejtman rakovnického kraje
 Jan Krakowský z Kolowrat (uváděn 1530–1555), hejtman rakovnického kraje
 Kryštof Jindřich Krakowský z Kolowrat (uváděn 1549–1596), hejtman rakovnického kraje
 Bohuslav Jiří Krakowský z Kolowrat (1596–1638/41), komoří a císařský rada
 Vilém Albrecht I. hrabě Krakowský z Kolowrat (1600–1688), nejvyšší hofmistr a zemský soudce království českého
 Kryštof Jaroslav Krakowský z Kolowrat (1604–1659), císařský rada, přísedící dvorského lenního a komorního soudu
 Jan František Krakowský z Kolowrat (1649–1723), nejvyšší kancléř království českého, královský komisař, 1. uživatel peněžního fideikomisu
 Albrecht Jindřich Krakowský z Kolowrat (1655–1704), povýšen do českého hraběcího stavu, komoří, skutečný tajný rada, hejtman rakovnického kraje
 Maximilián Norbert Krakowský z Kolowrat (1660–1721), nejvyšší zemský komorník, prezident rady nad apelacemi v Čechách, mecenáš
 Vilém Albrecht II. Krakowský z Kolowrat, svobodný pán z Újezda (1678–1738), nejvyšší kancléř království českého
 Filip Nerius Krakowský z Kolowrat (1686–1773), rytíř Řádu zlatého rouna, nejvyšší purkrabí a zemský sudí, viceprezident české komory
 Kajetán František Krakowský z Kolowrat (1689–1769), polní maršál, vojenský velitel na Moravě, velitel žoldnéřské armády a dělostřelectva
 Emanuel Václav Krakowský z Kolowrat (1700–1769), 51. český velkopřevor řádu Maltézských rytířů (1754–1769), generál, polní podmaršál, majitel pluku dragounů "Kolowrat"
 Prokop Jan Krakowský z Kolowrat (1718–1774), nejvyšší dvorský lenní soudce, nejvyšší zemský soudce
 Leopold Vilém Krakowský z Kolowrat (1727–1809), rytíř Řádu zlatého rouna, nejvyšší česko-rakouský kancléř, státní a konferenční ministr, rytíř Leopoldova řádu, držitel řádu sv. Štěpána
 Jan Nepomuk Karel Josef Krakowský z Kolowrat, svobodný pán z Újezda (1748–1816), komtur řádu Maltézských rytířů, dvorský válečný rada a velící generál v Čechách, polní maršál, držitel vojenských řádů
 Filip František Krakowský z Kolowrat (1756–1836), podkomoří králové v Čechách
 Alois Josef Krakowský z Kolowrat, svobodný pán z Újezda, (1759–1833), 24. arcibiskup pražský
 František Xaver I. Krakowský z Kolowrat (1783–1855), komoří, podplukovník
 Jan Nepomuk Karel (zv. Hanuš) Krakowský z Kolowrat, svobodný pán z Újezda (1794–1872), rytíř řádu Maltézských rytířů, komoří a skutečný tajný rada, rytíř Leopoldova řádu
 František Xaver II. Krakowský z Kolowrat (1803–1873), 58. český velkopřevor řádu Maltézských rytířů, vyslanec u císařského dvora, rytíř Leopoldova řádu
 Leopold Maria Krakowský z Kolowrat (1804–1863), polní podmaršál, velící generál, nositel vojenských řádů
 Leopold Filip Kolowrat-Krakowský (1852–1910), poslanec říšské rady a českého sněmu, rytíř řádu Železné koruny druhé třídy
 Alexander Joseph Kolowrat-Krakowský (1886–1927), filmový producent, automobilový a motocyklový závodník, rytíř řádu Františka Josefa
 Berta Kolowrat-Krakowská (1890–1982), manželka Jeronýma hraběte Colloredo-Mannsfelda
 Bedřich Kolowrat-Krakowský (1893–1920), nadporučík hulánského pluku
 Jindřich Kolowrat-Krakowský (1897–1996), politik, vizionář, národohospodář, obnovitel současného panství, nositel vojenských a čestných řádů
 František Tomáš Kolowrat-Krakowský (1943–2004), pokračovatel správy rodového majetku

Majetek
 Hrady – Krakovec, Přimda
 Zámky – Březnice, Dešenice, Diana, Chyše, Týnec, Velké Dvorce, Žichovice
 Obce – Běšiny, Dešenice, Hradiště u Blovic, Janovice nad Úhlavou, Velké Dvorce, Žichovice
 Paláce – Kolowratský palác, Nový Kolowratský palác, palác Chicago, palác Purkyňova (dnešní Kolowratovy domy)

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 HALADA, Jan. Lexikon české šlechty : Erby, fakta, osobnosti, sídla a zajímavosti. 1. Praha : Akropolis, 1992. . Kapitola Kolovratové, s. 75-77.

Související články
 Seznam českých šlechtických rodů
 Kolowratové
 Kolowrat Krakowští-Liebsteinští
 Kolowrat-Liebsteinští
 Nadační fond Kolowrátek
 Modrá krev

Externí odkazy

 historie rodu na stránkách prirodakarlovarska.cz
 www.kolowrat.cz
 Dokument ČT - Modrá krev: Kolowratové
 Dokument ČT - Lidé s Erbem
 Dokument ČT - GEN: Jindřich hrabě Kolowrat-Krakowský
 http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/exkluzivne-na-ct24/osobnosti-na-ct24/37095-muj-neurozeny-puvod-byl-mozna-vyhodou-rika-dominika-kolowrat-krakovska/
 http://ona.idnes.cz/dominika-kolowrat-krakovska-nejsem-zlatokopka-jak-si-mnozi-mysli-1cc-/spolecnost.aspx?c=A080424_160210_ona_ony_jup

