text:
Die Leland Stanford Junior University (kurz Stanford University oder Stanford, Spitzname "Die Farm") ist eine private US-amerikanische Universität in Stanford, Kalifornien. Sie liegt etwa 60 Kilometer südöstlich von San Francisco in der Nähe von Palo Alto und wurde von Leland Stanford und seiner Ehefrau Jane Stanford im Jahr 1891 im Andenken an ihren früh verstorbenen, einzigen Sohn Leland Stanford junior gegründet. Derzeit (Stand 2021) sind 16.937 Studenten an der Universität eingeschrieben und studieren an einer der sieben Fakultäten. Ihr Präsident ist Marc Tessier-Lavigne.

Sie ist eine der forschungsstärksten und renommiertesten Universitäten der Welt. Seit ihrer Gründung wurden 30 Lehrkräfte mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet. Die Universität hat mehr Gewinner des Turing Awards ("Nobelpreis für Informatik") als jede andere Einrichtung weltweit und aktuell 21 Nobelpreisträger, vier Träger des Pulitzer-Preises und 24 MacArthur-Fellows. In verschiedenen Bewertungen für akademische Institutionen erreicht die Universität regelmäßig Spitzenpositionen.

Mit ihrer Forschung gilt Stanford auch als wesentliche Begründerin des sich in unmittelbarer Nähe befindlichen Silicon Valleys, einem bedeutenden Wirtschaftsstandort, der zahlreiche Unternehmen der IT- und Hightech-Industrie beherbergt.

Im Hochschulsport ist die Universität mit ihrem Team Cardinal in der Liga Pacific-12 Conference (PAC-12) vertreten und nimmt an vielen verschiedenen Sportwettbewerben teil. Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen in Peking 2008 gewannen Sportler der Universität 25 Medaillen, darunter 8 Goldmedaillen. 2012 in London erhielten 12 Sportler von Stanford Goldmedaillen.

Stanford ist die viertreichste Hochschule der Welt: 2021 lag der Wert von Stanfords Stiftungsvermögen bei 37,80 Milliarden US-Dollar. Seit 2008 erhebt Stanford keine Studiengebühren (tuition fees) mehr bei undergraduate students, deren Eltern weniger als 100.000 (seit 2020: 150.000) US-Dollar im Jahr verdienen. Damit kann rund ein Drittel aller Bachelorstudenten gebührenfrei studieren. Studenten, deren Eltern ein Einkommen von weniger als 65.000 US-Dollar verdienen, erhalten auch Unterkunft und Verpflegung frei.

Geschichte
Der Entschluss zur Gründung fiel durch den früheren kalifornischen Unternehmer und Gouverneur Leland Stanford und seine Frau Jane Stanford ein Jahr nach dem Tod ihres einzigen, 15-jährigen Sohnes Leland Stanford junior im Jahr 1884. Sie stellten 1885 für die Gründung der nach dem Verstorbenen benannten Universität Geldmittel und das Areal ihrer Palo Alto Stock Farm in der Bay Area, etwa 60 Kilometer südlich von San Francisco, zur Errichtung der Stiftung The Leland Stanford Junior University zur Verfügung. Nach einer sechsjährigen Planungs- und Bauphase wurde am 1. Oktober 1891 die Universität eröffnet und der Lehrbetrieb aufgenommen.

Die Universität war in ihrer Konzeption für die damalige Zeit ungewöhnlich, denn sie ermöglichte Frauen und Männern gleichermaßen das Studium und war zudem keiner Religionsgemeinschaft verbunden. Dem Willen des Ehepaars Stanford nach sollte an der amerikanischen Westküste eine bedeutende private Hochschule entstehen. Bei einem Besuch in Boston erkundigten sich die Stanfords beim damaligen Präsidenten der Harvard University, Charles Elliot, wie viel es kosten würde, Harvard in Kalifornien zu duplizieren, woraufhin dieser antwortete, dass 5 Millionen Dollar (Kurs von 1884) ausreichend sein dürften. Die ersten Jahre gestalteten sich aber trotz des großen Vermögens der Stanfords finanziell als schwierig. Zeitweise verpfändete Jane Stanford persönliche Gegenstände, um die laufenden Kosten der Universität decken zu können. Insbesondere ein Rechtsstreit um 15 Millionen US-Dollar belastete das Budget der Universität. Nach Beilegung des Streits besserte sich die finanzielle Situation jedoch erheblich, wozu maßgeblich eine Spende von Jane Stanford über 30 Millionen US-Dollar im Jahre 1901 beitrug.

In den Folgejahren blühte das universitäre Leben auf, da viele verschiedene Fakultäten gegründet wurden. In den 1920er Jahren wurde durch den Stanford-Absolventen und späteren Präsidenten der USA, Herbert Hoover, der Grundstock für die spätere Hoover Institution gelegt. 1934 wurde die Alumni Vereinigung der Stanford University gegründet, die noch heute eine tragende Rolle in der Unterstützung und Fortentwicklung der Universität spielt.

Während und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Universität zu einem der Wachstumsmotoren des Silicon Valley und beschleunigte die wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Entwicklung der Region um San Francisco nachhaltig, insbesondere auch die Entstehung der Internetbranche und des E-Commerce. Die Hochschule ist Mitglied der Association of American Universities, eines seit 1900 bestehenden Verbundes führender forschungsintensiver nordamerikanischer Universitäten.

Das Motto der Universität, das die Siegel und alle Andenken der Hochschule ziert, ist in deutscher Sprache verfasst: "Die Luft der Freiheit weht." Der Satz geht auf den deutschen Humanisten Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523) zurück und wurde von David Starr Jordan, dem ersten Präsidenten der Stanford University, eingeführt.

Von 1992 bis 2000 war der deutsche Rechtswissenschaftler Gerhard Casper Präsident der Hochschule.

Präsidenten
 1891–1913: David Starr Jordan
 1913–1915: John Casper Branner
 1916–1943: Ray Lyman Wilbur, während Wilbur unter Herbert Hoover Innenminister der Vereinigten Staaten war: Robert Eccles Swain 1929–1933
 1943–1948: Donald Tresidder, 1948 nach dem unerwarteten Tod von Tresidder: Alvin C. Eurich und 1949: Clarence H. Faust
 1949–1968: JE Wallace Sterling, 1968: Robert J. Glaser
 1968–1970: Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
 1970–1980: Richard Wall Lyman
 1980–1992: Donald Kennedy
 1992–2000: Gerhard Casper
 2000–2016: John L. Hennessy, 2012: John Etchemendy
 2016–    : Marc Tessier-Lavigne

Campus

Die Hochschule befindet sich auf einem 3310 ha großen Campus und liegt rund 60 Kilometer südöstlich von San Francisco und 32 Kilometer nordwestlich von San José. In unmittelbarer Nähe befindet sich die Stadt Palo Alto, eines der Zentren des Silicon Valley.

Der Grund und Boden wurde am 11. November 1885 von Leland Stanford zur Gründung der Universität gestiftet und ist bis heute als unveräußerlich im Stiftungsvermögen gebunden. Auf die Unverkäuflichkeit der Liegenschaft legte Leland Stanford großen Wert, denn sie sollte seiner Ansicht nach der Universität "ein größeres Einkommen sichern als jede andere Geldanlage". Lediglich einige Randgebiete, die Leland Stanford der Universität später ergänzend zukommen ließ, können theoretisch veräußert werden, werden aber faktisch als unveräußerlich behandelt.

Der Campus wurde anfänglich im Sommer 1886 durch Frederick Law Olmsted, einem Bostoner Landschaftsarchitekten, geplant, der die ursprünglich geplante Lage in den Hügeln zugunsten der Lage im Flachland abänderte. Später übernahm Charles Allerton Coolidge die Planung und errichtete den Campus nach dem Willen des Ehepaars Stanford im Stile des Europäischen Beaux-Arts. Die Architektur des Campus wird durch quaderförmige Sandsteinbauten mit roten Dächern geprägt, die durch mit Rundbögen verzierte Arkadengänge verbunden sind. Sie sind dem Stil der Kalifornischen Missionsstationen nachempfunden. Im Kontrast mit dem für gewöhnlich hellblauen Himmel der Region geben sie dem Campus ein charakteristisches Aussehen, das der erste Präsident David Starr Jordan folgendermaßen beschrieb:

Herzstück der Campusarchitektur ist die "Main Quad" (in etwa: Haupt-Viereck, im Sinne von "viereckigem Platz") und die "Memorial Church". Den Zugang zum Campus bildet der sogenannte Palm Drive, welcher auf einen ovalen Platz (The Oval) führt. Weitere wichtige Punkte auf dem Campus sind das Cantor Center for Visual Arts, der Hoover Tower, der Rodin Garden und das Radiotelescope (The Dish).

Südlich des Hauptcampus befindet sich ein zur Universität gehörendes Umweltreservat, das Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, welches von Biologen für Forschungszwecke, z. B. die nächtliche Beobachtung von Fledermäusen, genutzt wird und eine Größe von 490 ha hat.

