text:
TAKAO OZAWA v. UNITED STATES.
260 U.S. 178 (43 S.Ct. 65, 67 L.Ed. 199)
Argued: Oct. 3 and 4, 1922.
Decided: Nov. 13, 1922.
opinion, SUTHERLAND [HTML]
Messrs. Geo. W. Wickersham, of New York City, and David L. Withington, of Honolulu, T. H., for Takao Ozawa.
Argument of Counsel from pages 178-186 intentionally omitted
Mr. Solicitor General Beck, of Washington, D. C., for the United States.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellant is a person of the Japanese race born in Japan. He applied, on October 16, 1914, to the United States District Court for the Territory of Hawaii to be admitted as a citizen of the United States. His petition was opposed by the United States District Attorney for the District of Hawaii. Including the period of his residence in Hawaii appellant had continuously resided in the United States for 20 years. He was a graduate of the Berkeley, Cal., high school, had been nearly three years a student in the University of California, had educated his children in American schools, his family had attended American churches and he had maintained the use of the English language in his home. That he was well qualified by character and education for citizenship is conceded.
The District Court of Hawaii, however, held that, having been born in Japan and being of the Japanese race, he was not eligible to naturalization under section 2169 of the Revised Statutes (Comp. St. § 4358), and denied the petition. Thereupon the appellant brought the cause to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and that court has certified the following questions, upon which it desires to be instructed:
'1. Is the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stats. at Large, pt. 1, p. 596), providing 'for a uniform rule for the naturalization of aliens' complete in itself, or is it limited by section 2169 of the Revised Statutes of the United States?
'2. Is one who is of the Japanese race and born in Japan eligible to citizenship under the naturalization laws?
'3. If said act of June 29, 1906, is limited by section 2169 and naturalization is limited to aliens being free white persons and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent, is one of the Japanese race, born in Japan, under any circumstances eligible to naturalization?'
These questions for purposes of discussion may be briefly restated:
1. Is the Naturalization Act of June 29, 1906 (Comp. St. § 4351 et seq.), limited by the provisions of section 2169 of the Revised Statutes of the United States?
2. If so limited, is the appellant eligible to naturalization under that section?
First. Section 2169 is found in title XXX of the Revised Statutes, under the heading 'Naturalization,' and reads as follows:
'The provisions of this title shall apply to aliens, being free white persons and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.'
The act of June 29, 1906, entitled 'An act to establish a Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, and to provide for a uniform rule for the naturalization of aliens throughout the United States,' consists of 31 sections and deals primarily with the subject of procedure. There is nothing in the circumstances leading up to or accompanying the passage of the act which suggests that any modification of section 2169, or of its application, was contemplated.
The report of the House Committee on Naturalization and Immigration, recommending its passage, contains this statement:
'It is the opinion of your committee that the frauds and crimes which have been committed in regard to naturalization have resulted more from a lack of any uniform system of procedure in such matters than from any radical defect in the fundamental principles of existing law governing in such matters. The two changes which the committee has recommended in the principles controlling in naturalization matters and which are embodied in the bill submitted herewith are as follows: First, the requirement that before an alien can be naturalized he must be able to read, either in his own language or in the English language and to speak or understand the English language; and, second, that the alien must intend to reside permanently in the United States before he shall be entitled to naturalization.'
This seems to make it quite clear that no change of the fundamental character here involved was in mind.
Section 26 of the Act (Comp. St. § 4381) expressly repeals sections 2165, 2167, 2168, 2173 of title XXX, the subject-matter thereof being covered by new provisions. The sections of title XXX remaining without repeal are: Section 2166, relating to honorably discharged soldiers; section 2169 (Comp. St. § 4358), now under consideration; section 2170 (section 4360), requiring five years' residence prior to admission; section 2171 (section 435211), forbidding the admission of alien enemies; section 2172 (section 4367), relating to the status of children of naturalized persons; and section 2174 (section 43528), making special provision in respect of the naturalization of seamen. There is nothing in section 2169 which is repugnant to anything in the act of 1906. Both may stand and be given effect. It is clear, therefore, that there is no repeal by implication.
But it is insisted by appellant that section 2169, by its terms is made applicable only to the provisions of title XXX, and that it will not admit of being construed as a restriction upon the act of 1906. Since section 2169, it is in effect argued, declares that 'the provisions of this title shall apply to aliens being free white persons, * * *' it should be confined to the classes provided for in the unrepealed sections of that title, leaving the act of 1906 to govern in respect of all other aliens, without any restriction except such as may be imposed by that act itself.
It is contended that, thus construed, the act of 1906 confers the privilege of naturalization without limitation as to race, since the general introductory words of section 4 (Comp. St. § 4352) are:
'That an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States in the following manner, and not otherwise.'
But, obviously, this clause does not relate to the subject of eligibility but to the 'manner,' that is, the procedure, to be followed. Exactly the same words are used to introduce the similar provisions contained in section 2165 of the Revised Statutes. In 1790 the first naturalization act provided that——
'Any alien being a free white person * * * may be admitted to become a citizen. * * *' 1 Stat. 103, c. 3.
This was subsequently enlarged to include aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent. These provisions were restated in the Revised Statutes, so that section 2165 included only the procedural portion, while the substantive parts were carried into a separate section (2169) and the words 'An alien' substituted for the words 'Any alien.'
In all of the naturalization acts from 1790 to 1906 the privilege of naturalization was confined to white persons (with the addition in 1870 of those of African nativity and descent), although the exact wording of the various statutes was not always the same. If Congress in 1906 desired to alter a rule so well and so long established it may be assumed that its purpose would have been definitely disclosed and its legislation to that end put in unmistakable terms.
The argument that, because section 2169 is in terms made applicable only to the title in which it is found, it should now be confined to the unrepealed sections of that title, is not convincing. The persons entitled to naturalization under these unrepealed sections include only honorably discharged soldiers and seamen who have served three years on board an American vessel, both of whom were entitled from the beginning to admission on more generous terms than were accorded to other aliens. It is not conceivable that Congress would deliberately have allowed the racial limitation to continue as to soldiers and seamen to whom the statute had accorded an especially favored status, and have removed it as to all other aliens. Such a construction cannot be adopted unless it be unavoidable.
The division of the Revised Statutes into titles and chapters is chiefly a matter of convenience, and reference to a given title or chapter is simply a ready method of identifying the particular provisions which are meant. The provisions of title XXX affected by the limitation of section 2169, originally embraced the whole subject of naturalization of aliens. The generality of the words in section 2165, 'An alien may be admitted, * * *' was restricted by section 2169 in common with the other provisions of the title. The words 'this title' were used for the purpose of identifying that provision (and others), but it was the provision which was restricted. That provision having been amended and carried into the act of 1906, section 2169 being left intact and unrepealed, it will require some thing more persuasive than a narrowly literal reading of the identifying words 'this title' to justify the conclusion that Congress intended the restriction to be no longer applicable to the provision.
It is the duty of this Court to give effect to the intent of Congress. Primarily this intent is ascertained by giving the words their natural significance, but if this leads to an unreasonable result plainly at variance with the policy of the legislation as a whole, we must examine the matter further. We may then look to the reason of the enactment and inquire into its antecedent history and give it effect in accordance with its design and purpose, sacrificing, if necessary, the literal meaning in order that the purpose may not fail. See Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States, 143 U. S. 457, 12 Sup. Ct. 511, 36 L. Ed. 226; Heydenfeldt v. Daney Gold, etc., Co., 93 U. S. 634, 638, 23 L. Ed. 995. We are asked to conclude that Congress, without the consideration or recommendation of any committee, without a suggestion as to the effect, or a word of debate as to the desirability, of so fundamental a change, nevertheless, by failing to alter the identifying words of section 2169, which section we may assume was continued for some serious purpose, has radically modified a statute always theretofore maintained and considered as of great importance. It is inconceivable that a rule in force from the beginning of the government, a part of our history as well as our law, welded into the structure of our national polity by a century of legislative and administrative acts and judicial decisions, would have been deprived of its force in such dubious and casual fashion. We are, therefore, constrained to hold that the act of 1906 is limited by the provisions of section 2169 of the Revised Statutes.
Second. This brings us to inquire whether, under section 2169, the appellant is eligible to naturalization. The language of the naturalization laws from 1790 to 1870 had been uniformly such as to deny the privilege of naturalization to an alien unless he came within the description 'free white person.' By section 7 of the act of July 14, 1870 ( 16 Stat. 254, 256 Comp. St. § 4358), the naturalization laws were 'extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.' Section 2169 of the Revised Statutes, as already pointed out, restricts the privilege to the same classes of persons, viz. 'to aliens being free white persons, and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.' It is true that in the first edition of the Revised Statutes of 1873 the words in brackets, 'being free white persons, and to aliens' were omitted, but this was clearly an error of the compilers and was corrected by the subsequent legislation of 1875 ( 18 Stat. 316, 318). Is appellant, therefore, a 'free white person,' within the meaning of that phrase as found in the statute?
On behalf of the appellant it is urged that we should give to this phrase the meaning which it had in the minds of its original framers in 1790 and that it was employed by them for the sole purpose of excluding the black or African race and the Indians then inhabiting this country. It may be true that those two races were alone thought of as being excluded, but to say that they were the only ones within the intent of the statute would be to ignore the affirmative form of the legislation. The provision is not that Negroes and Indians shall be excluded, but it is, in effect, that only free white persons shall be included. The intention was to confer the privilege of citizenship upon that class of persons whom the fathers knew as white, and to deny it to all who could not be so classified. It is not enough to say that the framers did not have in mind the brown or yellow races of Asia. It is necessary to go farther and be able to say that had these particular races been suggested the language of the act would have been so varied as to include them within its privileges. As said by Chief Justice Marshall in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 644 (4 L. Ed. 629), in deciding a question of constitutional construction:
'It is not enough to say that this particular case was not in the mind of the convention, when the article was framed, nor of the American people, when it was adopted. It is necessary to go farther, and to say that, had this particular case been suggested, the language would have been so varied, as to exclude it, or it would have been made a special exception. The case, being within the words of the rule, must be within its operation likewise, unless there be something in the literal construction so obviously absurd, or mischievous, or repugnant to the general spirit of the instrument, as to justify those who expound the Constitution in making it an exception.'
If it be assumed that the opinion of the framers was that the only persons who would fall outside the designation 'white' were Negroes and Indians, this would go no farther than to demonstrate their lack of sufficient information to enable them to foresee precisely who would be excluded by that term in the subsequent administration of the statute. It is not important in construing their words to consider the extent of their ethnological knowledge or whether they thought that under the statute the only persons who would be denied naturalization would be Negroes and Indians. It is sufficient to ascertain whom they intended to include and having ascertained that it follows, as a necessary corollary, that all others are to be excluded,
The question then is: Who are comprehended within the phrase 'free white persons'? Undoubtedly the word 'free' was originally used in recognition of the fact that slavery then existed and that some white persons occupied that status. The word, however, has long since ceased to have any practical significance and may now be disregarded.
We have been furnished with elaborate briefs in which the meaning of the words 'white person' is discussed with ability and at length, both from the standpoint of judicial decision and from that of the science of ethnology. It does not seem to us necessary, however, to follow counsel in their extensive researches in these fields. It is sufficient to note the fact that these decisions are, in substance, to the effect that the words import a racial and not an individual test, and with this conclusion, fortified as it is by reason and authority, we entirely agree. Manifestly the test afforded by the mere color of the skin of each individual is impracticable, as that differs greatly among persons of the same race, even among Anglo-Saxons, ranging by imperceptible gradations from the fair blond to the swarthy brunette, the latter being darker than many of the lighter hued persons of the brown or yellow races. Hence to adopt the color test alone would result in a confused overlapping of races and a gradual merging of one into the other, without any practical line of separation. Beginning with the decision of Circuit Judge Sawyer, in Re Ah Yup, 5 Sawy. 155, Fed. Cas. No. 104 (1878), the federal and state courts, in an almost unbroken line, have held that the words 'white person' were meant to indicate only a person of what is popularly known as the Caucasian race. Among these decisions, see, for example: In re Camille (C. C.) 6 Fed. 256; In re Saito (C. C.) 62 Fed. 126; In re Nian, 6 Utah, 259, 21 Pac. 993, 4 L. R. A. 726; In re Kumagai (D. C.) 163 Fed. 922; In re Yamashita, 30 Wash. 234, 237, 70 Pac. 482, 94 Am. St. Rep. 860; In re Ellis (D. C.) 179 Fed. 1002; In re Mozumdar (D. C.) 207 Fed. 115, 117; In re Singh (D. C.) 257 Fed. 209, 211, 212; and In re Charr (D. C.) 273 Fed. 207. With the conclusion reached in these several decisions we see no reason to differ. Moreover, that conclusion has become so well established by judicial and executive concurrence and legislative acquiescence that we should not at this late day feel at liberty to disturb it, in the absence of reasons far more cogent than any that have been suggested. United States v. Midwest Oil Co., 236 U. S. 459, 472, 35 Sup. Ct. 309, 59 L. Ed. 673.
The determination that the words 'white person' are synonymous with the words 'a person of the Caucasian race' simplifies the problem, although it does not entirely dispose of it. Controversies have arisen and will no doubt arise again in respect of the proper classification of individuals in border line cases. The effect of the conclusion that the words 'white person' means a Caucasian is not to establish a sharp line of demarcation between those who are entitled and those who are not entitled to naturalization, but rather a zone of more or less debatable ground outside of which, upon the one hand, are those clearly eligible, and outside of which, upon the other hand, are those clearly ineligible for citizenship. Individual cases falling within this zone must be determined as they arise from time to time by what this court has called, in another connection (Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 97, 104, 24 L. Ed. 616), 'the gradual process of judicial inclusion and exclusion.'
The appellant, in the case now under consideration, however, is clearly of a race which is not Caucasian and therefore belongs entirely outside the zone on the negative side. A large number of the federal and state courts have so decided and we find no reported case definitely to the contrary. These decisions are sustained by numerous scientific authorities, which we do not deem it necessary to review. We think these decisions are right and so hold.
The briefs filed on behalf of appellant refer in complimentary terms to the culture and enlightenment of the Japanese people, and with this estimate we have no reason to disagree; but these are matters which cannot enter into our consideration of the questions here at issue. We have no function in the matter other than to ascertain the will of Congress and declare it. Of course there is not implied—either in the legislation or in our interpretation of it—any suggestion of individual unworthiness or racial inferiority. These considerations are in no manner involved.
The questions submitted are therefore answered as follows:
Question No. 1. The act of June 29, 1906, is not complete in itself, but is limited by section 2169 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.
Question No. 2. No.
It will be so certified.
CC∅ | Transformed by Public.Resource.Org
AMERICAN BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, et al., Petitioner v. DALLAS COUNTY et al.
John V. EVANS, et al., Petitioners v. JEFF D. et al.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Petitioner v. COMMERCIAL OFFICE PRODUCTS COMPANY.
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, Petitioner, v. Martha V. GILBERT et al. Martha V. GILBERT et al., Petitioners, v. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY.
PEOPLE OF PUERTO RICO v. SHELL CO. (P.R.), Limited, et al.
LAUF et al. v. E. G. SHINNER & CO., Inc.
UNITED STATES et al. v. AMERICAN TRUCKING ASS'NS, Inc., et al.
UNITED STATES ex rel. MARCUS v. HESS et al.
KIYOSHI HIRABAYASHI v. UNITED STATES.
CITY OF LINCOLN, NEB., et al. v. RICKETTS.
HELVERING, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, v. NEW YORK TRUST CO. NEW YORK TRUST CO. v. HELVERING, Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
MORRISON et al. v. PEOPLE OF STATE OF CALIFORNIA.
KARNUTH, United States Director of Immigration, et al. v. UNITED STATES, on Petition of ARBRO, for COOK et al.
GEORGE VAN CAMP & SONS CO. v. AMERICAN CAN CO. et al.
TAKUJI YAMASHITA et al. v. HINKLE, Secretary of State of Washington.
Frank COSTELLO, Petitioner, v. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE.
FLEISCHMANN CONST. CO. et al. v. UNITED STATES, to Use of FORSBERG et al.
TUTUN v. UNITED STATES. NEUBERGER v. SAME.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. Clay B. BROWN et al.
UNITED STATES v. BHAGAT SINGH THIND.
TERRACE et al. v. THOMPSON, Attorney General of Washington.
HIDEMITSU TOYOTA v. UNITED STATES.


