text:
Working for the Future – Being climate-neutral
Improving cities in passing
Anything but analogue
Norbert Rethmann awarded the Europe Medal
PPPs dedicated to key services: It's time to talk, rethink and act
The future is strong – with good apprenticeships
Collaboration continues in Frankfurt
A threefold success in the Rhine-Erft District
Don't throw batteries in the bin!
Donating cups to help others
COVID shows the importance of the recycling sector
Curbing climate change with compost
Free of contamination
"Best in class" for sustainability
Big plans need a strong partner
On the home stretch
Creating closed loops in Sweden
A long project
Anything but simple
Twenty years of stable fees in the Lausitz
Lausitz shows its colours
A successful partnership in Bad Breisig
Refreshing water for Schwerin… and an environmental plus
REMONDIS-Group
01.2020 PPP
01.2018 Recycling
Further Issues
There is good cause for celebration! 30 years of a unified Germany. Or perhaps we should say: '30 years of working on a unified Germany'? Seen from a historical perspective, it is certainly true to say that the reunification process has not yet been completed. In fact, looking at Germany's history, you might well be excused for thinking that this process will never be completed. Each individual region has its own cultural peculiarities, its own dialect, its own sensibilities, its own breed of people. And, of course, their traditional dishes are worlds apart from each other. But that's the way it should be as it is the differences that create a strong dynamic for change and enrich our culture and economy. Having said all that, we are still quite a young nation. Germany really hasn't been around that long. Our country – as a federation of states – did not come into being until almost 100 years after the United States of America was founded. And we are all well aware that they are still working hard on unifying their nation.
We are very grateful that our family-run business has been able to play a constructive role in shaping the reunification process from the start. While criticism continues to be directed towards the Treuhand (the agency responsible for privatising the former East German enterprises) for the way it acted – its focus was often on processing rather than developing – our aim has always been on finding robust, future-oriented solutions by working closely on the ground with the different city and regional authorities. The results speak for themselves – whether it be in the Lausitz region where our public private joint venture WAL Betrieb provides water management services and has kept fees and charges stable and jobs secure for decades now despite the region's declining population; or in Schwerin, where the public private partnership between the city and REMONDIS has been hugely successful at delivering key services cost effectively. And these are just two examples of many. It was – and continues to be – the amazing personal dedication of the company's employees in the regions that made it possible for REMONDIS to become a local east German family-run business in these new areas after the wall fell. What's more, some of the family moved from the Westphalian town of Selm to make their home in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern – but this just as a side note. Unity requires active commitment, as does sustainable development. REMONDIS is dedicated to both, always working with the future in mind.
One thing is certain: there are a lot of things still – or once again – to be done. The recession brought on by Covid-19 is having a dramatic impact on the finances of local authorities. According to the Federal Statistical Office, the cities and districts faced a shortfall of 9.7 billion euros in the first six months of this year. As a comparison: the deficit amounted to just 0.3 billion euros a year ago. The reason for this negative trend was the drastic fall in revenue received by local governments in the second quarter of 2020. The German economy nosedived by 9.7% between April and June – the first time it has ever had to face such a huge drop. Yet another reason then for thinking about how the pressure can be taken off local governments in the future. They don't have to do everything by themselves – the private sector is happy to help. Public private partnerships are a robust solution for delivering cost-intensive essential services, such as waste management and water management tasks. I and Professor Michael Schäfer, retired professor of public sector economics at the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, illustrate this very clearly with the help of many examples in one of the books we co-authored – and we don't forget to mention the negative examples either. As everyone knows, people learn from their mistakes so they can do a better job in the future. And this is precisely what we are doing together with our friends and partners in the not so new states in the east of Germany, in Europe and across the world.
We hope you enjoy reading this latest issue. Stay safe!
Ludger Rethmann
REMONDIS AKTUELL
Ideas for new services
Data, software, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence – this is what the new REMONDIS Innovation Hub (RIH) is all about. Set up as a separate department in the Business Development division run by Sven Averhage, it comprises five young colleagues who meet in a co-working space in Hamburg to assess and realise ideas to enhance current REMONDIS services or to introduce new ones.
The first product is already on the market
"RIH's primary goal is to develop marketable solutions. That means that we're not simply looking at testing new technologies but at implementing ideas that will offer REMONDIS some genuine digital advantages and add value to its business," explained Dr Felix Thiele. Together with Johannes Schön and Daniel Natrup, it was he who launched RIH last year. The team has already created its first marketable product – its DataFleet project – which is being marketed by the newly founded firm, REMONDIS Digital Services GmbH. Other projects are focusing on subjects such as AI-based analyses of video material from sewer inspections and the use of data analyses to optimise pumping stations as well as setting up a dynamic route planning system using sensors measuring bin fill levels. Finding ways of identifying outthrow material in organic waste bins using a combination of optical and digital technology and artificial intelligence is also on their to-do list. What's more, this team of digital experts has also been helping to further develop the international skip and container services platform, Redooo.
"We want to implement ideas that will offer REMONDIS some genuine digital advantages and add value to its business."
Dr Felix Thiele, RIH
Optimising offers & making strategic investments
To realise its projects, RIH has often found itself collaborating with external specialist firms and start-up businesses – potentially creating opportunities to invest in young, up-and-coming companies. To make this possible, the department has generated its own directory that lists all start-ups around the world that operate in one or more of REMONDIS' business divisions (recycling, water and services). The team is, therefore, also the first port of call for in-house ideas and external start-ups as well as for other companies that wish to contact REMONDIS about innovative subjects. Just recently, for example, REMONDIS purchased a share in Westphalia DataLab in Münster. This company, which employs around 50 people, is looking at ways of using software to make the benefits of artificial intelligence available to everyone. And their prospects are obviously good: RWTH Aachen University's Smart Services Center recently named this Münster-based firm a "Champion of Machine Learning".
© 2021 REMONDIS SE & Co. KG | Imprint | Disclaimer | Image credits
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Kicking off today is NEDAwareness Week Feb 21-27. NEDA has created a daily calendar of ideas to help spark the conversation and theme: It's Time To Talk About It. Find ways to get involved within your community and help the continuation of support, research, edcuation and improved treatment resources for those who suffer with Eating Disorders!
Our aim of NEDAwareness Week is to ultimately prevent eating disorders and body image issues while reducing the stigma surrounding eating disorders and improving access to treatment. Eating disorders are serious, life-threatening illnesses — not choices — and it's important to recognize the pressures, attitudes and behaviors that shape the disorder.
NEDAwareness Week is a collective effort of primarily volunteers, eating disorder professionals, health care providers, educators, social workers, and individuals committed to raising awareness of the dangers surrounding eating disorders and the need for early intervention and treatment.
This year, NEDA is calling for everyone to do just one thing to help raise awareness and provide accurate information about eating disorders. NEDAwareness Week participants can choose from a huge range of ways to contribute: Distribute info pamphlets and put up posters, write one letter for Media Watchdogs, register as a Volunteer Speaker or host a Volunteer Speaker, coordinate a NEDA Walk, or arrange interactive and educational activities such as panel discussions, fashion shows, body fairs, movie screenings, art exhibits and more. As an official NEDAwareness Week participant you can be involved in any way that works with your schedule, resources, community, and interests. These events and activities attract public media attention – on local, national and international levels.
There are a number of different treatment programs and approaches to support people suffering from eating disorders who decide to get help. I've found Silver Hill, a substance abuse and psychiatric hospital, to be a good source of information and resources. Talking/blogging about eating disorders can be extremely helpful not just for yourself, but for others in need. Keep up the good work.


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Professor Lis Neubeck is the Head of the Long Term Conditions Theme in the School of Health and Social Care at Edinburgh Napier University. She is an Honorary Professor of Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney. She is an Adjunct Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences at Flinders University in Adelaide. Lis has recently completed a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Early Career Fellowship, and is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the George Institute for Global Health. Her research focuses on innovative solutions to secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, identification and management of atrial fibrillation, and use of new technologies to improve access to health care. Lis has secured over £1.5m in competitive research funding and has won notable prizes and awards for her research, including the prestigious Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Nursing Prize (2013). She has supervised to completion 2 Honours students; both achieved First Class Honours; and 1 PhD student; and she has 6 current PhD students, 1 MPhil student and 2 Honours students. Lis is President of the Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association (2015-2017), served on the board of the Cardiovascular Nursing Council of the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (2013-2016), and is the Australian representative on the Global Alliance for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease of the World Heart Federation. She serves on the programme committee of the Cardiovascular Council of Nurses and Allied Professionals of the European Society of Cardiology and is the Consultant Editor of the British Journal of Cardiac Nursing. She is also a Fellow of the European Society of Cardiology.
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1895: Sladen / Hurd, "On the Cars and Off"
Once upon a time, it was fashionable for upperclass Englishmen to tour Canada & publish a book about it.
I've been having a look at such a travelogue, "On the Cars and Off: Being the Journal of a Pilgrimage Along the Queen's Highway to the East, from Halifax in Nova Scotia to Victoria in Vancouver's Island",
by Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen and Percy Angier Hurd, 1895 (London: Ward, Lock, & Bowden).
("The Cars" = a railroad train. Compare this with the BC Chinook expression stiim kars for the same thing.)
Being mere tourists, laden with the excessive baggage of colonialism (noting and ranking everyone's race & nationality, dropping in morsels of European languages, and comparing every vista to some foreign resort of the well-to-do), Sladen & Hurd won't have provided much of use here for a student of Chinuk Wawa — but there's a little.
For one thing, they had their own Kodak camera, a rare and expensive luxury — the book accordingly is pretty well packed with their own excellent snapshots.
Also, this journey from east to west is the exact reverse of Chief Louis, Chief Chilihitzia, and Father Le Jeune's 1904 voyage that we've read in CW. So there's lots of information about the same locations discussed there.
For another thing, there's mention of the Jargon, typically in connection with Native people, and typically telling us more about Chinuk Wawa's influence on English than about CW itself. Also there's at least one incident that suggests BC Indigenous languages' ongoing effect on CW; more on this as we read.
The following is from the North Bend, BC area, which is Nɬeʔképmx Salish country (page 344), showing how a couple of Jargon words for 'man' and 'woman' were used in local English:
We were now right in the Siwash country. Siwash is the name you apply to the male Coast-Indians; a woman is a Klootchman.
Then there's another of the pidgins used in BC at the time, Chinese Pidgin English on pages 357-358:
"Ladee likee lice?" … "You no likee lice, you tly apply sauce, better no can do."
Another photo of a BC Native woman and baby is captioned with a couple of words that I've found to be actually used by Jargon speakers in the province (page 358):
"Klootchman (female coast-Indian) with papoose in moss-bag."
Astonishing to me is that these two English greenhorns had enough interaction with Native people to learn a Skwxwú7mesh Salish word skil for a species of fish, which has no established name in Chinuk Wawa (although maybe it could be the cultus cod) (pages 362-363):
I'm not finding such a word in the modern "Skwxwú7mesh Sníchim – Xwelíten Sníchim Skexwts" (Squamish-English Dictionary). Is it a new discovery of sorts? The closest I find is sk'ey' 'smoked salmon; dried smoked salmon cut up thin".
Pages 376-377 tell both of an acculturated Native naming practice and of apparent pidgin English use by a Native person, although it's entirely possible this is just a word-for-word translation from Chinook Jargon (so we could now back-translate it):
The funny old Siwash known as Alexander's William — they take a Christian name and the genitive case of the employer's name — was ungallant enough to say, "Good! good! gun more good than Klootchman" (woman), and off we paddled.
Later on page 377 the same man says,
"Now you get duck."
There's a photo of the long-wrecked Hudsons Bay Co. steamer Beaver in this book, one of many that you can find in existence.
The ritzy authors rate Victoria, BC as "quite English", need I say more.
Between pages 400 & 401 is a photo of a sealing schooner at Victoria…
At that historical moment, seal harvesting was a major employer of Native people in the Pacific Northwest, and some schooners were owned by Indigenous captains. Crew members are known to have spoken Chinuk Wawa, as I've previously shown.
A foldout map of the travelers' route includes this nice bit on BC:
← yátʰum: a bonus etymology?
1896: Didn't sabey Chinook →