Die meisten Studenten wohnen auf dem Campusgelände. Von den Bachelor-Studenten sind dies rund 95 %, bei den Master-Studenten und Doktoranden beträgt die Quote über 56 %. Auch 30 % der Professoren wohnen hier.

Der Campus ist ein beliebtes Ziel für Touristen, sodass das Stanford Visitor Center zweimal täglich einstündige Führungen durch Studenten über das Gelände anbietet.

60 % der Fläche des Campus sind heutzutage noch unbebaut.

Organisation
Die Hochschule ist als sogenannter corporate trust organisiert und von Steuerzahlungen befreit. Geleitet wird sie von einem Board of Trustees, dem 35 Personen angehören. Diese üben ihr Amt in der Regel fünf Jahre aus und können höchstens zweimal hintereinander (insgesamt also für zehn Jahre) dem Gremium angehören. Die Mitglieder überwachen auch die Tätigkeit des Stanford Research Park, des Stanford Shopping Center, des Cantor Center for Visual Art, des Stanford University Medical Center und vieler angeschlossener medizinischer Einrichtungen.

Das Board of Trustees bestimmt einen Präsidenten, legt die Pflichten der Professoren sowie die Studiengänge fest und befasst sich mit allen finanziellen und wirtschaftlichen Fragen der Universität. Zusätzlich zum Präsidenten werden außerdem 9 Vizepräsidenten ernannt. Momentan ist der Neurowissenschaftler Marc Tessier-Lavigne der 11. Präsident der Universität. Er wurde am 1. September 2016 ernannt und trat damit die Nachfolge des US-amerikanischen Professoren für Elektrotechnik und Informatik John LeRoy Hennessy in diesem Amt an.

Die Hochschule unterteilt sich in sieben Schools, vergleichbar mit deutschen Fakultäten. Es sind dies die School of Humanities and Sciences (umfasst die Geistes, Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften), School of Engineering (Ingenieurwissenschaften), School of Earth Sciences (Geo-, Energie- und Umweltwissenschaften), School of Education (Erziehungswissenschaften und Lehramtsausbildung), Graduate School of Business (Wirtschaftswissenschaften), Law School (Rechtswissenschaft) und die School of Medicine (Medizin).

Stiftung
Das Stiftungsvermögen wird von der Stanford Management Company verwaltet. Im Juni 2021 betrug es 37,80 Milliarden US-Dollar (2018: 26,46 Mrd. $, 2019: 27,70 Mrd. $, 2020: 28,95 Mrd. $). Zum einen decken die satzungsgemäß auf 5 % begrenzten Erträge aus der Anlage des Stiftungsvermögens die jährlichen Ausgaben der Universität, zum anderen werden Teile der Erträge wieder dem Stiftungsvermögen zurückgeführt. Im Fiskaljahr 2018–2019 wurden 22 % der Gesamtausgaben der Universität (6,8 Milliarden US-Dollar) aus Erträgen des Stiftungsvermögens bestritten. Dies ist nach Geldern für direkte Forschungsförderung (z. B. von der Bundesregierung) der zweitgrößte Posten, allerdings nur knapp vor den Mitteln aus Studiengebühren.

Aus dem Stiftungsvermögen werden ebenfalls in großem Umfang Finanzhilfen für Studierende der Stanford-Universität bereitgestellt. 2019 wurden 23 % der Stiftungserträge für die finanzielle Unterstützung von Studierenden ausgegeben. 20 % der Erträge finanzierten Fakultäten und den Lehrkörper. 28 % der Erträge dienen der Forschung und Lehre. Der Rest wird für Bibliotheken und andere Zwecke ausgegeben. Das Stiftungsvermögen macht den mit Abstand größten Anteil der bilanzierten Anlagen (38,8 Milliarden US-Dollar) der Universität aus.

Fundraising
Die Stanford University erzielte in den letzten zehn Jahren hohe Mittelzuflüsse durch Spenden. Sie steht damit an der Spitze des Fundraising der US-amerikanischen Universitäten. Im Jahre 2009 erhielt sie Spenden in Höhe von 640,1 Millionen US-Dollar, 2010 in Höhe von 598,9 Millionen US-Dollar, 2011 in Höhe von 709,4 Millionen US-Dollar. Im Fiskaljahr 2019 hat die Universität 1,1 Milliarden US-Dollar von mehr als 55.000 Spendern erhalten.

Besondere Beachtung fand das Vorhaben The Stanford Challenge. Diese auf fünf Jahre angelegte Spendenkampagne warb um Mittel zur Finanzierung von mehreren Großprojekten der Universität im Bereich der Forschung, Lehre und Infrastrukturentwicklung des Campus. Das Spendenziel von 4,3 Milliarden US-Dollar wurde bereits zwei Jahre vor Abschluss der Kampagne erreicht, die aber trotzdem weitergeführt wurde und bis Ende 2011 insgesamt 6,23 Milliarden US-Dollar an Spenden einbrachte. Damit wurde der bisherige Spendenrekord von 3,88 Milliarden US-Dollar, aufgestellt von der Yale University, übertroffen. Mit Hilfe der Spenden konnten 139 neue Lehrstühle geschaffen und 38 Gebäude renoviert oder neu gebaut werden. Über 10.000 Freiwillige halfen dabei, die Kampagne zu organisieren, und konnten 560.000 Spenden von über 166.000 Spendern akquirieren.

Studium und Forschung
Die Hochschule bietet vielfältige Studienmöglichkeiten und ist als sogenannte research university auch im Bereich der Grundlagenforschung und Doktorandenausbildung breit aufgestellt. Die Mehrzahl der Studenten sind sogenannte graduate students, d. h., sie besitzen bereits einen ersten Universitätsabschluss, beispielsweise den B.A., und studieren mit dem Ziel eines Master- oder Ph.D.-Abschlusses. Akkreditiert ist die Universität von der Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Ein Vollzeitstudium auf undergraduate Niveau kostete 2019 jährlich 74.570 US-Dollar, wobei 65 % der Studenten eine Form von finanzieller Unterstützung erhielten. Die Universität gab für diese Stipendienprogramme 2018–2019 insgesamt rund 191 Millionen US-Dollar aus. Die Kosten für ein Studium auf Graduate-Level liegen in einem ähnlichen Bereich, variieren aber von Fakultät zu Fakultät. Auch über 85 % der graduate students erhalten eine finanzielle Unterstützung.

Studienangebot
Das Studienangebot unterscheidet sich, wie in den USA üblich, zwischen den undergraduate und graduate studies. Erstere dienen dem Erwerb eines Bachelor-Abschlusses, letztere dem Erwerb eines Masters oder Doktortitels. Die Ziele der Ausbildung wurden von Jane und Leland Stanford schriftlich in dem Gründungsdokument der Universität festgehalten:

Das undergraduate Studium kann in Stanford mit dem Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), dem Bachelor of Science (B.S.) oder dem Bachelor of Arts and Science (B.A.S.) abgeschlossen werden. Die Studienfächer umfassen unter anderem Anthropologie, Biologie, Chemie, Geschichte, Musik, Philosophie, Physik, Politikwissenschaften, Soziologie, Theaterwissenschaften, Wirtschaftswissenschaften und viele weitere Fächer. Von der großen Anzahl an Bewerbern werden nur wenige zum Studium zugelassen (2021: ca. 3,95 %), die in einem standardisierten Auswahlprozess ermittelt werden. Rund 60 % der Studenten kommen von öffentlichen Schulen, 30 % von Privatschulen und 10 % aus dem Ausland.

Das graduate Studium ermöglicht den Erwerb verschiedener Master- und Doktortitel mit jeweiligen Spezialisierungen. Das Angebot ist auch hier breit gestreut und ermöglicht beispielsweise den Erwerb eines Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.Sc.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Master of Laws (LL.M.), Master of Public Policy (M.P.P.) oder Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).

Außenstellen

Seit 1982 betreibt die Hochschule an zehn Universitäten weltweit Außenstellen unter dem Namen Bing Overseas Studies Program. Dieses Programm ermöglicht Stanford Studenten ein Auslandsstudium oder Praktikum und wurde 2011 von 44 % der Studenten für einen Auslandsaufenthalt genutzt. Die Orte für das Auslandsstudium sind Australien, Barcelona, Berlin, Florenz, Hongkong, Istanbul, Kapstadt, Kyoto, Madrid, Moskau, Oxford, Paris, Peking und Santiago de Chile. In Berlin befindet sich die Außenstelle heute im Haus Cramer, nachdem bis 1975 Räumlichkeiten der Freien Universität Berlin genutzt wurden.

