text:
Race Plays Role in Chicago DUI Checkpoints
Post-Trayvon, Media Outlets Look Harder at Police
"Chicago's Jefferson Park police district is drawn around a leafy residential area on the Northwest Side, home to about one-fifth of the city's police officers and their families [access link via search engine]," Angela Caputo reported Friday for the Chicago Tribune.
"The district, which is predominantly white, also has one of the highest rates of drunken driving accidents and fatalities, but police haven't set up a sobriety checkpoint there in more than five years.
"Seven miles due south, Chicago police have announced 10 roadside checks over the same period in the Austin district, a hardscrabble stretch along the city's West Side that is predominantly black and where there were four times fewer alcohol-related crashes than in Jefferson Park.
"A Tribune investigation found that in Chicago, 84 percent of the roadside checks were scheduled in areas populated mostly by minorities while roadways in areas with more DUI-related crashes that are predominantly white are checked less often, or not at all.
"Federal guidelines suggest, however, that when choosing where to set up checkpoints, agencies should use objective criteria, such as a high incidence of alcohol-related crashes. . . ."
An accompanying story was headlined, "Sobriety checkpoints yield thousands of minor citations but few DUI arrests [access link via search engine]."
The stories are part of a renewed eagerness to investigate factors that have surrounded the killings of black men by authorities since neighborhood watchman George Zimmerman shot and killed unarmed Florida teen Trayvon Martin in February 2012.
In September, Mark Puente of the Baltimore Sun wrote a "Sun Investigates" report headlined, "Undue Force," with the further headline, "The city has paid about $5.7 million since 2011 over lawsuits claiming that police officers brazenly beat up alleged suspects. One hidden cost: The perception that officers are violent can poison the relationship between residents and police."
In April, Kimberly Kindy and Kimbriell Kelly reported "Thousands dead, few prosecuted" for the Washington Post. "Among the thousands of fatal shootings at the hands of police since 2005, only 54 officers have been charged, a Post analysis found," a headline read. "Most were cleared or acquitted in the cases that have been resolved."
In March, the Post announced a new beat for Wesley Lowery, who had covered the aftermath of the shooting of the unarmed Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. "Wes Lowery is pioneering a new beat focused on a national issue of critical importance: the interactions between law enforcement officials and their communities." On Thursday, Lowery reported that "In Fresno, a community-policing ethos builds ties between officers and residents," as the headline read.
Doug Donovan and Mark Puente of the Baltimore Sun wrote last month, "Freddie Gray not the first to come out of Baltimore police van with serious injuries," in the words of the headline.
Alexandra Zayas and Kameel Stanley wrote last month for the Tampa Bay Times in Florida: "A Tampa Bay Times investigation has found that Tampa police are targeting poor, black neighborhoods with obscure subsections of a Florida statute that outlaws things most people have tried on a bike, like riding with no light or carrying a friend on the handlebars. . . ."
Fusion's Connie Fossi-Garcia and Dan Lieberman reported in December, "A three-month Fusion investigation that reviewed hundreds of pages of records from five police departments with body camera programs reveals that the way body cameras are used usually serve police more than citizens charging misconduct. And in the data from two cities provided to Fusion, there was little evidence police body cameras reduced police involved shootings or use of force incidents. . . ."
Several reports uncovered a lack of reliable statistics on police shootings.
Christine Byers and Walker Moskop of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote in November, "Federal, state and local agencies license police officers to kill, if necessary, but nobody counts all the bodies or tracks what, if any, consequences might follow."
A December report by Rob Barry and Coulter Jones of the Wall Street Journal "found that the FBI's national tally of police killings didn't include hundreds of such incidents from the six-year period they examined," Shawn Shinneman reported in January for Investigative Reporters & Editors. "Barry and Jones received information from 105 of the largest police agencies in the country and found that more than 550 police killings recorded at the agencies from 2007 to 2012 didn't make it to the FBI's tally. . . ."
In December, Nikole Hannah-Jones of ProPublica examined the school from which Michael Brown graduated. In the words of a headline, "Michael Brown beat the odds by graduating from high school before his death — odds that remain stacked against black students in St. Louis and the rest of the country."
Investigative Reporters & Editors is preparing more journalists to report such stories. Mark Horvit, executive director, told Journal-isms by telephone Friday that IRE's June convention will feature three or four panels relating to police conduct, bearing titles such as "The Divide: Race, Economics and Law Enforcement," "Covering Police Shootings in Ethnic Communities" and "Covering Policing from Shooting to Community Relations."
The Justice Department is on a parallel track. In March, it "called on Ferguson, Mo., to overhaul its criminal justice system, declaring that the city had engaged in so many constitutional violations that they could be corrected only by abandoning its entire approach to policing, retraining its employees and establishing new oversight," Matt Apuzzo and John Eligon reported then for the New York Times.
"In one example after another, the report described a city that used its police and courts as moneymaking ventures, a place where officers stopped and handcuffed people without probable cause, hurled racial slurs, used stun guns without provocation, and treated anyone as suspicious merely for questioning police tactics. . . ."
On Friday, new Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch announced that the Justice Department had started an investigation into the Baltimore Police Department to determine whether it engages in systematic discrimination, civil rights violations and excessive use of force, as Richard A. Oppel Jr. and Richard Pérez-Peña reported in the New York Times.
Friday's stories in the Chicago Tribune suggest that local news media have much to investigate in their own communities.
"U.S. Rep. Danny Davis, a Democrat whose 7th District covers a large swath of the West Side, said he's gotten an earful from constituents complaining about stop and frisk, but he's never associated the practice with DUI," Caputo wrote.
" 'While we need to be trying to detect the use of alcohol while driving, the results show something else … patterns and practices of setups, stings, overreaction and discrimination,' Davis said.
"A pattern of setting up roadside checks along racial lines, experts say, raises concerns that police could be using the special patrols as a pretext to stop people in certain neighborhoods, which is a potential violation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution's 14th Amendment and unreasonable search and seizure prohibitions under the Fourth Amendment."
Quoting Richard Kling, a law professor at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Caputo added, " 'The problem is you have a blanket net hoping that you'll catch someone,' Kling said. 'But you're also ensnaring a lot of innocent people.' . . ."
Hans Anderson, WAMU-FM, Washington: Baltimore Residents Say Wall-To-Wall Media Coverage Missed The Real Story
Wayne Bennett, the Field Negro: "Black spring"?
Michael H. Cottman, BlackAmericaWeb.com: Baltimore Mayor Does The Right Thing Asking For DOJ To Probe Police
Jarvis DeBerry, NOLA.com | the Times-Picayune: In Ferguson and Baltimore, some see riots; others see rebellions
Tammerlin Drummond, Oakland Tribune: How valuable a policing tool is ShotSpotter?
EURweb.com: In the Wake of Baltimore, Harry Belafonte Calls Mentors and Leaders Together Via Telephone Townhall
Tyler Falk, Current.org: CPB backs collaboration in Baltimore on coverage of Freddie Gray aftermath
Anthony Ferguson Jr., Baltimore Sun: The language of the unheard came through in Freddie Gray riots
Ernestine Chasing Hawk, Native Sun News: Retired police officer speaks out on racism
Kevin Johnson, Meghan Hoyer and Brad Heath, USA Today: Local police involved in 400 killings per year (Aug 15, 2014)
Kasia Kovacs, CAR Conference Blog: Watchdogging law-breaking law enforcement(March 16)
Don Lemon, BlackAmericaWeb.com: Is The Case Against The Baltimore Officers Crumbling Already?
David A. Love, theGrio: How technology and social media spawned a new civil rights movement
Phillip Morris, Plain Dealer, Cleveland: A mom's advice and love live forever
Askia Muhammad, Washington Informer: Is Baltimore Black America's 'Defining Moment?'
Jonathan Peters, Columbia Journalism Review: In Baltimore, a tale of two transparencies
Real Clear Politics: Baltimore Sun's Zurawik: Why Didn't CNN Interrupt Coverage Of WHCD When Baltimore Riots Started? (video)
Rochelle Riley, Detroit Free Press: A final thought from Baltimore …
Joel Simon, Columbia Journalism Review: Police videos: Are the shooters witnesses or journalists?
