text:
Q: Removing duplicate results from MySQL query I have two mysql tables Users & Messages. Please will you help me to create an sql query which returns only the most recent message either sent or received by the logged in user Mike ( user_id=1 ) along with the message_id, message_text & first_name of the person who the message was sent to or received from. Ordered by message_id in descending order.
So far i have the query:-
SELECT message_id, first_name, message_text FROM tbl_users, tbl_messages
WHERE
(tbl_users.user_id = tbl_messages.sender_id AND tbl_messages.receiver_id = 1
OR tbl_users.user_id = tbl_messages.receiver_id AND tbl_messages.sender_id = 1)
GROUP BY tbl_users.first_name
ORDER BY message_id DESC

Which gives the result in the image below. It seems the ORDER BY is being ignored

Thank you in advance
tbl_users
---------------------------
| user_id |  first_name   |
---------------------------
| 1       |  Mike         |
| 2       |  John         |
| 3       |  George       |
| 4       |  Peter        |
| 5       |  Sarah        |
---------------------------

tbl_messages
----------------------------------------------------------------
| message_id |  sender_id   |  receiver_id   |  message_text   |
----------------------------------------------------------------
| 1          |  2           | 1              |  Hello          |
| 2          |  3           | 1              |  How are you    |
| 3          |  1           | 5              |  Hi there       |
| 4          |  2           | 1              |  Greetings      |
| 5          |  1           | 4              |  Good day       |
| 6          |  3           | 1              |  Hi             |
| 7          |  5           | 1              |  A message      |
| 8          |  5           | 4              |  Good morning   |
| 9          |  1           | 5              |  Hello dear     |
| 10         |  1           | 3              |  Howdy          |
----------------------------------------------------------------

Desired result
----------------------------------------------
| message_id |  first_name  |  message_text  |
----------------------------------------------
| 10         |  George      | Howdy          |
| 9          |  Sarah       | Hello dear     |
| 5          |  Peter       | Good day       |
| 4          |  John        | Greetings      |
----------------------------------------------

Database is available here

A: Just adding a GROUP BY clause may solve your problem, try this...
SELECT message_id, first_name, message_text FROM tbl_users, tbl_messages
WHERE
(tbl_users.user_id = tbl_messages.sender_id AND tbl_messages.receiver_id = 1
OR tbl_users.user_id = tbl_messages.receiver_id AND tbl_messages.sender_id = 1)
GROUP BY tbl_users.user_id
ORDER BY message_id DESC

UPDATE: Changing the whole query
SELECT t2.message_id, t2.first_name, t2.message_text FROM
(SELECT u.user_id, m.message_id, u.first_name, m.message_text FROM `tbl_users` u
  JOIN `tbl_messages` m ON (u.user_id = m.sender_id AND m.receiver_id = 1)
    OR (u.user_id = m.receiver_id AND m.sender_id = 1)
  ORDER BY m.message_id DESC
) t2
GROUP BY t2.user_id
ORDER BY t2.message_id DESC

RESULT:
+------------+------------+--------------+
| message_id | first_name | message_text |
+------------+------------+--------------+
| 10         | George     | Howdy        |
| 9          | Sarah      | Hello dear   |
| 5          | Peter      | Good Day     |
| 4          | John       | Greetings    |

A: If you GROUP BY the field which you want to de-duplicate on. In this case GROUP BY tbl_users.first_name should do the trick.

A: I am not sure you can achieve this through join. A sub select query may help you.
  select a.first_name,
         (select message_text from tbl_messages b
          where (a.user_id = b.sender_id and b.sender_id = 1)
                or (a.user_id = b.receiver_id and b.receiver_id  = 1)
          order by message_id DESC
          LIMIT 1)
   from tbl_users a;

A: You are missing the table name in the ORDER BY clause. Also I suggest using aliases on the tables. Thus, your query might look like this:
/* All Mike's messages */
SELECT
  m.message_id,
  u.first_name,
  m.message_text
FROM
  tbl_users AS u,
  tbl_messages AS m
WHERE
(
  u.user_id = m.sender_id AND
  m.receiver_id = 1
) OR (
  u.user_id = m.receiver_id AND
  m.sender_id = 1
)
ORDER BY
  m.message_id DESC;

However, I think it would be better to get the sent and received messages results separately. So:
/* Messages sent my Mike */
SELECT
  m.message_id,
  u.first_name,
  m.message_text
FROM
  tbl_users AS u
  INNER JOIN tbl_messages AS m ON m.receiver_id = u.user_id
WHERE
  m.sender_id = 1
ORDER BY
  m.message_id DESC;

/* Messages received my Mike */
SELECT
  m.message_id,
  u.first_name,
  m.message_text
FROM
  tbl_users AS u
  INNER JOIN tbl_messages AS m ON u.user_id = m.sender_id
WHERE
  m.receiver_id = 1
ORDER BY
  m.message_id DESC;


The 2017 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Imaging, Signal Processing (ICBSP 2017) will be held in Newark Liberty International Airport Marriott, New Jersey, USA during October 18-20, 2017.
1. Accepted and registered papers can be published in International Conference Proceedings Series by ACM, archived in the ACM Digital Library, and indexed by Ei Compendex or Journal of Electronic Science and Technology (JEST), indexed by Scopus, EI Inspec and so on.
2. Prof. Jun F. Liang from Stevens Institute of Technology, USA, Prof. Ovidiu Daescu from The University of Texas at Dallas, USA, and Assoc. Prof. Chaoyang Chen from Wayne State University, USA have joined as speakers.
3. One Day Visit will be arranged on October 20 (Friday), 2017.
ICBSP 2017 papers can be published in International Conference Proceedings Series by ACM, archived in the ACM Digital Library, and indexed by Ei Compendex or Journal of Electronic Science and Technology (JEST), indexed by Scopus, EI Inspec and so on.


Greek Orthodox Helping Other People Everywhere (GO HOPE) went to Joplin, Missouri to help in the tornado relief efforts. Aided by Sarah Thompson Craig at the Mt. Hope Church of Christ in Webb City (a Joplin suburb) GO HOPE was able distribute some much needed relief supplies.


text:
Sister Wendy's take on six great American art museums
By M.S. Mason
"One of the things I feel strongly [about art] is that no one view is canonical," says Sister Wendy Beckett, reached by phone in London, where she is dutifully promoting her new PBS series, "Sister Wendy's American Collection (Wednesdays, Sept. 5, 12, and 19, 8-10 p.m., check local listings).
"Everybody comes to a work of art with their own feelings, and may well read it differently," she says, welcoming dissent with her own interpretations. "All I'm trying to do is to persuade people to go and look for themselves, and if they disagree with me, that's splendid - as long as they have taken the trouble."
Sister Wendy is a Roman Catholic nun who devotes her free hours daily to the study of art. Born and educated in South Africa, she lives in England in a Carmelite convent. But this retiring lady is well known around the world for her many books, television series, and commentary on visual art. She fairly twinkles with enthusiasm for the art she discusses, and even when one wonders at some of her analyses, she manages to open new vistas about individual works and whole cultural perspectives with her empathy and affection for art.
She says this is her last series. So she takes on six great American museums in six hour-long segments: The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston; The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas; The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; The Art Institute of Chicago; and the Cleveland Museum of Art.
Her aim is to give the viewer a taste of the variety and depth of the American holdings of world art. She does discuss American-made art, but the show is not heavily weighted in that direction. Nor does she spend a significant amount of time with contemporary works - though her remarks about modern masters like Richard Diebenkorn and Georgia O'Keeffe are illuminating.
Because she does not present the art chronologically, but links themes loosely and intuitively, she helps us see art as an ongoing expressions of beauty. At one point she quotes David Hockney as saying all art comes from love.
How do we learn to look deeply into works of art?
"Art needs time," she says. "Just as to appreciate a book, you have to spend time reading it, or a film, you have to spend time watching it. Well, you can't walk past a work of art and look at it for a few seconds and expect it to open itself up to you."
She recommends that people look at a museum catalog, carefully select a handful of works they want to really look at closely in the museum, and then study up on the histories of the artists and the pieces themselves. Then they should spend time with these pre-selected pieces.
"It's necessary, if we are going to get the depth of the experience and not just a superficial glow," she says. "The more we know, the more we get out of a work. Love always seeks to know. If you love something, you will want to know it better - if you really want art to open up to you like a flower and change you...."
But a bookish background is only the beginning. Once you have acquired information, she says, you should let it recede into the imagination and concentrate on the image itself.
"Simply look, and let the painting impose its serious meanings on you," she says. "I think this is the most demanding of tasks, but it is a personal thing. You can only do it if you take responsibility for yourself and contemplate the work of art."
Readers write: Future of African museums, team owner earnings, and magazine redesign
First Look Iraqi and Syrian guides share glimpses of home in Philadelphia museum
Difference Maker The man behind the Smithsonian's new African-American history museum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Phishing for details: New Interlocken Music Festival spurs line-up rumors
Interlocken music festival promoters remain tightlipped about who will headline the main stages in September. Image: interlockenfestival.com
Tami Keaveny
5/15/13 at 2:45 PM
The local live music community has been abuzz this week about Central Virginia's newest (and what looks to be its largest ever) musical gathering— the yet to be announced Interlocken Music Festival.
Interlocken organizers expect to attract 30,000 concertgoers to Oak Ridge Estate in Nelson County over the weekend of September 5-8, according to local news reports. The 4,800 acre estate is privately owned and located in Arrington, approximately 35 miles outside of Charlottesville. This site previously hosted large turnouts for events like Camp Jeep, which attracted an estimated 8-10,000 Jeep owners for off-road expeditions and live concerts.
Facebook postings and various message boards have announced that permits are in place and are fueling speculation about who will headline the festival's two stages. Possible performances by Neil Young, Widespread Panic, Phish, and his purple highness, Prince have all been bandied about, but remain rumors. One commenter made the snarky suggestion of "the Oak Ridge Boys, obviously." Dave Frey, the event's promoter (and the founder of the H.O.R.D.E. festival) would not confirm a line-up when reached by phone, only that the announcement would happen "very soon."
Frey and his partner Peter Shapiro (publisher and co-owner of Relix magazine) chose Nelson County for its beauty and accessibility, but what sets Interlocken apart from a typical festival will literally be the sets. Frey says they are committed to longer, full sets by each act rotating between two stages, instead of the typical abbreviated show with a quick turnover. Banking on this "interlocking" formula to make his festival into a repeat destination for music lovers, Frey told the Nelson County Times that he hopes "this will become the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival of Central Virginia."
Sign up for e-mail notifications at the Interlocken music festival website.
Tags: Live Music
Theater at new heights: Monticello High School's urban musical is refreshingly diverse
ARTS Picks: Multicultural Mosaic of Dance at PVCC


show has the same success in the United States.
was just starting preproduction and casting in Los Angeles last week.
high-quality scripted programming for much less than the typical cost.
U.K. broadcasters would co-produce and co-transmit programs," Shap said.
the possibilities for doing shows that air in both countries.