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text:
Trey Traw Promoted to Service Manager at Allpax
Allpax rethinks approach to service to give essential businesses higher uptime at the most economical cost
COVINGTON, La.,October 13, 2021 — Allpax, a product brand of ProMach, has promoted Trey Traw from the assistant manager's position he has held for two years to Service Manager.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Imagine, the first step to getting things done!
Explore your problem by imagining solutions in your mind's eye. That exercise can make the difference between solving the problem or walking away in defeat! It is commonly understood that artists create by holding images in their minds eye. But the mind holds more than visual images. Did you know that musicians can hold the sounds of melodies and musical compositions in their minds? Dancers practice the muscle movements in their heads to develop kinesthetic skills. Athletes have been known to improve in their sport just by reviewing and feeling their movements in their mind. Whole books have been written on holding the taste of madeleines (Proust in Remembrance of things Past) or chocolate in Laura Esquivel's book, Like water for chocolate!
I can recall my Sicilian grandmother making the steamy fragrant honey lemon tea when I was ill with measles, the fragrance of her hand nurtured gardenias, her plain and simple S cookies wafting their fragrance from the oven. It has been noted that the sense of smell is very effective at triggering memories.
I have drawn on these memories, triggered by fragrances, to make a series of paintings drawings. This mind imaging in ALL senses improves as you use it, similar to exercising muscles. It just takes practice.
If you want to accomplish or change something, just imagine it, with one or more of your senses. You will be amazed!
Start with small things. Imagine what you will do when you get home from work. Imagine taking a walk past the fragrant lilac bush on the next street.Feel the sea breeze softly sweep your hair back from your face. Engage in the energy that surges through you as you walk briskly through the neighborhood. Suddenly, you are ready for your walk!
Choose to hold things in your mind's eye every day. That tiny action will transform your life image by image.
Oh yes, and let me know what happens!
An amazing and true art/ business connection! In a blog from U.S. News, On Careers, Miriam Salpeter discusses the importance of observation skills, referencing my post on increasing your observation skills in 6 steps. I love how she so clearly explains the connection betweens between eye, hand and mind as enhancing practical life skills in the marketplace.


