text:
Explaining the 140 Million: Breaking Down the Numbers Behind the Moral Budget
By Shailly Gupta Barnes
Analysis|
Featured|
"The prescription for the cure rests with an accurate diagnosis of the disease."
—Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
A recent article by the Washington Post fact checker looked closely at the fact that there are 140 million people who are poor or low-income in the U.S. today. While they were clear to say that government data confirms this is an accurate statistic, the article also opened up a debate on how poverty is measured.
For several years, the Kairos Center for Religions, Rights and Social Justice and the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival have been examining U.S. Census Data on poverty. Since 2017, we have worked with policy institutes and economists to develop an assessment of current measures of poverty – and their limitations – and identify the best measures to understand the state of poverty and economic insecurity in the U.S. today. This includes the Institute for Policy Studies and the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University.
Through this collaboration, we have compiled the following resource on why the Poor People's Campaign uses the Supplemental Poverty Measure, going up to 200% of the poverty threshold, to establish that there are 140 million poor and low-income people in this country.
These numbers must be taken seriously. Despite current efforts by the Trump administration, we cannot hide these numbers behind restrictive definitions or measurements of poverty. And there are life-threatening consequences to minimizing these definitions, including 300,000 children and 250,000 adults losing access to health care. Each one of those 140 million was born a child of God. Each one of those 140 million is deserving of a government that will ensure their unalienable rights to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." Each one of those 140 million are deserving of a life with dignity.
It is time to face the truth of poverty and economic insecurity in America.
TWO MEASURES OF POVERTY: THE OFFICIAL POVERTY MEASURE AND THE SUPPLEMENTAL POVERTY MEASURE
The U.S. Census provides two different measures of poverty: the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM).
The OPM was developed in 1963 and is based on income and food expense data from 1955. At that time, a poor family of 3 or more was found to spend about 1/3 of its income on food. While the OPM has been updated to account for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index, it does not account for how household expenses have changed relative to the costs of food. The OPM still assumes the basic formula – that households spend 1/3 of their income on food – but it does not reflect current patterns of household spending, including how rent, health care, gas, or other common household expenses have changed since 1955.
In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences recommended a new measure for estimating poverty in the United States.[1] The result has been the development and U.S. Census Bureau publication (since 2011) of the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). The SPM accounts for family income after taxes and transfers, and as such, it shows the antipoverty effects of some of the largest federal support programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps/SNAP) and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). It also takes into account critical out-of-pocket expenses for food, clothing, housing, and utilities, and is adjusted by geography as well as housing tenure (whether you are a homeowner, mortgage-holder, or renter).[2]
As a comparison of the two measures:
In 2017, the poverty threshold under the OPM was $24,858 for a 4-person household.
Under the SPM, the poverty threshold for a 2-adult, 2-child household ranged from $23,261 to $27,085, depending on whether you were a renter or homeowner and whether or not you had a mortgage.
Poverty indicators are always estimates of some underlying conditions of income hardship that are difficult to observe. This means that these measurements are, to some degree, always limited. However, the SPM is the measure of choice by poverty researchers.[3] In 2019, the National Academies consensus report on reducing child poverty by half specified the SPM as the metric for evaluating potential policies.[4]
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POOR AND LOW INCOME
Although a broader and preferred measure, the SPM poverty threshold remains a meager estimate of poverty. For instance, according to the SPM, a four-person household with an income of $30,000 is not poor because they fall above the designated threshold.
Instead, the population living between 100-199% of the poverty threshold is sometimes defined as "low-income."[5] While not technically categorized as poor, they are living just one emergency, traffic violation or health care crisis away from being poor and most likely will fall under that poverty threshold – and into poverty – over the course of the year. This is why the 2019 National Academies consensus report also makes reference to families with incomes below 200 percent of the SPM poverty threshold as a group to look at closely when considering economic insecurity.[6]
The distinction between those who fall below the threshold and those who fall above it is arbitrary for those who are living in economic insecurity. For this reason, the Poor People's Campaign looks at everyone living under 200% of the SPM poverty threshold to estimate poverty and economic insecurity.
According to the SPM from 2017, 43.5% or 140 million people are poor or low-income in the US today.[7] This breaks down into the following demographics:[8]
52.5% or 39 million children (below 18)
41.9% or 21 million elders (above 65)
42.6% or 65.8 million men
45% or 74.2 million women
60.4% or 26 million Black people
64.1% or 38 million Latinx people
40.8 or 8 million Asian people
58.9% or 2.14 million Native/Indigenous people
33.5% or 66 million White people
A similar statistic came out of the 2018 Federal Reserve Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households, finding that 40% of adults in this country could not afford a $400 emergency.[9]
As compared to the OPM, the SPM more closely reflects contemporary household expenses. Including the low-income population in this calculation is important to estimate the economic insecurity gripping more and more Americans.
This measurement remains incomplete – it does not account for indebtedness, medical needs or insurance costs, among others. Yet, given this estimate, we need to be expanding the capacity of the U.S. Census to conduct this critical task of measuring poverty and broadening our understanding of what it means to be poor today in the richest country in the world.
Only with an accurate diagnosis will we be able to identify a cure to this crisis.
Speakers and witnesses from the Poor People's Campaign at the House Budget Hearing on Poverty in the US.
Steve Pavey
[1] Citro, Constance F., and Robert T. Michael, eds. 1995. Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/4759/measuring-poverty-a-new-approach.
[2] Fox, Liana. 2017. "Anchored and relative: Supplemental thresholds for the SPM," Working paper SEHSD-WP2017-50, U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2017/demo/SEHSD-WP2017-50.html; Johnson, David S., and Timothy M. Smeeding. 2012. "A consumer's guide to interpreting various U.S. poverty measures," University of Wisconsin-Madison Institute for Research on Poverty, Fast Focus (14) May 2012. https://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/fastfocus/pdfs/FF14-2012.pdf.
[3] Fox, Liana. 2018. "The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2017," Report P60-265, U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-265.html; Hutto, Nathan, Jane Waldfogel, Neeraj Kaushal, and Irwin Garfinkel. 2011. "Improving the measurement of poverty," Social Services Review, 85 (1): 39-74. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659129;
[4] Duncan, Greg, and Suzanne Le Menestrel, eds. 2019. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25246.
[5] Duncan, Greg, and Suzanne Le Menestrel, eds. 2019. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25246. See also, Halfon, Neal, Kandyce Larson, John Son, Michael Lu, Christina Bethell. 2017. "Income inequality and the differential effect of adverse childhood experiences in US children," Academic Pediatrics, 17 (7): S70-S78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.007; Hardy, Bradley, Timothy Smeeding, and James P. Ziliak. 2018. "The changing safety net for low-income parents and their children: Structural or cyclical changes in income support policy?" Demography, 55 (1): 189-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0642-7; Jiang, Yang, Mercedes Ekono, and Curtis Skinner. 2016. "Basic facts about low-income children: Children under 18 years, 2014," Fact sheet, National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University. http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_1145.html; Wimer, Christopher, Sophie Collyer, Irwin Garfinkel, Lauren Kennedy, Matthew Maury, Kathryn Neckerman, Julien Teitler, and Jane Waldfogel. 2018. "The state of poverty and disadvantage in New York City," Report, Poverty Tracker: Monitoring Poverty and Well-Being in NYC, Robin Hood Foundation. https://robinhoodorg-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2018/12/PT_ANNUAL_12.19.pdf.
[6] Duncan, Greg, and Suzanne Le Menestrel, eds. 2019. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25246;
[7] https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-265.pdf; https://ips-dc.org/supplemental-poverty-measure/
[8] https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-265.pdf
[9] https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2017-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201805.pdf
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2 tsp natural energy powder.
Mix together the yoghurt, peanut butter, honey and cinnamon.
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Layer half your banana and 1/3 of your oat mix.
Continue with the next layer and top with the oat mix.