Michael D. Smigiel Sr., Baltimore Sun: Blame O'Malley for the Baltimore riots?
David Zurawik, Baltimore Sun: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar on the deeper meaning of Freddie Gray
David Zurawik, Baltimore Sun: Winners and losers of Freddie Gray TV coverage
Americans Have Own Visual Taboos, Cartoonist Says
Kevin Kallaugher, who draws editorial cartoons for the Baltimore Sun and the Economist magazine under the pen name KAL, had a reminder for those who frame publishing of images of the Prophet Muhammad as a free-speech issue: "Here in the U.S., we have a lot of taboos as well," he told a Washington audience on Thursday.
They were gathered to see Kallaugher accept the Herblock Prize, a $15,000 tax-free award for excellence in memory of Herb Block, the legendary cartoonist who drew for the Washington Post from 1946 until his death in 2001.
Asked afterward to identify those U.S. taboos, Kallaugher told Journal-isms that "it starts with offensive racial stereotyping," and mentioned drawing African Americans as monkeys or Israelis as people with hooked noses. He also cautioned about guns and abortion as cartoon topics. "Though not taboo subjects, they are venues of great sensitivity laden with high emotions," he said later by email. "As a result, one must be braced for strong reactions from irate readers when venturing into those realms."
Kallaugher went on to mention matters of taste. What might be acceptable in Europe, such as depicting bathroom functions, would be considered tasteless in the United States, he said.
The point is, Kallaugher told the audience, do you want an effective cartoon? "When you use inflammatory metaphors, your message is lost," he said.
The issue of depictions of Muhammad has arisen again after a contest to see who could draw the most provocative cartoon of the prophet ended outside Dallas Sunday with the death of two assailants. On Tuesday, the PEN American Center held a literary gala honoring two members of Charlie Hebdo, the French satirical magazine that published cartoons of Muhammad. Their publication led to a January massacre at Hebdo's Paris offices that left 12 dead, including five cartoonists.
Some 200 PEN members signed a letter of protest saying the award crossed a line between "staunchly supporting expression that violates the acceptable, and enthusiastically rewarding such expression," the New York Times reported.
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee Michigan Regional Office, Facebook: ADC-Michigan applauds News Station's stand to rectify anti-Arab statements
Kevin Eck, TVSpy: Detroit Anchor Upsets Muslims with ISIS Comment
Andrew Kirell, Mediaite: Geraldo Trashes Pamela Geller: 'Every Time I See Her on TV, I Want to Take a Shower'
Tony Norman, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Free speech debate blurs usual divide
Erik Wemple, Washington Post: Juan Williams likens Pamela Geller to a 'pyromaniac' on Fox News's 'Hannity'
U.S. Labeled Reporter a Suspected Terrorist
"The U.S. government labeled a prominent journalist as a member of Al Qaeda and placed him on a watch list of suspected terrorists, according to a top-secret document that details U.S. intelligence efforts to track Al Qaeda couriers by analyzing metadata," Cora Currier, Glenn Greenwald and Andrew Fishman reported Friday for the Intercept.
"The briefing singles out Ahmad Muaffaq Zaidan, Al Jazeera's longtime Islamabad bureau chief, as a member of the terrorist group. A Syrian national, Zaidan has focused his reporting throughout his career on the Taliban and Al Qaeda, and has conducted several high-profile interviews with senior Al Qaeda leaders, including Osama bin Laden.
"A slide dated June 2012 from a National Security Agency PowerPoint presentation bears his photo, name, and a terror watch list identification number, and labels him a 'member of Al-Qa'ida' as well as the Muslim Brotherhood. It also notes that he 'works for Al Jazeera.'
"The presentation was among the documents provided by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden.
"In a brief phone interview with The Intercept, Zaidan 'absolutely' denied that he is a member of Al Qaeda or the Muslim Brotherhood. In a statement provided through Al Jazeera, Zaidan noted that his career has spanned many years of dangerous work in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and required interviewing key people in the region — a normal part of any journalist's job. . . ."
Editorial, Dallas Morning News: Al Jazeera America's struggles reveal need for dramatic reset
Google Says It's Spending $150 Million on Diversity This Year
"Whether it's building self-driving cars, a fleet of balloons to blanket the world with the Internet or tiny particles to detect cancer, Google is known for thinking big — really big," Jessica Guynn reported Wednesday for USA Today.
"Now the Internet giant is digging into its mountains of cash and tapping some of the world's smartest minds to take on another serious and elusive challenge: cracking the code on the lack of diversity in the technology industry.
"Google is raising the stakes in its bid to attract more women and minorities, Nancy Lee, Google's vice president of people operations, told USA TODAY in an exclusive interview.
"Last year Google spent $115 million on diversity initiatives. In 2015, it's planning to spend $150 million on a far-reaching campaign that stretches from inside the walls of Google into the industry at large, Lee says. . . ."
Michael Liedtke, Associated Press: Study: Top tech firms bypassing Asian workers for exec jobs
Darrin Bell Wins RFK Award for Cartoons on Police
Darrin Bell has just won the 2015 RFK Award for Cartooning, the RFK Center for Justice and Human Rights is announcing this afternoon," Michael Cavna reported Thursday for the Washington Post.
"Bell, whose editorial cartoons are syndicated by Washington Post Writers Group, won the award for a portfolio that largely focused on deaths at the hands of police in New York and Ferguson, Mo. . . ."
Cavna also wrote, " 'Darrin Bell's work in 2014 projected a unique point of view — as a black man, he's 'been there' — on the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown," Amy Lago, Bell's editor at WPWG, tells Comic Riffs. "And he applies that empathy to all who are disenfranchised and powerless.
Cavna added, "In other RFK Journalism categories, Post photographer Michel du Cille is being posthumously recognized for International Photography, for his portfolio 'Ebola: A Desperate Struggle.' Du Cille died last December in Liberia, while reporting on the virus's toll.
"NPR News, ProPublica, PBS Frontline, the Los Angeles Times and the Miami Herald are among the other 2015 journalism winners."
A spokeswoman for the RFK Center told Journal-isms Friday that the news release was sent out prematurely, was taken down and would be updated.
Mark S. Luckie Leaves Twitter, NABJ Candidacy
Mark S. Luckie, a digital journalist who joined Twitter from the Washington Post three years ago, is leaving the social media company — and nipping in the bud his campaign to became vice president-digital of the National Association of Black Journalists.
Luckie told Journal-isms by telephone on Friday that he is self-publishing a novel about historically black colleges and universities and wants to devote time to publishing and promoting it.
"I've been working on it for three years in my spare time," Luckie said. A graduate of Bethune-Cookman College, Luckie, 32, said his novel "talks about things people talk about behind closed doors."
Luckie and Benét J. Wilson were certified as candidates for the vice president-digital position on Monday. However, once he leaves Twitter, Luckie said, he would no longer be working as a journalist. "I'm anticipating a possible move away from the industry (which is still TBD) so I'm recusing myself," he said later by email.
Luckie inaugurated the Twitter position of creative content manager for journalism, joining that organization from the Post, where he was national innovations editor. After joining the Post, he sold his blog 10000Words.net to WebMediaBrands Inc., owner of the Mediabistro blog network, for an undisclosed amount. He previously self-published "The Digital Journalist's Handbook."
"Fresh Off the Boat" Renewed for Second Season
"Well, hey! TV fans, it's official. ABC has renewed Fresh Off The Boat for a second season," Phil Yu wrote Friday for his Angry Asian Man blog.
"The network has unveiled its slate of dramas and comedies for next season, renewing the vast majority of its existing series, including eight freshman shows. Including Fresh Off The Boat. Yes, the much-hyped comedy, based on the bestselling memoir by Eddie Huang, will be back for another go-round.
"When the show concluded its inaugural thirteen-episode season last month, fans wondered if we'd get to see the further TV adventures of the Huang clan. But the show was buoyed by respectable ratings and solid critical acclaim, and it was a key component in ABC's much-publicized commitment to diversity, amidst a larger narrative around one of the most diverse seasons in the history of television. It was a no-brainer. . . ."