The braiser is a multi-purpose pan, originally designed for braising meats, for use on the stovetop or in the oven. The large base of this braiser makes cooking easy; you can brown your meat then deglaze and reduce your sauces. The ceramic construction ensures that the braiser diffuses the heat gently and evenly, keeping all the vitamins and nutritional qualities of your ingredients.
When cooking, ceramic diffuses the heat slowly and evenly. This ceramic bakeware can be used in both the oven and microwave, as well as on the stovetop (gas, electric, or halogen).


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McDonald v. People.
2021 CO 64. No. 20SC354. Colorado Organized Crime Control Act—Statutory Interpretation—Double Jeopardy.
In this opinion, the Supreme Court interpreted the term "enterprise" as used in the Colorado Organized Crime Act (COCCA). In doing so, the Court adopted the structural requirements inferred by the US Supreme Court under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and held that COCCA requires an associated-in-fact enterprise to have (1) a minimum amount of structure—namely, a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit the associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose; and (2) an ongoing organization of associates, functioning as a continuing unit, that exists separate and apart from the pattern of racketeering activity in which it engages.
Here, the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jurors regarding the structural features required for an associated-in-fact enterprise. That error was not harmless, so defendant's COCCA conviction was vacated. And although the Court concluded that the evidence presented was sufficient to sustain the COCCA conviction under the standard existing at the time of trial, because the prosecution did not have notice of the standard announced in this opinion, the Court refused to speculate as to whether a properly instructed jury would have found that the prosecution had met its burden of proof. Therefore, the Court of Appeals' judgment was reversed and the case was remanded for a new trial on the COCCA charge.


In a nutshell: Plastering "Foreword by Jennifer Aniston" on the cover (in same size type as the authors' credit) is hardly the way to endear yourself to foodies. But darn it, I can't help it: I like this book. Although the recipes aren't what I'd call original, the Elmore sisters' enthusiasm for healthful yet practical food (call it quasi-California fare) is infectious.
What's hot: Eclectic recipes with lively flavorings, plus plenty of grains.
What's fresh at area farmers markets, and how to make the most of the bounty.
What I found: If you could make some sort of sci-fi combination of a green bean and a Martian, you would get something that looks like sea beans. The long, spindly threads, which Misty Mountain Mushrooms sells for $3 a basket, are picked by hand on tidal flats and marshes along the Oregon coast, so they have a naturally salty taste.
What I did with them: First, I lightly sauteed them in a skillet with a bit of olive oil and a chopped clove of garlic, then served them next to a rib-eye steak in place of my usual asparagus spears. Then I thought about how the beans' salty nature would make them ideal for a side dish with fish, so I placed them on top of a fillet of salmon, letting them steam in a parchment tent as the fish cooked. The salt from the beans permeated the fish, making seasoning a cinch.
Why you should try them: Because they are naturally salty, and using them lets you cut back on other additional salt -- including the soy sauce in a sushi roll or stir-fry. And they keep well: Wash them, pat them dry and you can keep them in a paper bag in your refrigerator crisper for up to two weeks.
To minimize "bleeding" during cooking, leave about 1 inch of stem attached to the top of beets and about 1/2 inch of root. To preserve their color and nutrients, don't peel them until after cooking. The skins will slip off easily. To keep them from staining a salad, toss them with dressing separately, then add to the dressed salad before serving.
We've all heard -- again and again -- how good nuts are for us, especially for fighting heart disease. But this latest study says eating walnuts also may help to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. According to a study by researchers at the Marshall University School of Medicine, those much-touted omega-3 fatty acids, along with antioxidants and phytosterols, all may help walnuts reduce the risk of the disease.
The study was conducted on mice, which were fed either a standard diet or the human equivalent of two ounces of walnuts per day. Those fed on walnuts developed fewer tumors, and those that did form took longer to develop and were smaller.
Although the strongest risk factor for breast cancer remains age (80 percent occurs in women older than age 50), health experts say you can reduce your risk by keeping a healthy weight, limiting alcohol and getting regular exercise.
How does your dream burger stack up?
A grand prize of $50,000 makes the Build a Better Burger contest one of the more lucrative cooking contests. And we think that if you start practicing now, you stand a very good chance of coming up with a winning entry by the July 29 deadline. While this year's contest doesn't have a particular theme, the sponsor, Sutter Home Winery, encourages you to "reinvent your favorite burger with exciting new toppings, turn the elements of a classic dish into a burger, show off your ethnic or cultural background, highlight the unique dishes or products of your part of the country, or surprise us with a completely new concept in burgers."
You are also reminded that when choosing ingredients, "remember to use only items that are readily available in most well-stocked supermarkets. And please don't send us overly ornate creations laden with costly ingredients."
To see past winners or for contest details go to www.buildabetterburger.com.
There are lots of reasons why we miss the late lamented Urban Wineworks, but one of them was the monthly Yappy Hours, where wine-loving dog owners could bring their four-legged friends and mix and mingle with others. Now Oscar Albert Wine Bar is filling the void with its Paws N' Sip, a similar dog-friendly event in a garden setting in West Tabor Village.
The social happens 6 to 8:30 p.m. every third Tuesday of the month through October, and each month will feature a different theme; the May 19 event is "Does Your Dog Have a Green Paw?" A glass of Mutt Lynch wine is $7; beer is $3. Ten percent of each wine bottle sale ($15) goes to a different organization every month; for May, it's Animal Aid, a local animal rescue group.
Enjoy raffles and prizes, and meet representatives from local dog-related businesses. Plus, Dr. Kristin Sulis with Mt. Tabor Veterinary Care will be on hand to answer questions.
Oregon's culinarily inclined high schoolers came home champs after Bend Senior High School's restaurant management team was crowned national champion April 26 at the National ProStart Invitational in San Diego. In addition, South Salem High School placed sixth in the competition's Culinary Cup.
The ProStart Hospitality School-to-Career program involves 78,000 students in more than 1,600 schools across 47 states and other jurisdictions. The annual invitational is composed of two competitions: culinary and management. Culinary teams must prepare a three-course meal in 60 minutes. Management teams must demonstrate their knowledge of the restaurant and food-service industry.
This is the third national championship in as many years for Bend Senior High's management team. The 2009 team is Casey Anderson, Jackie Baird, Katelynn Cockrum and Mimi Seeley. South Salem High's culinary team placed 12th in 2008. This year's team is David Champion (2009 ProStart Student of the Year), Mandi Fraley, Yuki Oishi, Amanda Nill and Joshua Meyer.
To see the students in action, look for a new program, "Top of the Class," airing later on the Food Network.


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Q: SET CONNECTION in PostgreSQL gives "unrecognized configuration parameter" According to the PostgreSQL documentation, there appears to be support for SET CONNECTION.
However, when I try to execute it from the psql prompt, I get

ERROR:  unrecognized configuration parameter "connection"

I'm well aware of using \connect but I want to be able to switch databases within the execution of a .sql file.
Is this a bug in PostgreSQL?  Or does some flag need to be set to create the parameter?