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As many of you will know, Cyclone Ita recently rocked north QLD as the strongest tropical cyclone to impact the area since Cyclone Yasi three years prior. But despite Ita's destruction, we at Ausclimate were very happy to hear of a little blessing from some of our latest Ausclimate friends, Kasia and Daniel of Tully, QLD.
Kasia and partner Daniel are from the small town of Tully – approximately 140 kilometers south of Cairns and 210 kilometres north of Townsville and one of the wettest places in Australia. Kasia and Daniel had planned well ahead for the disastrous effects of Cyclone Ita with their Ausclimate Dehumidifier purchase. It came as a surprise however that a little bundle of joy decided to arrive just as the cyclone hit! We were delighted to hear of the safe delivery of baby boy, Charlie and that mother and son are doing well.
Kasia spoke of their thought process through this crazy series of events; " As I was watching the cyclone's progress, I decided we were in the safest place possible – surrounded by midwives and an obstetrician on call in a solid brick building".
We were also happy to hear that in addition to the safe delivery of their baby boy Charlie, their Dehumidifier was also delivered safely despite the wild weather. All the best to Kasia, Daniel & Charlie as well as all those effected by Cyclone Ita. And as always, if you have any home moisture problems of your own, please don't hesitate to get in touch, we're here to help with friendly, expert advice and product details.
Categories: news | Tags: brisbane, cairns, cyclone ita, dehumidifier, dehumidifier qld, dehumidifiers, qld, townsville | Permalink.