Forschung
An der Hochschule wird sowohl anwendungs- als auch grundlagenbezogen geforscht. In diese Arbeit sind nicht nur die Professoren, sondern auch die graduate students und zum Teil fortgeschrittene undergraduate students involviert. Die Universität folgt dabei dem Humboldtschen Ideal der Einheit von Lehre und Forschung. Besonderen Wert wird auf die Interdisziplinarität der Forschung gelegt. Geforscht wird z. B. an der Entwicklung einer 3,2 Gigapixelkamera am Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) für das Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, im Rahmen der Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy oder im Projekt Cracking the Neural Code. Berühmtheit erlangte das sogenannte Stanford-Prison-Experiment von 1971, das als Meilenstein der psychologischen Erforschung menschlichen Verhaltens unter den Bedingungen der Gefangenschaft, speziell unter den Feldbedingungen des echten Gefängnislebens, gilt. Außerdem wird an der Stanford University das Projekt Folding@home betrieben, welches Distributed Computing zur Faltung von Proteinen einsetzt. Die Universität beherbergt viele spezialisierte Forschungszentren, unter anderem die Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace und das Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. 2011 erzielte Stanford mehr als 66 Millionen US-Dollar aus Lizenzgebühren für an der Universität entwickelte Erfindungen, darunter die Übertragungstechnik DSL und die DNS-Rekombinationstechnik.

Die Universität hat viele Gründer von bekannten IT-Unternehmen, z. B. Google, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco Systems, hervorgebracht und fördert bei ihren Studenten und Lehrkräften eine ausgeprägte Kultur der Innovation und des Unternehmertums. Die Universität gilt als ein wichtiger Wirtschaftsfaktor der Region. Einige Forscher der Universität beklagen jedoch eine teilweise zu große Nähe und Abhängigkeit der Universität zu Unternehmen.

Reputation und Rankings
Die Hochschule genießt in sämtlichen Fachrichtungen einen exzellenten Ruf in der Forschung und Lehre und gilt als eine der weltweit führenden Hochschulen. Beachtung findet in diesem Zusammenhang oft die gute persönliche Betreuungssituation für Studenten durch Professoren, da auf rund acht Studenten ein Lehrender kommt. Zudem haben 75 % der Kurse weniger als 20 Studenten. Von den undergraduate-Kursen haben sogar 36 % Klassengrößen von zwei bis neun Studenten. Auch aus diesem Grund wird Stanford sowohl von Studenten als auch Eltern häufig als "dream college" genannt, wie eine Umfrage des Princeton Review 2022 ergab. Gemeinsam mit fünf anderen Universitäten (Harvard University, Oxford University, Cambridge University, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) wird die Hochschule aufgrund ihres besonderen Renommees als "Superband" eingeordnet.

In den bekannten Hochschulrankings belegt die Hochschule regelmäßig Spitzenpositionen. Im Times Higher Education (THE) World University Ranking belegt sie 2022 den vierten Platz. Das Academic Ranking of World Universities sieht die Universität auf dem zweiten Rang. Das Ranking des Magazins US News and World Report trennt für US-amerikanische Hochschulen zwischen undergraduate und graduate-Studiengängen. Im Bereich der undergraduate Ausbildung landet die Stanford University für 2023 auf dem sechsten Platz. Die graduate-Studiengänge sind nach Fakultäten getrennt aufgeführt. Die Stanford Graduate School of Business belegt den dritten Rang. Die School of Education kommt auf den neunten, die School of Engineering auf den zweiten, und die School of Law ebenfalls auf den zweiten Platz. Die Stanford Medical School belegt bei der Forschung den achten Rang.

Nobelpreisträger
Stanford zählt aktuell 21 Nobelpreisträger. Weitere neun Stanford-Professoren erhielten den Nobelpreis, sind jedoch mittlerweile verstorben. Stanford zählt dabei nur diejenigen Nobelpreisträger, die einer der Fakultäten der Universität angehören oder angehörten, nicht jene, welche der Universität nur lose verbunden sind.

Chemie
 Linus Pauling (1901–1994), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 1954 und Friedensnobelpreis-Träger 1963
 Paul Flory (1910–1985), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 1974
 Paul Berg (1926–2023), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 1980
 Henry Taube (1915–2005), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 1983
 Roger D. Kornberg (* 1947), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 2006
 Brian Kobilka (* 1955), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 2012
 Michael Levitt (* 1947), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 2013
 W.E. Moerner (* 1953), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 2014

Medizin
 Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007), Medizin-Nobelpreisträger 1959
 Andrew Z. Fire (* 1959), Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin 2006
 Thomas Südhof (* 1955), Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin 2013

Physik
 Felix Bloch (1905–1983), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1952
 William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1956
 Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1961
 Burton Richter (1931–2018), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1976
 Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1981
 Richard Edward Taylor (1929–2018), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1990
 Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1995
 Douglas Dean Osheroff (* 1945), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1996
 Steven Chu (* 1948), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1997, Energieminister unter Barack Obama
 Robert Betts Laughlin (* 1950), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1998

Wirtschaftswissenschaften
 Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1972
 Milton Friedman (1912–2006), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1976
 William F. Sharpe (* 1934), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1990
 Douglass North (1920–2015), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1993
 Myron S. Scholes (* 1941), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1997
 Michael Spence (* 1943), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 2001
 Joseph E. Stiglitz (* 1943), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 2001
 Thomas Sargent (* 1943), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 2011
 Alvin E. Roth (* 1951), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 2012
 Paul R. Milgrom (* 1948), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 2020

Gründung von Technologie-Unternehmen
Zur Kultur der Stanford University gehört die praktische Anwendung von Studium und Forschung in Start-ups von Technologieunternehmen. Sowohl die Erfinder als auch Geldgeber von Wagniskapital im Silicon Valley und der Bay Area haben enge Beziehungen zur Universität. 2013 beschloss der Stanford-Stiftungsrat, künftig selbst in die Förderung von Unternehmensgründungen einzusteigen. Über den StartX-Fond, der ursprünglich von Studenten ins Leben gerufen wurde, wird die Universität sich an neu gegründeten Unternehmen ihrer Studenten und Absolventen beteiligen. Das Projekt beginnt mit Medizintechnik und soll bis 2018 ein Volumen von 50–100 Millionen US-Dollar für alle technischen Felder zur Verfügung stellen.

Sport

Die Sportteams der Stanford University werden Stanford Cardinal genannt. Die Hochschule ist Mitglied in der Pacific-12 Conference. Traditionell ist das Interesse an der Football-Mannschaft von Stanford am höchsten und erreicht in den Spielen gegen das Team der University of California, Berkeley, die von großer Rivalität geprägt sind, seinen Höhepunkt. Das Football-Stadion wurde 2005–2006 neu erbaut und fasst momentan 50.000 Zuschauer. Die Baukosten betrugen 90 Millionen US-Dollar und wurden von dem Architekturbüro Hoover and Associates durchgeführt. In dem alten Stanford Stadium, das 1921 errichtet wurde, fanden auch Spiele der Fußballweltmeisterschaft der Herren 1994 und der Damen 1999 statt.

Kunst

Auf dem Campus befindet sich das von Leland Stanford und seiner Frau Jane gegründete, und heute als Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts bekannte Kunstmuseum. In diesem befindet sich eine bekannte Ausstellung mit Skulpturen von Auguste Rodin. Die Universität sponsert jährlich über 100 Musik-, Tanz- und Theater-Vorstellungen, die über 30.000 Besucher anziehen. Die Bing Concert Hall wurde im Januar 2013 eröffnet, verfügt über einen 360°-Konzertsaal mit herausragender Akustik für Live-Auftritte und bietet Platz für 842 Besucher. Sie eignet sich sowohl für Kammermusik oder kleinere Jazz-Combos als auch für große Orchester. Die akustische Gestaltung erfolgte durch Nagata Acoustics' Yasuhisa Toyota.