text:
When Love Bites hit no.1 we had never played it together
Def Leppard's Phil Collen looks back at their hit Hysteria single Love Bites and admits that when it hit the top of the charts they'd never played it together in the same room
Def Leppard had never played Love Bites together in the same room when it hit the top of the charts back in 1988, says guitarist Phil Collen.
The song was just one of seven smash hit singles from 1987's Hysteria – and was their only track to make it to no.1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
But in a new interview with Spotify's Under Cover podcast, Collen says they struggled to pull the song together following its release as they had recorded it piecemeal in the years before the album's release.
He says: "We'd never played Love Bites together when we released it. It was a studio song. We did bits and pieces here, and the next year we did some in another studio and tracked crazy vocals.
"We release it and it goes to no.1 on Billboard and we've never played it – our only no.1 Billboard single.
"Pour Some Sugar On Me was no.2, Armageddon It was two, we've had top 10s and all that. This was no.1 and we didn't know how to play it. It was a real struggle playing guitar and singing at the same time – there's so many vocals on it, but we finally got it."
Collen also talks about why they decided to cover Depeche Mode's Personal Jesus for a Spotify session earlier this year.
He says: "We did a covers album called Yeah! and we made a point to not do Beatles, Stones or Zeppelin – the run of the mill stuff. When this session came up, what was really interesting was that everyone was going, 'Maybe be could do an Eagles song or an Abba song.'
Read the full story on Louder Sound HERE
Announcing The Story So Far | Available November 30
Def Leppard to Headline Download Festival 2019


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Hey all, so I wanna run Silent Ways with the Vector.
I have it running fine with my Circadian Rhythms but when I send a clock into Vector it seems to restart the sequence constantly with a flurry of pulses and never advances past the first step.
Loading SW SYNC VST in Cubase. Outputs via Y SPLIT to dual mono.
Long series of sound and step one LED is bright.
Same settings with clock out work fine on Circadian Rhythms. Is there something I am missing in Vector setup? Same result using Pamela's New Workout as an intermediary.
I suspect this may be a problem with my physical routing. I am using Motu 8pre HEADPHONE out into an alleged adapter to split L an R to stereo 8th inch.
Looking at my mixer in Cubase I suspect it is simply pumping out the same signal on both mono outs rather than splitting left and right.
Using headphones I can hear clock on L and a single trigger on R.
Does this make sense? First time using Silent Way.
Had this working OK here from memory, though I am usually going silent way to pam's NW, with 24ppqn from there onto Vector.
If you are on 24ppqn from silent way and going into Run and Clock, then you need to set vector to RC24, check it isnt on some other mode like Cr/1 or something.
I've used Vector with SW Sync plugin, 24ppq, with a run signal. Works fine. I use the ES-5 hardware for the clocks.
Thanks gentlemen. I suspect this will be resolved with correctly split stereo to mono adapter.
I am pleased to hear you guys have it working, there is no reason the same will not be true for me.
Yeah solved. I am using headphone out of Motu 8pre and clearly the TRS to TS adapter I bought was not splitting signal as expected. I got a HOSA TRS to dual mono adapter and it works perfectly now with all in sync and stop/starting as expected.
Setup of Silent Ways 24ppqn an everything else default with Run Signal as RUN.


text:
The following is a list of episodes from the sketch comedy group the Whitest Kids U' Know which ran from March 20, 2007 – June 17, 2011 with a total of 60 episodes and 5 seasons on Fuse and IFC.

Based on counting the number of skits in this article, the series contained 381 sketches.

Season 1 (2007)

Season 2 (2008)

Season 3 (2009)

Season 4 (2010)

Season 5 (2011)

Whitest Kids U' Know

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
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Sir Kenelm Digby
English philosopher and diplomat
Last Updated: Jul 8, 2019 See Article History
Sir Kenelm Digby, (born July 11, 1603, Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire, England—died June 11, 1665, London), English courtier, philosopher, diplomat, and scientist of the reign of Charles I.
Digby was the son of Sir Everard Digby, who was executed in 1606 for his part in the Gunpowder Plot (a conspiracy of a few Roman Catholics to destroy James I and the members of Parliament), and was brought up by his mother as a Roman Catholic. He left the University of Oxford in 1620 without taking a degree and was induced to go abroad by his mother, who opposed his love for Venetia, daughter of Sir Edward Stanley; she had been a childhood playmate and had become a woman of renowned beauty and intellectual attainment. In 1623 in Madrid, Digby was appointed to the household of Prince Charles, who had just arrived there. Returning to England the same year, he was knighted by James I and appointed gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles. In 1625 he married Venetia Stanley.
In an attempt to win favour at court by some large action, Digby embarked as a privateer in December 1627 to attack for booty French ships that were anchored in the Venetian harbour of Scanderoon (now Iskenderun, Turkey). He returned to England in February 1628, in triumph, though the government felt called upon to disavow his actions because of threats of reprisals against English merchants. Lady Digby died in 1633, perhaps as a sad consequence of his amateur pharmacology, and he retired to Gresham College, where he occupied himself with chemical experiments for two years.
After 1635 Digby associated himself with the entourage of Henrietta Maria, Charles I's Catholic queen, and supported Charles's expedition against the Presbyterian Scots in 1639–40; for this, Digby was summoned by Parliament as a Catholic recusant and appeared before the bar of the House of Commons in 1641. He then went to France, where in a duel he killed a French lord for insulting Charles I. Returning to England, he was imprisoned by the Commons (1642–43). On his release he went to Paris, where he published his chief philosophical works, Of the Nature of Bodies and Of the Nature of Mans Soule (both 1644).
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Digby again returned to England, and Henrietta Maria appointed him her chancellor; he was sent on two abortive missions to Pope Innocent X in Rome for aid in the Royalist cause in the English Civil Wars. Digby promised the conversion of King Charles and his chief aides. After banishment from England by a suspicious Parliament in 1649, he was allowed to return in 1654 and tried to obtain full toleration for Catholics from Oliver Cromwell. At the restoration of the monarchy, on May 8, 1660, he was confirmed as Henrietta's chancellor and was on the council of the Royal Society when its charter was granted in 1663. In January 1664 he was banished from court on grounds that he had interfered on behalf of a nobleman who had fallen into royal disfavour. Digby spent the remainder of his life in literary and scientific pursuits.
This article was most recently revised and updated by John M. Cunningham, Readers Editor.
Charles I, king of Great Britain and Ireland (1625–49), whose authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked a civil war that led to his execution. Charles was the second surviving son…
Henrietta Maria
Henrietta Maria, French wife of King Charles I of England and mother of Kings Charles II and James II. By openly practicing Roman Catholicism at court, she alienated many of Charles's subjects, but during the…
English Civil Wars
English Civil Wars, (1642–51), fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I (and his son and successor, Charles II) and opposing groups in each of Charles's kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland.…
Gayhurst, England
June 11, 1665 (aged 61)
The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Sir Kenelm Digby


text:
Category: Tips and Tricks
How to Create Color Pop Images via Snapseed AppHow to Create Color Pop Images via Snapseed App
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How to Play Local Audio Files on YouTube MusicHow to Play Local Audio Files on YouTube Music
YouTube Music is one of the best music streaming applications currently available. Since the app basically has all the music from YouTube, you'd find just about any song you wish to listen to. You can also download and listen to songs offline via YT Music. However, by default, you cannot listen to audio files stored […]
How to Click and View your Images Location-WiseHow to Click and View your Images Location-Wise
When you take a picture from your smartphone, you could make that image's EXIF metadata store the location where it was clicked. This could be done using the Stock Camera (or the Google Camera app) and Google Maps. With the help of these two apps, we will be listing the steps to click and view […]
How to Stream Videos from Android to XboxHow to Stream Videos from Android to Xbox
Android has a vast majority of features that are neglected by most users. Streaming videos is a feature just like that. Using this feature, you can stream videos from Android to Xbox, TV, Tablet or any other media device. This is an ideal feature if you want to extend the screen view or to play […]
How to Enable the Hidden Screen Recorder on Android 10How to Enable the Hidden Screen Recorder on Android 10
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Downloads Option Missing in Google Photos? Try these fixesDownloads Option Missing in Google Photos? Try these fixes
Google Photos is indeed a power-packed gallery app. It regularly gets updated with useful features like crop document and markup tool, just to name a few. It also allows for automatic syncing and sharing of photos quite easily. However, sometime you might see the Download options missing from the app. Well, that's not much of […]
How to Turn On Parental Controls on TikTok AppHow to Turn On Parental Controls on TikTok App
Few apps have seen such an unprecedented rise than TikTok. The scenario is even more glaring in the developing countries like India, where it has taken permanent abode in every user's device. But it has been in the news lately, and not always for good reasons. A lip-syncing app is always an interesting concept, to […]
How to Sync Particular Items from Your Other Google AccountHow to Sync Particular Items from Your Other Google Account
If you have just bought a new smartphone and wish to sync individual items, that might not possible the normal way. This is because as soon as you enter your new Google ID over to this device, it will start syncing all the data from that associated ID. These include Calendar, Chrome, Contacts, Docs, Gmail […]
3 Methods to Send WhatsApp Messages to Yourself3 Methods to Send WhatsApp Messages to Yourself
You might come across an interesting message and you wish to save it. Or you're having a message that you need to send at a later date and time. Likewise, you're in a professional setup and have to send the same set of messages to your clients. In all these scenarios, you have two different […]
How to Turn on Smartphone Flashlight using Google Assistant appHow to Turn on Smartphone Flashlight using Google Assistant app
Gone are the days when we had to press a few buttons to get things done on a smartphone. Touch-based smartphones replaced the need for keys. If that was not enough, now we can simply issue voice commands and complete various actions on smartphones. Speaking of voice instructions, the first thing that comes into our […]


text:
package picard.illumina;

import htsjdk.samtools.ReservedTagConstants;
import htsjdk.samtools.SAMRecord;
import htsjdk.samtools.SamReader;
import htsjdk.samtools.SamReaderFactory;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import picard.cmdline.CommandLineProgramTest;

import java.io.File;