A: Converting question comments into an answer
Abelisto:
It seems that you missed a section of the documentation: Chapter 34. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C. The PostgreSQL documentation is not ideal (but IMO it is much better then many others). Hint: to avoid inconveniences look at the page name in the address, for example plpgsql-declarations.html is about DECLARE variables in the plpgsql blocks and sql-declare.html is about DECLARE cursors in the pure SQL.
dezso:
If using psql, you still can make use of \c - especially if it does not require typing a password.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Children|Football
Rayomand Engineer
Kicking It up a Notch: Football Is Opening New Worlds for Tribal Kids in MP
The kids love football, and the program helps them channel their talent in the right direction.
For over 50 years, the residents of Boda Silli, a tiny village in Madhya Pradesh, have been playing football, having learnt it from visiting traders.
From Boda Silli, football spread to nearby Pipparadara, Khara Chappar, Amjhar, Malwathar, and Indra. However, Boda Silli has remained a football hotspot.
Great-grandfathers, grandfathers, fathers and now their kids have played the beautiful game, at the district, state, and national level, and have not let the lack of facilities curb their enthusiasm or love for the game.
Recognising this talent, Riverside Leagues, a Sports League founded by the Mrida Education and Welfare Society (MEWS), an MP-based non-profit started and run by alumni of ISB, Hindu College, XIM Bhubaneshwar and St Xavier's College, is training kids to play football and take up long distance running.
Deriving its name from the Narmada River that flows nearby, Riverside Leagues started in April 2017, with the vision to have at least one player from the region play for India in 2026, and help catapult rural sport to the professional league.
With approximately 200 children, including 75 girls who are playing for the first time, the program has four clubs and six coaches, who are working with the kids, and preparing them for the bigger stage.
The kids in Madhya Pradesh are good in football, and Riverside Leagues is helping them realise their potential. Image Credit: Riverside Leagues
Here's how Riverside Leagues is going about its goal:
1. Gathering information from families, where support isn't forthcoming.
2. Providing football kits to top players.
3. Running an education program through the school, and a residential hostel program for good talent.
4 After-school support for footballers who attend government schools.
5. Imparting skills through training for senior footballers, and giving the kids an opportunity to generate a livelihood through Riverside Labs, a skill training programme started by Riverside Leagues.
6. Support the chosen players to reach the highest skill levels, via Riverside League's links to state football federation, and various clubs.
7. Spot fresh talent and hone their skills.
Dr S Somnath: A Hindi Teacher's Son, New ISRO Chairman Was Crucial In PSLV's Success
This Campaign Is Gifting 1.5 Million Hours of Sleep to Hundreds of Underserved Kids
The initiative is well-poised for success. Devendra Bhavedi, from Boda Silli, was recently declared as the player of the tournament in the under-14 state team selections, and Vinod Parte, who is from Jhanda Tola, has been selected for the National Camp. Both the boys are currently enrolled in the hostel and are training with Riverside Leagues.
The Better India spoke to Priya Nadkarni, the founder of MEWS, who pointed out that even though the children are extremely talented, a lot needs to be done.
"The children have amazing stamina, and are eager to learn. However, nutrition remains an issue, but it is something we are working on," she says, praising the innate talent that the children of Boda Silli exhibit when they play football or practice long-distance running.
The kids play football and practice long-distance running. Image Credit: Riverside Leagues
Speaking of their talent, Priya continues to describe how the kids posted unbelievable timings while running a 5,000-metre long-distance race (18–19 minutes).
Given that the national record hovers around 14 minutes for the same distance, it is indeed commendable that these kids without any formal training have posted such wonderful timings.
Kushal Bhavedi, one of the coaches, echoes Priya's thoughts when he says that the children are incredibly talented, but lack a support system.
He also mentions that they earlier suffered from poor nutrition, but are now eating nutritious meals in the hostel, as part of a well-thought-out and balanced diet plan.
You may also like:- From Chennai's Streets to Football in Moscow, These Girls Are Living Their Dream
In addition to football, Riverside Leagues is also providing education through their schooling model.
Boda Silli has football closely woven into its rich culture, and Riverside Leagues is helping children take advantage of the talent they have.
The kids train in drills, essential for footwork in football. Image Credit: Riverside Leagues
As for the tribal children, they are re-discovering their love for the game, and thanks to the initiative, can channel their talent in a lucrative way so they may hopefully make a significant mark on the big stage in the near future!
If you would like to contribute towards the future of these kids you can do so here:-
Mrida Education and Welfare Society
HDFC Bank, Mandla
Account no: 50100171078730
(Edited by Gayatri Mishra)
Like this story? Or have something to share? Write to us: contact@thebetterindia.com, or connect with us on Facebook and Twitter.
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CANBERRA, March 7 (Xinhua) -- The development of the Belt and Road Initiative is an example of how successful economies can assist countries that are not strong enough economically to improve their situation much, Andrew Robb, a former Australian federal minister has said.
Robb, former minister for trade and investment, is now an advisory board member of Australia-China Belt and Road Initiative, an Australian government-supported policy institute.
"If you help a hundred countries develop more thoroughly and quickly and effectively than they otherwise would have, of course it's going to lead to mutual interests developing and that is a common phenomenon," Robb told Xinhua in a recent interview.
The Belt and Road Initiative, proposed by China in 2013, aims to build trade and infrastructure networks connecting Asia with Europe and Africa on and beyond the ancient Silk Road routes. It comprises the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
"It is okay in strategic sense that invariably the countries that have been controlling things globally will be reluctant to share the responsibility, it's human nature. But everyone in the region, the United States, Australia, other developed countries, have to accept that what has been happening (in China) is a good thing. Hundreds of millions of people coming out of poverty."
Robb said that there are always issues accompanying with change, but the change that the world is experiencing now is in the end very constructive and "we have to be realistic and applaud the success of China, the increasing success of India."
He noted that other countries are also benefiting, as Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia are also performing well. "That's a great thing for the region and for mankind," he said.
Robb said countries should seek to cooperate with each other and not be frustrated.
"You can't contain a development like this. Those people who preach trying to contain China, to me, are futile. It's not going to happen," he said, adding, "It's also counterproductive because it is just trying to stop in many cases good things from happening and they won't be able to stop it, it's counterproductive."
"I do feel that it's very important that we all work together as a region to try and make the most of what we all bring to the table."
Robb said there are many things that China and Australia have got in common such as the market system. Countries should focus on what they've got in common and reassure one another and show mutual respect.
"We're going to accept the right of every country to run its affairs as it sees fit. If we show that mutual respect, then things are more likely to be successful. And the best way to develop mutual respect is to engage heavily with one another."


In 1956 a Brazilian scientist imported some spec ial bees into Brazil from Africa. The African bees were the same size as ordinary bees. But they were much stronger and more dangerous. A sting from one of these bee s can kill a man of even a buffalo very quickly. The scientist imported the bees because he wanted to breed a new type of bees using the African bees and ordinary European bees. He wanted to combine the strength of the African bee with the safety of th e European bee. Unfortunately, in 1957, 26 queen bees escaped and began to breed in the jungl es of Brazil. They spread very quickly and since that time they have been moving slowly north - wards, covering 300 to 400 kilometers a year. Over 200 people have died after being stung by the killer bees, and thousands of animals have also died. By March 1 978 the killer bees had reached Venezuela and in 1980 they arrived in Panama. If they continue to move a t the same speed will reach the USA in 1988. Today scientists from many different countries are trying to find ways of stopping the killer bees. But if they cannot be stopped, the Americans, like the Brazilians, will have to learn how to live with a new a v ery dangerous visitor.
26. Which bees kill people?
27. Wh ich of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
28. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
29. When the passage was written?
Hospitality is natural in my village. Guests arrive at any time of the day or night and they are alw ays welcome. Nobody asks them, 'Why have you come?' or 'How long are you going to stay?' They become a part of th e family. The villages are delighted to receive guests. They are fed, clothed and given presents. When guests arrive they are offered a pot of water to wa sh their hands, face, and feet. Then they are given mat or a chair to sit on. Previously, sherbet was offered, but now it is the custom to give a cup of tea, a depending on the t ime of the day. Guests are never asked "Have you eaten?" or "Would you like so mething to eat or drink?" . Food is placed before them and it is impolite for guests to refuse. Hospitality means giving yourself completely to guests and strangers.
30. What is the topic of the paragraph?
Motion sickness comes in many forms, not just seasickness. Ninety percent of the human race i s susceptible to motion sickness one kind or another. Some people become sick when they sit in the backseat of a car; others cannot read or look at a map in any kind of moving vehicle. People get motion sickness on airplanes, motorc ycles, amusement park ri des, and even on camels! Scientist have learned that motion sickness occurs when the brain is trying to make sense of a situation and there are too many conflicting messages. While the eyes are sending one message, the ears are trying to send a message abo ut balance. The skin and bone joints, sensitive to air pressure, send another message. Many people who have experienced violent motion sickness try to avoid travel. But that is not always possible. So travelers should employ some well - known strategies to a void getting sick. The most useful strategy concern food; eat a light meal before travelling and bring along a packet of plain soda crackers to snack on regul arly. Avoid alcoholic and carbonated beverages, high - fat, and spices. Care in choosing the locatio n of your seat is another important strategy. In car, sit at the front and keep your eyes fixed on the horizon. People who still got sick after trying these strategies can try medical help. Some rely on over - the counter medications , although some of the m can make you sleepy. Others use simple ginger capsules to settle their stomach. A large number of travelers use pressure bands of their wrists. It is not clear how these b ands work, but they do prevent motion sickness.
32. A suitable title for the text is ... .
0 Response to "Soal TKD SAINTEK SBMPTN 2016 DAN PEMBAHSANNYA: Bahasa Inggris"


text:
Q: XMPPError: bad-request - modify error create new user using smack library 4.1.8 and openfire i have been developing a chat application using smack client library 4.1.8 and xmpp server(openfire server) but while trying to create new user using Accountmanger class it raises and exception "XMPPError: bad-request - modify"
XMPPTCPConnectionConfiguration conf = XMPPTCPConnectionConfiguration.builder()
                        .setSecurityMode(ConnectionConfiguration.SecurityMode.disabled)
                        .setHost("127.0.0.1")
                        .setDebuggerEnabled(true)
                        .setPort(5222)
                        .setSendPresence(true)
                        .setServiceName("127.0.0.1")
                        .build();

                AbstractXMPPConnection conn2 = new XMPPTCPConnection(conf);

                //conn2.login();
                conn2.connect();

                AccountManager accountManager = AccountManager.getInstance(conn2);
                if (accountManager.supportsAccountCreation()) {
                    accountManager.sensitiveOperationOverInsecureConnection(true);
                    accountManager.createAccount("qidus", "123456");
                    conn2.login("qidus", "123456");

                }

            } catch (SmackException | IOException | XMPPException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

and the exception is this
04:01:41 AM SENT (0): <iq to='127.0.0.1' id='aYej1-3' type='get'><query xmlns='jabber:iq:register'></query></iq>

04:01:41 AM RECV (0):
org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPException$XMPPErrorException: XMPPError: bad-request - modify
at org.jivesoftware.smack.XMPPException$XMPPErrorException.ifHasErrorThenThrow(XMPPException.java:135)
at org.jivesoftware.smack.PacketCollector.nextResultOrThrow(PacketCollector.java:232)
at org.jivesoftware.smack.PacketCollector.nextResultOrThrow(PacketCollector.java:213)
at org.jivesoftware.smackx.iqregister.AccountManager.getRegistrationInfo(AccountManager.java:332)
at org.jivesoftware.smackx.iqregister.AccountManager.supportsAccountCreation(AccountManager.java:144)
at chat.Chat$1.run(Chat.java:46)

A: You need to set properly Service Name. You can chek your serviceName in Openfire through admin panel (127.0.0.1:9090) it's in first page in middle of the page, look for "Server Name" after login.
By default it's your machine name.
However your code will run just once: 2nd time AccountManger will throw an exception due to already registered user.