České šlechtické rody


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Home » News » Propecia » Propecia Peyronie's Disease Lawsuit Filed
Propecia Peyronie's Disease Lawsuit Filed
By: Staff Writer Propecia
A Propecia Peyronie's disease lawsuit has been filed against Merck & Co, Inc. by a Madison County, AL husband and wife. The plaintiffs claim that Merck either knew, or should have known, that hair loss drug Propecia can cause serious side effects when used as intended, including cognitive impairment, sexual dysfunction and depression. The plaintiffs seek compensatory and special damages form Merck, as well as punitive damages because Merck allegedly demonstrated reckless indifference to the health and well-being of the public.
The lawsuit claims that the plaintiff suffered cognitive impairment, as well as severe sexual dysfunction and Peyronie's disease after taking Propecia to treat male pattern hair loss. The plaintiffs allege that these side effects continued after the use of Propecia was discontinued and that both husband and wife are experiencing ongoing losses including diminished quality of life and a loss of their sexual relationship.
Propecia risks and dangers
Propecia is a brand name for a medication called finasteride, which was initially developed to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia but which was approved in 1997 as a treatment for male pattern hair loss. Merck began to promote the drug as a treatment for baldness, advertising the drug as a treatment that is safe with limited risk. The pharmaceutical company did acknowledge on its label that a limited number of users could experience sexual dysfunction and other potential side effects, including depression.
The plaintiff was first prescribed Propecia in 2001, and became a regular user of medication after this time. When prescribed the medication, he was unaware of the full extent of the risk he was taking on. It was not until 2006 that the Swedish Medical Products Agency investigated reports that sexual dysfunction was continuing among patients taking Finasteride even after the use of the medication was discontinued.
In 2008, the label of the drug was changed in Sweden to reflect the risk of lasting sexual dysfunction and in 2009, the Swedish Medical Products Agency concluded the erectile dysfunction could be permanent.
The label was changed not only in Sweden, where researchers had revealed problems, but also in the United Kingdom and Italy as well. However, despite updating the Propecia label nine separate times within the United States, Merck had not yet alerted U.S. users of the potential risk of permanent sexual dysfunction by mid-2011.
Merck updated the Propecia website to provide a warning in April of 2011, and the FDA announced that the process had begun to change the Propecia label in 2012. However, this change has not yet been made, and it comes far too late for the plaintiff, who has experienced lasting side effects from the drug, including cognitive impairment.
Propecia cognitive impairment leads to lawsuit
The plaintiffs do not believe that Merck provided adequate warning about the serious risks to patients in the U.S., despite changing the warning labels on the medication in Europe. The fact that the company changed these labels could provide proof demonstrating that Merck knew, or should have known, about the side effects of Propecia. Yet, according to the lawsuit, the company continued to hide those side effects from the public.
In their Propecia Peyronie's disease lawsuit, the plaintiffs have alleged multiple legal grounds to hold Merck accountable, including strict liability, negligence, breach of implied and express warranties, fraud, unfair and deceptive trade practices, and negligent infliction of emotional distress.
Men's Journal, The (Not So Hard) Truth About Hair Loss Drugs, http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/the-not-so-hard-truth-about-hair-loss-drugs-20121115
Food and Drug Administration, Questions and Answers: Finasteride Label Changes, http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/informationbydrugclass/ucm299754.htm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Unhappy with a purchase? Let's fix that.
Kerby, we will no longer tolerate your hostile threats. We don't need your ultimatum. Your goal is to annoy us to earn money, after you've been playing the game for several years. As per Steam policy, you've played over 100 hours more than the maximum allowed for a refund, and we can only assume that you have just as many hours before we launched on Steam. Most people consider to have paid $1 USD for an hour of gameplay to be the idea exchange, and you seem to have even beaten that rate. Because of this, our team will stop engaging with you on all fronts. You are an attention seeking individual that's been given polite and reasonable answers to your questions through this whole time. You've now become increasingly belligerent and we will not tolerate this type of behavior. From now on you'll not get any more attention from us, and if you continue creating useless posts on forums (Including the Steam forums where you have been just as belligerent to others), we will remove you from them.
You really need to stop spamming all over, we've been very nice and listening to your feedback. But you just spamming your personal opinion all over the places. If you'll not stop doing that you'll be banned. We're happy to hear what you have to say, but you keep posting the same thing everywhere over and over. Please stop polluting forums with the same negative comments you've been copy/pasting. Last and final warning for you.
Hi everyone, just FYI we're still working on features and will continue polishing experience all August. Our plan was to work on the features by August and most of the August we spent on optimization, bug fixes, improvements and etc. So, be advised that we know that you will come across the bugs. To help us, please provide detailed information about how to reproduce the bug, what can we change to make the particular feature more entertaining and what is not intuitive and etc. We have a lot of work in front of us and we hope you guys will help us.
Hi @Martiny you'll find your game in your "My Games" section at www.crytivo.com https://crytivo.com/mygames. If you never logged in, you probably will need to reset your password, use your original KS email. If you'll continue having issues feel free contacting support[@]crytivo.com Thank you for your support!
Great feedback, thanks. We are working on features that will allow you to chose to make your Nuggets build important buildings when they need them and you will just back them up if needed. Check out this update https://theuniversim.com/micro-to-macro-nugget-automation. Through the Townhall, Nuggets will be able to elect Ministers that will be responsible for certain city infrastructures. For example, Minister of food Nugget will be trigger Farm and Eatery constructions based on the city demands. And as a player, you'll have a choice if you'd rather have full control by yourself over these categories by simply locking a spot or dropping a bolder on the guys head. Overall great points and the good news is it looks like we're on the same page. I think the issue is that we left all the god interaction for a later dev time, while we were highly concentrated on the world and main core mechanics implementation. Our goal was to build a technical sandbox, tools for us, that will allow us implementing these "Fun-God Actions" to the game with no limitations from the technical side. Thanks again for a great constructive feedback, I'm happy to see great new ideas and suggestion that will help us make The Universim better game.
Hey @rnramos thanks for your comment. Can you elaborate on this, please I think they're very optional at the moment and we actually developing ways to make them a bit more useful. It's Planet Management - God Game. It's like saying I don't want have cars in your racing game, no? GodMail - going away. Quest system is going to be more informative now. Thanks for your comment!
You guys are responding really fast. I'll do my best to respond on everybody's comment. I might step away at some point, but I'll be back chatting with you friends.
Thanks @Stronkie and this is the main reason why we're running a survey and asking for your feedback. The main goal is to get constructive feedback, doesn't matter if it's positive or negative. Negative feedback is extremely important and I'm happy to see you're taking your time explaining what can be done better. We're moving our development towards you as a player being more influential rather giving direct commands to your Nuggets and we will have few updates soon that will address that. This is on the way as well. And it honestly will be like that. We worked on a game engine that working with all the simulations in the world. Now we have Faith system on the way, temples and choice to be a good or bad god. Please continue letting us know what we can do better to make The Universim better game and meet those expectations we set with 100% precision Thanks!
Thank you for your comment and feedback. I would love to learn more about this, can you please elaborate on what is not being developed as promised. Sorry that we keep you waiting. We needed extra time to implement big features based on the community feedback. Such things as improved Research system, God Quests and Missions, Srory and etc etc. It's definitely a huge challenge for us to release updates on a monthly basis and we're hoping to get back to this schedule right after Steam Release. Most of the core mechanics/game engine are developed and it's much easier for us to add new FUN features since game can support them. Development will move so much faster now. Sorry that we're not meeting your expectations with the development speed. Our team is still relatively small and I think they're doing an outstanding job. If you can check out our monthly patch notes enormous amount of work done on a daily basis. Ah as much as I would want that, unfortunately, it's not going to happen. We still plan to add many more features and work with the community very closely to make sure that The Universim is the game you guys expected. We're listening very closely and your feedback is extremely important for our team. I really appreciate your honesty and constructive feedback, we will do our best to meet your expectations. I will put this as my number one wish as well Thanks a lot for your comment!
Hello Dear friends, We've been super busy working on new features, balance changes, and a whole host of improvements over the last few months. However, as you know, we always want to hear from you about what you believe we can improve on. This topic was created to get your thoughts on the current state of The Universim. First of all, we would greatly appreciate it if you fill out this survey. Here are some of the most important things we want to know: What do you believe is the Number One feature we're missing right now? How would you imagine this feature to function? What do you like most about The Universim? How can we improve upon it, and what should we avoid changing? How can we increase the replay value of the game for you? We want you to enjoy The Universim for as long as possible, so we'd love to hear your suggestions. Are there any features from your favorite games that you feel could be adapted into The Universim to improve your playing experience? What is your opinion on the current level of micromanagement in the game? Would you like more or less of it? We are trying to minimize micromanagement, but we don't want The Universim to turn into the world's most expensive screensaver. Should The Universim be a more challenging experience? We want to make the game accessible and enjoyable for all players, no matter their skill level. Let us know if you want a more relaxing experience or one that will offer a bit more challenge. How would you rate the game in terms of bugs? What are the most annoying issues you have found in the most recent build? Is there anything, in particular, we should focus on? Lastly, what would you like in terms of future rewards? We are always looking to add something extra for everyone who supported The Universim from day one. We are enormously grateful for your help and continued support. At the moment, we are adding everyone's names to the game in the Rise of Evolution Monument . You'll be receiving another small survey at www.crytivo.com requesting the correct name you'd like to use. However, another little something is being added to the game just for you. An early support skin is on its way for everyone who purchases the game before August 28. You're on our VIP list, so expect to receive a whole lot more in the future! Thank you to everyone who continues to help us address all of the issues with the game's design, balance, and bugs. Your feedback is essential to making The Universim better every day. For daily updates and all the news about The Universim, be sure to follow us on Twitter , Facebook , and Reddit . We'd love to see you there.
Thanks, @SnorlaxRae Do you think the game needs more buildings or any specific features overall? Events, missions maybe?