/**
 * Run IlluminaBasecallsToSam on a sample tests, then sanity-check the generated SAM file
 */
public class IlluminaBasecallsToSamAdapterClippingTest extends CommandLineProgramTest {

    private static final File TEST_DATA_DIR = new File("testdata/picard/illumina/125T125T/Data/Intensities/BaseCalls");
    private static final String ALIAS = "myalias";
    private static final String RUN_BARCODE = "305PJAAXX080716";

    public String getCommandLineProgramName() {
        return IlluminaBasecallsToSam.class.getSimpleName();
    }

    /**
     * Run IlluminaBasecallsToSam on a few test cases, and verify that results agree with hand-checked expectation.
     */
    @Test(dataProvider="data")
    public void testBasic(final String LANE, final String readStructure) throws Exception {
        // Create the SAM file from Gerald output
        final File samFile = File.createTempFile("." + LANE + ".illuminaBasecallsToSam", ".sam");
        samFile.deleteOnExit();
        final String[] illuminaArgv = {
                "BASECALLS_DIR=" + TEST_DATA_DIR,
                "LANE=" + LANE,
                "RUN_BARCODE=" + RUN_BARCODE,
                "READ_STRUCTURE=" + readStructure,
                "OUTPUT=" + samFile,
                "ALIAS=" + ALIAS
        };
        Assert.assertEquals(runPicardCommandLine(illuminaArgv), 0);

        System.out.println ("Ouput Sam file is in " + samFile.getAbsolutePath());

        // Read the file and confirm it contains what is expected
        final SamReader samReader = SamReaderFactory.makeDefault().open(samFile);

        // look for clipped adaptor attribute in lane 3 PE (2) and in lane 6 (1) non-PE
        int count = 0;
        for (final SAMRecord record : samReader) {
            if (record.getIntegerAttribute(ReservedTagConstants.XT) != null) {
                count++;
                if ((count == 1 || count == 2) && LANE.equals("2")){
                    Assert.assertEquals (114, (int)record.getIntegerAttribute(ReservedTagConstants.XT));
                } else if (count == 1 || count == 2 && LANE.equals("1")) {
                    Assert.assertEquals(68, (int) record.getIntegerAttribute(ReservedTagConstants.XT));
                }
            }
        }
        samReader.close();
        samFile.delete();
    }

    @DataProvider(name="data")
    private Object[][] getIlluminaBasecallsToSamTestData(){
        return new Object[][] {
                {"1", "125T125T"},
                {"2", "125T125T"},
        };
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Well, I've had the Rock Band 3 MIDI keyboard adapter for a while now and have really enjoyed it. I still play on easy in most cases, but I sometimes turn up the sound on the keyboard to hear what I'm actually playing. You're generally just doing some easy harmonizing on easy mode, but it's great fun. The only drawback I've seen is that I probably have some really bad finger placement and don't know really know where best to put my fingers. I try to play with the right hand, since you're only playing the right-hand part of the songs. In other Rock Band peripheral news, they're discontinuing the really real guitar controller, so buy one at Best Buy if you were planning to. An alternative would be the cheaper, somewhat realistic 100 button guitar. The music game genre is generally dying out, it seems. If you wanted a game of that kind, you probably already have it…so what's the point in another? It was fun while it lasted and at least I have this stuff to learn from.


text:
Q: Hibernate bag with multiple elements I have a bag whose structure looks like this:
<bag name="foo" fetch="select" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="foo_ids"/>
    <many-to-many class="Bar" column="bar_ids"/>
</bag>

My "table_of_foos" table has two columns: "foo_ids" and "bar_ids", neither of which is unique. I want to add another column to this table that holds some information about the relationship of foos to bars, so that my table would hold three columns. Then, I want to be able to access this information in my webapp.
Unfortunately, it doesn't seem as if I can add a property or an element to the bag. What I want to do is something like this:
<bag name="foo" fetch="select" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="foo_ids"/>
    <many-to-many class="Bar" column="bar_ids"/>
    <element column="still_valid" type="integer"/>
</bag>

What is the best way to accomplish this?

A: If your joined Table needs an additional column other than its (composite) primary-key, you must implement an additional joined class.
public class Foo {

    Collection<FooBar> bar = new ArrayList<FooBar>();

}

public class Bar {

    Collection<FooBar> foo = new ArrayList<FooBar>();

}

The joined class (which needs a composite primary key - implemented as a static inner class) is described as follows
public class FooBar {

    private FooBarId fooBarId;

    private String additionalProperty;

    public static class FooBarId implements Serializable {

        private Integer fooId;
        private Integer barId;

        private Foo foo;
        private Bar bar;

        // getter's and setter's

        public FooBarId() {}
        public FooBarId(Integer fooId, Integer barId) {
            this.fooId = fooId;
            this.barId = barId;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if(!(o instanceof FooBarId))
                return false;

            FooBarId other = (FooBarId) o;
            return new EqualsBuilder()
                       .append(getFooId(), other.getFooId())
                       .append(getBarId(), other.getBarId())
                       .isEquals();
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            return new HashCodeBuilder()
                       .append(getFooId())
                       .append(getBarId())
                       .hashCode();
        }

    }

}

re-write your mapping as
/* Foo.class */

<bag name="bar" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="BAR_ID" insert="false" update="false"/>
    <one-to-many class="FooBar" table="table_of_foos"/>
</bag>

/* Bar.class */

<bag name="foo" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="FOO_ID" insert="false" update="false"/>
    <one-to-many class="FooBar" table="table_of_foos"/>
</bag>

And FooBar mapping
<class name="FooBar">
    <composite-id name="fooBarId" class="FooBar$FooBarId">
        <key-property name="fooId" column="FOO_ID"/>
        <key-property name="barId" column="BAR_ID"/>
    </composite-id>
    <property name="additionalProperty" type="string"/>
    <many-to-one name="foo" column="FOO_ID" class="Foo" insert="false" update="false"/>
    <many-to-one name="bar" column="BAR_ID" class="Bar" insert="false" update="false"/>
</class>

If you want, you can also map a composite element instead of a joined class (A component element does not need a (composite) primary key and has its has its lifecycle bound to that of its owning Entity instance. Keep this in mind)
Create you composite element (now without identifier)
public class FooBar {

    private String additionalProperty;

    private Foo foo;
    private Bar bar;

}

And define the following mapping
/* Foo.class */

<bag name="bar" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="BAR_ID"/>
    <composite-element class="FooBar">
        <property name="additionalProperty" type="string"/>
        <many-to-one name="foo" column="FOO_ID" class="Foo" insert="false" update="false"/>
        <many-to-one name="bar" column="BAR_ID" class="Bar"/>
    </composite-element>
</bag>

/* Bar.class */

<bag name="foo" table="table_of_foos">
    <key column="FOO_ID"/>
    <composite-element class="FooBar">
        <property name="additionalProperty" type="string"/>
        <many-to-one name="foo" column="FOO_ID" class="Foo" insert="false" update="false"/>
        <many-to-one name="bar" column="BAR_ID" class="Bar"/>
    </composite-element>
</bag>

A: I wasn't able to get these mapping to work as written by Arthur Ronald F D Garcia.
This code didn't work and resulted in a MappingException.
Invalid Attempt
<set name="StoreDepartments" table="`ou_store_org_unit`">
    <key column="`ou_id`" />
    <composite-element class="NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit+StoreDepartment+Relation, CentralDataLayer">
        <property name="Id" column="`ou_store_id`" type="Int32" />
        <many-to-one name="OrganizationUnit" column="`ou_id`" class="NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit, CentralDataLayer" />
        <many-to-one name="StoreDepartment" column="`store_ou_id`" class="NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit+StoreDepartment, CentralDataLayer" />
    </composite-element>
</set>

Resulting Error: Repeated column in mapping for collection:
NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit.StoreDepartments column: ou_id

I was able to get it working with the following.
Valid Attempt
<set name="StoreDepartments" table="`ou_store_org_unit`">
    <key column="`ou_id`" />
    <composite-element class="NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit+StoreDepartment+Relation">
        <parent name="OrganizationUnit" />
        <property name="Id" column="`ou_store_id`" type="Int32" />
        <many-to-one name="StoreDepartment" column="`store_ou_id`" class="NHibernate.Map.OrganizationUnit+StoreDepartment" />
    </composite-element>
</set>

Additionally:
If nHibernate tries to update your set even if you don't modify it, try overriding the GetHasCode and Equals methods. More information here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth, also known as the Communist Party Case, was a legal case in the High Court of Australia in 1951 in which the court declared the Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 unconstitutional and invalid as being beyond the power of the Parliament. Notable Australian academic George Winterton described the case as "undoubtedly one of the High Court's most important decisions."<ref name="Winterton">{{cite web|first=George |last=Winterton |author-link=George Winterton |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/1992/6.pdf |title=The Significance of the Communist Party case}} (1992) 18 Melbourne University Law Review 630.</ref>

 Background
In the general election held on 10 December 1949, Prime Minister Robert Menzies led a Liberal-Country Party coalition to government pledged to dissolving the Communist Party of Australia.
The party had been banned before: following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the party had opposed Australian involvement in the Second World War in 1939, which gave Menzies' United Australia Party-Country Party government the opportunity to dissolve it on 15 June 1940 under the National Security (Subversive Associations) Regulations 1940, (Cth) relying on the defence power of the Constitution of Australia. These regulations were invalidated by the High Court in the Jehovah's Witnesses case (Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses Inc v Commonwealth (1943) 67 CLR 116.) Before that, the ban on the Communist Party (now supporting the war after the invasion of the Soviet Union) was lifted by the Curtin government in December 1942.