What Does Funding A Trust Actually Mean?
The terminology "funding a trust" relates to the fact that estate planning documents, whether a will or a trust, don't work like they are supposed to unless a person's assets are coordinated with those estate planning documents. In the case of a person who has created a trust, which dictates how the assets will be used during the person's lifetime and who they will pass to at death, the trust won't properly do all of that unless the assets are titled in the name of the trust.
The assets in your trust are controlled by the trustee. The trustee of the trust is the only person who has the authority to exercise any kind of control over the trust assets, whether it's determining how they are invested and utilized. In the most common type of estate planning trust, which is referred to as a revocable living trust, if you have created the trust, you most likely would have also named yourself as the trustee to keep control of all your assets.
Why Is Funding A Trust So Important?
The reason that it is so important is that if a trust isn't properly funded, it won't work to distribute the assets the way a trustor says it should. A good example would be if the trust designates that all of the assets in my trust are to be distributed to my two children, but if I also have a life insurance policy that was purchased a long time ago, which now has my ex-wife as the beneficiary, the proceeds of the policy are going to be paid to the ex-spouse, not your children in the manner that the trust directs.
What Happens If Someone Forgets To Transfer Assets Into The Trust?
In the case of a revocable living trust, which is the most common type of trust, you also pair it with a will. Even though the trust acts as a substitute for the will at death, because it directs where the assets are to be distributed, your trust will only distribute, at your death, the assets that are in your trust. So, if you forgot to put something in your trust before you die, your will says that if you overlook an asset, it leaves that asset to your trust. So if you forget to transfer an asset into your trust, it eventually gets there, after your death, because of your will.
If you are the one who has created the trust, you are also the one who is ultimately responsible for putting your assets or funding your assets into your trust. That being said, if you are working with a good attorney or law firm like ours, we give you the assistance you need in order to transfer all of your assets to your trust because we understand that it's not something that our clients do every day, but it is something that we do every day, and we'll assist you in making sure it's all properly done.
Can My Attorney Fund My Trust For Me?
Your attorney can do this for you, but for whatever reason, the great majority of attorneys don't. Instead, they will give you a letter telling you how you should go about funding the trust. But if you are someone who isn't doing this every day, it's not at the top of your list to get done. Often it doesn't get done, or it is done incompletely.
How Difficult Is The Process Of Funding A Trust?
The process of funding a trust can be tedious, which is one of the reasons that we provide this assistance to our clients. In order to fund the trust, deeds have to be prepared to transfer real estate into the trust. Automobile titles have to be changed in order to make the trust the owner or beneficiary of the vehicles. Bank accounts need to be changed from your individual name to the name of the trust. If you have financial vehicles, like retirement plans or life insurance, the beneficiary needs to be changed and coordinated so that the assets will ultimately go into the trust. For securities or brokerage accounts, the name on the accounts has to be changed. So, it's not rocket science in order to fund a trust; it's just a lot of tedious work that has to be done to complete the funding in a proper manner.


large round pink side table shabby chic furniture shabby and bedrooms pink side table pink side table target. . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Pink Side Table"
ana white x console table pleasing white rustic x console table the rustic console table rustic console table decor. . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Rustic Console Table"
oak farm table antique farm tables antique french oak farmhouse antique farm tables antique farm tables bridgeville. . . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Antique Farm Tables"
42 x 84 rustica hardware barn door kit barn doors interior reclaimed wood barn doors reclaimed barn wood garage doors. . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Reclaimed Wood Barn Doors"
small hall table sport portal 2015info small hallway table small hallway furniture uk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Small Hallway Table"
indoor wicker dining chairs resin wicker dining chairs indoor wicker wicker kitchen chairs wicker kitchen island chairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Wicker Kitchen Chairs"
black saddle counter stool black saddle stools saddle black saddle black saddle bar stools black leather saddle bar stools. . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Black Saddle Bar Stools"
hammary living room round cocktail table 247 911 hamilton sofa hammary coffee table hammary mercantile coffee table. . . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Hammary Coffee Table"
small end table with drawer burress furniture small end tables small table saw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Small End Tables"
modern nightstand record player stand bedside table white end modern white end table modern white round end table. . . . . . . . . . . . .… Continue reading "Modern White End Table"


Seventeen new condominium developments are in the works, with three in SOMA and two each in the Transbay and Mission districts.
Of the 26 planned apartment developments, eight are planned in the SOMA district and three each in the Mission and Potrero Hill.
Bayview/Hunters Point/Candlestick tops the list with close to 11,000 new condo units approved and 1,879 currently under review.The Western Neighborhoods are a distant second with almost 9,000 units approved and 1,158 being reviewed.
From Noe Valley to Mill Valley, The Costa Group has helped families of all shapes and sizes buy and sell single family homes, condominiums, income property and more. With our intimate knowledge of the neighborhoods and amenities of Marin County and San Francisco, The Costa Group will provide extraordinary service to elevate your life and bring you home.


You've read about the engineer's multifaceted remit and the attractions of working for Krones … now, as promised, Veronika talks about future challenges. Because even though it's nice, of course, when everything runs smoothly, it's really the challenges that make the everyday workplace so varied and exciting.
Veronika sees digitalisation as the biggest change at present. Not least because this had admittedly not necessarily enjoyed maximised priority in R&D during recent years. "Hitherto, the focus was very much on design-enhancing the systems and lines – though that continues to be an important aspect, but meanwhile, you see, we've for some time been concentrating more on the digital issues, and there we all have to work together in order to achieve our goals," emphasises Veronika.
Basically, of course, the principal focus is always on the client: what requirements does he have? With what innovations can we persuade clients to opt for Krones? What do clients want? Clients want maximally fast, dependable, cost-efficient production, and Veronika and her colleagues are tasked, for example, with examining how Krones can assure this with the aid of digital solutions.
Digitalisation will continue to affect the engineer's job profile in the future as well. Mechanical innovations will no longer suffice for persuading a client to buy his machines from Krones. In the field of mechanical engineering, too, information technology and artificial intelligence are an increasingly prevalent factor. The engineers first have to acquire the background knowledge required, like programming skills.
Krones supports its engineers here, for example, with special programming courses, enabling them to program minor automation routines at least.
As you can see, if you like developing and tinkering, if you love fresh challenges and a diverse remit, and feel happy working in a team, as an engineer at Krones you have a chance at your dream job! I was definitely captivated by Veronika's enthusiasm for her job. You too? Then seize the opportunity, and apply to Krones for a job as an engineer!


text:
\section{Introduction}
Chalcogenides are a remarkable family of layered materials, displaying an extensive range of optical, electronic, thermal and mechanical effects \cite{Eggleton_2011}. They are used as phase-change materials in rewritable data storage \cite{Wuttig_yamada_2007}, as high performance thermoelectrics \cite{Zhao_2014,dewandre_2016}, and as absorbing layers in photovoltaic cells \cite{Bur-13, Mal-13, Vid-12}.
Lead (Pb) chalcogenides and their alloys have been heavily studied for their excellent thermoelectric properties\cite{lalonde_2011, lalonde_reevaluation_2011, romero_2015, shafique_thermoelectric_2017} but the presence of toxic chemical elements is a major industrial disadvantage. Great efforts have been invested recently in a less toxic analogue: Tin chalcogenides (SnX with X=S, Se, Te).

Researchers are currently investigating emerging properties in 2D confined systems aiming at their exploitation in a wide variety of applications  \cite{Nov-04, Kos-13, Col-11, Wan-12}.
Monochalcogenides are naturally layered compounds, which can be grown in the form of flakes only a few mono-atomic layers thick\cite{li_revealing_2017}. The reduction of the dimensionality of the crystal (3D to 2D material) has an impact on the geometry of the layers and hence on elastic, electronic and vibrational properties, which vary with the number of  layers. Recent theoretical studies of electronic structure changes in few-layer SnX have been reported, indicating that the band gap expands significantly (from 1.32 eV indirect to 2.72 eV direct) as the number of layers is decreased\cite{Tri-13}. Deb and Kumar reproduced this study taking into account the relaxation of the atomic positions and the unit cell \cite{Deb_2017}. Mehboudi \textit{et al.} also studied electronic and optical properties for mono and bilayer\cite{Mehboudi_2016}.

In what follows, the structural, vibrational and electronic properties of SnS and SnSe are studied to gain insight into the behaviour of these compounds in few-layer form. In particular, we focus on the possible structural transformations, variations of the vibrational spectra and electronic structure resulting from reduction of the dimensionality of the crystal. Both Raman spectroscopy and reflectivity measurements offer easy and non-destructive characterization methods: a comparison with the computationally predicted spectra can be used to assess the material thickness. We represent the results as a function of \textit{1/n} where \textit{n} is number of layers. This gives us a easy way of including the bulk properties ($n = \infty$) and visually appreciate the convergence of the different properties towards this limit.

\section{Few-layer structures}

Tin chalcogenides exist in an orthorhombic ({\it Pnma}) bulk structure comprising weakly coupled layers of covalently bound Sn-X (X = S or Se) atomic bilayer units (Figure \ref{sns_structures}). Both materials can be isolated in few-layer form \cite{jiang_2017}. In the following, "layer" will refer to the natural atomic bilayer unit.
We consider the structural distortions appearing when this compound is isolated in free standing slabs, with thicknesses from 1 to 6 layers, and compare the geometry of the slabs with the bulk.
The binding energy of SnS and SnSe slabs are 30 and 10 meV/\AA$^2$ respectively (see supplemental information) which classifies these compounds as ``easily/potentially exfoliable'' according to the criteria used in Mounet et al.~\cite{marzari_2016}.