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Sachin Rekhi
Musings on product management & entrepreneurship.
Tactics in Increasing Signal to Noise Ratio
One of the most disruptive trends in the Internet era has been turning a culture of scarcity on its head and transforming it to one of ubiquitous access. No longer is the news, music, videos, and games we consume controlled by powerful oligopolies who artificially constrain supply in order to increase the value of their offerings. Instead, the new found democratization of media and information has been a win for all consumers, giving them the ability to consume their content wherever, whenever, and however they wish. While this transformation isn't complete, it is well on it's way across almost all major content verticals.
Yet with this new world has come new challenges. Specifically, finding the information most relevant to you right now has become a real struggle with the explosion of availability of content. When you look across the web today at the most successful properties, they can often be looked at as productivity tools helping us to increase the signal-to-noise ratio to make sense of our new information overload challenges. These services help us to filter and discover the content that is most relevant to us right now.
Given that this is still an emerging space, there are a variety of tactics that are being used across these services to increase the signal to noise ratio. I thought I'd take a moment to discuss ten trending tactics that these services are leveraging so that you can bring them to your own applications. I expect to see us refine our best practices across each of these tactics as well as see new ones emerge as we continue to understand how to handle this explosion of content that empowers the Internet today.
Search is clearly the predominant way that users find information relevant to them on the Internet today, as evidenced by Google being the #1 property on Alexa's Top 500 Global Sites list.
The thing to remember about search is that it has itself been a mini revolution within the Internet. In the early days the major portals like AOL, MSN, and Yahoo controlled our web experience and search was a very insignificant portion of it. But user's behaviors have now changed to come to expect keyword search based experiences.
Given this transformation, if you don't at least have a search bar on your own application, your missing out on a great opportunity to leverage user's existing behaviors and help your users get to their desired content fast. This doesn't have to be an expensive feature. You can leverage Google Custom Search Engine to simply show Google Results for your site on your page, styled to your own CSS.
2. Search + Filter
A newer trend in search has been marrying search results with various category or content type filters to enable further result refinement. Bing was the first search engine I can remember that did this, but this has become an important part of Google as well. Even in social networking, LinkedIn has released a multi-faceted search experience that leverages the same concept to display relevant filters to refine your people search results.
The additional filter refinements are important because it allows a user to easily jump to the subset of results that are relevant to them without having to think about how to use traditional keywords to more precisely refine their search. It removes the need for additional cognition, which saves time and valuable mental cycles that can be directed elsewhere.
While implementing this does require the ability to cluster results around categories, your data set most likely already lends itself to a natural categorization structure that you already have in place.
3. Recommendations
Recommending content based on marrying a user's content consumption history with that of other user is the hallmark of Amazon's product recommendations experience. They were the earliest and still today one of the best in doing so.
Recommendations take advantage of the fact that people don't always know exactly what they are looking for, but by leveraging your existing understanding of their content consumption, you can recommend additional content they may enjoy consuming.
While the collaborative filtering techniques that companies like Amazon and YouTube leverage are non-trivial to implement, there are often cheaper shortcuts for early implementations, like serving up recommendations based on top categories of the content the user has consumed. In addition, there are existing recommendation engines that you can leverage like DirectedEdge that bring the intelligence of collaborative filtering to your data set.
4. Location
With the advent of powerful mobile devices comes the ability to create relevance from location. The simplest example of this is how Google Mobile can automatically leverage your current location to serve up search results filtered to your current city.
Mobile scenarios are often the most straightforward to implement since it's expected that at the time the user would be looking for locally-relevant information on the go. However, many existing web applications can take advantage of location as well. Many applications lend themselves easily to location-centric information, like restaurant reviews, weather, news, and more. But even outside of the typical categories, location can be used in many ways to improve a user's experience. Milo, for example, leverages not only the user's location, but location and availability information of product to tell you where you can locally purchase a product right now. Or photo sites like Panoramio (acquired by Google) leverage location to put photos on a map of where they were taken.
The HTML5 Geolocation API enables all web developers to get access to a user's current location in a modern browser. As HTML5 becomes ubiquitous across desktop and mobile browsers, this data will become pervasive. In addition, users are already announcing their location across a variety of services like Twitter, Foursquare, and more and most provide easy APIs to get access to this information for you and your friends. Each of them are building proprietary places databases, but I expect larger standards to emerge. In the meantime, services provide ready access to their places database that you can leverage in your application. For example, the Google Places API can be leveraged shortly to look up various locations.
5. Realtime
Another emerging trend is the usage of realtime data for relevancy. Twitter and Facebook alone are creating monstrous archives of publicly accessible real time information in addition to Google's recent efforts to better catalog realtime content.
Many scenarios can and are being enhanced with realtime relevancy, including up-to-date news about various events, latest product reviews for a just shipped product, to customer support reviews for a popular brand.
Twitter makes this data easily searchable through their API. Others are providing even more powerful APIs on top of the data set, like Topsy, which gives you deeper history data than even Twitter's API. While Facebook has an interesting data set as well, much of it is not publicly accessible and requires your users to be friends with the content publisher. This can be useful in some cases, but may be limiting in others.
6. Crowdsourced Ranking