The Communist Party Dissolution Bill was brought into the House of Representatives by Prime Minister Menzies on 27 April 1950.

The Bill began with a long preamble with nine 'recitals', which:
"(a) cited the three powers principally relied upon: section 51(vi) of the Constitution (the defence power), section 51(xxxix) (the express incidental power), and section 61 (the executive power);
"(b) summarised the case against the Communist Party by reference to its objectives and activities: it was said to engage in activities designed, in accordance with 'the basic theory of communism, as expounded by Marx and Lenin', to create a 'revolutionary situation' enabling it 'to seize power and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat.' To this end, it engaged in 'activities ... designed to ... overthrow ... the established system of government in Australia and the attainment of economic, industrial or political ends by force, ... intimidation or [fraud]', especially espionage, sabotage, treason or subversion, and promoted strikes to disrupt production in industries vital to Australia's security and defence, including coal-mining, steel, engineering, building, transport and power; and
"(c) asserted that the measures taken by the Bill were necessary for Australia's defence and security and the execution and maintenance of its Constitution and laws, thereby tying the Bill's operative provisions to the powers cited in (a)."

The Bill went on to (1) declare unlawful the Australian Communist Party, confiscating without compensation the property of the party; (2) deal with "affiliated organizations" (including any attempt to reconstitute the party) by purporting to empower the Governor-General (in effect, the Executive) to declare unlawful affiliated bodies if satisfied that their existence was prejudicial to security and defence which resulted in dissolution and seizure of its property; evidence supporting a declaration had to be considered (not necessarily accepted as proof) by a committee of Government appointees and affected organisations could only gain relief by proving to a Court that they were not an affiliate but were unable to challenge security declarations; further, it created an offence for a person knowingly to be an officer or member of an unlawful association and liable to 5 years imprisonment; and (3) persons could be declared to be a communist or Party officer or member and to be engaged, or 'likely to engage', in activities prejudicial to the security and defence of Australia: such declared persons could not be employed by the Commonwealth or a Commonwealth authority, nor could they hold office in a union in an industry declared by the governor-general to be 'vital to the security and defence of Australia.'

The Bill was subjected to vigorous debate. In the House of Representatives, the Government accepted some Opposition amendments but rejected the Opposition-controlled
Senate amendments.

A re-drafted Communist Party Dissolution Bill [No. 2] was introduced by Menzies on Thursday, 28 September 1950. In his second reading speech, Menzies threatened a double dissolution of Parliament if the Senate again rejected the measure. The Labor Party Opposition allowed it passage through the Senate on 19 October 1950 and the Government wasted no time in gaining royal assent and making the Act operative the following day.

On the day the Act became law, summonses were issued out of the High Court challenging the validity of the Act. The actions named as respondents:
 the Commonwealth of Australia;
 Robert Gordon Menzies, the prime minister of the said Commonwealth for the time being;
 John Armstrong Spicer, Attorney-General of the said Commonwealth for the time being;
 William John McKell, the governor-general of the Commonwealth;
 and Arnold Victor Richardson the receiver of the property of the Communist Party.

The various plaintiffs were:
the Communist Party of Australia,
Ralph Siward Gibson and Ernest William Campbell (editor, Tribune), who sued on behalf of and for the benefit of all the members of the Australia Communist Party;
the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia and its general secretary, James Healy;
the Australian Railways Union and its general secretary, John Joseph Brown;
Edwin William Bulmer (who sued for the Building Workers' Industrial Union which was deregistered at the time) and Frank Purse;
the Amalgamated Engineering Union, Australian Section, and Edward John Rowe, a member of the Commonwealth Council of the AEU;
Seamen's Union of Australia and its general secretary, Eliot Valens Elliott;
the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and its national secretary, Leslie John McPhillips; and
the Australian Coal and Shale Employees' Federation and its general president Idris Williams.

These plaintiffs were later joined by a group of intervenors:
the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union;
Sheet Metal Workers' Union;
Federated Clerks' Union of Australia (New South Wales Branch) and its secretary, Maurice John Rodwell Hughes.

The matter was sent to Justice Dixon who stated a case for the full court to consider.

When the High Court assembled to hear the matter, the bar table was crowded with the leading names of the Sydney and Melbourne Bars. For the Commonwealth and other respondents: Garfield Barwick KC, Alan Taylor KC, Victor Windeyer KC, Stanley Lewis KC, Richard Ashburner, Bernard Riley, Murray McInerney, Cliff Menhennitt, George Lush and Bruce MacFarlan. The Communist Party and its officers and members were represented by Fred Paterson, Ted Laurie, Ted Hill and Max Julius. The unions were represented by various combinations of counsel: H V Evatt KC, Gregory Gowans KC, Simon Isaacs KC, G T A Sullivan, Claude Weston KC, C M Collins and Maurice Ashkanasy KC.

The case began argument on Tuesday, 14 November 1950 and continued through a total of 24 sitting days in Sydney concluding submissions on Tuesday, 19 December 1950. The Court reserved its decision which was delivered in Melbourne on Friday, 9 March 1951.

 Decision

Six of the justices ruled that the act was invalid, over the sole dissent of the Chief Justice John Latham.

All seven judges accepted that the Commonwealth had legislative power to deal with subversion (although they differed as to the precise location of such a power) and that it had validly done so in the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth). Unlike the challenged law, the sedition provisions left questions of guilt to the courts to determine through criminal trials.

However, the Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 (Cth) had simply declared the party guilty and had authorised the executive government to 'declare' individuals or groups of individuals. The validity of the law depended on the existence of a fact (a constitutional fact) which the law asserted to be a fact whether or not there actually was any factual connection between those bodies or persons and subversion. In the metaphor used by Fullagar J, "a stream cannot rise higher than its source".
"The validity of a law or of an administrative act done under a law cannot be made to depend on the opinion of the law-maker, or the person who is to do the act, that the law or the consequence of the act is within the constitutional power upon which the law in question itself depends for its validity. A power to make laws with respect to lighthouses does not authorize the making of a law with respect to anything which is, in the opinion of the law-maker, a lighthouse. A power to make a proclamation carrying legal consequences with respect to a lighthouse is one thing: a power to make a similar proclamation with respect to anything which in the opinion of the Governor-General is a lighthouse is another thing.".

This reasoning is predicated on the notion of "judicial review", sometimes referred to as the principle in Marbury v Madison in recognition of its origins in the federal system of the United States of America. In performing the function of judicial review, the judges insist that their role is judicial and not political. In a well-known passage, Justice Wilfred Fullagar expressed this as follows:

"It should be observed at this stage that nothing depends on the justice or injustice of the law in question. If the language of an Act of Parliament is clear, its merits and demerits are alike beside the point. It is the law, and that is all. Such a law as the Communist Party Dissolution Act could clearly be passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom or of any of the Australian States. It is only because the legislative power of the Commonwealth Parliament is limited by an instrument emanating from a superior authority that it arises in the case of the Commonwealth Parliament. If the great case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) 1 Cr. 137 [2 Law. Ed. 118] had pronounced a different view, it might perhaps not arise even in the case of the Commonwealth Parliament; and there are those, even to-day, who disapprove of the doctrine of Marbury v. Madison (1803) 1 Cr. 137 [2 Law. Ed. 118], and who do not see why the courts, rather than the legislature itself, should have the function of finally deciding whether an Act of a legislature in a Federal system is or is not within power. But in our system the principle of Marbury v. Madison (1803) 1 Cr. 137 [2 Law. Ed. 118] is accepted as axiomatic, modified in varying degree in various cases (but never excluded) by the respect which the judicial organ must accord to opinions of the legislative and executive organs."

Latham's dissent
Latham, the sole dissenter, found the act to be a valid exercise of the federal parliament's defence power. His opinion sought to uphold parliamentary supremacy, on the grounds that the exercise of the defence power was inherently a matter for political rather than judicial judgment. He was the only member of the court who had previously served as a government minister. Andrew Lynch included Latham's dissent in his compilation Great Australian Dissents, with a chapter authored by George Williams. Lynch described it as "probably the most controversial inclusion" and Williams stated that it had been "eclipsed by the brilliance of the majority position". Justice Ian Callinan extensively quoted Latham in his opinion in Thomas v Mowbray (2007), relating to anti-terrorism laws.

 Aftermath
Later in the year, at the 1951 referendum, Menzies sought to amend the Constitution to permit the parliament to make laws in respect of Communists and Communism where this was necessary for the security of the Commonwealth. If passed, this would have given a government the power to introduce a bill proposing to ban the Communist Party (although whether it would have passed the Senate is an open question). However, the Opposition leader Dr. H. V. Evatt campaigned strongly on civil liberties grounds, and the proposal was narrowly defeated.