Yu also wrote, "I'd argue that Fresh Off The Boat gave us a wonderful, unprecedented season of TV. We got jokes, we got discussions, we got characters and stories that reminded us of our own experiences. In the trappings of a traditional network sitcom, it gave us something to cheer for. . . ."
Emil Guillermo blog, Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund: Do Asian American lives matter?
Suevon Lee, iamkoream.com: ''Fresh Off the Boat' Brings Down the House at Watch Parties (Feb. 5)
Chicago Radio Veteran Ty Wansley Dies at 63
"Longtime Chicago news anchor, talk show host, and commentator Ty Wansley passed away Wednesday evening at the age of 63 from congestive heart failure, as announced by his radio station, WVAZ-FM," RadioInk reported on Thursday.
"Wansley had most recently served as the information director for iHeartMedia's Chicago Urban Network. In his over 35 years in Chicago, he had been heard on stations WBMX, WJPC, WVON, WLS, WJJD, WGRB, WGCI, and WVAZ. Prior to his years in Chicago, Wansley was heard on KWK, KATZ, KKSS, and KMJM in his native St. Louis.
"In a statement given to Radio Ink this morning, iHeartMedia Chicago Market President Matt Scarano said: 'Chicago lost a legend in Ty Wansley, News and Information Director, WGCI-FM, V103 and Inspiration 1390. Over his vast career, Ty interviewed community leaders, mayors, congressmen, governors, and presidents with ease. He most enjoyed his interaction with listeners and the community. We will all miss his passion, wit, and friendship.'
"Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel also issued an official statement . . . "
Robert Feder added on his blog about broadcast news, "Beyond his success in urban radio, Wansley caught lightning in a bottle in 1993 when he teamed with former Chicago Alderman Ed Vrdolyak at news/talk WLS AM 890. 'This will be the greatest boon for race relations this city has ever seen,' Wansley said of the unlikely partnership, which scored high ratings and headlines on WLS and later on the former WJJD. . . ."
Maudlyne Ihejirika, Chicago Sun-Times: Ty Wansley, popular radio news anchor and talk-show host, dies at 63
Rodney A. Brooks, who took early retirement this week as personal finance editor and columnist for USA Today, "will be writing a regular retirement and personal finance column for The Washington Post," the Post announced on Friday. Brooks is also one of 18 chosen for a June 7-10 "Reporting Retirement: Finding New Angles" fellowship from the National Press Foundation. Meanwhile, USA Today announced that Bill Sternberg, deputy editorial page editor at USA Today, will succeed Brian Gallagher as editorial page editor beginning June 1. Like Brooks, Gallagher took early retirement.
"WBAL-TV anchorman Rod Daniels is retiring after more than 30 years on Baltimore airwaves, the station announced Friday [access link via search engine]," David Zurawik reported in the Baltimore Sun. "His last broadcast will be the 6 p.m. news on May 22." Zurawik linked to "a piece from the Sun archives on Daniels and his passion for bicycle riding."
"Bill Simmons isn't the only one leaving Grantland and ESPN," Peter Kafka wrote Friday for Re/code. "David Cho, who has been publisher of the sports + pop culture site since Simmons started it in 2011, gave his notice to ESPN last week, according to a person familiar with the site. ESPN announced this morning that it was not renewing Simmons' contract, which was set to expire this fall. . . ."
In Houston, "Field anchor Sharron Melton says she is closing the door on ABC 13 and starting a new chapter," John-Henry Perera reported Wednesday for the Houston Chronicle. "Just before noon Wednesday, Melton announced to her Facebook followers that she was exiting after 8 years on the job. She worked on the morning anchor desk before an abrupt transfer to a morning reporter position in October 2014. . . .
David Ho was appointed executive mobile editor at the Wall Street Journal Thursday, "responsible for developing and managing our iPad and iPhone apps, as well as our Android products," managing editor Gerry Baker announced to staffers, Chris Roush reported for Talking Biz News. "David will continue to oversee a team of mobile apps editors, which will soon expand."
"I want to continue to do this until I can't do this anymore. This is what I was made to do and I don't see myself stopping any time soon," Beverly White, reporter at KNBC-TV in Southern California, says in a profile Thursday by Amen Oyiboke of the Los Angeles Sentinel. "My motto is life is short and enjoy every moment." Oyiboke wrote, "A veteran general assignment reporter, for 25 years White has worked with NBC, 22 of those years with local NBC4 (KNBC) Southern California. . . ."
NPR has hired Adrian Florido for its "Code Switch" race relations team, spokeswoman Isabel Lara told Journal-isms Friday. "He comes to NPR from member station KPCC in Southern California, where he is a reporter and a fill-in host on the daily program 'Take Two,' " she messaged. "Prior to joining KPCC, Adrian worked at KPBS in San Diego with the Fronteras Desk, a coalition of stations in the Southwest which cover news from that region. Adrian's stories included reports from the US-Mexico border, immigrant and tribal communities, demographics and culture. He has also been a reporter with Voice of San Diego. . . ."
"Number of U.S. families that lost their homes to foreclosure during the housing bust that began a decade ago: 9 million," Sue Sturgis reported Friday for the "Facing South" publication of the Institute for Southern Studies. "According to a new study that looked at almost all urban residential foreclosures from 2005 to 2009, factor by which the loss of homes in mostly black and Latino neighborhoods exceeded the loss in white areas: 3. . . ."
"After a month-long trial, it took a jury less than six hours to decide that Home Box Office did not defame Indian soccer ball manufacturer Mitre Sports International in a 2008 report that the company had regularly used child labor," Mike Farrell reported Friday for Multichannel News. "The report — Children of Industry — appeared on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel in 2008. . . ."
Viewers challenged a statement in PBS' "The Draft" that aired April 27, Ombudsman Michael Getler reported on April 30. David Harris, former draft resister, said black servicemen died at twice the rate of white servicemen. Getler wrote, "There is no doubt that blacks, in the earlier years of the war and during the big troop build-ups in the mid-to-late 1960s, were being drafted, recruited, assigned to combat units and killed or wounded at rates much higher than their percentage of the population. But there was strong criticism of this situation and the numbers started dropping and by war's end, by most accounts, black combat deaths roughly equaled the percent of population."
"It's now China that sends more immigrants to the United States," Richard Gonzales reported Thursday for NPR's "Code Switch." "According to the Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 147,000 Chinese arrived in 2013 — the last year for which full data are available. India is second; the source for 129,000 immigrants to the US. Mexico was the country of origin for 125,000 immigrants. Korea, the Philippines and Japan are also leading countries of origin. The data include undocumented immigrants. . . ."
"In October 1992, five American nuns were killed during brutal fighting in Liberia's civil war. The FBI mounted an investigation, but no one was ever arrested, and the case was considered closed," T. Christian Miller reported Wednesday for ProPublica. "More than two decades later, ProPublica and PBS Frontline asked the FBI to provide a copy of its file on the slayings." Miller also wrote, "The killing of the five Catholic sisters, the FBI says, remains relevant to a "pending or prospective law enforcement proceeding." Releasing the information, the FBI says, 'could reasonably be expected to interfere' with that proceeding. It is the first time the FBI has publicly stated the case is anything other than over. . . ."
The Committee to Protect Journalists said Thursday it "calls for the immediate release of Yemeni journalist Waheed al-Sufi, who has been held for more than a month by unidentified kidnappers. Al-Sufi is the editor-in-chief of the Yemeni weekly newspaper Al-Arabiya and its website, Al-Arabiya Online, according to news reports and his family. . . ."
CultureMedia


One more of my miniatures in the Everyone I've Never Known exhibit, April 25th, at the Burrard Hotel. One day only. Find out more at www.phantomsinthefrontyard.com.
The May weekend workshop is filling up fast. Sign up at info@mandyboursicot.com.
Richard and Greg will be part of the Everyone I've Never Known Exhibition of miniature works at the Burrard Hotel on April 25th.
