text:
Tebbutt v. Virostek
Broadnax v. Gonzalez
The case law requiring plaintiff mother to prove an independent injury as a condition precedent to recovering…
Ferrara v. Bernstein
Defendants further assert that plaintiff's claims for emotional distress must also be dismissed since…
Full title:MARTA H. TEBBUTT et al., Appellants, v. ROBERT VIROSTEK, Respondent
Court:Court of Appeals of the State of New York
Date published: Jun 13, 1985
65 N.Y.2d 931 (N.Y. 1985)
493 N.Y.S.2d 1010
483 N.E.2d 1142
Court of Appeals of the State of New York
In Tebbutt v. Virostek (65 NY2d 931 [1985]), we held that a mother could not recover for emotional injuries when medical malpractice caused a stillbirth or miscarriage, absent a showing that she suffered a physical injury that was both distinct from that suffered by the fetus and not a normal incident of childbirth.
Summary of this case from Broadnax v. Gonzalez
Argued March 28, 1985
Decided June 13, 1985
Appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Third Judicial Department, William J. Crangle, J.
Daniel H. Mahoney for appellants.
Randall J. Ezick and Dianne Bresee Mayberger for respondent.
MEMORANDUM.
The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Plaintiff Marta Tebbutt seeks to recover damages for her "pain, severe disappointment, anxiety, despondency, bitterness and suffering" attendant upon the stillbirth of her child. Defendant allegedly caused the death of the fetus, unbeknownst to plaintiff, approximately one month earlier when he negligently performed an amniocentesis. Plaintiff alleges no physical injury distinct from that suffered by the fetus, nor, despite the suggestion in one of the dissenting opinions, has there been proof of these allegations.
Her husband asserts a derivative claim.
The case before us is governed by Vaccaro v Squibb Corp. ( 52 N.Y.2d 809), in which a mother sought recovery for emotional injuries caused by harm done to her child in utero of which she did not learn until the birth, which occurred some time after the harm was inflicted. There, we rejected the contention that the defendants owed any duty to the mother. Similarly, in the case before us, we must reject the mother's claim for damages for emotional distress.
Nor do we accept plaintiffs' contention that recovery is warranted because Marta Tebbutt was placed within the zone of danger by defendant's actions. While recovery may be had by one suffering distress in consequence of the observation of the serious injury or death of a member of his or her immediate family from within the zone of danger, the observation must be contemporaneous with the conduct causing the injury or death, which plaintiffs at bar have not alleged ( see, Bovsun v Sanperi, 61 N.Y.2d 219, 233). Plaintiffs also failed to establish the existence of a duty running from defendant to plaintiff Marta Tebbutt pursuant to Johnson v State of New York ( 37 N.Y.2d 378 [duty of hospital to transmit truthfully information concerning a relative's death or funeral]), which has been limited to its particular facts ( Johnson v Jamaica Hosp., 62 N.Y.2d 523, 530).
The dissenters' reliance on Endresz v Friedberg ( 24 N.Y.2d 478) and Woods v Lancet ( 303 N.Y. 349) is misplaced. In Endresz, we held only that no action for wrongful death could be maintained by the personal representative of a stillborn fetus. We also noted that, if the defendants were negligent in causing the automobile accident out of which that action arose, the plaintiff mother could recover for physical and mental injuries she sustained, including emotional upset attending her stillbirths. However, the injuries the plaintiff mother sustained in that case were the direct result of defendants' breach of a clearly recognized duty to drive with a reasonable degree of care. Citation to Woods v Lancet ( supra) similarly begs the duty question, central to resolution of the present appeal. There, we held that an infant child, not his parents, could recover damages for injuries negligently inflicted while he was in utero. Our cases have consistently denied damages for emotional distress to parents of children so injured but born alive ( e.g., Vaccaro v Squibb Corp., 52 N.Y.2d 809, supra).
Chief Judge WACHTLER and Judges SIMONS and ALEXANDER concur in memorandum; Judge MEYER concurs on constraint of Vaccaro v Squibb ( 52 N.Y.2d 809); Judges JASEN and KAYE dissent and vote to reverse in separate dissenting opinions; Judge TITONE taking no part.
Order affirmed, with costs.
JASEN, J. (dissenting).
The majority holds that a mother may not recover for emotional distress resulting from the stillbirth of her child, where the unborn child died as the result of the negligent penetrations of the womb by a physician in performing an amniocentesis. By holding that the physician's conduct fails to give rise to any cognizable cause of action, the majority relegates the unborn child to a juridical limbo, where negligent acts, with fatal effect, performed upon the child are neither compensated nor deterred.
The facts, gleaned from the complaint and presumed to be true for the purpose of determining the sufficiency of the claim, are as follows. In June 1980, Marta H. Tebbutt and her husband, Robert G. Tebbutt, were expecting their first child, and consulted with Dr. Robert Virostek. Dr. Virostek limited his practice to the specialty of gynecology and obstetrics. In order to insure the health of the unborn child, Dr. Virostek, on July 11, 1980, suggested that Marta, then 35 years of age, undergo amniocentesis. Dr. Virostek informed Mr. and Mrs. Tebbutt that amniocentesis would involve puncturing the womb with a needle syringe in order to draw fluid, but he assured them that the test had been done "hundreds of times without any negative effects."
At Saranac Lake General Hospital, on July 30, 1980, Dr. Virostek endeavored to perform the amniocentesis. He inserted a syringe into Marta's lower abdomen, approximately 4 1/2 inches below her navel. Dr. Virostek informed Marta that he was unable to extract any fluid, and he then inserted the syringe into her abdomen two more times. Prior to the amniocentesis, the fetal heart monitor showed the fetus to be viable and normal in size for a 16-week gestation. On August 22, 1980, at a regularly scheduled appointment, Marta appeared at Dr. Virostek's office, but he was not present. A nurse, however, performed a procedure to monitor the fetal heart beat, and she informed Marta that no heart beat could be detected. Upon inquiry by Marta on August 25, 1980, Dr. Virostek informed her that the laboratory report indicated that the amniotic fluid sample could not be evaluated due to an excessive amount of blood in the sample. On that date, Dr. Virostek further informed Marta that her unborn child was normal.
On August 30, 1980, Marta suffered cramps, pain and hemorrhaging. She met Dr. Virostek at the hospital on September 3, 1980, which was not a date upon which there was a scheduled appointment, and Dr. Virostek examined Marta with a fetal heart monitor. He informed Marta that he could not detect a fetal heart beat. The next day, Marta went to the Champlain Valley Physicians Hospital in Plattsburgh to have a sonogram performed to determine the status of the unborn child. After this procedure, the doctors in the Champlain Valley Hospital refused to tell Marta whether her child was dead or alive. Rather, they referred her back to Dr. Virostek. On September 5, 1980, Marta was examined by a gynecologist and obstetrician in Albany, who informed her that her child was dead. Marta entered the Albany Medical Center Hospital that afternoon, and on September 6, 1980, labor was induced and she was delivered of a stillborn male child. The autopsy performed on the stillborn child indicated that the child's size was consistent with a 16-week gestation and there were no growth abnormalities. Also, examination of the stillborn child revealed three hemorrhagic blisters, each approximately one centimeter in diameter. The Albany physician stated "that there is a possibility of a cause and effect relationship between the amniocentesis, the return of the bloody fluid at the time, and the subsequent fetal death".
Plaintiffs Marta and Robert Tebbutt commenced this action alleging, inter alia, medical malpractice and negligence in the manner in which defendant performed the amniocentesis. Marta alleged no physical injury distinct from that suffered by her unborn child and sought to recover for her "pain, severe disappointment, anxiety, despondency, bitterness, and suffering." Defendant, Dr. Virostek, moved for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff's complaint, alleging only emotional distress, lacked merit as a matter of law. Special Term, relying upon Friedman v Meyer ( 90 A.D.2d 511, appeal dismissed 59 N.Y.2d 763), granted defendant's motion and dismissed the complaint. The Appellate Division, Third Department, affirmed on "constraint" of Friedman and cases cited therein, while noting "we are sympathetic to plaintiff's action and, in fact, believe the better rule would recognize plaintiff's action". ( Tebbutt v Virostek, 102 A.D.2d 231.) For the reasons that follow, I strongly recommend reversal.
Robert's derivative action seeking compensation for loss of consortium is contingent upon whether Marta has alleged a cognizable claim. References to "plaintiff" thus refer only to Marta.
We have previously recognized that an individual may recover damages for the negligent infliction of emotional or mental distress, even if unaccompanied by physical injury. ( Johnson v State of New York, 37 N.Y.2d 378; Kennedy v McKesson Co., 58 N.Y.2d 500, 504; Vara v Drago, 24 A.D.2d 888.) The nature of damages as purely psychic will not defeat the cause of action, provided the elements of a cognizable cause of action exist. ( See, Tymann, Bystander's Recovery for Psychic Injury in New York, 32 Albany L Rev 489, 494; Becker v Schwartz, 46 N.Y.2d 401, 421 [Wachtler, J., dissenting].)
In this case, defendant contends that no recovery may be had for indirect emotional harm suffered as the result of injury to another. Plaintiff, in contrast, maintains that her emotional injuries result from the breach of a direct duty owed to her. The controversy before us has therefore been distilled into the simple inquiry of whether defendant owed plaintiff a duty of care.
As Chief Judge Wachtler has aptly noted, when a child is en ventre sa mere at the time of the commission of the tort, "there are two identifiable beings within the zone of danger each of whom is owed a duty independent of the other and each of whom may be directly injured." ( Albala v City of New York, 54 N.Y.2d 269, 272; see, Becker v Schwartz, 46 N.Y.2d 401, 412, supra; 1 Pegalis and Wachsman, American Law of Medical Malpractice § 4:43.) In the instant action, the independent duty flowing from the physician to the mother arises from the professional relationship existing between Marta Tebbutt and Dr. Virostek, and by virtue of the physiological and biological bond existing between the mother and her unborn child. Dr. Virostek rendered medical care and advice solely to Marta Tebbutt for the purpose of assisting her in making informed decisions to protect the development and safety of her unborn child. At the time of the commission of the tortious act, there was but one patient to whom defendant owed an absolute duty of care pursuant to a professional relationship: Marta Tebbutt. ( See, Endresz v Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478, 485-486; compare, Johnson v Jamaica Hosp., 62 N.Y.2d 523; Vacarro v Squibb Corp., 52 N.Y.2d 809.) The interests of the mother and the unborn child are intertwined by nature during the mother's pregnancy. Due to these relationships, a tortious act, which results in the death of an unborn child, represents a breach of a direct duty to the mother. Defendant's infringement upon the mother's freedom from mental distress was occasioned by the breach of a distinct and independent duty flowing to the mother.