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Backstory. Your character's life prior to the start of the story is sure to (or should) include moments of injustice, unmet wants or needs, even threats to her emotional or physical well-being. These events don't need to be traumatic so long as they have a lasting effect on your character.
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Other traits. On the same vein, what if racist talk makes her angry, or people who believe a particular stereotype, or people who drink excessively? This says something about her beliefs, her upbringing, the people she will respond to (positively and negatively), and maybe even her current lifestyle.
Then there's how your character expresses (or doesn't express) her anger… But that will be addressed later this month!
Posted in Characters, The Process.Tagged character arcs, character development, dragon plume, dragonplume, verbal fight scenes, world building, writer block, writer inspiration, writer resources, writing resources.


Lacquerluster: Urban Decay 24/7 Haul!
So I totally missed out on the 15th anniversary eyeliner set but I decided to buy the colors I really wanted on ebay. They're not too bad, usually around $7-10 shipped, except Perversion which is usually $18-22.
I actually had changed my mind about buying Perversion but I forgot about the snipe I set and I ended up winning it on ebay.
Then, I saw a bunch of 24/7 Shadow Pencils for a great price on ebay! I got them today.
I love these! They really last forever and they come in lots of great colors. Just a few more and I'll have them all, haha. I do tend to be a collector when it comes to things I like.


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Susan Marie Zawacki, 2016 Collegiate
Susan Zawacki's career in athletics has spanned 40 years including 25 as a head coach of girls' and women's basketball. In 1978 she was hired at Hamilton College to start the first women's basketball team; in just two years the Hamilton team earned a berth in the New York State Basketball Tournament. While at Hamilton she played an early role in organizing try-out protocol for the Empire State games. Future collegiate coaching at Amherst College and the University of Chicago brought opportunities for service on NCAA Committees, ultimately serving for many years as the National Chairperson for the NCAA Div. III Women's Basketball Committee. In 2012 she was inducted to Section 1 Hendrick Hudson High School Hall of Fame and in 2013 became a member of the C-Club Hall of Fame at SUNY Cortland.
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text:
Q: Is there a Python class/enum for flag/bit mask operations? I know of base classes Enum and IntEnum. Both are very helpful but I miss features for flag operations. I don't expect that these two classes implement my wished feature.
Let's construct an example:
class NetlistKind(IntEnum):
  Unknown = 0
  LatticeNetlist = 1
  QuartusNetlist = 2
  XSTNetlist = 4
  CoreGenNetlist = 8
  All = 15

As you can see, I'm already using IntEnum to get arithmetic features for this enum. It would be nice to have something like @unique to ensure all values are a power of two. I can do this by forking enum.unique for my needs. (I'm aware that All is an exception from that rule.)
How is such an enum used?
filter = NetlistKind.LatticeNetlist | NetlistKind.QuartusNetlist

Thanks to the underlaying int bit operations are possible and filter has an internal value of 3.
If would be nice to have a "is flag X set in filter Y" function or even better an operator. I add a magic function for x in y:
@unique
class NetlistKind(IntEnum):
  Unknown = 0
  LatticeNetlist = 1
  QuartusNetlist = 2
  XSTNetlist = 4
  CoreGenNetlist = 8
  All = 15

  def __contains__(self, item):
    return  (self.value & item.value) == item.value

Usage example:
....
  def GetNetlists(self, filter=NetlistKind.All):
    for entity in self._entities:
      for nl in entity.GetNetlists():
        if (nl.kind in filter):
          yield nl

  def GetXilinxNetlists(self):
    return self.GetNetlists(NetlistKind.XSTNetlist | NetlistKind.CoreGenNetlist)

So the questions are:

*

*Are there better ways to implement bit fields?