Persönlichkeiten

Lehrende
 Albert Bandura (1925–2021), Psychologe (Bobo-Doll-Experiment)
 Eugene C. Butcher (* 1950), Mediziner, Immunologe, Crafoord-Preis 2004
 Joseph Harold Greenberg (1915–2001), Sprachwissenschaftler, Begründer der modernen Sprachtypologie, neben Chomsky einer der einflussreichsten Linguisten weltweit
 Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (* 1948), Inhaber des Lehrstuhls Komparatistik
 Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901), 23. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika
 Donald Knuth (* 1938), Begründer der formalen Analyse von Computeralgorithmen, Erfinder des TeX-Textsatzsystems
 Maryam Mirzakhani (1977–2017), erste weibliche Trägerin der Fields-Medaille
 Elisabeth Paté-Cornell (* 1948), Risikoanalystin
 Jack Norman Rakove, Pulitzer-Preis Gewinner
 Raj Reddy (* 1937), Turing-Preisträger
 Condoleezza Rice (* 1954), ehem. Außenministerin der Vereinigten Staaten
 Leland Smith (1925–2013), Entwickler des Notensatzprogramms SCORE
 Lewis Madison Terman (1877–1956), Entwickler des Stanford-Binet IQ Tests
 Sebastian Thrun (* 1967), Vizepräsident von Google, Gründer von Udacity
 Philip Zimbardo (* 1933), Psychologe (Stanford-Prison-Experiment)

Absolventen
 IT-Bereich
Die Stanford University ist die Keimzelle des Silicon Valley, zahlreiche Unternehmen wurden von Absolventen der Uni gegründet. Zu den bekanntesten gehören Intel, Google, Yahoo oder Hewlett-Packard.
 Kurt Akeley, Gründer von Silicon Graphics
 Steve Ballmer (* 1956), ehemaliger CEO Microsoft
 Andy Bechtolsheim (* 1955), Designer der ersten Unix-Workstation, gemeinsam mit Vinod Khosla Begründer des Unternehmens Sun Microsystems. Der Name leitet sich von Stanford University Networks ab.
 Jeffrey Bewkes (* 1952), Time-Warner-Präsident
 David Boggs (1950–2022), Erfinder des Ethernet
 Len Bosack & Sandy Lerner, Gründer von Cisco Systems
 Bud Colligan, Gründer von Macromedia
 David Filo (* 1966) & Jerry Yang (* 1968), Erfinder der Technik, die hinter dem (ursprünglichen) Internet-Verzeichnis Yahoo! steckt
 Marcian Edward Hoff (* 1937), Erfinder des Mikroprozessors
 Jawed Karim (* 1979), Gründer von YouTube
 Marissa Mayer (* 1975), Vorstandsvorsitzende von Yahoo
 David Packard (1912–1996) und William Hewlett (1913–2001), die Gründer von Hewlett-Packard
 Larry Page (* 1973) & Sergey Brin (* 1973), Gründer von Google
 Benjamin M. Rosen (* 1933), Gründer von Compaq
 Peter Thiel (* 1967), Gründer von PayPal

 Politiker
 Ehud Barak (* 1942), ehem. israelischer Ministerpräsident
 Cory Booker (* 1969), aktueller US-Senator von New Jersey
 Yukio Hatoyama (* 1947), ehem. Premierminister von Japan
 Herbert Hoover (1874–1964), ehem. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten und Gründer der Hoover Institution auf dem Campus.
 Condoleezza Rice (* 1954), ehem. Außenministerin und davor nationale Sicherheitsberaterin der USA
 James Woolsey (* 1941), ehem. CIA-Direktor
 Rishi Sunak (* 1980), Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs

 Sportler
 Randall Bal (* 1980), Schwimmer
 Benny Barnes (* 1951), American-Footballspieler
 Bruno Banducci (1921–1985), American-Footballspieler, Lehrer
 Mike Bruner (* 1956), Schwimmer
 Bob (* 1978) und Mike Bryan (* 1978), Tennisspieler
 Maya DiRado (* 1993), Schwimmerin
 John Elway (* 1960), American-Footballspieler
 Zach Ertz (* 1990), American-Footballspieler
 Janet Evans (* 1971), Schwimmerin
 Landry Fields (* 1988), Basketballspieler
 Julie Foudy (* 1971), Fußballspielerin
 John Hencken (* 1954), Schwimmer
 Eric Heiden (* 1958), Eisschnellläufer
 Misty Hyman (* 1979), Schwimmerin
 Katie Ledecky (* 1997), Schwimmerin
 James Lofton (* 1956), American-Footballspieler
 Brook Lopez (* 1988), Basketballspieler
 Robin Lopez (* 1988), Basketballspieler
 Andrew Luck (* 1989), American-Footballspieler
 Simone Manuel (* 1996), Schwimmerin
 Peter Marshall (* 1982), Schwimmer
 Christian McCaffrey (* 1996), American-Footballspieler
 John McEnroe (* 1959), Tennisspieler
 Pablo Morales (* 1964), Schwimmer
 Blaine Nye (* 1946), American-Football-Spieler und Unternehmer
 Nneka Ogwumike (* 1990), Basketballspielerin
 Jim Plunkett (* 1947), American-Footballspieler
 Markus Rogan (* 1982), Schwimmer
 Jeff Rouse (* 1970), Schwimmer
 Summer Sanders (* 1972), Schwimmerin
 Richard Sherman (* 1988), American-Footballspieler
 Jenny Thompson (* 1973), Schwimmerin
 Kerri Lee Walsh Jennings (* 1978), Beachvolleyballspielerin
 Tom Watson (* 1949), Golfer
 Bob Whitfield (* 1971), American-Footballspieler
 Tiger Woods (* 1975), Golfer

 Wissenschaftler
 Eric A. Cornell (* 1961), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 2001
 John C. Harsanyi (1920–2000), Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Nobelpreisträger 1994
 Dudley R. Herschbach (* 1932), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 1986
 Katherine Calvin (* 20. Jahrhundert), Geowissenschaftlerin
 Sara Kiesler (* 1940), emeritierte Hillman-Professorin für Informatik und Mensch-Computer-Interaktion am Human-Computer Interaction Institute der Carnegie Mellon University.
 Willis E. Lamb Jr. (1913–2008), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 1955
 Neal E. Miller (1909–2002), Psychologe
 Dianne P. O'Leary (* 1951), Mathematikerin, Informatikerin und Hochschullehrerin
 Louise Pearce (1885–1959), Pathologin
 Peter Salovey (* 1958), Präsident der Yale University
 K. Barry Sharpless (* 1941), Chemie-Nobelpreisträger 2001
 Karl A. Taube (* 1957), Archäologe
 Carl Wieman (* 1951), Physik-Nobelpreisträger 2001

 Sonstige
 Chelsea Clinton (* 1980), Tochter des 42. Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten, Bill Clinton und seiner Frau, der ehemaligen US-Außenministerin Hillary Clinton
 K. Flay (* 1985), US-Musikerin und Sängerin
 Marjorie McClelland (1913–1978), Kinderpsychologin und Judenretterin
 Philipp von Belgien (* 1960), belgischer König
 JB Straubel (* 1975), US-amerikanischer Ingenieur und Unternehmer

Stanford Engineering Heroes
Die Ingenieursfakultät der Stanford-Universität ehrt als Engineering Heroes Ingenieure, die in Stanford studierten oder lehrten für besondere Leistungen:
 2011 Vint Cerf, Ray Dolby, William F. Durand, William Hewlett, Donald Knuth, Charles Litton, David Packard, Frederick Terman
 2012 Craig R. Barrett, Andreas Bechtolsheim, Morris Chang, George Dantzig, Theodore Maiman, Bradford Parkinson, Calvin Quate, Stephen Timoshenko
 2013 John A. Blume, James H. Clark, David Filo, Martin Hellman, John McCarthy, William J. Perry, Jerry Yang
 2014 Kenneth Arrow, Sergey Brin, Irmgard Flügge-Lotz, Edward Ginzton, Larry Page, Sally Ride
 2015 Andreas Acrivos, Ted Hoff, Charles Simonyi
 2016 Martin J. Fisher, Reed Hastings, Perry McCarty,
 2018 Alexandra Illmer Forsythe, George Forsythe, Jensen Huang, Mae Jemison
 2019 Barbara Liskov, Ellen Ochoa, Walter Vincenti

Literatur
 Margo Davis: The Stanford album: a photographic history, 1895–1945. Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 1989, ISBN 0-8047-1639-0.
 Stuart W. Leslie: The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. Columbia University Press, New York [u. a.] 1993, ISBN 0-231-07958-3.
 Rebecca S. Lowen: Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford. University of California Press, Berkeley 1997, ISBN 0-520-20541-3.

Weblinks

 Website der Stanford University (englisch)
 [ Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2009] (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Universität in Kalifornien
Private Hochschule in den Vereinigten Staaten
Association of American Universities
Gegründet 1891
Organisation (Stanford, Kalifornien)
Stiftung (Vereinigte Staaten)
Pacific-8 Conference
Pacific-10 Conference

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: What (are we supposed to believe) did the Yakamoz fire at? During season 1 of Yakamoz S-245, Umut fires two torpedoes while he is in command of the Yakamoz. He tries to keep this a secret from the scientists.
A definitive answer of what those torpedoes hit is probably subject of any future seasons of this series or any other series set in the same universe. But that's not what I'm asking about:
The way it was presented, I think the series meant to insinuate the torpedoes had a particular target, known to us spectators. However, I'm confused. Which target is that? I somewhat guess it might add up with any of the events from Into the Night, but the only sudden destruction by an unknown force I remember from there were destroyed planes. Planes, standing on the ground. As opposed to anything that could be hit by torpedoes.
Did the series authors mean to imply a certain target of those torpedoes? Or am I mistaken and it is just an open mystery at this point?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: please Correct For Loop Design class aaaaa
{
  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i++) {
      for (int k = 10; k < i; k++) {
        System.out.print(" ");
      }
      for (int j = 100; j >=10; j=j-10) {
        System.out.print(j);
      }
      System.out.println("");
    }
  }
}

i want it like that output:
100 90 80 70 50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
90 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
60 50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
50 40 30 20 10
-----------------
40 30 20 10
-----------------
30 20 10
-----------------
20 10
-----------------
10
-----------------

but it's always be like:
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------
100908070605040302010
-----------------

A: Look at my example code. It does exactly what you want to do.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        for(int j = 10 - i; j > 0; j = j--)
        {
            System.out.print(j * 10);
            System.out.print(" ");
        }
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("-----------------");
    }
}

A: The first nested for loop is never executed. The outer for loop will set i to at most 10. The condition k < i will never be true for the first iteration, so it will never run.
So remove this:
for (int k = 10; k < i; k++) {
    System.out.print(" ");
}

Your second nested for loop wil always have the same output. The conditions are always the same no matter what. To have spaces between the numbers, you need to put System.out.print(" "); in this for loop.
You need to change the second loop to this:
for (int j = 100 - (10 * i); j > 10; j=j-10) {
    System.out.print(j);
    System.out.print(" ");
}

Note that we changed the starting index for j to 100 - (10 * i). This means that for every iteration of the outer loop, the largest number will be removed.