Concomitant with the view that the mother is owed a distinct duty of care, women have traditionally been given recovery for their own injuries caused by the stillbirth or miscarriage. (Prosser and Keeton, Torts, at 369, n 30 [5th ed 1984].) In New York, the mother's immediate mental distress inflicted by the death of the unborn child has unequivocally been recognized as a cognizable element of the mother's independent injuries. ( Endresz v Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478, 487, supra; Butler v Manhattan Ry. Co., 143 N.Y. 417, 420; Matter of Logan, 3 N.Y.2d 800, affg 2 A.D.2d 842, affg 4 Misc.2d 283; Witrak v Nassau Elec. R.R. Co., 52 App. Div. 234 [Bartlett, J.].) Compensation for the mother's emotional distress attendant to the stillbirth is allowed by the vast majority of sister states and uniformly recognized by scholarly commentators. ( See, e.g., Tunnicliffe v Bay Cities Consol. Ry. Co., 102 Mich. 624, 629-630, 61 N.W. 11; Snow v Allen, 227 Ala. 615, 151 So. 468; Graf v Taggert, 43 N.J. 303, 312-313, 204 A.2d 140; Finer v Nichols, 158 Mo App 539, 138 S.W. 889; Panagopoulous v Martin, 295 F. Supp. 220, 227 [applying W Va law]; McKillip v Zimmerman, 191 N.W.2d 706, 709 [Iowa]; Stafford v Roadway Tr. Co., 70 F. Supp. 555, 570 [applying Pa law], mod on other grounds 165 F.2d 920; Mone v Greyhound Lines, 368 Mass. 354, 359, 331 N.E.2d 916, 918-919; Occhipinti v Rheem Mfg. Co., 252 Miss. 172, 172 So.2d 186; Prescott v Robinson, 74 N.H. 460, 69 A 522; Marko v Philadelphia Transp. Co., 420 Pa. 124, 125, 216 A.2d 502, 503-504; Ezell v Morrison, 380 So.2d 664 [La App]; see, Recent Developments, Torts-Wrongful Death — Unborn Child, 70 Mich L Rev 729, 749; Recent Developments, Torts-Wrongful Death — Recovery for Wrongful Death of a Stillborn Fetus Examined, 21 Vill L Rev 994, 999; Friedman, Legal Implications of Amniocentesis, 123 U of Pa L Rev 92, 144, n 261; Note, Recovery for the Tortious Death of the Unborn, 33 SC L Rev 797, 811; 1935 Report of N Y Law Rev Commn, Liability for Inflicting Injuries On a Child En Ventre Sa Mere 453, 470; Thornton McNiece, Torts, 33 N.Y.U L Rev 165, 173.)
By way of dictum in Matter of Logan ( 4 Misc.2d 283, 285, affd 2 A.D.2d 842, affd 3 N.Y.2d 800), it was noted that "[o]f course, the pregnant mother may sue on any injury which she suffered in her own person." (Emphasis added.)
Our decision in Endresz v Friedberg ( supra) is controlling upon the question presented by this appeal. In Endresz, we held that there is no right of recovery under this State's wrongful death statute by the personal representative of a stillborn child who died as the result of injuries received while en ventre sa mere. Plaintiff, Janice Endresz, was seven months pregnant when injured in an automobile accident in the winter of 1965. Two days after the accident, Janice was delivered of stillborn twins, a male and a female. While wrongful death recovery for the deaths of their unborn children was barred, Chief Judge Fuld, speaking for the court, emphasized that the parents would not be unrecompensed for their tragic loss: "[T]he mother may sue for any injury which she sustained in her own person, including her suffering as a result of the stillbirth, and the father for loss of her services and consortium" (24 N.Y.2d, at p 484). In an effort to demonstrate that the parents are entitled to recovery for damages suffered in their own right, where the death of their children was caused by a third party's wrongful act, Chief Judge Fuld continued: "If the defendants herein were negligent, Mrs. Endresz may recover for the injuries she sustained, both physical and mental, including the emotional upset attending the stillbirths. And the plaintiff Steve Endresz retains his derivative action for the loss of her services and consortium." ( 24 N.Y.2d 478, at p 487 [emphasis supplied].)
The ratio decidendi of Endresz manifestly contemplated a mother's recovery for her own mental and physical injuries immediately arising from the stillbirths. Recovery of such damages was also viewed by the Endresz court as a means by which to vitiate the harshness of denial of wrongful death damages. The majority today, however, disregards the Endresz view, and the policies which that decision represents. Adherence today to the Endresz view is compelled by more than due respect to the doctrine of stare decisis. Denial of recovery to the mother for her emotional distress resulting from the stillbirth of her child, which was caused by the negligent conduct of defendant, effectively immunizes the defendant from all liability for his negligent conduct with fatal effect. Denial of recovery for emotional distress creates an anomalous situation, to wit: liability is imposed where defendant's negligence caused mere injury to the subsequently born child ( Woods v Lancet, 303 N.Y. 349), while all liability evaporates when the negligence has had fatal effect. This, I submit, is unjust and unwise.
Twenty-eight jurisdictions have expressly ruled in favor of permitting recovery for the death of a stillborn child, at least where the fetus was viable, either in cases of first impression or in decisions reversing prior law. ( Eich v Town of Gulf Shores, 293 Ala. 95, 300 So.2d 354 [1974]; Summerfield v Superior Ct., ___ Ariz. ___, ___ P.2d ___ [en banc] [1985]; Hatala v Markiewicz, 26 Conn. Sup. 358, 224 A.2d 406 [1966]; Worgan v Greggo Ferrara, 50 Del. 258, 128 A.2d 557 [1956]; Simmons v Howard Univ., 323 F. Supp. 529 [DDC 1971]; Porter v Lassiter, 91 Ga. App. 712, 87 S.E.2d 100 [1955]; Chrisafogeorgis v Brandenberg, 55 Ill.2d 368, 304 N.E.2d 88 [1973]; Britt v Sears, 150 Ind. App. 487, 277 N.E.2d 20 [1972]; Hale v Manion, 189 Kan. 143, 368 P.2d 1 [1962]; Mitchell v Couch, 285 S.W.2d 901 [Ky 1955]; State ex rel. Odham v Sherman, 234 Md. 179, 198 A.2d 71 [1964]; Mone v Greyhound Lines, 368 Mass. 354, 331 N.E.2d 916 [1975]; O'Neill v Morse, 385 Mich. 130, 188 N.W.2d 785 [1971]; Verkennes v Corniea, 229 Minn. 365, 38 N.W.2d 838 [1949]; Rainey v Horn, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So.2d 434 [1954]; White v Yup, 85 Nev. 527, 458 P.2d 617 [1969]; Poliquin v MacDonald, 101 N.H. 104, 135 A.2d 249 [1957]; Werling v Sandy, 17 Ohio St.3d 45, 476 N.E.2d 1053 [1985]; Evans v Olson, 550 P.2d 924 [Okla 1976]; Libbee v Permanente Clinic, 268 Or. 258, 518 P.2d 636 [1974]; Presley v Newport Hosp., 117 R.I. 177, 365 A.2d 748 [1976]; Fowler v Woodward, 244 S.C. 608, 138 S.E.2d 42 [1964]; Moen v Hanson, 85 Wn.2d 597, 537 P.2d 266 [1975]; Baldwin v Butcher, 155 W. Va. 431, 184 S.E.2d 428 [1971]; Kwaterski v State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 34 Wis.2d 14, 148 N.W.2d 107 [1967]; Wascom v American Indem. Corp., 383 So.2d 1037 [La App 1980]; Salazar v St. Vincent Hosp., 95 N.M. 150, 619 P.2d 826 [1980]; Vaillancourt v Medical Center Hosp., 139 Vt. 138, 425 A.2d 92 [1980].)
By comparison, 10 jurisdictions, in addition to New York, deny wrongful death recovery for stillborn infants. ( Norman v Murphy, 124 Cal.App.2d 95, 268 P.2d 178 [1954]; Stern v Miller, 348 So.2d 303 [Fla 1977]; McKillip v Zimmerman, 191 N.W.2d 706 [Iowa 1971]; State ex rel. Hardin v Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 [Mo 1976]; Drabbels v Skelly Oil Co., 155 Neb. 17, 50 N.W.2d 229 [1951]; Graf v Taggert, 43 N.J. 303, 204 A.2d 140 [1964]; Gay v Thompson, 266 N.C. 394, 146 S.E.2d 425 [1966]; Hogan v McDaniel, 204 Tenn. 235, 319 S.W.2d 221 [1958]; Nelson v Peterson, 542 P.2d 1075 [Utah 1975]; Lawrence v Craven Tire Co., 210 Va. 138, 169 S.E.2d 440 [1969].) For a further analysis of the cases in various jurisdictions, see, Annotation, at 84 ALR3d 411 (1978).
The commentators on the subject of death actions for unborn children are virtually unanimous in favor of recovery for viable stillborn infants. ( See, e.g., Speiser, Recovery for Wrongful Death § 4:38, at 564 [2d ed 1975]; Comment, Mone v Greyhound Lines, Inc: A Limited Advance in the Law of Prenatal Wrongful Death, 11 New Eng L Rev 669 [1976]; 7 Tex Tech L Rev 821 [1976]; 21 Vill L Rev 994 [1975-1976]; Comment, Wrongful Death and the Unborn, 13 J Fam Law 99 [1973-1974]; 38 Temp LQ 470 [1965]; Del Tufo, Recovery for Prenatal Torts: Actions for Wrongful Death, 15 Rutgers L Rev 61 [1960].)
The importance of stare decisis has been observed in a related context ( Bovsun v Sanperi, 61 N.Y.2d 219, 243 [Wachtler, J., dissenting]).
When the majority's view is analyzed in terms of the conceptual framework established by this court to address prenatal torts, the logical poverty of its holding is manifest. A stillborn child has not been deemed a "person" to whom a duty of care flowed for purposes of the wrongful death statute. ( Endresz v Friedberg, supra.) The majority, consistent with the decisions of this court, adheres to the view that no duty of care is owed to a stillborn child for the purposes of a personal injury action. It should follow that if the unborn child is not deemed a person to whom a duty of care is owed during prenatal care, the duty of care flows to the mother as the single individual biologically intertwined with the unborn child. By holding that a duty of care flows to neither the unborn child nor the mother, the majority renders the mother a bystander to medical procedures performed upon her own body. The practical effect of the majority's view is that the physician bears no duty of care if his negligence causes the death of the unborn child and the concomitant emotional injury to the mother. The unborn and mothers are entitled to greater protection.
The public policy reasons typically advanced to deny recovery of damages for emotional distress are not implicated in this case. In Becker v Schwartz ( 46 N.Y.2d 401, 414-415), the damages for emotional harm, sought by the parents of a child suffering from abnormalities, were deemed incalculable since the emotional suffering was mitigated by the emotional fulfillment arising from the birth. The combination of positive and negative emotions rendered the ascertainment of damages too speculative. The death of the unborn child in this case eliminates any possibility of such mitigation. Nor can it be argued that recovery here would extend liability beyond rational practical boundaries. ( See, Tobin v Grossman, 24 N.Y.2d 609, 618.) By reasons of the professional physician-patient relationship and physiology, liability for emotional distress extends only to the mother, and not to older children, fathers, grandparents, relatives or others in loco parentis, who, as bystanders, could, under these circumstances, suffer emotional harm only vicariously. The perimeter of liability is thus drawn by nature and contract. Finally, the injury to the unborn child, which resulted in the stillbirth, was caused by the affirmative, negligent conduct of the physician. The abnormality of the child, addressed in Becker v Schwartz ( supra) was not caused by the negligent physician. ( See also, Howard v Lecher, 42 N.Y.2d 109.)
In sum, plaintiff's claim for emotional distress against the defendant falls under a traditional negligence theory — i.e., plaintiff would be required to show that the defendant owed her a duty to use reasonable care in performing the genetic testing procedure, that this defendant's acts constituted a breach of that duty, and that the negligently performed procedure proximately caused injury to the plaintiff. It has been properly noted that "[s]ociety has an interest in insuring that genetic testing is properly performed * * * The recognition of a cause of action for negligence in the performance of genetic testing would encourage the accurate performance of such testing by penalizing physicians who fail to observe customary standards of good medical practice." ( Gildiner v Thomas Jefferson Univ. Hosp., 451 F. Supp. 692, 696.) Absent recognition of the cause of action in this case, such negligence goes entirely unanswered.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed.
KAYE, J. (dissenting).
Dismissal of plaintiff's complaint in this instance leaves no one who can recover for alleged wrongdoing, and frees defendant from responsibility. Defendant performed the complained-of acts on a person in his care. Were the child born alive, a remedy would lie against defendant ( see, Woods v Lancet, 303 N.Y. 349). An arguably more grievous injury while the child is in utero, resulting in a stillbirth, should not go unredressed. Where the law declares that the stillborn child is not a person who can bring suit, then it must follow in the eyes of the law that any injury here was done to the mother. I would therefore reverse the order below, and reinstate the complaint.
In Tebbutt v Virostek (65 NY2d 931 [1985]), we held that a mother could not recover for emotional injuries when medical malpractice caused a still birth or miscarriage, absent a showing that she suffered a physical injury that was both distinct from that suffered by the fetus and not a normal incident of childbirth. Plaintiffs assert that Tebbutt is arbitrary and unfair, and should be overturned.
Summary of this case from Grance v. Rosner
In Tebbutt v Virostek (65 N.Y.2d 931, supra) the plaintiff sued defendant for allegedly causing the death of her fetus, unbeknownst to her, one month earlier when he negligently performed amniocentesis.
Summary of this case from McBride v. Brookdale Hosp


