One such additional security precaution is dual control.  The term "dual control" refers to a process in which the active involvement of two people is required to complete a particular transaction.  Dual control is one of the foundations of online banking and information security because it is based upon the premise that both parties would have to be in collusion for a security breach to occur.  The system enables your Authorized Agents to set rights and privileges for your users to be initiators and/or approvers of online banking transactions.  If dual control is implemented, then a transaction requires one individual to initiate the transaction and a separate individual to approve the transaction in order for Bank to process the transaction.  Because no one security method or combination of methods is failsafe, you must ensure that your network and all computer systems are updated, protected against intrusion and otherwise administered in accord with best practices.


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{{Infotaula d'ésser viu
| periode              = Paleocè - Eocè
| imatge               = Skull of Pristichampsus geiseltalensis.JPG
| peu                  = Crani dPristichampsus geiseltalensis| autoritat            = Gervais, 1853
| categoria_subdivisio = Espècies
| subdivisio           = *P. rollinatii
 P. vorax
 P. hengdongensis
}}Pristichampsus''' és un gènere extint de cocodrils semiaquàtics que va viure del Paleocè a l'Eocè, fa 40 Ma.

 Registro fòssil
Les restes fòssils de Pristichampsus'' s'han trobat en diverses parts del món: França, Alemanya, Wyoming i l'oest de Texas (Estats Units), Hengdon (Xina) i est del Kazakhstan.