Much fun was had by all at the Student Portrait Show opening party on April 5th. The exhibit runs until May 8th at the Tartine, 770 Beach Ave.
Here are a couple of my miniatures that will be part of the Everyone I've Never Known Exhibit at the Burrard Hotel from noon to 8:30 on April 25th. Come and have some fun with the Phantoms in the Front Yard…bring your friends.


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GOP Rep. Devin Nunes stepping down to join Trump Media & Technology Group
By JOHN SANTUCCI
Rep. Devin Nunes of California, the former chair of the House Intelligence Committee, is leaving Congress to become the chief executive officer of Trump Media & Technology Group, according to a statement.
Trump Media and Technology Group and Digital World Acquisition Group entered into a merger to form a new company chaired by the former president, according to a separate press release in October, which noted the company's first step would be to launch a new social media platform called TRUTH Social.
"The time has come to reopen the Internet and allow for the free flow of ideas and expression without censorship. The United States of America made the dream of the Internet a reality and it will be an American company that restores the dream. I'm humbled and honored President Trump has asked me to lead the mission and the world class team that will deliver on this promise," Nunes said in Monday's statement.
"Congressman Devin Nunes is a fighter and a leader. He will make an excellent CEO of TMTG," former President Donald Trump, chairman of TMTG, stated. "Devin understands that we must stop the liberal media and Big Tech from destroying the freedoms that make America great. America is ready for TRUTH Social and the end to censorship and political discrimination."
Monday's statement said that Nunes will be joining TMTG in January.
abc newsnational
Copyright © 2022 ABC News Internet Ventures.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Under the title of Hyper(sur)faces#, Liebig12 hosts a series of three-day solo shows and a closing event, opening on 20 January 2018, in which artists re-act to the Transmediale and CTM festival themes face value and Turmoil.
Artists are challenged to present their work within a conceptual frame, provoking & unveiling physical & existential sub-levels coexisting & shaping the complexity of Hyper(sur)faces beneath reality (or at least the way we perceive it); their depth, values & turmoil.
by Hugo Esquinca in collaboration with Auguste Vickunaite.
Video installation / Screenings of selected short films and videos based on Alice Evermore´s poetry writings and collaborative projects with Berlin based Uccellino Giallo film collective.
performing again their new collaborative project.
This event is curated by Laurie Schwarz as upcoming episode#12 of her series ITINERANT INTERLUDE.
Two live human voices, and the audience.
A "vocal battle" moves in a ritual of friendship, exploring one´s own freedom of being ephemeral, a whirling gesture where to meet and confront face to face.
Voice to voice, sound to sound, abstract paradigm where dark forces are evoked through an anonymous song.
The performance will interact with the A/V site specific installation "The Absent Sound of Light" by Ashley M Puente produced at Hyper(sur)faces#3 exhibition at Liebig12.
Donations more than welcome, necessary.


What do anti-colonial histories mean for politics in contemporary India? How can we understand a political terrain that appears crowded with the dead, heroic figures from past struggles who call the living to account and demand action? What role do these 'afterlives' play in the inauguration of new politics and the fashioning of possible futures? In this engaging and innovative analysis of anti-colonial afterlives in modern South Asia, Chris Moffat crafts a framework that takes the dead seriously - not as passive entities, ceremonially invoked, but as active interlocutors and instigators in the present. Focusing on the iconic revolutionary martyr Bhagat Singh (1907–1931), Moffat establishes the problem of inheritance as central to the forms and futures of democracy in this postcolonial polity. Tracing Bhagat Singh's revenant presence in India today, he demonstrates how living communities are animated by a sense of obligation, duty or debt to the dead.
2. What is to be done?
Conclusion: a politics of inheritance.


text:
£9.50 Hols
WALT'S FIRST VISION
The first map Walt Disney ever drew of Disneyland has been re-discovered in California
The map was drawn to show investors about Walt's theme park idea, so that he could get the funding to build it
By Caroline McGuire, Digital Travel Editor
Updated: 11 May 2017, 17:18
A rare first-ever Disneyland map that was created in 1953 by Walt Disney himself is up for auction.
The map was drawn to show investors about Walt's theme park idea, so that he and his brother could get the funding they needed to build it.
The first ever Disneyland map, created in 1953 by Walt Disney himself is up for auctionCredit: Splash News
Experts believe that is the single most significant piece of Disneyland memorabilia to come to auction to date.
By the early 1950s, Walt Disney was already a household name, thanks to Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, as well as films like as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Alice in Wonderland, and Cinderella.
But his attention had by then strayed into amusement parks, having come up with the idea while watching his children play on a carousel in a local Los Angeles park.
The map was drawn to show investors about Walt's theme park idea
At first, Walt planned to build his park in an empty lot next to his Burbank Studio, but his imagination quickly outgrew the small space and he set his sights on bigger locations.
By 1953, he had borrowed all of the money he could and even mortgaged his own home to kick-start the project, when he realised that he needed outside help, so his brother scheduled meetings in New York with some banks and the three television networks.
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On the morning of Saturday, September 26, 1953, Walt called on his friend and former employee Herb Ryman to draw a large aerial view of Disneyland by Monday morning for Roy to take to New York that Monday.
Walt spent two days narrating in fine detail every aspect of his park that he could muster, and Ryman, under Walt's direction, turned his ideas into the first large, tangible visual representation of Disneyland ever created.
A map of Disneyland in California as it is today, more than 60 years after the first map was created
Roy's presentation proved successful with ABC, who agreed to give Walt the funding he needed to build his park in exchange for access to Disney's film library, and a new Disneyland television show hosted by Walt himself.
The map was returned to Walt where he consistently used it in his meetings with developers and investors.
In 1954, he had the map enhanced with additional black outlines and colour, and included several new sketches within it so that it could be used as the first promotional image of Disneyland that the public would be able to see.
With over 600 million total visitors since its opening day, Disneyland is now nearing its 62nd AnniversaryCredit: Alamy
In September of 1954, one year after the map was created; the newly enhanced original was shown to the public as the first ever image of the park in magazines and newspapers.
Then, in March 1955, during one of the final planning meetings for the park, Grenade Curran, a young Disney employee, noticed the original map abandoned in a corner of Walt's office, asked if he could keep it as a memento and was given it by Walt.
Curran stored it away carefully as a memento of his time at the Studio and his friendship with Walt.
Without the map, there might not have been a Disneyland todayCredit: Alamy
Now, over 60 years later, the original Disneyland map has been re-discovered and is coming to auction at Van Eaton Galleries in Sherman Oaks, California next month, where it is expected to sell for £580,000 to 780,000.
Mike Van Eaton, co-owner of Van Eaton Galleries, says, "That an artefact like this, which is so deeply rooted in the creation of Disneyland, still exists today is astonishing.
"We have an item that Walt Disney created during a 48 hour period of hard work and imaginative genius, which succeeded in getting him the funding he needed to build one of the most successful endeavours of his career, and which he continued to personally use throughout the entire building stages of Disneyland.
"Without this map, there would likely not be a Disneyland today."
Disney movies and merchandise
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AIR RAGE
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UK and Iran tensions: What is the latest news and is it safe to travel there?
Identity thieves can steal passport details from airport duty-free receipts
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Head to Costa Brava for a dose of unmissable culture
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Wowcher customer brands 'mystery holiday' a scam after trip is overbooked
7 days in Jerusalem – an insider's guide
LEFT TUI IT
Groom endures 4-DAY bus trip home when TUI 'abandoned' him after 'drunken fall'


text:
Q: AWK over few columns I have file like this:
52.17.30.11 10.1.1.2 76 ACCEPT
54.19.18.100 10.25.13.18 1140 ACCEPT
10.25.13.136 10.24.13.166 275074 ACCEPT
54.72.7.17 10.24.13.166 152 ACCEPT

I'd like to do AWK over first two IPs to recognize whether they are internet, internal1 or the rest.  In this case, I'd like to get this result:
Internet 10.1.1.2 76 ACCEPT
Internet internal1 1140 ACCEPT
internal1 10.24.13.166 275074 ACCEPT
Internet 10.24.13.166 152 ACCEPT

So if this is 10.25, this is internal1. Else if this is 10., this is "the rest" and if this is something else - this is Internet
No issues doing that over the first IP:
cat x | awk -F. '{if($1 == 10 && $2 == 25) { print "internal1 " } else if($1 == 10) { print $0 } else {print "Internet "}

However, the result would be:
Internet
Internet
internal1
Internet

SO what is missing is 1st) the rest of each line and 2nd) check of 2nd IP
Any ideas?

