text:
Hilary and Trump Debates
Subject Elections, Politics, President of The United States
Category Government
Topic Donald Trump, Foreign Policy, Presidential Debate
Hillary and Trump were asked questions about five foreign policy challenges and explained their views.
Multiple questions surrounding the issue of international policy and foreign affairs were posed by the two contestants. As per this point of debate, immigration was a critical issue. The candidates were asked how they would coordinate immigration to avert civil wars and crises that would possibly be inevitable (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). The next international policy point focused on external trade policies. Notably, during deliberations, the Trans-Pacific Alliance came to light. The debates touched on whether the nation should continue with the membership or terminate it under known grounds. The subject of ISIS formed an important part of the foreign relation segment. The candidates were asked how they would come to terms with the threat, which the Islamic groups based in Iran and Syria posed to the United States (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). The host staged a question concerning the strategies the winning candidate would employ to eliminate the threat for good. In addition, the candidates were asked how they would co-ordinate the nuclear deal with Iran and how the deal would help prevent possible future attacks. The North Korea subject also came up following this portion of debate. Finally, the subject of Iraq invasion was covered as per the debate questions.
Differences between the two candidates on the five foreign policy issues you explained above if any
In terms of the above-mentioned areas, the candidates were noted to differ more than being similar. For instance, on the subject of immigration by foreign citizens, Trump was wholly against foreign immigration especially from Mexican Citizens. He proposed that a wall would be built around the United States-Mexico border. In addition, Trump emphasized that all immigrants would be deported with immediate effect (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). In light of this idea, he proposed to increase the number of ICE officers, end birthright citizenship and increase the prevailing wage against H1-B visas. Summarily, it can be noted that Trump was strongly against foreign immigration into the states because, according to him, the foreigners served to deplete resources originally meant for American citizens, for example, employment.
Hillary on the other hand had a different stance on the subject of immigration. She supported the DREAM act and the act of legalizing the illegal immigrants, which included teaching English, paying fines and toughening penalties for hiring illegal immigrants. The said would help keep the immigration population in the States legal as possible. In terms of the Iran nuclear deals, Trump noted that he would reject the nuclear deal proposed by Iran and would be willing to renegotiate the same under different terms. Hillary, on the other hand noted that while she was the secretary of state, she laid down the groundwork toward agreeing and siding with the nuclear deal proposed. According to her, such an act would end all possibilities of a nuclear attack (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). Trump was also noted to be against the TPP involvement in foreign trade. He noted that if America was to continue with the partnership, the terms had to be re-negotiated to make them conducive to the United States. Hillary was open to accept the partnership under the existing terms. In terms of the above-mentioned five subjects, the candidates were found to differ mostly on these three major standpoints.
Similarities between the two candidates on the five foreign policy issues you explained above if any
In terms of ISIS, both candidates believed that an attack would be more plausible relative to a negotiation. The methods of attacks were however different. Clinton preferred a boots on ground approach where troops are deployed into the county and faced the threat directly. Trump on the other hand, called for a tactic, which would eliminate ISIS' principle funding which were mainly the oil fields and quarries. Despite their different ways of implementation, both candidates were seen to have an attack-based way of dealing with the problem. Notably, both candidates also initially believed that invading Iraq would be a beneficial solution against the war. Later on, both candidates noted that invasion would not bring the best of results. Trump opposed the war on the grounds of it being costly. Clinton called for withdrawal and voted against increase in the number of troops in Iraq (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). The grounds for this apparent change in stance remained unclear although it is believed that she also saw the threat to the economy, which was the probable war.
Which of the answers of the two candidates is realist or Liberal and why?
Hillary's response toward the TPP partnership can be concluded as realist. This is because she accepted the terms, which were put forward by the partnership and was willing to abide by them. According to her, the United States had conducted trade relations peacefully while being members of the partnership. Trump on the other hand, had a more liberal view of the partnership. As already stated above, he was wholly against the partnership and was willing to engage in it as long as the terms are revised and fixed in order to favor the United States wholly (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). This act is judged as liberal since the United States had never severed a partnership with such a large trade-oriented body. Doing so allowed him to learn the implications, which would occur following the undertaking. The act is labelled as liberal since it made him open to new ideas such as renegotiating the terms, which would keep the partnership going.
Schools of thought
Trump's view of foreign relations gravely match that of Jeffersonians school of thought. According to the insight, they are mostly involved in avoiding war and foreign entanglements. Trump displayed the thought by rejecting the nuclear deals with Iran and the entanglement with the TPP trade partnership. His act of reducing foreign immigration also helped avoid foreign entanglements particularly from neighboring states. The Jeffersonians School also firmly believes in having a robust national defense. Trump illustrated this by voting to have a "wall" built between the America and Mexico border as a metaphor for increasing national defense against foreign immigrants, who posed a threat to the state and the economy. Lastly, Jeffersonian school also warrants a decisive action against any threat toward the United States. Trump's vote to eradicate the sources of funding for ISIS through destruction of the oil fields well illustrated this.
Clinton's idealisms can be classified to be that of the Wilsonian school. According to insight, the Wilsonian school is obsessed with wanting the United States to build a world order while at the same time being liberal towards human rights, practices and international law. Clinton illustrated this by voting for the legalization of illegal immigrants and supporting various programs such as teaching them English (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). Unlike Trump, Clinton was opposed to building a "wall" around Mexico-America boarder. She believed in the importance of foreign relations. The statement conforms with the school's thought on preserving human rights and adhering to the international law.
What U.S foreign Policy School of Thought should the U.S government use to deal with the threat of ISIS and why?
The insight shared above has revealed that the best approach toward dealing with ISIS would be the Jeffersonian approach. The United States purposes to avoid war and physical confrontations with ISIS given the economic pitfall it would cause. The best approach would entail avoiding war and foreign entanglements with the region (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). In the event, however, that ISIS proved to be an even greater threat than imagined, United States should fight back with immediate effect. National defense is the key concept, emphasized as per the school's thought. Threats are only eliminated in the event that they pose an even bigger threat than what was previously imagined.
Do you think that U.S foreign policy will change under Trump's presidency? Give justifications for your answer
According to the insight collected from the debate, foreign relations would likely see a hefty change under Trump's presidential rule (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). This is in the event that he goes on to implement what he vowed based on the held presidential debate. For instance, immigration will likely see a net declination. It would be theoretically hard for an individual to acquire U.S citizenship. In addition to this, the number of Mexican immigrants would likely see a net decline based on the 'wall', in the event the wall is built. In addition, the relations between Mexico and U.S.A would be heavily affected by the rule. In addition, Trump's foreign policy focused on coercing the countries that had previously benefitted from U.S.A protection pay up, lest the protection be withdrawn (First & Third Presidential Debates, 2016). Such included Japan and China. Trumps rule would likely lead to poor relations between America and the states affected. Finally, if the negotiation with the TPP failed, United States might not benefit from foreign trade from other countries, which it initially benefitted from; as a result, the foreign relations might also be subjected to a decline in terms of trade. In essence, the foreign policy if executed will drastically change in light of Trump's rule.
First & Third Presidential Debates (2016). Presidential Debate Schedule
2016 Presidential Debate Schedule
PRESIDENT TRUMP'S MILITARY Operation AGAINST SYRIA
Trump Moves to End DACA and Calls on Congress to Act
The Speech About Donald Trump
THIS WAY LIES DECEIT
Countering the myth of Immigrants by Your Article, My Story
Declaration of Independence Abraham Lincoln Donald Trump

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TV & Film Home
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'The Walking Dead' Fans Threaten To Boycott The Show After Huge Plot Twist Is Revealed
The Walking Dead. Picture: AMC
By Sam Prance
@samprance
The series will never be the same again after this happens.
The Walking Dead is one of the most popular television franchises of all time. With eight critically acclaimed seasons, as well as audiences of upwards of 17 million viewers, you would be hard pressed to find a comic book adaptation as beloved as the post-apocalyptic horror series. When it comes to The Walking Dead, fans are ride or die.
📸 Follow us on instagram at instagram.com/popbuzz 📸
Nevertheless, ratings for the hit drama have been dipping season on season and reviews are slipping. To add insult to injury, people are now threatening to boycott the entire show. Reports surfaced at the end of last month that its lead actor Andrew Lincoln (Rick Grimes) and fan favourite Lauren Cohan (Maggie Greene) are leaving.
According to sources, Rick will be phased out of the show and Maggie will only appear in six more episodes. Unsurprisingly, fans aren't at all pleased with the news. Andrew has helmed the series since it first aired in 2010 and Lauren is part of the fabric of the show. It's hard to imagine what the franchise will be like without both adored stars in it.
An extensive survey was held on The Walking Dead sub-Reddit about the series and one of the questions asked users if they will continue to watch it after Andrew's final appearance. The results were not good. Out of 900 fans, 44% said that they will abandon the show after, 37% were undecided and just 18% said they will still watch.
To make matters even worse, a whopping 72% of fans asked revealed that they think that The Walking Dead should end after Season 9. With Rick out of the picture, Daryl (Norman Reedus) is tipped to replace him as the lead character of the show.
However, it looks like viewers aren't happy about that either. The Reddit survey revealed that 40% of fans want Negan to become the show's protagonist, with Judith second favourite and Daryl only in third place.
Time will only tell if the show manages to maintain its fandom but as it stands things are not looking good. Please excuse us while we attempt to mourn the impending loss of Rick and Maggie.
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text:
Q: Correct code structure when providing REST API access using Zend_Rest_Controller I'm new to Zend Frameworks and MVC type programming (not PHP though) and I'm trying to provide API access to data on my server using the Zend Framework.
I'm using Chris Danielson's article (http://www.chrisdanielson.com/2009/09/02/creating-a-php-rest-api-using-the-zend-framework/) as a base.
I want to provide access to data in the following formats:
(a) http://www.example.com/api/createevent
    Data will be POSTed here, success will return an id, otherwise an
    error message/code

(b) http://www.example.com/api/geteventdetails/1234
    GET request will return data

(c) http://www.example.com/api/getregistrationdetails/1234
    GET request will return data

(d) http://www.example.com/api/getregistrationdetails/1234/567
    GET request will return data

Questions:

*

*There is a default file which is located at \api\application\controllers\VersionController.php which enables handling of URLs of type: http://www.example.com/api/version . Should I be creating a separate file located at: \api\application\controllers\GeteventdetailsController.php which handles requests of type (b) (and one for every type of request)? If not, where should I be placing my code to handle these multiple request types?