We perform Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations where the exchange correlation terms are calculated within the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) of Perdew et al.\cite{perdew96}. The structures of Sn-X bulk are obtained by fully relaxing the internal positions and the shape of the unit-cell. Relaxed and experimental lattice constants are specified in table \ref{table_latticeconstants}. These results slightly overestimate (within 2\%) the experimental values, which is within the error expected for semi-local DFT calculations with the GGA.

\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc|ccc}
• & • &  \textit{a} [ \AA ]  &  \textit{b} [ \AA ]  &  \textit{c} [ \AA ]  \\
\hline
SnS   &  Computed  &  4.06  &  4.41  &  11.40  \\

• & Exp  \cite{vonschnering_1981} &  3.98  &  4.33  &  11.18  \\
\hline
SnSe  &  Computed  &  4.21  &  4.50  &  11.72  \\

• &  Exp  \cite{Zhao_2014}  &  4.13  &  4.44  &  11.49  \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\caption{Relaxed and experimental lattice parameters of bulk Sn-X. Computed results overestimate the experimental ones by 1 to 2 \%, which is expected in DFT-GGA.}
\label{table_latticeconstants}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.29\textwidth]{./geom_Pnma_extended_2.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{./geometry_sns_accordeon_gga.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{./geometry_sns_yz_gga.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{./geometry_snse_xz.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{./geometry_snse_yz_1.pdf}
\caption{Layered orthorhombic ({\it Pnma}) bulk crystal structure of  SnX (X = S, Se): red and green circles represent Sn and X, respectively. Projection of the YZ (left) and XZ (right) planes for both compounds (slabs and bulk) shifted to align the atoms in the upper left corner. In the YZ plane, the accordion-like bonds are stretched as the number of layers are increased. The angle departs from 90$^\circ$ and the layer evolves towards the {\it Pnma} positions as the number of layers increases. The puckering of the surface differs when comparing SnS and SnSe. In SnSe, the height of the upper atoms changes, creating a puckered surface, while in SnS the difference in relative height of the atoms remains constant with the number of layers.}
\label{sns_structures}
\end{figure}

Few-layer structures are relaxed, and the lattice parameters are allowed to vary in the in-plane directions. Details of the calculations can be found in the Methods section. As can be seen in Fig.~\ref{ratio}, when reducing the number of layers, the in-plane lattice parameters (\textit{a} and \textit{b}) converge, and are almost identical for the monolayer case of SnSe. This behaviour mirrors experimental studies on heterostructures containing SnSe slabs \cite{Ludemann_2014}. The monolayer of SnS also rectifies, but its \textit{a/b} ratio does not converge to 1: we find a small dynamical instability for square in-plane parameters (see Supplemental information). Condensing these unstable modes at $\Gamma$ creates a distortion on the atomic coordinates along the \textit{a} axis, breaks the symmetric 0.25/0.75 reduced coordinates, and leads to $a/b \neq 1$. The resulting symmetry of the crystal is triclinic. The difference in total energy between the two structures is 9 meV/f.u., and it is entirely possible that epitaxy or other substrate constraints will stabilize the square lattice of the SnS monolayer as well.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./ratio_a_b_gga_1.pdf}
\caption{\textit{a/b} ratio as a function of the inverse of the number of layers.}
\label{ratio}
\end{figure}

The internal coordinates and the interlayer distance of the atoms also evolve with the slab thickness. To visualize the evolution of the internal coordinates of the atoms, their projections on the YZ  and XZ planes have been superimposed in Fig. \ref{sns_structures}. The positions of the upper left atoms have been aligned and only the innermost layer of the slab is shown.
The YZ projection shows that the bond angles deviate from 90$^\circ$ when the number of layers increases, to acquire the familiar accordion shape of bulk. The change in the XZ plane is much weaker.
The internal coordinates show surface effects already in the 3 layer case, and inner layers converge towards the shape of the bulk (Fig. \ref{sns_structures}) as the thickness of the slab increases. Surface layers converge, instead, towards coordinates between those of the bulk and the monolayer.

Because of the attractive electrostatic interaction between the layers, the interlayer distance decreases with the number of layers following a \textit{1/n} law (Fig. \ref{interlayer}). The interlayer gap is significantly smaller in the SnS case, and varies less.
The interlayer distances are measured between closest atoms belonging to adjacent layers as depicted in the right panel of Fig. \ref{interlayer}. Starting from 4 layers, differences can be seen between those on the edge and those in the center of the slab. The distances reported in Fig.~\ref{interlayer} correspond to the central ones.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./interlayer_both_1_supp_gga.pdf}
\caption{Interlayer distance between of SnX layers. Right panel: the distance is measured between the atoms closest to each other in adjacent layers (Sn atoms).}
\label{interlayer}
\end{figure}

We notice a subtle difference between the two compounds: the puckering of the surface (Sn and X atoms are not on the same plane of the surface of a layer) slowly disappears when reducing the number of layers in SnSe while it stays constant in SnS. This difference shows distinct hybridization of the (on average) half-filled p orbitals at the surface, which is closer to pure $p_{x,y,z}$ in SnSe, leading to a quasi-cubic structure, as in $\alpha$-Po \cite{legut_2007_Po_SC_relativity, verstraete_2010_polonium} or high pressure Ca \cite{digennaro_2013_calcium}. This may be linked to the size of the surface lone pairs, or to the relative alignment of the orbital energy levels.

\section{Electronic bandstructures}

Electronic band structures were calculated for bulk and few-layer materials using the relaxed lattice parameters reported above. Comparison with experimental bulk values shows an underestimation of the fundamental gap, which is expected for DFT calculations, but can often be corrected with a constant factor. The fundamental gap was measured by Albers \textit{et al.} at 1.08 eV \cite{albers_1961} for SnS and 0.90 eV \cite{albers_1962} for SnSe, while our results yield 0.85 eV and 0.57 eV respectively.

Fig.~\ref{gap} shows the fundamental and optical gaps of the SnX compounds as a function of the number of layers. The band gap increases for thinner layers, due to quantum confinement effects. Nevertheless, the fundamental gap remains indirect in our calculations, except for the monolayer were the gap is almost direct (the difference between fundamental and optical gap is less than 0.03 eV). The reduced energy difference between indirect and direct band gaps will result in a sharper onset of optical absorption.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./gap_snse_sns_gga.pdf}
\caption{Electronic gaps of the multilayer and bulk SnX compounds, as a function of the inverse of the number of layers $n$. The gap is proportional to $1/n$. In both compounds, the gap of the monolayer is almost direct.}
\label{gap}
\end{figure}

A comparison between our band structures for relaxed lattice parameters and fixed bulk lattice parameters \cite{Tri-13}, shows that the X-M-Y path presents a higher degree of symmetry in the relaxed case. This is directly related to our prediction that the in-plane lattice parameters converge as the number of layers is reduced, and the associated atomic rearrangement tends towards a more cubic structure. Globally, we are able to tune the band gap over a large range ( 0.6 and 0.4 eV for SnS and SnSe, respectively)  by changing the thickness of these compounds, which is very useful in optoelectronic applications. The electronic dispersions for both compounds can be found in supplemental information.

\section{Raman and Reflectivity Spectra}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\hspace{2em}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./band2eps_4lay_SnS.pdf}
\caption{Phonon band structure of a 4 layer SnS slab. Colors represent the contributions of the different atoms to the modes. Sn atom in green, S atoms from inner layers in blue, S atoms of surface layers in red. A mix of these three primary colors shows modes with contributions from different atoms. We identify a surface state at ~120 cm$^{-1}$ with lower energy than the corresponding bulk mode. Also, the two modes of highest energy involve only surface atoms.}
\label{phonons_SnS}
\end{figure}

Phonon dispersion curves were calculated for the bulk and the few layer compounds. In the monolayer case, we find a small unstable phonon mode at $\Gamma$ that breaks the 1/4-3/4 symmetry of the reduced coordinates in the X axis. In the other structures, the absence of any imaginary values confirms the dynamical stability of our predicted structures. The band structures split between low- and high-frequency manifolds. This is a signature of binary compounds where the masses of the two atoms are sufficiently different\cite{lindsay_2013}.
In SnS, the gap in the phonon dispersion curves is more pronounced than in SnSe, due to the larger difference in mass between the two atoms.

By projecting the mode eigenvectors over the atoms and identifying them with a color code (Fig. \ref{phonons_SnS}), we identify surface modes which are not present in the bulk compound. Indeed, the red curves in the phonon spectra represent modes from the S atoms at the surface. We clearly identify the red curves as modes where only S atoms from the surface dominate. At $\Gamma$, several surface modes are isolated from the bulk manifold, around 120, 140, 230 and 280 $cm^{-1}$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./raman_comp_exp_both_3.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of theoretical bulk results for SnS (left) and SnSe (right) with experimental work of Chandrasekhar \textit{et al.}  \cite{chandrasekhar_infrared_1977}. }
\label{raman_comp}
\end{figure}

A useful input for experimental characterisation is the prediction of Raman and reflectivity spectra. Fig. \ref{raman_comp} shows the comparison of our simulated Raman spectra for bulk compounds and the experimental results of Chandrasekhar~\textit{et al.} \cite{chandrasekhar_infrared_1977}, showing good agreement with calculated frequencies being within 13\% of the experimental ones. We also find agreement within 1\% between the thickest SnS flake presented in the work of  Li~\textit{et al.}  \cite{li_revealing_2017} and our theoretical study of the bulk compounds. B$_{1g}$ and B$_{2g}$ phonon modes do not appear in the experimental work of Li~\textit{et al.}  \cite{li_revealing_2017}. In our work, their relative Raman intensities is lower than the intensity of other modes. They might be hidden on a unified graph.
Figure~\ref{raman} shows the evolution of the Raman spectra with the thickness. The Raman spectra change drastically between the 1- and 2-layer cases. There are fewer active peaks in the monolayer, due to its symmetry which is almost cubic.
The surface states are also visible in the spectra as they are Raman active. These modes are indicated by a black arrow in Fig. \ref{raman}. The frequency of the surface modes appear to be converged already for 3- and 4-layer slabs. However, the relative intensity of the mode will most likely decrease with thickness, as can already be observed between 3 and 4 layers. We can relate the surface modes B$_{3g}$ of SnS and SnSe at respectively 103 cm$^{-1}$ and 173 cm$^{-1}$ by comparing their eigenvectors. The equivalence of the induced atomic displacements are shown in the supplemental information. This is also the only mode whose intensity in perpendicular polarization is much larger than for parallel polarization, giving an easy way to identify it, with a depolarization ratio $\rho = \frac{I_{\perp}}{I_{\parallel}}$ is larger than 0.75.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./raman_pp_both_1.pdf}
\caption{Simulated powder averaged Raman spectra for SnX slabs. The surface modes, indicated by a black arrow, can be related to the B$_{3g}$ mode of SnS and SnSe bulk spectra at respectively 103 cm$^{-1}$ and 173 cm$^{-1}$ and shows a large parallel component compared to the other Raman active modes.}
\label{raman}
\end{figure}