Ammonia emission from animal feeding operations (AFOs) has negative effects on environment and animals' health. Thus measuring and mitigating ammonia emission from AFOs is important for environmental protection. In chapter I, different ammonia measurements were discussed and a mitigation technology- biofilter was represented.
In-house windrowing of built-up litter has been used by broiler producers to reduce pathogen loads and rejuvenate litter for the next flock. When litter is piled up for an extended period during downtime, heat generated by the litter pile can become a substantial heat source due to the metabolism of microorganisms. In chapter II, heat production rates of windrowed and non-windrowed litter were calculated. Windrow trials were conducted for five consecutive flocks as litter accumulated from fresh beddings over a year period. Temperatures and relative humidity of the ambient and air inside the commercial houses were continuously recorded with portable loggers during downtime, as well as temperatures of windrowed and un-windowed litter. The specific heat productions were between 0.50 and 1.54 W/kg litter (wet basis) for windrowed litter and 0.63 to 0.89 W/kg litter (wet basis) for non-windrowed litter except for the summer trial. Specific heat production from Non-windrow, Windrow_1 and Windrow_2 are not significantly different (p=0.868).
Lei, Min, "Evaluation of Broiler Litter Heat Production during Windrowing & Nitrogen Based Gas Emission Mitigation Using Biofilter" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 853.