*How can I get the parameters passed in (b) to (d)?

*To do requests (b) to (d), I need to fetch information from my server's database. Where should I place the code that does the actual MySQL query?

A: I have used routes a lot in ZF, but not the Rest implementation, having swatted up on the docs and on the tutorial you linked to - I will do my best to help you...
It might be worth looking at the docs for the Rest router (about 1/3 down the page) - it explains that it will automatically create routes for you based on the method of the request; so your naming format of createevent, geteventdetails, etc shouldn't be needed.
Question 1.
Rather than creating the file

\api\application\controllers\GeteventdetailsController.php

I'd create the file

\api\application\controllers\EventsController.php

This will be one controller to handle all the event actions, be that getting, posting, putting, etc. Your suggestion is too specific for the controller as the get, put, etc will be handled at the action level.
Question 2.
The routes described in the docs show you that the final parameter (:id) will be assigned to a parameter in the controller called id.
So accessing the URL /events/ using GET will invoke the indexAction() in your EventsController.php file
And accessing the URL /events/99/ using GET will invoke the getAction() in your EventsController.php file. You can access this id from the controller like this
$id = $this->getRequest()->getParam("id");

OR
$id = $this->getRequest()->id;

You should then write code to query the database for a listing of events or for a specific id. Which brings us nicely on to...
Question 3.
Rather than putting the code for querying the database for events into the controller you should create models for your database tables and rows. I'd recommend using the existing setup in ZF for Zend_Db_Row and Zend_Tb_Table to do this. This will ensure your application/website is MVC.
Putting the code inside the contrller may hinder development later, for example when you write a registation form for an event at a later date in another controller. The logic for creating the event will be duplicated, once in the new controller and once in the Rest controller. You'd be better off centralising this logic into a model for manipulating and querying events.
I hope that helps!

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text:
Walter Benner (* 4. Oktober 1912 in Eilendorf; † 29. Dezember 2005 in Kelmis, Belgien; vollständiger Name Hugo Ernst Walther Benner) war ein deutscher Glasmaler.

Leben
Walter Benner studierte von 1930 bis 1933 an der Kunstgewerbeschule Aachen und war Meisterschüler bei dem Glasmaler Wilhelm Rupprecht. Seit 1934 arbeitete er als freier Maler und technischer Zeichner.

1948 entstand als erstes dieser Art das Fenster "Maria und Johannes unter dem Kreuz" für die Kirche St. Martin in Friesheim.

Seine bekanntesten Werke sind die zwischen 1949 und 1951 entstandenen Fenster des Aachener Domchores. Zusammen mit Anton Wendling erhielt er 1949 den Auftrag, die im Krieg zerstörten Glasfenster der Chorhalle neu zu entwerfen. Die mit etwa 27 Meter höchsten Fenster Europas regten in den 1950er Jahren zu heftigen Diskussionen über die Darstellbarkeit christlicher Themen an. Künstlerisch orientierte sich der figürlich malende Benner an Vorbildern des Mittelalters.

Walter Benner war verheiratet mit der Künstlerin Marga Benner-Royé.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Glasfenster
 Aachener Dom, Aachen (1949–1951)
 St. Serverin, Aachen Eilendorf
 Rathaus, Aachen-Eilendorf
 Seniorenzentrum St. Severin, Aachen-Eilendorf
 St. Nikolaus, Aldenhoven-Schleiden
 St. Martin, Baesweiler-Oidtweiler
 St. Peter, Bonn-Vilich
 St. Magdalena, Dortmund-Lütgendortmund
 St. Peter, Dortmund-Syburg
 St. Peter, Düren-Birkesdorf
 St. Suitbertus, Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth (1948–55)
 St. Aldegundis, Emmerich
 St. Johannes Evangelist, Geilenkirchen-Prummern
 St. Ägidius, Hellenthal-Wolfert
 Stiftskirche St. Marien, Herdecke (1958/60)
 St. Antonius, Herten
 St. Mariä Verkündigung, Herzogenrath-Bank
 St. Josef, Herzogenrath-Straß
 St. Antonius, Hürtgenwald-Gey
 St. Peter, Mechernich-Berg
 Münster St. Vitus, Mönchengladbach
 St. Mariä Rosenkranz, Mönchengladbach-Eicken
 St. Marien, Mönchengladbach-Rheydt
 St. Martini, Münster
 Rathaus, Münster
 Hüfferstiftung, Universität Münster
 Zentralklinikum, Münster
 St. Marien, Neuss (1953)
 Heilig Kreuz, Nideggen-Wollersheim
 St. Nikolaus, Nörvenich-Rath
 Gymnasium Dionysianum, Rheine
 Friedhof, Schwalmtal-Waldniel
 St. Michael, Schwalmtal-Waldniel
 Pfarrhaus, Schwalmtal-Waldniel
 St. Wendelin, Simmerath-Woffelsbach
 St. Johann Baptist, Stolberg-Vicht
 St. Rochus, Zweifall
 St. Katharina, Willich
 St. Sebastian, Würselen
 St. Dionysius, Übach-Palenberg

Literatur
 Annette Jansen-Winkeln: Künstler zwischen den Zeiten. Band 2. Wissenschafts-Verlag für Glasmalerei, Eitorf 1997, ISBN 3-932623-36-3.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Glasmaler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 2005
Mann

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text:
Q: Prove superpolynomial growth rate Let $p(n)$ be the number of partitions of $n$.
Prove that growth rate of $p(n)$ is superpolynomial, meaning that for every given $k$ there is $p(n)= \omega (n^k)$.

A: Given $k$, the number of compositions of $n$ into $k+1$ parts is $\binom{n+k}k$, which is a polynomial of degree $k$ in $n$. The number of partitions of $n$ into $k+1$ parts is at least $\frac1{(k+1)!}$ times the number of compositions. This gives the required order of growth only considering partitions into $k+1$ parts, which of course is a lower bound for the total number of partitions.


text:
Q: padding-top inside input field in ie How do I correct paddings (in this case padding-top) inside input fields in IE?
So, I want to make a text field, ie. a search text field. This field has an search icon in the left side and the inputted text next to it, separated by a vertical line.
When the field is in :focus, I want show a tooltip saying: ie. "input text here". This text is inside the field and take about a third of the field's height.
So, when in focus i want to push down the inputted text in the field down by a third of the field's height, so i can show both the tooltip and the inputted text without having them overlapping each other.
I managed to do this with only CSS, and it works correctly in every browser but IE.
In IE, the inputted text was pushed down too much, so the bottom half of the text was missing because it was overflowing.
sample: http://codepen.io/ayakashi/pen/emZVed
My Code: (CSS)
.form-2 label{
  /*positioning icon in the left side of the text field*/
  position:absolute;
  padding: 0.5em 0;
  text-align:center;
  left:0;
  color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6);
  border-right: solid 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  width: 2.5em;
}

.form-2 .tooltip{
  font-size: 0.714em; /*10px*/
  text-align:left;
  padding-left: 1em;
  font-family:Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;
  font-weight:bold;
  color:white;
  width:21.7em;

  /*positioning tooltip in top of text field*/
  position:absolute;
  border-radius: 0 0.5em 0 0;
  margin-left: 3.5em;
  top:-0.5em;
}

input:focus{
  padding-top:1em;
}

input:focus, input:focus + .tooltip{
  -webkit-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -moz-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -ms-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  -o-transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
  transition: all 0.30s ease-in-out;
}

HTML
<form role="form" class="form-2">

      <input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" placeholder="Enter email">

Username / Email address

</form>

A: Identifying line-height appears to solve it for IE9:
.form-2 input{
  box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
  padding-left: 3em;
  border-radius: 0.5em;
  line-height: 1.1em;
}

http://codepen.io/anon/pen/RNaQxY

A: I managed to find the solution for my problem (tested in CrossBrowserTesting.com using IE9 and IE10) :)
I've just noticed that IE9 and IE10 had a white space at the bottom of the input field that eat up the bottom half of the inputted text, when comparing the result between IE9, IE10, and IE11.
So I added padding-bottom: 0 in input:focus style to remove that space.
And it works. The inputted text appear correctly now. The padding-bottom:0 doesn't seem to affect other browser, since they still show the result correctly.


text:
Jana und Jan ist ein deutscher Spielfilm von Helmut Dziuba aus dem Jahr 1992, der in Co-Produktion von DEFA und ZDF entstand. Er beruht auf der gleichnamigen Erzählung von Manfred Härtel.

