text:
Writing a research paper...
at the academic level doesn't take that much work.
Most students are afraid of assignments like this because of the stress and frustration that's commonly associated with paper writing. If you want to create a fantastic academic research paper with little stress and an efficient work process, you're reading the right article. You're going to learn tips on how to be more productive, ways to manage your time, and the steps to writing a research paper the proper way to make the most of the time you have.
Rethinking great world events for history term paper topics
There are two types of sources of data when doing a research. These are: Primary and Secondary. Therefore, you need to differentiate between these sources.
In history, primary sources of data are documents which were written during the period when the content you are writing on happened. It could be a document created by someone who was there during the period when the issue happened. For instance, if you are writing about a story that happened in Chicago 1900 – 1920, the primary sources of data could be:
Music and films that were created during that time
Autobiographies which were written during that time
Newspapers which were there during that time
Novels and story books which were written during that period
Settlement housing records
Accurate census records recorded during that time
Traditional maps that were made during that period
Recorded radio shows
Records on mechanical system used to move dead animals bodies
Oral stories from people who were alive back then
These are not the only items that can be used for primary data. Other items that can be used efficiently are cartoons and written materials. Ideally, anything that can give you information of that time can be classified as primary source of data provided it was written during that time.
Another important point that needs to be considered is that books, newspaper materials and other stories written after that period cannot be referred to as primary data sources. This is because they were written by people after that period was over. As will be seen, that is secondary information.
Secondary sources of historical data refers to materials that were written after that period of time. Mostly, these were written by historians who probably used primary data. When using secondary data, you should cross-reference to ensure that you have accurate information.
Once you have your data (both primary and secondary), you are now ready to start working. You should not start working unless you have enough materials though you can add new ones as you go. A librarian is an important asset who can give you a lot of information depending on the problem that you go through. Remember that there are times you can get materials but you are unsure whether they are primary or secondary.
© Copyright Grantchester.info. Effective research for your term paper


text:
South African motoring at its best
Jaguar to finish off a legend
June 10, 2014 April 29, 2019 Miles Downard	0 Comments
Jaguar is undoubtedly one of Britain's most successful marques in its motoring history – and possibly their most well-known model was the E-Type. Launched in 1961 at the Geneva motor show, the E-Type stunned the world with its striking looks, racing heritage and remarkable affordability. It was a car that left rivals Aston Martin and Ferrari shaking in their boots; the great Enzo Ferrari went so far as to declare the E-Type as "the most beautiful car ever made."
On the back of the car's success the company allocated 18 chassis numbers to a series of all-alloy, racey, lightweight E-Types in 1963, built to continue the racing success of the D-Type. Jaguar only got round to building 12, with the cars having several appearances at Le Mans and Sebring with the likes of Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart, Roy Salvadori and Briggs Cunningham behind the wheel, but largely without success.
Those mathematically gifted readers will have realised that six chassis numbers went unused. Until now that is, as Jaguar's Heritage Business arm have decided to finish the production run using numbers assigned but unused in the 1960s.
The six models will be built to the exact specifications of the 1960s originals, including the dry-sump aluminium-block 3.8-litre straight six engine and the aluminium body. This goes alongside the minimalised interior trim, reduced exterior chrome and super-slim windows that went to keep the kerb weight 114 kg under the regular E-Type.
Director of the Heritage Business Derek Weale said, "The E-type is an iconic car, and the Lightweight E-tpe is the most desirable model of all. To be able to complete the intended production run of 18, some 50 years after the last Lightweight was completed, is an opportunity we couldn't miss."
Why Jaguar never got round to building these in the first place, we'll never know. But I think it's marvellous that the company maintains a Heritage division that is willing to tackle such projects; thereby maintaining the essence that has made Jaguar one of the world's most desirable brands.
Of the 12 originals, it is believed that only 11 are still in existence. They don't come rarer. A point proved by sales of a few of the original cars, where cheques have been written in excess of R15,000,000. So while prices won't be announced till later this year, I can't see the final six being a bargain.
First published in Autodealer KZN
← Land Rover introduces an invisible car
Kia Koup T-GDI →
Formula 1 – Autosport.com
Leclerc: Verstappen Silverstone battle "most fun I've had in F1"
Hamilton British GP fastest lap "made data look silly" - Wolff
Alfa Romeo F1 technical boss Resta to leave and rejoin Ferrari
WRC – Autosport.com
M-Sport Ford's Elfyn Evans to miss WRC Rally Finland with back injury
Rally Estonia winner Tanak deliberately chose adverse starting spot
M-Sport's Millener: Estonia "first real test" of new Fiesta R5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


WestJet gas become the only airline connecting Calgarians non-stop to Atlanta, Ga. with its inaugural flight between Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL).
Atlanta is the 65th destination WestJet serves nonstop from Calgary. WestJet already serves more destinations with more nonstop flights from Calgary than any other airline.
WestJet, via its codeshare partner Delta, offers access to an extensive list of U.S. destinations including the southeastern United States and Gulf Coast and cities such as Memphis, Tenn., Charleston, S.C., New Orleans, La., Savannah, Ga., Pensacola and Panama City, Fla. All are available for booking on westjet.com.
WestJet and Delta Air Lines have signed a definitive agreement to create a comprehensive trans-border joint venture arrangement that will offer travelers an expanded network within Canada and the U.S., frequent flyer benefit reciprocity, lounge access and joint corporate discounts. The proposed joint venture agreement is subject to regulatory approvals in the United States and Canada. Today's launch of nonstop service between Calgary and Atlanta reflects the strong partnership between the two airlines.
Due to a police operation at Frankfurt Airport, there are delays and flight cancellations on flights to and from Frankfurt today.
Tropical Storm Koppu, also known as Lando, has killed at least 12 people in the Philippines according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Philippines.


You'd think that it was a good thing for Mikuru to spend a whole episode unconscious, but she makes painful Gooto Yuko sounds in her sleep. Clearly the most annoying thing about this program.
I no longer care that they didn't immediately conclude the "Remote Island Syndrome" story, because this was infinitely better. It's not so much a side story as it is an actual complement to the series, and hey! Look at this! Haruhi isn't the heroine after all!
So, we're all well acquainted with the fact that the main story of The Melancholy of Suzumiya Haruhi is being stretched across this series, with stories taken from other books in between.
Judging by the preview, this two parter won't be resolved until the episode after next! You can't leave us hanging on a fluffy murder mystery, folks: it's just fluff, after all!
I've laid low on writing about this episode of this top secret show because I needed time for my non-existent evil plans to come to fruition.
Actually, this is really good stuff right here that even justifies the existence of Mikuru and her godawful voice, and for that I am grateful. It's just a pity that the real world so significantly dampened my enthusiasm for this adventure.
Remember, folks: she's not the messiah, she's a very naughty girl.
The concept of Suzumiya Haruhi revealed at last!


Three different shaped hennins, with three different veil drapes.
Smart-prop Poser items, fitted to Victoria 4, with dynamic cloth veils.
Obj files, and texture templates also included.
Historical note: Women during this time period shaved the front part of their hair to create a high forehead appearance. Using a body texture with a bald head will give the closest correct look for your image.
I love your historical headgear. Thank you very much, Rosemary.


text:
David Murphy (June 23, 1921–August 28, 2014) was the Central Intelligence Agency's station chief in Berlin from 1959 to 1961. In that position, he advised John F. Kennedy on how to react to the construction of the Berlin Wall. Subsequently, he became chief of the CIA's Soviet Russia operation  division.

In 1997, he and his counterpart, former KGB Berlin Chief Sergei Kondrashev, co-wrote Battleground Berlin, a memoir of the Cold War.