Sauròpsids de l'Eocè
Sauròpsids del Paleocè

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Feminist Perspectives on the Family
A summary of liberal, marxist and radical feminist views on the traditional nuclear family
Almost all feminists agree that "gender" is socially constructed. This means that gender roles are learnt rather than determined by biology, and the most significant institution where we are socialised into our appropriate roles and norms of behaviour is the family. The proof for this theory is found in the sometimes radically different behaviour we see between women from different societies i.e. different societies construct being "women" in different ways (This is obviously true for men as well).
This post summarises Feminist perspectives on the family, focusing on liberal, radical and Marxist Feminism, and is primarily designed to help students revise for the AQA A level sociology paper 2, families and households option.
Feminism and the Family
Feminists have been central in criticising gender roles associated with the traditional nuclear family, especially since the 1950s. They have argued the nuclear family has traditionally performed two key functions which oppressed women:
a) socialising girls to accept subservient roles within the family, whilst socialising boys to believe they were superior – this happens through children witnessing then recreating the parental relationship
b) socialising women into accepting the "housewife" role as the only possible/acceptable role for a women. Indeed it was the only way to be feminine/to be a woman. Essentially, feminists viewed the function of the family as a breeding ground where patriarchal values were learned by an individual, which in turn created a patriarchal society.
Feminism today tends to be split into three distinct branches: Liberal Feminists, Marxist Feminists and Radical Feminists. They differ significantly over the extent to which they believe that the family is still patriarchal and in what the underlying causes of the existence of patriarchy might be. Remember – all the theories below are discussing the "nuclear" family.
Liberal Feminism
(See also – A liberal Feminist Perspective on the Family for more depth)
Causes of inequality in relationships – A combination of two things – (1) Mainstream working culture which requires long and inflexible working hours which are still based on the idea of the main breadwinner, (2) Men refusing to pull their weight in relationships.
Solutions to Inequality – Greater gender equality in the public sphere -achieving equal access to education, equal pay, ending gender differences in subject and career choice won primarily through legal changes.
A key thinker who can be characterised as a liberal feminist is Jennifer Somerville (2000) provides a less radical critique of the family than Marxist or Radical Feminists and suggests proposals to improve family life for women that involve modest policy reforms rather than revolutionary change.
Somerville argues that many young women do not feel entirely sympathetic towards feminism yet still feel some sense of grievance.
To Somerville, many feminists have failed to acknowledge progress for women such as the greater freedom to go into paid work, and the greater degree of choice over whether they marry or cohabit, when and whether to have children, and whether to take part in a heterosexual or same-sex relationship or to simply live on their own.
The increased choice for women and the rise of the dual-earner household (both partners in work) has helped create greater equality within relationships. Somerville argues that 'some modern men are voluntarily committed to sharing in those routine necessities of family survival, or they can be persuaded, cajoled, guilt-tripped or bullied'. Despite this, however, 'women are angry, resentful and above all disappointed in men.' Many men do not take on their full share of responsibilities and often these men can be 'shown the door'.
Somerville raises the possibility that women might do without male partners, especially as so many prove inadequate, and instead get their sense of fulfilment from their children. Unlike Germain Greer, however, Somerville does not believe that living in a household without an adult male is the answer – the high figures for remarriage suggest that heterosexual attraction and the need for intimacy and companionship mean that heterosexual families will not disappear.
However, it remains the case that the inability of men to 'pull their weight' in relationships means that high rates of relationship breakdowns will continue to be the norm which will lead to more complex familial relationships as women end one relationship and attempt to rebuild the next with a new (typically male) partner.
What Feminists thus need to do is to focus on policies which will encourage greater equality within relationships and to help women cope with the practicalities of daily life. One set of policies which Somerville thinks particularly important are those aimed at helping working parents. The working hours and culture associated with many jobs are incompatible with family life. Many jobs are based on the idea of a male breadwinner who relies on a non-working wife to take care of the children.
Somerville argues that in order to achieve true equality within relationships we need increased flexibility in paid employment.
Evaluation of the Liberal Feminist Perspective on the Family
Sommerville recognises that significant progress has been made in both public and private life for women
It is more appealing to a wider range of women than radical ideas
It is more practical – the system is more likely to accept small policy changes, while it would resist revolutionary change
Difference Feminists argue that this is an ethnocentric view – it reflects the experiences of mainly white, middle class women. (See this post for more detail – Is the UK really the 18th most gender equal country in the world?)
Her work is based on a secondary analysis of previous works and is thus not backed up by empirical evidence
Radical Feminists such as Delphy, Leonard and Greer argues that she fails to deal with the Patriarchal structures and culture in contemporary family life.
Marxist Feminism
(See also –A Marxist Feminist Perspective on the Family for more depth)
Marxist feminists argue the main cause of women's oppression in the family is not men, but capitalism. They argue that women's oppression performs several functions for Capitalism
Women reproduce the labour force – through their unpaid domestic labour, by socialising the next generation of workers and servicing the current workers (their husbands!)
Women absorb anger – Think back to Parson's warm bath theory. The Marxist-Feminist interpretation of this is that women are just absorbing the anger of the proletariat, who are exploited and who should be directing that anger towards the Bourgeois
Women are a 'reserve army of cheap labour' – if women's primary role is domestic, and they are restricted from working, this also means they are in reserve, to be taken on temporarily as necessary by the Bourgeois, making production more flexible.
Key thinker – Fran Ansley (1972) argues women absorb the anger that would otherwise be directed at capitalism. Ansley argues women's male partners are inevitably frustrated by the exploitation they experience at work and women are the victims of this, including domestic violence.
Key thinker 2 – Penny Red's Socialist Feminist Blog
"The freedom that's offered to everyone under Capitalism is the freedom for a few to self-actualize in an extremely narrow, homogenous way by shopping and consuming, whilst the rest of us work long hours for low wages or no wages. Freedom from economic exploitation isn't the sexy kind of female empowerment we've all become used to, but without it we won't be moving forward.
The way in which women's labour is used and abused—the concentration of women in low-paid or unpaid caring and domestic roles, for example, is not only one of the things that sustains patriarchy, it also sustains capitalism. Without the work that women do for free, the markets would be on their knees in a day. And yet, it just goes to show that there is, in fact, plenty of work out there, it's just that most of it is being done by women, for free."
Marxist Feminism – Solutions to Gender Inequalities within the family
For Marxist Feminists, the solutions to gender inequality are economic – We need to tackle Capitalism to tackle Patriarchy. Softer solutions include paying women for childcare and housework – thus putting an economic value on what is still largely women's work, stronger solutions include the abolition of Capitalism and the ushering in of Communism.
(See also – A Radical Feminist Perspective on the Family for more depth)
Radical feminists argue that all relationships between men and women are based on patriarchy – essentially men are the cause of women's exploitation and oppression. For radical feminists, the entire patriarchal system needs to be overturned, in particular the family, which they view as root of women's oppression.
Against Liberal Feminism, they argue that paid work has not been 'liberating'. Instead women have acquired the 'dual burden' of paid work and unpaid housework and the family remains patriarchal – men benefit from women's paid earnings and their domestic labour. Some Radical Feminists go further arguing that women suffer from the 'triple shift' where they have to do paid work, domestic work and 'emotion work' – being expected to take on the emotional burden of caring for children.
Radical Feminists also argue that, for many women, there is a 'dark side of family life' – According to the British Crime Survey domestic violence accounts for a sixth of all violent crime and nearly 1 in 4 women will experience DV at some point in their lifetime and women are much more likely to experience this than men
Key thinker –Kate Millet (see below) was one of the leading American Second Wave Feminists in the 1960s and 70s
Solutions to gender inequality
In short, Radical Feminists advocate for the abolition of the traditional, patriarchal (as they see it) nuclear family and the establishment of alternative family structures and sexual relations. The various alternatives suggested by Radical Feminists include separatism – women only communes, and Matrifocal households. Some also practise political Lesbianism and political celibacy as they view heterosexual relationships as "sleeping with the enemy."
Supplement: Kate Millett: On the sociology of Patriarchy
Patriarchy's chief institution is the family. It is both a mirror of and a connection with the larger society; a patriarchal unit within a patriarchal whole. Mediating between the individual and the social structure, the family effects control and conformity where political and other authorities are insufficient. As the fundamental instrument and the foundation unit of patriarchal society the family and its roles are prototypical. Serving as an agent of the larger society, the family not only encourages its own members to adjust and conform, but acts as a unit in the government of the patriarchal state which rules its citizens through its family heads.
Traditionally, patriarchy granted the father nearly total ownership over wife or wives and children, including the powers of physical abuse and often even those of murder and sale. Classically, as head of the family the father is both begetter and owner in a system in which kinship is property. Yet in strict patriarchy, kinship is acknowledged only through association with the male line.
In contemporary patriarchies the male's priority has recently been modified through the granting of divorce protection, citizenship, and property to women. Their chattel status continues in their loss of name, their obligation to adopt the husband's domicile, and the general legal assumption that marriage involves an exchange of the female's domestic service and (sexual) consortium in return for financial support.
The chief contribution of the family in patriarchy is the socialisation of the young (largely through the example and admonition of their parents) into patriarchal ideology's prescribed attitudes toward the categories of role, temperament, and status. Although slight differences of definition depend here upon the parents' grasp of cultural values, the general effect of uniformity is achieved, to be further reinforced through peers, schools, media, and other learning sources, formal and informal. While we may niggle over the balance of authority between the personalities of various households, one must remember that the entire culture supports masculine authority in all areas of life and – outside of the home – permits the female none at all.
Although there is no biological reason why the two central functions of the family (socialisation and reproduction) need be inseparable from or even take place within it, revolutionary or utopian efforts to remove these functions from the family have been so frustrated, so beset by difficulties, that most experiments so far have involved a gradual return to tradition. This is strong evidence of how basic a form patriarchy is within all societies, and of how pervasive its effects upon family members.
If you like this sort of thing, then you might like my AS Sociology Families and Households Revision Bundle which contains the following:
The New Right View of The Family
Feminist Theory – A Summary
Sources Used to Write this Post
Haralambos and Holborn (2013) – Sociology Themes and Perspectives, Eighth Edition, Collins. ISBN-10: 0007597479
Chapman et al (2015) A Level Sociology Student Book One, Including AS Level [Fourth Edition], Collins. ISBN-10: 0007597479
Robb Webb et al (2015) AQA A Level Sociology Book 1, Napier Press. ISBN-10: 0954007913
(1) This division goes back to Alison Jaggar's (1983) Feminist Politics and Human Nature where she defined four theories related to feminism: liberal feminism, Marxism, radical feminism, and socialist feminism
Author Karl ThompsonPosted on February 10, 2014 January 9, 2019 Categories Families and Households, Feminism, Sex and genderTags Families and Households, feminism, perspectives
33 thoughts on "Feminist Perspectives on the Family"
Hythem Dar says:
Few words of praise may not equalize the work you are doing ….it is amazing and helping me immensely …love lots from india kashmir
Karl Thompson says:
Perhaps you should switch to BTECs?
Conspiracy theorist spotted.
You sound like an overgrown child. "WAAAAHHHH WWWWAAAAAAHHHHH" threatened by the fact that this patriarchal BS is crumbling little by little and you're losing your power.
"of course they are getting paid"
No they're not. Only their husbands are.
"It's a symbiotic relationship. One does not work without the other."
It's a codependent relationship, with one person dominating the other. And that's why it's dysfunctional.
"And what shall we replace it with, this structure of the men being the hunter-gathers whilst the women look after the family, that has existed since the dawn of mankind?"
Actually, women and men were both hunters and gatherers…. though generally women were the gatherers and men the hunters…. both were essential to "bringing home food." Who gives a damn what has existed since the dawn of mankind? Ahh… I guess slavery shouldn't have been abolished.
"A discord of alternatives that are little more than a social experiment to fix what isn't broken."
Of course it's not broken to you, since you're male.
"Absolute madness and failure to see the bigger picture."
Ironic, coming from someone who is doing just that himself.
"Glad the west is waking up to this and men and women alike are rejecting it in their droves, in favour of more wholesome traditional ideology."
I'd like to smoke what you're smoking because that's definitely not what is happening. "In droves"….. lol, citation needed. You are so scared, it's hilarious. Little Jimmy's losing his toys. =(
Hi, thanks for the comment, sorry if you're not able to handle the long-form 'A-level' standard format; in the mean-time there are number of other GCSE level sociology web sites which break this information down in a more accessible way.
too long a description, paraphrase your points…
Mthabisi Ndlovu says:
perfect notes that I even wish to use on my daily sociology study
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Hi – Yes, no problem,
Karl.
FLIP says:
Hi! We're wondering if we can use this "Feminist Perspectives on Family" chart for our website? We're FLIP (Female Leads in Partnerships), working to "flip the script on patriarchal views of gender and family," and are hoping to use this image to help educate those visiting our website a little more and to help demonstrate that we are not a radical feminist group.
We can be reached at flip.socialmovement@gmail.com. Thanks so much!
Pingback: Feminist Theory: A Summary | ReviseSociology
Sigurd says:
"Women do unpaid work as mothers which benefits capitalism". The same capitalism that allows their husbands to go out, earn, support the family unit and progress through the ranks to earn more money. Given I am assuming you are referring to housewives here, of course they are getting paid; they hold down the home and the husband earns the money. It's a symbiotic relationship. One does not work without the other.
And what shall we replace it with, this structure of the men being the hunter-gathers whilst the women look after the family, that has existed since the dawn of mankind? A discord of alternatives that are little more than a social experiment to fix what isn't broken.
Absolute madness and failure to see the bigger picture. You could spend a lot longer picking apart this shitshow, but the result would ultimately be the same. Glad the west is waking up to this and men and women alike are rejecting it in their droves, in favour of more wholesome traditional ideology.
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Crok says:
feminists are evil
Kaori says:
Hi – I think as long as you quote me then it's fine to use it,
Hi I would like to know how to obtain a permission to use your article on this website.
Thanks, good to hear it was useful!
churlsworld says:
this was a great help in my sociology class today!
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Student says:
I would like to use your information about the functions of the nuclear family. Is there a way I can cite this? Is this your idea or someone else's? Thank you!
porshae howell says:
I think it's true coming from both sides of the fence male and female
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KAFRED
Bigodi Tourism
'Home of the Great Blue Turaco'
About KAFRED
Cultural Village Walk
Tinka's Homestead
Handicrafts Demonstrations
KAFRED is 2017 Winner of the TO-DO! Eco-Tourism Competition!
Bigodi Wetlands has won the prestigious TO DO! 2017 International Contest for Socially Responsible Tourism, based in southern Germany, and a world-wide competition among thousands of worthy eco-tourism sites. For more information please see http://www.todo-contest.org/preistraeger-en/uganda17-01.html.
KAFRED's Mr. John Tinka (second from right, in black coat) arriving in Berlin, Germany to receive the award in early March 2017.
The following pictures displays a poster listing the winners, the To Do! Award Certificates for KAFRED and his Excellency the Ambassador of Uganda to Germany, Mr. Marcel Robert Tibaleka, attending the award ceremony.
The ceremony featured musical performances. Congratulations to KAFRED!
Bigodi Wetlands wins 2017 Uganda Tourism Board Award for Best Homestay!
2015 Winner of African Responsible Tourism Award!
In South Africa on April 16, 2015, Bigodi Wetlands Sanctuary / KAFRED received the Silver award as Best Destination for Responsible Tourism in Africa, the only Ugandan site to be so honored. Asyanut Tours / Safaris and Great Lakes Safaris accepted the award on Bigodi's behalf, John Tinka being unable to travel to Capetown on short notice. There is more information at the award website.
2012 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Case Study
In 2012 the UN honored KAFRED by publishing a case study featuring selected organizations that had won the UNDP prestigious Equator Prize (see below). KAFRED was one of 13 winners from across Africa included in the study.
From the Case Study's introduction:
"Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that work for people and for nature. Few publications or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practitioners themselves guiding the narrative.
"To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to fill this gap. The following case study is one in a growing series that details the work of Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmental conservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models for replication."
Read the full study (PDF, 3.5mb).
2010 and 2004 United Nations Development Program Equator Awards
In 2010 the UN Development Program awarded its prestigious Equator Prize to KAFRED. Uganda's only Equator Prize winner has been KAFRED, which won the award also in 2004.
From the 2010 award announcement:
"The [Equator Prize] winners are a remarkable group of local and indigenous communities who join past Equator Prize winners in what is a growing network of leading best practice in biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction. We wish to congratulate the winners and to thank everyone that took the time to submit a nomination.
"Equator Prize 2010 winners will be celebrated at a High-Level Event at the American Museum of Natural History [in New York City] on 20 September 2010. Representatives from winning communities will also participate in the Community Summit dialogue space, to be held in conjunction with the United Nations General Assembly in New York. We look forward to meeting the new winners and to working with our broad partnership to get their stories out to the world."
Read more of the announcement (PDF, 2.1 mb).
Bigodi Wetlands Sanctuary
Instagram Bigodi Wetlands Sanctuary
Bigodi, Uganda