A: You also get this error or exception when the username which you are passing for account creation has the null value.So check your username also.


text:
Bièrt (francès Biert) és un municipi francès, situat a la regió d'Occitània, departament de l'Arieja.

Referències

Municipis del districte de Sent Gironç

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So You Think You Can Startup?
Help us brainstorm novel ways to help save endangered native language. Games? Apps? Educational activities? This event is offered by UTSC Elder Wendy Phillips, in The Hub, and is part of the social innovation series. Food and beverage provided.
Learn the steps to create your own thriving social entreprise. Are you interested in social innovation? Startups include community-based businesses, not-for-profits, and new social enterprises -- all play an important part! Please buy a free ticket on Eventbrite, click here.
Learn the steps to building a sustainable creative business: art, music, writing, drama. This events will be held at AA 304, the Art Studio. Food and beverage provided. Please buy a free ticket at Eventbrite, click here. This event includes an orientation to Makerspace at the University.
Join us as part of the job fair being put on by Academic Advising and Career Centre at Highland Hall.
Ignite your startup. Whether you have a great new idea or just want to join an awesome team, come take part. This event is for building teams around new ideas. It's a fun event, and part of U of T's entrepreneurship week. Join us. Register here.


Neglect car servicing and Cam Belt Problems could follow?
I know that I keep going on about how important car servicing is. But its good advice when I see other countries preaching the same thing. So this article comes from Africa! Giving the motorist some good points that affect all car drivers. Importantly to have your car serviced. Of course,there may be some serious underlying problem with your car.
Especially, about hidden problems that you do not know about. Significantly, that a service should pick up. The main neglect that we come across is Car Brakes problems, for example leaking brake cylinders that are undetected could lead to a sudden brake loss, and heaven knows what that could cause, so please have your car servicing done at regular intervals. Please do not Neglect car servicing?
If you would like some advice about your cars servicing intervals then here you are .
From my advice I would like to stress that the newer your car is then the fewer services the car will need. Most of today's modern cars that our customers drive are supposed to be serviced every 12000 Miles Per Year. Or at least once a year. Some of the older models require more Servicing a Car, but we tend to check out the service booklets and service the cars accordingly.
After three years, your car should have averaged say 12000 miles every year, but many drivers do not do that amount of miles, so in that case i would advise you once again to stick to the mileage regime and not the time scale. In my opinion it is best practice to stick to the cars service manual. If you do Neglect car servicing and exceed the miles, say if you use your car for work purposes then you should have the 12000 mile service once a year, or at least make sure that the car has a major service.
But most importantly please make sure that the car has the oil and filter changed, as oil contamination can always run into other more major problems. Also check the time or mileage that your timing belt needs changing, this can be the major problem if you Neglect car servicing , if your car requires it, most do and have a brake check. if you have a 12000 mile yearly service, then all this will be taken care of.
Timing belt change intervals can be checked out, Neglect car servicing could result in your engine blowing up.
Pellon Tyre and Auto-centre offer car and van servicing and repairs to all makes of vehicles. Members of Unipart Car Care centres and give a nationwide guarantee for all our work and parts. Also sell Cheap tyres online from our website www.pellontyres.co.uk. Using the tyre selector and choosing your tyre size. Offering courtesy cars to local motorists.Needing to go to work and leave their car with us for work doing. Also an official MOT testing station and are members of Motor-codes. Finally, who carry out checks for high standard of equipment and workmanship.


Alcatel is introducing new series A3 XL and this device is first one with this name and it will land in market soon. The technical specification are not good as we expected but we can say that Alcatel A3 XL is just a starting point while the next coming will improve and more good and improved specs will be included in future models. 6 inch LCD is housing in plastic shell of Alcatel's A3 XL where the measured dimension are 165 x 82.5 x 7.9 mm. IPS LCD is embedded inside LCD display that provides perfect touch from every angle of Alcatel A3 XL's screen. After the front look it is time to take a deep look inside its engine that what is used to power up such big screen. MediaTek MT8735B is tucked inside chassis of AlcatelA3 XL where quad core processor is embedded on chipset that run at the speed of 1.1 GHz which is not so good for such large display. 3GB of RAM is accompanying processor of Alcatel XL to handle more then one running applications at same time. 16GB built-in storage is assigned to shelter all the applications and other data permanently. A3 XL by Alcatel is running on Android OS v7.0 Nougat to execute all the commands in proper way. A micro SD card slot is also attached under the back lid which is used to expand memory of Alcatel A3's XL up to 32 GB. 13 MP sensor is equipped with autofocus and LED flash light to stabilize images. In other features HDR, Geo-tagging, touch focus and face detection. A3 XL's 8 MP front camera is capable to bring your animal side out because it got a filter app to change your face.


Adrenaline rush, sweaty palms, a slight feeling of nausea: no, you're not about to meet a blind date for dinner; you're on your way to a networking event. Even if you frequently attend industry happy hours or conferences, it is natural to still feel anxious or nervous before the big event.
As an Executive Senior Partner specializing in military transition, I am consistently reminded just how important attending networking events is for expanding industry contacts. Networking with confidence is key to making a positive first impression and getting the most out of an event.
#1: Be authentic. If you are attending an industry conference or networking event for the first time and do not know anyone, remember that you are not the only one in this situation. Walk up to a small group, introduce yourself and tell people it is your first time attending the event. People connect with authenticity.
#2: Practice your story. Master a one or two-line statement in advance that summarizes who you are, your past experience, and what you currently do or would like to do. With your story prepared in advance, you can confidently respond to common networking questions, such as "What do you do?" or "What brings you to this event?".
#3: Do your research. When attending an industry-specific event, make sure you are up to date on the latest industry news, statistics or breaking stories. This information can make for a great conversation icebreaker and also demonstrates to new contacts that you are on top of your game. Many conferences publish attendance lists in advance. Do your research and identify five target companies or individuals with whom you would most like to connect; make it your mission to do so before leaving the event.
#4: Make a positive first impression. Free drinks are a fixture at most networking events; if you're going to imbibe, do so responsibly. A glass of wine may help you relax, but watch your alcohol intake; you don't want to be remembered as the person who laughs too loudly at unfunny jokes or begins to ramble incessantly when asked a simple question. Body language is equally important for making a positive first impression: maintain eye contact, stand up straight and avoid crossing your arms.
#5: Follow up. Last but not least, mastering the art of the prompt follow up is one of the most important tips for networking events. Don't let those business cards languish on your desk or wait for folks to reach out to you. Use LinkedIn to immediately connect with your contacts, preferably within 48 hours of the initial meeting.
What do you do in advance of a networking event to boost your confidence? I welcome your networking meeting tips and feedback below.
An excellent reminder, especially for someone who has not actively networked for a while.


Dhaka Residential Model College is one of the reputed colleges located at Mohammadpur in Dhaka. The nickname of the college is DRMC.
The college was established in the year 1960 by the then Pakistan government. The college was established in 50 acres of land in resemblance of a public school in England. The main motto of the college is to strive for excellence. In the beginning, the responsibility of the college was taken by the then Pakistan government. But later, 1962 the Pakistan government left the college's liability to the provincial government.
The college provides Primary, Secondary, and Higher Secondary Level education to the students. The majors include Science, Humanity and Business Studies. The students are taught the subject in various disciplines determined by the Bangladesh Education Board. The subjects are taught by very skilled and qualified teachers and instructors. There are both English and Bangla medium studies available in the college.
There are 176 teachers for about 4000 students of the college. There are six hostels for the students with the homely living environment. Quality and healthful foods are served to the students of the college living in the college hostel. About 1000 students live in the hostels. The teachers monitor the hostels. The college has a large library with the very good sitting arrangement so that the students can study very comfortably without any disturbance. There are laboratories and computer labs with the internet connection as well.
The students are admitted in primary, secondary and higher high school level. The college runs under the supervision of Bangladesh Education Board, and hence, the college follows all the rules and regulations determined by the education board.
For HSC level admission, the college publishes a circular in the traditional daily newspapers to inform the students. The students have to collect admission form from the admission office of the college. Only selected candidates are allowed to get admission in the college.
For more information regarding the college, please visit the office or contact with the given contact details.


text:
\section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
Quantum key distribution (QKD), which enables secure communication, is currently the most promising quantum technology and studied extensively in a practical context \cite{xu2020secure,shenoy2017quantum}. The tradeoff between information gain and state disturbance \cite{buscemi2014noise}, which is related to Heisenberg uncertainty and the no-cloning theorem, lies at the heart of the information-theoretic security of QKD, and is based on the laws of physics,  whereas in classical cryptography, the security stems from certain computational assumptions.  Typically, at the end of the quantum stage of a QKD protocol, and after the sifting procedure, sender Alice and receiver Bob estimate the quantum bit error rate (QBER) $e$ in the communication channel. If $e$ exceeds a threshold $e_0$, they abort the protocol, assuming that too much information has been gained by the eavesdropper Eve. If $e < e_0$, they proceed with publicly reconciling their respective keys using error correction (EC), and then use privacy amplification (PA) to distill a smaller, final key $K$ over which Eve is guaranteed to have exponentially little knowledge.

If Alice and Bob find that $e=0$, then obviously no EC is required, and furthermore, in light of the information-disturbance tradeoff, it seems natural to expect that no information has leaked to Eve, and that therefore no PA would be required.

In this work, surprisingly, we point out for certain QKD protocols, specifically a class of those based on the principle of interaction-free measurement (IFM) \cite{elitzur1993quantum}, that the condition $e=0$ does not imply that Eve has no information. Such a noiseless attack (i.e., one where $e=0$)  is not in contradiction with the information-disturbance tradeoff. Rather, what happens is that the disturbance produced by Eve's attack does not show up in the QBER analysis.

IFM allows for certain information to be communicated or processed even without the interaction of the systems concerned. As a result, IFM-based quantum information processing schemes are usually referred to as ``counterfactual''.  IFM has been applied to cryptography \cite{guo1999quantum,noh2009counterfactual,sun2010counterfactual,shenoy2013semi,shenoy2014counterfactual}, entanglement generation \cite{shenoy2015counterfactual},  quantum computation \cite{cao2020counterfactual, li2020counterfactual} and to direct communication \cite{salih2013protocol,aharonov2019modification}. The definition of counterfactuality, based on a weaker or more stringent criterion, has been debated in the context of direct communication \cite{vaidman2014comment, salih2014salih,vaidman2019analysis}. Counterfactual QKD has been experimentally implemented \cite{brida2012experimental,ren2011experimental} as well.