Handlung
Das Jahr 1989: Der 15-jährige Jan, der als Baby von seinen Eltern ausgesetzt wurde, hat wegen versuchter Republikflucht sechs Monate im geschlossenen Jugendwerkhof Torgau gesessen und wird nun auf einen offenen Jugendwerkhof versetzt. Im Werkhof haben sich innerhalb der Mädchen- und Jungengruppen feste Hierarchien ausgebildet. Die 17-jährige Jana, die bereits mit zwölf Jahren von ihrem Stiefvater missbraucht wurde, wettet mit der Anführerin der Mädchen Lady, dass sie mit Jan schlafen wird. Gewinnt sie, soll sie die neue Anführerin werden, verliert sie, muss sie mit dem Betreuer Bulling schlafen. Der Anführer der Jungen Sir zeigt dem Neuen unterdessen bereits am ersten Tag, wer im Werkhof das Sagen hat. Der Leiter des Heims Chef und Jans Betreuer Bulling sehen zu.

Tatsächlich gelingt es Jana schnell, mit Jan zu schlafen. Beide treffen sich auch in der Folgezeit und machen den Dachboden des Heims zu ihrem Liebesnest. Den Spott der Mitinsassen ertragen sie. Als Jana bemerkt, dass sie schwanger ist, leugnet sie dies zunächst vor den anderen Mädchen und vor allem vor der gefühlskalten Lady. Sie erzählt es Jan zu Weihnachten und eröffnet ihm auch, dass sie das Kind nicht bekommen will. Jan wird wütend, da er im Vatersein mit einem Mal Sinn für sein Leben sieht. Er schlägt Jana, die die Treppe hinunterstürzt. Sie wird ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert, während Jan wegen gefährlicher Körperverletzung zurück in den geschlossenen Jugendwerkhof Torgau gebracht wird.

Dem ungeborenen Kind ist durch den Sturz nichts geschehen. Das Treffen mit einer anderen Patientin im Krankenhaus, die gerade ihr Baby verloren hat und Jana die Babysachen überlässt, bringt Jana dazu, ihr Kind austragen zu wollen. Sie wird nach ihrer Rückkehr in den Jugendwerkhof zur Außenseiterin. Lady und die anderen Mädchen begegnen ihr mit Spott und Hohn und demütigen sie bei jeder sich bietenden Gelegenheit. Nur die schüchterne Julia, selbst die Rangniedrigste der Gruppe, steht ihr bei. Die Mauer fällt, was die Jugendlichen am Fernseher mitverfolgen. Julia begeht Selbstmord, als sie von ihrer Mutter im Westen erfährt, dass diese ihr Kind auch nach dem Fall der Mauer nicht zu sich nehmen will.

Jan kommt 1990 in den Jugendwerkhof zurück und versöhnt sich mit Jana. Beide fliehen aus der Anstalt und wollen die erste Zeit bei Jans Tante unterkommen. Weil ihrem Motorrad das Benzin ausgeht, müssen beide laufen. An einem nun leeren Grenzturm setzen bei Jana die Wehen ein. Jan gelingt es, sie ins Krankenhaus zu bringen.

Produktion

Jana und Jan wurde bereits vor der Wende konzipiert, jedoch unter dem Eindruck der politischen Ereignisse des Jahres 1989 noch einmal umgeschrieben. Dziuba konnte den Film so "direkter und härter umsetzen". Die Dreharbeiten fanden 1991 in den Gebäuden des ehemaligen Geschlossenen Jugendwerkhofs Torgau sowie im Wasserschloss Fürstlich Drehna statt, in dem sich von 1972 bis Mitte der 1980er-Jahre der Jugendwerkhof Drehna befand. Der Film wurde von der DEFA und vom ZDF koproduziert und erlebte am 26. Mai 1992 im Berliner Rio seine Premiere. Zwei Tage später lief er in den deutschen Kinos an und kam am 15. Oktober 2007 auf DVD heraus.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films schrieb, Jana und Jan sei ein "Porträt einer verlorenen und verlassenen Jugend zur Zeit des politischen Umbruchs in der DDR. Sensibel gestaltet und gespielt, verweigert sich der Film einem vordergründigen Unterhaltungsbedürfnis."

Cinema befand, der Film sei eine "schroffe Lovestory aus einer schroffen Welt".

Auszeichnungen
Auf dem Filmfestival in San Remo erhielt Jana und Jan 1993 den Spezialpreis der Jugend. Regisseur Helmut Dziuba wurde beim Bayerischen Filmpreis 1992 am 15. Januar 1993 mit dem Regiepreis geehrt.

Die Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung (FBW) vergab für den Film das Prädikat "wertvoll".

Literatur
 Jana und Jan. In: F.-B. Habel: Das große Lexikon der DEFA-Spielfilme. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89602-349-7, S. 285–286.

Weblinks

 Jana und Jan bei der DEFA-Stiftung

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1992
Deutscher Film


Around this time of year I always seem to find myself humming that classic emo tune that makes a perfect theme song for the period of limbo between summer and fall. But what's so bad about September? My wheezing air conditioner finally gets some much needed R & R, the leaves start to consider turning crazy colours, I start craving pumpkin pie (too early?), and we plunge into a new year of invigorating study. I think I'll stay awake for September, thank you very much.
So maybe I'm not quite as cynical about September as Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, but I can at least agree that the summer has come and passed, and I think it's worth taking a second to look back at the highlights of Ground Motive's summer escapades.
Ground Motive had some exhilarating successes this summer and some spellbinding content both homegrown and outsourced. Here are some highlights.
This article is a bit polarizing. Some people loved it; others hated it. It seems to have resonated with friends of philosophers who find themselves patiently putting up with endless mind-bending philosophy talk, and it also makes us philosophers and academics stop to consider whether our jargon is a useful tool or just something to hide behind.
Joe Kirby's first summer contribution launched the idea for a series on culture and narratives called "Popular Mythology." Drawing Star Wars fans, philosophers, and those interested in thinking carefully about culture, this post lit up the /r/Philosophy board on reddit.com and sparked vibrant and heated conversation, both on Ground Motive and on Reddit.
We brought in scientist Jill Johnson to give us a primer on what evolution really is, pitched for non-scientist philosophers and Christians. It's an engaging article that provides a great opportunity for us non-scientists to get our terms all sorted out before we say things about science that we'll regret later.
Director of the CPRSE Ron Kuipers gave us a well-balanced, informative, and thought-provoking assessment of the recent developments related to the Christian attitude toward the LGBTQ community in the Christian Reformed Church of North America. He hopes for the day when the Christian church won't have a "we love you but…" attitude.
Exploring the connections between justice and faith, Allyson Carr (associate director of the CPRSE) posted a beautiful bit of prose on reading the Bible as a call to stand up against injustice. The important questions raised in this piece lead deep into the heart of the CPRSE's ongoing research projects related to faith and justice.
While this post waxes poetic and borders on stream of consciousness, it handles biblical hermeneutics and metaphysics in a way that generated a lengthy conversation about metaphysics and the nature of justice.
Best Post Published on September 6, 2013 - You're reading it.
Thanks to everyone who contributed this summer. In the coming semester, we look forward to many more exciting conversations about questions that arise when philosophy, religion, and social ethics meet.


The Golden State Warriors are rushing towards the 2018 NBA Championship Finals in their second round series against the New Orleans Pelicans.
The Golden State are already 2-0 lead up on the best of seven-game series. The Warriors have soundly beat Pelicans home-court advantage and away already, with 123-101 and 121-116 victories.
The Golden State are the heavy favorites to sweep the New Orleans 3-0 and edge closer to progressing to the Western Conference Finals. Teammates Kevin Durant and Stephen Curry are all set to lead the Warriors into this contest, which kicks off at 8 P.M. EST on Friday night.
The Game 2 of the Golden State Warriors' second-round series in the 2018 NBA Playoffs against the New Orleans Pelicans was much more thrilling than opening game, thanks in large part to the comeback of the former's superstar Steph Curry.
The Warriors' spirited guard simply makes every basketball contest more delightful, and when coupled with a tenacious effort from their opponent Pelicans, it produced an interesting matchup. Unfortunately for the latter team, it ended with the same upshot. Curry's 28 points off the bench — Andre Iguodala remained in the starting five lineup — helped advance the Golden State to a 121-116 win to take a 2-0 lead in the Western Conference semifinals series.
Curry has been out of the field for the GSW since March 23 when he sustained MCL sprain in his left knee. The two-time NBA Most Valuable Player has been given a green light to steep in the court without a minutes restriction in the Game Two, which translates a bad news for the New Orleans who lost the Game One 123-101 to a Curry-sans Warriors roster.
Concluding the regular season with a winning record of 58-24, the Warriors done up the No. 2 seed in the Western Conference. The Warriors effortlessly move on to the second round, winning the opening round series to 4-1, despite playing without their franchise superstar.
On the other side of the court, the Pelicans — who took the No. 6 seed, thanks to a 48-34 streak — they were the first ball club to secure a ticket to the second round, sweeping the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2018 NBA Playoffs opener.
Here's how you can watch Pelicans vs Warriors Game 3 live stream online. You'll also find all the information you need to know including TV channel, tip off time, playoff series schedule and more.


