The largest procurement program in the Department of Defense (DOD), the F-35 Lightning II is a strike fighter aircraft being procured in different versions for the United States Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy. Current DOD plans call for acquiring a total of 2,457456 F-35s. Allies are expected to purchase hundreds of additional F-35s, and eight nations are cost-sharing partners in the program with the United States.
The Administration's proposed FY2017FY2019 defense budget requested about $7.310.7 billion in procurement and R&D funding for the F-35 program. This would fund the procurement of 4348 F-35As for the Air Force, 1620 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, 49 F-35Cs for the Navy, and continuing development.
FY20168 defense authorization act: The FY2016FY2018 defense authorization bill funded F-35 procurement at $8.49.9 billion for 6390 aircraft (4456 F-35As, 1524 F-35Bs, and 410 F-35Cs, an increase of 620 aircraft and $722.4 million2.4 billion from the Administration's request), plus $753.2 million1.5 billion in advance procurement, the requested level. The conference report accompanying the bill included language limiting FY2016 funds for the F-35A pending a certification that aircraft delivered in FY2018 will have full combat capability with currently planned Block 3F hardware, software, and weapons carriage and a provision that would direct the Comptroller General of the United States to conduct a review and submit a report on the F-35's Autonomic Logistics Information System.
FY2018 defense appropriations bill: The final omnibus budget bill funded F-35 procurement at $8.410.2 billion for 6890 aircraft (4756 F-35As, 1524 F-35Bs, and 610 F-35Cs, an increase of 1120 aircraft and $799.9 million2.6 billion over the Administration's request), plus $732.0 million in advance procurement, an increase of $20 million from the Administration's advance procurement request. The explanatory statement accompanying the bill included language directing the Secretary of Defense to submit a report certifying that Autonomic Logistics Information System 2.0.2 equipment has been delivered and supports an Air Force declaration of Initial Operating Capability (IOC) for the F-35A1.5 billion in advance procurement, the requested level.
The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), also called the Lightning II, is a strike fighter airplane being procured in different versions for the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy. The F-35 program is DOD's largest weapon procurement program in terms of total estimated acquisition cost. Current Department of Defense (DOD) plans call for acquiring a total of 2,457456 F-35s1 for the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy at an estimated total acquisition cost, as of December, 20152017, of about $313.3325.1 billion in constant (i.e., inflation-adjusted) FY2012 dollars. 2 U.S. allies are expected to purchase hundreds of additional F-35s, and eight foreign nations are cost-sharing partners in the program.
The Administration's proposed FY2017FY2019 defense budget requested about $7.310.7 billion in procurement funding for the F-35. This would fund the procurement of 4348 F-35As for the Air Force, 1620 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, 49 F-35Cs for the Navy, and continuing development. The proposed budget also requested about $1.83 billion for F-35 research and development.
The Air Force is procuring the F-35Aplans to procure 1,763 F-35As, a conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) version of the aircraft. F-35As are to replace Air Force F-16 fighters and A-10 attack aircraft, and possibly F-15 fighters.6 The F-35A is intended to be a more affordable complement to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter.7 The F-35A is not as stealthy8 nor as capable in air-to-air combat as the F-22, but it is designed to be more capable in air-to-ground combat than the F-22, and stealthier than the F-16.
Consistent with congressional direction for the FY1996 defense budget, DOD established a program to develop an alternate engine for the F-35. The alternate engine, the F136, was developed by a team consisting of GE Transportation—Aircraft Engines of Cincinnati, OH, and Rolls-Royce PLC of Bristol, England, and Indianapolis, IN. The F136 iswas a derivative of the F120 engine originally developed to compete with the F119 engine for the F-22 program.
The Administration's proposed FY2017 defense budget would fund the procurement of 43 F-35As for the Air Force, 16 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, and 4 F-35Cs for the Navy. This is five fewer As, two more Bs, and the same number of Cs compared with FY2017 projections in the FY2016 budget.
Contracted unit prices for F-35s have continued to decline with each production lot. "For example, the price (including airframe, engine and profit) of an LRIP Lot 8 aircraft was approximately 3.6 percent less than an LRIP Lot 7 aircraft, and an LRIP Lot 7 aircraft, was 4.2 percent lower than an LRIP Lot 6 aircraft." 37 This is examined in more detail in "Low-Rate Initial Production," below.
Development of the F-35's integrated software development continues to be a significant issue in the program. The latest information can be found in a new section on software added to this report under "Software Development."
In October 2001, DOD selected the Lockheed design as the winner of the competition, and the JSF program entered the System Development and Demonstrationsystem development and demonstration (SDD) phase, with SDD contracts awarded to Lockheed Martin for the aircraft and Pratt and Whitney for the aircraft's engine. General Electric continued technical efforts related to the development of an alternate engine for competition in the program's production phase.
64"Taken together, these forecasts result in the delivery of 122 fewer aircraft over the Future Years Defense Program (FYDP), relative to the President's FY 2010 budget baseline," Carter said.4765 This reduction led the Navy and Air Force to revise their dates for IOC as noted above.
Previous DOD plans contemplated increasing the procurement rate of F-35As for the Air Force to a sustained rate of 80 aircraft per year by FY2015, and completing the planned procurement of 1,763 F-35As by about FY2034. The current Air Force plan increases the rate to 6054 per year beginning in 2021in 2019 and 2020; the 1,763 fleet sizetarget has not changed.
Congress has also acted to reduce the rate of F-35 procurement. Division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76), reduced the Administration's request for F-35 advance procurement in FY2015 by two F-35As and one F-35C. Those reductions were reflected in the Administration's FY2015 budget request.
F-35s are currently produced under Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP), with agreements reached for the first eight lots of aircraft. Each LRIP lot includes both U.S. and international partner aircraft.
Notes: Aircraft costs for LRIPs 5-8 shown do not include engines. QuantitiesAll quantities exclude international orders.
Development of the F-35 follow-on Block 4 software is expected to cost as much as $8 billion, an effort now known as Continuous Capability Development and Delivery (C2D2) had been expected to cost as much as $8 billion. More recent estimates put that figure at 10.8 billion through FY 2024. Some in Congress argue that a program of that size should part with traditional procurement practice for an upgrade and be run as a separate Major Defense Acquisition Program, with its own budget line and the concomitant reporting requirements; language to this effect was included in the Senate's version of the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act. This is discussed further in "Issues for Congress," below.
To date, the F-35's operators have been coping with ALIS's shortcomings.
In then-year dollars (meaning dollars from various years that are not adjusted for inflation), the figures are about $379.6406.1 billion, including about $55.15 billion in research and development, about $319.1345.4 billion in procurement, and about $4.85.3 billion in military construction.
Through FY2015FY2017, the F-35 program has received a total of roughly $99.5122.6 billion of funding in then-year dollars, including roughly $51.954.7 billion in research and development, about 46.265.7 billion in procurement, and approximately $1.52.7 billion in military construction.
As of December, 20152017, the F-35 program had a program acquisition unit cost (or PAUC, meaning total acquisition cost divided by the 2,457456 research and development and procurement aircraft) of about $106.5110.0 million and an average procurement unit cost (or APUC, meaning total procurement cost divided by the 2,443 production aircraft) of $86.589.8 million, in constant FY2012 dollars.
As of December, 20152017, the F-35 engine program had a program acquisition unit cost of about $21.06 million and an average procurement unit cost of $15.716.4 million in constant FY2012 dollars. Just as the reported airframe costs represent a program average and do not discriminate among the variants, the engine costs do not discriminate between the single engines used in the F-35A and C and the more expensive engine/lift fan combination for the F-35B.
Source: Office of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35), March 21, 201619, 2018.
In its latesta recent report on the F-35 program, the Government Accountability Office questioned DOD's ability to afford the current F-35 program given other demands on budgets. This is a contrast to earlier reports, which focused more on the program's ability to meet its cost targets.
As noted in Table 54, the average unit flyaway cost of an F-35A is officially projected at $76.777.5 million.
The first F-35As, for example, were loaded with a basic software release (Block 1B) that provides basic aircraft control, but does not have the degree of sensor fusion or weapons integration expected in later blocks. "The initial estimate for modifying early-production F-35As from a basic configuration to a capable warfighting level is $6 million per jet, plus other associated expenses not included in that figure."89118 That would make the current cost of upgrading the earliest F-35As to Block 3F about $100 million. In order to increase capability, the Air Force intends to upgrade the aircraft step-by-step as new software releases become available rather than waiting and jumping to the final release of Block 3F.
The F-35 is manufactured in several locations. Lockheed Martin builds the aircraft's forward section in Fort Worth, TX. Northrop Grumman builds the mid-section in Palmdale, CA, and the tail is built by BAE Systems in the United Kingdom.100129 Final assembly of these components takes place in Fort Worth. Final assembly and checkout facilities have also been established in Cameri, Italy, and Nagoya, Japan.
The F-35 program is DOD's largest international cooperative program. DOD has actively pursued allied participation as a way to defray some of the cost of developing and producing the aircraft, and to "prime the pump" for export sales of the aircraft.101130 Allies in turn view participation the F-35 program as an affordable way to acquire a fifth-generation strike fighter, technical knowledge in areas such as stealth, and industrial opportunities for domestic firms.
The cost of F-35s for U.S. customers depends in part on the total quantity of F-35s produced. As the program has proceeded, some new customers have emerged, such as South Korea and Japan, mentioned above. Other countries have considered increasing their buys, while some have deferred previous plans to buy F-35s. It is perhaps noteworthy that the latest Selected Acquisition ReportReports reduced the number of assumed international sales for cost purposes from 673 to 612.114143 Recent updates to other countries' purchase plans are detailed in "Changes in International Orders," above.
Source: Tony Osborne, "Fighter Aircraft Procurement Plans Of 19 European Countries," Aviation Week, June 29, 2016, http://aviationweek.com/defense/fighter-aircraft-procurement-plans-19-european-countries-0., and Gareth Jennings, "Germany declares preference for F-35 to replace Tornado," IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, November 8, 2017, http://www.janes.com/article/75511/germany-declares-preference-for-f-35-to-replace-tornado. Edited and supplemented by CRS.
Table 6148 149 Turkey, Norway, and the Netherlands will host engine overhaul and logistics facilities. Proposed FY2019 Budget Table 5 shows the Administration's FY2017FY2019 request for Air Force and Navy research and development and procurement funding for the F-35 program, along with FY2015 and FY2016FY2017 and FY2018 funding levels. Table 6 shows the procurement request in greater detail. funding levels.
Source: Program Acquisition Costs by Weapons System, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, February, 20162018.
According to the February, 2016 DOD justification books, procurement cost of the 43 F-35As requested for FY2017 in the Air Force budget is estimated at $4,862.2 million, or an average of $113.1 million each. These aircraft have received $460.3 million in prior-year advance procurement (AP) funding, leaving another $4,401.9 million to be funded in FY2017 to complete their estimated procurement cost. The FY2017 Air Force request also includes $404.5 million in advance procurement funding for F-35As to be procured in future years, and $267.8 million for F-35A initial spares, bringing the total FY2017 Air Force procurement funding request for the program to $4,806.4 million.