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Q: Issues getting CSS sprite made by me working I made a CSS sprite using this online site. Here are the files I'm using. This is what I have right now in my HTML markup:

Since src can't be null I set a empty GIF in base64. Now, the problem is that the sprite.png file isn't loaded. So I modified the original code changing to this:
.contactenos, .contactenos-1, img.e-shop, .e-shop-1, .faq, .faq-1, .fctjur, .fctjur-1, .fctnat, .fctnat-1, .vendidos, .vendidos-1{
    background: url(sprites.png) no-repeat;
}

But it's not working, maybe I'm doing something wrong, it's the first time I did this, any advice or help?
Test 1
I made some changes to the original CSS as follow:
.contactenos, .e-shop, .faq, .fctjur, .fctnat, .vendidos {
    background: url(sprites.png) no-repeat;
}

.e-shop{
    background-position: -198px -2px ;
    width: 128px;
    height: 50px;
}

.e-shop:hover {
    background-position: -200px -56px ;
    width: 128px;
    height: 50px;
}

But still not working, is the problem the tiny default src image?

A: If that's your entire CSS, then you're missing a few things. Here's a fiddle using your markup and CSS (with a hard coded background image):
http://jsfiddle.net/5jvdmzgc/
You'll need to specify your elements width and height (right now, they're 1x1) and also the offset of the background image (if any).
Updated CSS:
width: 150px;
height: 50px;
background-position: -70px -120px;

Updated fiddle with different sizes specified:
http://jsfiddle.net/5jvdmzgc/1/
You can use the CSS you wrote as a "base" (specifies the image source), and then extend that with individual classes (width/height/bg offsets).
Hopefully this helps!

A: Your gif is only 1px by 1px. So your bg image is not going to be visible. You'll need to either set the dimensions in your css or provide a gif with the correct dimensions.
For example if your background image/sprite was 50px by 50px you could do this:
img.e-shop {
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
}

or

Fiddle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
News5G TechnologyHealth
An International Appeal to Halt Rollout of 5G
November 20, 2022 196 views0
(by Rhoda Wilson | The Exposé) – Albert Einstein famously asserted that "God does not play dice." Yet by pursuing the broadcast on Earth and from space of 5G, world governments are recklessly playing dice with the future of life on Earth.
Even before 5G was proposed, dozens of petitions and appeals by international scientists, including the Freiburger Appeal signed by over 3,000 physicians, called for a halt to the expansion of wireless technology and a moratorium on new base stations.
In 2015, 215 scientists from 41 countries communicated their alarm to the United Nations ("UN") and World Health Organisation ("WHO"). They stated that "numerous recent scientific publications have shown that EMF [electromagnetic fields] affects living organisms at levels well below most international and national guidelines."
Now, 302,891 signatories from 216 nations and territories have signed an international appeal to stop 5G both on Earth and in space:
We the undersigned scientists, doctors, environmental organisations and citizens … urgently call for a halt to the deployment of the 5G (fifth generation) wireless network, including 5G from space satellites …The deployment of 5G constitutes an experiment on humanity and the environment that is defined as a crime under international law.
INTERNATIONAL APPEAL Stop 5G on Earth and in Space
The appeal, which was launched in 2018, calls on the UN, WHO, European Union, Council of Europe and governments of all nations:
To take immediate measures to halt the deployment of 5G on Earth and in space.
To follow the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Council of Europe Resolution 1815 by informing citizens, including teachers and physicians, about the health risks (to adults and children) from radiofrequency ("RF") radiation.
To favour and implement wired telecommunications instead of wireless.
To prohibit the wireless/telecommunications industry, through its lobbying organisations, from persuading officials to make decisions permitting further expansion of RF radiation.
To appoint immediately – without industry influence – international groups of independent, truly impartial EMF and health scientists with no conflicts of interest, for the purpose of establishing new international safety standards for RF radiation.
To appoint immediately – without industry influence – international groups of scientists with expertise in electromagnetic fields ("EMFs"), health, biology and atmospheric physics, for the purpose of developing a comprehensive regulatory framework that will ensure that the uses of outer space are safe for humans and the environment.
Appeal Summary
Telecommunications companies worldwide, with the support of governments, are poised to roll out the fifth-generation wireless network (5G). Virtually everything we own and buy, from refrigerators and washing machines to milk cartons, hairbrushes and infants' diapers, will contain antennas and microchips and will be connected wirelessly to the Internet.
In addition to millions of new 5G base stations on Earth and 20,000 new satellites in space, 200 billion transmitting objects, according to estimates, will be part of the Internet of Things ("IoT") by 2020, and one trillion objects a few years later.
What is not widely acknowledged is that this will also result in an unprecedented environmental change on a global scale. 5G will result in a massive increase in inescapable, involuntary exposure to wireless radiation. Despite widespread denial, the evidence that radio frequency (RF) radiation is harmful to life is already overwhelming. These 5G plans threaten to provoke serious, irreversible effects on humans and permanent damage to all of the Earth's ecosystems.
The accumulated clinical evidence of sick and injured human beings, experimental evidence of damage to DNA, cells and organ systems in a wide variety of plants and animals, and epidemiological evidence that the major diseases of modern civilization – cancer, heart disease and diabetes – are in large part caused by electromagnetic pollution, forms a literature base of well over 10,000 peer-reviewed studies. Immediate measures must be taken to protect humanity and the environment. Read Full Article >
Electromagnetic Frequencies (EMFs)
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In the past decade many Hazaras are being singled out and murdered cold-bloodedly  in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan. They are subjected to an ethnic onslaught by extremist Islamist and religious networks roaming over-freely across the city.
The Hazara  minority are Hazaragi/Dari speaking people. They are ethnically Hazara and religiously Shiite Muslims. However, there are considerable number of Ismaili  and Ahmadi  Muslims among them. Mainly they live in the central highlands of Afghanistan called Hazarajat  or Hazaristan. They make the third largest ethnic minority in the country.
The Hazaras mostly live (approx 700,000) in Quetta , Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan, along with the Balochs & Pashthons. In recent times at least 700 members of Hazara community have been gunned down mercilessly and thousands left permanently disabled.
Hazaras have been suffering from sectarian violence by the extremist terrorist outfits Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)  and Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP ) during the past decade. These terrorist organisations are Anti-Shi'a and, aim to transform Pakistan into a complete Sunni state, essentially through violent means. SSP and LeJ have claimed for having part in almost all of the incidents occurred on the Hazara minority in Quetta.
These terrorist organisations don't even attack anonymously, they also publish videos of the scene of tragedy while slaughtering the Hazara community and send open letters to frighten the community members even more. The banned terrorist outfit LeJ published an open letter addressing the Hazara community , in the letter they stated that: 'Hazaras are worthy of killing and we will rid Pakistan of these unclean people.' These fears have made many Hazaras flee the country in recent years.
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi also published horrible videos of the massacre of Hazara pilgrims in Mastung District - where passengers were forced off a bus, and sit on the ground. Seconds later the terrorists opened fire with Kalashnikovs, with the resulting carnage being graphically recorded.
The Pakistani government have failed to provide the citizens security. While talking to the media outside Parliament house, Balochistan's chief minister (CM) Aslam Raisani  said: "I will send the victims family, a truck load of tissues to wipe their tears!" In April 2012, the security forces in Quetta managed to arrest some terrorists.
Hazara minority scheduled a worldwide protest demonstration  in October 2011 as the killings increased. They demonstrated in different European, American and Australian cities, to ask the Pakistani government take serious actions for ending the series of Hazara target killings.
The Hazara Democratic Party (HDP)  scheduled worldwide protests to condemn the Hazara killings, for the second time. According to the schedules thousands of Hazaras demonstrated in London , Hamburg , Canberra , Newyork , Toronto  and many other cities around the globe.
The protests were held in front of Pakistani Embassies  to ask the Pakistani Government to take actions for preventing Hazara killings. They also aimed to draw the attention of the world and media to the on-going Hazara killings. The Resolution  for the worldwide protest produced by Hazara People can be read here.
@Sajjad_Changezi (Sajjad H. Changezi)  : A commoner #Hazara can't travel, run a shop, a #Baloch activist can't campaign while #banned outfits enjoy liberty.