References

External links
Log of online moderated chat with David Murphy at CNN
David Murphy interviewed at Agentura.Ru

People of the Central Intelligence Agency
1921 births
2014 deaths
American expatriates in Germany

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ritual pain linked to increased psychological wellbeing
Ritual pain linked to increased psychological well-being
Participants subjecting themselves to bodily mutilations as part of a religious ritual experienced an increased sense of psychological and emotional well-being, a Keele University researcher has found.
Dr Sammyh Khan, from Keele's School of Psychology, was part of an international research collaboration examining the psycho-physiological responses of Tamil Hindus participating in the kavadi attam, a ritual held in honour of the Hindu god of war Murugan as part of the longer festival of Thaipussam.
The ritual sees Tamil Hindus across the world honouring Murugan by piercing and puncturing their skin with skewers and needles, before beginning a pilgrimage over many miles uphill to a temple carrying portable altars weighing up to 60 kilograms on their shoulders.
The research was carried out with members of the Tamil Hindu community in the town of Quatre Bornes in Mauritius, as part of an international collaboration including
the University of Connecticut and Harvard University in the US, Masaryk University in the Czech Republic, and the University of Otago in New Zealand.
For three weekly periods before, during, and after the ritual, participants wore portable monitoring devices recording their stress levels, sleep efficiency, and physical activity. Their heart rate was also recorded daily, and clinically and cross-culturally validated measures of psychological well-being were administered before and after the ritual.
The researchers found that participation in the extreme ritual had no detectable harmful effects on participants, but actually had positive effects on their psychological well-being. Participants engaging with a higher number of body piercings in fact experienced the greatest improvements to their perceived health and quality of life.
Dr Sammyh Khan from Keele University said: "Although the findings may seem counterintuitive at first, research from multiple disciplines highlights the palliative effects of belonging to, and participating in, groups - religious or otherwise.
"Often more stressful and painful activities and experiences bring people closer together and in turn increase resilience and wellbeing."
The research, "Effects of Extreme Ritual Practices of Psychophysiological Well-Being", is published in Current Anthropology.
Picture credit: Dimitris Xygalatas
School of Psychology Read more news from Keele Contact the press office Book an open day
Nursing leaders pay tribute to 5,000 Keele-trained nurses and midwives working in the NHS this winter
Keele University Day Nursery celebrates outstanding Ofsted report
Government investment for new Institute of Technology is welcomed
Students rank Keele in UK Top 5 universities
New degrees in cyber security launched at Keele University
Andy Cain,
Media Relations Manager
Abby Swift,
Senior Communications Officer
Strategic Communications and Brand news@keele.ac.uk.


text:
Q: SwiftUI CoreData Preview FetchedResults Crashing I am having issues previewing my SwiftUI CoreData in the canvas. The app works as expected in the simulator and on device, but the preview is crashing any preview view that uses a FetchedResult or ObservedObject (which I may be using wrong?).
My Persistence is set up as such, using a preview controller with supplied preview data:
import CoreData
import CloudKit

struct PersistenceController {
    //MARK: - 1. PERSISTENCE CONTROLLER
    static let shared = PersistenceController()
    //MARK: - 2. PERSISTENT CONTAINER
    let container: NSPersistentContainer
    //MARK: - 3. INIT (load the persistent store)
    init(inMemory: Bool = false) {
        container = NSPersistentContainer(name: "Training")
        if inMemory {
            container.persistentStoreDescriptions.first!.url = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/dev/null")
        }
        container.loadPersistentStores(completionHandler: { (storeDescription, error) in
            if let error = error as NSError? {
                fatalError("Unresolved error \(error), \(error.userInfo)")
            }
        })
    }
    //MARK: - 4. PREVIEW
    static var preview: PersistenceController = {
        let result = PersistenceController(inMemory: true)
        let viewContext = result.container.viewContext

        let newGoalView = GoalViews(context: viewContext)
        newGoalView.startDate = K.init().EndOfWeek(weeksSinceAnchorDate: 1)
        newGoalView.endDate = K.init().EndOfWeek(weeksSinceAnchorDate: 2)
        newGoalView.id = UUID()
        newGoalView.totalDistanceUnit = "meters"
        newGoalView.totalDistanceDoubleValue = 30000
        newGoalView.workoutActivityType = Int16(32)

        do {
            try viewContext.save()
        } catch {
            let nsError = error as NSError
            fatalError("Unresolved error \(nsError), \(nsError.userInfo), The database failed to load.")
        }
        return result
    }()
}

I am having issues both previewing it in the parent view here:
//
//  GoalsView.swift
//  Training
//
//  Created by Liam Day on 03/05/2021.
//

import SwiftUI
import HealthKit

struct GoalsView: View {
    //MARK: - PROPERTIES

    @State var showNewGoalView: Bool = false

    //MARK: - FETCHING DATA
    @Environment(\.managedObjectContext) private var viewContext

    @FetchRequest(
        sortDescriptors: [NSSortDescriptor(keyPath: \GoalViews.endDate, ascending: true)],
        animation: .default) var goalViews: FetchedResults<GoalViews>

    func deleteItems(offsets: IndexSet) {
        withAnimation {
            offsets.map { goalViews[$0] }.forEach(viewContext.delete)

            do {
                try viewContext.save()
            } catch {
                let nsError = error as NSError
                fatalError("Unresolved error \(nsError), \(nsError.userInfo)")
            }
        }
    }
    //MARK: - BODY
    var body: some View {
        NavigationView {
            List {
                ForEach(goalViews) { goalView in
                GoalViewListItemView(goalView: goalView)
            }
            .onDelete(perform: deleteItems)
            }
            .listStyle(PlainListStyle())
            .navigationBarTitle(Text("Goals"), displayMode: .inline)
            .toolbar {
                ToolbarItem(placement: .navigationBarTrailing) {
                    Button(action: {
                        self.showNewGoalView = true
                    }, label: {
                        Text("Add Goal")
                    })
                }
                ToolbarItem(placement: .navigationBarLeading) {
                    EditButton()
                }
            }
            .sheet(isPresented: $showNewGoalView, content: {
                CreateGoalView(isShowing: $showNewGoalView)
            })
        }
    }
}

struct GoalsView_Previews: PreviewProvider {
    static var previews: some View {
        return GoalsView().environment(\.managedObjectContext, PersistenceController.preview.container.viewContext)
    }
}

And in the individual child view, GoalViewListItemView:
//
//  GoalViewListItemView.swift
//  Training
//
//  Created by Liam Day on 30/05/2021.
//

import SwiftUI
import HealthKit
import CoreData

struct GoalViewListItemView: View {

    var goalView: FetchedResults<GoalViews>.Element // changed from observed object
    @State var progressValue: Double = 0
    @AppStorage("distanceUnitSystemMetric") var distanceUnitSystemMetric: Bool = true

    func calcGoalTotal() {
        ...
    }

    var body: some View {
        NavigationLink(destination: GoalViewDetailView(goalView: goalView, progressValue: $progressValue)) {
            VStack(alignment: .leading) {
                Text(HKWorkoutActivityType.init(rawValue: UInt(goalView.workoutActivityType))!.commonName)
                    .font(.title)
                Text(K.goalUnit.init(rawValue: (goalView.goalUnit ?? String("totalDistanceDoubleValue")))?.name ?? "Unkown")
                Text("Start: \(Bundle.main.getDynamicDayName(date: goalView.startDate ?? Date()))")
                Text("Finish: \(Bundle.main.getDynamicDayName(date: goalView.endDate ?? Date()))")
                if goalView.goalUnit == K.goalUnit.totalDistanceDoubleValue.rawValue {
                    Text("Goal of \(Bundle.main.getDistance(totalDistanceDoubleValue: goalView.totalDistanceDoubleValue, totalDistanceUnit: HKUnit.meter().unitString, returnUnit: distanceUnitSystemMetric ? K.init().kilometer : HKUnit.mile().unitString, significantDigits: 3))")
                    ProgressView(
                        "\(Bundle.main.getDistance(totalDistanceDoubleValue: progressValue, totalDistanceUnit: HKUnit.meter().unitString, returnUnit: distanceUnitSystemMetric ? K.init().kilometer : HKUnit.mile().unitString, significantDigits: 3))",
                        value: (progressValue / goalView.totalDistanceDoubleValue),
                        total: 1
                    )
                } else if goalView.goalUnit == K.goalUnit.totalEnergyBurnedDoubleValue.rawValue {
                    Text("Goal of \(String(format: "%.0f", goalView.totalEnergyBurnedDoubleValue)) KCal")
                    ProgressView(
                        "\(String(format: "%.0f", progressValue)) KCal",
                        value: (progressValue / goalView.totalEnergyBurnedDoubleValue),
                        total: 1
                    )
                } else if goalView.goalUnit == K.goalUnit.duration.rawValue {
                    Text("Goal of \(Bundle.main.getHoursMinutesSeconds(timeInSeconds: goalView.duration))")
                    ProgressView(
                        "\(Bundle.main.getHoursMinutesSeconds(timeInSeconds: progressValue))",
                        value: (progressValue / goalView.duration),
                        total: 1
                    )
                } else {
                    EmptyView()
                }
            }
        }
        .onAppear(perform: {
            calcGoalTotal()
        })
    }
}