*Are thete better ways to implement such an 1-D filter? I don't want to use lamdas for such a simple filter condition?

*Is such solution already included in the Python standard library?

*How to add this enum extension to the next Python version? :)

Open features:

*

*return a list of all active flags in __str__

*...?

A: Python 3.6 has added Flag and IntFlag which support the usual bit-wise operations.  As a bonus, the resulting values from the bit-wise operations are still members of the original flag class, and are singletons [1].
The aenum library also has this addition and is usable back to Python 2.7.
[1] A bug exists in 3.6.0: if the psuedo-flag members are being created in threads then there may end up being duplicates; this is fixed in 3.6.1 (and never existed in aenum).

A: I feel like having an example of a native Python flag and bitwise operations would be nice here.
from enum import Flag, auto

class FoodCategory(Flag):
    FISH = auto()
    SHELLFISH = auto()
    TREE_NUTS = auto()
    PEANUTS = auto()
    WHEAT = auto()
    RICE = auto()
    MILK = auto()
    BUTTER = auto()
    ALLERGENS = TREE_NUTS | PEANUTS | WHEAT | MILK

if __name__ == "__main__":
    DAIRY = FoodCategory.MILK | FoodCategory.BUTTER
    print(f"{FoodCategory.MILK in DAIRY = }")
    print(f"{FoodCategory.SHELLFISH in DAIRY = }")
    print(f"{FoodCategory.WHEAT in FoodCategory.ALLERGENS = }")
    print(f"{FoodCategory.SHELLFISH in FoodCategory.ALLERGENS = }")

Output:
FoodCategory.MILK in DAIRY = True
FoodCategory.SHELLFISH in DAIRY = False
FoodCategory.WHEAT in FoodCategory.ALLERGENS = True
FoodCategory.SHELLFISH in FoodCategory.ALLERGENS = False

A: I've recently published an opensource package py-flags that aims this problem. That library has exactly this functionality and its design is heavily influenced by the python3 enum module.
There are debates about whether it is pythonic enough to implement such a flags class because its functionality has huge overlaps with other methods provided by the language (collection of bool variables, sets, objects with bool attributes or dicts with bool items, ...). For this reason I feel a flags class to be too narrow purpose and/or redundant to make its way to the standard library but in some cases it is much better than the previously listed solutions so having a "pip install"-able library can come in handy.
Your example would look like the following using the py-flags module:
from flags import Flags

class NetlistKind(Flags):
    Unknown = 0
    LatticeNetlist = 1
    QuartusNetlist = 2
    XSTNetlist = 4
    CoreGenNetlist = 8
    All = 15

The above things could be tweaked a bit further because a flags class declared with the library automatically provides two "virtual" flags: NetlistKind.no_flags and NetlistKind.all_flags. These make the already declared NetlistKind.Unknown and NetlistKind.All redundant so we could leave them out from the declaration but the problem is that no_flags and all_flags don't match your naming convention. To aid this we declare a flags base class in your project instead of flags.Flags and you will have to use that in the rest of your project:
from flags import Flags

class BaseFlags(Flags):
    __no_flags_name__ = 'Unknown'
    __all_flags_name__ = 'All'

Based on the previously declared base class that can be subclassed by any of your flags in your project we could change your flag declaration to:
class NetlistKind(BaseFlags):
    LatticeNetlist = 1
    QuartusNetlist = 2
    XSTNetlist = 4
    CoreGenNetlist = 8

This way NetlistKind.Unknown is automatically declared with a value of zero. NetlistKind.All is also there and it is automatically the combination of all of your declared flags. It is possible to iterate enum members with/without these virtual flags. You can also declare aliases (flags that have the same value as another previously declared flag).
As an alternative declaration using the "function-call style" (also provided by the standard enum module):
NetlistKind = BaseFlags('NetlistKind', ['LatticeNetlist', 'QuartusNetlist',
                                        'XSTNetlist', 'CoreGenNetlist'])

If a flags class declares some members then it is considered to be final. Trying to subclass it will result in error. It is semantically undesired to allow subclassing a flag class for the purpose of adding new members or change functionality.
Besides this the flags class provides the operators your listed (bool operators, in, iteration, etc...) in a type-safe way. I'm going to finish the README.rst along with a little plumbing on the package interface in the next few days but the basic functionality is already there and tested with quite good coverage.