To be a good communicator is possible. We will help you to achieve it! The art of speaking is closely related to the ability of communicating, with accuracy, what we are thinking or felling. This book helps us to develop the skills we need, focusing on the communication aspects and the various tools we can use when we speak.


This thing is a mess. Cheap though, and a two door.
Location: Muskego, WI Many rougher cars have been restored. Someone should and will buy it.
Location: Branson, MO I see one piece of steel on the car that appears to be without rust.
car. Seattle ? 600 days of rain a year. Grows LOTS and LOTS of trees like these.
Just not a friendly environment for old cars that would sit out in the weather.
The car DOES have tinted glass. Odd, in a lo-bux 2-door wagon.


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If you currently travel on a route operated by Suffolk Passenger Transport and are looking to attend MCA6 in September you may not be aware that transport is NOT automatically provided. Suffolk Passenger Transport currently operates a Post-16 discretionary travel scheme where you can apply for a place by registering with them by the 31st of May at www.suffolkonboard.com/apply . If they are able to offer you a place they will send you an invoice. However, if they are unable to offer you transport, and you applied by the deadline of 31 May 2019, they will write to advise you of this before the start of term.
Alternatively, you can travel to MCA6 by public transport. All 16-19 year olds can apply for a free Endeavour Card which is accepted by the majority of bus service providers in Suffolk. This card gives young people a minimum of 25% discount on an adult bus fare anytime. You do not need to be in full-time Post-16 education to benefit from the free Endeavour Card. To find a full list of bus operators that accept the Endeavour card and apply, visit www.endeavourcard.co.uk. You can also contact bus operators directly to see what ticket options they offer. Details of all operators are available at: www.suffolkonboard.com/operators.
The academy operates a subsidised route which picks up in Weeting, Mundford, Methwold, Feltwell and Hockwold. You will need to complete the academy's application form if you wish to travel on this route, a copy of which can be found on our website by selecting the "Parent" tab then "Transport" or click this link. The application should be returned to the Finance Office at the Bury Road site no later than the 24th of May 2019. If we are able to offer you a place, we will send you an invoice which must be paid before the start of the Summer Holiday. If, however you decide not to attend MCA6 your payment will be returned in full.