struct GoalViewListItemView_Previews: PreviewProvider {
    static var previews: some View {

        let viewContext = PersistenceController.preview.container.viewContext
        let newGoalView = GoalViews(context: viewContext)

        return GoalViewListItemView(goalView: newGoalView)

    }
}

I have already swapped the child view from an @ObservedObject with type GoalViews to a FetchedResults<GoalViews>.Element.
The app continues to function as expected as I swap and change FetchedResults, ObservedObjects and States at different levels.
What is the correct data flow from parent (fetching data) to child (needing to access update/delete data)? How are these outlined in the preview if using a preview Persistence Controller?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When it comes to the car insurance San Diego drivers have, unfortunately, most are under-insured and paying too much.
As your premier local San Diego car insurance agent, Prosper Insurance is dedicated to securing the best car insurance at a reasonable cost. Driving has become a necessary part of our lives, and is something many of us truly cannot live without. Whether you're driving to Balboa Park, Del Mar Fairgrounds, Pacific Beach, or just going to work—every time you get behind the wheel you place yourself at risk.
At Prosper Insurance, we are proud of the superior customer support and car insurance San Diego residents appreciate. Obiously, there is no "one size fits all" policy, so we take a different approach. We search competitive San Diego car insurance quotes from 15+ companies. That gives you a stress-free and simple way to find the best policy specifically for you!
We love to that go above and beyond. It's important to remember that car insurance San Diego can protect you from loss in the event of an unfortunate accident, making the policy all the more critical.
At Prosper Insurance, we strive to give you as many options as possible. Our comprehensive insurance strategies provide you with the opportunity to custom build a policy that meets all of your car insurance needs. Whether you have a perfect driving record, or have tickets, accidents, or even a DUI, we have the expertise and companies to find you the right coverage at the best rate.
We recognize that all of these coverage options can be a bit overwhelming. That's why we're here to help you understand your choices and strive to become a trusted advisor. You want to make sure that you're fully covered for a range of vehicle risks, while at the same time trying to keep premium expenses as low as possible.
Prosper Insurance is dedicated to helping you find the most appropriate car insurance San Diego coverage. Let us listen to your needs, and customize a policy that best suits your unique situation. We make you, and your family's protection, our number one priority. Thank you for allowing us the opportunity to earn your business!
Contact Prosper Insurance to learn more about our various coverage options receive a complete coverage review—as well as your free CA auto insurance quotes today!


I'm thinking about attending Texas State. How do I get started?
This website, part of the Office of Undergraduate Admissions, is a good place to start. There, you will find information for prospective Freshman and Transfer students including how to apply, a list of frequently asked questions, Admission Forms, Application Status Check, Orientation information, and contact information.
How do I apply to Texas State?
Go to this website: ApplyTexas. You will need to create an account to fill out the application. Click on the "Create your account now" link under the "Get Started" section. After creating an account, you can fill out the application. Be sure to keep track of your login information so that you can access your application later.
You DO NOT have to pay the application fee. However, you MUST fax a letter from your CPS agent stating that you were in foster care in order to have the application fee waived. Once you have obtained a letter from CPS, fax it to the Admissions Office at (512) 245-9020.
You must apply for an Education Training Voucher (ETV) from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. The ETV provides grants for postsecondary education and training to eligible youth who are in or age out of foster care, or who are adopted from foster care after turning 16 years old. The ETV helps pay for residential housing, room and board costs/food, tuition and fees, personal items, books and school supplies, child care, some transportation needs, computer or other required equipment, and medical insurance through school. Go to this website for information about eligibility requirements, application to apply for ETV, frequently asked questions about ETV, and contact information.
Every year, you must fill out a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, also known as FAFSA. Through the FAFSA you can apply for grants and work-study.
Another option is to apply for scholarships. There are many scholarships offered through Texas State, and there are scholarships that are available to foster youth.
Please read this document for more information about paying for college.
How do I apply for Foster Care status?
Obtain documentation from the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services and present to the Texas State Cashier's Office, in J.C. Kellam Building, Rm. 188. Their phone number is (512) 245-2480.
What is the benefit of claiming foster care status?
Students who are eligible get certain fees waived, such as tuition and some required fees, and you are eligible to apply for competitive scholarships to help with other costs.
FAFSA stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid. It is what you fill out to receive money to go to school. You submit one every year. The priority deadline is April 1st. That means that you need to submit the FAFSA on or before April 1st so that you can get the most money possible. To fill out a FAFSA online, go to www.fafsa.ed.gov.
I have questions about Financial Aid. Who do I need to talk to?
First, check the Financial Aid Answer Bank. This website contains 140 answers to common questions. If you do not see a question that matches yours, you can submit a question and receive an answer. You can also call the Financial Aid office at (512) 245-2315 or visit their website.
I need a job. Where should I start?
The best place to start is Career Services. You will want to make a profile on Jobs4Cats. Once you have made a profile, you can search for on-campus and off-campus jobs. Also, employers can see your profile and possibly contact you for an interview.
Career Services can also help you create and edit a resume, help you improve your interviewing skills through mock interviews, help you find an internship, help you choose a major, and provide you with job shadowing opportunities.
Where can I get help with planning a budget, managing my money, how to use a bank, etc?
An excellent place to find information is Cash Course. This website will give you information about financial basics, paying for college, college life, the world of work, and calculators and worksheets. Also, check out Money Savvy Cats, another great place to find information about finances.
I'm new to Texas State and am having difficulties meeting new people. What can I do?
The Bobcat Bond Program is a very good place to start. This program pairs incoming freshmen and transfer students with staff, faculty, and peer/student mentors. A mentor is someone who is familiar with Texas State and can help acclimate you to the campus. He or she will periodically meet with you to answer any questions you may have and help you find necessary resources. Go to the website to apply to be a mentee.
Another option is to join a student organization. Once on the Student Organizations website, click on the "Search registered orgs" link to browse over 200 student organizations. If you don't find one that suits you, click on the "Start an organization" link to find out how to start a student organization.
If you have a question not listed on this page, chances are that others also have that question and would benefit from having it listed here. Please email your question to the FACES team at faces@txstate.edu.


kitchen coffee bar coffee bar hutch kitchen hutch cabinet kitchen coffee bar hutch cabinet ideas we created this area coffee bar kitchen coffee bar table.
robie house house frank lloyd wright robie house floor plan.
retro floor lamps retro floor lamps lamp shade copper angled arc antique brass reading couch rattan over dining table vintage unusual tall curved corner black retro floor lamps for sale.
24x24 ceiling tiles drop ceiling tiles ceiling tiles glorious styrofoam ceiling tiles 24 x 24.
matteson square garden wedge properties management has purchased three sugar creek a six story matteson square garden st peters missouri.
yard signs for sale yard signs aluminum sandwich board yard sale signs with stakes.
speaker box design speaker box pa speaker box design box speaker box design plans pdf.
bridal shower appetizers travel bridal shower theme food cheese platter wedding shower appetizers ideas.