In supplemental information, we show the reflectivity of IR frequency waves normal to the surface, with electric field along the two optical axes of the crystal (as defined in Ref~\cite{gonze_1997}).
The different peaks correspond to polar phonon modes in resonance with the incident electric field.
In all spectra, the general shape is dictated by the resonance with one mode at about 225-250 cm$^{-1}$. More polar modes resonate when the number of layers increases. Also, the difference between the in-plane components of the IR reflectivity tensor evolves with the number of layers. For the 1-layer slab, the in-plane components are almost identical due to the square in-plane lattice parameters. However, with increasing number of layers, the difference between the X and Y component spectra becomes significantly noticeable as phonon modes of SnS (SnSe) with frequencies around 100 cm$^{-1}$ (75 cm$^{-1}$) resonate only with the electric field polarized Y axis. Tancogne-Dejean et al. demonstrated that standard ab-initio formalisms fail for the out-of-plane optical response in a 2D system \cite{tancogne_2015}, and we do not present here the Z component of the reflectivity.

\section{Born effective charges, Bader charges and Dielectric tensor}
We now turn to the dielectric response and the electronic density distribution of the SnX slabs.
The Born effective charge quantifies the variation of a material's polarization when the atoms are displaced and is defined as:
\begin{equation}
Z^* = \frac{\partial^2 E}{\partial \mathcal{E} \partial \tau} = \frac{\partial P}{\partial \tau} = \frac{\partial F}{\partial \epsilon}
\end{equation}
with $E$ the total energy, $\mathcal{E}$ the electric field, $\tau$ an atomic displacement, $P$ the electrical polarization, and $F$ the force on the atom. The $Z^*$ also govern the frequency split between longitudinal and transverse optical modes.
We find that the Born effective charge tensors stay roughly constant as a function of the number of layers (see SI). This implies that the local electronic configuration of the atoms and the fundamental bonding nature do not change significantly when the number of layers varies.

To complete our analysis of the electronic density distribution, we also calculate the Bader charges \cite{bader_atoms_1994},
which confirm that the (static) electronic charge is not redistributed either by nanostructuring. The Bader charges increase slightly with the number of layers in the slab, showing a more ionic character in the bulk (see SI).
As S is more electronegative than Se, the transfer of charge is larger in SnS compared to SnSe.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./dielec_both_carvalho_gga_1.pdf}
\caption{In-plane components of the electronic dielectric tensor for SnS  and SnSe. The comparison with the experimental results of Chandrasekhar~\textit{et al.} \cite{chandrasekhar_infrared_1977} is shown on the left of the figure. }
\label{dielectric}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{./effective_thickness_both.pdf}
\caption{(a) Comparison between $t_{eff}$ and $t_{geom}$. (b) Electronic dielectric constant $\epsilon_{2D}$ rescaled with $t_{eff}$ (note the subtle difference with Fig~\ref{dielectric}, as $t_{eff} \neq t_{geom} + \mathrm{constant}$)}
\label{dielectric_effective}
\end{figure}

Dielectric constant measurements are easy to perform and give crucial information on the electronic response of materials. Our bulk values (Fig. \ref{dielectric}) compare well with previous experimental works \cite{chandrasekhar_infrared_1977}. The computation of dielectric properties in 2D systems requires care as our calculations are performed with periodically repeated slabs separated by vacuum. In this periodic approach, the calculated dielectric tensor contains both the contribution of the slab and of the vacuum. For 2D materials of geometrical thickness $t$ computed in a cell of cross-plane lattice parameter $c$, an effective dielectric constant $\epsilon_{2D}$ can be derived as $\epsilon_{2D} = 1 + (\epsilon_{DFT}-1)\;\;{c}/{t}$ from the dielectric constant computed in the periodically repeated approach $\epsilon_{DFT}$\cite{freysoldt_screening_2008,gomes_phosphorene_2015,laturia_dielectric_2017,thygesen_calculating_2017}, to be able to compare the different 2D and 3D results.
We choose the geometrical thickness $t_ {geom}$ as the distance between the two outermost atoms in a slab, plus one bulk interlayer distance - a common choice in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs), where $\epsilon_{2D}$ is relatively insensitive to $t$.
For both SnX compounds, however, the variation with $t$ is much stronger:
the calculated effective electronic dielectric tensor $\epsilon_{2D}$, presented in Fig.~\ref{dielectric}, increases with 1/n. This behaviour is counter-intuitive, as $\epsilon$ should vary as $1 / \sqrt{E_g}$ \cite{Czaja1963}, and $E_g$ \emph{increases} with thinning.

This effective dielectric constant model has been applied successfully on numerous systems including TMDs \cite{laturia_dielectric_2017} but has also been found to fail for monochalcogenides by Gomes and Carvalho in Ref.~\cite{gomes_phosphorene_2015}. In our case the gap decreases and the DFT bare dielectric constant increases with thickness, as expected, but the variations do not follow a square root law with a constant prefactor, and the model dielectric constant can be smaller in the bulk than in the monolayer.
In practice, this means that the effective dielectric thickness is not a simple function of the geometric thickness, and is super-linear for thin slabs. We have verified that this is not simply correlated to the extension of the electronic density outside the surface, which we find to be very similar in all slabs.
In Fig. \ref{dielectric_effective} (a), we present a comparison of the geometrical thickness $t_{geom}$ and an effective thickness $t_{eff}$ defined as the minimum thickness of the different layers required to retrieve the linearity between $\epsilon_{2D}$ and $1/\sqrt{E_g}$. In Fig.~\ref{dielectric_effective} (b), we also present the resulting electronic dielectric constant rescaled with $t_{eff}$, which recovers (by construction) the intuitive relation between $\epsilon$ and $E_g$.
For the same reasons as for the reflectivity, we do not report the out-of-plane component of $\epsilon$.

\section{Summary \& Conclusions}
We calculate electronic and phononic properties of SnS/SnSe slabs from 1 to 4 monolayers in order to pinpoint spectroscopic signatures of 2D material thickness. We propose several simple non-invasive techniques to discriminate mono and few layer Sn chalcogenide samples. The behaviour of these two iso-electronic compounds is globally similar upon nanostructuring, but presents subtle differences. We identify structural distortions of the unit cell, as the thickness of the slab is reduced, leading to an almost cubic symmetry for the monolayers. The structural evolution of the unit cell with nanostructuring drives the transition from indirect to direct band gap as the number of layers is reduced, and the optical band gap expands.
Surface phonon modes are identified by projecting the phonon bands over the atoms. They can be associated to a B$_{3g}$ bulk mode through a comparison of the eigenvectors of the respective phonon modes. The unique depolarization ratio of these modes allows us to identify them in the Raman spectra. Furthermore, the monolayer spectra shows a specific feature : the number of active modes are reduced compared to thicker layers, which can then be used to distinguish between a monolayer, a few-layer slab or a thicker sample. Reflectivity spectra show a similar evolution and can also be used to determine the thickness.
The local electronic environment of the atoms are almost independent of layer number, as quantified by the Bader (static) and Born (dynamical) charges.
Finally, the electronic gap and phononic properties have a strong thickness dependence, and common models for the effective 2D dielectric constant break down, due to a super-linear variation of the effective dielectric thickness.
The results have the potential to enable fast recognition of ultrathin chalcogenide samples, and we hope to stimulate experimental work on the dielectric properties of these systems.

\section{Methods}

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are performed using the ABINIT package \cite{Gon-05, Gon-09}, which implements the plane-wave methodology (here using norm-conserving pseudopotentials). The exchange-correlation energy is given by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof \cite{perdew96}. Norm-conserving Troullier-Martins type pseudo-potentials generated with fhi98PP code are used to describe interactions between atomic cores and valence electrons of SnSe and we use an ONCVPSP \citep{hamann_2013_oncvpsp} generated pseudo-potential for SnS which produces lattice parameters that compare well with experiment \cite{Zhao_2014,chandrasekhar_infrared_1977}.

We have checked that including Van der Waals interactions within the Grimme D3 approximation \cite{grimme_consistent_2010} does not affect the interlayer distance significantly, and it is not employed for the results above.

The wave functions  are represented in a plane-wave basis with a cutoff energy of 30 Ha for SnSe and 40 Ha for SnS. The reciprocal space of SnSe bulk is sampled with a $4 \times 4 \times 4$ Monkhorst-Pack-type grid  \cite{Monkhorst_Pack_1976}, whereas  an $8 \times 8 \times 8$ unshifted grid is used for SnS bulk.
The total energy is converged to within 3 meV per unit cell with respect to the k-point grid and cutoff kinetic energy of the plane waves used as a basis set. Atomic positions and lattice parameters are relaxed using a Broyden \cite{broyden_1965} algorithm until the maximal absolute force on the atoms is less than $10^{-6}$ Ha/Bohr. The phonon band structure along high symmetry lines is obtained by standard methods based on response function calculations and DFPT \cite{verstraete_2014_dfpt}. Ten irreducible q-points from an unshifted $4 \times 4 \times 4$ grid are used for the calculation of dynamical matrices. Electron band structures are calculated on a finer $24 \times 24 \times 24$ k-point grid. For few layer calculations, convergence with respect to the size of the vacuum in the unit cell is also performed, to within 1 meV with a vacuum gap of 20 Bohr. Also, the dispersion along the vacuum is suppressed by considering k-point and q-point grids with only one point along the Z axis.