In iteration 1, the first result is 100 - (10 * 0) = 100.
In iteration 2, the first result is 100 - (10 * 1) = 90.
In iteration 3, the first result is 100 - (10 * 2) = 80.
...
In iteration 10, the first result is 100 - (10 * 9) = 10.

The last result will always be 100 - (10 * 9) = 10. (I have changed the condition from j >= 10 to j > 10. Otherwise, the last result would be 100 - (10 * 10) = 0.)

The final, working code:
class aaaaa
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i++) {
            for (int j = 100 - (10 * i); j > 10; j=j-10) {
                System.out.print(j);
                System.out.print(" ");
            }
            System.out.println("");
        }
    }
}


Good morning everybody. Today we are starting in for the second time on continuing the conversation on the future of integrated care in New York. To begin visiting the last vehicle available to deliver the care necessary that it holds high quality product. I´d like to welcome everyone in our managed care plans, advocates, all the stakeholders, thank you again really for being here today and thank you to those on the webinar for your participation. I would also like to thank our partners in this integration from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, **Julian Oliver, and then our esteemed \inaudible\ Erin Kate Calicchia, Kirk Dobson, Joseph Schunk, \inaudible\ Hunter, Deborah Conely Flora, Patrick Cucinelli, Mandalyn Royale, Jamal Johnson, \inaudible\. This past July on \inaudible\ the Division of Long Term Care, the other one is CMS, and a lot of stakeholders with the kickoff meeting to the broader stakeholder planning process \inaudible :08\ integrating Medicaid and Medicare services and the integrated care service center provided insight into how other states integrate Medicare and Medicaid outside of federal financial alignment initiative. From now through December, as you all know and that´s why you´re here today, DOH hosts a series of ongoing sessions, \two dollar\ additional meeting, and they will all be regarding the services and the discussion on how to plan best for states´ Medicare and Medicaid integrated programs after \cell\ 19. Through this process, DOH and CMS will gather input from the staff, all of you, and continue to do so. Various elements of policy programs \inaudible\ influence the future of integrated care in New York State. DOH began operating a fully integrated dual advantage program back in January 2015. It seems hard to believe that this year has gone by. As we began the demonstration of \who we´re targeting with\ the financial alignment initiative, and FIDA is just one of three other integrated products as you all know that exist and advantage long term care products under DOH. We also offer programs for \booster\ service for the elderly, PACE, Medicaid Advantage Plus, and of course FIDA, so all three of these products are geared towards really improving the care experience for low income \inaudible\, people with disabilities who are dually eligible where there was a lot of other little Medicare advocating.
In November 2016, DOH announced a big step to FIDA demonstrations, we average about 19, and we put it to CMS to \inaudible :02\ to allow New York to establish financial alignment initiative demonstrations beyond that time. DOH \inaudible\ committed to bringing stakeholders together to plan the future of integrated care. This opportunity really is great because it allows us to look at all three of our integrated programs and to really begin a vision into the potential of what integrated care can look like starting in 2020 after the pilot demonstration ends. The focus on shaping the care of the dual eligibles has really become more of focal points than priorities in our state health care reform efforts, and the Medicare and Medicaid enrollees, really some of our most vulnerable elders to probably go back \inaudible\, and health challenges, and we all know the benefits because you are all first line to that, that better coordination care services between Medicaid and Medicare hold significant problems in terms of being able to improve the lives and the health of New Yorkers, \inaudible\ greater efficiency in that \inaudible\. Both DOH and CMS together works for eligibles as you all know, the better care experience with operating really our full \ATS\ participant center coordinated integrated program, that is \inaudible :03\ Medicare and Medicaid services. We feel again, which is why we´re having these discussions, that opening it to discussion allows us to get to a place to successfully integrate Medicare and Medicaid will stand DOH´s opportunity to deliver the best coordination care for our dual eligible population. Again, I just want to thank all of you here for your participation and assistance in this late rate of joint pursuits. We have a very robust agenda today. We´re going to continue now, I´m going to hand over the microphone to Erin Kate Calicchia, who is our \inaudible :02\ Office of managed Care, the Division of Long Term Care. Erin Kate is going to go over a few more details today about \inaudible\ process, and then she will lead us into discussion of other topics. Sitting up front to help address any questions and provide feedback here at this time is all of our \inaudible\ experts from CMS and DOH, Joe Schunk, Deborah Conely Flora, Patrick Cucinelli, and the rest of the team will be \inaudible :06\. We all here will need to be really participatory today, and to write in on the webinar and submit your questions, we really want this to get a lot of good discussion. Without further ado, I will welcome Erin Kate. [Erin Kate] Thank you \inaudible\ for coming in person, and thank you to all of our others who are listening \inaudible\. Due to \inaudible :18\ 2019. The idea here is for us collaboratively and CMS to come up with what we like and what we don´t like, what we´d like the future of integrated care to look like, because in New York one of the lessons we have learned is that integrated care is \inaudible\. I know there were a few questions about \inaudible :05\ all products, all integrated care \inaudible\, everyone \inaudible :04\. After today, will be meeting number two \inaudible :05\. In October, we are going to be \inaudible\ should be showing them an invitation \inaudible :03\. In November, we are scheduled to be in Albany. We are trying to determine whether it would be valuable to move that one to Rochester or or the Western New York location other than weather. That will be announced as we get that sorted out. Finally, will be December 8th in New York. After that, we will be working proactively with CMS on all of the \inaudible\ and all of these meetings, and somehow pick some kind of mileage for the future of integrated care in the state. For today´s discussions, we have four topics that were listed on the agenda. We´re going to be handling one topic at a time, and we´re going to try to keep the comments to that particular topic even though sometimes we want to vary out into other areas, for the ease of putting everything together for us and for our notetaker to capture all the comments that are \inaudible\ we would like to try to keep it to those topics. We are not looking to drive to any conclusions today. We really want to go over all different points of view on everything, so we´re not going to try to provide any amount of \inaudible\ today. \inaudible :13\. We do have \inaudible :02\ we´re not able to get a microphone that we can send out into the audience, so when you have a comment, if you can, come up to the podium so that everyone on the webinar can hear it and everyone in the room can hear the comment. If that´s not really feasible, shout it on out and we will try to \inaudible.
Just to back up \inaudible :04\, today is the first of several in a series. There will be three more meetings after this. The meeting in November is being moved to Rochester and there will be more information out on that as soon as we get it locked down. We are going to try to get all of the topics in today in the meeting. All comments are welcome, and we´re trying to handle topics one at a time so that we are able to capture them in our notes and for us to give feedback. If you have questions on the webinar, send them in to \inaudible\. We will be pausing after every topic to see if there are questions. There will also be plenty of time at the end for any questions. If you decide that you don´t want to come forward and raise a question today, if you want to wait, you can send it in you do have an additional opportunity to share across \inaudible :02\ presentation, it is future of integrated care at health.ny.gov. We do ask that you send those comments in within ten days if possible of the end of each meeting so that we have time to absorb them. We only have about three to five weeks between each meeting. Still, after each meeting we will as a department, and CMS will individually, look over all the comments and we will piece together an after \inaudible\ of each one, and we will also be taking any written comments \inaudible :17\. So, we have already said who all our panelists are \inaudible :09\ which is the target population. So in a nutshell, we would like to hear from everyone today on your thoughts on which populations we should include in integrated Medicare and Medicaid programs. Up on the slide, here is our three prides that we have today. We have Joe Schunk \inaudible\, an image description of what the target population in FIDA looks like. We´ll turn it over to \Jeff Smath\ in \inaudible\.
[presenters] Thank you Erin Kate. We´ll go through some of these items that you have the target population for FIDA, and it has the curse FIDA has, full Medicare and Medicaid coverage, the age is 21 years or older, \inaudible :09\, and the service area that we have for FIDA is New York City, Long Island, and Westchester county that were in as of early this year.
>> Okay, so for Medicaid Advantage Plus, we have eligibility requirements on full Medicaid and Medicare, age 18 or older, community based long term care services are planned for greater than 120 days, there´s another level of care, and at this point in time living in the \inaudible\, Suffolk, or Westchester counties, then Albany, \inaudible\, Schenectady, and Montgomery. That of course is subject to change with any more service area expansion \inaudible\.
>> For PACE, a really fundamental program, the idea that this is a group of individuals that really want to be in the community and they want to \inaudible\. You can see in the combination of Medicare and/or Medicaid, 55 or older... One thing I would note on the age is that a lot of the coming under the \inaudible\ Act, there are a lot of proposals out there for changing that, for example: CMS has proposed a personal spender community care model which would actually lower the age to 21.