There's still room for all your gear—and then some—in the adidas® Foundation V Backpack!
Exterior features four zip pockets and two slip pocket.
Lined interior features a laptop sleeve and organizational pockets.


The Legal Ombudsman has warned that consumers will be frustrated by plans to allow solicitors to work for unregulated firms.
The complaints-handler says the Solicitors Regulation Authority proposals will lead to uncertainty for clients about where to bring complaints and the possibility they will lose access to redress.
The regulator wants to open the market up to greater competition and innovation, but the ombudsman says there will be a lack of clarity about its jurisdiction and consumers could face weaker protection as a result.
Problems are likely to arise because the LeO jurisdiction will only extend to the individual solicitor rather than firm or company they work in.
The ombudsman also doubts that decisions will always be enforced against individual solicitors as they will have to pay for redress or case fees.
The organisation warns it will have to 'carefully pick' which elements of a case can be investigated, and is also concerned about the tensions between the professional obligations of the individual solicitor and the unregulated firm.
The response explained: 'Within an unregulated firm a solicitor (beginning an instruction with a client) would be under an obligation to conduct conflict of interest checks at the beginning of an instruction.
The Law Society, which has been a vocal critic of the SRA plans, made a final plea yesterday to scrap the proposals and said the regulator had not done enough to make a convincing case for reform.
The representative body said the rule change will lead to little if any economic benefit whilst potentially weakening protections such as legal professional privilege and rules governing conflict of interest.
A report commissioned by the Society said: 'If these proposals reduce public trust in the solicitor profession then this could increase unmet legal need as people may be less willing to seek legal advice. It could also reduce the significant contribution solicitors make to the economy and jobs.
PS Sorry, MENS REA and ACTUS REUS, of course. Doh!
I think we should revert to the position we were in pre-1980 when the Law Society was both our representative and regulator and disciplinarian. That is what an 'independent' profession requires, otherwise it is not independent.
SRA/SDT seem to lurch from one bad idea to another. Shambolic case preparation, fantastic costs orders, refusal to answer questions on who does what and how much he charges for doing it. Good, competent, and decent practitioners are finding this work can no longer be done profitably due to the fantastic burden of compliance and the cost of PII cover, both while in practice and for 6 years after retirement, but cannot afford to leave.
The SRA/SDT would appear to have no grasp of these issues. They just carry on as in the old days when no 'mens era' needed to be proved, just the 'acts reuse'. If they carry on in this way more and more solicitors will fall by the wayside and for exactly the same reasons. They are, in effect, the cause of these defaults as well as the prosecutors and hangmen.


text:
Argyle International Airport
Argyle International Airport is a new airport that was constructed on the island of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean Sea.
New airport
Argyle, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
EC$652m ($239.97m)
International Airport Development Company (IADC)
Construction of the terminal building started in 2011. Image courtesy of International Airport Development Company Limited.
The 'Chatoyer-Che contingent' construction team managed the construction of the Argyle International Airport. Image courtesy of International Airport Development Company Limited.
The base for the air traffic control tower was constructed by Franco Construction. Image courtesy of International Airport Development Company Limited.
The new site replaced the existing ET Joshua airport located at Arnos Vale, and serves as the island's sole international airport.
The airport was opened for passengers in February 2017, and provides direct flight connection from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United States, Canada, Europe, and South America.
It is expected to handle about 1.4 million of passengers per year.
The groundbreaking ceremony for the airport was held in July 2008, while earth works were started in August the same year. A state-owned organisation named International Airport Development Company (IADC) was formed in November 2004 to manage the project.
Need for a new airport in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
"Both Argyle and Kitchen were considered for the new airport."
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island region, and as such has faced airside problems.
The existing ET Joshua Airport was outdated and unable to cater to the growing demands of the area. The government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines planned to construct a new airport for the region, as extending the runways and making space at the existing ET Joshua Airport was decided to be too difficult in logistical terms.
Both Argyle and Kitchen were considered for the new airport, but Argyle was eventually chosen due to being the more sustainable option.
Details of Argyle International Airport
The new airport was built over a 290 acre (117ha) site, and includes a terminal building, an Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower, a runway, three aprons and other infrastructure.
The aprons are categorised as commercial, general aviation, and cargo aprons.
"The airport will feature a 2,743m (9,000ft) long and 45m (148ft) wide paved runway."
The commercial apron covers 35,632m² and serves international passengers, while the general aviation apron, located south of the commercial apron, covers 46,784m².
The cargo apron, located further south below the general aviation apron, covers an area of 7,920m² and also includes parking space for aircraft.
The airport features a 2,743m (9,000ft) long and 45m (148ft) wide paved runway, which can service large jets such as Boeing 747-400s.
Two taxiways were constructed to provide better transportation services for passengers. Other landside facilities, such as cargo terminal building, signage, fire and rescue stations, and access roads were also constructed.
The airport is equipped with navigation aids systems, approach lighting systems, precision approach path indicators, radio navigators, and Automatic Weather Stations (AWOS).
Construction of the terminal building was started in 2011, while building works for the ATC tower began in January 2014.
The terminal building
The airport features a commercial car park to accommodate about 250 cars, space for ten large buses, and additional space for taxis and rental cars.
"A roof-top restaurant and a wave-shaped gallery covering an area of 13,000ft2 will also be added."
The terminal building is located in front of the commercial apron, and covers 12,065m² (129,867ft²) and features three floors. It can handle a total of 800 passengers during peak hours, including 400 in and 400 out.
The terminal features a 9,000ft long and 150ft wide airstrip. The departure lounge and retail area covers a total space of 21,000ft².
A roof-top restaurant and a wave-shaped gallery covering an area of 13,000ft² were also added to the terminal. A conference centre facility with a roof-top garden was constructed, comprising an area of 11,000ft².
The 'Chatoyer-Che contingent team' of Cubans and Vincentians oversaw construction of the airport.
Kocks Consult submitted an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for the project in June 2008.
"The project designs were outlined by Maritime Engineering Services (ASTIMAR)."
Designs were outlined by Maritime Engineering Services (ASTIMAR), while CECI Engineering Consultants designed the terminal building.
Overseas Engineering and Construction Company (OECC) was contracted to construct the terminal in November 2010. The $25.09m contract also included plans for the construction of electrical substations, internal and external signage, and other support facilities.
The ATC tower base was constructed by Franco Construction. Aeronav assembled the control cabin in Canada and shipped it to the airport site at a later date.
INNOTECH constructed the Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) stations.
Financing from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
"Taiwan has already provided $26.5m for the terminal construction."
The EC$652m ($239.97m) project was jointly financed by a number of countries. The Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines provided EC$175m ($64.41m) for the project, which was raised by selling Crown lands.
The remaining amount was financed through grants and soft loans from the Republic of Cuba, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and the governments of Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Mexico, Austria, Malaysia, Turkey, Iran, Portugal, and Libya.
Taiwan provided $26.5m for the terminal construction.
The CARICOM Development Fund (CDF) provided a loan of EC$14m ($5.15m) in September 2010, and another subsequent loan of EC$8.8m ($0.2m) in October 2012.
Gate Technologies AF Ltd
Jensen Hughes


text:
ExxonMobil mulls 'multi-billion' dollar expansion at Singapore refinery
Updated : June 26, 2018 04:23 PM IST
The project is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of ExxonMobil's Singapore refining-petrochemical complex, which is one of the company's largest integrated fuels, lubricant base stocks and chemicals production sites in the world, the company said in a statement.
The expansion would enable ExxonMobil to introduce a new high-viscosity base stock to the market, it said.
ExxonMobil said on Tuesday it plans to make a final investment decision in 2019 on what it called a "multi-billion dollar" project that would expand its clean fuel and lubricant output at its Singapore refinery.
If the project proceeds, the new output is expected in 2023, the company said, without disclosing exactly how much it plans to invest.
"This investment would move it to the top quartile worldwide in terms of refining competitiveness and increase the site's competitive advantage from crude cracking," said Bryan Milton, president of ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants Company.
The expansion would enable ExxonMobil to introduce a new high-viscosity base stock to the market, it said. Base oil is the raw material for lubricants used in machinery motor parts.
The project would also increase ExxonMobil's output of marine fuels with lower sulphur content that will comply with a new requirement from the International Maritime Organization, ExxonMobil said.
Separately, the company said it expects to start producing new base oil and fuel from an expanded hydrocracker at its Rotterdam refinery in the Netherlands by the end of 2018.
Tags economy ExxonMobil lubricant base stocks Singapore refinery