The 16 F-35Bs requested for FY2017 in the Department of the Navy budget have a combined estimated procurement cost of $2,240.8 million, or an average of $140.1 million each. These aircraft have received $203.1 million in prior-year AP funding, leaving another $2,037.8 million to be funded in FY2017 to complete their estimated procurement cost. The FY2017 Department of the Navy request also includes $233.6 million in advance procurement funding for F-35Bs to be procured in future years, and $123.3 million funding for initial spares, bringing the total FY2017 Navy procurement funding request for the F-35B to $2,271.4 million.
The 4 F-35Cs requested for FY2017 in the Department of the Navy budget have a combined estimated procurement cost of $939.3 million, or an average of $234.8 million each. These aircraft have received $48.6 million in prior-year AP funding, leaving another $890.7 million to be funded in FY2017 to complete their estimated procurement cost. The FY2017 Department of the Navy request also includes $80.9 million in advance procurement funding for F-35Cs to be procured in future years, and $26.1 million funding for initial spares, bringing the total FY2017 Navy procurement funding request for the F-35C to $971.6 million.
Section 1086 of the Senate's version of the FY2017223 of the conference report on the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.Rept. 115-404, accompanying H.R. 2810) included language limiting funds to be expended on F-35 follow-on modernization (i.e., the Block 4 software) pending receipt of a previously required report that contains the basic elements of an acquisition program baseline for that modernization. National Defense Authorization Act (S. 2943) would disestablish the F-35 Joint Program Office (JPO) at the end of the development phase and turn procurement responsibility over to the individual military services. The Senate argues that the overhead structure of a joint office, even if needed for development of a joint aircraft, is not needed once production has been established, and further that the F-35 is functionally three separate aircraft, with much less commonality than earlier envisioned. "[E]ven the Program Executive Officer of the F-35 Joint Program Office, General Christopher Bogdan, recently admitted the variants are only 20–25 percent common."125 The language includes a waiver provision that would allow the Secretary of Defense "to avert the disbandment of the F-35 joint program office if he or she certifies that the office is indeed needed."126 Supporters cite the requirement by the United States to support international customers and to oversee further software and other upgrades as reasons to keep the JPO in place.
158 On the F-35 program, that competition could include contracting for lifecycle support.
Although the F-35 was conceived as a relatively affordable strike fighter, some observers are concerned that in a situation of constrained DOD resources, F-35s might not be affordable in the annual quantities planned by DOD, at least not without reducing funding for other DOD programs. As the annual production rate of the F-35 increases, the program will require more than $10 billion per year in acquisition funding at the same time that DOD will face other budgetary challenges. The issue of F-35 affordability is part of a larger and long-standing issue concerning the overall affordability of DOD's tactical aircraft modernization effort, which also includes procurement of F/A-18E/Fs (through FY2012, at least).130.159 Some observers who are concerned about the affordability of DOD's desired numbers of F-35s have suggested procuring upgraded F-16s as complements or substitutes for F-35As for the Air Force, and F/A-18E/Fs as complements or substitutes for F-35Cs for the Navy.131160 F-35 supporters argue that F-16s and F/A-18E/Fs are less capable than the F-35, and that the F-35 is designed to have reduced life-cycle costs.
Some observers are concerned that by allowing foreign companies to participate in the F-35 program, DOD may be inadvertently opening up U.S. markets to foreign competitors who enjoy direct government subsidies. A May 2004 GAO report found that the F-35 program could "significantly impact" the U.S. and global industrial base.136165 GAO found that two laws designed to protect segments of the U.S. defense industry—the Buy American Act and the Preference for Domestic Specialty Metals clause—would have no impact on decisions regarding which foreign companies would participate in the F-35 program, because DOD has decided that foreign companies that participate in the F-35 program, and which have signed reciprocal procurement agreements with DOD to promote defense cooperation, are eligible for a waiver.
Congress consolidated the JAST and ASTOVL programs after finding "no apparent willingness or commitment by the Department to examine future needs from a joint, affordable, and integrated warfighting perspective."166 DOD states that the F-35 program "was structured from the beginning to be a model of acquisition reform, with an emphasis on jointness, technology maturation and concept demonstrations, and early cost and performance trades integral to the weapon system requirements definition process."137167 A subsequent RAND Corporation study found that the fundamental concept behind the F-35 program—that of making one basic airframe serve multiple services' requirements—may have been flawed.138168 Congress may wish to consider how the advantages and/or disadvantages merits of joint programs may have changed as a consequence of evolutions in warfighting technology, doctrine, and tactics.
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35), December, 2015March 19, 2018.
More details on the merger of the programs can be found in "JSFF-35 Program Origin and History" below.
U.S. Government Accountability Office, F-35 JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER: Continued Oversight Needed as Program Plans to Begin Development of New Capabilities, 16-390, April 2016, p. 13, http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/676584.pdfAircraft Sustainment: DOD Needs to Address Challenges Affecting Readiness and Cost Transparency, GAO 18-75, October 26, 2017, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-75.
Prepared statement of the Honorable Sean J. Stackley, Assistant Secretary Of The Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition) and Lt General Christopher C. Bogdan, Program Executive Officer, F-35 before the U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces, F-35 Program review, 114th Cong., 2nd sess., March 23, 2016.
Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs, "AF presents fiscal year 2017 budget," press release, February 9, 2016, http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/652961/af-presents-fiscal-year-2017-budget.aspx.
VADM Mike Shoemaker, cited in Valerie Insinna, "Budget Constraints Could Drive Slower F-35C Procurement," Defense Daily, August 13, 2015.
23Under the revised schedule following the 2011 program restructure, Milestone C was anticipated in November, 2015.
"An update on Australian F-35s," Australian Defence, February 12, 2016, http://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/an-update-on-australian-f-35sGerard Frawley, "Next eight RAAF F-35As on track for 2018 delivery," Australian Aviation, July 31, 2017, http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/07/next-eight-raaf-f-35as-on-track-for-2018-delivery/.
See, inter alia, Laura Payton, "Justin Trudeau refuses to renew pledge for fighter jet competition," CTV News, June 22, 2016, http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/justin-trudeau-refuses-to-renew-pledge-for-fighter-jet-competition-1.2957184.
27 Defense Security Cooperation Agency, News Release: Belgium – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft, Washington, DC, January 18, 2018, https://go.usa.gov/xQbaW.
Craig Hoyle, "New contract powers Japan towards F-35 assembly," Flight International, October 21, 2013Tony Osborne, 'F-35 Procurement Process Begins For Denmark," Aviation Week and Space Technology, November 28, 2017, http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/f-35-procurement-process-begins-denmark.
"Norway gets its first F-35 stealth fighter jets," The Local (Norway), September 22, 2015.
32Tim Kelly, Nobuhiro Kubo, "Exclusive: Japan to buy at least 20 more F-35A stealth fighters - sources," Reuters, February 20, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-defence-f35-exclusive/exclusive-japan-to-buy-at-least-20-more-f-35a-stealth-fighters-sources-idUSKCN1G507W.
Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs, "AF names candidate bases, criteria for choosing next F-35A sites," press release, April 12, 2016, http://go.usa.gov/xxhNe.
Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, FY 2015 Annual Report, January 2016, pp. 38, 43.
4019, 2018, p. 11. See also Anthony Capaccio, "Lockheed Gets Edict to Cut F-35's $1.1 Trillion Support Bill," Bloomberg News, April 5, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-05/pentagon-says-lockheed-must-keep-1-1-trillion-f-35-costs-down.
A Joint Operational Requirements Document for the F-35 program was issued in March 2000 and revalidated by DOD's Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) in October 2001. On October 24, 2001, the Defense Acquisition Board (DAB) held a Milestone B review for the program. (Milestone B approval would permit the program to enter the SDD phase.) On October 25, 2001, the Secretary of Defense certified to Congress (in accordance with Section 212 of the FY2001 defense authorization act [H.R. 4205/P.L. 106-398 of October 30, 2000]) that the program had successfully completed the CDP exit criteria and demonstrated sufficient technical maturity to enter SDD. On October 26, 2001, the SDD contracts were awarded to Lockheed and Pratt and Whitney. A Preliminary Design Review (PDR) for the F-35 program was conducted in April 2003, and Critical Design Reviews (CDRs) were held for the F-35A, F-35B, and F-35Cwere held in February 2006 (F-35A and F-35B) and June 2007 (F-35C).
For a history of the Nunn-McCurdy law and options for its future, see CRS Report R41293, The Nunn-McCurdy Act: Background, Analysis, and Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].
Lara Seligman, "USAF Sees No Major Hurdles To F-35 IOC," Aerospace Daily and Defense Report, July 7, 2016.
Department of Defense, Estimated Impacts of Sequestration-Level Funding , April 2014, pp. 4-13-4-14, http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2014_Estimated_Impacts_of_Sequestration-Level_Funding_April.pdfDOD, Selected Acquisition Report: F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program (F-35), March 19, 2018.
For more information on the Air Force's plans, see CRS Report R44305, The Air Force Aviation Investment ChallengeOffice of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35), March 21, 2016, p. 9.
62See, inter alia, Colin Clark, "F-35: DoD Forces Lockheed To Accept Its Price For LRIP 9," Breaking Defense, November 2, 2016, https://breakingdefense.com/2016/11/jpo-to-lockheed-no-more-talkie-heres-lrip-9-deal/.
U.S. Congress, Senate, Presidential Nomination, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., PN1838-112, at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ntquery/z?nomis:112PN0183800:Ellen Mitchell, "F-35 office gets new leader," The Hill, May 26, 2017, http://thehill.com/policy/defense/335236-f-35-office-gets-new-leader.
Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, FY20157 Annual Report, January 20162018, pp. 35, 39.
Patrick Tucker, "F-35 Will Fly Despite Auditor's GleetFleet-Grounding Warning," Defense One, April 17, 2016.
Figures in this section come from Office of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35), March 21, 201619, 2018.
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35, editions for December, 2011 through December, 20152017.
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): F-35, March 21, 201619, 2018.
Viola Gienger, "Pentagon Awaits India's Interest in Lockheed Martin F-35 Fighter," Bloomberg News, November 2, 2011.
Amy Hillis, "Japan Begins Assembling First F-35A at Nagoya FACO," Aerospace Daily and Defense Report, December 12, 2015.
121David Cenciotti, "The First Japanese-Built F-35A Unveiled At Nagoya Production Facility In Japan," The Aviationist, June 5, 2017, https://theaviationist.com/2017/06/05/the-first-japanese-built-f-35a-unveiled-at-nagoya-production-facility-in-japan/. 150.
Valerie Insinna, "Bogdan: Separate Program For F-35 Block 4 Mods Would Increase Cost, Schedule Difficulties," Defense Daily, March 24, 2016Pat Host, "Pentagon faces major cost increase on F-35 Block 4 modernisation," IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, March 8, 2018, http://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/1830607.
Markup of H.R. 4909, roll call vote no. 1, April 27, 2016Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, FY 2017 Annual Report, Washington, DC, January 2018, p. 31, http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2017/.
S.Rept. 114-255, p. 280Lara Seligman, "What F-35 Can Learn From F-22 Upgrade Hiccups," Aviation Week and Space Technology, March 28, 2018, http://aviationweek.com/defense/what-f-35-can-learn-f-22-upgrade-hiccups.
Sandra I. Irwin, "Political Turbulence Hits F-35 Joint Strike Fighter," National Defense Magazine, May 25Valerie Insinna, "Bogdan: Separate Program For F-35 Block 4 Mods Would Increase Cost, Schedule Difficulties," Defense Daily, March 24, 2016.
Testimony of Lt. Gen. Christopher Bogdan, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services, F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program, 114th Cong., 2nd sess., April 26Markup of H.R. 4909, roll call vote no. 1, April 27, 2016.