Another popular way to increase the signal to noise ratio of content is to leverage the wisdom of the crowds and allow your user's usage pattern or explicit ranking of content to influence the ranking of content displayed on browse pages of your application.
Digg uses explicit votes to rank submitted links, YouTube uses video watches to rank uploaded videos, Delicious uses number of bookmarks to rank bookmarks, Rotten Tomatoes uses user movie reviews, and so on.
This method is often difficult to bootstrap since it requires significant network effects to truly provide value. However, in many cases there is no better source of quality data than your own users. As a best practice, it's best to leverage both implicit and explicit signals. The implicit signals get you much broader data sets, like video watches and bookmarks. But the explicit voting, commenting, ranking often provide the highest signal to noise ratio.
7. Social
In addition to using the wisdom of the crowds, using the specific tastes and preferences of a user's friends can significantly enhance the filtering experience.
While social search is still in it's infancy, social filtering has been leveraged across many experiences to provide compelling value. Much of the success of the Facebook News Feed is predicated on highly robust social filtering algorithms to bring to the top the content that you will enjoy the most based on your closeness to the content publisher. The beauty of social filtering is that in addition to the high likelihood that friends share taste preferences, users are also likely to interact with their friend's content purely because they are interested in their friend.
A great example of this is in my product Feedera. Feedera produces a daily digest of the top content that your friends have shared across Twitter. When I started prototyping the interface, I did some content extraction to try to extract the relevant photo from the article to surface it in the article summary (similar to what you see on Google News), thinking that it would increase click-through rates by giving you a visual picture of the content. But when I simply replaced the content picture with a profile picture of the user that shared that piece of content, click through rates significantly increased. That association of the content with people you trust provides a great incentive for users to engage with your content.
All the popular social networks today, including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and MySpace provide easy to use APIs that you can leverage to get access to the social graph and social data to create compelling social filtering experiences. You'll want to be judicious about picking with social graph(s) are most relevant to your specific content or scenarios.
8. UI Personalization
Another way to help reduce the friction in content discovery and consumption is via UI personalization. While typically only leveraged by your most advanced users, it can enhance their experience.
YouTube, for example, allows you to customize your home page experience by adding, removing, or reordering its discovery widgets, including subscriptions, featured videos, popular videos, what people are watching now, etc. If a specific widget resonates well with the user, they can put them front and center and allow them to easily access that content every time they visit the site.
While storing customized preferences is easy, it may be significant work to enable a modular experience that can be re-organized and re-worked. Given that UI personalization features are typically leveraged only by power users, it's important to asses the cost of offering personalization with the expected uptake of such features.
9. Threading
The recent announcements that Hotmail will finally support email message threading and that Gmail will finally offer an option to turn off Conversation View reminded me that the concept of threading is not a commonly accepted best practice, but still an emerging tactic.
We've seen threading become an important information presentation technique mainly in communication scenarios, like email messages, comments, and forum posts. But beyond these instances, it works as a generic presentation technique to allow you to easily prioritize as well as collapse content for later retrieval to increase your user's efficiency in consuming content.
The key implementation consideration in cases where threading is not natural to the underlying data set is figuring out the right way to break up the tree with your content type. I'm confident that their is often a way to present your data in a tree form and it's worth at least considering as a potential way to improve content consumption for your data set.
10. Most Recently Used List
While this one may seem like a no-brainer, I feel the need to remind web designers about it because I rarely see it inside web apps. With traditional desktop software you are used to always having a most recently used list of the content within that application that you have leveraged. It was so standard, that you often expected to find it under the File menu of an application. Since we live in a world with constant distractions, you are often leaving a given experience and later coming back to consume that content. That has become even more true in the web world.
While some web applications do provide most recently used lists, I am still shocked that many applications don't. Sure, search provides a quick and easy way to get back to that content, but it still requires additional unnecessary mental cycles. So I implore you to look at your application usage patterns and if you see frequent usage of the same content, make sure to provide a simple most recently used list to make the lives of your users a little friendlier.
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My name is Sachin Rekhi and I'm Founder & CEO @ Notejoy, a collaborative notes app for teams.
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Space Station 1984
Martin Station-'84
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos
American manned space station. Design as of 1984. President Reagan finally approved a space station project for NASA in January 1984.
Status: Design 1984.
In the face of Pentagon opposition, NASA promised Reagan that the first two years of the project would be low-cost definition studies and agreed to develop a facility that would cost no more than $8 billion at 1984 rates. The foot was in the door, and by 2005 Reagan's space station had metastized into the International Space Station, still not complete at a cost of over.
Despite strong opposition from other Reagan Administration officials (most notably science advisor George Keyworth and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger), the President finally approved the space station project in January 1984. Two years of determined NASA lobbying had finally paid off. Scientists and the military were opposed to the project, however, so NASA promised Reagan that the first two years of the project would be devoted to low-cost definition studies. NASA had agreed to develop a facility that would meet certain requirements while costing no more than $8 billion at 1984 rates. The main justifications for the Space Station project were 'jobs and foreign policy prestige.' In his January 1984 speech, the President directed NASA to invite 'America's friends and allies' so that 'we can strengthen peace, build prosperity, and expand freedom for all who share our goals.' Reagan showed the Space Station model to the other G7 leaders at the London economic summit in June 1984.