That´s something the state \can move on\. These folks were also needed in nursing home level care, scoring five or better on the \SUAS\. If they have the same requirement for over 120 days, and the PACE centers are very strict in terms of what service area \inaudible\.
>> It seems like we have a few things about \inaudible\ today, with eligibility, who should be included in the target population. I guess the elephant in the room is should it be able to be all new Yorkers in upstate where it is more rural or should we limit as FIDA with limit to issue a downstate only population where there´s more of a \skill\ population. [audience] Why would we limit it?
[presenters] We have heard from a lot of plans upstate who have really strong \inaudible\ population together in order to get availability and make services work including PACE... \inaudible :08\ sometimes it´s not that we can´t put the populations together, it´s just from under \inaudible\ downstate don´t necessarily work for upstate.
>> I don´t know that the issue is the population, that sometimes the regulation is challenging for people that are in the rural areas and that struggle with home care, so it´s not that the services aren´t necessary and that we wouldn´t \inaudible :05\ we´re very interested in, but we do have unique struggles. I think it´s more of an understanding that we do face different struggles than those downstate, not that the services aren´t needed, because they are very needed, especially in those rural areas, and the point is to provide access to care to people who currently don´t have it.
>> Downstate regulations don´t always work upstate. [audience] Today the state has been successful in getting managed long–term care as a state–wide initiative. It took some time, though we got there. The same for Medicare Advantage. Both sides of the equation exist state wide, so I don´t see why the integrated version shouldn´t be state wide. I would advocate for state wide.
[presenters] So we have a lot of advocacy for state wide. \inaudible :08\. There´s that we can take away. [audience] I have a question for the lady who was speaking about PACE. What exactly do you see as a challenge from a regulatory perspective between downstate and upstate?
[presenters] I was for, really, for upstate programs as a managed long–term care plan. Some of the \inaudible\ things is a bit of a challenge sometimes meeting the requirements in some of the areas, as well as travel distance can sometimes be a bit of a challenge, so it´s not that... \inaudible\ travel in Wyoming county, it´s not that I don´t think the need is there, it´s just the need of requirement is a bit of a challenge, so to then look at FIDA, a program like that, I think it´s necessary, it just needs regulation. ... The rural aspect, yes.
[presenters] Take a look at the Medicare and Medicaid populations. Are there any subsets that we should exclude as we go forward?
>> I think you´re looking for whatever people think anyone who has Medicare and Medicaid should be included, or whether certain populations should have a different program, and who those populations would be... the future that DOH should be looking at is the whole population, all in one program that would be Albany.
>> Do people think that what we´re looking for is one integrated care product that services everyone, or do you think the future should be more in the way of how we have things today where we have the FIDA population, keeping things separate, and you have different requirements for \inaudible\.
[audience] I did want to make a special point about the IDT population. We do have an initiative under way already that \launched\ a plan of others to follow, because that population... so many people are dually eligible, it´s probably 50% of the IDT population, but FIDA \inaudible\ is really the only one that will work effectively for that population. Right now, the demonstration for that IDT population is going a little slowly but it´s going very successfully. The early data is showing it producing significantly better outcomes in some areas \inaudible :02\ for those people who do enroll. I would certainly encourage \inaudible\, the IDT population, because obviously that population has special \inaudible\ issues, care coordination, \inaudible :02\ that a regular IDT population \inaudible\, so there probably is an argument to not just apply all the same standards consistently, and frankly even on assessments... it´s a different group of people and professionals who have been working with that population and doing \inaudible\. It probably does not make sense for that, but rather than exclude them I want to make a special \formula to balance equally\. On the others, these programs all do some different things. I think it´s useful to have them all and see them all sort of running, \AMAT\, and PACE, and FIDA, because there are reasons why a consumer stays at a \Kroger\, and there are reasons why some programs in terms of provider interaction and who the plan entity is in those, are different, everybody on the plan side for now sticking on the non–IDT \inaudible\, doesn´t necessarily have the scale or the great ability or frankly \inaudible\ not that both \inaudible\ but they certainly \will be in half\. There´s a whole different set of considerations for PACE and programs that are in that or want to be in that, it works better for them, but again a \inaudible\ thing to do to FIDA. I would argue not to, generally speaking, be excluding populations–I´m not sure who you would exclude, but \inaudible\ suggestions... our program typically has been \inaudible :04\ can´t mandate Medicare choices here, but you don´t mandate anybody, so in some ways having options for people and letting the system to evolve, I would probably \inaudible\.
[presenters] That is a good point for keeping in all of the populations that are in, but keeping them in separate programs, so not excluding but keeping them separate, and at the same time keeping things the way they are today which is to pick criteria and \inaudible :02\. Is there anyone who thinks that we should not have so much going toward \inaudible :08\?
[audience] I have a question related to the \inaudible :03\ these three programs, we noticed that the eligibility criteria is very similar in terms of having a certain level of long term support services fee. It would be great to get some thoughts on if we should look at the so called community well pool, individuals who are eligible for full Medicare and Medicaid benefits but don´t need the level of care that we \inaudible\.
>> I´m with a hospital. One of the things that we´ve been sort of looking at is how this will all \inaudible\ with the DSRIP initiatives that we´re looking at, and working obviously with the Medicaid population, these two really transform how health care is delivered today. We struggled with how those plans are. If we´re really going to \inaudible\ on integrating care and we´re going to be transformative and we´re going to hold people accountable for care navigation and all of the wonderful aspects that I think are coming about as [inaudible\, then I don´t understand why we wouldn´t have a full pass to available to everyone; that is easier for everyone to navigate. You are in different programs, following the rules of those programs, whether you´re a hospital, whether you´re an outpatient center, doing whatever, it´s really difficult, but I look at the consumer and how hard it is for them to figure out how to navigate the program that they might be in, and even understanding the program. One of the things we struggle with is patients not really understanding is what their program is and how their care is supposed to be delivered and what kind of tool they have at their disposal, because we´re really probably not doing a great job at care managing the way we say we are, and we´re probably all talking about it at our levels and what we do in our roles. We´re never actually pulling it down to the patient level the staff is supposed to work with. I´m not sure they get this. My case management department chronically is telling me how they can´t get through to the care managers or the social workers who are supposed to be delivering a Medicare or Medicaid plan. I have been thinking about the end user, the patient who I still waiting for someone to get back to them.
Then you have to bring in the social determinents of health and how it applies to this entire population and are we doing a good enough job of screening. I think DSRIP is doing a really good job at starting the integration \inaudible\, we have to tie this all in to how it colors \inaudible\.
>> Do you have any thoughts on education on choice of what we´re doing? Did you mention that it´s difficult sometimes for the consumer to really understand the different programs? Certainly we saw early on in the program the difficulty with even some of the providers being educated or really understanding the difference of the programs or what FIDA was for instance. What are folks thoughts on what we´re doing with education in consumer choice, it´s great to have choice, but the flip side of that is that too much choice can confuse someone who is frail and elderly and has six or seven chronic conditions, and they don´t have a patient navigator or a case manager, the care management team isn´t specifying the differences or can´t really delineate one from another, that it creates confusion, and while it´s inclusive it can be fragmented.
>> One of the things that we´re mandated to do as hospitals is to make sure our patients have a safe discharge. One way to do that is the chronic education on what a patient can do, and what that actually means for that discharge. For me, it´s when you have a patient in your care for such a short period of time in a hospital, and you have x amount of things that you have to deliver to that patient, that are regulatory, that are mandated, that the patient walk out with this in mind... it´s too overwhelming for a person to get that. Then you´re told that well, their plan offers a care navigator, someone to offer that education, then when you go to reach out to that educator there´s no return phone call, or we´ll be back to you in a number of days, or I´m sorry we work Mondays through Fridays and somehow people got their health care on Sunday or Saturday. People don´t get sick Monday through Friday from nine to five.