The students every now and then in their academics do require the services of a professional writer for doing a variety of tasks. The small issues such as the essay writing tasks are not that significant which may be handled by ordinary writers as well, but the bigger projects such as writing a term paper or dissertation needs the services of a quality writer only. It is all because of the nature of the task which people will find hard to do on their own. The expertise and quality writing skills are pivotal for a writer for doing such high profile task. The student, if wants the right peace of mind should look for a writer that is reliable in every little sense. There are a number of checks which the students need to perform and a writer would only qualify for the task if he meets all the selection criteria. This is a time consuming job and you must invest your quality time to find the high quality writer, if you have made up your mind that you will outsource your dissertation. This time investment will be paid off later, when the end product that they will receive from the writer is of high quality and that will earn him some really good marks.
When looking for a writer at the freelance portal, make sure that he has filled in all the relevant details in his profile. He must be an experienced writer, which you can check easily through his profile.
Look that what the clients have to say about his service.
Check the portfolio section and look at the quality of the documents that he is displaying there for the clients.
Fully assure that the writer is asking for the best market competitive rates.
If possible, ask any of your friend or seniors in the institute if they can refer you to a quality writer.


text:
Research | Open | Published: 11 July 2014
Prevention of Salmonella contamination of finished soybean meal used for animal feed by a Norwegian production plant despite frequent Salmonella contamination of raw soy beans, 1994–2012
Martin Wierup1 &
Thor Kristoffersen2
Salmonella contaminated animal feed is a major source for introducing Salmonella into the animal derived food chain. Because soybeans frequently are contaminated with Salmonell a, soybean meal used as animal feed material, a by-product of a "crushing plant" which produces oil from soybeans, can be important source of Salmonella in the animal feed.
We report the successful control of Salmonella from 1994 to 2012 in a Norwegian crushing plant producing soybean meal from imported soy beans. The results are based on an officially supervised HACCP based program including annual testing of around 4000 samples.
During the 19-year period, 34% of samples collected during unloading of ships delivering soybeans yielded Salmonella; the proportion of samples from ships that yielded Salmonella varied from 12-62% each year. Dust samples from all shiploads from South America yielded Salmonella. In total 94 serovars of Salmonella were isolated, including nine (90%) of the EU 2012 top ten serovars isolated from clinical cases of salmonellosis in humans, including major animal pathogenic serovars like Spp. Typhimurium and Enteritidis.
The effectiveness of the HACCP based control was indicated by a low prevalence of Salmonella contamination in the clean area of the plant, which is considered to be the main reason for the successful prevention of Salmonella in the end product. Despite extensive testing, no sample from the finished soybean meal product was found to be Salmonella contaminated.
This study shows that a HAACP-based control program in a soybean crushing plant can produce Salmonella free soybean meal despite frequent Salmonella contamination of raw soybeans. That approach is suggested as an effective way to minimize the risk of Salmonella exposure of the animal feed mills and contamination of the subsequent animal feed chain.
Salmonella contaminated animal feed is a major source for introducing Salmonella into the animal feed and food chain [1],[2]. A striking example emphasizing the potential of contaminated animal feed to act as a source of Salmonella infections in humans occurred when S. Agona emerged as a public health problem in several countries due to the spread of contaminated imported fish meal used as animal feed. In the USA a rapid increase of human infections with S. Agona occurred from 1968 to 1972 [3], and a similar increase of human infections with S. Agona occurred simultaneously in European countries. Since then, S. Agona has been among the most prevalent serotypes in humans. It is estimated that up to 2001 the serotype caused more than one million human illnesses in the USA alone since it was introduced in animal feed 1968 [1].
In the EU increasing focus has been directed to the prevention of Salmonella contamination during animal feed production [4],[5]. Major animal feed materials that often are reported to be Salmonella contaminated are meals and expellers (cakes) from the oil crushing industry, e.g. soybean meals, rapeseed, babassu, coconut expeller and palm kernel expeller [6]. The control and elimination of Salmonella contamination in the crushing plants would therefore be an important way to prevent Salmonella introduction into EU farms. Control of Salmonella in crushing plants is feasible if recontamination is prevented since the production process reaches temperatures that would eliminate Salmonella.
Crushing plants provide soybean meal and other meals to feed mills for the production of animal feeds. Data have been presented on the successful prevention of Salmonella contamination in feed mills in Scandinavian countries [7],[8], but the only report on prevention and control of Salmonella in a crushing plant was a rape seed plant [9]. Soybean meal is a much more common ingredient of animal feed than rape seed, and this report is the first from a soybean crushing plant.
The company – Denofa AS – has its crushing plant situated in Fredrikstad, 100 km south of Oslo, Norway. During the period studied (1994–2012) the plant has increased its capacity from 375,000 tonnes to 420,000 tons of non-GMO soybeans per year, producing today around 330,000 tonnes of soybean meal products, 85,000 tonnes of crude soybean oil and 2,500 tonnes of soy lecithin.
Supply chain for raw materials
The soy beans are imported mainly from Brazil. The production areas are in the interior of the country, the majority coming from the state of Mato Grosso. After harvest the beans are stored in large warehouses close to the farming areas. From there they are transported in trucks and barges about 2,500 km to the port terminals. About each month the Denofa plant receives handy size vessels (with 25–35,000 tonnes of soybeans) at Denofa's own port close to the crushing plant.
The soybean meal from Denofa is distributed to animal feed mills mainly in Norway, Sweden and Finland, for the production of compound animal feed mainly to cows, pigs and poultry. About 50% of the meal is delivered by sea in small coaster vessels; the rest is delivered to the clients by truck.
The production is based on a traditional extraction process where the soybean oil is separated from the protein rich part by solvent extraction, as illustrated in Figure 1. After the oil has been extracted the meal is subject to toasting via direct steam treatment. Temperature reaches a minimum 105°C after a residence time of about 30 minutes. Processing conditions during toasting are considered to be of crucial importance for removal of eventual Salmonella. Afterwards, the toasting meal is dried, cooled and sent to dedicated storage areas.
Flow sheet showing the production of soybean meal and associated products at the Denofa crushing plant.
Control of Salmonella
Overall strategy
The plant produces soybean meal according to Number 2.18.3 in Part C of Commission Regulation (EC) No 68/2013 of 16 January 2013 on the Catalogue of animal feed materials. Supplying Salmonella free products is a vital part of the business strategy. In line with this strategy and legal requirements, the plant has a declared ambition to deliver only Salmonella-safe animal feed materials to customers/animal feed mills. This means that in addition to the HACCP programme described below, the product is not used in the production of animal feed until it has tested negative for Salmonella contamination. The plant is certified according to the standard "GMP + B2 (2010) Production of Animal feed Ingredients" [10].
Major preventive measures
In order to reduce the risk of Salmonella contamination to an absolute minimum, top priority is given to the following:
The production site is carefully segregated into "unclean and clean zones".
Strict procedures and rules are established regarding: training of personnel, equipment design, operating conditions, buildings, logistics, maintenance and cleaning.
Extensive sampling at critical control points, and appropriate action taken when Salmonella is isolated.
Frequent inspections and audits.
Legislative demands
The requirements for hygienic animal feed production is laid down in the Norwegian regulation on animal feed hygiene (FOR 2010-01-14 nr 39: Forskrift om fôrhygiene) in which the corresponding EU legislation is adopted (Regulation (EC) No 183/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 January 2005) laying out the requirements for animal feed hygiene. It is required that the animal feed manufacturer operates an HACCP programme and adheres to general rules for good hygiene practice. The animal feed producer is checked and approved/registered by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority.
In addition, national requirements strive to minimise the risk of having Salmonella in the animal feed chain and to maintain the present situation of low Salmonella contamination [11]. These minimum requirements for prevention and control of Salmonella in animal feed are provided for in the national legislation (FOR 2002-11-07 nr.1290: Forskrift om fôrvarer, chapter V and annex 14).
Raw materials, including soybeans, are defined as high risk animal feed material with regard to Salmonella. When these raw materials are imported or when by-products of these products are used in the manufacturing of animal feed, the animal feed mill must have a Salmonella control program. Importers of animal feed material must ensure that the imported animal feed material is proven free from Salmonella contamination according to the fixed sampling programme before it can be received. If Salmonella is found in an animal feed mill, it has to be reported to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, to agree on necessary actions to minimise the risk of having contaminated animal feed on the market; and serotyping of the Salmonella must be done.