Under the 1984 plan, the Space Station would be launched in 1991-92. The initial Station would cost $11 billion ($8 billion at 1984 rates) including two unmanned free-flying platforms dedicated to astronomy and Earth observation. The international partners were expected to contribute another $2-3 billion on top of the American investment. The Station's long term funding plan called for $0.235 billion in Fiscal 1985, $0.335 billion in 1986, about $1.2 billion in 1987, and about $2 billion per year in 1988-91 (all figures in 1984 dollars). During the growth phase -- which had not yet been approved -- NASA expected to spend an additional $16 billion by 2002 to add a space tug for missions to geostationary orbit and the Moon. The crew capability would also be expanded from 6-8 astronauts to 12-18. After 2000, the Space Station would evolve into a space harbor in low Earth orbit for lunar and planetary missions as well as commercial exploitation of space resources.
Man-tended platforms would have co-orbited with the main Station complex or placed in polar orbits. But these were cancelled in 1987 and 1990 respectively. In fact, the role of cheap unmanned platforms versus a large permanently manned base was hotly debated in Congress throughout the 1980s. Powerful House and Senate leaders such as Edward Boland, William Proxmire and William Green wanted a less expensive, semi-permanently manned 'build it by the yard' platform that would be launched sooner. NASA, however, had institutional reasons for doing a large international Space Station since it provided more work and funding for its space centers and the Space Shuttle program.
Eight concepts were identified as most promising by NASA's Station Concept Development Group after the results of the 1982 contractor studies had been analyzed. In March 1984, the Station Concept Development Group reduced the list to four concepts -- the 'CDG 1 planar-array', 'streamline T', 'triangular delta-truss', and 'power tower'. A fifth, the 'spinning array', was retained as a candidate for a space resource module.
The Johnson Space Center's 'Racetrack' configuration was loosely based on the earlier Space Operations Center concept. NASA/JSC 'Racetrack' growth configuration included a space tug hangar and satellite servicing facilities. This concept was abandoned fairly early, however.
The 'Spinning Array' was a rotating design with despun crew modules for microgravity work; the concept was intended mainly for attitude stabilization. This design was rejected as a candidate for the Space Station itself but briefly retained as a resource module candidate.
The Marshall Space Flight Center's 'CDG Planar' design was quite similar to the final International Space Station concept chosen in 1993. This was one of the rejected 'Final Four' designs.
The 'Delta' design consisted of a large triangular truss structure with solar panels mounted on top and pressurized crew modules at the bottom of the structure. It would have required a considerable amount of in-orbit assembly. The 'Delta' design could later have evolved into a major orbital spaceport since the triangular structure provided a natural service hangar. This was one of the rejected 'Final Four' designs.
The 'Big T' was a gravity gradient-stabilized design consisting of pressurized crew modules mated to a T-shaped solar array structure. This 'Final Four' design was rejected in favor of the 'Power Tower' in June 1984.
Article by Marcus Lindroos
Family: Space station, USA - Space Stations. Country: USA. Launch Vehicles: Proton-K, Space Shuttle. Agency: NASA.
LRC Station-1984
1984: Reagan Approves The. The Space Station looked like this in January 1984 when Reagan approved the program. The concept shown here was developed by the Space Station Task Force's Concept Definition Team.
Reagan and Station
1984: Reagan describes Space Station Freedom to Thatcher. Reagan showed the Space Station model to the other G7 leaders at the London economic summit in June 1984.
Station Predecessors
Space Station Mission Plan - 1984.
Station Plan-1990-95
Space Station Mission Plan - 1984. Under the 1984 plan, the Space Station would be launched in 1991-92.
Space Station Mission Plan - 1984. During the growth phase -- which had not yet been approved -- NASA expected to spend an additional $16 billion by 2002 to add a space tug for missions to geostationary orbit and the Moon.
Station Plan - 2000+
Space Station Mission Plan - 1984. After 2000, the Space Station would evolve into a space harbour in low Earth orbit for lunar and planetary missions as well as commercial exploitation of space resources.
Station Plan - 1984
Station Geometries
1984 Space Station Geometry Options. In March 1984, the Station Concept Development Group reduced the list to four concepts -- the "CDG 1 planar-array", "streamline T", "triangular delta-truss", and "power tower". A fifth, the "spinning array", was retained as a candidate for a space resource module.
1984 Station Options
These eight concepts were identified as most promising by NASA's Station Concept Development Group after the results of the 1982 contractor studies had been analysed.
JSC Station-1984
1984 Space Station Options. The Johnson Space Center's "Racetrack" configuration appears to be loosely based on the earlier Space Operations Center concept.
1984 Space Station Options. NASA/JSC "Racetrack" growth configuration with space tug hangar & satellite servicing facilities. This concept was abandoned fairly early, however.
1984 Space Station
1984 Space Station Concept. The "Spinning Array" was a rotating design with despun crew modules for microgravity work; the concept was intended mainly for attitude stabilization. This design was rejected as a candidate for the Space Station itself but briefly retained as a resource module candidate.
1984 MSFC Station
1984 Space Station Option - Planar. The Marshall Space Flight Center's "CDG Planar" design is quite similar to the final International Space Station concept chosen in 1993. This was one of the rejected "Final Four" designs.
Planar Station-1984
1984 Space Station Options - Planar.
Delta Station - 1984
1984 Space Station Options - Delta Station.
1984 Space Station Options - Delta Station. The "Delta" design consisted of a large triangular truss structure with solar panels mounted on top and pressurized crew modules at the bottom of the structure. It would have required a considerable amount of in-orbit assembly.
1984 Space Station Options - Delta Station. The "Delta" design could later have evolved into a major orbital spaceport since the triangular structure provided a natural service hangar. This was one of the rejected "Final Four" designs.
Big T Station - 1984
1984 Space Station Options - Big T Station, 1984
1984 Space Station Options - Big T Station, 1984. The "Big T" was a gravity gradient-stabilized design consisting of pressurized crew modules mated to a T-shaped solar array structure. This "Final Four" design was rejected in favour of the "Power Tower" in June 1984.
Luna Transit Station
NASA Station used to assemble lunar vehicles, 1984.
Shuttle C 1989
Manned Flight Trends
Cumulative Total Manned Spaceflight Hours 1961-2006
Credit: Marcus Lindroos
Spaceflight Budget
Actual NASA budget vs that required for various ambitious space plans
Annual Total Manned Spaceflight Hours 1961-2006