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Statement Regarding BGI's subsidiaries being added to US's Entity List
On 20th July US Eastern time, The US Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) issued updates to the Entity List, which includes two of BGI Group's subsidiaries: Beijing Liuhe BGI and Xinjiang Silk Road BGI.
Beijing Liuhe BGI provides commercial Sanger sequencing services for researchers and scientists conducting basic scientific research related to disease. None of this work includes personally identifiable information or violations of privacy or human rights. There is no basis for inclusion on the list of entities or for how its services or products could be used with respect to the allegations made.
The "Xinjiang Silk Road BGI" subsidiary mentioned was established in November 2016 and has not carried out any actual business so far. It was formed for local business development, but the business did not move forward and the company is not operating.
The specific reasons for being included in the Entity List have not yet been properly communicated and BGI is currently analyzing and evaluating the potential impacts of this decision.
BGI is driven by technological innovation, focused on precision medical research and reducing the impact and harm of major diseases on humans. The company strictly abides by all international business practices and laws and regulations, conducts business operations in compliance with regulations on a global scale, and is committed to making positive contributions to public health in various countries and regions.
BGI will respond to this matter professionally and will work openly and transparently with all relevant parties in response to this decision. BGI is confident that it can continue to protect the interests of its customers, partners, investors and employees to the maximum.
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Nico LaHood Could be Saving Bexar County More Than $9 Million a Year
Changes are in store for Harris County since Democrat Kim Ogg beat incumbent Republican Devon Anderson for the position of District Attorney in the November election. Not only has the new DA implemented a personnel turnover among the ranks of prosecuting attorneys, but she's also held true to a campaign promise to no longer arrest people caught with zero to four ounces of marijuana.
Ogg announced the new program on February 16, 2017, which served to expand the already existent "First Chance" Program implemented by Anderson, allowing first-time offenders found in possession of zero to two ounces of marijuana to sign a form and complete community service hours rather than face arrest, prosecution, and jail time.
The major changes include the increased amount of marijuana (from 0-2 ounces to 0-4 ounces) that would no longer send someone to jail. As well, the program applies to those who have an arrest on their record for marijuana, or any other class B misdemeanor, or have previously been through Ogg's program versus only first offenders under Anderson's program. Lastly, Ogg's program requires a four-hour drug treatment class versus the prior eight-hour class under Anderson. Failure to take the course within the requisite 90 days results in a warrant for the original marijuana charge.
The changes seem modest from our point of view (though clearly welcome), but the partisan reaction to Ogg's program reveals the disingenuous politics that drive the war on drugs.
A little background—
In 2007, Republican State Representative Jerry Madden and State Senator Kel Seliger sponsored HB 2391, a bill allowing police officers to issue a citation requiring appearance before a magistrate at some time in the future for certain specified offenses—marijuana possession between zero and four ounces among them—rather than requiring a suspect be immediately brought before a magistrate judge.
The thought behind the bill was that, upon the authority of the District Attorney, localities should be able to manage their resources to target more serious crime. The legislature identified non-violent offenses it deemed less of a public safety risk.
Counties did not start taking this bill seriously until Travis County began their arrest diversion program sometime around 2012. Dallas County has also been experimenting with their own program since 2013.
Anderson announced her program in October 2014.
So, a Republican-backed bill passed by a Republican-majority legislature allowed a Republican District Attorney to enact a program such that people in possession of small amounts of marijuana no longer face arrest.
When the Democratic successor expands the program, however, Republicans suddenly have complaints.
Brett Ligon, the District Attorney in Montgomery County, quickly issued a press release in response to Ogg's announcement saying in part, "No one has the right to choose to disregard the laws of the state of Texas. As the elected district attorney, you've got one job and that's to enforce the laws. If you want to change the laws, then run for state rep or state senator."
Lt. Governor Dan Patrick also weighed in through a spokesperson to the Texas Tribune, commenting, "[Patrick] does not believe that law enforcement has the discretion to choose what laws to enforce and what laws to ignore," spokesman Alejandro Garcia said in a statement.
Lt. Governor Patrick happened to be the single no vote against HB 2391 in the entire legislature, but the bill did indeed pass into law.
The Vice Chair of the Texas Senate Criminal Justice Committee and former criminal district court judge, State Sen. Joan Huffman, also gave a statement to the Tribune, the piece noting, "While she supports some programs, such as pre-arrest diversion for first-time youthful offenders, the Harris County policy 'goes too far.'"
"'It's bad for the County, bad for our kids, and good for the drug dealers,' she said."
Houston-area State Rep. Jim Murphy, who actually voted for HB 2391, was quoted in the same Tribune piece saying, "We should enforce the laws we have. If we need to change them, we need to have that conversation and be conscious and deliberate about it, as opposed to every jurisdiction kind of doing for itself what it wants."
Another Houston-area legislator, State Sen. Paul Bettencourt, told the Houston Chronicle, "I can strongly suggest that the support is there [in the Senate Republican Caucus] to continue the penalties that are in effect now. This issue is absolutely partisan: A Republican DA in Montgomery County says it's wrong and the Democratic DA in Harris County says is right. There's obviously an element in the state that thinks this is a good idea, and an element that does not."
Does Sen. Bettencourt really have such a lapse in memory that he forgot the Republican DA's establishment of the program?
We argue this is not a partisan issue. It's a budgetary issue. Where are a county's resources best spent to effect public safety?
DA Ogg says Harris County could save $10 million per year by diverting 12,000 people from going to jail.
Ogg said at her press conference, "We have spent in excess of $250 million, over a quarter-billion dollars, prosecuting a crime that has produced no tangible evidence of improved public safety. We have disqualified, unnecessarily, thousands of people from greater job, housing and educational opportunities by giving them a criminal record for what is, in effect, a minor law violation."
So what is Bexar County doing?
Using arrest data from a public records request and Ogg's economic inputs, we calculated the following rough costs of enforcing marijuana possession laws in Bexar County:
Where does Bexar County District Attorney Nico LaHood stand?
In Dec. 30, 2014, the San Antonio Current reported:
Bexar County's new District Attorney, Nico LaHood, said he supports exploring whether Bexar County should implement a 2007 Texas law that allows police officers to cite people accused of Class B misdemeanors rather than arresting and jailing suspects.
"I supported looking into it the last time I ran," LaHood said of his 2010 loss to outgoing DA Susan Reed.
However, for LaHood, the question isn't whether he supports the law. "It's not that simple," he said. "Can we effectively and efficiently apply it in the justice system? . . . Every community is different."
A year later, in August 17, 2015, LaHood was again asked about the potential of a cite-and-release program in Bexar County, this time by KSAT:
District Attorney Nico LaHood touted the benefits Monday of ticketing suspects accused of low-level crimes rather than arresting them.
LaHood says he needs to consult with local law enforcement agencies to see if they support the practice and then determine whether it's something the Bexar County court system can handle.
On April 20, 2016, KENS covered 420 events and asked DA LaHood about his strategy on marijuana:
San Antonio's district attorney says he already goes easy on those caught with weed for personal use.
"I changed the practice around here and someone with a small, personal use of marijuana, usually if there's no priors, qualifies for pre-trial diversion. It's a wonderful opportunity for someone not to have a record," Bexar County District Attorney Nico Lahood said.
LaHood flirted with the idea of inquiring into cite-and-release, but after more than two years in office, he's shifted back to the default position of 'arrest and offer pre-trial diversion.'
That makes no sense for public safety or for the lives of the mostly young people who get arrested for marijuana. First, police are off the beat for many more hours than necessary. Second, a defendant's requirements under a pre-trial diversion program look very similar to requirements DA LaHood could enforce under a pre-charge program.
Is LaHood finally ready to embrace this policy? Bexar County taxpayers certainly hope so.
More information on Harris County's program:
Program Details – Misdemeanor Marijuana Diversion Program
Economics of Marijuana Arrests in Harris County
Requirements of the MMDP. Offender must:
Sign Program Acknowledgement & Acceptance Form acknowledging intent to participate and to complete program within 90 days;
Complete the MMDP class within 90 calendar days of detention;
Not break the law (excluding Class C offenses) during the 90-day period;
Pay a $150 program fee, which may be waived if Offender is determined by the HCCCS&D to be indigent; and
Complete a 4-hour "Cognitive Decision Making" class through the HCCCS&D.
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Portrait of Snapchat as a Profitable Business: How Snapchat Shook Stigmas and Molded a Competitive Business Model
At first glance, Snapchat seemed like a one-off novelty app. The self-destructing image-sharing app was cheeky, secretive, and short-form, not to mention convenient for teens looking for a new way to message their friends and migrate from overpopulated Facebook profiles. Regardless of it's snowballing popularity, tech analysts and users alike never truly considered Snapchat as a competitive social network. But 2014 was a big year for Snapchat: through launching new features like Stories and Discover, Snapchat was able to not only gain traction as a profitable social network, but finally assert itself as one that's here to stay.
My Experiences with Snapchat
It's safe to say that Snapchat is one of the most polarizing forms of social media available. The first time I downloaded Snapchat back in 2012, I was uninterested in the idea of using it as much as I used Tumblr or Twitter. The concept was simple: take a picture (or video), choose how long you wanted the message to be available, select a friend, and send. The message would make its way to your friend and as soon as the time was up, the picture disappeared, hence the app's quirky ghost logo.
Although I had many friends that were frequent users, the idea of sending disappearing messages and videos to friends seemed only fractionally more convenient than actually texting them. In fact, I could only think of a handful of reasons why I would ever need to send a message that would be instantly disposed of. And, as a reluctant and reserved college freshman, the reasons weren't quite my speed. I begrudgingly kept the app on my phone, until one of their newest features catapulted Snapchat to becoming one of my favorite, most frequently used apps.
The Evolution of Stories
My Snapchat account was like a surprising little secret few knew that I even deigned to keep on my phone. But that was until Snapchat launched Stories: the new feature which allowed me to create a narrative of my day in pictures and videos that I could broadcast to all of my friends through simply tagging my story. It's like a daily, super-informal YouTube channel, showing videos for a limited-time (24 hours or less) and exclusively to my closest friends.
Not only did Stories make it possible for me to publish content that was both personal and mundane without the burden of permanent archival I experienced on Twitter and Instagram, but it also gave me a peek into the exciting lives of my closest friends. Girls I went to high school with would post stories which were hundreds of seconds long (or, in Snapchat time, eternities), and were somehow just as entertaining and satisfying as the brief, sarcastic stories of introverted coders I met in computer labs around campus.
Most importantly, Stories finally gave me a reason to add more friends and check the app daily to see what was going on in their lives. It transformed Snapchat from being used for dirty little secrets to keeping up with close friends from all walks of life.
Stories stood as a landmark for the development and growth of Snapchat as a business; by offering other businesses advertising placement as stories in the newsfeeds of every Snapchat user, the company was able to reportedly charge as much as a whopping $750,000 for 24 hour story placement (comparatively, ESPN asks for around $408,000 to advertise during Monday Night Football).
Although the company had yet to capture meaningful analytics about the quality and reach of their ads, companies like McDonalds and Samsung still bit at the chance to reach Snapchat's strong user demographic of over 100 million monthly active users. This helped to prove that Snapchat was well on its way to becoming an unstoppable force in the world of social networking.
The Significance of Discover
In light of the overwhelming success of the Stories feature on Snapchat, the company recently announced and launched it's newest and potentially most profitable feature: Discover. Snapchat Discover allows users to view short-form media on dedicated channels within the app. Companies ranging from CNN to MTV to even Cosmopolitan Magazine all have dedicated channels through which they can host anything from commercials for upcoming shows to DIY tutorials and behind-the-scenes photoshoot footage. Even Katie Couric now hosts part of her Yahoo! news segments via the company's Discover channel on Snapchat.
Discover is important because it serves as Snapchat's first big foire into the world of in-app advertising. While offering Stories to companies served as a palate-cleanser in getting a hesitant audience used to seeing ads on their favorite social network, Discover is the main course, providing a new and different way to view news and entertainment commentaries in a short, accessible format.
It gives a more isolated foundation through which the company can fine-tune its analytics than the current, seemingly copy-paste view counts used in standard, non-discover stories. Plus, it's a fun to use, beautifully designed way for users to access content from some of their favorite television channels and print magazines.
Additionally, Discover will serve as a convenient platform for companies looking to boost the visibility of videos made solely for online and mobile consumption, like those of Katie Couric's aforementioned Yahoo! news segments and skits and outtakes from shows on channels like Comedy Central. As these channel buyers continue to create content more tailored to use in Discover, Snapchat becomes an increasingly influential stakeholder in the ever-changing realm of mobile media.
What's Next for Snapchat
After being an underdog among social networks, Snapchat is finally establishing itself as a company which should be taken seriously. Just over a year ago, the tech world watched in awe as creator Evan Spiegel turned down a $3 billion offer from Facebook to buy out the messaging app completely. Now, after releasing such innovative and creative solutions to in-app advertising and content publishing, the company has been valued at around $10 billion and has successfully raised just under $500 million from excited investors.
For a company criticized for having lacked a clear business model just over a year ago, Snapchat has fought back by offering one of the most realistic and directly profitable solutions to putting the "media" back in social media. By improving their analytics and continuing to justify their channel and ad placement price, Snapchat will continue to be the unignorable yellow ghost on all of our devices.
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Managing projects successfully is a matter of keeping scope, schedules, resources and costs in balance. Microsoft Project 2003 is a powerful tool that enables you to manage projects more effectively. This course takes you step by step through the advanced tasks of Microsoft Project 2003.