Because of the regular presence of Salmonella in dust from imported soybeans, a dispensation from the requirement of absence of Salmonella in imported raw materials is granted to Denofa by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, provided that evidence of Salmonella safe end products is ensured. To comply with this requirement a customized Salmonella control programme has been designed for the plant. The programme is approved by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, and is implemented by the company. Based on the existing control programme, which in principle is the same as that applied in Sweden [12], Swedish Authorities allow soybean meal tested free from Salmonella contamination at Denofa to be used in animal feed production in Sweden without additional testing at the time of entry into Sweden, a dispensation from its national requirement.
Testing procedures
A control program including sampling at critical control points covers the raw material fed into the process (1), outdoor environment, indicating the potential external Salmonella risk to the process (2), and the indoor environment and process equipment, including a special focus on the clean zones and clean process equipment (3). In addition, extensive sampling of the final products is undertaken to verify the absence of Salmonella (4). The control program is in accordance with the principles applied for feed mills [5],[6].
Because the different critical control points selected for the sampling varies by plant, they are not presented here. Instead, the testing procedures applied and associated results for isolation of Salmonella are presented, with a focus on the contamination status of the incoming and outgoing products plus some overall key data. Sampling from the dust arising during the unloading of the soybean vessels is used for measuring the Salmonella contamination of the soybeans entering the plant. During unloading of the vessel representative samples of the accompanying dust are collected and pooled into 24 subsamples, which are analyzed for each vessel.
Before the final product arrives at the meal storage area for the outgoing product, it is automatically sampled from a moving stream every 6 minutes. In each shift sample of 8 hours, representing about 350 tonnes of soybean meal, 80 incremental samples are generated and pooled into one shift sample to be analysed. When products are loaded for final delivery to customers, all of the trucks and meal vessels are sampled again. Samples from all of the vessels are analysed, and 5 trucks per day are randomly chosen for analyses. Samples from all deliveries are kept for reference.
Altogether about 4000 samples are analysed per year in the plant (Table 1). All of these are tested by standard bacteriological procedures [13] according to the NMKL-71 method [14], or by polymerase chain reaction assay (Salmonella spp AFNOR NO QUA-18/3-11/02; BAX), which in cases of a positive result are verified with the NMKL-71 method. The analyses of end product samples are done at accredited laboratories. All positive samples are sent to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute for serotyping.
Table 1 Results of Salmonella control at Denofa crushing plant during 2012
Efforts to minimize the risk for Salmonella contamination of the final product and the build- up of an in house contamination are always applied whenever Salmonella is detected. In case of Salmonella positive testing in final product samples, or samples from the indoor environment on the end product side ("clean zone"), measures are undertaken, irrespective of serovar, to eliminate the contamination and the risk of contaminated product entering the animal feed chain. The authorities and customers are contacted as needed. All results from the Salmonella control activities are reported to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. The plant is also subjected to regular audits from the same authority.
The results are first presented as an overall isolation of Salmonella from soy beans and the internal and external environments of the crushing plant during the whole period 1994–2012 (Figure 2).This is followed by the result of the HACCP based sampling during one year (2012), which is representative of the most recent years (Table 1) and in Table 2 further key data on isolation of Salmonella for the period 2000–2012. Finally the isolated serovars of Salmonella during the whole period (1994–2012) is presented in Table 3, along with the twelve most common serovars during the period 2000–2012 (Figure 3).
Isolation of Salmonella from Denofa crushing plant (% of total samples).
Table 2 Results of Salmonella control at Denofa crushing plant during 2000-2012
Table 3 Serovars of Salmonella isolated at the Denofa crushing plant per year from 1994 to 2012
Serovars of Salmonella isolated from Denofa crushing plant during 2000–2012.
Contamination rate
As can be seen from Figure 2, Salmonella are frequently isolated from the soy bean dust upon importation. During the period studied, a total of 6048 samples taken from the soy bean dust were analyzed out of which 2074 (34.3%) were contaminated by Salmonella. All positive samples are serotyped. Dust following all imported shiploads of soy beans from South America was found to be Salmonella contaminated, and was more contaminated than dust from beans coming from other origins (Canada and eastern Europe). The mean annual proportion of detected Salmonella contaminated samples from all imported shiploads was 34.3% with a range from 11.5 to 62.3%. During the period 2010–2012 the contamination rate decreased to the lowest level recorded (11.5%), for an unknown reason. During 1994–1998 the average contamination rate in the indoor environment of the "dirty zone" was close to 30% (29.1), but after substituting old equipment in 1998 the contamination dropped to a rather stable level at an average level of 7.8% throughout the remaining period (1999–2012) examined. The contamination of the outdoor environment was at a similar level (6.8%) up to 2006, when for an unknown reason a slight increase in positive Salmonella findings was recorded, with an average contamination rate of 17.6% during 2007–2012. Due to the fact that the indoor contamination in the "clean zone" was very low, as seen in Table 1 and Table 2, and that no Salmonella contamination was recorded in the end product during the studied period, those data are not included in Figure 2 because they should largely follow the baseline (0%).
The overall data for the sampling in different sections of the plant during one year (2012), representative for the most recent years of the study, is presented in Table 1. In addition to data presented in Figure 2, it can be seen that the indoor environmental contamination in the "clean zone" was very low (0.4%). It can also be seen that Salmonella was not detected in any of the 2690 samples tested from the final product, the soybean meal. This was also the result for all of the previous years of the period studied for the final meal delivered to the customers/animal feed mills (Table 2). In total >4000 samples were tested annually from the plant, out of which 85% were from the "clean zone".
The total annual number of Salmonella positive samples from the plant from 2000–2012 is presented in Table 2. This varies from 73 to 249, and mainly reflects contamination of dust from soy beans. For example, during 2004 when that contamination was >60% (Figure 2), 249 samples were positive for Salmonella. This high contamination rate is most likely also the reason for the increased isolation of Salmonella on "the clean side" during that and the subsequent year, 6 and 11 isolations respectively, and the two stops in delivery of soybean meal during 2005 to ensure freedom of Salmonella (Table 2).
Isolated serovars
During 1994–2012 94 different serovars of Salmonella were isolated from the samples examined (Table 3). Annually (2000–2012) on average 21 different serovars were isolated, with a range of 12 to 28 (Table 2). Since the program was started in 1994, serovars not previously detected were listed during all years. Some of serovars occurred more frequently, which is illustrated in Figure 3. Five serovars dominated: S. Seftenberg, S. Mbandaka, S. Cubana, S. Tennesse and S. Lexington. The remaining serovars were isolated less frequently and less regularly.
This paper shows that soy beans imported to a Norwegian crushing plant frequently were contaminated by a wide range of different serovars of Salmonella. During the 19 years studied (1994–2012) all imported shiploads from South America were Salmonella contaminated. The mean proportion of Salmonella positive dust samples was around 34% with a range from 12 to 62%. In spite of a continuous exposure of Salmonella, the plant through a HACCP based program and associated control measures could produce soybean meal intended as animal feed material without any signs of Salmonella contamination. This is to our knowledge the first study that demonstrates that this can be done under commercial and industrial conditions. Earlier this was also reported from a Swedish rape seed crushing plant [9].
It is difficult to find data on Salmonella contamination in soy beans intended for animal feed. However, the frequent isolation of Salmonella from the soy beans in this study is rather similar to the Salmonella contamination of soybean meal and other vegetable protein produced in crushing plants, as reported from different countries [15]. In a recent comprehensive study based on an annual examination of up to 80,000 lots of animal feed in Poland, 15.0% and 15.4% of imported lots of soy and rape seed meal respectively were found to be Salmonella contaminated [16]. The corresponding data for products produced within Poland were 6.3% and 7.7%. In Sweden 14.6% of 795 imported consignments of soybean meal were found to be contaminated by Salmonella during 2004–2005, and when considering only imports (mostly from South America) the level was approximately doubled [6],[17], and this higher level has regularly been found in the Swedish animal feed control where all consignments of soybean meal are tested before introduction to the animal feed mills [18]. However a direct comparison of data from different studies is difficult due to differences in sampling and testing procedures [19]. This is illustrated in a Danish study where a low sensitivity sampling program (i.e. one sample per batch/shipment of imported soybean meal) detected 35 isolates of Salmonella during 1994–2003 compared to 1086 isolates when 22 shipments were investigated during 2004 with a more intensified sampling [20].