If you've been following The Loonie Bin, you might recall that I sold BMO at the beginning of the year because I wasn't happy with my price point. I don't normally swing stocks back and forth because it drives up your investment costs with needless transactions. I only pay $9.99 commissions for trades but still, that's money that could be otherwise invested.
Regardless, I wanted a better price for BMO shares and I got my wish last month during the market correction. I was able to pull the trigger and receive a solid 5% yield on cost for my efforts which will make a solid addition to my portfolio. BMO has been in business before Canada was even a country so even if it has a larger then average yield, I know that they won't be going anywhere anytime soon.
BMO has a pretty large dividend compared to the other big banks but with a dividend payout ratio of 49.6%, I know the dividend is relatively safe compared to other stocks I own. Sure the dividend history isn't perfect, but I'm willing to forgive them. As long as the dividend keeps going up or is at least maintained during the next economic collapse, then I'll be a happy camper.
With the re-addition of BMO into my portfolio, I now own shares in four of the Big Five Canadian banks. In additions to the shares in IGM and SLF, that's all the exposure to the financial sector that I really want at this point. Who knows, I may even sell my holdings in IGM and SLF if they don't increase their dividends and buy more bank shares. This ain't no charity I'm running; either show me the dividend increases or git!
I could always invest my money in the financial sector in the U.S but that would require a lot more work then I'm willing to put in as well as market timing with the currency conversion. There are so many companies to look into and honestly, I'm not really comfortable with the lack of regulation like there is in Canada. Is that a poor attitude to have? Sure is. Could I be missing out on some great investments? Most definitely. Do you even care, Steve? Sorry, I'm trying to live my life here and have better things to worry about right now!
I want to invest in the country I live in because, well, I live here. I want to keep as much of my investment capital within Canada as possible. There are a few sectors like consumer staples and consumer discretionaries that do not have many Canadian companies to choose from, which forces me to look to U.S markets to help bring balance to my portfolio. I added some paper product, soda pop and pharma producers to help even the scales and it's working quite nicely. If I can add some JNJ, MCD and maybe TGT and COST I'll be all set! They are all just so expensive right now that I'd need a small fortune just to fill my U.S wishlist.
Well the dividends keep rolling in and now I think I'll just let them build up again until I see another good buying opportunity. I know it might seem impossible to those just starting out to get in at a decent price; just keep being patient. Market corrections and stock dips due to lower than expected earnings do happen, you just have to watch for them. You don't sell a quality stock when they have a bad quarter; you buy more shares from the fools who are selling them. At least that's what I'm doing and it seems to be working!
Do you own any shares in BMO?


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D-Backs' Ziegler Tweets 'It Pays To Cheat' After Peralta Lands In St. Louis
Pitcher Fired Up: 'Thanks, Owners, For Encouraging PED Use' November 25, 2013 at 9:48 am
Filed Under:Biogenesis, Brad Ziegler, Hot Stove, Jhonny Peralta, MLB, St. Louis Cardinals
Tigers shortstop Jhonny Peralta bats in the second inning against the Athletics during Game 5 of the ALDS at O.co Coliseum on Oct. 10, 2013 in Oakland, Calif. (Photo by Thearon W. Henderson/Getty Images)Tigers shortstop Jhonny Peralta bats in the second inning against the Athletics during Game 5 of the ALDS at O.co Coliseum on Oct. 10, 2013 in Oakland, Calif. (Photo by Thearon W. Henderson/Getty Images)
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork/AP) — Free agent shortstop Jhonny Peralta and the St. Louis Cardinals have agreed on a four-year contract, giving the All-Star a fresh start after his Biogenesis drug suspension last summer.
Peralta was linked to both the Mets and Yankees this offseason.
The deal was expected to be worth more than $50 million.
"We are pleased to announce that Jhonny has agreed to terms and I know he is equally excited to be joining the Cardinals," Cardinals general manager John Mozeliak said in a statement. "Jhonny is among the game's top offensive shortstops, he's a steady defender and he has experience playing for a contender. He gives us proven veteran experience and brings balance and versatility to our everyday lineup. "
But the move drew a different reaction from a couple other big leaguers.
"It pays to cheat… Thanks, owners, for encouraging PED use," Arizona pitcher Brad Ziegler tweeted.
The Diamondbacks' union representative went on:
People really don't understand how this works. We thought 50 games would be a deterrent. Obviously it's not. So we are working on it again.
— Brad Ziegler (@BradZiegler) November 24, 2013
Just trying to make our game better when I leave it than it was when I got into it. Don't have all the answers, but trying, & MLBPA knows…
People think if they curse at me, call me names, & say my opin doesn't matter that it will affect me. I've pitched in SF, NY, etc #tuneitout
"Apparently getting suspended for PED's means you get a raise. What's stopping anyone from doing it? #weneedtomakeachange," free agent pitcher David Aardsma tweeted.
The 31-year-old Peralta was suspended 50 games last season as a result of Major League Baseball's investigation in the Biogenesis case involving performance-enhancing drugs. He returned to the Detroit Tigers in late September and played in the postseason, both in left field and at shortstop.
Shortly before Peralta was penalized, the Tigers acquired young shortstop Jose Iglesias from Boston in a three-team trade.
Peralta hit .303 with 11 home runs and 55 RBIs in 107 games during the regular season, then batted .333 with one homer, four doubles and six RBIs in 10 playoff games.
The two-time All-Star is a career .268 hitter with 156 homers and 698 RBIs in 11 seasons with Cleveland and Detroit.
The NL champion Cardinals have been busy since the season ended. A few days ago, they sent third baseman David Freese, a hometown product and the 2011 World Series MVP, to the Los Angeles Angels for outfielder Peter Bourjos in a four-player trade.
The Cardinals cut about $45 million off last season's payroll, and wanted to plug a hole at shortstop. St. Louis lost All-Star Rafael Furcal in spring training for the whole year because of elbow surgery.
Detroit did not extend a qualifying offer to Peralta, meaning there would be no compensation draft pick involved in his move from the AL Central champions to the NL Central winners.
Earlier this offseason, the Tigers traded first baseman Prince Fielder to Texas for second baseman Ian Kinsler in a swap of All-Stars with rich contracts.
You May Also Be Interested In These Stories
[display-posts category="sports" wrapper="ul" posts_per_page="4″]
(TM and © Copyright 2013 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


text:
Q: if discord rpc cant find discord running how to make it refresh Hi so my problem is that when i run my application which uses discord-rpc it connects to discord if it is already running. However if Discord is not running and the application is launched before Discord the rpc will not connect to discord automatically. How can i make this code sort of refresh say every 10 seconds

rpc = require("discord-rpc")
const client = new rpc.Client({ transport: 'ipc' })
client.on('ready', () => {
    client.request('SET_ACTIVITY', {
        pid: process.pid,

        activity : {
            details : "Loading Melody (Beta)",

            assets : {
                large_image : ""
                large_text : "This Is A Test"
            },

            buttons : [{label : "Download Melody" , url : "https://github.com/unofficialdxnny/Melody"}]

        }

    })

})

client.login({ clientId : "token" } ).catch(console.error);

A: First of all, make a Boolean which is saved globally. Now if you can successfully login, set it to true. Now wrap the whole code in a set interval, and a if condition based on that boolean to check whether do you need to run the code again or not.
You probably need to run the client login part in that set interval.


Jan. 22, 2019 3:30 p.m.
One of the oddities in Speaker Darryl Plecas' report on spending practices by top managers at the B.C. legislature is the purchase of a $3,200 log splitter, a hydraulic press for cutting firewood.
Purchased at around the same time as a lift-equipped utility trailer costing more than $10,000, plus insurance, documents show the splitter was picked by legislature clerk Craig James and delivered to his home on Oct. 27, 2017.
The report includes invoices for the utility trailer and the splitter, with a notation it was ordered by a legislature facilities employee and "picked up by Craig." The invoices and expense claims are included as exhibits in the report tabled by Plecas Monday to the committee of MLAs that oversees the $70 million operating budget of the legislature and constituency offices around the province.
Also released is a Dec. 3 letter from a lawyer representing James and legislature sergeant at arms Gary Lenz, confirming that James had been "holding the log splitter" because he believed there wasn't room to store it on the B.C. legislature grounds. James and Lenz retained lawyers from Fasken Martineau DuMoulin in Vancouver, and a public relations firm, to represent them after they were abruptly marched out of the legislature by Victoria police in late November.
The lawyer wrote that James and Lenz "wish to return such items, and obtain their own property," including credit cards, left behind when they were escorted off the property and told not to return until given permission.
Both the trailer and splitter have been returned to the legislature grounds, with the splitter showing paint wear from being used. Plecas reported "the RCMP intervened" and seized the splitter. The trailer showed up in the parking lot "without any indication of how it arrived there," the report says.
Legislature veterans know there are two wood-burning fireplaces in the building, one in the speaker's office and one in the clerk's office. The ornate 1890-era limestone structure is primarily heated by hot water radiators fed by an offsite boiler, including those two offices.