A: try this:
awk '{for (i=1;i<=2;i++) {
    if ($i ~ /^10\.25\./) $i="internal1";
    else if ($i !~ /^10\./) $i="Internal"} }1' x

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package mytype

type MyType struct {
	local  int `bson:"Local"`
	Local2 int `bson:"Local1"`
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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How to get users engaged in your website | grreporter.info- News from Greece - Breaking News, Business, Sport, Multimedia and Video.
As GRReporter already wrote, it is not enough just to bring the user to your website. Websites are no longer just a source of information and users are not only consumers of this information. Apart from useful information, users want to actively participate and to be provided with an opportunity to express themselves. In addition, some websites want as many users as possible to perform any particular task - these are indicative online stores whose owners would like every visitor to become a client or what in more realistic terms - as many users to buy from the site as possible.
1. What particular action do i want the user to make on my website or on a separate page of it?
2. Is what I personally like, valid for all people?
The first question clarifies the basic concept behind a website or page of it. The more clearly and precisely worded purpose of a website, the easier it will be realized in practice, and of course its goal.
The second question avoids the subjective element that every owner of a new website is inclined to do. Remember that your website is done not for yourself but for your users, who have different expectations and user experience on the Internet. Do things suitable for most users and not in a way you, your partner or your wife will like them done. Remember that in any event, if you pay, you will be able to override the advice of the website designer who will do your website. However, this does not mean that your opinion is correct.
Let us go back to the various ways on how to get users to engage in your website.
Advertising is essential for financially supporting most types of websites. More advertising - more revenue. New technologies have allowed any kind of advertisement, in different shapes and different contributions from the users. Cars buzzing around the screen, beautiful women wink at us, we are poured by all types of sounds, pop-ups, we can click on any word in a text and this can turn out to be an ad... The possibilities are many! BUT! Here comes the great and big "BUT"! Well, users now have the means with which to remove annoying ads and more of them will resort to these means. And those ads are annoying when they prevent the user to read or view any content on the website, for which he/she came. Do not overdo it with ads. Statistics indicate that the effectiveness of online ads is decreasing and websites are having increasing difficulty to bring clicks for their advertisers. In their effort to have more advertising positions, many websites overload their visitors. The matter of advertising is the same as with everything else - moderation and correct approach is needed.
1. Give them a reason to do so - give them more interesting features on your website if they are registered: make a game that requires registration; give only registered users the opportunity to comment.
2. Use OpenID or Facebook connect – this way it will be much easier and faster for your users to register your website with an already existing universal account.
1.The top of the page that presents each product and from which the purchase is being made, must give all the initial information to a potentially interested buyer. This includes an image (or a gallery is best) of the product, a short description (maximum of 1-2 short sentences), video presentation of the product, product price and any additional elements that would lead the user to make a purchase: discount/sale, if any, free shipping, a gift etc.
The rule of thumb is that if in the first 3 seconds, the user does not see the above mentioned information, which will keep him/her on the page, because this information is scattered and he/she needs to look for it, it is very likely the majority of users to close the page and go to the next search result in Google—or in other words—to your competition!
2. Additional products, which are associated with your main product. If you are selling a dress, add a belt, scarf or shoes, which would be appropriate or which other users have combined it with; if you offer male perfume, add a kit-bag, cologne or a whole set, which is suitable for this exact perfume, and why not a proposal from the female series of the same brand – it is hard for men to choose gifts for their sweethearts and every advice in this direction will be greeted with approval and will distinguish you from your competition!
Additional items would certainly bring you more sales, and would save you on advertising because the consumer is already on your website.


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text:
Development of a classification system based on corneal biomechanical properties using artificial intelligence predicting keratoconus severity
Robert Herber ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-75771,
Lutz E. Pillunat1 &
Frederik Raiskup1
To investigate machine-learning (ML) algorithms to differentiate corneal biomechanical properties between different topographical stages of keratoconus (KC) by dynamic Scheimpflug tonometry (CST, Corvis ST, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). In the following, ML models were used to predict the severity in a training and validation dataset.
Three hundred and eighteen keratoconic and one hundred sixteen healthy eyes were included in this monocentric and cross-sectional pilot study. Dynamic corneal response (DCR) and corneal thickness related (pachymetric) parameters from CST were chosen by appropriated selection techniques to develop a ML algorithm. The stage of KC was determined by the topographical keratoconus classification system (TKC, Pentacam, Oculus). Patients who were classified as TKC 1, TKC 2 and TKC 3 were assigned to subgroup mild, moderate, and advanced KC. If patients were classified as TKC 1–2, TKC 2–3 or TKC 3–4, they were assigned to subgroups according to the normative range of further corneal indices (index of surface variance, keratoconus index and minimum radius). Patients classified as TKC 4 were not included in this study due to the limited amount of cases. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest (RF) algorithms were used to develop the classification models. Data were divided into training (70% of cases) and validation (30% of cases) datasets.
LDA model predicted healthy, mild, moderate, and advanced KC eyes with a sensitivity (Sn)/specificity (Sp) of 82%/97%, 73%/81%, 62%/83% and 68%/95% from a validation dataset, respectively. For the RF model, a Sn/Sp of 91%/94%, 80%/90%, 63%/87%, 72%/95% could be reached for predicting healthy, mild, moderate, and advanced KC eyes, respectively. The overall accuracy of LDA and RF was 71% and 78%, respectively. The accuracy for KC detection including all subgroups of KC severity was 93% in both models.
The RF model showed good accuracy in predicting healthy eyes and various stages of KC. The accuracy was superior with respect to the LDA model. The clinical importance of the models is that the standalone dynamic Scheimpflug tonometry is able to predict the severity of KC without having the keratometric data.
NCT04251143 at Clinicaltrials.gov, registered at 12 March 2018 (Retrospectively registered).
Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral ectatic disease of the cornea that is characterized by corneal steepening and thinning [1]. As a result, irregular astigmatism may lead to loss of vision. Former studies have reported low incidence and prevalence of keratoconus [2]. Recently, it was shown that KC does not occur as rarely as described [3]. Due to improving diagnosis, it is assumed that prevalence is higher and depends on geographic regions [4]. Placido-disk, Scheimpflug or optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology are useful tools to image corneal topography and tomography for screening ectasia. In the case of KC, biomechanical properties are altered to the effect that corneal tissue is biomechanically weakened [5]. Especially, focal weakening of elastic properties might be the initial trigger for stromal thinning and increasing steepening [6]. Thus, in vivo biomechanical assessment of the cornea became popular by releasing the non-contact tonometer labeled as ocular response analyzer (ORA, Reichert, Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY, USA) in the field of refractive surgery, keratoconus and glaucoma [7]. ORA provides information regarding corneal viscoelastic properties that are described as corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor [7, 8]. Furthermore, keratoconus match index (KMI, ORA) and probability (KMP, ORA) are derived from individual waveform characteristics of the measurement signal and are compared to a normative database [9, 10]. Furthermore, investigations have shown that this database was not related to an objective keratoconus classification; besides, cases were classified by individuals of four different settings [11]. Therefore, no clear correlation to the topographic keratoconus classification (TKC, Pentacam, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) or anterior surface indices such as keratoconus index (KI, Pentacam), could be found throughout several investigations. Later, a Scheimpflug-based tonometer was introduced by Oculus that records the corneal deformation process induced by an air-puff using an ultra-high-speed camera (Corvis ST, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). The measurement outcome of the Corvis ST is described as dynamic corneal response (DCR) parameters. It has been shown that DCR parameters are highly repeatable in healthy [12] and KC eyes [13]. Additionally, Corvis ST can be used to assess alterations before and after corneal cross-linking (CXL) [14,15,16]. Corvis biomechanical index (CBI) and tomographic and biomechanical index (TBI) are indices that are able to differentiate between healthy and KC eyes as well as healthy and subclinical ectasia [17, 18]. Subclinical eyes were defined as those with normal topography in one eye and manifest KC in the fellow eye with very asymmetric ectasia [17]. However, these indices were not designed to differentiate between various stages of KC. Previously, we showed that DCR parameters were different in several stages of KC [19]. The aim of this pilot study was to develop a corneal biomechanical based classification model, called Dresden keratoconus index (DKI), to predict the severity of KC in a standalone Corvis ST measurement without having keratometry data from the cornea.