text:
Q: What does "() =>" mean in C#? Came across the following line in the Composite Application Guidelines.
I know the => is a lambda but what does the () mean?
What are some other examples of this?
What is it called so I can search for it?
this.regionViewRegistry.RegisterViewWithRegion(RegionNames.SelectionRegion
        , () => this.container.Resolve<EmployeesListPresenter>().View);

A: It's a lambda expression that takes 0 arguments
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb397687.aspx

A: If you look at x => x + 1
It takes a parameter x and returns x incremented by one. The compiler will use type inference to deduct that x is probably of type int and will return another int so you have a lambda that takes a parameter x of type int and returns an integer.
() => 3;

is the same but doesn't take a parameter, it will return an integer.
() => Console.WriteLine("hello");

Will result in a void method with no parameters.

A: That's an empty argument list, meaning the lambda expression takes no arguments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bursts of sunny rays and warmer weather is approaching Hull and East Yorkshire this weekend.
Despite a cooler and blustery Friday with overcast skies, the region is set for closer to normal temperatures in the low-teens as Saturday arrives.
The strong winds over the past week will start to die down and Hull will blessed with rays of sunshine on both Saturday and Sunday.
The best day for sun in Hull will be Sunday from 9am up until 6pm, with cloudy skies at around midday, but the warmer temperatures will burn away cloud cover.
Across the rest of UK, it will be dry with a mixture of patchy cloud and sunny spells, but the best Spring sunshine can be found over East Anglia and South East England.
Going into the weekend, it will be largely dry, with temperatures on Saturday reaching between 8C to 11C in the North, and 9C to 13C in the South.
Maximum temperatures will be between 9C to 15C in the North and 11 to 16C in the South. Minimum temperatures will be between 0C and 5C across the North with a scattered frost, 1C to 3C for Ireland and 3C to 8C across the South.
Saturday will be dry with some sunshine but high cloud will turn the sunshine hazy at times. Just a light north to north-easterly breeze.
Sunday will be dry with plenty of sunshine, and Sunday night will be dry too. Becoming chilly. Monday will be rather breezy. It will be dry for most places, but there will be the chance of a few showers near North Sea coasts. Cool and dry overnight. Tuesday will also be dry with sunny periods. It should be a little warmer.


text:
#include <aws/apigateway/model/Op.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/HashingUtils.h>
#include <aws/core/Globals.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/EnumParseOverflowContainer.h>

using namespace Aws::Utils;

namespace Aws
{
  namespace APIGateway
  {
    namespace Model
    {
      namespace OpMapper
      {

        static const int add_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("add");
        static const int remove_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("remove");
        static const int replace_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("replace");
        static const int move_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("move");
        static const int copy_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("copy");
        static const int test_HASH = HashingUtils::HashString("test");

        Op GetOpForName(const Aws::String& name)
        {
          int hashCode = HashingUtils::HashString(name.c_str());
          if (hashCode == add_HASH)
          {
            return Op::add;
          }
          else if (hashCode == remove_HASH)
          {
            return Op::remove;
          }
          else if (hashCode == replace_HASH)
          {
            return Op::replace;
          }
          else if (hashCode == move_HASH)
          {
            return Op::move;
          }
          else if (hashCode == copy_HASH)
          {
            return Op::copy;
          }
          else if (hashCode == test_HASH)
          {
            return Op::test;
          }
          EnumParseOverflowContainer* overflowContainer = Aws::GetEnumOverflowContainer();
          if(overflowContainer)
          {
            overflowContainer->StoreOverflow(hashCode, name);
            return static_cast<Op>(hashCode);
          }

          return Op::NOT_SET;
        }

        Aws::String GetNameForOp(Op enumValue)
        {
          switch(enumValue)
          {
          case Op::add:
            return "add";
          case Op::remove:
            return "remove";
          case Op::replace:
            return "replace";
          case Op::move:
            return "move";
          case Op::copy:
            return "copy";
          case Op::test:
            return "test";
          default:
            EnumParseOverflowContainer* overflowContainer = Aws::GetEnumOverflowContainer();
            if(overflowContainer)
            {
              return overflowContainer->RetrieveOverflow(static_cast<int>(enumValue));
            }

            return "";
          }
        }

      } // namespace OpMapper
    } // namespace Model
  } // namespace APIGateway
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I first met Helena & Paul this time last year for maternity portraits on their home farm at Seaward Downs. This year I had the pleasure of meeting their adorable wee guy Baz and capturing some fun family portraits.
Next stop was the calves!