Raman intensities are computed using perturbation theory to calculate the third derivative of the energy with respect to two electric fields and one atomic displacement \cite{Veithen_2005}. In our simulations, the energy of the incident light is chosen to be 2.41 eV (514,8 nm) and the temperature 300 K~ \cite{Chandrasekhar_1977}. We use a common approximation of calculating the third derivative only within the local density approximation. The width of the Raman peaks is mainly determined by anharmonic scattering, which limits the phonon lifetime. We do not consider this effect here, and broaden the peaks with a Lorentzian function having a fixed width of $5 ~ 10^{-6}$ Ha. The Raman tensor is averaged to represent a powder sample as in Ref.~ \citep{Caracas_2010}.

\acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS (PDR T.1077.15-1/7) and the Communaut\'{e} Fran\c{c}aise de Belgique (ARC AIMED 15/19-09). Computational resources have been provided by the Consortium des Equipements de Calcul Intensif (CECI), funded by FRS-FNRS G.A. 2.5020.11; the Tier-1 supercomputer of the F\'ed\'eration Wallonie-Bruxelles, funded by the Walloon Region under G.A. 1117545; and by PRACE-IP DECI grants, on ARCHER , Beskow and Salomon (ThermoSpin, ACEID, OPTOGEN, and INTERPHON 3IP G.A. FP7 RI-312763 and 13 G.A. 653838 of H2020). ZZ acknowledges financial support by the Ramon y Cajal program (RYC-2016-19344), the Spanish program PGC2018-096955-B-C43 (MICIU/AEI/DEDER,UE) the CERCA programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant 2017SGR1506), and by the Severo Ochoa programme(MINECO, SEV-2017-0706). We are also grateful to the Royal Society, the European Research Council (ERC-2009-StG-240500-DEDIGROWTH), and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council block grants for their financial support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Our Virtual Team
COVID H.E.L.P. testimonials from real clients!
"Guidance and assistance. Thank you!" -January 15, 2022
"Satisfecho." -January 6, 2022
"Good." -December 4, 2021
"Yo no se nada de lo legal y me intereso la informacion fue de gran ayuda gracias." -October 28, 2021
"Helpful." -October 22, 2021
"Feels like you made me have more faith and change I can get help paying my unpaid rent." -October 19, 2021
"Good breakdown of legal issues." -October 12, 2021
"Awesome service. Very helpful. Thank you Howie!" -September 24, 2021
5 stars." -September 20, 2021
"It was easy to just click a link or yes/no, instead of having to type everything." -Kathleen, September 13, 2021
"Very quick responses and empathetic." -September 9, 2021
"Thank you." -September 1, 2021
"Helped answer questions." -August 28, 2021
"Everything I needed." -Belinda Brumfield, August 20, 2021
"You have given me a few hopeful options, thank you kindly." -Yvonne, August 12, 2021
"Helpful." -August 3, 2021
"Got information I needed." -Brittani, August 2, 2021
"Thank you!" -July 3, 2021
"It was good." -May 26, 2021
"Helpful information." -Marty, April 25, 2021
"Very helpful." -April 24, 2021
You gave me all the sources they were helpful." -Sabrina Key, April 22, 2021
"Quick, simple answers." -Christina, April 20, 2021
"You answered most of my questions." -April 16, 2021
"Exceptional assistance and knowledge." -April 15, 2021
"It answered all questions." -Jessica Sleek, April 15, 2021
"You spelled it out more clearly that most other sites I've looked into." -April 13, 2021
"You answered all my questions. Thank you." -April 13, 2021
"Straightforward." -April 13, 2021
"I received new information and resources. Thank You." -April 13, 2021
"Precise and direct answers." -Joe, April 11, 2021
"The info was helpful." -R Clark, April 9, 2021
"You were great. I'm giving you 5 stars." -April 8, 2021
Incredible automation. Best I've ever seen." -April 2, 2021
"Answers were really accurate and to the point." -April 1, 2021
"I'm in trouble with my rent, and you guys were very helpful." -Kenneth, March 31, 2021
"You helped me to understand how to go about it." -Haydee, April 1, 2021
"Very informational and in laymen terms." -March 31, 2021
"Thorough and complete." -March 31, 2021
"More information about rental assistance than any other place I've received." -March 31, 2021
"All my questions were answered." -Theresa, March 31, 2021
"Very informative and clear responses." -March 30, 2021
"Answered accordingly and sufficient. Thank you so much!" -March 30, 2021
"Great help!" -March 29, 2021
"It was fast, quick and understandable." -March 26, 2021
"You answered all my questions professionally." -March 25, 2021
"Good information was provided!" -March 24, 2021
"I was able to get and understand how and when rental assistance works." -Cassandra, March 24, 2021
"I'm a landlord trying to help my tenants. It was just very informative to chat with you and I enjoyed it!" -March 23, 2021
"Great patience!" -March 22, 2021
"Good info." -Mike, March 22, 2021
"It was nice, but I do still need rental assistance." -March 21, 2021
Funded by the Lawyers Trust Fund of Illinois
@ 2022 Covid Help Illinois. All Rights Reserved.


For this installment, we bring you Project Mouse (Christmas Edition) - Journal Cards. Christmas really is the most magical time of year- even more so if you're lucky enough to be spending time with the Mouse! But whether you're trying hard to juggle school Christmas plays, fitting in holiday baking, or to score tickets to a certain very merry party on Main St., the hustle and bustle of the holiday season can be tough on your creativity. Good thing you have this huge collection of holiday themed journal cards to get you back on track! With bright, jolly colors, beautifully designed quotes, and lots of space to tell your holiday tales, these cards are bursting with holiday goodness that will have you finishing your vacation and December Daily albums in no time! Print them out for use in your hybrid projects, or layer them up as fun designs on your digi pages. And the best part? Everything is perfectly sized to tuck into Project Life templates and page protectors. Just the thing to keep you in the scrapping spirit during the holidays!
Journal Card Pack Includes: 52 - 3x4 cards, 28- 4x6 cards, Printable PDF & JPGs, Corner Rounder Action.


"Nice! Do you have any example code?"
"Well done Seth, Daniel. In particular, the decomposition of the mystical data scientist into component roles. For those who struggle with staffing advanced analytics, this helps immensely - the variety of personality in these roles will allow…"
"Great article, Bill. Liked and Shared. For dialogue, though, I'll remain skeptical like Claude. Promises of a push button, self service world are eternal and never realized, for essentially human reasons. Platforms continue to…"
Data leadership roles at Capital One, Hilton, Nielsen, Sprint, Price Waterhouse. Degrees from University of Pennsylvania and Georgetown. Masters in Applied Statistics from Penn State.
How did this miss the news? The NBD-PWG!
Early adopters know they're gambling. The first versions of anything can prove to be an expensive science fair exhibit. The Big Data hype cycle has the confounding addition of open source. The parts are multiplying, overlapping and trumping each other. Add the change vectors for cloud computing and analytics to get an architectural risk storm.
Eve recommended an apple to Adam, and they shared the first buyer's remorse.


The Anker Roav Dash Cam is a high-quality overhead mounted dash cam that can function in a wide variety of environments. This includes both extreme heat, and extreme cold; you can use this product almost anywhere in the world without wondering about it being damaged or not working properly. It also has a lens with a wide view, able to view four lanes of traffic at once. Its slim design is another good feature of this product.
The OldShark G505 Car Dash Cam is an overhead mounted dashboard camera that is best suited for those who are going to be doing a lot of driving, especially at night. It's also great for highway and interstate driving, because of the extra wide-angle lens in the camera. This is a camera that almost anyone can benefit from using.
The Pruveeo F5 Full HD 1080P Dash Cam is a dash cam system that prides itself on both being stylish and sleek to look at, as well as Wi-Fi capable. It comes at the lower end of the price spectrum, but isn't the cheapest option on the market. It has a lot of the basic features that you'd want to find in a dash cam, but nothing absolutely fantastic. This is a good, inexpensive dash cam.
The Amebay Dash Cam is a dash camera system for your car. It has most of the standard features that you look for in a dash camera, as well as a few other features that you'll likely enjoy having once you've purchased it. These include high-definition recordings in both video and still, 140° of coverage while recording, an LCD screen to watch your recordings live, and an SD card that comes included with the camera itself.
The Rexing V1 2.4" Dashboard Camera Recorder is a dash camera system for your car. This can be particularly useful if you are involved in a vehicle accident, as well as other conditions that might make it prudent to record your driving, or protecting yourself against unwarranted claims. Produced and sold by Rexing, this is a rather state-of-the-art model, with a lot of bells and whistles. However, because of this, the price is higher than others.
The FalconZero F170HD+ DashCam is a dashboard camera that is well suited to a variety of conditions. This is because this camera comes with so many added features and such a great capability that it can function in nearly any scenario. The night vision mode, WDR Enhanced Image Quality, wide 170° lens capture, and high definition 1920p by 1080p recording make it one of the best dashboard cameras on the market today.
The KDLINKS X1 Dash Cam is a dashboard camera that is full of state-of-the-art features and extras that you'll likely love in a dash cam. With its high-definition recording, the pictures are crystal clear. With the night vision camera, video taken at night is also clear. You can even link up your GPS coordinates on Google maps, and record what you're recording speed was, too.