 Further reading
 Greenwell J 2011, The Prelude to Petrov, Clio History Journal.
 (1999) 25 Monash University Law Review 257.
Winterton, G. "Dissolving the Communists: The Communist Party Case and its Significance" in Seeing Red: The Communist Party Dissolution Act and Referendum 1951: Lessons for Constitutional Reform (1992) Evatt Foundation
Winterton, G. "The Communist Party Case" in H. Lee and G. Winterton (eds) Constitution of Australia: Landmarks (2003) Cambridge University Press, at 108–144
Zines, L. "'The Stream Cannot Rise Above its Source' – The Doctrine in the Communist Party Case" in his The High Court and the Constitution'' (1997) Butterworths

Notes

1951 in Australian law
1951 in case law
Anti-communism in Australia
Rights in the Australian Constitution cases
Communism in Australia
Defence power in the Australian Constitution cases
Freedom of association
High Court of Australia cases


text:
Information about the University and University Group's structure, governance, contacts and locations.
Coventry University is a higher education corporation established under the Education Reform Act 1988 by the Order of the Privy Council on 16 February 1993. Read more about our status.
How the institution is organised
How the University is organised
Coventry University Group
Coventry University Group structure
The Chancellor and Pro-Chancellors
The Vice-Chancellor's Office
University Leadership Teams
Coventry University contact details:
Coventry University Staff directory
Coventry University London contact details
CU Coventry contact details
CU London contact details
CU Scarborough contact details
University Faculties
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Faculty of Business and Law:
Coventry Business School
Coventry Law School
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
University Committees
The Board of Governors and its main committees
Board of Governors Committee memberships
Terms of Reference for the Board of Governors, its sub committees, the University's Academic Board and Teaching and Learning Committee
Minutes for the Main Board of Governors Committee
Organisations related to the University
Information relating to organisations which Coventry University has responsibility for, those it works in partnership with, those it sponsors and companies wholly owned by it.
Academic Partners around the world
Companies wholly owned by the University Group
Coventry Blaze
Institute for Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering
Information about the Students' Union and other clubs, associations and non-academic activities that are organised by or for the students.
An overview of the Coventry University Students' Union
The Coventry University Students' Union website
Social space: Square One
Social and Learning space: The Hub
What our priorities are and how we are doing
175 Celebrations


BENGALURU: Three men from Kodagu have made their heartland proud by playing a leading role in Tuesday's Republic Day parade in New Delhi. Their families are happy their young and courageous sons have brought fame to their district.
Bommanda Chengappa, 76, is overjoyed that his only son, Colonel Bommanda Dheeraj Chengappa, 45, participated as a commandant of the President's bodyguard at the Republic Day parade in New Delhi. Chengappa, himself a former BSF man, says it's a great honour for the family."Dheeraj was selected for the Army through the UPSC. He lives New Delhi with his wife and son. Dheeraj loves Kodagu, and speaks the Kodava language, but since he spent most of his childhood in Army schools, he is more fluent in English and Hindi,"laughs Chengappa. Dheeraj graduated from Delhi University and then joined the Army. Chengappa and wife Reeta, who live on their estate in Ammathi, Virajpet taluk, say they they visited him a month ago.
Captain Balyamanda Thimmaiah, 28, son of retired colonel Balyamanda Kaverappa, led the mechanized force contingent (Bees Bahadur). Kaverappa and his wife Pushpa are proud that Thimmaiah, an alumnus of APS Delhi, COPS Gonikoppal, St Joseph's and MS Ramaiah College of Law, Bengaluru, participated in the parade. The family lives in Virajpet.
Mandapanda C Thimmaiah participated in the MiG-29 flypast at the parade. His father Mandapanda Sada Chengappa, a coffee planter residing at Chermabane, said these youths are giving Kodagu its moment in the sun. His other son, MC Appaiah, is in the Air Force.


text:
Royale Pre College Law, Politics and Economics for Teens at Oxford University
Royale Pre College Law, Politics and Economics Program in Oxford University is the best option for teens, ages 16-18, who will be lawyer, economist or elected official of tomorrow by pursuing a degree in Law, Politics, or Economics at University.
Reading Today Will Lead You to Write Tomorrow
Would you like to explore how law, politics, and economics are intertwined? How about taking your first step toward a legal profession this summer? At Royale Law, Politics and Economics academic summer camp, focus on growing concerns in various disciplines, debate and discuss legal case studies and their ethical implications on topics ranging from human rights to globalization, terrorism, commerce, protectionism.
In other words, read today and strengthen your skills to write the future in Royale Summer School in Oxford University. Searching for solutions for global challenges as part of the international community, mock trial competition and many intellectual discussions are waiting for you.
After successfully completing your course, you'll receive a graduation certificate, awarded at a memorable ceremony hosted for you and your parents on the final Friday of your summer school. We'll also provide a detailed report card, highlighting all that you have achieved during your time with us, as well as some next steps for future success.
Why It is a Great Choice
Gain insight into Criminal and Civil Law, while exploring facets of Business Law, Contract Law, Ethics and Human Rights.
Merge policy and legal concepts as you build a case and convincing arguments in the Mock Trial Simulation.
Sharpen critical skills like public speaking, critical thinking, analysis, and collaboration as you analyze global case studies with peers from around the world.
Network with thought leaders and faculty as you explore the methods of social scientific inquiry and its application to geo-political, legal and economic issues ranging from globalization to individual human rights.
Let's Zoom into Royale Pre College Law, Politics and Economics Program for Teens at Oxford University
Are you ready to taste what it's like to be a student at Oxford? Your Oxford Summer School experience will take place in historic residential colleges. Sleep in historic quadrangles, mingle in bustling student common areas, and unwind in beautiful campus gardens. Take a seat in the lofty hallways where students have dined for over 800 years. Learn in lecture halls and labs where revolutionary discoveries were created, and in classrooms where 55 Nobel Laureates gained fundamental academic and life skills essential for future success.
In a truly international environment – over 170 nationalities, 20+ hours a week with maximum of 15 students per class, you will have opportunities to dive in the hot topics of Law, Politics and Economics in Oxford University.
During the program you will:
Gain insight into what constitutes a strong application to study law at University.
Identify different leadership styles and the critical skills needed to lead effectively.
Refine your public speaking, logical reasoning, and debating skills
Expand your knowledge on the legal implications of issues like trade, human rights, globalization, and terrorism.
Explore the complicated and integrated roles of National Government, Global Governing Agencies, and Non-Governmental Organizations
Accommodation & Food
Most of Oxford's housing locations contain a mix of single and twin beds, with en-suite bedrooms available on certain campuses and shared toilet facilities shared by a small group of same-sex students. If you have a certain room type in mind, you can request it during the enrollment process, which may or may not be granted depending on availability. If you require a certain room type for medical reasons, please contact the camp's Admissions Team, who will be able to verify availability on various locations based on the course you have chosen. Remember, sharing a room with other students is a fantastic opportunity to meet new people and make friends. Meals are also included, served in the Hall.
Summer should be fun, right?! Don't worry, we never forget that you're on holiday! Oxford Royale Academy can help you discover Oxford's secrets, from the best coffee shops to riverside parks, from Oxford's very own castle to must-see stores, galleries, and museums. You and your classmates will have access to a fantastic extracurricular program that includes beautiful graduation balls, historical expeditions, and much more. Visit dazzling attractions are nearby such as the bright lights of London's theatres, Windsor Castle, and Blenheim Palace to create unforgettable memories.
Getting to Oxford University
By Flight The following is a list of the most convenient airports for Oxford. To choose a flight that meets your needs, we recommend looking online.
Birmingham (1 hour )
Heathrow (1.5 hours away)
Luton (2 hours away)
Gatwick (2.5 hours away)
Stansted (3.5 hours away)
By Train - Eurostar The Eurostar is a rail service that connects France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands to the United Kingdom. The Eurostar arrives at London's central St Pancras International station. Oxford Royale Academy Airport Transfer Service A member of the Oxford Royale Academy staff will meet students with an Airport Transfer booking in the arrivals hall and ensure that they are connected with their taxi driver. The student will be driven directly to their lodging by the driver. When it's time to leave the program, students are picked up from their lodging and driven to the appropriate airport terminal. If the student is traveling as an unaccompanied minor, please notify the camp when booking your Airport Transfer and the camp will provide you with any further information you require. Public Transport The information is valid at the time of writing, but you should always check with the public transportation operator for the most up-to-date service availability. You are also urged to reserve any public transportation in advance to verify that your preferred route is available.
Good to Know Before Picking the Session for Royale Pre College Law, Politics and Economics Program for Teens at Oxford University
Residential in the prestigious colleges of the University of Oxford.
Inspiring courses taught by experts.
A truly international environment – over 170 nationalities.
Accommodation, meals, tuition and cultural programmes included.
Graduation, report cards and certificate.
Maximum of 15 students per class.
20+ hours tuition / week.
Talks and debates with world-class guest speakers.
Inspirational cultural programme, including excursions to historic UK locations.
Pre College Law ... 7/2/2023 7/15/2023 2 weeks £5,995.00
Pre College Law ... 7/16/2023 7/29/2023 2 weeks £5,995.00
Pre College Law and Politics for Senior Young Learners at Oxford University
Price £5,995.00