This monocentric pilot study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany following the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants and KC patients were enrolled between January 2017 and March 2020 from the refractive and keratoconus clinic at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus. All subjects had to confirm their approval by signing the informed consent. Furthermore, healthy subjects and keratoconus patients have received a complete ophthalmologic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and fundus biomicroscopy as well as a survey of their medical history. Inclusion criteria for healthy participants were an age between 18 and 45 years, normal tomography, an intraocular pressure less than 21 mmHg and an ordinary optic nerve head. KC patients had to present clear signs of keratoconus in corneal maps (derived from Scheimpflug tomography) that was approved by an experienced clinician (FR) and optometrist (RH). The topographical keratoconus classification (TKC) had to be at least stage 1 (TKC 1). Of note, one follow-up examination was necessary to confirm topographical stability. Healthy participants and KC patients were requested to discontinue the wearing of contact lenses for 10 days. Exclusion criteria were previous corneal and ocular surgeries (e.g., corneal cross-linking), diabetes mellitus and severe cases of KC.
Measurement of dynamic corneal response parameters
The Corvis ST measures the corneal response to an induced, predefined air-puff using an ultra-high speed Scheimpflug camera [20, 21]. DCR and corneal thickness related (pachymetric) parameters are derived from 2-dimensional cross-section records of the cornea and describing the corneal behavior during different deformation phases. First, the air-puff reaches the cornea and pushes it to the 1st applanation. While the air-puff is active, the cornea is forced into a concave shape (described as highest concavity, HC). After that, the air pressure decreases and the cornea moves back through the 2nd applanation to its physiological state. Some of the DCR parameters indicate time and velocity to 1st and 2nd applanation as well as maximum deformation [18, 20,21,22]. Furthermore, corneal pachymetry (Pachy) and corneal thickness related parameters (ARTh, Ambrosio Rational Thickness horizontal [18] and Pachyslope [23]) are measured before the air-puff reaches the cornea. ARTh is calculated as the thinnest corneal thickness divided by pachymetric progression to periphery [18]. Contrarily, Pachyslope is calculated as the difference of mean corneal thickness at ±2.5 mm and corneal thickness at the apex [23, 24]. The latest software release has included novel parameters like biomechanical corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) [25, 26]; maximum inverse concave radius (InverseR) [18]; integrated inverse radius (IntInverseR) [18]; ratio of central and peripheral deformation in a distance of 1 mm and 2 mm (DAR1/DAR2) [18] and stiffness parameter at the 1st applanation (SPA1) [22]. Furthermore, the CBI is a combined index of several DCR parameters based on logistic regression analysis that distinguishes between healthy and KC eyes [18]. Instead, the TBI combines DCR and tomographic parameters using a random forest method [17].
Corneal tomography measurements and classification of keratoconus
Corneal tomography of healthy participants and KC patients were evaluated by Scheimpflug technology (Pentacam, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Topographical data were derived from these measurements. The following parameters were used in this study: maximal keratometry (Kmax), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), Belin/Ambrósio total deviation value (BAD-D) and inferior-superior keratometric difference (I-S value). Pentacam provides two KC classification systems: the topographic keratoconus classification (TKC) [27] and the ABCD grading [28]. Both of them are related to the Amsler-Krumeich KC classification [27, 28]. The ABCD grading offers an independent staging of anterior as well as posterior surface and TCT. However, our clinical experience has shown that it is difficult to find patients, which have the same stage in each category (e.g., A2B2C2). Therefore, we decided to use TKC as target classification for predicting KC severity by DCR and pachymetric parameters. TKC is based on topographic indices like index of surface variance (ISV), keratoconus index (KI) and minimum radius (Rmin) [27]. KC patients who were classified as TKC 1, TKC 2 and TKC 3, were assigned to subgroups "mild KC", "moderate KC" and "advanced KC", respectively. Patients classified as "TKC 1–2" and "TKC 2–3" were assigned to mild and moderate, according to the normative range of ISV, KI and Rmin (shown in Table 1). Patients classified as "TKC 4" were not included in this study due to the limited number of cases.
Table 1 Demographics of healthy and keratoconus subjects
Statistical analysis and classification models
Statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms were performed using SPSS (version 25, IBM Statistics, Armonk, New York, USA) and R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; https://www.R-project.org/). Incomplete data, insufficient quality of Corvis ST measurement or outliers of patients' datasets were removed. One eye per participant or patient was used. The dataset was randomly divided into a training (around 70% of cases) and a validation (around 30% of cases) dataset. To solve this classification problem, random forest (RF) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were selected due to their suitability for multiclass classification. Both RF [17, 29] and LDA [30,31,32] were used in the past to solve classification problems in ophthalmology. The RF model is a machine learning algorithm that includes and combines a large number of decision trees to solve classification and regression issues [33, 34]. A decision tree is built up based on nodes where one independent variable is chosen to cause a decision to find the final prediction [33]. In RF, the outcome of each decision tree is a vote and the most predicted decision determines the final prediction [33]. On the other hand, LDA is a classification algorithm that uses discriminant functions, a linear combination of selected parameters, to classify two or more groups [35]. The discriminant function describes the numeric properties of the subgroups where the mean of these results constitute a centroid [35]. The differences of these means of two or more groups represent the cut-off value [35].
In general, machine learning approaches are categorized as supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning [33, 34]. Both RF and LDA are supervised machine learning algorithms. The aim of this application is that the machine learning algorithms are able to learn from a labeled dataset and to construct rules to predict unlabeled data, which is not in the dataset [34]. The learning process also includes an improvement in the accuracy if new data are added. The accuracy of the resulting model from the machine learning process depends on the amount and the quality of the data. There is also a risk of a biased training dataset that leads to a false prediction of unlabeled and independent data.
DCR and pachymetric parameters were exported from the Corvis ST software (version 1.5r1902) including 40 variables. The CBI and TBI were excluded because they represent already established indices and were later used for comparative analysis. Whole eye movement were not considered in the analysis because it does not directly represent corneal biomechanical properties. Parameters were assessed in their multicollinearity to each other by calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF) from the regression analysis. In the following, the final selection of DCR and pachymetric parameters were done by recursive feature elimination (caret package, R) and stepwise Wilks-Lambda method (SPSS) for RF and LDA, respectively (Fig. 1). The performance of each algorithm was evaluated with the validation dataset by generating a confusion matrix. Additionally, accuracy of the algorithm determined the overall performance, whereas sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) were determined for each subgroup ("healthy", "mild KC", "moderate KC" and "advanced KC"). Sn was calculated from
$$ \mathrm{true}\ \mathrm{positive}/\left(\mathrm{true}\ \mathrm{positive}+\mathrm{false}\ \mathrm{negative}\right) $$
Flow chart of data analysis and selection
Sp was calculated from
$$ \mathrm{true}\ \mathrm{negative}/\left(\mathrm{true}\ \mathrm{negative}+\mathrm{false}\ \mathrm{positive}\right) $$
In cases where Sn and Sp were calculated for each subgroup (e.g., "mild KC"), true positives were all cases that were classified as mild KC. True negatives were all non-mild KC cases that were not classified as mild KC. False positives were all non-mild KC cases that were classified as mild KC, whereas false negatives were all mild KC cases that were not classified as mild KC.