text:
THE ROAD BACK TO HOCKEY
by Mitch Albom | Oct 5, 2005 | Detroit Free Press | 0 comments
Hockey returns tonight, after 16 months away, and what a long, strange trip it's been – none more so than the odyssey of Brendan Shanahan. When we last saw him he was near tears in the Red Wings locker room.
Now, he's Winston Churchill.
OK. Maybe that's a stretch. But not much, once you hear his story.
In the beginning, it was all a vacation. Shanahan, like a lot of NHL players, figured there was nothing he could do about the hockey lockout, so he made the most of the time. He flew to the Ryder Cup and wound up drinking with the European golfers. He traveled to Fenway Park to see the Red Sox end the Curse of the Bambino.
He took up paddleball. He coached lacrosse at a high school. He even dropped the puck for his old junior team as it played for a championship in London, Ontario.
"Aside from the fact that we were locked out," he jokes, "I was having a pretty good year."
But even vacations get old, and Shanahan, in his heart and muscle memory, was hockey. He didn't want to be "another player sitting by the phone, buying the Toronto Globe and Mail, looking for info."
And so one day, using his cell phone, he made a few calls, and then a few more. He had this idea to get some people together to talk about hockey's future – not the money, not the collective bargaining – just the game. And pretty soon, despite some naysayers, he'd scheduled a small summit of players, ex-players, GMs, refs and broadcast types, for two days at a hotel.
He had never tried anything like this before. He didn't know from booking a ballroom, or catering, or restaurants, but he got some help and he learned fast.
And finally, last December, at the Four Seasons in Toronto, Shanahan stood before a buffet breakfast and welcomed the group with a few words, then sat down and let the others do the talking.
It was a big success. It got ideas flowing. It lasted two full days and resulted in several rules changes that eventually would be adopted when the sport resumed. Shanahan went home tired and satisfied.
He had no idea that was just the beginning.
Off to the boardroom
He went to Russia, then Europe, then home for Christmas and New Year's Day, enjoying his newborn daughter – which made three children for Shanahan and his wife, Catherine. And then he began to get calls. Other people with other ideas. Players encouraging him to keep active, make something happen.
In April, he was invited – with a handful of other players – to the NHL's general managers meeting in Detroit.
Then in May, in the middle of a day in Boston with his wife, his phone rang.
"Can you come to New York for a meeting?"
It was Bob Goodenow, the chief of the players' union. Remember, this was in the heat of the lockout, with the owners having already canceled one season and the players hoping to salvage the next.
Shanahan, curious, said OK, he'd come. When?
"Tonight," he was told.
He flew to New York, figuring to be back the next afternoon.
Instead, he was there for two days and 23 hours' worth of meetings, wearing only the clothes he'd brought with him ("unfortunately for the people sitting next to me" he says). From that point forward, Shanahan was a sort of fifth Beatle in the labor negotiations, a shadow to the process, a tagalong that everybody accepted.
He was in on every negotiation session. He went to New York. He went to Toronto. Although he was not an elected officer, nor a member of the negotiating team, he got the same calls and briefings, he says, as the seven NHL players who were on the executive committee. He sat next to them. He ate with them. He was even given an official "alias" when he checked into the hotels, presumably to hide from the media.
"I was 'Brandon Lee,' " he says. He laughs. "I tried to tell them Brandon Lee was an actor – and he died."
An unexpected part
In truth, they could have used a different movie moniker: Forrest Gump. Because that's what Shanahan became. He was in the picture, but he wasn't official. He was in attendance, but absent credentials. If you know Shanahan, this doesn't surprise you. The 36-year-old power forward has a knack for being fearless and easygoing and charming and next thing you know, he's doing a cameo in a Farrelly Brothers movie or drinking with Colin Montgomerie and Padraig Harrington in an Irish pub.
So there he was, at all the meetings, constantly reminding the others that he was "happy to step away" and constantly being told he should stay.
"Other guys in the league called me and said they liked my being there because they wanted an outsider to sort of watch the process," he says.
And that process, he insists, was more sweat than some believe. While most of the NHL's players begrudgingly accepted the new labor deal (which instituted pay cuts and a salary cap, among other concessions), Shanahan has a different take on the process.
"Being in those rooms gave me a greater appreciation of the reality we were facing," he says. "We were dealing with very sophisticated, serious men, who had billions of dollars at stake.
"I went to the meetings for two months. … Some days were 16 hours long. It gave me a feeling for all this work" the executive committee "was doing for us for more than a year, even though, in the end, a lot of players felt it was a failure."
Shanahan, who didn't have a vote on the committee, nonetheless wore a suit every day to the meetings. He took notes. He burned a hole through his cell phone. He tried to placate his wife, who understandably wanted him home.
At some point in the late spring, Shanahan realized he had traded in a world of cheering crowds for a world of leather chairs, coffee from silver carafes, and a pad and pen laid out in each place.
"One day, I forgot my dress shoes, and during a lunch break, I went across the street to buy some," he says. "Three guys volunteered to come with me! That gives you an idea of how stir crazy we had gotten. Three guys to buy one pair of shoes!"
Still, he got to see the business side of his sport in action. He got to see how the owners behaved, how they negotiated, how the commissioner, Gary Bettman, conducted things away from the TV cameras. He was there for all of it, a man in the room, a counsel, an observer, a trusted adviser, a guy to buy shoes with.
But he was still Forrest Gump. And when the final deal was announced at a union news conference, "it was those guys at a head table, and I was sitting in the back with 300 other players. I just looked up at these guys and they all looked very tired and they looked like they were being attacked and I felt sorry for them.
"For two months, I saw hockey players who had to act like executives" since the 2004 season ended. "To the guys in our sport who have issues with certain parts of our deal, I say, hey, I sat with these guys, these hockey players, and listened to them talk about strangers who they didn't even play with and say, 'We have to make sure the fourth-line players are protected in this,' or 'We can't just worry about the star players, we have to protect the guy who goes up and down in the minors.'
"They honestly, truly, did their best. So it offends me when players openly criticize it. These guys worked really hard."
Tonight, Shanahan will skate out on the Joe Louis Arena ice and get paid, once again, for playing a sport. He'll be wearing a sweater, not a suit. Skates, not dress shoes.
Like the rest of the Red Wings, he'll be back to what he loves the most. But he's wiser. Wise enough to say it was "an honor" to be part of the process and "as much as some of it was hard, you need bad moments to appreciate the good."
Or, as Gump might put it: Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get – or how you'll spend your summer vacation.
Contact MITCH ALBOM at 313-223-4581 or albom@freepress.com. Catch "The Mitch Albom Show" 3-6 p.m. weekdays on WJR-AM (760). Also catch "Monday Sports Albom" 7-8 p.m. Mondays on WJR. To read recent columns by Albom, go to www.freep.com/index/albom.


The whole system is a systems thinking view of the complete organisation in relation to its environment. It provides a means of understanding, analysing and talking about the design and construction of the organisation as an integrated, complex composition of many interconnected systems (human and non-human) that need to work together for the whole to function successfully.
Similarly, systems can be chosen and defined at different levels and can operate alongside each other as well as hierarchically; e.g. the finance system, the decision-making system, the accountability system.
An organisation as an entity can suffer systemic failure. This occurs in the whole system or high-level system where there is a failure between and within the system elements that need to work together for overall success.
Factors in systemic failure may include confused goals, weak system-wide understanding, flawed design, individual incentives that encourage loyalty to sub-ordinate (rather than super-ordinate) goals, inadequate feedback, poor cooperation, lack of accountability, etc.
Whole system success requires a performance management system that is pitched above the level of individual systems and their functional leadership. Features may include group or team-level goal-setting, development, incentives, communication, reviews, rewards, accountability. The aim is to focus on what binds individuals together and what binds systems together rather than functional silo performance.
Whole system failure may co-exist alongside functional success. The leadership of silos may individually be successful but not be sufficiently integrated into the whole system owing to a shortcoming of systems design, management or understanding.
A whole system can succeed only through managers collaborating in and across a number of functional systems. The whole system can fail only if leadership at the level of the whole system fails, and where several senior managers are involved. Hence, such failure may be labelled a systemic failure of leadership.
In cases of systemic failure, individual executives who operate at a lower sub-system level may be free of responsibility and blame. They may argue (correctly) that it was the wider system that failed. They may claim that particular systems that integrate with their own work let them down. However, responsibility and accountability for the successful design and running of the (integrated) 'whole system' should rest somewhere.
Understanding and anticipating how the whole system is intended to work, actually works, and how it may buckle under pressure, can practically elude and defeat most executives. To avoid censure for this tough challenge, they sometimes seek recourse to the often hollow mantra "lessons will be/have been learned". They also try to divert attention and reassure investors by referring to a single bad apple (e.g. a 'rogue trader'), behind which usually lurks a systemic failure.
The leadership challenge is accentuated by the realisation that for every legitimate, official or consciously designed system (which is intended to be and is supposedly rational) there is a shadow system. The shadow system is where all the non-rational issues reside; e.g. politics, trust, hopes, ambitions, greed, favours, power struggles, etc.
The system can confuse, overpower, block, and fail leadership. But leadership can fail the system. A major failure of leadership within, across or down an organisation is referred to as 'systemic'.


6. How many physicians/practitioners are affiliated with this practice?
7. What is your current blood work test menu?
9. What is your approximate test volume on a monthly basis?
10. Who do you use as your Reference Laboratory today or what entity do you intend to use in the future?
11. Do you need an in-house Phlebotomist?
12.	Who is responsible for Phlebotomy? (Lab personnel, Nursing, Medical Assistants, etc).
13. What Healthcare insurance plans do you accept? Check all that apply.
14. How many patients in total are seen per day?
1. Do you currently have a Physician Office Laboratory (POL) ?
2. If you answered yes to question #1, please list the accreditation agency that you are certified with (COLA, CAP, JACHO, State, etc.).
3.	What is your proficiency institution (AAB, API, CAP, AAFP-PT, etc.)?
4. Does this lab serve only your patient group or does it also serve as a Reference Laboratory?
5. What is the highest level of testing performed at your laboratory, or going to be performed?
7. What instrumentation are you currently using, or going to use?
8. Do you have a Laboratory Information System (LIS)? If yes, what is the LIS you are using?
9.	When was your last inspection and what organization conducted it (if any)?
10.	Do you currently have a Technical Consultant that monitors your lab (if you have a lab)?
11.	When was your last audit (if you have a lab)? Please indicate Month and Year.
12. Who is the Laboratory Director and under what name is (or going to be) the CLIA Certificate/License issued?