Greg Inglis is set to lead South Sydney Rabbitohs in their opening round clash with New Zealand Warriors after making a short, but successful return from knee surgery in the Charity Shield at Mudgee's Glenn Willow Stadium.
The Rabbitohs won 22-18 before a capacity 9,133 crowd, but the main story of the night was Inglis's return after rupturing his ACL In the opening round of last season's Telstra Premiership.
The Rabbitohs captain played just 20 minutes and spent the second half watching from the sideline in a club polo but he only wanted to test out his knee ahead of the opening clash with the Warriors at the new Perth Stadium on March 10.
A late inclusion in the Rabbitohs squad, along with backrower Angus Crichton, Inglis played the opening 20 minutes at left centre in jersey No.22 before being replaced by Hymel Hunt during a drink break midway through the first half.
While he made little impact on the game, the Test superstar looked fit and there was no doubt his presence boosted the confidence of team-mates as they fought their way back into the game after a shaky start.
Dragons winger Jason Nightingale. ©Grant Trouville/NRL Photos.
Inglis had his first run with the ball in the eighth minute and although he only made a few metres, the Rabbitohs scored on the next tackle through winger Richard Kennar, who is in line for a starting berth against the Warrirors.
As his confidence grew, Inglis became more involved and he raced to the right side of the field to take the pass from dummy half Damien Cook and run the ball into the defence.
However, he also fumbled a kick from Dragons captain Gareth Widdop in-goal to concede a drop out from his own line.
Crichton also made a successful comeback after having the middle finger of his left hand amputated following repeated dislocations.
The Sydney Roosters-bound backrower scored a 30th minute try after backing up a 50-metre run from dummy half by Cook.
Dragons winger Nene Macdonald had opened the scoring in the fourth minute when he picked up a loose pass from Widdop to cross in the corner before Kennar hit back four minutes later.
Rookie Dragons fullback Matt Dufty again showed his speed when he got on the outside of teenage Rabbitohs halfback Adam Doueihi to score in the 18th minute but momentum shifted after the break.
The change coincided with Dragons middle forwards James Graham, Paul Vaughan and Jack De Belin being off the field and the Rabbitohs found easy metres around the ruck.
Cook burst clear from dummy half in the 30th minute and five-eighth Cody Walker also made a long-range break after Sam Burgess put John Sutton through a gap in the middle of the field.
Winger Robert Jennings finished a left side shift featuring six passes to put the Rabbitohs ahead for the first time in the 39th minute, with a 40th-minute penalty goal making it 16-12 at halftime.
Walker extended the lead in the 48th minute after a Sutton break but the Dragons forced their way back into the match and were unlucky not to win after winger Jason Nightingale was denied two second half tries.
Prop Leeson Ah Mau scored his first try since 2014 to narrow the deficit and match officials considered awarding a penalty try to Nightingale in the 74th minute after he was held back by Jennings while chasing a kick.
However, they could not be certain Nightingale would have beaten Dane Gagai to the ball so the try was disallowed and Jennings was sent to the sin bin.


no tracks so will it work as a combo?
has it 4 holes or more for the different wing combinations?
web site image is too small to see much.
I have the red one, and four holes only, but works well with 633.
How much can the straps be moved back and forth, how many inserts?
2 front straps, 3 holes I think. I don't use straps.
I just spent 2 weeks in Cuba riding the T22 (Red)and T38 LTD (Original Newind Model) with both the 633/683s wing sets. The Red T22 has front foot only ,2 strap option with 3 positions for adjustments. The board is molded so the rail edge is somewhat sharp but it does not create an issue. I ride strapless, both wings worked very well. The board is easy to start and I could easily ride on the water until the foil engaged which was at worst case scenario about 8-10 feet. It's definitely a board that requires to be on foil all the time . Touch down saves are possible but for me @ 200lbs turning on the water was impossible ( just for fun I tried a couple times ...no) .
Compared to the T38, the T22 is not as user friendly. The T22 has a better feel when turning the board than the T38. Also, like any small board its more sensitive to foot pressure when switching your feet than the T38. After a 4 days in a row, going back to the T38 felt like I was on a boat!.
Really enjoyed the T22 with both wings but I favoured the 683s. I rode the T22 using Airush Ultras 12m,9m and 6m.
Last edited by bigwave on Mon Apr 15, 2019 2:01 pm, edited 2 times in total.
That tells me all I need to know, I have the T38 ltd as well , and use front straps all the time on all my boards.
I was worried the board may be "fly or die"
time on the water is my friend.
my weak side, is still weak.
so that little beast will make things more difficult.


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Q: Matplotlib stacked barplots with individual edgecolors similar to pgfplots I have some stacked barplots which could look like this

But I'd really like edgecolors that follow the rest of the colors, e.g. like pgfplots

Is this possible (within reason) in Matplotlib?
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

test1 = np.array([51, 13.8, 15.5, np.NaN])
test2 = np.array([40.3, 30.4, 13.8, 15.5])

df = pd.DataFrame(dict(test1 = test1,
                       test2 = test2),
                  columns = ["test1","test2"]).T

ax = df.plot.barh(stacked = True, cmap = "coolwarm", edgecolor = "black", lw = 1, width = 0.8, figsize = (6,4))
plt.show()

A: Firstly, the edges of the bar are black because you have set edgecolor = "black" in the call to df.plot.barh. Removing this means that there will be no edgecolor. You will need to set the edgecolor of each bar to that of the bars facecolor
You can do this by iterating through the rectangle patches (obtained using ax.patches) and setting the edgecolor to the facecolor using get_facecolor() and set_edgecolor().
test1 = np.array([51, 13.8, 15.5, np.NaN])
test2 = np.array([40.3, 30.4, 13.8, 15.5])

df = pd.DataFrame(dict(test1 = test1,
                       test2 = test2),
                  columns = ["test1","test2"]).T

ax = df.plot.barh(stacked = True, cmap = "coolwarm", lw = 1.5, width = 0.8, figsize = (6,4))

for rect in ax.patches:
    facecolor = list(rect.get_facecolor())
    rect.set_edgecolor(facecolor)

    facecolor[-1] = 0.5  # reduce alpha value of facecolor, but not of edgecolor
    rect.set_facecolor(facecolor)

plt.show()