This article is arranged as follows. The prototypical counterfactual QKD scheme, the Noh protocol of 2009 \cite{noh2009counterfactual} (usually called ``Noh09''), is briefly reviewed in Section \ref{sec:ccrypt}. In Section \ref{sec:secu}, our main result, namely a noiseless attack on Noh09, whereby Eve obtains partial information of the sifted key, is proposed and shown to be the optimal, individual, noiseless attack. The implication of the proposed attack to the realistic (noisy) case, where the protocol can potentially become insecure, is discussed in Section \ref{sec:noisy}. This attack adapted for other counterfactual QKD protocols is investigated in Section \ref{sec:scqkd}. In Section \ref{sec:pingpong}, we explore the possibility of a noiseless attack on other types of QKD protocols besides those based on IFM. Specifically, we show that an analogous attack on the ping-pong protocol \cite{bostrom2002deterministic}, which is also two-way but not IFM-based,  is not feasible. Finally, we conclude in Section \ref{sec:conclu}.

\section{Counterfactual quantum cryptography \label{sec:ccrypt}}
Noh09 brought considerable attention to the idea of using IFM for key distribution. The protocol works as follows: (1) Alice prepares a string of $n$ single photons in the horizontal/vertical ($H/V$) polarization basis. (2) Each photon is incident on a beam-splitter (BS) of a Michelson interferometer, whose one arm (internal) is retained in Alice's station whilst the other arm (external) extends to Bob's station (Fig. \ref{fig:Noh09}). The photonic modal state may be represented by:
\begin{equation}
\ket{\Psi}_{AB} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{0,j}+ \ket{j,0})_{AB},
\label{eq:noh}
\end{equation}
where $j \in \{H, V\}$ and $\ket0$ denotes the vacuum state. (3) In each round, Bob may either reflect the photon of polarization $H$ whilst blocking one with polarization $V$ (action $R_H$), or vice versa (action $R_V$), with equal probability. (4) If Bob's action $R_k$ ($k \in \{H,V\}$) matches with the polarization $j$ of the photon (i.e., $j=k$), then it is reflected and detected deterministically at Alice's detector $D_2$. (5) In case of a mismatch (i.e., $j \ne k$), then there are three possibilities of its detection: (i) at $D_B$ in Bob's station (with probability $\frac{1}{2}$); (ii) at $D_2$ (with probability $\frac{1}{4}$); (iii) at $D_1$ in Alice's station (with probability $\frac{1}{4}$). (6) Alice publicly announces the $D_1$ detection instances, which constitutes the sifting process. The polarization of the corresponding photon forms the sifted secret bit. (7) On a fraction of the sifted key, they announce their respective actions to estimate the QBER given by
\begin{equation}
e \equiv \frac{1}{2} \big[ P(H, R_H|D_1) + P(V, R_V|D_1) \big],
\label{eq:error}
\end{equation}
where $P(\cdot|\cdot)$ denotes the conditional probability. If $e$ is too large, they abort the protocol.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Noh09.pdf}
	\caption{Experimental setup for the Noh09 protocol.}
	\label{fig:Noh09}
\end{figure}

Although the encoding states in Eq. (\ref{eq:noh}) are orthogonal, the corresponding states $\rho_j$ accessible to Eve are not. In particular, $\rho_j = \frac{1}{2}\left(\ket0_B\bra0 + \ket{j}_B\bra{j}\right),$ whereby the trace distance $D = |\rho_H - \rho_V| = \frac{1}{2}$. Therefore, Eve's optimal probability \cite{holevo1978asymptotically} to guess the correct polarization is $p_{\rm guess} = \frac{1}{2}(1+D) = \frac{3}{4}$, so that
\begin{equation}
e^\prime \equiv 1-p_{\rm guess}=\frac{1}{4}
\label{eq:optEve}
\end{equation}
is Eve's minimum error in distinguishing $\rho_H$ and $\rho_V$.

\section{Security considerations \label{sec:secu}}

In step (7) of Noh09, if $e=0$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:error}), conventionally one would assume that there can have been no attack from an eavesdropper. However, the fact that in a two-way protocol such as Noh09, Eve can access the external particle twice, once before and then after the encoding action by Bob, allows her, as we show below, to obtain partial information by attacking the raw quantum transmission. This turns out to provide a twist to the situation. But, because $e=0$, no EC is performed, and therefore there is no corresponding side-information leaked to Eve.

In the onward leg, Eve introduces a probe qubit prepared in state $\ket{\epsilon_0}$, which interacts with particle $B$ in the external arm by the unitary $\mathcal{U}$ whose action is as follows:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\ket{\alpha, \epsilon_0}_{BE} &\longrightarrow \ket{\alpha, \epsilon_\alpha}_{BE} ~~~ (\alpha \in \{0, H, V\}) \label{eq:onwarda} \\
\ket{0, \epsilon_j}_{BE} &\longrightarrow \ket{0, \epsilon_j}_{BE} ~~~(j \in \{H, V\}), \label{eq:onwardb}
\end{align}
\label{eq:onward}
\end{subequations}
where the three probe states $\ket{\epsilon_\alpha}$ are orthogonal to each other. In the return leg, she performs the ``unattack'' $\mathcal{U}^{-1}$.

To see how the attack works, note that the joint state after the onward attack, and before Bob's action, is given by:
\begin{equation}
\ket{\Psi^\prime}_{ABE} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{0,j, \epsilon_j} + \ket{j,0,\epsilon_0})_{ABE}.
\label{eq:nohstate}
\end{equation}
After Bob's action of $R_k$ and then Eve's subsequent unattack, the above state evolves to:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\ket{\Psi^\prime}_{ABE} &\stackrel{R_k}{\longrightarrow} \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\ket{\Psi^\prime}_{ABE} & (R_j) \\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{0,0, \epsilon_j} + \ket{j,0,\epsilon_0})_{ABE} & (R_{\overline{j}})
\end{array},
\right.
\label{eq:unataka}\\
 & \stackrel{\mathcal{U}^{-1}}{\longrightarrow} \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\ket{\Psi}_{AB}\otimes \ket{\epsilon_0}_E & (R_j) \\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{0,0, \epsilon_j} + \ket{j,0,\epsilon_0})_{ABE} & (R_{\overline{j}})
\end{array}.
\right.
\label{eq:unatakb}
\end{align}
\label{eq:unattack}
\end{subequations}
The first case in Eq. (\ref{eq:unatakb}) leads to a detection at $D_2$ and hence no key generation. In the second case, there remains a residual entanglement between modes $A$ and $E$ that disturbs the coherence, but the key point is that the detection at $D_1$ or $D_2$ arises only from the state $\ket{j}_A$ in the second term in the r.h.s, and does not involve measuring in basis such as $\ket{0}_A\pm\ket{j}_A$ requiring both the terms.  Thus the lack of coherence cannot be observed in the detection statistics-- hence, the ``noiseless" attack.

It follows from Eq. (\ref{eq:unattack}) that if Bob blocked a photon in polarization $j$, then conditioned on Alice's announcing a $D_1$ detection, Eve's probe is left in one of the states:
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_E^{(0)} = \frac{1}{2}(\ket{\epsilon_0}_E\bra{\epsilon_0} + \ket{\epsilon_H}_E\bra{\epsilon_H}), \nonumber\\
\rho_E^{(1)} = \frac{1}{2}(\ket{\epsilon_0}_E\bra{\epsilon_0} + \ket{\epsilon_V}_E\bra{\epsilon_V}),
\label{eq:Enoh}
\end{eqnarray}
corresponding to Alice's bit being 0 or 1, respectively. The trace distance $D = |\rho_E^{(0)} - \rho_E^{(1)}| = \frac{1}{2}$, so that her error $e^\prime=1-p_{\rm guess} = \frac{1}{4}$ in the eavesdropping channel, which reaches the bound given in Eq. (\ref{eq:optEve}). Therefore, the above proposed attack is the most powerful individual noiseless attack possible.

With regard to Eq. (\ref{eq:Enoh}), Eve's optimal strategy to measure her probe is in the basis $\{\ket{\epsilon_0}, \ket{\epsilon_H}, \ket{\epsilon_V}\}$ when a $D_1$ detection is announced. She makes a deterministic deduction of $j$ on finding her probe in the state $\ket{\epsilon_j}$ ($j \in \{H, V\}$), and assigns the polarization to be $H(X_i\equiv0)$ or $V(X_i\equiv1)$ with equal probability on finding her probe in the state $\ket{\epsilon_0}$. We then have for any $i$ that $P({X_i=0}|{Z_i=0}) = P({X_i=1}|{Z_i=1}) = \frac{3}{4}$, where $X_i$ and $Z_i$ denote the $i^{\rm th}$ bit of strings $X$ and $Z$, respectively.

It follows from the above that
\begin{equation}
I(A{:}B) = 1 > I(A{:}E) = 1 - h\left(\frac{1}{4}\right),
\label{eq:h14}
\end{equation}
which shows Alice and Bob can asymptotically obtain a secure key. On the other hand, since $I(A{:}E) > 0$, it follows that Eve can eavesdrop to an extent \textit{without introducing any error}. We remark that there this does not contradict the information-disturbance tradeoff. As noted above, Eve's attack indeed produces a disturbance, but this doesn't show up in the error checking step (7).  Therefore, Alice and Bob must employ PA \cite{bennett1992experimental} even when QBER vanishes; otherwise, Eve, knowing part of a message encoded using the key, could potentially gain full knowledge of the message using a known-plaintext attack \cite{lo2003some}.

That PA is required even for the noiseless situation flies in the face of the conventional quantum cryptographic expectation that a vanishing QBER indicates the absence of Eve, and thus does not require PA. We now consider the degree of compression required.  Eve's average collision probability \cite{waks2002security} on each attacked qubit is found to be
\begin{equation}
p_c \equiv \sum_{X_i, Z_i} P^2(X_i|Z_i)P(Z_i)= \frac{5}{8}.
\label{eq:pc}
\end{equation}
That $p_c > \frac{1}{2}$ is another manifestation of the fact that Eve acquires non-zero knowledge through her attack.

The final key rate $r$ (after PA) is given by
\begin{equation}
r \leq-\log_2(p_c) -s \approx 0.678 - s,
 \label{eq:r}
\end{equation}
in view of Eq. (\ref{eq:pc}), where $s~ (\in (0,-\log_2(5/8)])$ is a security parameter chosen by Alice and Bob to determine the compression used for PA. Then, Eve's information about the final key $\kappa$ is given by $I_E = \mathcal{O}(2^{-s})$ \cite{bennett1995generalized}. That our attack is the optimal noiseless attack entails that any individual attack that is more powerful will necessarily be noisy.