text:
Scattered storms develop Wednesday; high heat beyond
Authorities searching for wanted man considered 'armed and dangerous' near Virginia/NC border
Woman arrested, fined $1K for climbing Mount Rushmore
Juicing for Jesus: 11-year-old to set up lemonade stand to raise money for God's Pit Crew
New $6 million rental car facility coming to Roanoke airport
Expected to open next year
By Shayne Dwyer - Reporter
ROANOKE, Va. - A new $6 million rental car facility is coming to the Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport to improve your experience.
Right now, you have to go to the rental car desk, get your keys, and then search for your rental in the parking lot.
Soon, passengers can go straight to a new, dedicated lot for their rentals.
When you pick up your wheels after touching down in Virginia's Blue Ridge, the process is a little old school.
"I can't think of the last time I traveled in the last two years where I didn't go to a consolidated rental car facility to pick up my car," said Brad Boettcher, Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport marketing director.
This summer, all that changes when the airport begins on a $6 million consolidated facility of its own.
"Coming out of the east end of the terminal building, there will be a small walkway that will link to the rental car facility," Boettcher said.
That's the new plan. Right now, rentals are mixed into short-term parking. The counter setup isn't ideal and finding the car can be a challenge of its own.
Fares and schedules aren't controllable, but they can try to make it as easy as possible once you're there.
"From a customer service perspective, it's going to be much easier and cleaner," Boettcher said. "We're going to make a modification to the drive so that once you come into the terminal drive, the rental car return will be very easy to see."
The employee lot will be the new rental lot and employees will park in overflow across the street.
If you're a local, you may ask, why do I care? The airport says a better experience for guests is better for all.
"The airport is the front door to the region," Boettcher said. "It's the first thing you see and the last thing you see when you leave, and so to have people have a good positive experience on things we locally can control is a good thing."
The new facility is expected to be complete by this time next year.
Eventually, the airport hopes to do phase two. That would bring another building for the rental companies to clean and gas the cars right on the spot, instead of down the street like they do now.
One charged, another hospitalized after truck crashes into downtown…
Utica Police Department via CNN
Man accused of killing teen internet personality charged with murder
Stephen Brashear/Getty Images
Boeing hires 9/11 lawyer to dole out $50M to families of victims
Crash victims' relatives accuse Boeing of putting greed over safety
Roanoke Headlines
Andy Parker testifies before Senate, looking to have Google remove his…


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[instagram-private-api](../../README.md) / [responses](../../modules/responses.md) / HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem

# Interface: HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem

[responses](../../modules/responses.md).HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem

## Table of contents

### Properties

- [max\_id](HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem.md#max_id)
- [more\_available](HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem.md#more_available)
- [participants](HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem.md#participants)
- [quiz\_id](HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseStoryQuizParticipantInfosItem.md#quiz_id)

## Properties

### max\_id

• **max\_id**: ``null``

#### Defined in

[src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts:155](https://github.com/Nerixyz/instagram-private-api/blob/b3351b9/src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts#L155)

___

### more\_available

• **more\_available**: `boolean`

#### Defined in

[src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts:156](https://github.com/Nerixyz/instagram-private-api/blob/b3351b9/src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts#L156)

___

### participants

• **participants**: [`HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseParticipantsItem`](HighlightsRepositoryEditReelResponseParticipantsItem.md)[]

#### Defined in

[src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts:154](https://github.com/Nerixyz/instagram-private-api/blob/b3351b9/src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts#L154)

___

### quiz\_id

• **quiz\_id**: `string`

#### Defined in

[src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts:153](https://github.com/Nerixyz/instagram-private-api/blob/b3351b9/src/responses/highlights.repository.edit-reel.response.ts#L153)


This one's from a company in my home town ..Coming soon I'll be posting some pics of their new Tri-Axle Kenworth T-950!!
We saw a lot of unique models...here´s one I don´t want to keep back any longer: scale 1/16....cab conversion from a MONOGRAM kit.
RTA 17 - NEW (Paulo660) Tags: kenworth australia trucking truck road train cattle ?
A 4-trailer road train in the Australian outback with a Volvo NH15 prime mover.
Most farmers who get road trains and b-doubles to cart to on farm silos overload them to move more grain.
Volvo Trucks on Twitter: "Driving a 175-tonne rated road train 800 kilometres across the Australian outback in 48-degree temperatures.
The width seems narrow,but then agin, I don't think truck loads could be any wider, especially on some narrower highways!
Though the truck was destroyed, no one was injured.
Don't think this is legal in Indiana, even though they do run triples and twin 40's.
If our efforts to automate trains are any indication, the cars and trucks of the future may be more dependent on human help than we imagine.
Converter dollies are commonly used in road trains as part of a combination. It has a drawbar for its forward connection and pivots vertically.
West Australian road trains ,big bangers and all things truckin shared a post.
... left, and Mike Umstot work on stabilizing a semi-trailer so it could be moved Monday at the Corbitt Hill Road railroad crossing.
Say the words 'Mack truck' and a lot of thoughts come to mind: the bulldog, our road-trains, durability and just getting the job done.


text:
Name A Star
Star Database
Facts about Black Holes
Fact 1: You can't directly see a black hole.
Black holes are black, but not in that they are coloured black, but because no light can escape from them. This means that it is impossible to use any kind of equipment to detect the black hole itself. Instead scientists must observe the effects of the black hole to determine where one is. For example, if a star is too close to a black hole, it will be ripped apart, sending out bright x-ray radiation which scientists will then be able to detect.
Fact 2: Look out! Our Milky Way likely has a black hole.
But don't worry we are too far away from the centre of the galaxy to be drawn into it. However, the European Space Agency has been able to note its effects, and have estimated that it is 4 Million times more massive than our Sun!
Fact 3: Dying stars create stellar black holes.
Smaller stars like our Sun will turn into white dwarfs when they die, but stars that are around 20 times bigger that the Sun will explode into a supernova. This occurs when the natural pressure of the star is too great for the gravitational pull of the core; the outer layers are flung out and the core collapses in on itself, this then collapses further into a singularity which is a point of infinite density, which creates the black hole.
Fact 4: Black holes come in a range of sizes.
Black holes are not a one size fits all kind of deal. There are, in fact, three different sizes, all the way from teeny-weeny to those that fill the centres of galaxies. Primordial black holes are the smallest, these range in size from one atom's width to the mass of a mountain. Stellar Black holes are the most common and are around 20 times bigger than our Sun. The ones that fill galaxies are called super-massive black holes. They are more than a million times bigger than our sun.
Fact 5: Weird time stuff happens around black holes.
The gravitational pull of the black hole effects time in the area within and surrounding it. This is because of Einstein's theory of relativity which states that time is effected by speed. This means that if you were falling into a black hole, time for you would be going faster than someone outside but for you it would feel like normal speed and that everything outside was going slow.
Fact 6: The first black hole wasn't discovered until X-ray astronomy was used.
The first black hole to be discovered was called Cygnus X-1. It was found during a balloon flight in the 1960s but it was not identified as a black hole until a decade later!
Fact 7: The nearest black hole is likely not 1,600 light-years away.
A few years ago, a report was published saying that the closest black hole to earth was only 1,600 lightyears away, this error has been addressed and the distance recalculated to show that it is actually more like 20,000 light years away.
Fact 8: We aren't sure if wormholes exist.
Although they are very popular in science fiction, it is unsure as to whether wormholes actually exist or not. This does not mean that they do not exist and that, one day, light-speed travel will not be possible, just that there is far too much physics that is as yet unexplained.
Fact 9: Black holes are only dangerous if you get too close.
Black holes are really only dangerous if you are inside them. To be precise, if you are beyond the event horizon. This is the point of no return inside a black hole. This means that it is very unlikely for a black hole to swallow up the universe. If you were to start going into a black hole, some scientists believe that you would stretch out into a long thin line in a process called spaghettification.
Fact 10: Black holes are used all the time in science fiction.
It is impossible to list all of the films and tv shows that mention them! Here are a few honourable mentions though: Interstellar, Horizon, Star Trek, Battlestar Galactica, Stargate and so many more!
© 2021 - part of RGifts Ltd. company number: 8974590, VAT number: 215 5078 24


text:
The CNA C.II was a small, air-cooled, two cylinder horizontally opposed aircraft engine designed and built in Italy in the late 1930s.

Design
The low power, unsupercharged C.II had offset cylinders with special steel barrels and light alloy cylinder heads.  The pistons were light alloy castings; the connecting rods were heat treated chrome-nickel steel, with split big ends. The CN.II had a one piece chrome-nickel steel crankshaft running in two roller bearings, with a ball thrust bearing.  The crankcase was a one piece light alloy casting.