We live in an Electronic age. Real pages or virtual pages, Reading a good book can still relax you and help you escape from your cares. Make sure to turn off any electronic distractions before you start to read.
If you saw my relaxation page, you probably noticed that I mentioned reading as a way to relax. There are many different kinds of books that I enjoy. I am going to share a little of what I read and would love for you to share your favorite books at the bottom of this page. I may find some new authors to explore.
"Books could add years to your life. In a study of 3,635 people older than 50, book readers were 20% less likely than their peers to die during the 12 year study."
The MIss Fortune series of books is about a female CIA assassin who has to be hidden from a gangster in the small town of Sinful, Louisiana. She meets two older female citizens of Sinful and together they get into hilarious escapades. In places it's "laugh out loud "funny. It is hard to be stressed when you are laughing.
Jana DeLeon has another series called, The Ghost-in-law series in which a young woman is haunted by her mother-in-law. The first book is called Trouble in Mudbug.
What do you read that is funny?
Cook books have a nice bench for reading between the shelves.
Teach your children to love books.
There are so many books to read.
Kelly's favorite book from her childhood.
C. S. Harris, Sebastian St. Cyr series beginning with What Angels fear. It is good historical fiction. The first story takes place in 1811 in England. Crimes in these books can be a bit gory, but good reading.
Rhys Bowen writes about Molly Murphy who came to New York from Ireland in 1901.
There are a lot of fun mystery books that have some good recipes in them.
I secretly like action books. I have read Jack Reacher books and find them very entertaining.
Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins - I read this series and thoroughly enjoyed it. Tammy enjoyed these also.
My very grown daughter has always loved The Wednesday Witch by Ruth Chew (Since she was very young, she has loved this book.) I am not sure if they still print it but you can usually find a copy on Amazon.
Rose Gardener series by Denise Grover Swank - first book is Twenty-eight and a half wishes.
Click above for the avocado cookie recipe from the Cinnamon Roll Mystery.
My husband's brother just read a book named A Man Called Ove. He said it was funny and I saw him reading it and laughing a lot. I like funny books, so I started reading it. It wasn't so funny to me, but it was a wonderful character story and often brought tears to my eyes.
We can all interpret books differently. In his defense, the back of the book mentioned that it was humorous. So it was just that I felt sorry for Ove I think. I think I might know some people who are just like him, even though it was originally written in Swedish. If you read Ove, you will want to read my grandmother asked me to tell you she's Sorry by the same author (Fredrik Bakman).
Fablehaven series - This is one of my favorites too - My grandchildren couldn't wait for bedtime so we could finish Fablehaven. It is wonderful to read aloud.
Bookstores - Nothing is more fun than browsing bookstores.
Garage sales - I once got ten Southern Living Annual cookbooks for $1.00 each. I have difficulty passing a garage sale.
Goodwill Stores - These places are gold mines for books. I can't believe what people throw away. Sometimes the books need to be aired out as they have been stored.
Any thrift store - Salvation army stores come to mind, but there are others.
If you know another good source of books, let me know. I love reading.
After reading, get some exercise with pokemon grandma!
Tell us what books you love. There is space below for your comments and your pictures.
Click below to tell us about your reading experiences. What are some good books we might not have heard about?
Tell us about what you read.
Every night put on my pajamas, curl up with the scriptures and relax. Reading at bedtime can help us to sleep.


Vodafone India has tapped Amdocs to automate its billing operations, enhancing the experience of customers.
Vodafone India may miss the 30th June deadline for its merger with Idea Cellular after it emerged that the company owes the Indian Department of Telecommunications (DoT) INR47 billion ($690 million) in unpaid spectrum fees.
RCom subsidiary Global Cloud Xchange (GCX) has completed its IDC-5 data centre and its India Landing in preparation for the new Eagle Subsea Network, which is on target to land in India in 2020.
Pakistan's Chief Justice Mian Saqib Nisar has suspended a number of taxes and service charges related to prepaid mobile top-up cards.
Zet Mobile has completed its acquisition of Veon's 98% holding in Tajikistani mobile operator Tacom.
Vodafone India has deployed Nokia's cloud packet core to provide faster mobile broadband and enhance the scale and agility of its network for launching new services.
Data Science Congress 2018, an initiative by Aegis School of Data Science and mUni Campus concluded with a bigger bang this year with 2000+ delegates and 100 speakers across industries.
Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT) is extending its Openet Policy and Charging solution to support Voice over LTE (VoLTE) as a further advancement of its 4G network.
Indian operator RCom (Reliance Communications) has agreed to pay INR5.5 billion ($81.3 million) to Ericsson to settle its debt to the Swedish firm.
American Tower has received clearance from India's Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to acquire almost 9,000 towers from Idea Cellular for a total of INR40 billion ($584 million).
Libelium has added LoRaWAN wireless connectivity to Waspmote Plug & Sense! and Smart Parking sensor devices in India.
India's smallest mobile operator MTNL is lining up an INR1.9 billion ($27.9 million) investment to upgrade its network.
New data from Syniverse shows that inter-regional 4G LTE roaming traffic from India has grown by a staggering 3,300% year-over-year.
After being hit with bankruptcy proceedings following a request by Ericsson, RCom (Reliance Communications) is now attempting to settle its $150 million debt to the Swedish vendor outside of court.
Vodafone India saw a significant drop in service revenue over the past fiscal year.
Bharti Airtel has finally completed its acquisition of Telenor India after receiving the relevant regulatory approvals.
Bharti Airtel's bid to acquire Telenor India looks set to go ahead following a ruling by India's Supreme Court.
Idea Cellular has effectively been cleared to increase its foreign direct investment (FDI) by both the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the country's Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) - a crucial step towards final clearance for its merger with Vodafone India.
Indian operator Reliance Jio has turned a profit for the second consecutive quarter, with its total earnings for the last financial year reaching INR7.23 billion ($108 million).
Etisalat and CK Hutchison are merging their operations in Sri Lanka to improve their services in the market.
Bharti Airtel is set to combine its towers unit Bharti Infratel with the operations of Indus Towers.
Telenor India could be forced into bankruptcy, as it has amassed heavy losses while waiting for the long-delayed approvals that would enable it to be acquired by Bharti Airtel.
Research firm Canalys reports that Xiaomi has seen its annual shipments grow by 155% in India, taking the lead in a smartphone market that is growing yet rapidly consolidating.
Cisco and KaR-Tel, a leading mobile and network service provider in Kazakhstan, have announced the availability of the Cisco Jasper Control Centre automated IoT connectivity platform for all companies looking to deliver IoT services to their customers on KaR-Tel's mobile network.
The imminent merger between Vodafone India and Idea Cellular could result in as many as 5,000 staff – nearly a quarter of the operators' combined workers – being made redundant.
Nokia CEO Rajeev Suri has said in an interview that he expects India to be one of the first countries to see 5G rollouts as the "explosion of data is massive" in the market.
India's Supreme Court has cleared the partial sale of debt-laden Reliance Communications (RCom)'s wireless assets to Reliance Jio.
The government of India is imposing import duties on a broader variety of smartphone components, underlining its wider efforts to encourage the local manufacture of devices.
Payment technology and transaction processing firm Financial Software Systems (FSS) has formed a strategic partnership with systems integrator Just In Time Group (JIT) to expand its market footprint in Sri Lanka.
Reliance Communications (RCom) could be set to exit the Indian market after 15 years, with reports indicating that it will sell off its remaining assets.
At MWC 2018, Indian Minister of Communications Manoj Sinha MP inaugurated the country's BharatNet project - part of the Digital India initiative - which aims to connect remote communities across India via Wi-Fi.
Smartphone shipments in Bangladesh grew by 20.6% year-on-year during 2017 to reach a total of 8.1 million devices.
Afghanistan's Neda has commissioned satellite terminal provider Isotropic Systems to develop self-installing, all electronic scanning terminals to extend its single channel per carrier (SCPC) broadband capabilities across the country for enterprise, government and consumer users.
India's National Company Law Tribunal has ordered Reliance Communications (RCom) and Ericsson to settle an INR11.5 billion ($177 million) insolvency case within the next week.
India's overall online smartphone shipments grew 23% annually, faster than the overall smartphone market in Calendar Year 2017.
Bharti Airtel (Airtel), India's largest telecommunications services provider, and Cisco are taking their SON collaboration to next level.
Accuris Networks and Eminent Display SB have jointly launched a Passpoint/NGH Wi-Fi Roaming Hub for Wi-Fi, Broadband and Mobile Network Operators in Southeast Asia.
Sri Lanka's Cargills Bank has partnered with TransferTo, a cross-border mobile payments network for emerging markets, to enhance and strengthen its remittance services offered by the bank.
Reliance Industries is leading an initiative to invest INR600 billion ($9.3 billion) to provide digital services in India's Maharashtra state.
The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has announced that WhatsApp is currently conducting beta tests for money transfer service that it aims to launch as a "full feature product".
Shareholders in Reliance Communications (RCom) have given their support to the proposed sale of its wireless assets to Reliance Jio Infocomm.
Paytm bridges digital & financial inclusion to strengthen India's Fintech economy and make transactions seamless.
India's Reliance Jio is reportedly gunning for the launch of FTTH (fibre to the home) broadband before the end of March.
The government of India has announced plans to invite bids for 3,000MHz of spectrum across nine frequency bands, in what would be the country's largest ever auction.
Network security and caching specialist MARA Systems has selected Mumbai-IX to provide its services to customers in India.
Xiaomi has taken Samsung's place at the top of the Indian smartphone market after seeing its Q4 2017 shipments top 8.2 million devices.
Idea Cellular has registered its largest ever quarterly loss, adding to its troubles as it prepares to merge with Vodafone India.
Idea Cellular, India's third largest mobile operator and sixth-ranked in the world, is to upgrade its optical network with ECI.