Olivia Pope, you and your gladiators were missed — especially by Channing Dungey.
In her first interview with EW, Dungey — who last February became the first African-American to ever lead the entertainment division of a major broadcast network — talks about launching the 2016-17 season without Scandal on Thursdays, as well as the future of Once Upon a Time, Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and whether we'll ever see Star Wars: The Primetime Show.
ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY: Where you nervous about postponing the return of Scandal this season?
CHANNING DUNGEY: Certainly. Scandal is a big hit show for us and nobody likes to go into their first fall season as president of entertainment without one of the biggest guns in their arsenal. But, obviously we were thrilled for Kerry and her family and that's all good news.
In the future, can you see yourself repeating the fall and not having TGIT on the lineup?
It's too early to tell at this point. I haven't even had the opportunity yet to read the pilot scripts that are in development, so for me to posit what next fall's going to look like is a little too early.
What do you think is going down with How to Get Away With Murder? This season was creatively so strong and yet the ratings continued to falter. Do you blame that on its Notorious lead-in?
I think the lead-in certainly bears some responsibility. Notorious did not perform as strongly as we would have hoped and we know especially when you're looking at that live-same-day ratings, that's always part of the challenge. But if you look at How to Get Away With Murder over the seven-day period, we generally go up in triple-digit percentages, an average of 115 to 117 percent for the show. So that signals that people are still as engaged with it as before. I do think that the lack of TGIT pull-through did affect the number a little bit.
Have you asked Shonda Rhimes for another show?
I will take as much from Shonda as she is willing to give, believe you me.
A few Marvel questions. How do you move these shows forward when Netflix has gained so much ground with Jessica Jones? How do you feel about the state of Marvel on ABC?
Look, we are incredibly encouraged. Season 4 of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has been creatively the strongest season we've had yet. The episodes just keep getting better and stronger. And that's another one for us that we moved from 9 to 10 and yet even though the HUD levels are softer at 10, the live-same-day has remained the same and that's another one of our shows which regularly goes up triple digits over the seven-day period, anywhere from 100 to 110 percent.
So you see a future for S.H.I.E.L.D.?
Absolutely. I'm very bullish on S.H.I.E.L.D. and we're also really excited about our production with Marvel, ABC Studios, and IMAX, which we are working on for next fall as well.
Is John Ridley's mysterious superhero project still in the works?
It was the Marvel project. I can't even tell you what it's about because no one would tell us.
(Laughs) Yeah, so John is working on a rewrite of that script for Marvel at the moment. We have not seen a new version of it. He's been on production of his show, over in London, and on season 3 of American Crime, so those are the things that have been top of mind for him of late. But I have heard from Marvel that he is working on a revision to that script.
You had previously teased a Star Wars project. Is that in development yet?
That was sort of a conversation at TCA that got blown way out of proportion. We have had some conversations in general about wanting to find a way to bring something from the Lucas Star Wars Universe to ABC, but that's far into the future. The focus at the moment for Lucas is on the current stuff that they're doing on the film side and then, of course, they do have the stuff that they are doing on XD.
Here's a Once Upon a Time question. Do you see this being the final season? And if so, can you give them an end date to work with like, say, Lost had?
Yeah, so [executive producers] Eddy Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, as veterans of Lost, are fully conscious of all these things. They came in and sat with us recently to talk about what their ideas would be for a season 7 and we're in conversations about that right now. But I think this is absolutely a show that is beloved to us and if and when we decide to end it, we want to do it the right way and really give the fans the ending that they deserve. But I will say that Eddy and Adam have some really good ideas for future seasons.
Shark Tank has been such a great performer, but its ratings have weakened a bit. Is there something else that you can do to turn it around? I mean, is six sharks too much?
I don't know that six sharks is too much and I think right now as we move into midseason, we're going to be counting down to the $100 million mark in terms of the money that the sharks have given away and that's really exciting. We're working on building toward that as a very big episode for us. There's a lot of Shark Tank in the universe right now because it's airing on our network and we now have the older episodes airing on CNBC. When there's a lot of one particular product in the marketplace, things soften a little bit.
I know the Modern Family cast deals are up this year, are you feeling good about that? Are you feeling that it will be fine and no problems?
I think everything is always a challenge, a conversation in a negotiation, but I feel very bullish. I know that we would love to have the show back on the air for as long as we can have it.
(Laughs) Well, we haven't canceled Conviction. We're actually moving it to Sundays as we move into January. We did only make the 13 episodes, but I will say she just came back after wrapping those 13 episodes and [was] excited to be home with the with the family, so we'll just leave it at that.


Hello! I am Mrs. Ferrell, an 8th Grade Teacher. I teach with the following teachers, and I have linked their names below with their websites for additional assistance if needed. Also, click on my homework calender page for daily homework assignments, upcoming tests and/or projects, etc.


When you search on YouTube for Nerium reviews, you are most likely not going to find a great deal of honesty. Google is simply another user generated forum where people with all sort of intentions can put whatever information that they desire. Nerium as a company will be the best to offer you with legit company details and qualifications.
With regards to success in Nerium as a rep, it's all in leveraged and active marketing and prospecting. There are no other short cuts around it. I advise attraction marketing. Many individuals that joins a network marketing opportunity such as Nerium were invited to a private business reception (PBR) by a buddy. They are typically individuals who work at regular jobs without any business development duty.
In Nerium , you will certainly have 2 types of reps. There is the common representative which makes up about 91 – 96% of the representatives population. Not just in Nerium , however in every multilevel marketing company. Nerium is a company that utilizes the MLM business model to distribute its products. This business model involves a compensation plan that compensates regular individuals for introducing the brand to their closest contacts, family. The Network Marketing business model provides as average human being a chance to get into the entrepreneurship world. You most likely need to run if there are no real services being distributed that people would pay for even if they were not involved as a distributor. The last time I examined, Nerium does not fall into that classification.
This concern comes from fear. There is absolutely nothing off with some level of fear as cautionary measure. But what I just shared with you is a silver bullet method to know if a business structure is a scam, ponsi scheme or something you should stay from. The investment minded representative is the driving force in Nerium and the other network marketing companies. In every 30 reps sponsored into Nerium , the expectation ought to be 3 or less investment minded reps who become the superstars. The rest of them are opportunity minded individuals. They are in it for what they can get from the world and not what they can provide to the world. This habit is actually normal and the very reason why you may see some claiming the 95% failure rate in opportunities such as Nerium .
It has absolutely nothing to do directly with success rate in the company itself; however the whole industry at large. Even though the Nerium will compensate you for personal and team production, your independent employee contract says Nerium can end your account If they dim you or your business practices harmful to the company wide goals. Nevertheless, you can ultimately utilize them as a business partner which is exactly what I suggest if you don't want to become another piece of the representative failure stat in the network marketing profession. Success in the business needs learning some knowledge beyond what Nerium might have provided for you.
This is the point where we see the difference in between those in business for exactly what they can obtain from the world versus how they can influence the world. This is where you discover the difference between the mediocre grumbling that their upline is not available on the phone to pamper them and the champions that takes complete ownership in their destiny with Nerium . As a rep, when marketing your Nerium business, attraction marketing is exactly what you need to adopt. I do think you must launch a brand new network marketing career to your existing contacts. But after a launch, the next logical thing to do is to learn ways to market and prospect like a PRO. Individuals sign up with individuals.
Individuals do not join companies anyway. Individuals choose if they want to work with you if they seem like you are that leader in Nerium they must work with. If you lead with the company brand in this day and age, the very first thing your leads will certainly do is to Google browse your company name. If they do that without them being already convinced on dealing with you as a leader, they will either find negative stuff online about your business opportunity or find another upline in Nerium to work with.
One of the numerous reason why lots of fail in Nerium that you ought to avoid is pushing the company's brand name. Often when I am talking with an MLM representative with regards to marketing, they find themselves tippy toeing through business because they are afraid of breaking the company policies. The only method to break the company rules is by utilizing the company brand. That's bad marketing for a Network Marketing representative anyhow. Therefore there is not a guideline that needs to pertain to you.
To read more about the best ways to use active with leveraged marketing and prospecting with attraction marketing for your Nerium business, click on this link.


This will be a short picture less post.
along with androids and I-pads, etc.
am unable to download pics to them.
So, stay tuned as I hope to have a post out this evening.
and just can't wait to share them with you.


Two states expected to announce successor to strategic arms reduction treaty within hours.
Czech TV Nova said both sides would sign the new treaty on April 8 in Prague, where Obama gave a major speech last April calling for a world free of nuclear weapons while acknowledging he may not live to see that goal achieved.
Obama and Medvedev set a goal in July of slashing the number of warheads on either side to between 1,500 and 1,675 warheads and the number of "carriers" capable of delivering them to between 500 and 1,100.
The US has said it currently has about 2,200 nuclear warheads, while Russia is believed to have about 3,000.
Moscow and Washington have held months of difficult negotiations in Geneva aimed at replacing the treaty, a cornerstone of Cold War-era strategic arms control.
Signed in 1991, Start led to huge reductions in the Russian and US nuclear arsenals and imposed verification measures to build trust between the two former Cold War foes.
Delays in the Start talks and missed deadlines have cast a shadow over the Russian and US leaders' efforts to make good on their pledge to improve bilateral ties.
The US is set to host a nuclear security summit on April 12 to 13, and observers have said it is a matter of pride for Washington to have the new treaty in place before the summit.
A review conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is scheduled for May.
Analysts said US Republicans who staunchly back missile defence may try to deny the Obama administration the two-thirds majority it needs in the Senate to ratify the Start treaty.


On January 26, one week prior to Super Bowl 53, the Atlanta alumni chapter hosted a group outing at the Super Bowl Fan Experience event on the grounds of where the Super Bowl took place. Alumni had the chance to see the Vince Lombardi Trophy, all 52 Super Bowl championship rings, an NFL virtual reality experience, and the NFL Shop.
The Atlanta chapter board was very pleased to provide an opportunity for Elon grads to enjoy the uniqueness of a Super Bowl occurring in their own city.