Applications
Data from  Erickson
Alaparma AM-8
Alaparma AM-9
Alaparma AM-10
Partenavia P.53 Aeroscooter

Specifications

References

1930s aircraft piston engines
CNA aircraft engines


text:
Couple found dead at house in Thiruvankulam
A couple was found dead in their house at Ambaymala near Thiruvankulam in Tripunithura on Wednesday morning. The police suspect it to be a case of suicide.
For representational purposes
KOCHI: A couple was found dead in their house at Ambaymala near Thiruvankulam in Tripunithura on Wednesday morning. The police suspect it to be a case of suicide.
The husband-wife duo was identified as Jayan, 55, and Prakunthala, 52. According to police, due to marital discord, the couple used to quarrel frequently. Prakunthala was a theatre artist while Jayan was a labourer.
"On Tuesday night, the couple had a quarrel following which Prakunthala left the house. Later, Jayan approached Manikandan Nair, who lives in a room alongside the house rented by the couple, for searching Prakunthala. Later, she was traced by local residents and brought back to the house," a police officer at Chottanikkara police station said.
Around 1.30 am on Wednesday, Prakunthala woke Manikandan up claiming that her husband was found hanging in the house. "Manikandan went outside to alert the neighbours and when he returned, he found doors of the house locked from inside. When the neighbours who gathered at the house broke the door open and entered the house, Prakunthala was also found hanging next to her husband," a police officer said.
Sub-Inspector Arun Dev of Chottanikkara police station said the police surgeon who did the post-mortem examination did not raise any suspicion behind the deaths. "We can confirm the reasons behind the deaths after receiving the final autopsy report," he said.A case was registered at the Chottanikkara police station and the bodies were handed over to relatives.
couple death


You've decided you are ready to open your heart and your home to a new four-legged friend – great!
Thank you for considering rehoming from Lothian Cat Rescue.
We want to make sure you end up with the right cat for you and we have developed a standardised rehoming process that helps us help you choose a purrfect new companion.
Details of each stage of our process are details below.
Visit our Cats Needing Homes page to see some of the cats we have with us just now. At any point in time we have up to 100 cats in our care. These cats come in all shapes, sizes and colours. They can range from kittens to 20-year-old senior catizens. Each has a different personality and each has individual requirements.
Our shelter rehoming hours are noon 'til 3.30pm daily, with no appointment necessary. We welcome your visit. We require all (human!) family members who would live with the cat to come to our shelter because it is important for us to see the interactions between each person and the cat.
Please be aware that the significant majority of the cats in our care require outside access. If you are looking for an indoor only cat (i.e. one which has no access to a garden at any time) we strongly recommend you call our shelter before your visit, to make sure we have indoor cats with us at that time.
On arrival, head to our reception, where we will ask you to complete a questionnaire.
This questionnaire helps us guide you to those cats which would be most suitable for you. It gives us an insight into your experience of owning cats (some cats have behavioural traits which mean they benefit from experienced owners), who lives in your home (not all cats are happy to live with children, dogs or other cats), your lifestyle (some cats are independent whilst others thrive with company) as well of course as any preferences you may have about your new cat (age, gender, whether you want a cat that goes outside etc).
Our experienced rehoming staff will discuss your questionnaire with you, and help you identify which of our cats might be a match for you. We want you to find the right cat, and have years of experience in creating purrfect matches – please trust us to guide you!
Please note that we reserve the right to carry out a home visit. The purpose of this is not to be nosey or judgemental, but rather to make sure that the environment you will provide will be safe and suitable for a happy cat.
A staff member will take you to meet potentially compatible cats. This is a chance to interact with the cats, and we welcome and encourage you to question us about the cats you meet.
They say the cat chooses the person, and hopefully by the end of your visit you will have been chosen.
Depending on the cat, it may be possible to leave with the cat at the end of your visit. However choosing a new cat is a big decision and for this reason you can reserve your cat for up to 48 hours. This allows you to ensure your home is ready for the new arrival, and gives you and your family the chance to discuss and be 100% certain that you wish to proceed.
There is some paperwork that must be completed before you leave and please be patient as we go through this with you.
an adoption agreement – this is a document you take away with you containing important information about your cat. Our staff will talk you through the document, which includes details of their vet check, their parasite treatment record and their microchip number. If your cat has any special requirements or requires any ongoing medication, this will also be detailed on this form.
a microchip registration form – this is a document we retain. We will formally register the cat to you 14 days after adoption. Should you wish to change your cats name, please let us know within this period. Once your cat is registered to you, you will receive confirmation of this directly from the microchip database either by email or by post, usually within 6 weeks of adoption.
for kittens, we require you to complete a neutering form, which formalises your agreement to neutering the kitten when they become old enough. This is a non-negotiable condition of adopting a kitten from Lothian Cat Rescue.
We ask for an adoption donation of up to £100 per cat. The exact donation depends on the age of the cat you have chosen, and goes directly to Lothian Cat Rescue to help care for the cats and kittens still in our care. Our running costs far exceed the level of the adoption donation, but these donations are crucially important in ensuring our work can continue.
All cats leaving Lothian Cat Rescue are neutered, microchipped and are up to date with their parasite treatments. They have also all been health-checked by our vet. For kittens, the cost of their neutering at one of our affiliated vets is covered by the adoption donation – we will provide you with a voucher to be handed to the affiliated vet closest to you.
We are able to accept cash, cheque and debit/credit cards donations.
You can take your new addition home!
We understand that adoption day is a big day. It's exciting and it's hard to take in everything you are told. So please – don't panic if you find you have questions you need answering or if you are worried and feel you need guidance. Take a look at our advice on caring for your new cat or kitten. Or contact our shelter – we are always happy to help.
We love cats. That goes without saying. Our staff become quite attached to our furry guests whilst they are with us, and whilst we are always thrilled when a cat gets their happy ending, we do miss their furry faces when they leave us! So please stay in touch. We love receiving updates on our cats and feature updates on our Star Cats page here and on Facebook.


text:
import async from 'async'
import { sortHosts, calculateHostScore, loadActivityPattern } from './app/utils/peer';

// function sortHosts(hosts, callback) {
//
//     var asyncTasks = [];
//
//     hosts.forEach(function(host){
//         //var activity = host['activity'].toString().split(',');
//         asyncTasks.push(function(callback){
//             calculateHostScore(host['ip'], host['activity'], (score)=>{
//                 console.log(score);
//                 host['score']=score;
//                 callback();
//             });
//
//         });
//     });
//
//     async.parallel(asyncTasks, function(){
//         // console.log('All is done.');
//         // sorting should be done here
//
//         hosts.sort(function(a, b) {
//             return b['score'] - a['score'];
//         });
//         callback(hosts);
//     });
// }

var asyncTasks = [];

var hosts = [];

for (var x=0; x<10; x++)
{
    loadActivityPattern((hostactivity)=>{
        hosts.push({
            ip: '45.32.52.146',
            activity: hostactivity,
            score : -1
        });
    });
}

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    sortHosts(hosts, (out)=>{
        console.log(out);
    })
}, 3000);

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//     console.log(out);
// })

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//
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//         console.log(item['num']);
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//     },
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//     callback();
//   });
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//   console.log('All is done.');
// });


There is something about Texas whitetail deer that really brings the hunter out in most sportsmen and women. They are a true sporting hunt, requiring skill, patience and all your hunter wiles to bring home a trophy buck. Escondido Ranch in Texas is home to some of the most picturesque and populated deer hunting areas, which makes it a popular spot for hunters from around the United States and beyond.
The hill country in central Texas is the prime habitat for the Texas whitetail deer. They thrive in the combination of low shrubs, wooded areas and grasslands and open grazing areas. Whitetails eat a variety of foods from grasses and tender shoots through to fruits and even some browse. Although the total Texas whitetail deer population is estimated at 3 to 4 million in the state, the vast majority are found on game ranches and wild areas, although they are also common in suburban neighborhoods where they cause damage to lawns and landscaping on a regular basis.
The Texas whitetail deer are light to reddish brown in color with white to cream colored belly areas, inside of the legs, throat and around the nose and eyes. They also have the white under the flag like tail that is raised when they are alert or running, giving the species their descriptive name. They are not a big animal with bucks weighing in at around 60-70 kgs and does smaller at about 30-40 kgs, depending on their maturity level.
Bucks are considered a good trophy species and can either be head mounts or just the antlers mounted. All the tines come off of the main stock or beam of the antler and they tend to curl out from the head and then back in and to the front. They tend to stay in smaller herds when the grazing and shelter is abundant and then move into larger herds when food is sparse. Rutting time is early fall and into the winter when the bucks are most active and the antlers are in the best condition.
In most cases the best time to hunt Texas whitetail deer is in the hours of sunrise and sunset. At these times the herds tend to come out into the open pasturelands to graze. In the daylight hours they are typically found in densely wooded areas and are resting and chewing their cud. They are very careful at hiding their bedding areas and will typically nestle in under low hanging boughs and may simply freeze and allow hunters to move right past.
Texas whitetail deer are not an easy species to hunt. They are very alert and aware of their surroundings at all times. Once one doe or buck sends out an alert signal, the entire herd and surrounding herds will be immediately on the move. Since they are small enough and agile enough to easily travel through brush and the foothill terrain, hunting them can be a real challenge, but well worth the effort.


This newly released Cassini image shows Saturn and its moon Titan.
Titan and Saturn have very few things in common, but a hazy appearance is one feature they share. Though they appear similar in this image, appearances can be misleading.
Although both Saturn and Titan (3,200 miles or 5,150 kilometers across) have thick atmospheres and are covered in clouds, their differences are significant. Saturn is a gas giant with no solid surface to speak of. Titan's atmosphere is a blanket surrounding an icy, solid body. Even their atmospheric compositions are different; Saturn is mostly hydrogen and helium with clouds of water and ammonia and ammonium hydrosulfide. Titan's atmosphere is primarily nitrogen with methane clouds.
1 Comment on "NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Views a Cloudy Saturn and Titan"