Which gives:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How to Fix Mobiile Network not Available Error on Android?
You are here: Home / Error Fix / How to Fix Mobile Network not Available Error on Android?
How to Fix Mobile Network not Available Error on Android?
Mobile users around the world face a very common issue of signal dropping or Mobile network unavailable on their smartphones. The problems are common on devices like Samsung Galaxy S4, Galaxy S6, Motorola and many other Android devices. Many times it is reported that the users see an error pop-up showing Mobile Network Not Available even when there are a couple of signal bars still visible.
If you frequently face this problem related to your cellular network, then the actual problem might be on your device. There can be many causes of this error like issues with Network, sim card sensor, incorrect configuration or a faulty sim card.
1 How to Fix Mobile Network Not Available Android Issue?
How to Fix Mobile Network Not Available Android Issue?
Listed below are some of the leading causes due to which the issue arises in your smartphones.
According to a survey, the "Busy Hour Congestion" is the leading contributor to this problem. Network congestion and overload are by far the most common cause of network degradation.
Many a time, the weather of a particular region might affect the signal strength. It may cause network failure because of the changes in radio propagation resulting from the clouds, precipitation and temperature inversions.
The volume of the network traffic in a region is also one of the primary reasons for the unavailability of the network. It may be because of some disaster or a mass call event which leads to the overload in the number of radio channels available in an area.
Another big cause for such problem might be the areas where mobile phones cannot transmit to a nearby mobile tower or base station. These areas are known as dead zones and lack any kind of mobile network coverage because of the unavailability of the network between handset and mobile site antennas.
Another reason for the occurrence of such problems is that the mobile phone might be taken in an area where the wireless connection is unavailable, interrupted, interfered or jammed.
So after learning the cause for unavailability of the network on mobile devices, let us now move forward to the procedures to be followed in order to fix this problem.
Listed below are some of the best solutions to your problem by which you can solve "Mobile Network Not Available" problem on your Android smartphone device in a few steps.
Switch off your phone and let it be off for about a couple of minutes.
Now open the back lid and remove the battery.
Re-insert the battery again after few minutes.
Now switch on your device.
Just check for the signal strength after you switch it back on, and you must have full connectivity.
Click on the Settings icon in the menu.
Now go to Wireless and Settings.
Select it to choose automatically.
Within a few seconds, you might see the signal bars on your phone having full strength.
Switch off your mobile phone and wait for some time.
Now remove your sim card from the device.
After few seconds, insert it back into the slot.
Now after a few seconds, switch on your mobile.
You might see the full networks available on your device.
Click on the Settings icon in the home menu.
Look for Wireless and Network option in the menu.
Click on Network Operators and select Manual.
You will now see a list of available networks in your area.
Click on your network operator and then press the home button.
Now restart your device, and you are done with it.
Now you might be able to see the networks availability to the maximum.
Go to the dialer on your phone.
Dial *#*#4636#*#* from your device.
A testing menu will appear on the screen.
In the testing menu, select "Phone Information" from the category.
You will see an option that says "Run Ping Test." Select that option on the screen.
Now scroll down the page where you will find a drop-down menu on the right side.
Now further below, you will see an option named "Turn Radio Off." Select this option.
Now restart your phone and get rid of the problem for sure.
Go to Settings in the home menu.
Look for the option "About Phone" that lies at the bottom of the list.
Select "System Updates" to update your system.
If there are some updates available, click on them and start the installation procedure.
After the installation of updates, if any, reboot your device.
There won't be an issue of "Mobile Network Not Available" on your device.
Also Read: – How to Solve the DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NXDOMAIN Error?
If none of those mentioned above methods is working for you and you still face "Mobile Network Not Available" issue in your mobile, you still have the option of "Factory Data Reset" on your smartphone.
Tap the Settings icon in the menu of your device.
Once you click on it, tap the option "Factory Data Reset" which lies at the bottom of the list.
Now after selecting this option, wait for some time till it erases all the data on your phone and initiates a reboot.
Now we are sure that the issue is fixed and you will not see any error messages anymore.
The users of Samsung Galaxy S5 often face this problem of "Mobile Network Not Available." For them, there is just a simple trick which works pretty well most of the times. Just simply switch ON the Airplane Mode in your device and wait for a few seconds and then switch it back OFF.
The reason behind it is that many times, your S5 goes into silent Airplane mode without being notified on the screen. So after you Enable and Disable it again, you might see all of your notifications appearing on the screen as if they were obstructed by the Airplane mode working silently.
Now your phone will work correctly without mobile network not available Android issue.
If you have tried all of the above-discussed methods and none of it seems to work well enough for you, you can try boosting the signal strength of your device. The Android mobile network not available problem when turns into a regular issue then you must go for a third party app to boost the signal strength of your phone's network.
A freeware "Network Signal Speed Booster" is available on Google Play and it can do the trick for you. It can strengthen the signal of your phone's network, and you can get rid of the issue pretty quickly.
Under the Wireless and Network category, select the option "More".
Open the menu under the More option.
Now select Mobile Networks from the list.
You will see an option to toggle the Data Roaming on and off.
Enable the option of Data Roaming.
You can now see the mobile network having full strength and no more issue regarding the connectivity and coverage.
Select the "More" option from the available options.
Select this option and then choose your default "Verizon" saved configurations.
Now fill the fields with the details given below.
Just set the values as mentioned above and save the configuration. You are done with the process, and now you reboot your device. After this, you will see no issues.
You can check the video given below for a visual demonstration.
You got mobile network not available Android fix now. In case you have any more doubts, don't forget to use the comment section down below.
If nothing works, you can hard reset the phone.
1. Wait till battery is complete empty , plus a few hours, and charge again + reboot.
2. Set the phone in Airplane mode, reboot , and after reboot switch off the Airplane mode.
It even worked in my S8. Thanks a lot.


At the end of 2015, IFS carried out a global survey of over 1,000 IT decision makers from companies in 12 countries. The survey aimed to gather insight on the subject of change in businesses: its relevance, impact and drivers. The results revealed a number of interesting trends and here are my thoughts relating to the construction industry.
In a world where opinion can be formed from 140 characters or an artistically filtered image, perception and reputation hangs by a thread. Construction has a reputation that it needs to combat: that the industry is old-fashioned and predominated by an older age group that is resistant to change. With a workforce that hovers around the 40-70 age bracket, there has traditionally been a preference for sticking with tried-and-tested methods. However, over the last five years we are starting to see a shift as the industry wakes up to the new technologies and approaches out there that offer significant benefits. And more importantly, those that provide companies with the ability to respond quickly and efficiently to change. But what exactly are the most important drivers for change in the construction industry?
We recently carried out a survey asking IT decision-makers to share their thoughts on how they perceive change, which changes they consider the most influential and how these market or social changes impact their business. Respondents in the construction sector highlighted customer demand and c-level decision-makers as being the most influential factors in bringing about change for their businesses, but perhaps more interesting is the importance they place on government change as a factor of influence (selected 26% of the time). This is perhaps unsurprising as construction is highly driven by government spending, specifically with regards to schools, hospitals, transport infrastructure, nuclear power plants and more. The biggest construction projects are often state-funded or executed by joint ventures. However, these projects require money, and lots of it. But at a time when we are still facing a certain level of austerity, money isn't necessarily easy to come by. So governments are challenging the construction industry to start working smarter in order to lower the costs of building and maintenance.
All is not doom and gloom however. In the past 100 years, there hasn't been such a large-scale revolution as the one taking place today in the construction sector. With the introduction of digital asset lifecycle processes such as building information modelling (BIM), mobility, robotics and IoT, governments are forcing the construction industry to rethink old practices and embrace the change that these technologies have to offer. This forward thinking can already be seen in many construction companies who are embracing digital technologies and a more integrated approach in order to stay competitive. In particular, BIM is taking off – a good example is the UK government, which is prioritizing BIM as part of its "Digital Britain" initiative. As a result, we are increasingly seeing the term BIM appear in job titles at many construction firms.
Relative to the impact of government change, the survey brings to light the lack of influence that mergers and acquisitions are considered to have on business-change in the construction sector (selected only 19% of the time). This reflects that the construction industry sees less M&A activity than other industries, but what is notable for us is the growing use of joint ventures and alliances to deliver projects. Now, construction projects are so big that they need more than one company to manage the contract, maintain the assets and so on, which is leading multiple organizations to form new companies or joint ventures – take the water industry alliance, eight2o, as one recent example.
I would argue that the biggest challenge facing the construction industry and its ability to change is the lack of skilled professionals. The industry needs to invest in a younger workforce that is passionate about adopting innovative and forward-thinking technology. We are at the start of what I believe is a very exciting journey, one where finally we are starting to see the change needed to ensure that the construction industry keeps up with the rest of the world.