Craftsmanship, Quality & Passion these three words fully encompass Parlanti's quest for perfection in Italian Leatherware.
Parlanti products are produced with the highest quality materials used in the production process.
The recognizable features in every product made shows the passion with which Parlanti has always worked and over the years these features have made it the most desired company in the equestrian world.
Over 30 years experience and dressing the best riders in the world.


text:
Reggae & Caribbean
Abba - Abba - The Album - LP
ABBA's fifth album was a marked step forward for the group, having evolved out of Europop music into a world-class rock act over their previous two albums, they now proceeded to absorb and assimilate some of the influences around them
ABBA's fifth album was a marked step forward for the group, having evolved out of Europop music into a world-class rock act over their previous two albums, they now proceeded to absorb and assimilate some of the influences around them, particularly the laid-back California sound of Fleetwood Mac (curiously, like ABBA, then a band with two couples at its center), as well as some of the attributes of progressive rock. That they did this without compromising their essential virtues as a pop ensemble makes this album seem even more extraordinary, though at the time nobody bothered to analyze it -- The Album was simply an incredibly popular release, yielding two British number one singles in "The Name of the Game" and "Take a Chance on Me" (which made the Top Five in America, their second-best showing after "Dancing Queen"), and achieving the quartet's highest-ever showing on the U.S. LP charts, reaching the Top 20 and selling a million copies in six months. The opening number, "Eagle," dominated by synthesizers and soaring larger-than-life vocal flourishes, is followed by the more lyrical "Take a Chance on Me," with its luminous a cappella opening. The whole album is like that, effortlessly straddling hard rock, pop/rock, dance-rock, and progressive rock -- though the hits tend to stand out in highest relief, there are superb album tracks here, including the driving, lushly harmonized "Move On" and "Hole in Your Soul," which provides guitarist Lasse Wellander with a beautiful showcase for his lead electric playing. The second side of the album is dominated by material from a "mini-musical" called Girl with the Golden Hair that Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus wrote for the concerts on their just-ended tour intended to be used in a dramatically coherent storytelling context. Two of its songs, "Thank You for the Music" and "I Wonder (Devotion)," are less exciting than the straight rock material found elsewhere on the album, though the former became a popular concert number for the quartet, while the latter is the kind of lushly melodic, moodily reflective song that could easily have graced a Barbra Streisand album of the era. The closer, "I'm a Marionette," however, is a startlingly bold attempt to recast the influence of Kurt Weill in a hard rock mode, ending The Album on a high note, musically and artistically.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Free Standing Range
Biomedical Freezers
About Haier
Haier Brand
Haier PH
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Home About Haier News Haier Issues Take...
Haier Issues Takeover Notice Regarding Fisher & Paykel Appliances
Proposed offer represents excellent value for shareholders
Independent directors provide support with conditions
Offer to open within 14 to 30 days
Fisher & Paykel Appliances to remain as stand-alone company led by local management
Haier Group, the 20 percent cornerstone shareholder in Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd (Fisher & Paykel Appliances), has today announced its intention to make a cash offer at NZ$1.20 per share for all of the remaining shares in Fisher & Paykel Appliances that it does not already hold.
Fisher & Paykel Appliances was issued a Takeover Notice today by Haier New Zealand Investment Holding Company Ltd (Haier), a subsidiary of Haier Group.
"We believe our proposed offer for Fisher & Paykel Appliances represents excellent value for shareholders and will be well received by them," said Mr Liang Haishan, Director of Haierand President of Haier White Goods Group.
The proposed offer price represents a significant 60% premium to Fisher & Paykel Appliances' share price as at the close of trading on Friday 7 September, being the last trading date prior to Fisher & Paykel Appliances advising the market of a potential takeover offer from Haier. The proposed offer price also represents a 91% premium to the volume weighted average trading price over the three month period up to and including Friday 7 September.
"We believe the opportunity to receive cash and realise a significant premium over the current share price is attractive for Fisher & Paykel Appliances' shareholders, particularly given market volatility, recent economic uncertainty and the competitive nature of the global white goods sector," Mr Liang said.
Fisher & Paykel Appliances' Independent Board is supportive of Haier's offer, subject to the offer price being within or above the independent adviser's valuation range, there being no superior alternative for Fisher & Paykel Appliances and its shareholders, and the terms and conditions of the offer being acceptable.
Mr Liang also noted that Allan Gray Australia Pty Ltd, which is the largest shareholder after Haier and holds 17.46 percent of Fisher & Paykel Appliances shares, has entered into an irrevocable agreement to accept the proposed offer. This represents a strong endorsement of the value of the proposed offer.
The proposed offer will be subject to general conditions, including regulatory conditions and a minimum acceptance condition that Haier holds more than 50 percent of the Fisher & Paykel Appliances shares.
Mr Liang said Haier has great respect for Fisher & Paykel Appliances' history, achievements and organisational culture. Haier sees Fisher & Paykel Appliances remaining as a stand-alone company led by local management. It supports the direction of Fisher & Paykel Appliances' current business strategy. The transaction will also help facilitate a closer partnership between the two companies.
"We want the Fisher & Paykel Appliances brand to stay and we will support its growth as a global premium brand, with the additional advantages of operating within the Haier Group," Mr Liang said.
"We also wish to retain the existing Fisher & Paykel Appliances development base in New Zealand and to support the future growth of Fisher & Paykel Appliances' product development capabilities."
Mr Liang said Haier also values the quality of Fisher & Paykel Appliances' management and employees.
"Should our proposed offer be successful, we wish to retain their technical and operational expertise and business development capabilities. We think the opportunities for Fisher & Paykel Appliances' employees will increase over time as a result of our greater involvement."
Haier also proposes that the existing ratio of New Zealand or Australian resident independent directors on the Fisher & Paykel Appliances board be maintained for at least two years.
Haier expects to despatch the offer document within 14 to 30 days from the date of this media release.
This media release contains statements of Haier's current intentions. Haier reserves the right to make changes to these intentions, but would only do so after consultation with the board of Fisher & Paykel Appliances.
UBS AGhas been retained as financial advisor and Simpson Grierson and White & Case LLP as legal advisors.
Adelle Foster, Acumen Republic, afoster@acumenrepublic.com, +64 27 517 2804 or
John Walsh, Acumen Republic, jwalsh@acumenrepublic.com, +64 27 566 0776
About Haier Group
Haier Group is a global leader in innovative, award-winning consumer electronics and home appliances. Headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong, China, Haier Group employs more than 80,000 people around the world and distributes products in more than 100 countries and regions with global revenues reaching US$23.3 billion in 2011.
Haier has also been ranked by Euromonitor as the number one major appliance brand in the world with a 7.8% retail volume share in 2011, marking the third consecutive year Haier has been given this honor.
Haier's subsidiary, Qingdao Haier Co. Ltd (600690:SH), is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Haier's subsidiary Haier Electronics Group Co Ltd. (01169:HK) is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Qingdao Haier Co., Ltd. is also an index stock of the Dow Jones China 88 Index.
Haier acquired an approximately 20 percent stake in Fisher and Paykel Appliances in 2009, establishing cooperation agreements in research and development, sourcing, manufacturing and marketing. Haier has two directors on the FPA board.
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Sentry is an error tracking software product which has many different subscriptions options. Its software is open source and can be difficult to install if you are unfamiliar with the server side of things and hosting. They do offer a free hosted option for up to 10k events per month, 1 user and up to seven days retention.
In this example, I'm using an updated Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS install. To get started, we will install several packages. Note, this will install Redis and PostgreSQL. Typically, you would want to install these on their own servers.
We'll then create a sentry user that will be running the software. We will also allow this use to be a sudoer.
Next, we need to create our database. To do this, we will login as the postgres user and open the template1 database. We'll create a sentry database user and password. Be sure to change this password. We then need to create the citext extension.
We will then login as the sentry user and create a virtual environment for sentry.
Let's configure the sentry.conf.py with vi, nano or whatever your preferred editor is.
We're now ready to upgrade! This will migrate the database; building the tables and initial data. You will also be asked to create a user which will be your login information.
Let's log out of the sentry user and make sentrystartup whenever the server boots.
We'll then update supervisor and check its status.
The app will then be available at http://localhost:9000. If you want to set up SSL or run sentry on port 80, we can create an NGINX proxy.
Then replace the location / with the following.
If you need to configure your email settings, you can edit /home/sentry/.sentry/config.yml.
You can also setup crontab to cleanup the sentry data periodically.
Your site will be live at http://x.x.x.x/auth/login. Start a project and and tracking errors now!


text:
El zarzalero colilargo (Locustella caudata) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Locustellidae endémica de Filipinas.

Distribución y hábitat

El zarzalero colilargo se encuentra únicamente en las montañas de las dos islas principales del archipiélago filipino Luzón y Mindanao.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