More generally, Eve may launch a collective attack by measuring all her probes together. From a purely communication perspective, an upper-bound on the accessible information  is given by the Holevo bound \cite{nielsen2002quantum}, which in this case is $\chi = S\left(\frac{1}{2}\left[\rho_E^{(0)}+\rho_E^{(1)}\right]\right) - \frac{1}{2} \sum_{j=0,1} S(\rho^{(j)}_E) := \frac{1}{2}$ per qubit. Note that the quantity $\chi$ provides an upper bound on the average classical information that can be block-coded with the symbols states given by Eq. (\ref{eq:Enoh}). Thus, it is safe to say that even if Eve launches a collective attack by measuring all her probes collectively, she cannot gain on average more than 0.5 bits per qubit. The corresponding error $e^\prime_\chi$ in the eavesdropping channel, assumed binary symmetric, can be estimated by setting $\chi := 1 - h(e^\prime_\chi)$. Solving, we find $e^\prime_\chi \approx 11\%$, from which corresponds to an average collision probability of $p_c \approx 0.804$, so that $r \leq -\log_2(p_c)-s \approx 0.314 - s$. This can be interpreted as the lower bound on the PA compression factor, for security against Eve's possible collective noiseless attack, assuming that Alice only emits single-photons.

\section{Significance for the realistic (noisy) case\label{sec:noisy}}

The noiseless attack has a direct relevance for the realistic, noisy case, since an Eve, powerful enough to launch the above noiseless attack, can introduce noise into Bob's channel, to thereby render the protocol insecure. Since the individual noiseless attack is optimal, therefore Eve's information in Eq. (\ref{eq:h14}) corresponds to the minimum error in her eavesdropping channel under the assumption of an individual attack, ideal sources of single-photons and no particle substitutions. Therefore, it follows that in a noisy situation, under these assumptions, Alice and Bob must find $e < \frac{1}{4}$ for the protocol to be secure.

As in the case of noiseless attack, one can consider a collective attack by Eve here as well. Setting $I(A{:}B) = 1-h(e) > \chi$, we find $e < e^\prime_\chi \approx 11\%$. This provides a lower bound on the maximal tolerable error rate on Bob's communication channel for the protocol to be secure. Note that the above estimate assumes that Eve can introduce errors into Bob's channel, without increasing the error rate in her own channel. A specific attack that illustrates this scenario is the following.

Eve modifies the noiseless attack whereby she makes Bob's channel noisy, without introducing additional noise in her own eavesdropping channel. On fraction $f$ of the qubits, Eve implements an attack/unattack similar to that of Eq. (\ref{eq:onward}), except that $\ket{j,\epsilon_0}_{BE} \longrightarrow \ket{\overline{j},\epsilon_j}_{BE}$, and the noiseless attack strategy on the remaining qubits. Thereby, she introduces an error $e=f$ in Bob's channel, while her own error rate remains minimal. She subsequently measures her probes individually or collectively.

The above error thresholds assume that Eve's probes interact with Alice's particle, but she does not substitute the latter. Relaxing this assumption leads potentially to tighter error thresholds, but such attacks can usually be detected by Alice or Bob even without public discussion, and thus do not constitute good strategies for Eve. As an illustration, in the context of individual attacks, suppose Eve performs a simple intercept-resend attack $\mathcal{Q}$ on a fraction $f$ of the communicated photons, and the noiseless attack on the remaining photons. In case of $\mathcal{Q}$, Eve intercepts the photon sent towards Bob. If she detects it, she injects an identical one back towards Alice. If not, she injects a photon of random polarization $j$ towards Alice, ideally leading to a double detection on Alice's side. Alice and Bob can unilaterally detect the attack, since it will create a fraction $\frac{f}{2}$ of double detections on Alice's side, and a corresponding dip in detections on Bob's side. For the sake of argument, suppose the duo attribute these errors to imperfect state preparation and detection, and estimate QBER based only on the single detections at the $D_1$ detector. On these detections, Eve has polarization information and therefore she gains full knowledge of the key.

Bob's average information is $I({A{:}B}) = 1 - h(e)$, with QBER $e = \frac{f}{1+f}$. Eve's information, averaged over the two attacks, is given by $I({A{:}E}) = (\frac{1-f}{1+f})\left(1 - h(\frac{1}{4})\right) + (\frac{2f}{1+f})$, which exceeds her information in case of the noiseless attack (Eq. (\ref{eq:h14})), for $f>0$. The protocol is insecure if $I(A{:}E) \ge I(A{:}B)$, or $f \ge 0.16$. Accordingly, the maximum tolerable QBER is $e_{\rm max} \approx 13.79\%$ and the protocol must be aborted for any higher error rate.

\section{Other counterfactual quantum QKD protocols\label{sec:scqkd}}
It turns out that the above possibility of a noiseless attack on Noh09 holds also for other similar counterfactual QKD protocols. In the \textit{semi-counterfactual QKD} (SC-QKD) protocol \cite{shenoy2013semi}, unlike in Noh09, a fixed polarization state is used (here taken to be $H$), and hence the encoding is not polarization-based. Furthermore, Alice  may, like Bob, either apply a reflect or block operation on the pre-agreed polarization. The counterfactual detections arise half the time when their actions are dissimilar, i.e., their joint action is (block, reflect) or (reflect, block), which correspond to $X_i=0$ or $X_i=1$, respectively. As in Noh09, the key generation probability per photon is $\frac{1}{8}$.

In the noiseless attack on SC-QKD, Eve's attack and unattack operations work similarly as on Noh09, except that Eve's probe state conditioned on a $D_1$ announcement would be, rather than Eq. (\ref{eq:Enoh}), one of
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\rho_E^{(0)} &= \ket{\epsilon_0}_E\bra{\epsilon_0}, \\
\rho_E^{(1)} &= \frac{1}{2}(\ket{\epsilon_0}_E\bra{\epsilon_0} + \ket{\epsilon_H}_E\bra{\epsilon_H}),
\label{eq:Esemib}
\end{align}
\label{eq:Esemi}
\end{subequations}
where $\braket{\epsilon_0}{\epsilon_H} = 0$. The trace distance $D = |\rho_E^{(0)} - \rho_E^{(1)}|~ {=}~ \frac{1}{2}$ between the probe states, and hence Eve's error $e^\prime \equiv \frac{1}{2}(1-D) ~{=}~\frac{1}{4}$, are identical with that between the reduced states of particle $B$ conditioned on a $D_1$ detection. This entails that the proposed noiseless attack is optimal.

Eve's optimal strategy to measure her probe is in the $\{\ket{\epsilon_0}, \ket{\epsilon_H}\}$ basis and to infer $X_i=0$ if $Z_i=0$ and $X_i=1$ if $Z_i=1$. The latter follows immediately from Eq. (\ref{eq:Esemib}). To see the former, suppose she instead chooses $X_i=1$ with probability $q$. Then her error conditioned on detecting her probe state $\ket{\epsilon_0}$ is $e^\ast \equiv \frac{2}{3}(q) + \frac{1}{3}(1-q) = \frac{1+q}{3}$, which is minimal if $q=0$. We thus find $e^\ast({q := 0})P(\epsilon_0) = \frac{1}{4}$, which is the optimal error $e^\prime$ for Eve. It is assumed here that Alice and Bob perform the block/reflect actions with equal probability.

One finds that $P({X_i=1}|{Z_i=1}) = 1$ and $P({X_i=0}|{Z_i=0}) = \frac{2}{3}$, and this leads to the same situation as in Eq. (\ref{eq:h14}), but Eve's information being $I(A{:}E) = h\left(\frac{1}{4}\right) - \frac{1}{2}$. Thus evidently, Eve has more information here than in the case of Noh09. Eve's average collision probability on each key bit is found to be $p_c^{\rm sc} = \frac{2}{3}.$ Accordingly, the final key rate is $r \le -\log_2(p_c^{\rm sc}) - s \approx 0.585 - s$, showing that that the PA requirement is more stringent than in the case of the Noh09 (Eq. (\ref{eq:r})).

The Guo-Shi protocol \cite{guo1999quantum}, which works like the SC-QKD scheme but with a Mach-Zehnder setup, has both the arms exposed to Eve during the phase after Alice's block/pass intervention and before Bob's corresponding intervention. Eve's optimal noiseless attack turns out to be the one wherein she implements attack $\mathcal{U}$ in Alice's arm, followed by unattack $\mathcal{U}^{-1}$ on the other arm. It can be shown that this leads to the same eavesdropping scenario as in SC-QKD, and a similar key rate. This is interesting in that although both these protocols involve block/pass actions by both Alice and Bob, technically the Guo-Shi protocol is not two-way and furthermore Eve has access to both interferometric arms.  Therefore, careful time-control would be required to prevent Eve from gaining full information of the key.

In the cascaded version of Noh09 \cite{sun2010counterfactual}, a sequence of Michelson interferometers is used, with the succeeding beam-splitter placed in the transmission arm of the preceding one (Figure 2 of Ref. \cite{sun2010counterfactual}). This setup ensures that the probability amplitude of the state leaving Alice's station and reaching Bob is exponentially low in $n$, the number of beam splitters placed in sequence. Through a similar attack-unattack strategy as discussed for Noh09 in Sec. \ref{sec:secu}, implemented on the transmission arm of the $n$th beam-splitter, Eve after her attack on the onward leg generates entanglement between her probe and Alice's and Bob's systems (analogous to Eq. (\ref{eq:nohstate})), given by the $(n+1)$-particle entangled state:
\begin{equation*}
\ket{\Psi^\prime}_{ABE} =
\bigg(\sum_{k=1}^{n} 2^{-k/2}\ket{\textbf{0}_k}\bigg)\ket{\epsilon_0} + 2^{-n/2}\ket{\textbf{0}_n} \otimes \ket{\epsilon_j},
\label{eq:cascade}
\end{equation*}
where $\ket{\epsilon_j}$ ($j \in \{H, V\})$ are Eve's probe states, and $\ket{\textbf{0}_k} \equiv \ket{0}^{\otimes (k-1)} \otimes \ket{1} \otimes \ket{0}^{\otimes (n-k-1)}$, with the first $n-1$ registers being with Alice, the $n$th one with Bob.