Promoting recreational fishing on the eastern shore of Virginia.
Please complete all of this form and then hit submit to send your fish entry via email. You will receive an email confirming that we have received your entry. If you don't get an email within a couple of days, please resubmit your entry. You have 30 days from the date of the catch to enter your fish. No fish will be entered after Dec 31st unless it is a mailed form post marked by Dec 31st.


text:
Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis
Dmitry Polyansky, James K. Hurst, Sergei V. Lymar
Radiolysis is a powerful technique capable of generating both inorganic and organic strong one-electron oxidants over a wide range of aqueous medium conditions. Accordingly, current pulse radiolysis methods are quite advanced and have been productively used to study dynamics of many types of redox reactions for several decades. Nonetheless, despite its apparent usefulness for gaining mechanistic insights into water oxidation catalysis through probing normally inaccessible oxidation states of the catalysts, pulse radiolysis has only infrequently been applied to this purpose. In this paper, we identify those oxidizing radicals deemed most suited to these types of studies and describe methods for their radiolytic generation, review the scant literature on pulse radiolysis studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous water oxidation catalysts, and discuss results of our own investigations of two dimeric and one monomeric ruthenium-based catalysts, each of which appears to oxidize water by a distinct pathway. The optical spectra and redox dynamics of transient species determined have in each case provided information central to evaluating proposed catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, quantitative "over-oxidation" by generating a stoichiometric excess amount of radicals has permitted investigation of an intermediate formed from a highly reactive precursor, demonstrating the unique capability of the pulse radiolysis method. As illustrated by these examples, this technique is broadly applicable to investigations of catalyzed water oxidation, which has the potential to become a method of choice for detecting and characterizing reaction transients. The ability of pulse radiolysis to generate strong one-electron oxidants makes it a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of water oxidation catalysis. This assertion is documented by a review of its application to studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts from which the optical spectra and redox dynamics of key catalytic intermediates have been determined.
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201300753
Radiolysis
Pulse radiolysis
Reaction mechanisms
Polyansky, D., Hurst, J. K., & Lymar, S. V. (2014). Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, (4), 619-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201300753
Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis. / Polyansky, Dmitry; Hurst, James K.; Lymar, Sergei V.
In: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, No. 4, 2014, p. 619-634.
Polyansky, D, Hurst, JK & Lymar, SV 2014, 'Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis', European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, no. 4, pp. 619-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201300753
Polyansky D, Hurst JK, Lymar SV. Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2014;(4):619-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201300753
Polyansky, Dmitry ; Hurst, James K. ; Lymar, Sergei V. / Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis. In: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2014 ; No. 4. pp. 619-634.
@article{f01dfa203c4e41cc9596ae6375514e4c,
title = "Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis",
abstract = "Radiolysis is a powerful technique capable of generating both inorganic and organic strong one-electron oxidants over a wide range of aqueous medium conditions. Accordingly, current pulse radiolysis methods are quite advanced and have been productively used to study dynamics of many types of redox reactions for several decades. Nonetheless, despite its apparent usefulness for gaining mechanistic insights into water oxidation catalysis through probing normally inaccessible oxidation states of the catalysts, pulse radiolysis has only infrequently been applied to this purpose. In this paper, we identify those oxidizing radicals deemed most suited to these types of studies and describe methods for their radiolytic generation, review the scant literature on pulse radiolysis studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous water oxidation catalysts, and discuss results of our own investigations of two dimeric and one monomeric ruthenium-based catalysts, each of which appears to oxidize water by a distinct pathway. The optical spectra and redox dynamics of transient species determined have in each case provided information central to evaluating proposed catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, quantitative {"}over-oxidation{"} by generating a stoichiometric excess amount of radicals has permitted investigation of an intermediate formed from a highly reactive precursor, demonstrating the unique capability of the pulse radiolysis method. As illustrated by these examples, this technique is broadly applicable to investigations of catalyzed water oxidation, which has the potential to become a method of choice for detecting and characterizing reaction transients. The ability of pulse radiolysis to generate strong one-electron oxidants makes it a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of water oxidation catalysis. This assertion is documented by a review of its application to studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts from which the optical spectra and redox dynamics of key catalytic intermediates have been determined.",
keywords = "Oxidation, Pulse radiolysis, Radicals, Reaction mechanisms, Water chemistry",
author = "Dmitry Polyansky and Hurst, {James K.} and Lymar, {Sergei V.}",
doi = "10.1002/ejic.201300753",
journal = "Chemische Berichte",
publisher = "Wiley-VCH Verlag",
T1 - Application of pulse radiolysis to mechanistic investigations of water oxidation catalysis
AU - Polyansky, Dmitry
AU - Hurst, James K.
AU - Lymar, Sergei V.
N2 - Radiolysis is a powerful technique capable of generating both inorganic and organic strong one-electron oxidants over a wide range of aqueous medium conditions. Accordingly, current pulse radiolysis methods are quite advanced and have been productively used to study dynamics of many types of redox reactions for several decades. Nonetheless, despite its apparent usefulness for gaining mechanistic insights into water oxidation catalysis through probing normally inaccessible oxidation states of the catalysts, pulse radiolysis has only infrequently been applied to this purpose. In this paper, we identify those oxidizing radicals deemed most suited to these types of studies and describe methods for their radiolytic generation, review the scant literature on pulse radiolysis studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous water oxidation catalysts, and discuss results of our own investigations of two dimeric and one monomeric ruthenium-based catalysts, each of which appears to oxidize water by a distinct pathway. The optical spectra and redox dynamics of transient species determined have in each case provided information central to evaluating proposed catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, quantitative "over-oxidation" by generating a stoichiometric excess amount of radicals has permitted investigation of an intermediate formed from a highly reactive precursor, demonstrating the unique capability of the pulse radiolysis method. As illustrated by these examples, this technique is broadly applicable to investigations of catalyzed water oxidation, which has the potential to become a method of choice for detecting and characterizing reaction transients. The ability of pulse radiolysis to generate strong one-electron oxidants makes it a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of water oxidation catalysis. This assertion is documented by a review of its application to studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts from which the optical spectra and redox dynamics of key catalytic intermediates have been determined.
AB - Radiolysis is a powerful technique capable of generating both inorganic and organic strong one-electron oxidants over a wide range of aqueous medium conditions. Accordingly, current pulse radiolysis methods are quite advanced and have been productively used to study dynamics of many types of redox reactions for several decades. Nonetheless, despite its apparent usefulness for gaining mechanistic insights into water oxidation catalysis through probing normally inaccessible oxidation states of the catalysts, pulse radiolysis has only infrequently been applied to this purpose. In this paper, we identify those oxidizing radicals deemed most suited to these types of studies and describe methods for their radiolytic generation, review the scant literature on pulse radiolysis studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous water oxidation catalysts, and discuss results of our own investigations of two dimeric and one monomeric ruthenium-based catalysts, each of which appears to oxidize water by a distinct pathway. The optical spectra and redox dynamics of transient species determined have in each case provided information central to evaluating proposed catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, quantitative "over-oxidation" by generating a stoichiometric excess amount of radicals has permitted investigation of an intermediate formed from a highly reactive precursor, demonstrating the unique capability of the pulse radiolysis method. As illustrated by these examples, this technique is broadly applicable to investigations of catalyzed water oxidation, which has the potential to become a method of choice for detecting and characterizing reaction transients. The ability of pulse radiolysis to generate strong one-electron oxidants makes it a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of water oxidation catalysis. This assertion is documented by a review of its application to studies of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts from which the optical spectra and redox dynamics of key catalytic intermediates have been determined.
KW - Oxidation
KW - Pulse radiolysis
KW - Radicals
KW - Reaction mechanisms
KW - Water chemistry
U2 - 10.1002/ejic.201300753
DO - 10.1002/ejic.201300753
JO - Chemische Berichte
JF - Chemische Berichte
10.1002/ejic.201300753