The developed algorithms were compared with respect to their suitability of detecting KC in general using the CBI and TBI. Finally, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted and area under the curves (AUC) were determined. For multiple comparisons, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used. A P value of less than 0.05 showed statistical significance. Sample size calculation was done using G Power (version 3.1.9.2, University of Duesseldorf, Germany) based on significant differences between the four subgroups (healthy, mild KC, moderate and advanced KC) using one-way ANOVA. A sample size of at least 45 subjects were necessary for each subgroup (effect size = 0.25, alpha error = 0.05, power = 0.8, number of groups = 4).
In this study, 116 eyes of 116 healthy participants (controls) and 318 eyes of 318 keratoconus patients were analyzed. There were significantly more male than female subjects (P = 0.004). The demographic data of healthy and keratoconus subjects are summarized in Table 1. Topographic parameters (Km, Kmax, I-S value) were significantly higher in the KC group than in controls (P < 0.001), as well as between healthy and mild KC, between mild KC and moderate KC and between moderate KC and advanced KC (P < 0.05). ARC, PRC and TCT were significantly lower in KC compared to controls (P < 0.001), and the lower the stage of KC was (P < 0.001). The bIOP was significantly different between both cohorts (P < 0.001), however, no differences were found between subgroups of KC (P > 0.05). CBI and TBI showed significant differences between controls and KC (P < 0.05), whereas TBI was not different between mild and moderate, or between moderate and advanced KC (P > 0.05).
Dynamic corneal response parameters in healthy and KC subjects
The comparison of important DCR and pachymetric parameters is shown in Table 2. Except for the deflection amplitude at 1st applanation (A1DefA), all shown parameters were significantly different between controls and KC (P < 0.001), controls and mild KC (P < 0.01), mild and moderate KC (P < 0.01), as well as moderate and advanced KC (P < 0.001).
Table 2 Comparison of the Top 10 DCR and pachymetric parameters between healthy and KC subjects in order of its importance in classification models
Classification of KC by DCR and pachymetric parameters
The complete dataset was randomly divided into a training and a validation dataset. There were no differences in age, bIOP, topographic and tomographic parameters between these datasets (P > 0.05, Table 3). Both models were tested with the validation dataset. Only these results were represented.
Table 3 Comparison of demographics between training and validation dataset
In LDA, the final model contained the following parameters, ordered by their importance to the algorithm: ARTh, SPA1, IntInverseR, PachySlope, Radius and A1V. The prediction based on Sn and Sp for mild, moderate, and advanced KC versus healthy were 73%/81%, 62%/83%, 68%/95% versus 82%/97%, respectively (Fig. 2). The overall accuracy for classifying the severity of KC was 71% (Table 4).
Comparison ROC curves of final LDA (left) and RF model with optimized cut-offs (DKI, right). ROC, receiver operating characteristics; AUC, area under curve; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; DKI, Dresden keratoconus index
Table 4 Confusion matrix of keratoconus severity prediction by LDA and RF models on validation dataset
In RF, the final model (with default cut-off values = 1/groups (0.25, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.25)) predicted the severity of mild, moderate, advanced KC versus healthy with a Sn/Sp of 57%/93%, 63%/92%, 87%/93% versus 100%/88%, respectively. The overall accuracy was 75% (Table 4). The final model included the following parameters (Top 10 out of 11), ordered by their importance to the model: ARTh, InverseR, SPA1, PachySlope, Pachy, IntInverseR, DAR1, DAR2, Radius and A1DefA (Fig. 3). The final RF model showed relatively low Sn for mild and moderate KC. Additionally, almost half of the mild KC cases were classified as healthy (Table 4). Therefore, the cut-off values of the RF model were adjusted to 0.36, 0.16, 0.19 and 0.29, improving especially the Sn for mild KC cases. The resulting optimized RF model (DKI) predicted mild, moderate, advanced KC versus healthy with a Sn and Sp of, 80%/90%, 63%/87%, 72%/95% versus 91%/94%, respectively (Fig. 2). The overall accuracy was 78% (Table 4) and therefore higher than the LDA as well as RF model with default cut-off values.
Importance of the top 10 DCR parameters to the final RF model (DKI) by its mean decrease of accuracy. A1, Applanation 1; ARTh, Ambrosio Relational Thickness horizontal; DAR1/2, ratio of central and peripheral deformation at 1/2 mm; DefA, deflection amplitude; InverseR, inverse concave radius; IntInversR, integrated inverse (concave) radius, Pachy, corneal thickness measured by Corvis ST; SPA1, stiffness parameter at 1st applanation
Comparing the general KC detection by DKI and LDA models with established CBI and TBI, all severity subgroups were assigned to the KC group. Each of the biomechanically based indices (DKI, LDA and CBI) showed an accuracy of more than 90% (Table 5). The prediction of KC by DKI and LDA model was as good as CBI. The TBI reached a Sn and Sp of 100%/99% in detecting KC.
Table 5 Confusion matrix of keratoconus detection by LDA, optimized RF (DKI), CBI and TBI on validation dataset
Biomechanical assessment using the Corvis ST is a useful tool to evaluate in vivo corneal biomechanics and is able to screen for KC and subclinical KC [17, 18]. The CBI is a combined index, which is based on logistic regression analysis where the final beta is transformed into a logistic sigmoid function and a cut-off value of 0.5 discriminates healthy (CBI < 0.5) from KC (CBI > 0.5). Clinical studies have shown high sensitivity and specificity in detecting KC [18, 19, 36, 37]. Contrarily, TBI combines tomographic and biomechanical data using random forest with leave-one-out cross validation, where a cut-off value of 0.29 provided an excellent accuracy in detecting KC and eyes with normal topography and tomography where the fellow eyes showed ectasia [17, 37, 38]. A cut-off value of 0.75 was found to detect clinical keratoconus with a Sn and Sp of 100%. However, the indices are not designed to predict the severity of KC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has used a random forest algorithm to predict the severity of KC based on DCR and pachymetric parameters derived from air-puff tonometry.
In our previous work, we showed with a smaller sample size, that DCR parameters were different in certain stages of KC [19]. However, differences were more pronounced between mild KC (TKC 1) and advanced KC (TKC 3) than between mild (TKC 1) and moderate (TKC 2) KC as well as between moderate and advanced KC. Moreover, we found alterations in DCR parameters between mild KC and healthy controls. Corneal thickness, bIOP and Kmax were noted to have an important impact in KC eyes on DCR parameters using regression analysis [19]. It was found that bIOP was significantly higher in healthy subjects compared to all KC patients. A higher IOP would imply a stiffer corneal behavior against the air-puff [22]. However, the difference was around 0.9 mmHg, which does not affect further analysis. In the current study, almost all DCR and pachymetric parameters were significantly different between controls and mild KC, as well as within KC groups. The results have shown that corneal thickness properties (Pachy, ARTh and Pachyslope) as well as the DCR parameters depend from the KC severity. In other words, the higher the stage of KC, the weaker is the corneal behavior against the air-puff. We investigated those DCR parameters that were important for the classification model. ARTh showed lower values, the higher the stage of KC, whereas Pachyslope showed higher values. Both parameters indicated thinner corneas and faster increase of corneal thickness to the periphery, the higher the stage of KC [39]. The more advanced the KC, the higher InverseR and IntInverseR were, suggesting a steeper corneal shape during the concave deformation phase. In higher stages of KC, the ratios of central to peripheral deformation at 1 mm (DAR1) and 2 mm (DAR2) were increased. These results suggest less resistance against the deformation, the higher the stage of KC is [18]. Furthermore, the stiffness parameter at the 1st applanation is lower in more advanced KC [22]. Koh et al. have observed similar results for DAR2, IntInverseR and SPA1 based on anterior and posterior curvature as well as corneal thickness. Steeper corneas (anterior and posterior curvature) have been associated with higher DAR2, higher IntInverseR and lower SPA1 [40].