Due to the fact that the production process and the associated risk for Salmonella contamination is rather similar in crushing plants and animal feed mills, the experiences from the control of Salmonella in in animal feed mills can be applied to the crushing plants [15]. This means that the sources of the frequently occurring Salmonella contamination of the soybean meal (as referred to above), in addition to being a contamination of the soy beans that might not have been eliminated in the crushing process, more likely is a recontamination from an in house contamination of the crushing plant, initially introduced by contaminated soy beans. As indicated from this study, the soy beans can therefore be considered to be a risk product for Salmonella contamination of the crushing plants. Based on the experiences from animal feed mills, an effective HACCP based control for the early detection and prevention of the buildup of an in house Salmonella contamination should therefore also be a way to avoid recontamination of the end product in crushing plants, subsequent to the crushing process that should readily eliminate contaminating Salmonella bacteria [15],[21],[22].
The effectiveness of the HACCP based control in this study is indicated by the low prevalence of Salmonella contamination in the "clean zone" of the plant (Table 2), which is a prerequisite for the successful prevention of Salmonella in the end product. When Salmonella contamination occurs in in the "clean zone", sampling is increased and measures are taken to eliminate the contamination. On a very few occasions, in fact only twice since 2000, the delivery of meal to customers was stopped to ensure that no Salmonella contaminated meal was delivered. These events occurred during 2005, following a period of heavy Salmonella contamination of incoming soy beans – up to 62% (Figure 2). Successful prevention can thus not be ensured only by testing the end product [2],[15]. In addition to the fact that such approach would require substantial sampling to overcome problems in detecting a low concentration and uneven distribution of Salmonella contamination, it would also be too late during industrial conditions. Long term experiences from Sweden have also showed that soybean meal from Denofa is a Salmonella safe animal feed material, with no known contamination of animal feed mills and no subsequent spread to poultry and swine, as sometimes has been observed for soybean meal from other sources [6],[17].
The Salmonella contamination of the soy beans during the study period involved 94 serovars, and annually approximately 21 (12–28) different serovars were isolated. Five serovars dominated (S. Seftenberg, S. Mbandaka, S. Cubana, S. Tennesse and S. Lexington). The remaining serovars were isolated less frequently and less regularly. Also other studies have demonstrated that animal feed or animal feed ingredients often are contaminated by a wide range of serovars of Salmonella. In Sweden e.g. 38 serovars were isolated from animal feed-associated sources during a 2-year period [6], and in the Danish study referred above 50 different serovars were isolated during 1994–2003 [20].
It is sometimes stated that those serovars of Salmonella contaminating animal feed seldom cause disease in humans [1]. It is therefore interesting to note that the serovars isolated from the plant included 9 of the 10 (90%) most common serovars isolated from clinical cases of salmonellosis in humans in the EU during 2012 [23]. In addition they also included well known animal pathogens like Spp. Typhimurium and Enteritidis which both also belong to the top ten serovars of human isolates. Sp. Enteritidis has earlier also demonstrated its potential for a pandemic spread in both poultry and to humans [24]. A similar result was previously found in Sweden where four (10.5%) of the 38 animal feed associated serovars were among the 10 most frequent isolates from human cases of salmonellosis in the EU [6].
In the absence of animal derived proteins, which since 2001 largely have been banned as animal feed ingredients to prevent the spread of BSE, vegetable protein can be considered to be the major risk animal feed material for introducing Salmonella into the animal feed chain and animal farms [2]. As long as no information seems to be available on why and where the Salmonella contamination of soy beans occurs, and how to prevent that contamination, the best way to minimize the risk for spread of the pathogen further in the animal feed and food chain would be to eliminate the contamination already in the crushing plant, as shown in this study. This would be in line with the recommendations by the FDA in 1991 and by Crump et al.[1] that a Salmonella-negative standard for animal feed should be implemented.
The elimination of Salmonella contamination of vegetable animal feed materials like soybean meal already in the crushing plants producing the meal, can be suggested as an effective way to minimize the risk of Salmonella exposure of the animal feed mills and contamination of the subsequent animal feed chain. Such an approach is considered to be realistic, since the production process in the crushing plants normally reaches temperatures that should kill contaminating Salmonella bacteria.
Crump JA, Griffin PA, Angulo FJ: Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human food borne illness. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 35: 859-865. 10.1086/342885.
Scientific opinion of the panel on biological hazards on a request from the health and consumer protection, directorate general, European commission on microbiological risk assessment in animal feeding stuffs for food producing animals. EFSA J. 2008, 720: 1-84.
Clark GM, Kaufmann AF, Gangarosa EJ, Thompson MA: Epidemiology of an international outbreak ofSalmonellaAgona.Lancet 1973, 2:490–493.,
EFSA: Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on the request from the commission related to risk assessment and mitigation options ofSalmonellain pig production.EFSA J 2006, 341:1–131.,
EFSA: Scientific opinion on a quantitative microbiological risk assessment ofSalmonellain slaughter and breeder pigs.EFSA J 2010, 1547:1–80.,
Wierup M, Häggblom P: An assessment of soybeans and other vegetable proteins as source ofSalmonellacontamination in pig production.Acta Vet Scand 2010, 52:15.,
Sternberg Lewerin S, Boquist S, Engström B, Häggblom P: The effective control of Salmonella in Swedish poultry. Food Safety in the Poultry Industry. Edited by: Mead GC. 2005, CRC Press Cambridge, England, 195-215. 10.1533/9781845690236.195.
The European Union summary report on trends and sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2012. EFSA J. 2014, 3547: 75-78.
Herland PJ:Salmonella control of feed in the Swedish crushing industry. Proceedings of Med-Vet-Net: Workshop on Salmonella - control in poultry from feed to farm: 13–17 March 2006; Uppsala. Edited by: Wahlström H. 2006, Co-ordinator, Sweden, 26-27.
GMP+ International: Feed Certification scheme.., [https://www.gmpplus.org/pagina/2241/gmp-fsa-certification.aspx]
Statens Jordbruksverks Författningssamling; SJVFS 2011:40, Saknr M 39, Omtryck.., [http://www.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.6f9b86741329df6fab480007681/2011-040.pdf]
Maciorowski KG, Herrera P, Jones FT, Pillai SD, Ricke SC: Cultural and immunological detection methods forSalmonellaspp. in animal feeds - a review.Vet Res Commun 2006, 30:127–137.,
Koyuncu S, Häggblom PA: Comparative study of cultural methods for the detection ofSalmonellain feed and feed ingredients.BMC Vet Res 2009, 5:6.,
Wierup M:Salmonella in feed. Salmonella in domestic animals. Edited by: Barrow PA, Methner U. 2013, CABI International, Wallingford UK, 377-398. 10.1079/9781845939021.0377. 2,
Kwiatek K, Kukier E, Wasyl D, Hoszowski A: Microbiological quality of feed in Poland. Med Weter. 2008, 64: 183-188.
Wierup M: SalmonellaContamination of Feed – an assessment of risks in Sweden. Swedish Board of Agriculture. 2006:1–132. ., [http://www.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.1ac7fbb10dac953d9c8000516/Utredning-+Salmonella+i+foder+-+Wierup+-+till+SJV+2006-08-31(4b).pdf]
Häggblom P: Monitoring and control ofSalmonellain animal feed. In Proceedings from NVI/WHO International course on Salmonella control in animal production and products, 1994. Edited by National Veterinary Institute. Malmö, Sweden: 1994:27–137. Uppsala, Sweden; ., [http://www.sva.se]
Hald T, Wingstrand A, Brøndsted T, Lo Fo Wong DM: Human health impact ofSalmonellacontamination in imported soybean products: a semiquantitative risk assessment.Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006, 3:422–431.,
Morita T, Kitazawa H, Iida T, Kamata S: Prevention ofSalmonellacross-contamination in an oilmeal manufacturing plant.J Appl Microbiol 2006, 101:464–473.,
Jones FT: A review of practicalSalmonellacontrol measures in animal feed.J Appl Poultry Res 2011, 20:102–113.,
Guard-Petter J: The chicken, the egg andSalmonellaenteritidis.Environ Microbiol 2001, 3:421–430.,
The authors express their thanks to Denofa AS for providing access to the data and information on the HACCP control as presented in this manuscript; and to (1) DVM Arild Lysaker, Senior Inspector, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, including auditor at Denofa, for reviewing the data and the legislative background for the control at Denofa, (2) Stig Widell, Senior Officer, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden, for reviewing the data on the legislative background concerning import to Sweden of soybean meal from Denofa, (3) Dr. David Morrison, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, for valuable review and advice on the language, and to (4), DVM Helene Wahlström, Associate Professor National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, for valuable critical review of the manuscript.
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
Martin Wierup
Denofa AS, Øraveien 2, N-1630 Gamle, Fredrikstad, Norway
Thor Kristoffersen
Search for Martin Wierup in:
Search for Thor Kristoffersen in:
Correspondence to Martin Wierup.
MW is the main author of the manuscript, and transferred and analysed the original data to its current form in close cooperation with TK. TK is Quality Director and responsible for all quality issues, incl. Salmonella, the import and production chain of soy beans to soy meal during the whole study period and co-writer of the associated text and assessments. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Soybean meal
Animal feed control
Pre harvest control
Animal feed material
Compound animal feed