text:
Q: send email on model create - django I want to send an email automatically when I create an invoice. Is that possible? What I'm after. I have a invoice model and I put send_email code in it "def save(self):", I'm making perfex CRM invoice system, so I'm using the foregin key in invoice model to get a customer, but whenever I create new invoice it says "The invoices "INV-b066" was added successfully." but in invoice model it shows nothing like it's empty model I even tried to open invoice using index number and restarted the server and migrations stuff and it didn't worked but if I remove def save(self): function it works perfectly fine I'm trying to send an email automatically on model create
Customer model
class Customers(models.Model):
    Your_Name = models.CharField(max_length=220)
    Email_Address = models.EmailField(max_length=220)
    Profession = models.CharField(max_length=220)
    phone = PhoneNumberField(unique=True)
    No_of_Persons = models.IntegerField()
    Packages = models.CharField(choices=PAKAGES, max_length=100)
    Address = models.CharField(max_length=220)
    City = models.CharField(choices=CITIES, max_length=10)
    Time = models.CharField(choices=TIME, max_length=10)
    Date = models.DateTimeField()
    Message = models.TextField()

    def __str__(self):
        return f'{self.Your_Name}'

Invoice model
class Invoice(models.Model):
    Customer = models.ForeignKey(Customers, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    Invoice_Number = models.CharField(default=inv_num, max_length=10)
    Recurring = models.CharField(choices=Recurrings, max_length=12)
    Invoice_date = models.DateField()
    Due_date = models.DateField()
    Packages = models.CharField(choices=PAKAGES, max_length=100)
    Package_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    Package_description = models.TextField()
    Package_Quantity = models.IntegerField()
    Package_Price = models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):
        return f'{self.Invoice_Number}'

    def save(self):
        send_mail(
            'Subject',
            'message.',
            'email@example.com',
            ['*****@gmail.com'],
            fail_silently=False,
        )

A: You have to actually save the invoice like this:
def save(self):
    send_mail(
        'Subject',
        'message.',
        'email@example.com',
        ['*****@gmail.com'],
        fail_silently=False,
    )
    return super(Invoice, self).save()

Also as a part of suggestion it is better to send email as separate task or service, you can use django signals or celery for that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Purpose: To evaluate the impact of image magnification correction on superficial retinal vessel density (SRVD) and foveal avascular zone area (FAZA) measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
Methods: Participants with healthy retinas were recruited for ocular biometry, refraction, and RTVue XR Avanti OCTA imaging with the 3 × 3-mm protocol. The foveal and parafoveal SRVD and FAZA were quantified with custom software before and after correction for magnification error using the Littman and the modified Bennett formulae. Relative changes between corrected and uncorrected SRVD and FAZA were calculated.
Results: Forty subjects were enrolled and the median (range) age of the participants was 30 (18–74) years. The mean (range) spherical equivalent refractive error was −1.65 (−8.00 to +4.88) diopters and mean (range) axial length was 24.42 mm (21.27–28.85). Images from 13 eyes were excluded due to poor image quality leaving 67 for analysis. Relative changes in foveal and parafoveal SRVD and FAZA after correction ranged from −20% to +10%, −3% to +2%, and −20% to +51%, respectively. Image size correction in measurements of foveal SRVD and FAZA was greater than 5% in 51% and 74% of eyes, respectively. In contrast, 100% of eyes had less than 5% correction in measurements of parafoveal SRVD.
Conclusions: Ocular biometry should be performed with OCTA to correct image magnification error induced by axial length variation. We advise caution when interpreting interocular and interindividual comparisons of SRVD and FAZA derived from OCTA without image size correction.


Today I have a couple of Sympathy cards to share. A couple weeks ago there was a news story of two girls in Oregon who died while playing in a pile of leaves on their street after dark while their Dad took pictures. While he stepped away to set his camera down, a car of teens thought it would be fun to swerve over and drive through the pile of leaves and the girls were killed. It's so tragic and it just so happens the father was my husband's co-worker a few years back.
The second time around I looked for wood textures from my stash (they are lumber traders) along with some rugged canvas which I spritzed with Mister Huey's and then diecut. It's still a bit on the girly side (I seriously lack the ability to make male themed cards), but he thought this one would work much better.
I used papers from Jillibean's Grandma's Lima Bean Soup collection along with their wooden flags and etched flower wood buttons. The Flower and leaf dies are old Sizzix dies and the kraft tag is from an older Pebbles collection. I ended up using the Technique Tuesday's So Sorry by Ali Edwards set to stamp a sentiment on the inside of the card.