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January 2015 saw the 4th instalment of the training-of-trainers in palliative care program at Yangon General Hospital, Myanmar.
The training was implemented by a volunteer faculty of doctors and nurses from the Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care Network (APHN) coming from Australia, Malaysia and Singapore.
As part of the Lien Collaborative for Palliative Care initiative, the program aims to develop palliative care leadership and capacity in the mainstream government health system.
Small group discussions, case-based learning and teaching on the wards by interacting with patients featured prominently throughout the teaching week.
The in-country training is complemented by overseas clinical attachments for selected participants. This is planned to start from September 2015, with the first batch visiting Singapore for a 3 month-long attachment which aims to enhance each recipient's understanding of running a palliative care service as well as clinical skills.
The APHN team also supports its local partners, such as the Myanmar Medical Association (MMA) in their efforts to engage the Health Ministry.
This advocacy is aimed at better access to essential pain medications, the introduction of palliative medicine into the medical and nursing curriculum, and the establishment of palliative care services at the principal tertiary hospitals.
The MMA has just ratified the creation of a Palliative Medicine special interest group to advance the development of this area of healthcare in Myanmar, including the intention for this group to spearhead the formation of a national strategy for palliative care.
Local media organisations have also been helpful in raising the awareness of hospice and palliative care, read this related article by Mizzima Media.
The Lien Collaborative is also active in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka with several more in-country training programs scheduled over the course of the year.
If you or your organisation would like to be a partner in the Lien Collaborative, please contact the APHN at aphn@aphn.org.


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HANMER family of Hanmer, Bettisfield, Fens and Halton, Flintshire, and Pentre-pant, Salop.
This family is of English origin, tracing its descent to Sir Thomas de Macclesfield, an officer of Edward I who settled in Maelor Saesneg (now a detached portion of Flintshire), he and his successors marrying Welsh heiresses descended from Rhys Sais or Tudur Trevor and acquiring estates in the neighbourhood, from one of which the family name was taken.
His great-grandson Sir DAVID HANMER (died c. 1388) became a justice of the king's bench in 1383 and was knighted in 1387. He married Agnes (or Angharad), daughter of Llywelyn Ddu ap Gruffydd ap Iorwerth, and the Welsh tone of the family appears in the support they gave to Owain Glyn Dwr, who married Sir David's daughter Margaret. Her brothers GRIFFITH (who married into the Tudor family of Penmynydd) and PHILIP joined in proclaiming him prince of Wales in 1400, the latter being in Paris in quest of aid for the rebellion as late as 1415. Their lands were in consequence forfeit to their brother JOHN, who also married a local heiress; but he too later joined Glyn Dwr and acted as his envoy in Paris in 1404; the tradition that he fell in the battle of Shrewsbury (1403) is now discredited. Pardoned in 1411, he divided his estates between his four sons, the eldest succeeding at Hanmer and the others at Halton, Fens, and Bettisfield respectively. The male line of Halton Hanmers ended in the early 16th cent, with the death abroad of Sir EDWARD HANMER, knighted for his services as 'condottiere' to the Medici, that of Bettisfield in 1623, both estates falling to the senior branch. This in turn terminated in 1746, when a family settlement concentrated the whole complex of estates in the Fens branch.
JOHN HANMER (1575 - 1629),
bishop of S. Asaph (1624) and chaplain to James I (1615), was the grandson of Katherine Hanmer of Halton (great-grand-daughter of Sir David Hanmer, above), and of Richard ap David ap Howel Goch of Pentre-pant, Selattyn, near Oswestry — a descendant of the 12th cent, lords of Iâl and Ystrad Alun — whose sons took on the surname Hanmer. One of these, MEREDITH HANMER (1543 - 1604), vicar of Hanmer (1574-84), with subsequent English and Irish preferments, acquired some fame as an ecclesiastical historian and a controversialist who entered the lists with the Jesuit Edmund Campion (1540 - 1581) — his life is given in D.N.B. Bishop Hanmer was born at Pentre-pant and christened at Selattyn (1 February 1575), inherited the estate from his father, Thomas Hanmer, in 1620, and died there without issue on 23 June 1629; the text of his epitaph on a brass in Selattyn church (now lost) is given in Browne Willis, S. Asaph (1801 ed., i, 111). He was educated at Shrewsbury and Oriel College, Oxford, and married Mary, daughter of Arthur Kempe of Hampshire, who after his death married col. William Owen of Brogyntyn, the patron of Huw Morys. Puritan sympathies are suggested by his commission to Robert Lloyd, vicar of Chirk, to translate into Welsh The Plaine Mans Path-way to Heaven by Arthur Dent (died 1607), the strongly Puritan vicar of Shoebury, Essex (Llwybr Hyffordd, 1630, 'Epistol '). He was a correspondent of William Camden the antiquary. He maintained the connection with the parent house by acting as guardian during the minority of THOMAS HANMER (died 1619), father of the first baronet (v. infra). Details of his career are given in D.N.B. Meanwhile the elder branch had provided two soldiers (Sir THOMAS HANMER, died 1545, and his son Sir THOMAS HANMER, 1526 - 1583), for the French and Scottish wars of the Tudors, and both it and the Fens branch had begun the long succession of Hanmer M.P.'s for Flintshire and its borough, which reached a total of nine (with almost twice as many sheriffs) by the end of the 19th century Sir JOHN HANMER (died 1624), great-grandson of the second Sir Thomas, was made a baronet (1620) and a member of the council of Wales (30 June 1624) by James I. He married into the Trevor family of Trefalun, tended towards the Puritan side in Parliament, and devoted part of the Bettisfield tithe to the encouragement of preaching in his parish. His younger brother ROGER HANMER of Gredington, (died 1675) supported Parliament in the Civil War and Commonwealth, but his elder son Sir THOMAS HANMER was a somewhat lukewarm adherent of Charles I, whom he served as cupbearer and who proposed him to prince Rupert as vice-president of Wales. His houses were more than once raided by Roundheads, and he revenged himself on that of his neighbour John Puleston, whom he had previously joined in petitioning against Sir J. Milward, chief justice of Wales. In 1644 he obtained leave to go to France with his kinsman WILLIAM HANMER (1622 - 1669) of Fens, but he wrote thence to warn Parliament of the king's intrigues with France and Scotland, a 'signal service to the Commonwealth' which procured his discharge from sequestration on 6 March 1650, and from the decimation tax of 1655. He returned (to live at Halton) after the birth abroad of his third son (the father of the future speaker) (v. infra), in 1651. Both he and William were fined by Parliament (£1,500 and £1,370 respectively), and both were nominated by Charles II for the still-born order of Knights of the Royal Oak. Sir Thomas, a keen gardener and a correspondent of Evelyn, bought up the manorial rights of Maelor Saesneg in 1651. His son Sir JOHN (3rd bart., died 1701) became a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and Commissioner of the Navy to Charles II, and his Keeper of the Game in North Wales. As Lt. Col. in James II's army he joined in the plot to seize Hull for William III, whom he also served at the Boyne (1690) and as commissioner for taxes for Flintshire. He repeatedly sat for Flintshire or Flint in Parliament and once for Evesham, ending as a member of the Dublin parliament. On his death in a duel, the estate passed to his nephew —
Sir THOMAS HANMER (1677 - 1746), 4th bart., speaker, diplomat, and littérateur,
friend of Harley and Prior, who was educated at Westminster and Christ Church and sat in Parliament (variously for Flintshire and its borough, Thetford, and Suffolk) between 1701 and 1727. He was a Hanoverian Tory, supporting the Occasional Conformity Bill, opposing the trade clauses of the draft Treaty of Utrecht, gaining the favour of Louis XIV on a mission to Paris but resisting the blandishments of the duke of Berwick on behalf of the Old Pretender, and helping to secure the Hanoverian succession. He became Speaker in 1714, and on the death of Anne was hastily summoned from service at Hanmer church to preside over the critical session that followed. Losing the speakership to a Whig in George I's first parliament, he was Tory spokesman in debates on the repeal of the Triennial Act, foreign policy, and standing armies (1716), and spoke 'angelically' (according to Prior) when Sunderland was attacked on the South Sea Bubble in 1721. After his speakership he lived entirely on his Norfolk estate, devoting himself after 1727 to the production of his great edition of Shakespeare. Details of his career are given in D.N.B. His death without children carried the succession to the great-grandchildren of William Hanmer of Fens (1622 - 1669) of whom the first, WILLIAM (died 1754), pulled down Fens Hall and lived at Hanmer and Bettisfield, while the third (his cousin) Sir WALDEN HANMER (1717 - 1783), initiated the enclosure of the district by Act of Parliament in 1775. Sir Walden's great-great-grandson — Sir JOHN HANMER (1809 - 1881), 3rd bart., (of the second creation) and 1st baron HANMER of Hanmer and Flint — poet and politician, was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford (never graduating), and succeeded his grandfather in the baronetcy in 1828. He sat as Liberal M.P., first for English constituencies, then for Flint borough from 1841 to his elevation to the peerage in 1872, supporting the repeal of the Corn Laws and of religious disabilities. He published volumes of verse in 1836, 1839, and 1840, and, in 1878, Memorials of the Parish and Family of Hanmer. He pulled down Hanmer and lived at Bettisfield. Details of his career are given in D.N.B. On his death without children the estate passed to his younger brother (through whom the line continues), but the peerage lapsed.
Emeritus Professor Arthur Herbert Dodd, (1891 - 1975)
Hanmer, A memorial of the parish and family of Hanmer in Flintshire out of the thirteenth into the nineteenth century (1876);
J. E. Griffith, Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families (1914), 286;
N.L.W., Bettisfield Manuscripts at the National Library of Wales;
Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, II, v, 1-30;
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and sources therein cited;
W. R. Williams, The parliamentary history of the principality of Wales, from the earliest times to the present day, 1541-1895 (Brecknock 1895);
J. E. Lloyd, Owen Glendower / Owen Glyn Dwr (1931);
Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, 4th R., 523, 5th R., 6th R., Kenyon, Portland, iii and iv, Stuart, i, Bath, iii;
Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, 1600-1, lxxx-lxxxi, ii, 661-87;
Calendar of the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents, etc., 1643–1660, ii, 943;
Calendar of Wynn (of Gwydir) Papers, 1515–1690, in the National Library of Wales and elsewhere, 1966;
A collection of the state papers of John Thurloe, Esq. secretary first to the council of state and afterwards to the two protectors (1742), iv, 277, 294, 319;
T. Pennant, A Tour (Tours) in [North] Wales, 1883 ed., i, 276-82;
J. Jones ('Myrddin Fardd'), Cynfeirdd Llyn, 1500-1800 (Pwllheli 1905), 61-2;
The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1938, 193-4;
The National Library of Wales Journal, vi, 29;
A. H. Dodd, Studies in Stuart Wales (Cardiff 1952), 70, 128, 143, 145, 188, 199, 204, 206-7.
ODNB: Hanmer, John (1575/6–1629)
ODNB: Hanmer, John (bap. 1642, d. 1707), Presbyterian minister
ODNB: Hanmer, John, Baron Hanmer (1809–1881)
ODNB: Hanmer, Meredith (1543–1604)
ODNB: Hanmer, Sir Thomas, fourth baronet (1677–1746)
ODNB: Hanmer, Sir Thomas, second baronet (1612–1678)
Wikipedia Article: Hanmer baronets
Wikipedia Article: Sir Thomas Hanmer, 2nd Baronet
Wikipedia Article: Sir Thomas Hanmer, 4th Baronet
Article Copyright: http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/
Dodd, A. H., (1959). HANMER family of Hanmer, Bettisfield, Fens and Halton, Flintshire, and Pentre-pant, Salop.. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 20 Jan 2020, from https://biography.wales/article/s-HANM-HAN-1388