The Guyana Police Force (GPF) on Wednesday conducted the first of two drug destruction exercise slated for this week.
The Operation was conducted at the Incinerator at Princess Street, Georgetown.
He further disclosed that the items destroyed under the watchful eyes of heavily armed ranks were gathered over the period of two years and are no longer engaging the attention of the courts.
"The cases date back about two years; cases from last year and this year and it would've been cases coming from the Narcotics branch as well as cases made in the police division. These are all cases where the matter has been disposed of, either by sentencing or dismissed or so" De Hearte said.
Also, present at today's operation was the Guyana Fire Service should there be any mishap in the burning of the items.


A set of bingo cards based around rhyming words featured in Phase 1 of the Letters and Sounds programme. Each child is given a sheet showing three rhyming images, which they must tick off as the teacher calls them out. This resource contains 6 bingo sheets, so more than one sheet can be given out at once if the children are at a high level.


If ever there is an award for Most Underappreciated Kitchen Staple, I fully intend to nominate vinegar. And my love of vinegar has only increased over the years, using it in everything from marinades for grilled veggies, salad dressings and cleaning products. As it turns out, I was actually underutilizing this culinary powerhouse myself, simply because I didn't know just how amazing it can be.
Enter herb infused vinegars, which are so simple to make that there really isn't a reason not to. For years i've been using vegan* red wine vinegar, olive oil, with rosemary and garlic as my go-to grilling marinade for eggplant, zucchini and summer squash. This combination has served me well for years, but then I infused my vinegar with the rosemary and garlic for the first time, and I will never go back to not using herb infused vinegars again. The depth of flavor and earthiness you get from the herbs is so much more pronounced once they've infused with the vinegar. It's really a night and day comparison. The flavors are so much richer, fuller and brighter.
The process of making herb infused vinegar is incredibly simple, and the guide below handles pretty much everything you need to know. Below the guide I'll list some of my favorite combinations, but I highly encourage everyone to try out their favorite herbs.
*Just a note: as many of you likely know, not all vinegar is vegan. Some vinegars, like Balsamic vinegar and malt vinegars, are refined and filtered using whey or isinglass, both of which are made from animals or animal products. It's always worth digging into the specific brand you like using to make sure it is a vegan vinegar.
Preston Hemmerich is a freelance writer. He enjoys writing about food, politics, travel and sad attempts at humor.