text:
Hours: M-F 9am-5pm | Sa 9am-4pm
Why GreenFields
Living Life Here
Get Set 4 Life®
I'm Looking for Myself
I'm Looking for a Loved One
Learn about who we are and what we stand for
Step through the front door and you can feel the warm, welcoming spirit and the pride of community that makes GreenFields of Geneva such a wonderful place to live and grow.
We're a not-for-profit Life Plan Community conveniently located in charming Geneva, Illinois. We offer a perfect neighborhood location, beautiful, maintenance-free residences, an unsurpassed lifestyle and amenities, and the assurance of a lifetime continuum of care. As our residents will tell you, GreenFields is retirement living at its best.
We first opened our doors in 2012, but we're built on a strong foundation 40 years in the making. As part of Friendship Senior Options, GreenFields is modeled on the high-quality of senior living and care pioneered by our sister community, Friendship Village of Schaumburg. Opened in 1977, Friendship Village is the largest Life Plan Community in Illinois.
Because of our shared heritage and values, you can be sure that at GreenFields, residents always come first. And we're committed to making their lives as fulfilling as they can possibly be.
As a Life Plan Community, we offer new GreenFields residents the unique opportunity to enter into a Life Care contract, which guarantees they'll have a home for life, even if their health care needs change. This is an important distinction to consider. Many for-profit senior communities only offer rental arrangements, which may require the resident to find another place to live if their care needs change.
Our mission is to provide seniors with distinctive homes and exceptional services that respect their faith traditions, support their independence and enhance their well-being. Simply put, at GreenFields, friendship is at the core of everything we do.
Our vision is to be nationally recognized as an exemplar of senior-centered services through innovation, perseverance and growth. As an expression of friendship, we extend our expertise and resources to our partners, affiliates and the broader community.
Our values encompass faith, integrity, community, service, stewardship and growth. We uphold an exceptionally high standard of excellence.
View our 2018 Annual Report online
Friendship Senior Options is a national leader in the senior living industry. Many of the individuals who head our organization also hold volunteer positions with LeadingAge Illinois, the association representing not-for-profit senior living communities.
Jean Schlinkmann, Chair
Schaumburg Park District (Retired)
Bradley Barrie
Barrie and Associates
Bill Bowne, Secretary
Banking Relationship Manager
PNC Bank (Retired)
Goeff Roehll, Treasurer
Hitchcock Design Group
Stephen Yenchek
During the past 20 years, Stephen A. Yenchek served in a variety of positions at Friendship Village and Friendship Senior Options. Mr. Yenchek was promoted to President and Chief Executive Officer of Friendship Senior Options in November 2009. In this position, he is responsible to the Board of Directors for the strategic leadership and future development of the organization.
Mr. Yenchek formerly served as Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and Vice President, Operations and Corporate Development. Prior to joining the organization, Mr. Yenchek served as a consultant for strategic planning, marketing and operational effectiveness, Elmhurst Memorial Hospital as Vice President Professional Services, John F. Kennedy Medical Center as Vice President-Operations, and Maryland Health Care System as Director of Administrative Services.
Mr. Yenchek is a graduate of Boston College with a B.S. in Economics and Biology, and a Masters of Health Administration from Duke University.
He is a Certified Aging Services Professional from the Coalition for Leadership in Aging Services and serves on their Board of Advisors. He is a frequent contributor to state and national organizations through their educational programs. He is a member of the American College of Healthcare Executives.
VP and Chief Financial Officer
Michael A. Flynn is a senior executive with over 29 years experience with 23 years in the long-term care field. Mr. Flynn rejoined Friendship Senior Options in August 2012 to provide leadership and direction for all aspects of the financial operations for the parent and all affiliate organizations.
Prior to his latest position at Friendship Senior Options, Mr. Flynn was appointed Chief Executive Officer at Smith Senior Living where he was responsible for the day-to-day leadership and strategic development of organization, which serves two CCRC campuses in the southwest sector of Chicago and suburban areas. He has played key financial and operating roles with regard to sound fiscal management, tax-exempt financing, and regulatory and corporate compliance, among other issues.
Prior to joining Smith Senior Living, he served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Friendship Village of Schaumburg. Prior to joining Friendship Village, he worked for manufacturing organizations in the positions of Internal Auditor and Controller.
Mr. Flynn is a grad
uate of DePaul University with a B.S. in Accounting, and he received an MBA from Keller Graduate School of Management. Mr. Flynn is a Certified Public Accountant.
He currently serves as the Chair of the CARF/CCAC financial advisory panel. Mr. Flynn has conducted surveys for CARF/CCAC for the past 23 years. He is a Retirement Housing Professional. He serves on the Finance Committee for Health Resources Alliance. He is chair elect of the LSN Board, and he is a member of the LSN Finance Committee. Mr. Flynn is a frequent speaker at national and state association meetings.
Tony Madl
Tony Madl is the new executive director of GreenFields Geneva. The resident of Elk Grove has worked with GreenFields' sister community, Friendship Village Schaumburg since 2012.
A graduate of Northern Illinois University, Madl studied health and aging with a minor in gerontology. He earned his MBA in 2003 from Keller Graduate School of Management while working full time.
Madl began his career at Resurrection Presence Health Care Systems, where he was an administrator in skilled long-term care for 11 years. He joined Friendship Village as administrator for Briarwood Health Care.
Patricia Mash
VP, Planning and Marketing
Patricia Mash was hired as Vice President of Planning and Marketing in March 2011. In this position, she leads the strategic planning, marketing, branding, communications and sales for Friendship Senior Options and Friendship Village.
Ms. Mash's experience offered Friendship Senior Options a new approach to marketing and sales in the senior living business. Prior to joining Friendship Senior Options, Ms. Mash held numerous positions in marketing. She spent 20 years at United Airlines where she served in various marketing positions including President of Mileage Plus Marketing, Inc. and Vice President of Revenue Management. She also served as Senior Vice President of Marketing for Equity Residential in Chicago and Senior Vice President of Marketing for Riverstone Residential Group in Dallas, TX.
Ms. Mash is a graduate of Binghamton University where she received an MBA, with a concentration in Marketing, and St. Lawrence University where she received a B.A. in Sociology. She is also a Certified Marketing Professional.
Take the Next Step, Let's Start the Conversation
GreenFields Geneva
0N801 Friendship Way
Geneva, IL 60134
Career Opportunities: 847-884-5619


We offer a variety of therapeutic and relaxing massage therapy services to aid in the relaxation process of the mind body and spirit. All of our relaxing massage therapies are offered in 30, 60, and 90 minute session times.
Swedish Massage :This service uses a variety of techniques specifically designed to relax muscles by applying light to medium pressure against deeper muscles and bones, and rubbing in the same direction as the flow of blood returning to the heart. This helps to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Other possible benefits include stimulation of circulation, an increase in muscle tone, and a balance of the musculo-skeletal systems.
Aromatherapy Massage :This massage uses a primarily slow, gentle, rhythmic movement's. This massage technique helps muscles melt into deep relaxation by utilizing essential oils. This massage is a great way to de-stress the mind, body and spirit, as well as stimulate the lymphatic system, which improves the immune response, and assists the body to naturally release toxins.
Bring your mate, a friend, someone special, or a co- worker. You both will enjoy a relaxing full body Swedish massage in the company of each other while in the same room.


Are you a bootcamp grad not sure what to do next?
Are you a new engineering manager feeling in over your head?
Are you an engineer struggling with your communication skills at work?
Are you a college student looking for mentorship?
Compassionate Coding is here to help!


Okay, so this is my first post basically saying hi! I've wanted to start a blog for agees and have tonnes of failed attempts as I kinda get bored of writing to no one (haha!) however I figured I could run it as a side to my tumblr blog that crazily enough does actually have followers! So cool.
Urrm what else, I have the cutest little cat ever. She's called Bagel and entered my life about three years ago I think? I say entered because honestly that's what happened. She turned up, meowing at 3am every night for food as someone dumped her. I mean how! She's adorable. Anyway, after doing the whole checking for a microchip, putting up found signs, knocking on what felt like a hundred doors and begging my parents to let her stay she ended up moving from our driveway to our house. I don't think she plans on leaving, the spoilt little moo.
what a cute blog you have love!


text:
In differential geometry, Kawasaki's Riemann–Roch formula, introduced by Tetsuro Kawasaki, is the Riemann–Roch formula for orbifolds. It can compute the Euler characteristic of an orbifold.

Kawasaki's original proof made a use of the equivariant index theorem. Today, the formula is known to follow from the Riemann–Roch formula for quotient stacks.

References
Tetsuro Kawasaki. The Riemann-Roch theorem for complex V-manifolds. Osaka J. Math., 16(1):151–159, 1979