Therefore, in place of Eq. (\ref{eq:Enoh}), we have
\begin{equation}
\rho_E^{(j)} = (1-2^{-n})\ket{\epsilon_0}_E\bra{\epsilon_0} + 2^{-n}\ket{\epsilon_j}_E\bra{\epsilon_j}).
\label{eq:Enohcascade}
\end{equation}
The trace distance $D = |\rho_E^{(0)} - \rho_E^{(1)}| = 2^{-n}$, meaning that Eve learns exponentially little about the secret key. Correspondingly, we find $p_c^{\rm ca} = \frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{1}{2^n}\right)$.

\section{Contrast with attack on ping-pong protocol\label{sec:pingpong}}

Keeping in mind the issues raised in Section \ref{sec:intro}, we now address the question of what other types of QKD protocols are vulnerable to the noiseless attack. It seems safe to suppose that any such protocol should allow Eve to access the channel twice, once before and then after a party's intervention, thereby allowing Eve to launch an attack and a subsequent unattack (or an equivalent operation) during these two instances. We now ask whether the feature of IFM is also necessary in the protocol.  Our analysis in the remaining section suggests that the answer is in the affirmative. However, it turns out that IFM is not sufficient for the vulnerability.

The ping-pong protocol \cite{bostrom2002deterministic, bostrom2008security} is a two-way scheme  similar to Noh09,  except that it employs a two-qubit entanglement $\ket{\Phi}_{AB} = \frac{1}{\sqrt2}(\ket{\uparrow\downarrow} + \ket{\downarrow\uparrow})_{AB}$ in place of particle-vacuum entanglement of Eq. (\ref{eq:noh}). As against the reflect/block choices for Bob in Noh09, here the choices are to apply the Pauli operation $I$ or $Z$ on qubit $B$. Accordingly, an attack-unattack strategy similar to the one proposed here can be implemented against the ping-pong protocol \cite{wojcik2003eavesdropping}. Even so, this strategy cannot be noiseless, as we point out below.

The ping-pong protocol involves a \textit{control mode}, where the two qubits are locally measured in the $Z$ basis to monitor for QBER. The two-way scheme mentioned above pertains to the \textit{message mode}, which is used for direct communication and not monitored for QBER.

In the message mode, the final tripartite entanglement between particles $A$, $B$ and Eve's probe $E$, after Eve's unattack in the return leg, is given by
\begin{equation}
\ket{\Phi^\prime}_{ABE} = \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\ket{\Phi}_{AB} \otimes \ket{\epsilon_0}_E & (j=0) \\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \big[\ket{\uparrow,\downarrow}_{AB}\ket{\epsilon_0}_E - \ket{\downarrow,\uparrow}_{AB}\ket{\epsilon_1}_E\big] & (j=1)
\end{array} \right.
\label{eq:abP}
\end{equation}
where $j$ is the secret bit, $\ket{\epsilon_j}$ are Eve's probe states and Eq. (\ref{eq:abP}) is the analogue of Eq. (\ref{eq:unatakb}). The residual entanglement in the ${j=1}$ case of Eq. (\ref{eq:abP}) leads to a QBER of 50\%, meaning that Eve's attack cannot be noiseless.

Note that although in the original ping-pong protocol QBER is not monitored in the message mode, yet in principle it is detectable, and is indeed monitored in the adaptation for the ping-pong protocol for QKD \cite{sharma2018decoherence, shrikant2020ping}.

As discussed earlier, the $R_{\overline{j}}$ case in Eq. (\ref{eq:unatakb}) also shows residual entanglement. Even so, the reason why no QBER is generated is the following. The state on Alice's side is the mixed state $\sigma_1 = \frac{1}{2}(\ket{0}_A\bra{0} + \ket{j}_A\bra{j})$, whereas it is $\sigma_2 = \frac{1}{2}(\ket{0} + \ket{j})_A(\bra{0} + \bra{j})$ if Eve did not attack. Thus, in principle, Eve would generate QBER if Alice were to measure in a diagonal basis such as $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket0 \pm \ket{j})$. However, we note that $\ket0$ represents the vacuum state, and thus such an unusual sort of diagonal measurement is certainly not implemented through the $D_1$ and $D_2$ detections. Instead, these two represent diagonal measurements in the basis spanned by the spatial modes of a given photon number and polarization.

It can be shown that if Noh09 allows non-orthogonal encoding, e.g., by including all the four BB84 states, then the noiseless attack is not possible. In such a modified protocol, Bob could have the option of a reflect/block action in either basis, and correspondingly Eve has an attack-unattack strategy customized for each action. Consider the case where Alice sends state $\ket{+} = \frac{\ket{H}+\ket{V}}{\sqrt{2}}$, and Bob applies $R_+$. Not knowing which basis was used, Eve cannot determine which attack strategy to perform. If she implements the one in Eq. (\ref{eq:onward}), then the state of the photon after Bob's action becomes
\begin{align}
\ket{\Psi}_{ABE} &= \frac{\ket{0}_A}{2\sqrt{2}} \bigg[\ket{H}_B\ket{\epsilon_V}_E + \ket{V}_B\ket{\epsilon_H}_E \nonumber \\
&+ \ket{H}_B\ket{\epsilon_H}_E + \ket{V}_B\ket{\epsilon_V}_E\bigg] \nonumber \\
&+ \frac{1}{2}\ket{00}_{AB}(\ket{\epsilon_H} - \ket{\epsilon_V})_E  + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ket{+0}_{AB}\ket{\epsilon_0}_E.
\nonumber
\end{align}
The first two terms of the r.h.s (appearing in the first line) here are such that Eve's unattack will not disentangle her probe, thus potentially giving rise to QBER. In this case, if $e=0$, then Eve's attack can indeed be ruled out \`a la BB84.

Therefore, the final key rate here for the noiseless case would be $r = 0.5$. Here, the factor half is due to a BB84-like sifting and the compression parameter $s$ is set to zero since the (pre-emptive) PA is not required. Whilst the key rate in this case is greater than the key rate in Eq. (\ref{eq:r}), the experimental implementation is more difficult as it involves a greater number of choices of quantum operations for Bob. Moreover, this modified protocol is no longer an orthogonal-state-based protocol.

One can show that the inclusion of non-orthogonal states has the consequence for the other counterfactual QKD protocols discussed above. This indicates that if non-orthogonal-state-based encoding is used in counterfactual QKD protocols, then the security loop-hole due to the above noiseless attack is eliminated.

\section{Discussion and conclusions\label{sec:conclu}}

The security of QKD is ultimately rooted in the information-disturbance tradeoff, a fundamental principle that asserts that an eavesdropper cannot obtain information about an unknown quantum state without disturbing the system. In this work, surprisingly, we have identified a noiseless attack on a class of QKD protocols, where the eavesdropper Eve can obtain partial information about the key noiselessly, i.e., without generating errors that are detectable during the protocol's error checking. The possibility of the attack does not contradict the information-disturbance tradeoff, nor the no-cloning theorem, since Eve indeed disturbs the eavesdropped states,  but this disturbance is not reflected in the error rate as estimated during the error checking step of the considered protocols.

An implication of this noiselessness is that, even if the estimated channel-error vanishes, though EC is not required, still PA is required. On the flip side, Eve can of course make the protocol noisy to her own advantage. Thus, the level of compression required in the noiseless case is directly related to the level of error rate that can be sustained while keeping the protocol secure. The protocols vulnerable to this attack feature a double use of a quantum channel exposed to Eve, and furthermore involve IFM with orthogonal-state encoding.

The noiseless attack can be detected by modifying these counterfactual protocols to include non-orthogonal states in the encoding scheme, but this will make the practical implementation more difficult, and furthermore the protocols so modified would no longer be orthogonal-state-based. \color{black}

VNR acknowledges the support and encouragement from AMEF. RS thanks support from Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS) programme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, Grant No. DST/ICPS/QuST/Theme-1/2019/14.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I previously removed the steering components (controls, handlebars, steering damper assembly). Now it's time to remove the front suspension which includes the front fender, front wheel, front fender brace, front forks and the steering stem.
I chose to remove the front fender with the wheel in place as I wanted to get the fender to the painter. But it's easier with less opportunity to scrape the paint on the fender if you remove the wheel first, and I recommend removing the wheel, then the fender. I'll present this in that order, but the pictures will show the fender missing when I remove the wheel.
The axle is secured with a nut and washer on the left side. There are two axle pinch bolts on each fork tube that keep the axle from spinning. There is a hole in the right side of the axle you can insert a screw driver or the rod supplied with the tool kit to keep the axle from spinning when you remove the axle nut, but with the pinch bolts tight, you shouldn't need to to to that.
After I get the axle nut off and the pinch bolts are loosened (in my case, I removed them since I'm disassembling everything), I use a screw drive inserted into the hole on the right end of the axle to draw it out.
The "top hat" insert that fits into the dust seal of the left wheel bearing can come out, which mine does, so remember to insert it back into the hole before you install the axle.
There is a steel sleeve that acts as a spacer that goes on the right end of the axle next to the threads. I put it on the axle with the axle nut so it doesn't get lost.
The fender is secured to the fork brace with four carriage bolts and acorn nuts. I remove them.
Under the acorn nut is a flat washer the sits on top of a rubber grommet that protects the paint on the fender. The rubber can stick to the fender and the wasjer, as mine did, so I use a small screw driver to gently pry the rubber grommet off and not scratch the paint.
The carriage bolts fit inside the fender brace in the inside set of square holes.
This bike has the stock BMW fender brace the fender mounts to–with the mud on it in the picture below–and a San Jose BMW aftermarket fork brace that fits around it.
I pull the rubber dust covers up the fork tubes.
The fork braces are secured to the fork sliders with four Allan bolts, washers and lock nuts that I remove.
I slide the fork braces down the fork sliders to remove them. They are pretty tight so I use a rubber mallet to remove the stock fork brace from inside the San Jose fork brace.
I drain the forks, remove the fork sliders and then remove the fork tubes with the damping rods still installed. I'll pull out the damping rods when I rebuild the front forks.
There is a fill hole under the top black plastic vanity cover and a drain hole on the bottom of the fork slider. I use a screw driver to pry the vanity cap off.
Then I remove the Allan bolt that is in the fork oil filler hole.
The bottom of the fork has a large Allan bolt that secures the damper rod to the fork slider and a smaller Allan bolt with crush washer that is the fork oil drain. I remove the smaller bolt and drain the oil.
I use an electric impact driver to remove the large Allan bolt with copper crush washer from the bottom of the fork slider.
The damper rod is exposed. There is an aluminum bumper in the bottom of the fork slider, so be sure to remove that from the fork slider so it doesn't get lost.
The bottom of the fork slider has a snap ring that secures the metal plug in the bottom. I don't remove it.
The fork tubes are secured with a large nut to the top fork plate and with a pinch bolt in the bottom fork triple clamp.
I use a special 36 mm socket to remove the top nut. The face of the socket has been ground flat as the top nut is thin and the taper in a standard 36 mm socket will not engage the nut fully and you will round it off when you try to remove it.
I like to use my air impact driver to remove these nuts. They are torqued to 75-80 FT-Lbs and the impact wrench gets them out without damaging them.
There is a PVC plastic pipe spacer that was used to set front fork sag to the proper range. And there is an aftermarket adjustable fork spring installed that has two springs, a longer lower spring and shorter upper spring, with a threaded adjuster between them.
The steering stem fits inside the steering head on the frame. It is secured by a large acorn nut in the center. I remove it with a breaker bar, but I could have used the air impact driver to remove it as I did for the fork top nuts. Once the acorn nut is removed, the fork top plate comes off.
I use the hook spanner in the bike tool kit to remove the slotted steering head bearing preload nut. When the nut comes off the chrome vanity cover over the top steering head tapered roller bearing comes off. It's very grimy.
I use a plastic mallet and drive the steering stem down to remove it from the steering head. Again, to prevent damage to the fork lower triple clamp if it crashes to the floor, I hang on to it while driving it out of the steering head.
I didn't remove the top roller bearing first. It's a press fit on the stem and comes off when I drive the stem downward.
I put the top tapered roller bearing on the stem to show it's location.
Here is the front of the bike now that all the front end parts have been removed.