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in History, Inspiration, Landmarks, Lovin' My Music, My Rules, Nature, New Journeys, Places, Travel, Travelogue
New Journey … on New Roads
I most often take you down New Journeys on Old Roads, but in April, you can ride with me along some New Roads I've never traveled. We can stop and dip our toe in the Atlantic along Florida's beaches, breathe in the salty magic of the ocean, ponder the history of the struggles of a people, and feed our soul on the blues music of the Deep South. We'll drive Atlantic Ocean's 1-A1 Route viewing Florida's coastal lighthouses. We'll visit the sprawling Naval Station Norfolk, largest naval station in the world. At the halfway point of the tour, we'll enter the southern portion of the 2,000 miles of the Appalachian & Allegheny Mountains. Before I bring you back home, we'll visit FAME Recording Studio in Muscle Shoals AL and see some musical collections in Memphis. But don't worry…after I drive you out of the Deep South, we'll celebrate more music in the dazzling and magical Ozark Mountains before we turn south to the Red River and back to TX.
Magical Musical Historical Tour
Beginning on the Historic Bankhead Highway Route, we'll leave North TX along I-20 into the East Texas Forests, through Caddo Parish, LA along Highway 80 to the Bossier Strip casinos.
We'll cross the Mississippi River in Vicksburg MS where the river boats roll, and we'll imagine the captain might be Mark Twain.
Just south of Vicksburg is Natchez, MS. The historic Natchez Trace Parkway is a forest trail extending roughly 440 miles from Nashville, Tennessee, to Natchez, Mississippi, linking the Cumberland (in TN) and Mississippi Rivers.
At the point where we pull onto the Trace, you'll need to be ready to pause & reflect upon one of the harshest exercises of US laws—the Indian Removal Act of 1830. By 1838, over 100,000 Native Americans Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole were forcibly relocated from the rich fertile soil of their ancestral homes in the South to a newly cleared desolate dirt land called "Indian Territory" (present day OK). This "herding" has been called the "Trail of Tears"; more than 15,000 died on the trail.
At the Forks of the Road intersection in Natchez, in the decades before the Civil War, this marketplace was where enslaved Africans were brought from southern plantations to be bought & sold. For this reason, The Trace is sometimes referred to as the "Slavery Trail of Tears." After arriving in the southern part of the Trace, slaves were marched to the Mississippi River to be placed on barges for delivery to owners. The 13th Amendment ended slavery in the US 1865.
I can't be only a history seeker—I must feed my other passion—MUSIC
The most prominent highway in blues lore was U.S. Highway 61. With the advancement of the automobile & national highway system in the 20s & 30s, the blues, jazz & spirituals by African Americans singing about the riverboats, trains & railroads expanded its audience. The sound, too long trapped in the Deep South, moved along this same trail as other historical migrations. From the Birthplace of the Blues in New Orleans, moving northward through Memphis, St. Louis and eventually to St. Paul changing music for centuries to come.
About 3 hours later, we'll pull into Selma Alabama, the location of another type of cultural crisis occurring in the 20th century playing out in an ugly horrific scene on March 7, 1965. Known as "Bloody Sunday," African-Americans seeking voting rights crossed Edmund Pettus Bridge to walk to the capitol in Montgomery. They were met by law enforcement on foot and horseback blocking the way off the bridge; many were beaten including now-congressman John Lewis. By March 21st, accompanied by the Alabama National Guard under federal command, the march was peacefully completed once again led by John Lewis and joined by Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King and Andrew Young. In August 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Voting Act.
The next stop on this Magical Musical Historical Tour is St. Augustine FL. I've never traveled to FL so I picked this scenic city with a rich history.
Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States. Its prominence and location made it ripe for trade & settlement but also a target for invaders and pirates. The territory suffered through multiple turmoil during its history including marauding European Empires' explorers, the Civil War Confederacy, the Civil Rights Violence, and persistent developers trying to quickly buy it up as the "winter haven" for the northern rich.
St. Augustine Lighthouse
The scenic drive along the Southeastern Coast's A-1A features numerous lighthouses–a landmark I try to visit in all my travels.
When we leave St. Augustine by way of US Highway 17, I'll do my best to not get lost as we cross rivers, inlets and bays tracking along the shore for most of its 1,000 miles parallel to I-95 from Punta Gorda, Florida to Winchester, Virginia. We'll cover some 665 miles through places which are little more than a small country road, while in others it's a main thoroughfare. I've identified some 15 bridges along the way…and may I say crossing bridges is a "challenge" for me!
We'll visit the sprawling Naval Station, the largest Navy station in the world, supporting 75 ships & 134 aircraft alongside – 14 piers and 11 aircraft hangars housing the largest concentration of US Navy forces. The air operations conduct nearly 300 flights a day on average totaling over 100,000 arrivals/departures each year.
110715-N-QY430-162 NORFOLK (July 15, 2011) The aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN 65) arrives at Naval Station Norfolk, Va., after a six-month deployment to the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Rafael Martie/Released) [used from Navy Times public photos]
90 miles southeast of Richmond VA, Norfolk is about 18 miles from the Atlantic Ocean near the popular beach town of Virginia Beach bordered by Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Road Harbor.
Family Time – where life begins and love never ends
(unknown author but I've decided to make it mine!)
I'm spending some time with my new great granddaughter. She's a big part of this journey–pretty good reason.
After a while, we'll say our goodbyes and I'll begin a NW route where we'll encounter the Appalachian Mountains, the Shenandoah River and into the Monongahela National Forest. The Forest comprises 1/3 of the Allegheny Mountains, and, as such, part of the Appalachian Range forming the Eastern Continental Divide.
In Elkins I'll visit with my son & daughter-in-law who live on a piece of beautiful property backed up to the Monongahela National Forest with their horses & cats. Some TX sized stories will be shared and then I'll load up for the SW run to TN.
The city of Knoxville is one of the gateways to the Great Smokey Mountain National Park, its location at the confluence of three major rivers in the Tennessee Valley brought flat boat and steamboat traffic creating one of the South Eastern's merchandising areas. Between the ridge-valley of the Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, Chattanooga is called the "Scenic City."
…a musical note here…city made famous in the 1941 song "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller. (if you don't know or just want to hear again, here's the song).
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+of+chattanooga+cho+cho+tex+beneke&&view=detail&mid=F64F71C592EC889C0AC7F64F71C592EC889C0AC7&&FORM=VRDGA
What is THE MUSCLE SHOALS SOUND?
It won't surprise you that my Magical Musical Historical Tour calls for a detour here in Northern AL. It has been said of this lonely-looking building there is a quiet magic in the air. There are tours of this iconic studio so I'm going to experience the magic!
Artists from the Deep South and some from outside the South gathered with the local musicians to create their own sound at FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprise).
Detroit rocker Bob Seger's signature song — "Old Time Rock 'n' Roll" — began as a demo tape at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio. An engineer's mistake gave the song its distinctive da-da-da intro. Seger liked the sound and kept it in the final song.
Over the years, some of the artists who recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio included The Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Joe Cocker, Levon Helm, Paul Simon, Bob Seger, Rod Stewart, Cat Stevens, Elton John, Boz Scaggs, Willie Nelson, Bob Dylan, Dr. Hook, Julian Lennon, Oak Ridge Boys, Cher, Alman Brothers, and Glenn Frey
I could talk music all day, but I'll leave you with a couple sites you can visit for more details.
http://muscleshoalssmalltownbigsound.com/
https://www.npr.org/2003/09/20/1437161/the-legendary-muscle-shoals-sound
Bet I'll be singing some of those great songs recorded at FAME as I turn NW out of AL headed to a sundown in one of the most beautiful river towns in the Deep South, defined as a region stretching from Memphis TN in the north to Vicksburg MS in the south and from Helena AR in the west to the Yazoo River in the east. I'll be entering the city on part of the Blues Highway 51 that carries the name of the undisputed King of Rock 'n Roll Elvis Presley Blvd. Highway 51, a north/south terminus, runs parallel with Highway 61 visited in the beginning of this tour
There is no other thing that captures my mind and soul like music. That's why I keep coming back to revisit the "never-since-replicated" music of the 50s & 60s. Not only is it part of my "coming of age" timeline, but these songs form the base of my musical interests. You'll remember we began this Magical Musical Historical Tour on the Mississippi & Blues Highway 61. We now come back to visit more of the sounds of the Delta.
These lyrics will set the tone for the places I'll walk:
https://www.bing.com/search?q=walking+in+memphis+video&PC=U316&FORM=CHROMN
Scholars disagree as to whether there is a substantial musicological difference between blues that originated in the Mississippi Delta and blues from other parts of the country. They note the defining characteristics of Delta blues are instrumentation and an emphasis on rhythm; the songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, traveling, lifestyle, life's tribulations, sin, salvation and death.
The list of musicians who got their start in Memphis reads like a Who's Who of music royalty. Led by "the King" you can add Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T & the MGs, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Al Green, Percy Sledge, Sam & Dave and B.B. King.
There are so many landmarks to visit, I'll just mention a few:
Beale Street (national historical landmark);
Sam Phillips' Sun Studio;
Stax Records (soul sound grittier than Motown);
Graceland;
Heartbreak Hotel;
I'm taking a tour of the Rock & Soul Museum; here is their site for details. You may want to make the museum part of your next trip.
https://www.memphisrocknsoul.org/exhibits
While lost in my thoughts and the tunes of blues, I must not forget Memphis is home to Tennessee's largest African-American population and played a prominent role in the American Civil Rights Movement. The city on the Mississippi was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr's assassination at the Loraine Motel. The city hosts the National Civil Rights Museum, a Smithsonian affiliate institution. There is also an outside museum at the Loraine Motel.
I'll make my final crossing over the Mississippi as I leave out of Memphis, taking a NW road through the Mark Twain National Forest on Highway 60. That day's journey will bring me to Branson MO.
It's been called a "Nashville in the Ozarks" first developed in the 1960s, the theaters of Branson abound with various musical shows, revues & good food on the lake. Theaters bear the names of heavy weights in the industry: Andy Williams Moon River, Glen Campbell Goodtime, Roy Clark, Oak Ridge Boys, Wayne Newton, Ray Stevens, Mel Tillis, Osmond Brothers, Lawrence Welk Orchestra, and Bobby Vinton Blue Velvet.
No matter how I love the music, nothing can surpass the allure of the mist on the Ozark Mountains. I forever hear your song!
This Texan always feels the flat lands of OK/TX calling me home. A turn southwest out of the Ozarks leads you across that territory I first mentioned called "Indian Territory" My grandfather was born there before it became the state of OK.
But we're not through with rivers yet. We will cross the Arkansas, a major tributary of the Mississippi River flowing east/southeast across Arkansas and Oklahoma. At 1,469 miles (2,364 km), it is the sixth-longest river in the US & the second-longest tributary in the Mississippi-Missouri system…and the 45th longest river in the world.
I know the last river I'll cross is the one mentioned in the songs of "Western Swing" and "Cowboy Songs" my daddy sang.
Waylon Jennings sings about that place in his lyrics:
But when you cross that ol' Red River hoss, That just don't mean a thing
Once you're down in Texas, Bob Wills is still the King
Crossing the Red River joining OK/TX makes my heart beat a little faster, my feet feel more solid, and draws my gaze to the sparse vegetation. We'll quickly begin to see a line of 200-300 ft wind turbines utilizing all the wind-swept vastness of these plains.
As a seeker of history, I must remain open to other's stories and other's experiences. That is the only way we humans can mend our differences and understand what happens around us.
The musical portion is not a side "note" for me but an integral part of my being. I listen to music not only for the beat or rhythm but for the depth of someone's soul displayed in the sounds of words or relationship of the notes & chords that come forth.
Note: please read my comment policy under "My Rules"
in Landmarks, New Journeys, Texas Travels, Travel
Back When
Drive me back to yesterday and
let's remember when
dreams were big and we were young
the way it was back then.
We'll dance to the songs on the radio
and laugh with all our friends
remembering a simple time
in History, Landmarks, New Journeys, Places, Texas Travels, Travel
I had the chance to drive through my birthplace a few days ago. Does anyone know what you are supposed to feel when you re-visit the past? I didn't have a plan or a place to put that experience. But when you arrive, you might as well see it all.
It's just Small Town, Texas. It has the obligatory "old" post office, the usual run-down Main street, and more than one place that is older than me! The highways leading to it are dotted with either farms, crops growing or dying from drought, "fracking" for natural gas sites or oil wells pumping. The land is so flat you truly can see for miles!
I felt a little warm hug when I turned off the Interstate and saw that "welcome to" sign. It's not like I was raised there–only first grade then we moved. But I am sure I saw some shadows around the old theatre and the original hotel of folks who had lived there longer than I've been alive. Those kind of towns don't change much. They don't usually have a Starbucks or a dozen choices of drive thru restaurants. They still conduct business at the courthouse on the town square. There are still a few stores operating on the perimeter of the square. And they usually have a "town opry" or a "fairgrounds"or at least a "city park" or "town square."
Not sure what I expected to do on that short drive through town. But it did make me feel grateful that some things, like Small Town, Texas, still exist. They make good places to drive into and out of taking just a little piece of memory. Most of the tour around town was more in my mind than through my camera lens. I probably can't explain what I felt to anyone, but then, they are my own memories. So glad I took that turn off the fast lane.
Back to the Interstate, set the cruise control, and head on toward more flat land in west Texas.
Is there a town like this in your past? Hope you have a chance to re-visit and reminisce.
in Landmarks, New Journeys, Quotes, Travel
Reflection or Refraction
People are like stained glass windows: They sparkle & shine when the sun's out, but when the darkness sets in their true beauty is revealed only if there's light within.
Elizabeth Kübler Ross
photo by Van'14 Ryman Auditorium, Nashville TN
in Landmarks, New Journeys, People, Places, Texas Travels, Things I Believe, Travel
2 Sisters' Road Trip Comes Home
ALL ROADS LEAD TO SOMEWHERE…and that's where I've been for the past month. After 28 days on the road; after crossing 11 states and 15 major rivers…a familiar road led me back home!
After nearly 3,600 miles, I can truly say each turn and each straightaway brought unexpected views and amazing vistas. Some were paths; some were dirt roads; some historic drives; some interstate highways; and some should not have even been where they were!
I believe even more now than before that there's only one reason I venture down the pathways of life…and that is to find New Journeys on Old Roads.
Welcome back! I'll begin posting stories, photos, trip routes and ramblings over the next few weeks. Follow along…let's travel across this great country of ours. See part of America through my eyes!
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Please find attached to our very exciting next Best Dressed clothing sale. The clothing we have for sale is again of great quality, great labels and great prices.
Friday night you will have the opportunity to be the first to shop for the best bargains. Champagne and light refreshment available.
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text:
GameCut.com - Video Game News
Dangerous Driving, Thrilling Arcade Racing Game Coming April 2019
Videos / By GameCut
Three Fields Entertainment, the independent British developer led by industry veterans Fiona Sperry and Alex Ward, revealed additional game details for Dangerous Driving, which is scheduled for release April 9, 2019.
From the creative talent behind the genre-defining Burnout series, Dangerous Driving puts aggression back into the racing genre, recapturing the spirit of the past and elevating it to new heights. Taking full advantage of the power of current generation hardware, the game offers unparalleled physics and mass destruction as players compete against ruthless opponents across a host of unique locations. Moving at breakneck speeds, players will not only battle rival drivers, but also dangerous roads in 30 perilous courses, set across seven different locations.
Each of the game's numerous modes offer intense ways to play, whether players want to wreck their opponents in the adrenaline-fuelled Takedown races, chain their way to perfection in Heatwave races, be the last car standing in Eliminator, or rule every road in Road Rage. Players can also take the law into their own hands by apprehending wanted suspects in Pursuit Mode.
Players can race offline against remorseless AI drivers in over 8 different event types, or online against seven other aggressive players, all the while unlocking new deadly cars and aggressive abilities as they progress.
Dangerous Driving will be available for the Windows PC, PlayStation®4 computer entertainment system and XBOX ONE®, the all-in-one games and entertainment system on April 9, 2019.
Enhanced for Xbox One X and PlayStation®4 Pro. Dangerous Driving has been rated PEGI 7 and ESRB 10+.
Related Video Games:
World War Z, zombie-game to be released April 16, 2019 Saber Interactive announced that the fast-paced and exciting player-versus-zombie-game World War Z, inspired by Paramount Pictures' blockbuster action film, will be released in stores April 16, 2019 on PlayStation®4, Xbox One and Windows PC. While World War Z's core four-player...
GRIP: Combat Racing Release Date Trailer Wired Productions Ltd., and developer Caged Element Inc. announced that GRIP: Combat Racing – a ferociously fast, futuristic arcade combat racer – will speed onto the PlayStation®4 computer entertainment system, PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One, the all-in-one entertainment system from...
What Are You Stupid, quiz game coming to Steam on April 16, 2018 Beat-Fu Studio announces its first game to be launched April 16, 2018. "What Are You Stupid" will be available for Windows and Mac OS on Steam. "What Are You Stupid" is a fast-paced one vs. one quiz game that pits...
BAFL, a tribute to Old School Arcade Racing Games (Video) BAFL, a tribute to Old School Arcade Racing Games Video BAFL is a tribute to Old School Arcade Racing Games such as Super Sprint or Indy Heat with a Top-Down view and no-scrolling. It offers challenging solo and multiplayer up...
Pilot Sports, Colorful arcade flight game coming later this year Pilot Sports, the colorful cartoony arcade flight game from Wild River and Z-Software, launches on Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 later this year. Pilot Sports harkens back to the co-op classics of yore where fun with friends on the same...
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Bow to Blood: Last Captain Standing, rousing airship combat in April 2019 Tribetoy announced its procedurally generated airship adventure, Bow to Blood: Last Captain Standing, is flying onto Xbox One, Switch, Windows PC, and PS4 in April 2019. Bow to Blood: Last Captain Standing is a single-player action-strategy roguelike in which you'll oversee a...
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Runbow, coming to PS4 and Nintendo Switch on April 24, 2018 Independent video game developer 13AM Games and your friendly neighborhood publisher Headup Games announce the colorful racing chaos of award-winning party game Runbow is coming to PlayStation®4 and Nintendo Switch worldwide on April 24, 2018 digitally . The game will also be hitting retail a bit later on...
Copyright © 2020 GameCut.com - Video Game News