They get sick all the time. They get discharged from the hospital all the time. They get discharged \inaudible\ from home health all the time. Yet, our system hasn´t caught up with that, so I don´t know whether the DSRIP initiative really cares, it´s working toward realizing that we are \inaudible :03\, people are going to get sick all the time, we haven´t really done a good job at education. There are so many things... When you come in as a chronic diabetic, you can´t get \inaudible\, I have so much to do to just get you in there, to take your insulin, take a medication the right way, that all the other pieces of the regulatory things are going to be an underscale of what \inaudible\, but it´s all about their plan. No one here has \state plan\. I´m not necessarily saying I have answers to that, but I know that a few people \that are job\, but we can´t do it when we have so many programs that you´re trying to educate people on. If we could just give them... here´s the program, and we talk about \inaudible\ and self manage as far as \inaudible :02\, you can do that only have the social determinants of health, so their lives are so chaotic that trying to manage the process is just one other thing that they can´t communicate, they can´t do the thing they need to do, it´s an impossibility unless we start working together to do it. I think the problem is we´re so silent, and the programs we have are so silent. We have to integrate. So I´m excited about it, and I think I speak for more than just my hospital, hospitals are excited, that´s why we´re excited about DSRIP, that´s why we´re working with smaller programs. We´ve got a lot of work to do \inaudible :03\.
>> Well, it´s the idea that when folks used to leave a hospital they left the hospital in a well state. People don´t leave a hospital in a well state. They go in \inaudible :02\ skilled nursing facilities. \inaudible :04\ locations don´t need a hospital \inaudible\ less, they just need it better than when they came in, because that´s what we wanted to know. Care should be delivered in the right setting at the right time. We believe that. In order to do that, we have that infrastructure, and I don´t think that infrastructure is there yet, but I do believe it´s on the way, through programs like DSRIP. Again, I think that \inaudible :03\ health home mandate put us \inaudible :07\ we´re spinning on a wheel, so when we find out the \inaudible :05\ they have to go back to the patient and if they just had asked us up front, we would have known, we would have been able to put a patient right into the health home that they were at and start working with their case managers there.
[Judy] My experience is not only \inaudible :03\ New York State and health discharge planning, but it was a number of years ago. I do know right as your hospital association participated at one of those, and the education of discharge planners was a priority. I don´t know what the outcome was. It was training on the different programs available in New York State. I do know at that time I also... \inaudible\ speak to critical hospitals about options within long term care, and I think time´s really good for the hospitals that have organized those educational railroads or that discharge planners that are whole \inaudible\ social work department to know about the options that are available so maybe that part of this integrated care planning, we can integrate a component that provides that training, because it is a partnership between discharge planners and the health plan and all of the providers in the continuum of care, so I think it´s really important. It´s not just on the plans to do this. The Department of health, CMS, all of the providers, and the consumers of course have to be involved.
[presenters] It seems like maybe training and education is an area that people want to focus on in future meetings. Maybe we can add that as another bucket here.
[audience] I just wanted to respond to this question about whether it should be multiple spurs into the rail... I am a little bit concerned about this. I do think it should be for all duals, but I´m concerned about making all the populations together into one group. Today, New York State has two models that wrap around Medicare Advantage plan, one called Medicaid Advantage for the healthier duals and \ATMATH\ for the frail duals, and this may be reaching over into another topic so I apologize. Today the way financing in Medicare Advantage is structured, a plan can only get a Medicare frailty adjustment if they´re serving exclusively the frail duals, and if we fix populations together, it could have financing implications. I think there´s been a lot of research that shows that Medicare Advantage \inaudible :02\ doesn´t adequately pay for the cost of care for the frail duals, so it´s important to have that frailty adjustment. Yes, I thin it should serve all duals, but maybe not all in one catch–all pot or program. Maybe there needs to be some different models for different \cut offs\.
>> So, just to be clear, are you advocating for a frailty adjustment like with the new integrated program, or rather really a separate program altogether, like carving out that population?
>> Well, I think that´s an interesting question. There has been discussion about a frailty adjustment \inaudible\ years, and we´ve all made the case that like the risk adjustment, a frailty adjustment should be assigned to the person not to the program side, but today it is assigned to a program. If we were able to make that change and have the frailty adjustment follow a person the same as the risk adjustment follows the person, then I think that issue comes flat.
[presenters] Thank you. In the interest of time, if there are any more comments on this particular topic please submit them to \inaudible\. We are going to move on to the next model which is covered services under the Medicaid program. For this topic, we ask that you think about the covered services included included in \inaudible\ program, in FIDA, in FIDA IDT, in \MAT\, and in \inaudible\. Also, Medicaid services that are included in other Medicaid programs, like the HCBS waivers part and fee for services. So, our discussion here will focus on which Medicaid services we should include, and we will count the option to select from Medicare \inaudible :03\. Here we have sets for covered services, or a little bit about our services in each type of plan, and I will ask Joe and Deb and Patrick if they want to \inaudible :03\.
>> Okay, for the FIDA, the summary of the benefits that we have under care includes all Medicaid state plan benefits are covered by the FIDA plan, the home community based waiver service coming by the FIDA plan, TBI and XTD waiver services as well. The care team, or the IDT, has flexibility to cover additional items not otherwise covered by New York Medicaid, and the additional benefits not including state plan for the waivers must be covered as well, so that´s the summary of the way that services are aligned for the FIDA.
>> The Medicaid Advantage Plus plan covers most of the Medicaid state plan services, they \are respondants of\ fee for service. The Medicaid Advantage plan is also able to cover social environmental supports, so that does get plan flexibility on other services. The HCBS waiver services are not covered under that plan nor the pay plan at the time, but in 1–1–19 the \NSCDCDI\ waiver services are scheduled to come in to both that plan and \inaudible\, so that´ll be expanding in that. \inaudible :03\.
>> PACE... They are required to cover all of the Medicaid coverage services, all \inaudible :02\ part A D, \inaudible :04\ enrollees. As we mentioned, there´s no HCBS waiver services, but one of the big strengths about the PACE program is the IDT team \inaudible\ have a lot of flexibility to cover a lot of needs of the individual both geared toward what´s necessary without the \inaudible\.
>> One of the first things I think we wanted to get to talk on are whether an integrated care product going forward should include all of the Medicaid state plan services, and if they should not then establish which ones should be excluded or on the flip side which ones strongly should continue to be included \inaudible :02\.
>> I just wanted to sort of build off what what she she said and on what I said earlier. State wide \inaudible :03\, exactly what she just said. It´s very challenging for people to understand that partially capitated plans, their services, and how it coordinates with their Medicare.
That´s really why we´re looking for the private products. That also makes us more responsible for rehospitalization. We do have a full time working care with those \ambulance or businesses\ that we do not provide under our partially capitated plan, so for us when we hit our target, it was always because there was \inaudible\ the FIDA model and \inaudible\ services.
\presenters\ Next are state plan services. It sounds like there´s a lot of agreement in the room that all state plan services should probably be rolled up into the \inaudible :03\. What about the \volunteer\ services, MLTSS, do you think that should be included, excluded, all together, excluded in meaning that they should be a physical \inaudible\ population but not \inaudible\. No responses? I guess we can move on from that topic then.
Waiver services is the last thing we wanted to do, the waiver services and the role that they might play in integrated care going forward.
>> Is it too soon to ask that since not all of them are in yet?
>> We have a lot of discussion about \rate and service\, and I think the concerns that we would have aren´t whether to continue to deliver x, but around some of the things we´ve talked about \inaudible :04\ for services seem to potentially overlap with other services that are already in the plan. If we were to cart them in, \inaudible\ idea for the same reasons that we´re all just that, the Department of Health people are confused about what´s in and what´s out. I think we have to take through and add a cart, because \inaudible\ code is very different I think when people get into a plan, and if one of our goals is to create a program that is affordable, I think we also have to be careful about services and what we´re actually putting out. >> All right, so do you want a little more time \to review that\?
>> Help me understand... Are you advocating for service limits in general or on certain duplicative? What "services" or, how would you choose that out exactly? >> It´s a thing that we just struggle with in some of those departments. We have to make sure that we understand how they´re \worded in a way that is for\ all the stakeholders, members, \suppliers\, care managers, and I just worry about layering it off. It feels like we just kind of keep layering services on.
>> Thanks. I think that´s part of the stakeholder process we have going on simultaneous to this with a lot of... for the waivers.
>> The fact that I´m trying to make sure we solve this will be just \inaudible\.
>> It´s definitely another variable in the equation. Thank you.
>> I just wanted to say, I think before we look at that part of the population some of the issues that pertain to \inaudible...\ Are there issues that you find there with the different projects and the different ages, particularly around eligibility?