text:
Time to Stop the Opioid Crisis and Offer a Lifeline
by Timothy Blomstrom | Sep 7, 2018 | News
There is an opioid crisis happening in the United States. Every day more than 100 people die from overdosing on opioids. The misuse of opioids is a very serious crisis in North America.
A study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that Americans consume up to 80% of the world's prescription opioids.
Public health officials in all 50 states have called the current opioid epidemic the worst drug crisis in American history. In 2015 alone over 30,000 people died due to overdosing on opioids or heroin. The overdose deaths were nearly equal to the number of deaths from car crashes. To put this in perspective, in 2015 alone the deaths from heroin surpassed gun homicides.
Late in the 1990's, pharmaceutical companies assured the medical community that patients would not become addicted to prescription opioid pain relievers, and health care providers began to prescribe them at a higher rate. The result of this was a widespread diversion and misuse of these medications before it became abundantly clear that these medications could be highly addictive.
I am an addict
"I had a career in sales in the automobile business. I was making a lot of money, upwards of $100,000 a year. Then I started up with the OxyContins. It's an amazing feeling, that warm hug from Jesus. It started as a once-in-a-while thing. But I began telling myself, "Well, if I can feel this good on Friday and Saturday, why shouldn't I feel this good on Tuesday and Wednesday?" And then the price started going up, and all of a sudden they're $80 a pill. At this point, I've got a six- or seven-pills-a-day habit. I wouldn't get out of bed without one. I always knew about heroin, but it was a line I didn't want to cross. But, you know, the ship had already sailed. An opiate's an opiate's an opiate. I'm not trying to die, contrary to people's belief. I'm not trying to kill myself. I'm just an addict.
– JOHN, AN ACTIVE USER IN MASSACHUSETT
What can be done about the opioid crisis crippling the US?
Approximately 21 to 29 percent of patients prescribed opioids misuse them
Between 8 and 12 percent develop an opioid disorder
It is estimated that 4 to 6 percent who misuse prescription opioids transition to heroin
A whopping 80 percent of people who use heroin first misused prescription opioids
Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent from July 2016 through September 2017 in 52 areas in 45 states
Individual therapy, family therapy, group therapy, expressive therapies in recovery, medical and psychiatric sessions are just a few of the ways that can help someone and beat their addiction. The key is to find a life-long recovery, happiness, and purpose-filled life without an addiction. Every day that passes is important to recovery.
Addicted to heroin, Triad families battle devastating effects of drugs (33rd Midsouth Emmy Award Winner)
Tealdrops
Tealdrops, Inc.
Lewisville, NC 27023
susan@tealdrops.org
Opiate Emergency
Suicide/Opioid Hotline
Attend the DC Event
Take the Bucket List Challenge
Susan Stevens, Founder
Christie Williams, Chaplain
Tom Trumbly, Webmaster


Free sea views and easy access to vibrant Ibiza town – what more could you want?
In a stunning position overlooking the sea, the MC Bossa Bay apartments give sweeping views of the nautical comings and goings from your private balcony. A homely atmosphere combines with a great location that gives you easy access to both vibrant Ibiza Town and the trendy Es Vive area of Playa d'en Bossa. Access to the beach is only 100m away.
All 1 bedroom apartments (up to 3 adults) have a spacious lounge with sofa bed, full sized bathroom, air conditioning, kitchen with dining area and that impressive balcony complete with views.
A safety deposit box can be hired and a cleaner visits the apartments each day to remove rubbish and replace the towels.
The local regular bus service is a boon and allows you to get to Bora Bora and Space quite easily or head in the other direction and try buzzing Ibiza Town. The trendy 'must be seen at' beaches of Es Cavellet and Salinas are also close by.


[USPRwire, Wed Dec 19 2018] Market Research Reports Search Engine (MRRSE) has recently updated its massive report catalog by adding a fresh study titled "Global Natural Ingredient Insect Repellent Market – Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2018 – 2026". This business intelligence study encapsulates vital details about the market current as well as future status during the mentioned forecast period of 2026. The report also targets important facets such as market drivers, challenges, latest trends, and opportunities associated with a growth of manufacturers in the global market for Natural Ingredient Insect Repellent. Along with these insights, the report provides the readers with crucial insights on the strategies implemented by leading companies to remain in the lead of this competitive market.


The journal Financial Assets and Investing is a reviewed scientific journal which has been issued since 2010 by Masaryk University semi-annually. Its aim is to present new findings and empirical studies in the fields of financial markets, banking, insurance, accounting, regulatory framework and international finance. The review papers are also welcome.
their development tendencies, their usage in entrepreneurial activities, and the impacts they have on the entrepreneurial entities and economy.
The journal is placed on the List of non-impact peer-reviewed journals published in the Czech Republic for the year 2015.
This is an open access journal, therefore all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
The author retains copyright and grants the journal right of first publication of the work.


Situated midway between Norwich and Ipswich, in the Suffolk village of Stradbroke, this historic, family run bakery has been producing high quality bread and confectionery produce for generations. Baked daily in our traditional ovens to recipes handed down through the ages, using traditional methods, without the use of additives and artificial preservatives, by a dedicated team of bakers with decades of experience, our bread and cakes are a regular feature on the tables of families across East Anglia and will be for future generations.
Our shop, which has been on the same site for well over two hundred years, is the heart of the local community and our vans, delivering wholesale across Norfolk & Suffolk are a welcome site, providing quality craft bakery and confectionery, delivering daily, to shops and local businesses across the region, every morning to keep shelves stocked.
Our reputation for providing a broad range of top quality goods is second to none and the wealth of experience and expertise that we have at our fingertips leaves us at the top of our field for artisan bakery.


I'll just keep buying used cars until they completely phase oil out.
Also, it's ugly, but my directory is up and running. I'll need to rework it into a more visually appealing aspect. Uploaded 68GB of tunes lol.
The bolt looks better than the bmw electric car at least.
2) Electricity Production - It's not as bad before, but we're still burning coal, oil to create electricity. There needs to be a very heavy push to use more: Wind, Solar, Hydro, and Geo Thermal energy harnessing.
3) Upgrading the Aging Electrical Grid - Needs to be significantly updated to handle all the new power consumption to charge these vehicles once they really start getting popular.
Autonomous car technology can wait. Those are the 3 main parts that absolutely are required to solve before we go any further.
I actually dont mind the Camaro redesign.
Both are garbage to be lol. We do need more investment to go renewable. TN has started up solar farms here and there and made a push to outfit new large city housing to be built with solar roofs, and reward those who can go "off-grid" by paying for the extra electricity they make. Nothing mandatory though sadly but its a start in the right direction instead of other states making it illegal to go off grid or have large solar/rain collection systems. Proud to say west tn does have a pretty large solar farm that serves my area. Needs to be ALOT bigger though since we have so many factories including the steel plant.
The engineering explained guy did a pretty thorough comparison of the environmental comparison of gassers vs EV's. His results are as good as the studies he quoted, obviously, but i enjoyed the results.
Charging isn't a big deal here in AZ. I can't say for sure, but I don't think the demand of everyone charging is as high as peak summer afternoons. The pricing structure is such that you are heavily penalized if you use power in the afternoon (or you pay more for constant rates).
A lot of new houses built in my area have solar as a mandatory install.
we get hail, and last hail storm I watched as a **** ton of those panels were all busted up.
Can you post that? I'd like to watch.
I just googled. It looks like someone in design said "it needs to look more like a pig, it's not pig enough" and "if we're going full-pig we'd better make our name bigger too. that's what ford did and they sell tons of raptors because of it"
Except the raptor actually has *****.
The "Trail Bawz" with the 5.3 is such a POS.
Starting at 49k for some factory rice and a 2" suspension lift.
It's starting to snow again. Let's see if it sticks around more than a day or two.
Plz, i wanna do skids.
That was a good video. Tackles some of my concerns, but you can only say so much in 13 minutes.
So far, there's... 2cms. I'm sure bald tires should help.
We had a dusting for the drive home. Not really enough to slide around tho.