caudatus
Taxones descritos por William Robert Ogilvie-Grant
Animales descritos en 1895
Aves de Filipinas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Updated:14 August 2020
Latest update:Restrictions on international flights to and from Pakistan and domestic flights within Pakistan have been lifted. Contact your airline or travel agent for the latest information.
Do not travel to Pakistan.
Asia (PDF 2.65 MB)
Call 1122 or 16.
Call 1122 or 115, or go to the nearest hospital.
Call 15 or visit the nearest police station.
Restrictions on international flights to and from Pakistan and domestic flights within Pakistan have been lifted. Contact your airline or travel agent for the latest information.
Do not travel to:
Balochistan due to the poor security situation and high risk of kidnapping
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (excluding Chitral district) due to the poor security situation and high risk of kidnapping
border areas with Afghanistan and India (excluding Lahore, Wagah, Kasur, Narowal and Sialkot) due to the volatile security situation
Many terrorist groups hostile to Western interests operate in Pakistan. Don't travel to Balochistan or Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (except Chitral district) where the risk of attacks is highest. If you travel to other parts of Pakistan, be cautious. Avoid crowded places and possible targets. Always have an exit plan.
Violent crime, including armed robbery, assault, carjacking and kidnapping, occurs across Pakistan. The risk of kidnapping is very high in Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. If, despite our advice, you travel to these areas, get professional security advice. If you must go to Chritral district or Gilgit Baltistan, travel by commercial aircraft and not by road.
Political and religious protests are common and can turn violent. Political, sectarian and gang violence occurs often in Karachi. Avoid large public gatherings. If you're caught in a rally, find a safe place and stay indoors.
The Afghanistan border area is volatile. Foreigners must not travel within 50km of the Afghanistan border in Gilgit Baltistan or within 15km of the Kashmir Line of Control or the entire border with India except at official crossings. If you're in an area close to the border, consider leaving.
Firing guns into the air in celebration is illegal but common. People have died as a result. Be careful of celebratory gunfire, especially around major holidays, celebrations and after sporting victories.
Earthquakes are common. Flooding, landslides and tsunamis can occur. Essential services may be disrupted and the risk of disease can increase during the monsoon season (July to September). Follow the advice of local officials.
COVID-19 remains a risk in Pakistan with large numbers of confirmed cases. Monitor media for updates and follow the advice of local authorities.
Insect-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever occur. Drug-resistant strains of malaria have been reported. Consider taking anti-malarial medication. Ensure your accommodation is insect-proof. Use insect repellent. Consider getting vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis.
HIV/AIDS is common. Take precautions if you engage in high-risk activities.
Polio is endemic. Ensure your vaccinations are up to date. If you're staying longer than 4 weeks, carry evidence of your polio vaccination.
Waterborne, foodborne, parasitic and other infectious diseases are prevalent. They include typhoid, hepatitis, tuberculosis and measles. Drink only boiled or bottled water listed as 'safe' by the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources. Avoid raw or undercooked food.
Facilities at some clinics and hospitals in major cities are close to Western standards. In most towns, and in rural and remote areas, medical facilities are extremely limited. If you're seriously ill or injured, you may need medical evacuation. Ensure your travel insurance covers this.
Don't use or carry illegal drugs. Penalties for drug offences are severe. They include the death penalty, large fines and long prison sentences.
Corporal punishment applies for some offences, including robbery, public drunkenness, and drinking alcohol if you're Muslim.
Same-sex relations are illegal. It's also illegal for unmarried heterosexual couples to live together.
Be aware of religious sensitivities. It's illegal to import alcohol or pork products. It's illegal to try to convert a Muslim or to encourage them to abandon their religion.
Blasphemy can attract the death penalty. Those charged with blasphemy can spend years in prison undergoing lengthy trial processes and are in constant danger from members of the public or from prisoners. Australians who have made public comments, including on social media, that may be construed to be blasphemous, should not travel to Pakistan.
Strong Islamic codes of dress and behaviour exist in Pakistan. Don't wear shorts or short-sleeved clothes. Avoid physical contact between men and women in public. Women may be harassed, especially if they're alone.
All restrictions on international flights to and from Pakistan and on domestic flights within Pakistan have been removed. Contact your airline or travel agent for the latest information.
Some land borders with neighbouring countries are open but could also close with no or little notice. You'll need to check if land borders are open before travelling.
Follow the advice of local authorities and take care to protect yourself from exposure to COVID-19. Ensure you have arrangements in place for an extended stay, and keep in contact with family and friends back home.
If you decide to travel to Pakistan despite our advice, you'll need a visa to enter. Contact the Pakistan High Commission in Canberra for details. However, you can't leave Australia unless you seek an exemption from Home Affairs.
Carry your yellow fever vaccination certificate if you're coming from a country with a risk of yellow fever. You may need it to enter Pakistan.
Some provinces and cities require you to register with local authorities when you arrive. Check and follow local registration procedures.
The Consular Services Charter details what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.
For consular help, contact the Australian High Commission in Islamabad. The High Commission will close to the public at short notice if there's security concerns. Always call and make an appointment before visiting due to access requirements.
If you chose to travel at this time, be aware consular services may be limited due to local measures.
Former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
In 2018, all agencies and tribal regions consisting of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) became part of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province. All recommendations in this travel advice for Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa include these former regions of FATA.
Many terrorist groups hostile to Western interests operate in Pakistan. The threat of attack remains very high, especially in Baluchistan and KPK provinces.
Counter-terrorism operations occur across the country. There are fewer terrorist attacks in Pakistan now than in recent years, but they've become more lethal.
Terrorist attacks could occur anywhere and at any time.
Many terrorist attacks in Pakistan have involved multiple explosions, one after the other.
Security officials may cut mobile phone services. This can occur when the threat of terrorism is high or straight after an incident.
If you must go to Chitral district or Gilgit Baltistan, travel by commercial aircraft and not by road, as the safety and security risks are significant.
Recent terror attacks
Since January 2020, the following large attacks have occurred:
10 August - 6 killed and 21 injured when a roadside, motorbike-borne IED in Chaman, Baluchistan.
5 August - 39 people were injured when an incendiary device was detonated at a rally in Karachi, Sindh.
29 June – 4 terrorists and 5 others killed and 3 injured in an attack on the Pakistan Stock Exchange in Karachi.
19 May – 6 army soldiers killed when a roadside improvised explosive device exploded in the area of Mach, Baluchistan.
8 May – 6 military personnel killed in an improvised explosive device explosion in Buleda area of Kech, Baluchistan.
26 April – 9 terrorists, 2 security officials killed and 5 security officials injured in an exchange of gunfire in Khaisor, North Waziristan.
18 March - 4 security personnel and 7 terrorists killed in an armed clash between security forces and terrorists in Datta Khel, North Waziristan
17 February – at least 11 people were killed and 35 injured in an improvised explosive device attack near the Press Club in Quetta, Baluchistan.
10 January – 15 people killed and 20 injured in a suicide attack at a mosque during sunset prayers in Quetta, Baluchistan.
7 January – three peopled killed and two injured during an exchange of gunfire in Saddar, Rawalpindi.
7 January – two people killed and 14 injured by an improvised explosive device exploded outside a local hospital in Quetta.
3 December – four police officials were abducted and one was killed during an exchange of gunfire in Bolan, Quetta.
15 November – three police officials were killed and five injured when an improvised explosive device exploded in Buleli, Quetta.
13 May - 4 people were killed and 12 injured in a suicide attack in Quetta, Balochistan
11 May - 5 people were killed and 6 injured in an attack by a militant group on a major hotel in Gwadar, Balochistan.
8 May - 12 people were killed and 30 injured in a suicide attack outside the Data Darbar shrine in Lahore, Punjab.
12 April - 21 people were killed and 48 injured in a suicide attack at a vegetable market in Quetta, Balochistan.
In the past, terror attacks have targeted the Pakistani government, military and police including:
buildings and symbols of the government
military and security forces
judicial buildings such as courts
police stations and checkpoints
Terror attacks have also targeted:
embassies, high commissions and other diplomatic interests
places of worship, such as mosques, shrines and churches
shopping centres, banks, hospitals, markets (markaz) and bazaars
humanitarian workers
foreign aid agencies
public transport and transport infrastructure, including trains and airports
religious sites and processions, especially during religious festivals
demonstrations and political events
Terrorists may target places associated with foreigners or Westerners, including:
clubs, restaurants, cafes, fast food outlets and other places foreigners tend to visit
Western businesses and other Western symbols
Western non-government organisations (NGOs)
universities and international schools
convention centres, outdoor sporting and recreation events
Times when attacks may occur
Militants may mount attacks in the days leading up to and on days of national or commemorative significance. These include:
Pakistan National Day (23 March)
the storming of the Red Mosque in Islamabad by government troops (10 July)
Independence Day (14 August)
Diplomatic security measures
Due to the high threat of terror attack, Australian officials in Pakistan use enhanced security measures at all times. The Australian Government has a 'no children at post' policy for Islamabad.
The Australian Government has also advised staff to:
limit restaurant use
not linger in shopping areas
be cautious when walking in Islamabad
For the same reasons, the British High Commission and US Embassy often restrict movements of their staff in Pakistan.
They often apply these restrictions at short notice. Areas put 'out of bounds' tend to include markets, shopping centres, restaurants and hotels.
Discuss security issues with tour providers before travelling.
Ask about safety from local business partners and universities before you travel to Islamabad, Lahore or Karachi for business or academic reasons. Take security precautions.
If, despite the risks, you travel to Pakistan, be very cautious and avoid:
public gatherings
crowded places
places that foreigners tend to go
other places terrorists tend to target
When you plan your activities receive updates on the level of security both at venues and your route to them.
Wherever you go, have a clear exit plan in case there's a security incident or attack.
leave the area straight away if it's safe to do so and avoid the affected area straight after the attack because of the risk of secondary attacks
Subscribe to this travel advice to stay up to date on new terror threats, and monitor:
the media and other sources
the British High Commission (Islamabad) and US Embassy (Islamabad) websites
Those websites will also contain updates on restrictions on movement that apply to their diplomatic staff.
Check flight status and airport operations before each of your flights.
There's a high threat of kidnapping of foreign nationals across the whole of Pakistan, but it's higher in:
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
On 25 May 2017, kidnappers took and later killed 2 Chinese nationals in Quetta, Balochistan.
The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers.
If, despite the risks, you decide to travel to an area where there's a threat of kidnapping:
seek professional security advice
arrange effective personal security measures
The security situation in Pakistan is volatile. It could get worse at short notice.
Political and religious groups often stage protests across the country. These can draw large groups of people and turn violent.
International events and political developments both in the region and elsewhere can prompt demonstrations or violent protests. Western interests can become targets of violence.
In response authorities may suspend mobile phone networks and close roads and highways at short notice.
To stay safe during a period of unrest:
avoid demonstrations and large-scale public gatherings
avoid areas where people congregate after Friday prayers
monitor the media and other sources for possible unrest and avoid those areas
if you're near an affected area, find a safe place, stay indoors and seek local advice
Violence in Karachi
Political, sectarian and gang violence occurs often in Karachi. Many people have died as a result of this violence.
The situation has improved in the past few years. There is a higher level of public security across much of the city, with police and paramilitary rangers conducting counter-terrorism operations in the city from time to time.
Reprisal attacks by militants or criminals can occur anywhere.
Border with Afghanistan
Cross-border tensions increase security risks in the regions bordering Afghanistan.
The Pakistani military has ongoing operations in these border areas.
Foreigners are prohibited from travelling within 50km of the border with Afghanistan in Gilgit Baltistan. However, it is legal to cross the border at official crossings.
Attacks against government, security and military interests in Balochistan are very likely. Attacks are also likely against infrastructure for:
transport, including the railway network
If you must go to Chitral district, travel by commercial aircraft and not by road.
Border with India
There's continuing tension between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir. This follows air force incidents over border areas of Kashmir in February 2019 and the announcement by the Government of India on 5 August 2019 of constitutional changes that will affect the internal political status of Kashmir.
If tensions between Pakistan and India rise again, airspace restrictions may be imposed with little or no warning. This may impact an airline's ability to operate flights, and your ability to quickly leave the country.
Higher security is in place where Pakistan borders India. This reflects the volatile security situation. There are ongoing militant attacks and security responses at the Line of Control.
Foreigners are prohibited from travelling within 15km of the Kashmir Line of Control and the entire border with India. However, it is legal to cross the border at official crossings.
The situation is somewhat more stable in the border region cities of:
Wagah
Violent crime occurs in many parts of Pakistan, particularly in major cities. This includes:
Incidents can increase around major religious holidays.
Incidents have occurred with people posing as police officers with fake police ID cards. This has occurred in cities across Pakistan, including Islamabad.