The Loreo Pixi viewer is specifically created for viewing large format sstereoscopic prints and 3D photos on a computerscreen. The viewer is suitable for viewing 3D images of 20 to 35 cm wide. This is roughly equivalent to a 15, 17 or 19 inch monitor. Perfect for direct 3D viewing of digital photos taken with a Loreo lens. The Pixi viewer also works with stereo photographs taken by different cameras, as long as they are parallel stereo pictures. The viewer has very good lenses and gives a sharp 3D image. The viewer is folded very thin and easy to store and to carry. In short: High quality, cheap, lightweight, foldable and easy to send!


text:
You are here -allRefer - Reference - Country Study & Country Guide - Czechoslovakia >
-- Country Study & Guide --
Germany (East)
Soviet Union [USSR]
COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Third Republic and the Communist Takeover
During World War II, Czechoslovakia disappeared from the map of Europe. The re-emergence of Czechoslovakia as a sovereign state was not only the result of Allied policies but also an indication of the strength of the Czechoslovak idea, particularly as embodied in the First Republic. But Czechoslovakia now found itself within the Soviet sphere of influence--a fact that had to be taken into account in any postwar reconstruction. Thus the political and economic organization of postwar Czechoslovakia was largely the result of negotiations between Benes and KSC exiles in Moscow.
The Third Republic came into being in April 1945. Its government, installed at Kosice on April 4 and moved to Prague in May, was a National Front coalition in which three socialist parties--KSC, Czechoslovak Social democratic Party, and Czechoslovak National Socialist Party--predominated. The Slovak Populist Party was banned as collaborationist with the Nazis. Other conservative yet democratic parties, such as the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, were prevented from resuming activities in the postwar period. Certain acceptable nonsocialist parties were included in the coalition; among them were the Catholic People's Party (in Moravia) and the Slovak Democratic Party. All property belonging to Nazi collaborators was confiscated without compensation. Their land was distributed among the peasants, and their industries--amounting to 16.4 percent of all Czechoslovak industry, employing 61.2 percent of the industrial labor force--were nationalized.
Benes had compromised with the KSC to avoid a postwar coup; he anticipated that the democratic process would restore a more equitable distribution of power. Benes had negotiated the Soviet alliance, but at the same time he hoped to establish Czechoslovakia as a "bridge" between East and West, capable of maintaining contacts with both sides. KSC leader Klement Gottwald, however, professed commitment to a "gradualist" approach, that is, to a KSC assumption of power by democratic means.
The popular enthusiasm evoked by the Soviet armies of liberation benefited the KSC. Czechoslovaks, bitterly disappointed by the West at Munich, responded favorably to both the KSC and the Soviet alliance. Communists secured strong representation in the popularly elected national committees, the new organs of local administration. The KSC organized and centralized the trade union movement; of 120 representatives to the Central Council of Trade Unions, 94 were communists. The party worked to acquire a mass membership, including peasants and the petite bourgeoisie, as well as the proletariat. Between May 1945 and May 1946, KSC membership grew from 27,000 to over 1.1 million.
In the May 1946 election, the KSC won a plurality of 38 percent of the vote. Benes continued as president of the republic, and Jan Masaryk, son of the revered founding father, continued as foreign minister. Gottwald became prime minister. Most important, although the communists held only a minority of portfolios, they were able to gain control over such key ministries as information, internal trade, finance, and interior (including the police apparatus). Through these ministries, the communists were able to suppress noncommunist opposition, place party members in positions of power, and create a solid basis for a takeover attempt.
The year that followed was uneventful. The KSC continued to proclaim its "national" and "democratic" orientation. The turning point came in the summer of 1947. In July the Czechoslovak government, with KSC approval, accepted an Anglo-French invitation to attend preliminary discussions of the Marshall Plan. The Soviet Union responded immediately to the Czechoslovak move to continue the Western alliance. Stalin summoned Gottwald to Moscow; upon his return to Prague, the KSC reversed its decision. In subsequent months, the party demonstrated a significant radicalization of its tactics.
The KSC raised the specter of an impending counterrevolutionary coup as a pretext for intensified activity. Originally announced by Gottwald at the KSC Central Committee meeting in November 1947, news of the "reactionary plot" was disseminated throughout the country by communist agents provocateurs and by the communist press. In January 1948, the communist-controlled Ministry of Interior proceeded to purge the Czechoslovak security forces, substituting communists for noncommunists. Simultaneously, the KSC began agitating for increased nationalization and for a new land reform limiting landholdings to fifty hectares.
A cabinet crisis precipitated the February coup Czechoslovak. National Socialist ministers, backed by all noncommunist parties, demanded a halt to the communists' blatant use of the Ministry of Interior's police and security forces to suppress noncommunists. Prime Minister Gottwald, however, repeatedly forestalled discussion of the police issue. On February 20, National Socialists resigned from the cabinet in protest. The Catholic People's Party and the Slovak Democratic Party followed suit.
The twelve noncommunist ministers resigned, in part, to induce Benes to call for early elections: Communist losses were anticipated owing to popular disapproval of recent KSC tactics. A January poll indicated a 10-percent decline in communist electoral support. The Czechoslovak National Socialists made their move, however, without adequate coordination with Benes. The democratic parties, in addition, made no effort to rally popular support.
Benes refused to accept the cabinet resignations and did not call for elections. In the days that followed, he shunned democratic ministers to avoid accusation of collusion. The Czechoslovak army remained neutral.
In the meantime, the KSC garnered its forces. The communistcontrolled Ministry of Interior deployed police regiments to sensitive areas and equipped a workers' militia. The communist-controlled Ministry of Information refused broadcasting time to noncommunist officials. Ministries held by democratic parties were "secured" by communist "action committees." The action committees also purged all governmental and political party organs of unreliable elements.
On February 25, Benes, perhaps fearing Soviet intervention, capitulated. He accepted the resignations of the dissident ministers and received a new cabinet list from Gottwald, thus completing the communist takeover.
Data as of August 1987
Czechoslovakia - TABLE OF CONTENTS
First Political Units
Magyar Invasion
Bohemian Kingdom
Hussite Movement
HAPSBURG RULE, 1526-1867
The Hapsburgs and the Czechoslovak Lands
Hapsburg Absolutism and the Bohemian Estates
Initial Clash
Decisive Battle
Consequences of Czech Defeat
Enlightened Absolutism
National Revival
Revolutions of 1848
THE DUAL MONARCHY, 1867-1918
Formation of the Dual System
Austria and the Czechs
Hungary and the Slovaks
The Czechoslovak Idea
The Emergence of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Carpatho- Ukraine)
THE CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC, 1918-39
Features of the New State
Czechoslovak Democracy
The Constitution of 1920
Problem of Dissatisfied Nationalities
Slovak Autonomy
Conflict in Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine)
Benes's Foreign Policy
Second Republic, 1938-39
THE WAR YEARS, 1939-45
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Government-in-Exile
Czech Resistance
Slovak Resistance
Soviet Annexation of Carpatho-Ukraine (Subcarpathian Ruthenia)
Minorities and Population Transfers
Stalinization
The Prague Spring, 1968
Dissent and Independent Activity
Information Courtesy: The Library of Congress - Country Studies
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