For classification purposes, we decided to choose TKC as the target variable instead of ABCD grading, because of its higher complexity of anterior and posterior curvature, and corneal thickness evaluation. Furthermore, two different machine learning algorithms were used to predict the severity of KC using DCR and pachymetric parameters. The amount of DCR parameters were reduced while they were checked for multicollinearity (13 of 36 DCR parameters were removed). An improvement of each model (LDA and RF) was achieved by specific feature elimination methods. Finally, the LDA model contained six DCR parameters (ARTh, SPA1, IntInverseR, PachySlope, Radius and A1V) to predict the severity of KC, whereas the RF model contained 11 parameters (ARTh, InverseR, SPA1, PachySlope, Pachy, IntInverseR, DAR1, DAR2, Radius, A1DefA and A2DefAA).
In the first instance, LDA separated the four groups (controls, mild, moderate, and advanced KC) with an overall accuracy of 71%. The Sn and Sp were sufficient for controls and mild KC but inadequate for moderate and advanced KC. The RF model using default cut-off values showed excellent Sn and Sp for healthy controls and advanced KC. However, Sn was inadequate for mild and moderate KC, where mild KC were predicted as healthy in 29% of cases. Therefore, the RF model was optimized by improving cut-off values that led to excellent Sn and Sp for healthy controls and mild KC but to the detriment of Sn of advanced KC. Another reason for optimizing the cut-off values was the ability to better differentiate between healthy and mild KC due to clinical relevance. The optimized RF model is called Dresden Biomechanical Keratoconus Severity Index (DKI) and reached the highest overall accuracy of 78% compared to LDA and RF model with default cut-offs. Recently, Langenbucher et al. published a study with a similar aim where they utilized LDA and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms [41]. There were five subgroups (healthy and TKC 1–4), while the number of subjects were the same compared with this study. The overall accuracy was 65 and 64% for SVM and LDA, respectively [41]. These values were lower than in the present study.
Moreover, the DKI accomplished to be as good as the CBI in detecting keratoconus. In this study, surprisingly, Sn of the CBI was lower than in previous studies [18, 19, 36, 37], while a cut-off of 0.5 was used as published by Vinciguerra et al. [18]. The reason for this might be that the training process and the training dataset of the DKI was more suitable in separating mild KC from healthy compared with CBI. Nevertheless, DKI was comparable to the CBI in predicting KC in general. As mentioned previously, the TBI aims to predict subclinical ectasia by combining topographic and tomographic data with DCR parameters using a cut-off value of 0.29 [17]. In this study, a cut-off value of 0.79 was used for separating healthy from clinical keratoconus as described by Ambrosio et al. [17]. They found a Sn and Sp of 100% [17]. Our results reveal that the TBI showed only one misclassification in our study cohort, which resulted in excellent Sn, Sp, and accuracy.
A limitation of this pilot study is the small sample size of each group. Additionally, the single center design limits the accuracy concerning different races, devices, and users. The model might be improved by including more cases in the training database from different centers.
In this study, we developed a classification model that predicts the severity of KC with high accuracy but without compromising Sn and Sp in detecting KC when compared with the CBI. However, the most misclassifications occurred in moderate KC because of an overlap with mild and advanced KC. The DKI is mainly influenced by pachymetric parameters. However, DCR parameters describing properties of corneal deformation against the air-puff have a major impact on DKI as well. The clinical importance of the DKI is that a sole measurement of Scheimpflug-based tonometry is able to predict the severity of KC without any topographical and tomographical information. This could be interesting for clinical users that have a standalone Corvis ST without a Pentacam. Further studies should be conducted to determine the suitability of the DKI as a follow up parameter.
The dataset used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Ambrósio R Jr, Alonso RS, Luz A, Coca Velarde LG. Corneal-thickness spatial profile and corneal-volume distribution: tomographic indices to detect keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(11):1851–9.
Koh S, Inoue R, Ambrósio R Jr, Maeda N, Miki A, Nishida K. Correlation between corneal biomechanical indices and the severity of keratoconus. Cornea. 2020;39(2):215–21.
Langenbucher A, Häfner L, Eppig T, Seitz B, Szentmáry N, Flockerzi E. Keratoconus detection and classification from parameters of the Corvis® ST : a study based on algorithms of machine learning. Ophthalmologe. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-020-01231-1.
The authors thank Prof. Dr. Eberhard Spoerl for his valuable support in this project.
RH and FR were supported by a research grant from the Indo-German Science and Technology Center, Department of Science and Technology, DLR, Germany (grant number: 01DQ15016A).
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, TU 01307, Dresden, Germany
Robert Herber, Lutz E. Pillunat & Frederik Raiskup
Robert Herber
Lutz E. Pillunat
Frederik Raiskup
RH and FR designed the study. RH collected, analyzed and interpreted the data. RH drafted the manuscript. LEP and FR critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Robert Herber.
The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany following the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (EK 104032018). The study is part of the "Dresden Corneal Disease and Treatment Study" (NCT04251143). Before enrolment, all participants were informed about study purposes, methods and data analysis and an informed consent was signed.
All participants have confirmed a consent for publication.
All authors have no conflicts of interests to be declared. There are no financial interests to disclose.
In parts presented as paper presentation at CXL Experts Meeting in Zurich 2019, Annual Conference of the German Society of Ophthalmology in Berlin 2019 and accepted as paper presentation at ARVO 2020.
Herber, R., Pillunat, L.E. & Raiskup, F. Development of a classification system based on corneal biomechanical properties using artificial intelligence predicting keratoconus severity. Eye and Vis 8, 21 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-021-00244-4
Corneal biomechanics
Corvis ST


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Home | Fox | Why Wasn'T Megan Fox In Transformers 3
Why Wasn'T Megan Fox In Transformers 3
It's no secret that Megan Fox was not in Transformers 3. There have been a lot of rumors and speculation as to why that is. Some say it's because she was pregnant others say it's because she wasn't happy with her role in the franchise.
Why wasn't Megan Fox in Transformers 3?
How many Transformers movies has Megan Fox starred in?
Why did Megan Fox get fired from Transformers?
When was Transformers 3 released?
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What did Megan Fox say about Michael Bay that got her fired from Transformers?
Who replaced Megan Fox in Transformers 3?
Was Transformers 3 a box office success?
What is the name of the Autobot that Megan Fox's character Mikaela Banes falls in love with?
What was the budget for Transformers 3?
Who directed Transformers 3?
What was the title of the sequel to Transformers?
When was Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen released?
What is the name of the human protagonist in the Transformers franchise?
Who plays Sam Witwicky in the Transformers movies?
The most likely reason is that she was pregnant. Fox had her first child Noah in September 2012. Production on Transformers 3 began in May 2010 and wrapped in October 2010 so it's possible that Fox was already pregnant when filming started.
There have also been rumors that Fox wasn't happy with her role in the franchise. She famously said that she was "treated like a props" in Transformers 2 and that the franchise was "not about acting." It's possible that she didn't want to return for Transformers 3 because she wasn't happy with her role.
However the most likely reason is that she was pregnant. Fox had her first child Noah in September 2012. Production on Transformers 3 began in May 2010 and wrapped in October 2010 so it's possible that Fox was already pregnant when filming started.
Answer: Megan Fox was not in Transformers 3 because she was fired from the franchise after making derogatory comments about director Michael Bay.
Answer: Megan Fox has starred in two Transformers movies.
Answer: Megan Fox was fired from Transformers after making derogatory comments about director Michael Bay.
Answer: Transformers 3 was released on July 1 2011.
Answer: The first Transformers movie that Megan Fox starred in was Transformers which was released on June 27 2007.
Answer: Megan Fox called Michael Bay "a Nazi" and "tyrant" in an interview with Wonderwall.
Answer: Victoria's Secret model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley replaced Megan Fox in Transformers 3.
Answer: Yes Transformers 3 was a box office success grossing $1.
124 billion worldwide.
Answer: The Autobot that Megan Fox's character Mikaela Banes falls in love with is Bumblebee.
Answer: The budget for Transformers 3 was $195 million.
Answer: Michael Bay directed Transformers 3.
Answer: The title of the sequel to Transformers is Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.
Answer: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen was released on June 24 2009.
Answer: The human protagonist in the Transformers franchise is Sam Witwicky.
Answer: Shia LaBeouf plays Sam Witwicky in the Transformers movies.
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text:
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