I'm not sure what I was doing when my grandma called me upstairs as a little girl. I climbed up the stairs and there were my parents and my grandma, smiling the biggest smiles. There was a brand new Intellivision all set up for playing. I couldn't believe it. I started playing and it was over. I was a gamer.
My dad and I would challenge each other on our favorite game, Burgertime. He'd get off work and the first thing I would tell him was how I had beaten the current high score. It was so much fun playing it together! The objective is to hurry up and walk over items on a hamburger to make them drop down to form complete burgers below. We would say, "Watch out!" to psych each other out. Salt was your weapon to kill the little guys trying to kill you. It was fun.
I've always had a system. I think it goes Nintendo, Super Nintendo, Gameboy, Dreamcast, Playstation 2 and Gamecube. I don't think I ever owned a Sega. Currently I have a PS2, an XBOX 360 (won it at work last year and I almost fainted) and a DS Lite. I've gotten back into the game playing Gears of War on the XBOX and I have Raul training his brain along with me on Brain Age 2 for the DS.


Yesterday (11 February), OFAC issued 2 Venezuela-related general licences which amend and replace their previous versions: General Licences 3C and 9B. OFAC also revised Venezuela-related FAQs 650, 661, and 662. See OFAC Notice.


text:
@interface QTree()

@property(nonatomic, strong) QNode* rootNode;

@end

@implementation QTree

-(id)init
{
	self = [super init];
	if( !self ) {
    return nil;
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	[self cleanup];
	return self;
}

- (void) cleanup
{
    self.rootNode = [[QNode alloc] initWithRegion:MKCoordinateRegionForMapRect(MKMapRectWorld)];
}

-(void)insertObject:(id<QTreeInsertable>)insertableObject
{
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}

-(void)removeObject:(id<QTreeInsertable>)insertableObject
{
  [self.rootNode removeObject:insertableObject];
}

-(NSUInteger)count
{
  return self.rootNode.count;
}

-(NSArray*)getObjectsInRegion:(MKCoordinateRegion)region minNonClusteredSpan:(CLLocationDegrees)span fillClusters:(BOOL)fillClusters
{
  return [self.rootNode getObjectsInRegion:region minNonClusteredSpan:span fillClusters:fillClusters];
}

-(NSArray*)getObjectsInRegion:(MKCoordinateRegion)region minNonClusteredSpan:(CLLocationDegrees)span
{
	return [self.rootNode getObjectsInRegion:region minNonClusteredSpan:span fillClusters:NO];
}

-(NSArray*)neighboursForLocation:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)location limitCount:(NSUInteger)limit
{
  NSArray* nodesPath = [self nodesPathForLocation:location];
  for( QNode* node in nodesPath.reverseObjectEnumerator ) {
    if( node.count < limit && node != [nodesPath firstObject] ) {
      continue;
    }
    MKCoordinateRegion region;
    NSPredicate* predicate = nil;
    if( node == self.rootNode ) {
      region = node.region;
    } else {
      const CLLocationDegrees latitudeDelta = 2 * (node.region.span.latitudeDelta / 2 - fabs(node.region.center.latitude - location.latitude));
      const CLLocationDegrees longitudeDelta = 2 * (node.region.span.longitudeDelta / 2 - fabs(node.region.center.longitude - location.longitude));
      const CLLocationDegrees delta = MIN(latitudeDelta, longitudeDelta);
      region = MKCoordinateRegionMake(location, MKCoordinateSpanMake(delta, delta));
      predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithBlock:^BOOL(id<QTreeInsertable> evaluatedObject, NSDictionary *bindings) {
        const CLLocationDegrees distance = sqrt(pow(evaluatedObject.coordinate.latitude - location.latitude, 2) + pow(evaluatedObject.coordinate.longitude - location.longitude, 2));
        return distance <= delta;
      }];
    }
    NSMutableArray* objects = [[self getObjectsInRegion:region minNonClusteredSpan:0] mutableCopy];
    if( predicate != nil ) {
      [objects filterUsingPredicate:predicate];
    }
    if( objects.count < limit && node != [nodesPath firstObject] ) {
      continue;
    }
    [objects sortUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id<QTreeInsertable> obj1, id<QTreeInsertable> obj2)
    {
      CLLocationDistance m1 = CLMetersBetweenCoordinates(obj1.coordinate, location);
      CLLocationDistance m2 = CLMetersBetweenCoordinates(obj2.coordinate, location);
      if( m1 < m2 ) {
        return NSOrderedAscending;
      } else if( m1 > m2 ) {
        return NSOrderedDescending;
      } else {
        return NSOrderedSame;
      }
    }];
    return [objects subarrayWithRange:NSMakeRange(0, MIN(limit, objects.count))];
  }
  return @[];
}

-(NSArray*)nodesPathForLocation:(CLLocationCoordinate2D)location
{
  if( !MKCoordinateRegionContainsCoordinate(self.rootNode.region, location) ) {
    return @[];
  }
  QNode* cur = self.rootNode;
  NSMutableArray* result = [NSMutableArray array];
  while( cur ) {
    [result addObject:cur];
    cur = [cur childNodeForLocation:location];
  }
  return result;
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Features:- 100 Zones selection, 1 gooseneck microphone available (accessory), Built-in 2 types of Chime, MIC and chime volume control, Priority muting function, Level indication and line busy indication function, Up to 1 km remote control distance.
Description:- PC1010R is a remote paging microph bne with uilt-in chime and mute function. Up to 100 zones can be established for paging. Remote paging distance up to 1km. Easy to use. And the clear sound system of little distortion transmission will bring you great comfort.