Petty crime
Petty crime is common. It can include pick-pocketing and theft of mobile phones.
Sexual harassment of women occurs. Travelling alone can pose more of a risk.
Firing guns into the air (in celebration) is common across Pakistan, but it's illegal. It tends to occur on major holidays and at celebrations and sporting victories.
On 1 January 2017, celebratory gunfire killed 20 people in Karachi.
Be careful of celebratory gunfire, especially around major holidays, celebrations and after sporting victories.
Be alert to your surroundings. Pay attention to your safety and security and:
keep car doors locked, windows up and valuables out of sight, even when moving
lock your accommodation doors and windows against intruders
Pakistan experiences natural disasters and severe weather, including:
landslides and avalanches
The Pakistan Meteorological Department offers weather warnings.
If a natural disaster occurs:
monitor local media
register with the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System to receive alerts on major disasters
keep friends and family up to date about your welfare
Flooding and landslides
The monsoon season is July to September. During this time, flooding and landslides can occur. They can happen with little warning.
In the past, floods have affected millions of people and caused many deaths.
During floods, fresh drinking water and food can be in short supply.
The risk of contracting a waterborne disease stays high after flood waters go down.
Floods often hinder services and transport.
Some mountainous areas of Pakistan experience avalanches in winter.
Avalanches occur in mountainous regions of Pakistan. People have died in them in recent years. When you're travelling in these areas, monitor local weather and safety conditions, particularly during severe weather and follow the advice of local authorities.
Cyclones can occur in coastal areas.
Pakistan is in an active seismic zone and experiences earthquakes.
Coastal areas are also at risk of tsunamis. Be alert to warnings. A tsunami could quickly follow a tremor or earthquake.
If near the coast, move to high ground straight away if:
local authorities advise you to
you feel a strong earthquake that makes it hard to stand up
you feel a weak rolling earthquake that lasts a minute or more
you see a sudden rise or fall in sea level
you hear loud and unusual noises from the sea
Don't wait for official warnings. Once on high ground, monitor local media and weather services.
*This advice predates COVID-19 and the Australian Government's travel ban for all Australians.
Get comprehensive travel insurance before you leave. Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.
that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away
If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Pakistan. Take enough legal medicine for your trip.
Carry a copy of your prescription and a dated letter from your doctor stating:
what the medicine is
that it's for personal use
Pakistan has a large and increasing number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, including through local transmission. See Travel for details. Monitor media for updates and follow the advice of local authorities.
COVID-2019 (National Institute of Health Pakistan)
To reduce your risks of contracting typhoid:
ask your doctor about getting vaccinated
take care to avoid anyone who's sick or has recently been sick
Insect-borne diseases
Malaria is common in Pakistan, except in areas above 2000m. Chloroquine- and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant strains of malaria have been reported.
Other insect-borne diseases occur, including:
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Serious outbreaks sometimes occur. In late 2019, there was a severe outbreak of dengue.
To protect yourself from disease:
make sure your accommodation is mosquito-proof
use insect repellent
wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
get vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis before you travel
consider taking medicine to prevent malaria
Get medical advice if you have a fever, muscle pain, rash or severe headache.
HIV/AIDS is common. Take precautions if you engage in activities that expose you to risk of infection.
Many Pakistanis, including children, have recently been reported as HIV+ in interior areas of Sindh Province.
Polio (poliomyelitis) is widespread.
In February 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) reiterated its assessment that wild poliovirus was a 'public health emergency of international concern'. WHO extended its temporary recommendations.
Before you leave, make sure your polio vaccinations are up to date. This includes getting a booster dose, as per the Australian Immunisation Handbook.
If you're staying longer than 4 weeks, you'll need to show proof on exit that you've had the polio vaccine or a booster within the past 12 months. If you don't, you may need to be vaccinated before leaving Pakistan.
Waterborne, foodborne, parasitic and other infectious diseases are common. They include:
More serious outbreaks occur from time to time.
There have been periodic reports of cholera cases in Sindh.
Reports of skin infections, acute diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections usually increase after flooding.
Some bottled water may be contaminated.
The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources produces reports that list safe and unsafe bottled water brand names. Reports are available under the publications and information tab.
To protect yourself from illness:
drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids that's listed as safe
avoid ice cubes
avoid raw and undercooked food, such as salads
Seek medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.
Air pollution is an environmental health risk in Pakistan. The risk is higher during winter, particularly in much of Punjab.
Take precautions when increased levels are recorded.
Pakistan environmental health (WHO)
Pakistan air quality index (Airvisual)
Medical facilities at a small number of clinics and hospitals in major cities are close to Western standards. However, in most towns, and in rural and remote areas, facilities are extremely limited.
Before they'll admit you, hospitals in Pakistan usually require you to either:
pay up-front
confirm insurance cover
guarantee payment
If you become seriously ill or injured, you may need to evacuate to somewhere with more suitable facilities. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.
If you have an accident while hiking or undertaking other adventure activities in the north of Pakistan, medical evacuation can take days and requires your insurance company to guarantee the payment of the flights.
Penalties for drug offences are severe and include the death penalty.
Penalties for small amounts of drugs include:
long jail sentences
large fines
Family laws
Australian parents of Pakistani origin have sometimes had trouble leaving Pakistan with their children.
This has happened when one parent refuses to let the children return to Australia. If that parent withholds the children's passports, the other parent can't bring the children back to Australia.
Plan carefully if you think this could happen to you. Before you leave Australia:
think about the risk of not being able to return to Australia with your children
speak to a lawyer to identify and resolve any child custody or other family law issues
make sure you know your legal rights and limits on those rights
Serious crime
The death penalty can apply to crimes including terrorism, murder, rape, blasphemy and unlawful assembly.
Those charged with blasphemy can spend years in prison undergoing lengthy trial processes and are in constant danger from members of the public or from prisoners. Australians who have made public comments, including on social media, that may be construed to be blasphemous, should not travel to Pakistan.
Corporal punishment is rare, but can be a penalty for some offences. These include:
public drunkenness
drinking alcohol if you're Muslim
Other activities that are illegal in Pakistan include:
same-sex sexual acts
unmarried heterosexual couples living together
importing alcohol
importing pork products
taking photos of airports, or military or government buildings or installations
Be careful about religious sensitivities. It's illegal to:
try to convert a Muslim
encourage a Muslim to abandon their religion
Some provinces have banned kite flying. This ban is due to fortified kite strings that injure or kill people.
These types of strings occur on kites used in kite-fighting competitions. Competitors sometimes coat their kite strings with metal, crushed glass or chemicals to help cut opponents' kite strings.
There's also a ban on the sale of kite equipment and the use of premises to fly kites.
Don't bring kites with you, or fly kites, in Pakistan.
Pakistan recognises dual citizenship.
If you or your father were born in Pakistan, authorities may consider you to be a Pakistani national. This applies even if you don't hold a Pakistani passport.
If you're a dual citizen, this limits the consular services we can give if you're arrested or detained.
Always travel on your Australian passport.
There are strong Islamic codes of dress and behaviour in Pakistan.
Take care not to offend. If in doubt, seek local advice. Also:
avoid wearing shorts or short-sleeved clothes
avoid physical contact between men and women in public
Respect religious and cultural customs and laws at this time.
Avoid eating, drinking and smoking in public and in the presence of people who are fasting.
Visa conditions
You'll need a visa to enter Pakistan.
Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. Contact the Pakistan High Commission for details about visas, currency, customs and other travel requirements.
To exit Pakistan, you must have either:
a valid visa
a Pakistani national identity card
a valid Pakistani passport
Authorities may stop you from boarding your flight if your visa has expired. You could also face heavy penalties, including fines and detention.
Take care not to overstay your visa.
If your visa has expired, contact the Ministry of Interior to get an exit visa.
All restrictions on international flights to and from Pakistan and domestic flights within Pakistan have been lifted. Airlines are gradually returning to their normal schedules prior to COVID-19. If you wish to leave, remain in regular contact with your airline or travel agent on possible departure flight options.
If despite our advice you travel to Pakistan once borders are open again, expect increased health screening at entry points. You'll be quarantined if you have symptoms of COVID-19. Monitor your health closely and follow the advice of local authorities.
If staying in Pakistan:
Follow the advice of local authorities.
Take care to protect yourself from exposure to COVID-19.
Ensure you have arrangements in place for an extended stay.
Other formalities
You may need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter Pakistan from a country with yellow fever.
Countries with a risk of yellow fever (PDF 74KB)
If a child travels unaccompanied, or with only 1 parent or guardian, local immigration authorities may ask for either:
documents to prove that the children have consent to travel, or
proof of parental responsibility
This is particularly the case if the child is of Pakistani origin.
Advice for people travelling with children
Local registration
Some provinces and cities require you to register with local authorities when you arrive.
Check and follow local registration procedures.
Some countries won't let you enter unless your passport is valid for 6 months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.
The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting a new passport.
If you're overseas, contact the nearest Australian embassy or consulate
Dual passport holders
If you're a dual national and hold a Pakistani passport, seek advice about when to use it.
Use your Australian passport to leave from and return to Australia.
The local currency is the Pakistan Rupee (PKR).
US dollars and euros are the easiest currencies to change.
ATMs are widely available in urban areas, though fraud occurs.
International hotels and some shops in major centres accept credit cards.
Pakistan is mostly a cash-based society. Arrange to have enough local currency to meet your needs.
To drive in Pakistan, you need both:
an Australian driver's licence
an International Driving Permit (IDP)
You must get your IDP before you leave Australia.
If you're a long-term resident, you can apply for a local driver's licence. To apply, you have to take a road sign test and provide:
a supporting letter from your employer
a copy of your passport, which must be valid for at least 6 months
a copy of your Australian driver's licence
a medical fitness certificate from a government hospital in Pakistan
Road travel in Pakistan is hazardous.
You're 3 times more likely to die in a motor vehicle accident in Pakistan than in Australia. Road accidents are a common cause of death and injury.
Hazards include bad roads and poor driving standards.
Severe flooding of major waterways occurs regularly. This causes widespread damage to transport infrastructure.
Dense fog and snow in northern Pakistan during the winter months can disrupt road travel. Motorways may close until the fog lifts.
Check you have the right insurance cover before driving.
To reduce your risk on the road:
learn about local traffic laws and practices
avoid road travel after dark
seek local advice and monitor local media and weather reports for information on your planned route before you travel
Check your insurance policy covers you using a motorbike, quad bike or similar vehicle.
Don't use taxis due to security concerns. Never hail a taxi on the street.
Use transport services from accredited tour operators and hotels.
Australian High Commission staff must not use taxis or other ride sharing services.
Avoid using public transport due to frequent accidents and security concerns. This includes buses and trains.
Only use transport services provided by accredited tour operators and hotels.
Terrorists have targeted Pakistan's civil aviation facilities.
Security at airports has increased, but attacks could occur in the future.
Dense fog, especially in northern Pakistan during the winter months, can also disrupt air travel. Airports may close until the fog lifts.
If you plan to fly within Pakistan:
check flight status and airport operations before you travel
contact your travel agent and airline about any disruptions to transport services
be alert to security developments
allow extra time to pass through airport security
Check Pakistan's air safety profile with the Aviation Safety Network.
The Australian High Commission in Islamabad sometimes closes to the public at short notice if security concerns arise.
Always call before going to the High Commission.
Australian High Commission, Islamabad
Constitution Avenue and Ispahani Road
Diplomatic Enclave No. 1
Sector G-5/4
Phone: (+92) 51 835 5500
Email: consular.islamabad@dfat.gov.au
Website: pakistan.highcommission.gov.au
Facebook: Australia in Pakistan
Twitter: @AusHCPak
Check the High Commission website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.
Visiting the High Commission
The Australian High Commission is in the diplomatic enclave.
The Pakistani Government restricts access to the diplomatic enclave in Islamabad for security reasons.
You can only access the enclave if you first schedule an appointment with the High Commission.
If you have an appointment, you can access the enclave by using the Diplomatic Shuttle Service (DSS). You can also visit using a private vehicle or on foot.
Visiting by shuttle bus
The DSS office and bus station is on the corner of Third Avenue (Quaid-e-Azam University Road) and Murree Road.
You can buy bus tickets at the DSS office.
Arrive at the shuttle bus station at least 1 hour before your appointment to allow time for security checks.
Find out more about the DSS by calling 051 260 1521 or 051 260 1524.
Visiting by car or on foot
To enter the enclave by car or on foot, the Diplomatic Protection Department needs to clear you in advance.
Arrange this clearance through the Australian High Commission.
Once you get entry clearance, you can enter the enclave by vehicle or on foot from either:
the Foreign Office gate entrance on Constitution Avenue
the Shams gate entrance on Ispahani Road
Travelling to Pakistan?