Theorems in differential geometry
Theorems in algebraic geometry

See also
Riemann–Roch-type theorem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
History of Knowledge
Research, Resources, and Perspectives
Learning by the Book
Knowledge & Politics
Knowledge & Migration
Marginalized Migrant Knowledge: The Reception of German-Speaking Refugee Historians in West Germany after 1945
November 6, 2019 December 17, 2019 ~ Anna Corsten
Today we offer two examples of academic knowledge on the move in tandem with the Migrant Knowledge blog. Anna Corsten looks at the reception of two German-speaking refugee historians in West Germany, and Razak Khan discusses the place of certain travel experiences in Magnus Hirschfeld's thought.
In Germany today, Hans Rosenberg (1904–1988) and Raul Hilberg (1926–2007) are viewed as important pioneers in the study of National Socialism and the Shoah. Because of their Jewish background, they had been threatened by Nazi persecution and had emigrated to the United States.1 In the postwar era, Rosenberg's work was initially embraced in the United States and marginalized in West Germany, whereas Hilberg's was both praised and attacked in the United States, and ignored in West Germany. How and why did these historians move from the margins to the mainstream of German historiography? How did migration figure in their work and its reception?
Not "a Tragic Accident": Hans Rosenberg's Perspective on German History
When Hans Rosenberg published his now well-known Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy in 1958, he became a leading expert in the field of German history in the United States. Nonetheless, his work achieved little recognition in West Germany. Three West German historians open to sociological and economic approaches published reviews praising Rosenberg's work.2 Those impressions, however, remained in the minority of a discipline still dominated by political and national history. Rosenberg himself later stated that his book had "not had a particularly happy career in Germany in contrast to America."3 Moreover, it has never been translated into German. It was supposed to appear in the Kohlhammer publishing house's Urban series, edited by the historian Fritz Ernst, but the publisher decided against the project. "I assume," Rosenberg wrote to a colleague, "that Ernst found my approach, method, and interpretation too unconventional and, perhaps, too upsetting."4
West German historians regarded the book as problematic not only due to Rosenberg's methodical approach but also because he had drawn a line from the bureaucratic structures of Old Prussia to the Nazi regime. His overall aim was to correct the explanations of National Socialism that historians in postwar West Germany were offering. "I could not accept the naïve and shallow view that this frenzied outburst was nothing but a tragic accident."5 For their part, West German historians depicted such notions of continuity as "harmful insults" that "do … not change a people for the better, but [deprave] it, if it loses its joy on [sic] its own history and thus loses its self-confidence."6
Rosenberg had studied with the then renowned historian Friedrich Meinecke in Berlin, writing a dissertation in the history of ideas, but he gradually developed an interest in social and economic history. After fleeing to London and then to the United States, he was able to study these approaches more closely with experts in the field such as Richard H. Tawney. At the same time, his perspective on German history was changing. His experience of migration motivated him to examine the decline of the Weimar Republic and the rise of National Socialism from a socio-economic perspective. In Germany, these approaches were not part of the mainstream historiography, neither before National Socialism or after. Instead, it was the academic structures and trends in his land of transit (Great Britain) and his land of exile (United States) that allowed Rosenberg to further delve into social and economic history, even as he brought influential German traditions of writing history across the Atlantic.
Although Rosenberg's migration experience broadened his understanding of German history, West German historians used it to discredit his work. Gerhard Ritter stated that émigré historians could not analyze German history in a neutral and sober way because they had been estranged from the country for too long.7 Their experiences of persecution ostensibly overshadowed their judgement. In the face of such reproaches, Rosenberg's work was marginalized in West Germany, especially in the 1950s. The main goal of leading German historians like Gerhard Ritter was "to protect our German history against harmful insults."8 Defending their supposedly exclusive right to interpret Germany's national history, they stigmatized Rosenberg as an outsider in the German field of history because of his status as an émigré scholar. Many German historians did not see the need for a broadened perspective anyway. Only a younger generation, among them Hans-Ulrich Wehler, later a leading representative of the Bielefeld School, reevaluated the implications of Rosenberg's work for German historiography.
Pioneer and Outcast: Raul Hilberg's Account of the Shoah
Like Rosenberg's work, Raul Hilberg's was also marginalized by West German historians, albeit for different reasons. Hilberg, a refugee from Austria who had studied under Rosenberg at Brooklyn College, chose to write one of the first comprehensive studies of the Shoah. His aim was to understand "how it was allowed to occur—and how we can prevent it from ever being repeated."9 It was this topic, which had hardly been part of academic research in West Germany, that historians there tried to avoid.
After finishing his dissertation at Columbia University in 1955, Hilberg tried to find a publisher for his study, which was rejected several times until it finally appeared in a small publishing house, Quadrangle Books.10 Several historians and political scientists in the United States regarded the study as pioneering, but others criticized it, especially Hilberg's thesis on the collaboration of Jewish leaders with the Nazis and the lack of resistance among Jews. They further attacked Hilberg for using only official German sources from the bureaucratic apparatus and thus for writing from a perpetrator perspective. And they called him out for employing a seemingly subjective, almost accusatory tone in some parts of his magnum opus.
In West Germany, the journalist Robert F. Lamberg and the sociologist Alphons Silbermann (who as Jews had both suffered Nazi persecution) reviewed The Destruction of the European Jews and emphasized the need for a German translation, as did Urs Müller-Plantenberg, a member of the Socialist German Student Union.11 Despite the recommendation, a German edition of Hilberg's book was not published for another twenty years.12 The renowned Institute for Contemporary History (Institut für Zeitgeschichte, IfZ) advised against a translation in the early 1960s. The anonymous IfZ referee alleged that Hilberg had not used relevant documents. In addition, German historians had already planned studies that would be more "modern" than Hilberg's. Nevertheless, the referee acknowledged that German historians had so far shied away from dealing with the Shoah. In 1980, the IfZ once again decided against a translation, stating that interested readers could study the English version.13
In contrast to older émigré historians like Rosenberg, Hilberg was not directly attacked for being a Jewish refugee and thus incapable of working in a factual way. Instead, his topic had allegedly already been dealt with in great detail. This, of course, was not at all the case. Still, Hilberg was recognized as "Jewish émigré" when the first German edition appeared in 1982. A journalist, Hans-Martin Lohmann, found it characteristic and embarrassing that a Jewish refugee had written this important book instead of a German author.14 In this way, Lohmann reframed the meaning of Hilberg's biography, especially his migration and Jewish background, casting them as motivations for writing the book. The implication was that the experience of being forced to emigrate and the emigration itself—with the knowledge gained before, during, and after—affected the work of historians like Rosenberg and Hilberg. Gerhard Ritter and other German historians had seen this connection too, but they regarded it differently.
The 'Harm' of Migrant Knowledge
Jewish refugee scholars like Hajo Holborn and Adolf Leschnitzer also modified their perspectives on and approaches to German history during and after emigration. They tried to transfer the knowledge they gained in migration back to Germany. In general, West German historians were less open to these approaches from émigré historians than American scholars were. In particular, any views that appeared to harm attempts to rebuild a positive image for German national history were rejected or ignored. These same West German historians believed that refugee historians could help in the creation of a collective identity based on the nation's past. For Gerhard Ritter, there were two kinds of émigrés: "Some who were harming Germany a lot, others who were of use to Germany."15 The latter were in the minority; however, according to Ritter, they were able to speak more openly about "things" that a German author could not. In effect, German historians could benefit from refugees who presented German society as basically opposed to National Socialism but forced to follow.
Certainly, Gerhard Ritter's statement was not wrong. Refugee scholars like Hilberg and Rosenberg addressed German history in a more open, but also critical way by hinting at structural problems that had led to National Socialism and eventually resulted in the Shoah. Apparently, their experience of discrimination, persecution, and finally emigration had motivated them to gain knowledge about what had happened to them and to their families and neighbors. West German historians, by contrast, sought "to protect our German history."16 They were therefore inclined to obscure or even forget certain aspects of their past. In other words, the questions scholars asked and the knowledge they produced with their research and writing differed between those who emigrated and those who stayed behind. As a consequence, migrant knowledge was often excluded from West German discourses on National Socialism and the Shoah.
Anna Corsten is writing her dissertation at the University of Leipzig. Her Twitter handle is @corstenanna.
Additional literature on German-speaking émigré historians in the United States: Winfried Schulze, "Refugee Historians and the German Historical Profession between 1950 and 1970," in An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933, ed. James Sheehan and Hartmut Lehmann (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 206–25; Doris Bergen, "Out of the Limelight or In: Raul Hilberg, Gerhard Weinberg, Henry Friedlander and the Historical Study of the Holocaust," in The Second Generation: Émigres from Nazi Germany as Historians, ed. Andreas Daum, James Sheehan, and Hartmut Lehmann (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016), 229–43; Philipp Stelzel, History After Hitler: A Transatlantic Enterprise (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018). ↩
Fritz Terveen in Historische Zeitschrift 191 (1960): 212–13; Gerhard Oestreich in Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 52 (1965): 276–81; Wilhelm Berges and Hans Herzfeld in Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 11 (1962): 282–96. ↩
Letter by Hans Rosenberg to Georg Iggers, September 10th, 1970, Georg G. Iggers Papers, University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo, box 7, fol. 49, 2/6F/270. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy: The Prussian Experience, 1660–1815 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958), 230. ↩
Gerhard Ritter, "The Present State of Historical Studies in Germany," typescript, Nachlass Gerhard Ritter, Bundesarchiv Koblenz (hereafter BArch), N1166/225. ↩
See Gerhard Ritter, review of The German Opposition to Hitler: An Appraisal, by Hans Rothfels, Historische Zeitschrift 169, no. 2 (1949): 402–405. ↩
Ritter, "Present State of Historical Studies." ↩
Lea Bearfield, "Conscience of Burlington," Hadassah Magazine, August/September 1991, 21–23. ↩
See Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1961). ↩
Robert F. Lamberg in Politische Studien 13 (1982): 487-489; Alphons Silbermann, "Und immer wieder wird ein Bumerang daraus: Unsere Auseinandersetzung mit dem Judentum," Die Welt, March 10, 1962; Urs Müller-Plantenberg, Das Argument 6 (1964): 144–155. ↩
Raul Hilberg, Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden: Die Gesamtgeschichte des Holocaust, ed. Ulf Wolter, trans. Christian Seeger et al. (Berlin: Olle & Wolter, 1982). ↩
"Raul Hilberg: The Destruction of the European Jews, London 1961," fragment, Nachlass Helmut Krausnick, IfZ-Archive, ID 419/1; Ino Arndt, "Raul Hilberg: The Destruction of the European Jews", Dienstnachlass Ino Arndt, IfZ-Archive, ID 131; Götz Aly, "Nur mit Genehmigung des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte," October 18, 2017, https://www.perlentaucher.de/essay/goetz-aly-das-institut-fuer-zeitgeschichte-und-die-verzoegerte-deutsche-ausgabe-von-raul-hilberg.html. ↩
Hans-Martin Lohmann, "'Es wird ihnen das Lachen überall vergehen.' Raul Hilbergs Werk über die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden" in Die Frankfurter Rundschau, July 9, 1983. ↩
Letter by Gerhard Ritter to Deutsche Verlagsanstalt GMBH, April 20, 1948, BArch, N 1166/361. ↩
Gerhard Ritter, "Present State of Historical Studies." ↩
Suggested Citation: Anna Corsten, "Marginalized Migrant Knowledge: The Reception of German-Speaking Refugee Historians in West Germany after 1945," History of Knowledge, November 6, 2019, https://historyofknowledge.net/2019/11/06/reception-of-german-speaking-refugee-historians-in-west-germany/.
Posted in Disciplines, Migration and Knowledge	German historyHans RosenberghistoriographyHolocaust researchRaul Hilbergrefugee scholarsUnited StatesWest German historiansWest Germany
‹ PreviousKnowledge in Transit: Global Encounters and Transformation in Magnus Hirschfeld's Travelogue
Next ›Knowledge Notes
A blog curated by the
Notices and Tips
Artisanal Knowledge
Bureaucratic Knowledge
Circulation of Knowledge
Colonial and Postcolonial Contexts
Disparate Knowledges
Experts and Expertise
Knowing Us and Them
Knowledge Formation
Knowledge/Practice/Experience
Migration and Knowledge
Politics and Knowledge
Producing Ignorance
Religion and Knowledge
Rumor/Uncertain Knowledge
Statistical Knowledge
Texts and Practices
Translation and Dissemination
Visual Epistemology
What is History of Knowledge?
© German Historical Institute Washington 2016–2019, excepting third-party materials and without prejudice to the rights of individual authors.
Search "History of Knowledge"