text:
Research Article| May 24 2019
Integrated modeling to assess flow changes due to future dam development and operation in Stung Sen River of Tonle Sap Lake Basin, Cambodia
Tha Theara;
Tha Theara
1Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd, P.O.BOX 86, Phnom Penh Cambodia
Chung Sarit;
Chung Sarit
Oeurng Chantha
E-mail: chantha@itc.edu.kh
Journal of Water and Climate Change (2020) 11 (4): 1123–1133.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.115
Tha Theara, Chung Sarit, Oeurng Chantha; Integrated modeling to assess flow changes due to future dam development and operation in Stung Sen River of Tonle Sap Lake Basin, Cambodia. Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 December 2020; 11 (4): 1123–1133. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.115
In response to rapid development and high demand for electricity, Cambodia has planned to build more hydropower dams. As a result, there are significant concerns for the changes in seasonal flow regimes which will result in degrading fisheries and biodiversity downstream. In this paper, we assess how a multipurpose dam affects downstream flows. To predict the magnitude of flow changes, flows which were simulated using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and other necessary data were computed into HEC-ResSim (Reservoir Simulation) models to simulate regulated flow from the dam. Downstream flows under three different operation scenarios (full-level, low-level, and seasonal variation) were modeled to compare with the baseline flows. For low-level and seasonal variation operation scenarios of Stung Sen dam, daily and seasonal flows saw a significant change. There would be an average increase of 42% in dry season flow and an average decrease of 46% in wet season flow, with the corresponding standard deviation of 22% and 19%, respectively, at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin, resulting from an operation to maximize energy production. The natural river flow in this river would be significantly changed due to this dam construction.
dam development, flow change, HEC-ResSim, integrated modeling, SWAT, Tonle Sap Basin
Investments in water resources infrastructure, especially hydropower dams have been essential for economic development by generating electricity. However, when they are improperly planned, designed, or operated, they can cause problems for downstream ecosystems and communities because of their impact on the volume, pattern, and quality of flow. For thousands of years, dams have been used to store water to ensure adequate water supply during dry periods and to regulate river flows (McCartney et al. 2000). More recently, they have been used to impound water in order to provide sources of energy, first by the use of waterwheels, and later by using hydro turbines (Gatte & Kadhim 2012). Currently, dams act as an alternative to non-renewable energy resources which produce the majority of the world's electricity. Dams also play a significant role in reducing the risk of natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Despite the social and economic benefits, dams also have negative impacts as they interfere with the ecological system (McCartney et al. 2000). Dams block fish migration routes and alter aquatic habitats both upstream and downstream which lead to the potential loss of fisheries (Barlow et al. 2008). Dams have major impacts on river hydrology, primarily through changes in the timing, magnitude, and frequency of low and high flows, producing a hydrologic regime differing significantly from the pre-impoundment natural flow regime (Magilligan & Nislow 2005). Dammed rivers reduce flood magnitude, and this has negative consequences on the floodplains downstream that depend on seasonal waters for survival (Lin 2011). Dams are built to modify the timing and distribution of water. Flow variation should be guaranteed by flow regulation.
The acceleration in plans for hydropower development in the Mekong mainstem and its major tributaries has led to growing concerns over the potential environmental, economic, and social costs, and the basin's fisheries (Dugan et al. 2010). A recent study by Intralawan et al. (2017) suggests that the net economic impact of planned hydropower projects on the Mekong River and its tributaries is negative based on updated data for project economics, fisheries, and social and environmental mitigation costs. Regarding the development of hydropower dams in Cambodia, there are about 60 possible sites of small to large hydropower projects in the whole country which have the total potential of around 10,000 MW; 50% is in the Mekong main river, 40% in its tributaries, and the remaining 10% in the south-western coastal area outside the Mekong River Basin (CNMC 2003). The proposed Stung Sen dam is a medium-scale dam with a capacity of 40 MW. This dam is to be constructed on the Stung Sen River which is a major tributary of the Tonle Sap Lake Basin. The change of flow regime from the dam will influence the wildlife sanctuary and wetlands which are the habitats for numerous key species. The presence of this dam will affect the people, hydrology, ecology system, and aquatic lives both upstream and downstream. Thus, it is very important to study the variation of flow after the dam construction to predict potential socio-economic and environmental impacts which could then be used to minimize these impacts.
Several studies have been done to investigate flow changes due to dam development and operation by integrating hydrological and reservoir modeling. For example, Cochrane et al. (2010) applied HEC-HMS (Hydrological Modeling System) with HEC-ResSim (Reservoir Simulation) to assess potential impact of dam development and operations on water flows from Se San and Sre Pok tributaries. Piman et al. (2012) used SWAT and HEC-ResSim to assess flow change from hydropower development and operations in Sekong, Sesan, and Srepok rivers under various scenarios.
In this study, we use SWAT and HEC-ResSim model to predict the changes of flows in the downstream part of Stung Sen River due to dam development by applying three different operation rules. These three different rules limit the target water level for the reservoir and are known as (1) seasonal variation, (2) full-level, and (3) low-level.
Stung Sen River was chosen for this study because it is a major tributary and key contributor to the Tonle Sap Lake. The floodplain of this river extends along the lower reaches between about 50 and 230 km upstream from Lake Tonle Sap (NAGUMO et al. 2015). Monsoonal rains cause regular seasonal floods on the floodplain of the basin (Nagumo et al. 2013). The change of flow regime caused by dam operation would affect the wildlife sanctuary and wetland habitats which many key species depend upon.
The Stung Sen River source is located in the mountainous Cambodia–Thailand border in Preah Vihear province at the elevation of approximately 790 m. It flows through Kampong Thom Province to Lake Tonle Sap with a total length of 508 km and the average slope of the river is around 1%. In the lower reaches, the 7 m deep meandering river channel has a rectangular cross section and a very small gradient of 0.06/1,000 (Nagumo et al. 2013). The mean flow of Stung Sen River is 249 m3/s with the standard deviation of 320 m3/s (Oeurng et al. 2019). Despite the small headwaters, the abundant water resource from this river provides significant hydropower potential.
The water in this river comes from Stung Sen Basin which is the largest sub-catchment among 11 sub-basins around Tonle Sap Lake. Based on the data from the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, the total catchment area of Stung Sen River Basin is 16,344 km2. However, the actual drainage area in this study, which was delineated by SWAT model, covers only 14,138 km2 and the drainage area of the reservoir is 10,437 km2 (Figure 1). The basin encompasses 487 villages with a total population of 318,705 in 1998 and 359,084 in 2003, and the total agricultural land of the basin is 165,420 ha (ADB 2006).
Location map of Stung Sen Basin, Cambodia.
The climate in Stung Sen Basin is dominated by tropical monsoon with two distinct seasons. The wet season is from May to October and the dry season from November to April. The average annual rainfall is around 1,500 mm. The average temperature is about 27.5 °C with the maximum and minimum temperatures of 35° and 20 °C, respectively (ADB 2009).
The changes of downstream flows due to hydropower development and operation in Stung Sen River can be obtained by using simulated daily flows from the SWAT and the HEC-ResSim model. The 31 years outflow data (1985 to 2015) from SWAT at various points within the watershed along the Stung Sen main river and its tributaries, dam and reservoir characteristics, and evaporation were computed into the HEC-ResSim model to simulate regulated flows for three different operation rules. The changes of seasonal flow patterns from each operation rule at the outlet of the basin were compared with baseline flow where there is no hydropower project.
Input data source
Data used for hydrological modeling in SWAT include a topography digital elevation model (DEM), land use, soil type, observed streamflow, and weather data such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation. In this study, a DEM of 30-m resolution was extracted from the ASTER global digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM2) and was used to describe the topography of the study area. Soil type and land use data were obtained from the Mekong River Commission (MRC). Rainfall data were obtained from three stations distributed in the basins and measured flow was obtained from a flow monitoring station. Rainfall and flow data are available from 1985 to 2015 and from 2002 to 2011, respectively. Temperature, wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation data at a spatial resolution of 0.25° were extracted from global weather data for SWAT.
The physical characteristics of Stung Sen hydropower dam (dam height, length, width, installed capacity, discharge, spillway capacity, and tailwater levels) shown in Table 1 were obtained from the MRC. Relationships between storage, area, and elevation of the reservoir, shown in Figure 2, were calculated from 30-m DEM using spatial analyst tools in ArcGIS. The area of the reservoir is important for calculating water losses due to evaporation. Storage and elevation relationships for the reservoir were used to determine the variation of water level in the reservoir caused by inlet and the regulated flow from the reservoir.
Stung Sen dam physical characteristics
Parameter .
Values .
Coordinate N – Northing 13.3°
Coordinate E – Easting 105.25°
Dam length 2,700 m
Dam height 38 m
Capacity 40 MW
Head 19 m
Plant design Q 145 m3/s
Full mamsl 43.5 mamsl
Tailwater level 24.5 m
Low mamsl 35 mamsl
Live storage 2,890 mcm
mamsl: meters above mean sea level.
Elevation–volume–area curve of Stung Sen dam reservoir.
Hydrologic and reservoir modeling
SWAT model
In this study, the SWAT model was used to simulate streamflow in Stung Sen River. This model is one of the widely used hydrologic models, which has been applied in different regions for solving a wide range of hydrological problems, especially potential changes to streamflow under various management scenarios. More than 1,000 peer-reviewed articles related to the use of the SWAT have been published (Gassman et al. 2010). SWAT was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) during the early 1990s (Arnold et al. 1998). It is a semi-physically based model designed to simulate the impact of land management practices on the environmental–hydrological system in a watershed over long periods and allows a number of different physical processes to be simulated in a watershed, including water movement, sediment movement, crop growth, and nutrient cycling (Neitsch et al. 2011). SWAT separates watershed hydrology in two phases: land phase and routing phase. The land phase is composed of the watershed land areas that simulate the water transported to the channels together with sediment, nutrients, and pesticides. The routing phase comprises the behavior of the water in the channels from tributaries to the watershed outlet. According to Glavan & Pintar (2012), the main weakness of the model in simulating streamflow is a non-spatial representation of the hydrologic response unit (HRU) inside each sub-catchment.