Las Vegas, a city of casinos and hotels and shopping and fun is never sleeping. Here, you as a homemaker are in a fix regarding your faulty refrigerator. What to do in the middle of the night with a cracking noisy fridge or puddles of water from your fridge? Check your telephone book and give a call to the Refrigerator Repair Las Vegas without any worries about not getting any response at odd hours. The technicians here are always at a calls distance, so that they can serve you better and better.
Today's world is running at such a pace, where everybody is falling back if not adequately updated about any type of appliances. So the, technicians from Refrigerator Repair Las Vegas acts as the forerunner in repairs and service provided to their valued customers. In normal breakdowns of your refrigerators you check out the condenser, ice maker or compressor. When all your hard work couldn't fix your most essential appliance in the kitchen, then don't think twice just give a ring to the Refrigerator Repair Las Vegas. They will take out your problem in their professional hand and you will feel relieved from worries. Generally, when any type of appliances breaks down, what we do? We try to repair it as quickly as possible and in most cases the problems are minors, so we can fix it on our own. But not when your fridge is making a tremendous noise or your ice is melting down though you are keeping the temperatures to the highest So, the best option is calling the Refrigerator Repair Las Vegas and putting all your worries in their experts hand.
Their professionals will check the fridge and put a stop to your noisy fridge which is turning you to nuts by repairing the condenser in such a way that in the long run you will not be bothered again. Any appliances which you use breaks down sometime or other, but it doesn't bother you as much because other appliances are not the sole supplier of your families diet and health. It contains your favorite chips and pickles, your children's most preferred salad dressing or special dietary foods and your husband's breakfast cereals. Also it carries all the likings of the whole family for example ice cream, fruits, vegetables meat and fish and lastly your pet's food also. Your whole family sustains on this essential appliance. So, don't wait just give a call to Refrigerator Repair Center Las Vegas. Refrigerator Repair Las Vegas creates miracles for you when they repair or fix your precious appliance that is the fridge. You can blindly put your faith in the technicians from here, as they know what to repair and how to do so. Don't you give a thought that professionals like them, will cost you a lump sum amount, as though they will charge according to the work, but they won't bleed your purse. Also their job will bring immense satisfaction to your worrying mind.


text:
Lettuce: biology and management of Fusarium wilt
FV PE 458 - Lettuce: biology and management of Fusarium wilt
Dr John Clarkson, University of Warwick
FV PE 458
Industry representative: James Bean, Crystal Hearts Salad
AHDB Horticulture Cost: £49,968.94
Summary: Fusarium wilt of lettuce caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL) results in severe losses in production areas globally. Four races occur, with race 1 being the most widespread in field and protected crops (USA, southern Europe). FOL was first reported in the UK in 2017, and genetic analysis at Warwick identified outbreaks were caused by FOL race4 (FOL4). FOL4 was initially reported in the Netherlands and Belgium and anecdotal evidence suggests it is more aggressive than FOL1, especially at low temperature. However, so far FOL4 is restricted to protected lettuce. Control of FOL4 is challenging as it produces long-lived chlamydospores and there is no varietal resistance available; consequently it represents a significant threat to the industry. This project will develop rapid molecular diagnostic tools for FOL4 detection/quantification which will aid monitoring of further outbreaks. These tools will also allow us to understand key aspects of pathogen biology such as infection, colonisation and survival on host/non-host plants. This will inform the potential use of rotation crops and/or fallow treatments for disease management. The effect of temperature and FOL inoculum level will also be examined to determine how these factors affect disease development. Finally, the potential of disinfectants and hot water/steam as hygiene treatments for trays and equipment will also be evaluated to provide growers with a means of minimising FOL spread. Industry representatives will be engaged during the project to ensure that results have direct application for growers/propagators, building on an extensive network already developed for the AHDB FOL technical review.
Aim: The main aims of the project are to develop molecular tools for FOL4 identification and quantification, understand key factors affecting FOL4 disease development and identify hygiene approaches to limit pathogen spread.
1. Develop tools for molecular detection and quantification of FOL / FOL4
2. Determine the effect of temperature and inoculum level on FOL4 disease development and the impact of non-hosts / fallow on FOL4 survival.
3. Test hygiene measures to eliminate FOL4 inoculum
No documents to download.


text:
Q: How does a Pringle lose its curvature? Nom!
As part of a bigger project, I've was writing some code to calculate the scalar curvature of surfaces of the form $z = f(x,y)$. This uses a general calculation of the scalar curvature to produce a function ScalarCurvature that calculates curvature in for surfaces with this specific form. However, I'm finding that some (but not all) of my test cases fail...
I suspect the issue comes from how I built a function from the output of the calculations, but the more standard way was failing to evaluate derivatives completely. I'm pretty sure the formula I obtain from the calculations is correct, it is just a matter of how it is put into a function.
Behaviour
What I'm finding is that for a sphere
ScalarCurvature[Sqrt[1 - (x^2 + y^2)], x, y] // FullSimplify

gives
2

as it should. But, for a Pringle
Plot3D[x^2 - y^2, {x, -1, 1}, {y, -1, 1},
  RegionFunction -> Function[{x, y, z}, x^2 + y^2 < 1]]

ScalarCurvature[x^2 - y^2, x, y]

yields
0

when it should, by my calculation, be
- 8 / (1 + 4x^2 + 4y^2)^2

Code
Here's the code, I'm pretty sure it is something to do with the bottom few lines
(* Formula for intrinsic curvature of a function *)
(* STEP 1 - metric tensor *)

(* Find g such that: g dY dY = δ dX dX *)

dX = {dx, dy, D[f[x, y], x] dx + D[f[x, y], y] dy};
dY = {dx, dy};

long = dX.dX // FullSimplify;

a = Coefficient[long, dx^2];
b = Coefficient[long, dx dy]/2;
c = Coefficient[long, dy^2];

g = {{a, b}, {b, c}}
gInv = Inverse[g]

short = dY.g.dY;

(* Check *)
long == short // FullSimplify

(* STEP 2 - Christoffel symbols *)

cristoffelLower = Module[{v = {x, y}},
    Table[
     D[g[[c]][[a]], v[[b]]] +
      D[g[[c]][[b]], v[[a]]] -
      D[g[[a]][[b]], v[[c]]],
     {c, 1, 2}, {a, 1, 2}, {b, 1, 2}]]/2;

(* Seconds kind - these appear to be correct*)
cristoffelHigher =
 Table[
   Plus @@ Table[
     cristoffelLower[[d]][[a]][[b]] gInv[[c]][[d]], {d, 1, 2}],
   {c, 1, 2}, {a, 1, 2}, {b, 1, 2}] // FullSimplify

(* STEP 3 - Curvature Tensors *)
reimann = Module[{v = {x, y}},
    Table[
     D[cristoffelHigher[[ρ]][[ν]][[σ]], v[[μ]]] -
      D[cristoffelHigher[[ρ]][[μ]][[σ]], v[[ν]]] +
      Plus @@ Table[
        cristoffelHigher[[ρ]][[μ]][[λ]]
cristoffelHigher[[λ]][[ν]][[σ]], {λ, 1, 2}]
      - Plus @@ Table[
        cristoffelHigher[[ρ]][[ν]][[λ]]
cristoffelHigher[[λ]][[μ]][[σ]], {λ, 1, 2}],
     {ρ, 1, 2}, {σ, 1, 2}, {μ, 1, 2}, {ν, 1,
      2}]] // FullSimplify;

(* Ricci curvature, 1st position is contravariant, 3rd is covariant *)
ricci = Table[
   Plus @@ Table[
     reimann[[k]][[i]][[k]][[j]], {k, 1, 2}],
   {i, 1, 2}, {j, 1, 2}];

(* Scalar curvature, both positions are covariant *)
scalar =
 Plus @@ Table[
    Plus @@ Table[
      ricci[[i]][[j]] gInv[[j]][[i]],
      {j, 1, 2}], {i, 1, 2}] // FullSimplify

(* Define a function to do the calculation *)
ScalarCurvature[fun_, xx_, yy_] :=
 scalar /. Derivative[i_, j_][f][x, y] -> D[fun, {xx, i}, {yy, j}]

GaussianCurvature[f_, x_, y_] := ScalarCurvature[f, x, y]

A: You need to delay the evaluation of the right-hand side of ScalarCurvature:
 ScalarCurvature[fun_, xx_, yy_] := scalar /. Derivative[i_, j_][f][x, y] :> D[fun, {xx, i}, {yy, j}]

Then it works, although there is a sign difference to your formula:
ScalarCurvature[x^2 - y^2, x, y]
-(8/(1 + 4 x^2 + 4 y^2)^2)


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