Fiancé Visas allow immigrants to visit the United States and marry a U.S. citizen resident of Arvin CA.
Fiancé petitions cannot be filed outside of the United States. Although you plan on living in Arvin all of your immigration paperwork must be filed with the correct regional USCIS office. You can find the location of these regional offices by looking at your current immigration forms or consulting with an immigration attorney.
Once the petition has been approved and the K-1 visa granted, a wedding must occur within 90 days. A K-1 fiancé may only enter the U.S. one time. After the wedding has occurred, the visa holder may apply for an adjustment of status as a lawful permanent resident. Reliable Arvin, CA Fiancé Visa Attorneys can help you sort out the often complicated immigration procedures.


text:
Meet the Buyer of the Broken Laser Pointer
Sebastian Rupley, eBay News Team
Mark Fraser purchased the first item that eBay founder Pierre Omidyar listed on the site in 1995: a broken laser pointer.
At the close of the first day of the eBay Seller Summit, founder Pierre Omidyar joined CEO Devin Wenig on stage for a fireside chat that included a big surprise. After Pierre fielded questions on everything from the early days of eBay to his philanthropy, Devin showed a video featuring a very early eBay buyer.
In fact, the video featured Pierre's very first buyer: Mark Fraser. In 1995, Pierre had listed a broken laser pointer for sale on the site (then known as Auction Web) that he created over that year's Labor Day weekend. To his surprise, someone came forward and bought the laser pointer for $14.83.
The broken laser pointer entered lore but the buyer's identity, or the reason for his interest in broken laser pointers, has never been known – until now.
In the video (click above to see it), Fraser – who came forward last week after seeing TV coverage of eBay's 20th birthday celebration - says hello to Pierre directly, as well as Devin, and even holds up the original laser pointer, which he has had ever since 1995. The surprise registered on Pierre's face as he watched and listened at the Seller Summit.
Earlier in the conversation, Pierre discussed his early intentions with his fledgling version of Auction Web. "In the early days of the web," he said, "corporations were taking to it in droves, but nobody out there was really talking about using the web to empower other people. We started out by trying to bring the power of the Internet to regular people, not just corporations."
He remembered that during Auction Web's early days, people would send their payments in in the form of coins taped to index cards. He also said that from the very early days until now, the trust found in the eBay ecosystem comes from the belief that "people are basically good."
"I believe that people are generally good," he said, "and I felt that we should have a community that embraces a system of values."
Not all of Pierre's first steps were right on the mark. For example, he related a story about an early eBay listing for a 1952 Rolls Royce.
"Oh, the seller had done a beautiful job of supplying extraordinary photos," Pierre said. "It was a great listing, but I kept looking at it and thinking that nobody will ever buy a car online."
He laughed as he recalled that today, in the US alone, a car or truck is bought on the eBay mobile app every four minutes.
At the end of the fireside chat, the eBay sellers gathered in the audience rose and gave Pierre a standing ovation.
Topics: Commerce, Customers
Previous Story: Our Story: eBay Turns 20 Next Story: eBay 4.0: Multiple Platforms, One Great Experience
Jan 12, 2023 Economic Opportunity
The Small Business Owner Who Made Her Dreams a Reality
Dec 7, 2022 Sneakers
eBay and Nike Reissue the Iconic 'eBay Dunk'
Nov 16, 2022 eBay
eBay Opens Store in NYC that Accepts Pre-Owned Luxury as Currency


Reports the launching of area rugs using DuPont's Stainmaster brand of protection. Components of area rugs; Focus on consumer style satisfaction.
Presents information on the decision by some carpet manufacturers to have retail outlets. Details on Shaw Industries, DuPont, and other carpet manufacturers; Advantages; Disadvantages.
Highlights DuPont Flooring Systems' Carpet Reclamation program. Old carpets collected from a customer's locations and Waste Management operations across the United States; Franchising agreement of DuPont with Superior Flooring Systems; DuPont's search for other ways of reusing old carpet materials.
Reports on the expansion of the DuPont Stainmaster Rug Collection by DuPont Nylon Flooring. Number of styles contained in the collection; Features of the collection.
Presents an abstract of the study "DuPont hits the green button," published in a 1997 issue of "International Carpet Bulletin".
Focuses on the pillow collection of DuPont Sleep Products. Benefits of using latex foam in pillows; Features of several pillow products; Visions in product development and brand benefits.
Reports on the progress with the negotiation made by DuPont for the sale of its subsidiary DuPont Textiles & Interiors in Wilmington, Delaware.