Nissan Motor Co. has announced a new, six-year environmental plan aimed at making it the tops in zero-emission vehicle sales by 2016.
The plan, called the Nissan Green Program 2016, will focus on three areas: reduction of carbon footprint, shift to renewable energy and an increase in the diversity of resources used by Nissan. The automaker is also eyeing a sales target of 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles sold across the Renault-Nissan Alliance.
"More consumers are demanding products in line with their values, including cars and trucks with a lower carbon footprint. At the same time, we are using technology to make our factories greener and more efficient," said Nissan president and chief executive Carlos Ghosn.
Detailed actions under NGP 2016 include a Nissan-lead development of an all-new fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) together with strategic partner, Daimler.
The plan also calls for Nissan to lead the way in fuel efficiency with a 35 per cent fuel economy improvement compared with 2005 on a corporate average.
Helping hit the target, the company says, would be an all-new front-wheel drive hybrid model; an all-new plug-in hybrid model based on Nissan's unique technology; and the introducing a next-generation continuously variable transmission (CVT) and reach 20 million units of cumulative CVT production since Nissan's first launch in 1992.
The maker of the all-electric LEAF added that growth is expected to come from emerging markets like India, Russia and Brazil.


Our objective is to deliver quality while prioritising people and the environment. At our ultra-modern factory in Apeldoorn, 1.5 million calfskins are processed annually, most of which are sourced from the VanDrie Group slaughterhouses. These skins then find their way to buyers located all over the globe. Oukro cooperates with its clients in thinking about sustainable solutions. Read all about how we do that here.
In October 2017, we brought the solar roof at our premises in Apeldoorn into use. In total, 1,578 solar panels have been installed on a roof over an area of 3900 m2, giving Oukro one of the largest roof mounted systems in the Netherlands. With the solar roof, a quarter of Oukro's total annual energy requirements will be obtained from sustainable sources.
Salt is used to preserve the calfskins. In 2016, salt use was reduced by 16.7% compared to 2009. The advantages? A reduced use of salt means less waste water that requires purification. Less salt also means a shortened processing process of the skins and fewer transport movements. Our buyers can subsequently reduce their use of chemicals to get rid of excess salt. Their skins are also delivered sooner.
Throughout the VanDrie Group chain, animal welfare and proper calf treatment have been prioritised. We wish to emphasise these practices, because at the end of the day, they ensure that the calfskins are of good quality. It takes the entire chain to produce a calfskin of optimal quality. Transportation, farm and slaughterhouse: each link contributes to the overall quality. A small, incorrectly-fitted bolt in a stall can already result in damage to the calf's hide. We frequently ensure that the links in our chain are aware of this. Measures that significantly contribute to improving quality are reducing skin dirt, fighting parasites, vaccinating against ringworm, and combating damage caused during transport.


Strong lap times were not reflected in a 13th place finish on July 2nd for the 903 Worth Race Team. Justin Mann evaded multiple incidents this weekend on the track but slowed him enough to take him off of the pace. Kart is strong and getting better each month and August should be exciting.


text:
The following are entitled to draw books from the Library on loan after they have secured their membership Pass Books/Reader's Tickets, duly signed/fascimile stamped by the Librarian. Applications for membership duly recommended by the competent authority shall be made to the Librarian on prescribed form obtainable from the Cashier, Panjab University, Chandigarh, on payment of price as may be determined by the Vice-Chancellor, from time to time.
The rule regarding submission of an application form shall not apply to the Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor.
Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Fellows of the University.
Members of the various Faculties, Boards and Committees of the University.
Members of the teaching staff of the University and affiliated colleges. Re-employed teachers shall be issued books during the tenure of their re-employment.
Students of the University actually on the rolls of the teaching Departments. They may continue to avail consultation facility during the interim period i.e. having obtained the clearance chit from the Library for appearing in the examination and enrolment for the next session in July.
Approved candidates for the Degree of Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy, M.E., M.Pharm., Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature. Such members shall deposit a refundable security of Rs. 1000 each.
All the confirmed employees of the University are entitled to the privilege of membership of the Library. Employees unconfirmed (1) Teachers, (2) class A, (3) classes (B & C) can also become members by depositing Rs. 1000 for Teachers and class A employees and Rs. 500 for class B & C employees as refundable security.
The Librarian can enroll special borrowing members as also renew membership of old members on the approval of the Dean of University Instruction. Such members will have to pay an annual subscription fee of Rs. 2,000 and a refundable security of Rs. 4,000. However in case of retired university employees the security amount will remain Rs. 1500 only.
Any Library which has established inter-loan relationship with this Library and institutions of standing approved by the Vice-Chancellor/Dean of University Instruction.
Panjab University Alumni:
Panjab University Alumni Patron members will be enrolled as Library member by paying refundable security of Rs. 5,000 and annual subscription of Rs. 500.
The superannuated life members will be enrolled as library members by paying refundable security of Rs. 4,000 and annual subscription of Rs.1,000.
Other life members after 5 years of enrolment as member of P U Alumni Association will be entitled to Library membership on the same terms as at ii above. Membership to such members will be limited to 25.
Institutional membership to industrial, business and commercial units as a part of the Industry-Institute Partnership Programme, at a refundable security of Rs. 10,000 and renewal annual membership fee of Rs. 2,500.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Can't append value to my NSArray variable I have a NSArray and i need to append some values but array.append doesn't seems to works on a NSArray. What can i use to append something on a NSArray like a normal array

A: You can not add or append element in NSArray as NSArray is immutable.For this you need to take NSMutableArray


As the first step of developing numerical model for Stirling engine, numerical studies have been performed to investigate the oscillating flow and heat transfer in an isolated gas spring. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are used to model the effects of oscillating fluid flow and pressure level on heat transfer and work. The gas spring modeled here has low Mach numbers and is sufficiently small that the time required for acoustics to propagate across them is negligible. Moving grid technology to simulate the piston motion in gas spring was also applied here to simulate the movement of the piston. The numerical results include temperature filed, velocity vector and pressure variation during the cycles. Numerical results were also compared with the reference data non-dimensional hysteresis loss for the gas spring over an operating range with other CFD code simulation results and experimental results. The comparisons show very good agreement between simulation results and other results. This study had shown that the CFD codes used here could predict the flow and heat transfer under oscillatory condition.
Paper presented at the 13th International Heat Transfer Conference, IHTC-13, Sydney, Australia, August 13-18, 2006.
Ibrahim, Mounir B. and Zhang, Zhiguo, "Numerical Study of Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in an Isolated Gas Spring" (2006). Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications. 266.


Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya has formulated a "Personal Information Protection Plan" as given below, to suitably safeguard personal information.
The hotel will carry out the relevant process for generation, collection , use and submission of information.
The hotel will protect against any instance of unauthorized access, loss, destruction, falsification or leakage of information.
The hotel will strictly comply with all laws and other standard norms relating to personal information.
The hotel maintains regulations for safeguarding personal information and works continuously to improve on them.
When carrying out improvements in the services offered by Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya or for the development of new services.
For offering services relating to damage insurance and incidentals arising thereof.
While handling such personal information as submitted to the Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya, the Hotel may hand over such information to a public depository or their business partners in pursuing the above described purposes.
Also in accordance with the Law, if a public institution like the courts or the police request disclosure of such information, this company will hand over the information to the concerned public institution.
The Nagoya B's Hotel reserves the right to make amendments to this policy.
Cookies enable us to provide a better browsing experience for visitors when they come back to our site for the second time and they are not an infringement on the users privacy nor are they harmful to the users computer.
Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya collects information that is stored in a cookie when the user visits this site pertaining to viewing actions , trends and patterns.. From this data collected ,Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya (also the Company entrusted with the job of analyzing this data) analyses the access trends and uses it to offer improved services for its user.
Please rest assured that we deal with this information with the same secrecy as when dealing with your personal information.
If a user does not wish to have his information tracked by a cookie, he has the option to disable this service by changing the settings on his internet browser.
The use of this site is the sole responsibility of the user.
Hotel Kiyoshi Nagoya is not responsible for any damages arising from using information acquired from other websites that are linked to this website.
Please use the Contact Us form for any questions relating to the information on this page.
Copyright(c)2011 HOTEL KIYOSHI NAGOYA All Right Reserved.


You should present something exciting or beautiful, all the while keeping the reader interested. About warriors were wounded and 7750000 missing. Another tip that I have for you is to try to be creative in your essay! The Australian..
So, this essay will show solutions to these causes of problem. In some cases, parents simply do not look after them, they do not know what children. Many mothers and fathers either do not have the time or the..
ideas for topics. Troubleshooting your Thesis Ideas Subject. A few lucky graduate students find a thesis topic early in their graduate work, and keep a notebook going with ideas and tips for future research related to that topic. When searching for a topic, remember that your thesis should attempt to solve a real problem and should contain solid theoretical work, as well as empirical results. The size of your thesis topic can be tricky; funeral blues essay plan you want it to be manageable but not so narrow that you will be limited while researching. You should also bear in mind the readers' expectations, as well as the assignment restrictions.
She earned an MBA from the Rutgers School of Business in 2010. Todays students are tomorrows future. You can cite your interviews just as you would a passage from some article you've used as background to your own work. Writers Per Hour is a professional website to write your papers; we take plagiarism very seriously and make sure there is no compromise on this particular aspect. The fact that you have to seek permission to submit in English suggests that this is not the done thing in your institution, although it is possible.
Proctor says to Danforth, I have given you my soul; leave me my name! He tries to turn the accusations. He would be pardoned if he signed a confession of being a witch, yet his name would be soiled.