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Populist party platform 1892 essay help
Subscribe to our podcast at iTunes. This is a rush transcript. Check all quotes against the audio for accuracy.
Early career[ edit ] Thomas E.
He was of entirely English descent. Watson later studied law and was admitted to the Georgia bar in He joined the Democratic Party and in was elected to the Georgia Legislature.
As a state legislator, Watson struggled unsuccessfully to curb the abuses of the powerful railroad corporations. A bill subjecting railroads to county property taxes was voted down after U. Brown offered to provide the legislators with round-trip train fares to the Louisville Exposition of In disgust, Watson resigned his seat and returned to the practice of law before his term expired.
Thurman in the election. Watson as a younger man.
"One sane voice fighting tons of nonsense."
He served in the House from until March In CongressWatson was the only Southern Alliance Democrat to abandon the Democratic caucus, instead attending the first People's Party congressional caucus. At that meeting, he was nominated for Speaker of the House by the eight Western Populist Representatives.
Watson was instrumental in the founding of the Georgia Populist Party in early The People's Party advocated the public ownership of the railroads, steamship lines, and telephone and telegraph systems.
It also supported the free and unlimited coinage of silver, the abolition of national banks, a system of graduated income tax and the direct election of United States Senators.
As a Populist, Watson tried to unite the agrarians across class lines, overcoming racial divides.
An Introduction to the History of the Major Parties and the Big Switches
He also supported the right of black men to vote. The failures of the Populists' attempt to make political progress through fusion tickets with the Democrats in and deeply affected Watson. Rural Free Delivery[ edit ] Watson, though a member of a minority faction in Congress, was nonetheless effective in passing landmark legislation.
The most significant was a law to require the Post Office to deliver mail to remote farm families. Rural Free Delivery RFDlegislation that Watson pushed through Congress ineliminated the need for individuals living in more remote homesteads to pick up mail, sometimes at distant post offices, or to pay private carriers for delivery.
A massive undertaking, nationwide RFD service took several years to implement, and remains the "biggest and most expensive endeavor" ever instituted by the U. In this period, regular Democrats worked to reduce the voting power of blacks and poor whites to prevent such coalitions as the Populists, or alliances with Republicans.
Democrats controlled the state legislature: InGeorgia also instituted white primaries[6] another way of excluding blacks in what had become a one-party state, where in African Americans made up He also served as editor and business manager of the People's Party Paper, published in Atlanta.
They were led to believe that Watson would become Bryan's running mate. After the Populist convention nominated Bryan, the latter announced that Arthur Sewalla more conservative banker from Maine, would be his vice presidential choice on the Democratic ticket.
This created a split in the Populist Party. Some refused to support Bryan, whereas others, such as Mary Leasereluctantly campaigned for him. Watson's name remained on the ballot as Bryan's vice presidential nominee on the Populist Party ticket, while Sewall was listed as Bryan's Democratic Party vice presidential nominee.
Watson receivedvotes for vice president, less than a quarter of the number of votes received by the Populist ticket. However, Watson received more votes than any national Populist candidate from this time on. Bryan's defeat damaged the Populist Party.The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican benjaminpohle.comg its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.
Get access to this section to get all help you need with your essay and educational issues.
Get Access. Populist Party Platform of Essay Sample. In the year of the Populist Party established a platform that immensely affected the farmers and the laborers in America.
This platform was based on the interests of farmers and laborers. The following items can be found on the The Lanes Armoury website, with full descriptions, photographs and prices.
A World without Volunteers is a World without Olana Holly Kelly, Membership and Volunteer Coordinator, The Olana Partnership. Imagine Olana without volunteers. Students Are Bringing Capitalism to Latin America Q&A with economist Gabriel Calzada Alvarez on trade barriers, higher education, and bringing free markets to the region.
The People's Party (also known as the Populist Party or the Populists) Established in , as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its peak in the presidential election, when its ticket, The party's platform, Preceded by: Farmers' Alliance, Greenback Party, Union Labor Party.
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