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Dr. Eben Davis: At Executive Express Chiropractic, it's all about the "patient experience". The first part of the experience starts with the design of the office. We wanted to create a floor plan that would allow us to make the most efficient use of the space, which in return facilitates efficient patient turnaround. To achieve this, we hired one of the best architects in San Francisco to build us a masterpiece that would deliver a triple Wow Factor experience the second you walk through the door. Here is a link to our design statement and eco-friendly palate. Secondly, we also have walk-in, no wait service. So appointments are not necessary. We are open daily 9-6, and Saturday 9-1. Our patients know they can come over any time and be seen right away vs. having to make an appointment, then wait for 30 minutes to see the doctor. We also have quite a few highly trained, customer service oriented, healthy looking staff members to support our doctors.
Dr. Eben Davis: There are many clinics that try to do various versions of our no wait service but none can pull it off like we can. We have been doing it for over 17 years and refined it to an art form.
Dr. Eben Davis: From a patient's point of view, this offers a whole new layer of convenience. We treat primarily busy office workers in downtown San Francisco and their schedules are changing moment to moment. By making it easy and convenient, patients can fit us into their day versus having to fit into our schedule.


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News & Opinion » Chronic Town
Dare We Hope For Federal Legalization?
Efforts have been stymied, but momentum continues to build at the state level.
by Dan Mitchell
Photo by Rep. Bob Morgan Illinois legalized in 2019.
In interviewing cannabis-industry analyst Scott Hammon for this week's cover story, I was surprised to hear him say that federal legalization of cannabis "might not ever happen." He backtracked somewhat after making that statement. Legalization might well happen, he said, but nobody should expect it to come any time soon. It could, in fact, be several years.
He might well be right. The momentum toward legalization in individual states has perhaps led too many of us to believe that federal legalization, or at least decriminalization, was right around the corner. But the Trump administration, which could score an easy win amid a whirlwind of incompetence by announcing its support, hasn't made a move. And while the Democratic-controlled House seems ready for reform, the Republican-controlled Senate is another matter. When Senate Banking Committee Chairman Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) last month nixed the SAFE Act, which would have protected banks from liability for doing business with cannabis companies, hopes were dashed. It wasn't just that he killed the bill, it was the midcentury-style prohibitionist language he used to do it: stuff about the health dangers of pot use, the "criminality" cannabis attracts, and, of course, "the safety of children." None of that has anything to do with banking. Other pot-reform bills, including ones that sailed through the House, have met similar fates in the Senate.
Hammon, the cannabis practice leader for MGO|Ello, which provides accounting and advisory services to pot companies, likens the current situation to that of sports gambling, where a "patchwork" of state laws, all of them different, govern the industry. As with cannabis, banks are at best hesitant to serve the gambling business. Cannabis operators, Hammon said, might have to learn to live with that situation for some time to come.
Still, the patchwork is growing ever larger, and every time a state legalizes cannabis for medical or recreational use, the pressure on federal officials to end prohibition only gets stronger. As things stand, 11 states have legalized pot for recreational use. Among the rest, only three still prohibit cannabis entirely, including for medical use: South Dakota, Nebraska, and Idaho. All the rest allow some form of medical pot, but 15 are so highly restrictive that it might as well still be illegal. For instance, some allow only CBD treatments, but ban all THC-containing products.
Last year turned out to be sort of a holding pattern, as only one state, Illinois, legalized recreational pot in 2019 — an off year as far as federal elections are concerned. But hopes are high in a whole bunch of states this year:
In New York, Gov. Andrew Cuomo has made legalization a priority. A bill to allow recreational sales died in the legislature last year, but lawmakers are likely to take it up again in 2020.
In New Jersey, voters will have the chance to approve recreational pot in an initiative that observers say is likely to pass.
In Vermont, adult use is already allowed, and the state Senate passed a law allowing commercial sales in 2019. This year, the state House will take up the measure, which is likely to pass.
In Arizona, voters nearly passed a legalization initiative in 2016, but the measure lost in a squeaker. In 2020, supporters will try again. Details are still being hammered out, but the eventual initiative might slap a whopping 18 percent excise tax on pot sales.
In New Mexico, hopes for legalization were fairly dim until Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham took office last year. She is working with legislators on a path forward for 2020.
In Montana, observers say a voter initiative on legalization might take place in November, if the state legislature doesn't do the job first. Hesitant lawmakers might be moved to pass a bill before then, in order to obviate the initiative and thus allow them to exercise more control over what the details of the law.
In Pennsylvania, a formerly skeptical Gov. Tom Wolf has come out in favor of legalization, but state Republicans have taken a hard line. They might be persuaded if neighboring states New York and New Jersey legalize.
In Florida, prospects seem dim at the moment, as time is running out to collect the required number of signatures to put legalization before voters in 2020. Proponents are challenging the initiative requirements in court.
In North Dakota, voters turned back an initiative to legalize recreational pot. A new version slated for this year is more restrictive and would include an excise tax of 10 percent.
In Virginia, a legalization measure failed to pass the legislature last year, but the bill will be re-introduced, this time with the backing of the state's attorney general.
Meanwhile four states are taking up proposals for medical marijuana programs this year: Alabama, South Dakota, Kentucky, and Mississippi.
Chronic Town