Within this study, the SWAT model was set up and run for streamflow simulation in Stung Sen River Basin from 1985 to 2015. This model was selected as it was constructed by a combination of many sub-models. Once the model is set up, it is not only able to simulate the streamflow, but also the other pesticide load in the studied river like sediment, phosphorus, and nitrate load which might be useful for further research concerning the assessment of water quality.
Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation
The output from the uncalibrated hydrological model is commonly poor due to the assumption of the initial value of parameters used. Thus, the process of sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation must be conducted in order to evaluate the applicability of the model for the intended purpose (White & Chaubey 2005).
The first step in the calibration and validation processes in SWAT is the determination of the most sensitive parameters for a given watershed, either by expert judgment or sensitivity analysis (Arnold et al. 2012). In this study, sensitivity analysis was performed by using SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs (SWAT-CUP) with sequential uncertainty fitting method (SUFI-2).
After identifying the most sensitive parameters to simulate flow, the calibration was then conducted to define the optimum value of these parameters. This is a process in which parameter adjustments are made so as to match the dynamic behavior of the rainfall–runoff model to the observed behavior of the catchment (Gupta et al. 2006). SWAT-CUP was used to automatically adjust the parameters for the SWAT model.
Finally, the calibrated model needs to be validated to ensure its applicability in predicting streamflow for another time period without making a further adjustment of parameters. In this study, the model was calibrated and validated using the available observed discharge from 2004 to 2011.
HEC-ResSim model
Results of flow simulation from SWAT were then used as the inputs to the HEC-ResSim model for reservoir simulation. The HEC-ResSim model, which was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is employed for water resources allocation and reservoir operations at one or more reservoirs for a variety of operational goals and constraints (Klipsch & Hurst 2013). The model consists of three sets of functions called modules: watershed setup, reservoir network, and simulation (Klipsch & Hurst 2013). These modules provide access to specific types of data within a watershed. The watershed setup module allows the creation of watershed which represents the study area. The reservoir module is used for inputting the physical and operational data of the reservoir. It is also used for editing element data and placing additional elements onto stream alignment. Finally, the simulation module is used to perform model simulation and view the results.
The HEC-ResSim model is capable of simulating reservoir operations for flood management, low flow regulation and hydropower production, detailed reservoir regulation plan investigations, and real-time decision support. Providing these special capabilities, this model is selected for this study to investigate the effect of hydropower reservoir under three operation rules which will be described in the following section.
Operation rules
The three operation rules (Figure 3) that were modeled to define the target water level for different purposes are explained based on Piman et al. (2012).
Annual operation rules for Stung Sen dam.
Seasonal variation rule (to maximize energy production): The rule fluctuates the target water level in the reservoir seasonally to maximize energy production. Another purpose of this operation rule is to minimize the risk of abundance spillage due to the reservoir being full before the end of the wet season and avoid running the reservoir dry before the end of the dry season. The water release decision of this operation is subject to the reservoir target level and the physical plant release capacities related to the reservoir levels. In the event that the water levels in the reservoir are lower than target levels, the dam operator will reduce or stop flows through the turbines to raise water levels in the reservoir.
Full-level rule (to conserve ecological flows): A full-level rule keeps the reservoir at the maximum active storage level throughout the year. The dam operator will reduce or stop releasing flow through the turbines if the water level in the reservoir is beneath the full level. At the point when the dam is full, it will be operated like a run-of-the-river dam where water outflows are close to inflows. The rule keeps the reservoir full and creates a similar outflow to the natural condition. This is comparable to a more sensitive environmental management of dams.
Low-level rule (to mitigate flood): Under this operation rule, the dam operator tries to keep the water levels in the reservoir below the target level throughout the year. To reserve water storage space for potential flood flows, water is released through the turbines as much as possible. As the water level is low, the release depends mainly on the power plant release capacity.
Simulated flows based on these operation rules were compared with baseline flow or natural flow, which is the flow that occurs without effect from hydraulic structures. The natural flow in this study was estimated by flow simulation using the SWAT model.
Flow simulation
The identified sensitive parameters presented in Table 2 were calibrated using SWAT-CUP for a period of five years (2004 to 2008). The model was then validated based on observed data from 2009 to 2011. Before being used as inputs to the HEC-ResSim model, the results of simulated flow from SWAT were evaluated using three statistical indicators: Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), and the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of observed data (RSR). The predictive accuracy was judged as satisfactory in cases NSE >0.50, PBIAS ±25%, and RSR ≤0.70 (Moriasi et al. 2007).
The most sensitive parameters identified in the SWAT model (ranking from top to bottom)
Description .
Final fitted value .
Min .
Max .
Cn2.mgt Moisture condition II curve number −25% 25% −2.00%
Esco.hur Soil evaporation compensation factor 0 1 0.12
Ch_N2.rte Manning's value for the main channel 0 0.3 0.05
Sol_Awc.sol Available water capacity of the soil layer −25% 25% −20.70%
Alpha_Bf.gw Baseflow alpha factor 0 1 0.30
GW_Revap.gw Groundwater evapotranspiration coefficient 0.02 0.2 0.03
Surlag.bsn Surface runoff lag coefficient 0 24 4.11
Ch_K2.rte Effective hydraulic conductivity of the main channel 0 500 164.52
GW_Delay.gw Ground delay (days) 0 500 49.08
Table 3 shows the value of statistical indicators which were summarized for both the calibration and the validation period. Based on the model evaluation criteria recommended by Moriasi et al. (2007), calibration performance was rated as satisfactory. Figure 4 presents the time-series plot of measured and simulated daily streamflow at the basin outlet (flow gauge) from 2004 to 2011. In general, both observed and predicted hydrographs had a similar trend. The model seemed to capture the time to peak quite well in both periods, calibration and validation. However, it failed to simulate the accurate peak flows. The SWAT model tended to overestimate peak flows in some years during the calibration period and all years during the validation period. This was more evident at the end of the rainy season (October–November). These overestimates may be caused by the high monthly rainfall in those years. The parameters used in this model were calibrated to match simulated discharge with the observed data in the years with low monthly rainfall. However, it was observed that rainfall that occurred in some months during the validation period was very high (close to 400 mm). The difference between rainfall pattern between these two periods could cause the model to capture the peak flow incorrectly, especially in a flood year. It is also possible that the observed flow is not well measured during the flood period. The observed streamflow data might contain errors in the case that flow was observed before or after the time when peak flow occurred due to storm events.
Statistical evaluation of the model
Statistical indicator .
Calibration (2004–2008) .
Validation (2009–2011) .
NSE 0.70 0.68
PBIAS 5.01% −18.83%
RSR 0.55 0.61
Comparison of simulated and observed daily hydrograph at the outlet for both calibration and validation periods.
Figures 5 and 6 present the daily and monthly hydrograph that were extracted from the SWAT model at both the proposed dam site and basin outlet for the whole simulation period (1985–2015).
Simulated daily hydrograph at both the outlet and proposed dam site (1985–2015).
Average simulated monthly hydrograph at both outlet and proposed dam site.
The average monthly flows at the dam site and outlet of Stung Sen Basin range from around 8 m3/s and 11 m3/s in May to 380 m3/s and 495 m3/s in October, respectively. The monthly flows at the basin outlet are normally higher than that at the dam site. However, the flow magnitudes are highly different in some months in the rainy season. This is because of the flow contributions from the sub-catchments downstream of the dam site which made the flow at the basin outlet higher. According to simulated daily flows between 1985 and 2015 (Figure 5), flow rate at the basin outlet increased up to around 1,200 m3/s in 1988 and 1999 due to heavy rainfall which occurred for many consecutive days. Other large flood years were in 2000 and 2011 where the peak flows were more than 900 m3/s. For the comparison between flow at the dam site and basin outlet, it was noticed that flows at the dam site are slightly larger than flows at the outlet in some periods which was probably because of the effect of flow routing. Streamflow depends mainly on rainfall data and in this basin there are three rain gauges. While there was continuous rain at the upstream station and no rain at the downstream, the discharge at the dam site would be larger than that at the outlet.
Assessment of flow changes
The results of regulated flows under three different operation rules from the HEC-ResSim model at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin, shown in Figure 7, are discussed in this section.
Schematic of Stung Sen reservoir and outlet.
A comparison of flow duration curves under the influence of different operation rules at the outlet of the Stung Sen Basin is illustrated in Figure 8. These curves show the percentage of time that the streamflow is likely to equal or exceed a flow value of interest and they are commonly used for studying flow characteristics of a stream, structure design, and determining flow recommendations for fish and aquatic ecosystem health. The curves were derived from simulated daily flows over a 30-year period (1985–2015). It can be seen that the flow duration curve of the baseline condition is similar to that of the full-level rule while the flow duration curve of the low-level rule is close to that of the seasonal variation rule. At a low exceedance probability (extreme events), the baseline condition has the highest flow magnitude followed by full-level, seasonal variation, and low-level. For instance, at the probability of 10%, flow under the baseline and full-level rule is 470 m3/s and 441 m3/s, respectively, while under the low-level and seasonal variation rule, flow is about 300 m3/s. At high exceedance probability, the full-level rule flow has the smallest value followed by baseline condition, seasonal variation, and low-level rule.
Flow duration curves at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin under different operation rules.
The graph shown in Figure 9 represents the average daily flows of 31 years at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin. It can be clearly seen that the average regulated flows of each operation rule are highly different. The lowest flow rate is under the full-level rule which is under 10 m3/s from the middle of April until late March. This could lead to water deficit. The highest flow rate is under natural flow condition, up to around 550 m3/s in October. In the dry season, flows under the seasonal variation rule are similar to that of the low-level rule whereas flows under the full-level rule resemble the natural flows. In the rainy season, the flows under each operation rule saw a significant difference. If the dam is operated under the full-level rule, flows at the outlet will be decreased by 12% and 14% in the dry season and wet season, respectively. Upstream of the dam will have abundant water whereas the downstream part will face the problem of water shortage in the dry season. The low-level and seasonal variation rules will increase flows by 22% and 42% in the dry season and decrease flows by 26% and 46% in the wet season, respectively. This proved that seasonal flow will be significantly changed comparing to the baseline flow if we maximize energy production (by using the seasonal variation rule). Under low-level and seasonal variation rules, flood in the wet season will be reduced. These predicted flow changes may be later used as the post-impact data series to assess the river regime alteration, especially the impacts of the dam on the ecosystem, by various methods such as using the indicator of hydrological alteration (IHA) (Richter et al. 1996) or river impact index (RI) developed by Haghighi et al. (2014).
Average flow at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin under different operation rules.
Flow changes at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin based on these three operation rules follow the same trend as another study in the 3S River conducted by Piman et al. (2012). Both studies demonstrate the future changes of river flow in the Lower Mekong Basin as a result of dam developments. With the existing dams and those to be constructed in the future, flow in the main river is expected to change significantly due to the operation to maximize electricity production. These dam developments will definitely increase the economy by generating abundant electricity, increasing irrigation area, and by reducing flood and drought impact. However, they would also cause a considerable negative impact, especially to the people downstream who mainly depend on the ecosystem service and natural resource. The reduction in wetland area caused by low seasonal fluctuation of river flow, and the blocking of fish migration and sediment would adversely affect the productivity of Tonle Sap and the floodplains in Cambodia.
The integrated hydrologic and reservoir modeling approach presented in this study was just a comprehensive exercise, which entails more uncertainty analysis; this is, as such, beyond the scope of this paper, yet provides possible further research. For instance, land use patterns will generally change due to the impact of climate change and human activities for the periods that are longer than several years. When the time scale is long, the influence of land use change on the simulation of streamflow should be taken into account to reduce uncertainty in model output. However, in the simulation process of this study, a single period of land use was used without considering the variations in land use throughout the entire simulation period. Thus, future research work should consider dynamic land use inputs to improve model performance. On the other hand, the spatial variability of rainfall in this river basin might be not well represented by just interpolating data from three stations, and this can be considered as another source of uncertainty. Hence, satellite-based and reanalysis rainfall products should be used to represent the spatial distribution of rainfall, and this somehow improves the model performance.
Overall, the simulated flows at the outlet of Stung Sen Basin by HEC-ResSim differ significantly according to the operation rules adopted. The operation rules tested include full-level, low-level, and seasonal variation rule. By using SWAT and the HEC-ResSim model, we were able to discover how hydropower dam development and operation substantially affect the natural flow of the Stung Sen River. If the dam is constructed, dry season flow will be increased and wet season flow will be decreased. However, under the full-level rule flow will slightly decrease in both seasons. The magnitude of change is dependent on the operation of the dam. Thus, it is very important to make and agree a clear decision with stakeholders before operating. Moreover, the dam should be operated in consideration of disaster risk and environmental flow. This study has determined the downstream flow changes only. Further research, such as the impact of flow change on sediment flow, water quality, and ecology should be conducted to understand more about the impacts of dams in environmentally sensitive areas such as the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.
This research is supported by SATREPS JST/JICA: grant-number JPMJSA1503. The authors would like to thank Dr Anthony Green for helping to edit the English in the manuscript.
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In an effort to highlight the young leaders who are leading undergraduate chapters across the nation, we at Watch The Yard reached out to the women of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc.'s Nu Chapter at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor and did an interview with Lauren Edmonds the president of the chapter.
The position of president of an undergraduate chapter of a Black sorority is a highly respected role and there is a special pride that one takes. 22-year-old Lauren Edmonds has used the position to gain new leadership experience, improve the lives of other students on campus and help the community around her.
We interviewed the Nursing major and talked about her position, goals, future and what it means to hold a leadership position on campus in the digital age.
Read the full interview below.
What does it mean to be a chapter president to you?
Being the Chapter President of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Nu Chapter is an extreme honor because Nu Chapter, in addition to being a single letter chapter, was the first chapter to be chartered in the State of Michigan. I was always taught that leadership is not just a position but an action, and to be a good leader I have to be able to think outside of myself and what I want and do what is best for chapter.
What made you decide to attend the University of Michigan Ann Arbor for undergrad?
I chose to attend the University of Michigan because I wanted to go somewhere where no one could ever discredit my degree. The University of Michigan has an exceptional Nursing Program, a 97% NCLEX pass rate, and I got a full ride scholarship.
What specific initiatives is your chapter heading up this year and how do you think they will improve the campus/surrounding community?
Nu Chapter has many phenomenal programs, but the two that stick out most to me are our LaRue Heard Johnson Scholarship Ball and our Literacy Awareness book drive. The LaRue Heard Johnson Scholarship Ball aims to improve the surrounding community by awarding three scholarships; two to high school seniors and one to a current student on campus to help with the cost of education because we know how much of a burden it can be. The Literacy Awareness Book Drive also helps us to give back to the surrounding community because we are collecting new and gently used books for students in grades K-12 and then writing messages in them for the students. We wanted to do a literacy drive because we know how important reading and comprehension is as you progress through school. So we thought it would be helpful and encouraging for students to get some of our favorite books as black
women/black people because we know representation in reading is just as important as representation in other areas.
What made you want to pledge Delta Sigma Theta?
When I think of the women who are a part of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated, I think of women who are leaders, innovators, and catalysts of change. They are the type of women that I strive to be. They are active members of the community and investing in our youth. I wanted to become a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated because I wanted to join with women who had the same mindset, desire for change, and love of sisterhood so that I can continue the vision that I have for myself. Delta has helped me to be an example and a reminder for young women everywhere that anything you put your mind to, you can achieve.
What is it about your specific chapter that makes it so unique?
Nu Chapter was the first chapter to be charted in the state of Michigan on April 7, 1921. We were chartered by the only five African American women on the University's campus at that time. Since 1921, Nu Chapter has sponsored hundreds of social action and community service events. Nu Chapter members played an active role in The University of Michigan's Black Action Movement (BAMN) Acts I, II, and III. In the late 1960s, Nu Chapter raised funds to purchase African-American books for Ann Arbor Public Library. In the 1970s Nu Chapter members volunteered with the Maxey Home for Boys (i.e., the Juvenile Detention Program), and ran a tutoring program at Taft Middle School.
In the mid-1990s Nu Chapter established the first bone marrow drive for people of color at the University of Michigan–resulting in recognition by the University as an organization of prominent student leaders. In 2014, Nu Chapter held the 45th Annual LaRue Heard Johnson Scholarship Ball awarding two deserving high school seniors with a scholarship for higher education. Annually Nu Chapter hosts "Women Dominating Dominated Fields," a program focused on bringing together predominantly African- American women who are leaders in fields that are commonly dominated by men: engineering, law, medicine, politics, and entrepreneurship. In 2014 and 2015 Nu Chapter was recognized by Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. as the national undergraduate Chapter of the Year.
We now live in a digital world, what do you think undergraduate chapters across all orgs need to do to represent themselves online in 2018?
Since undergraduate chapter members are seen as leaders on their campus, I think it is our job to use our platform for good. Social media representation allows not only the campus, but the world to see our programming, service, and organizations at a smaller level. We can also use these platforms to speak on key events or issues that impact us and our peers on campus.
What does leadership mean to you?
Leadership to me is multifactorial. I think leadership requires you to understand your strengths and biases, but also those in your chapter. Being a leader means making the decisions and sacrifices that no one wants to make and handling them with grace.
Why do you think Watch The Yard is important to Black greekdom?
I think Watch The Yard is important to Black greekdom because it showcases the positivity in Greek Life and not just the stereotypes. I think Watch the Yard is unique because it's more than just stroll videos. You all always show service, job opportunities, and even the history which sometimes gets lost in translation.
What does sisterhood mean to you?
Sisterhood is having a lifelong friend forever. The sisterhood in Delta has brought so many phenomenal women in my life who genuinely wish me the best, and have strived to help me in any way or capacity possible. I know that I can count on my Sorors to be encouragers, listeners, and so much more.
What do you plan on doing after graduation?
I graduate this May with my Bachelor of Science in Nursing and University Honors. My short term goal is to become a Labor and Delivery Nurse. My ultimate goal in life is to be a leader in maternal child health in the African American Community. I would like to specifically focus on the health disparities associated with preterm labor, health outcomes for black women during and after childbirth, and disease prevention within this population.
We at Watch The Yard would like to commend Lauren Edmonds for her work as the president of Nu Chapter which has a long legacy that spans back to 1921.
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