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Question: How much money should I have set aside in a rainy day fund for my property?
Answer: Assuming the tenant pays their rent on time you will get paid electronically (if you desire) via Automated clearing house (ACH) around the 15th of each month. Or will mail you a check if you prefer.
Question: Do you as the property manager pay my mortgage and real estate taxes.
Answer: Yes we handle typical maintenance items by using local vetted tradesmen. Our management agreement authorizes us to automatically handle items under $300 that we deem necessary.
Question: How do I know what the expenses on my rental property were on a monthly and yearly basis.
Answer: We will send you monthly expense reports every month and a yearly report in January of every year. If at all possible these reports will include the original work order requests and the invoices from the vendors.
Question: What expenses are owner and expenses and what are the tenant's responsibility.
Answer: Typically we will clean the furnace in the fall, blow out the sprinklers in the fall, turn on the sprinklers in the spring, and clean fireplaces as necessary all at the owner's expense. Owners are responsible for systems and appliances. Tenants are responsible for yard maintenance and day to day maintenance.
Question: What damages are the tenants responsible for after they move out?
Answer: According the lease and statute law tenants are responsible for damages that are beyond normal wear and tear. Normal wear and tear can be an ambiguous term and open to some interpretation in a court of law. Some judges refer to the IRS depreciation schedule to define it. Typically carpet and paint have a 3-5 year life span in the eyes of the law.


text:
Judge recuses himself from trial of Officer Rosfeld in killing of Antwon Rose | TribLIVE.com
Judge recuses himself from trial of Officer Rosfeld in killing of Antwon Rose
Megan Guza
Wed., September 19, 2018 9:45 a.m. | Wednesday, September 19, 2018 9:45 a.m.
Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas
Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas Judge Alexander Bicket
Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas Judge Anthony Mariani
Michael Rosfeld
The judge assigned to the homicide trial for East Pittsburgh police Officer Michael Rosfeld recused himself from the case Wednesday, a week after saying he would not step aside.
Allegheny Court of Common Pleas Judge Anthony Mariani stepped down from the case. Judge Alexander Bicket will take over the case, according to the District Attorney's Office.
Rosfeld faces one count of homicide in the June 19 killing of 17-year-old Antwon Rose II as he ran from a felony traffic stop. Rose was unarmed at the time of the shooting.
Mariani said during a hearing Wednesday that his decision came down to concerns over the appearance of impropriety. The judge said he wanted to err on the side of caution.
"The appearance of impropriety issue is a very broad brush, and it goes far beyond actual intent," he said.
Both attorneys in the case — Patrick Thomassey for Rosfeld and Chief Trial Deputy District Attorney Daniel Fitzsimmons for the prosecution — have accused each other of unethical behavior, Mariani said. The judge did not want questions over his bias or impartiality to further cloud the case.
"The context is one that I think forces me into the position that I'm in," he said.
Thomassey had asked Mariani to recuse himself in light of comments he made two days after the shooting. The judge appears in a regular segment on PCNC's NightTalk called "Sidebar with Judge Mariani."
Mariani was assigned to the case on Aug. 17.
In the segment, which aired June 21, Mariani "used words such as 'Maybe he shot this man out of frustration' and 'Maybe the training wasn't adequate,'" Thomassey said.
Thomassey had questioned whether Mariani could remain impartial after having made those statements, but Mariani said during a pre-trial conference on Sept. 11 that he had no plans to do so.
"I don't think I am incapable of presiding over this case," he said at the time. He said that if had, he'd have recused himself already by that point.
The hearing had initially been scheduled to hear arguments regarding a motion filed last week by Fitzsimmons requesting a gag order on the case, which would bar attorneys and witnesses from making any statements to the media.
That request had stemmed from Thomassey's comments made after the Sept. 11 pre-trial conference, according to the motion.
"At various times … counsel for the defendant has made extrajudicial statements to members of the print, radio and television media that would tend to prejudice the trial process …" Fitzsimmons wrote in the motion.
Chief among the statements were those in which Thomassey alleged that prosecutors were "trying to hide something."
Thomassey had begun to defend his statements before Mariani interjected with his recusal.
"All I did was reiterate what I said in court," Thomassey said. He called it unfair to Rosfeld – "he has not said one word," he said.
"He said I was trying to hide exculpatory evidence," Fitzsimmons responded.
The hearing for the motion for the gag order has not been scheduled. The trial date remains set for Feb. 26.
Megan Guza is a Tribune-Review staff writer. You can contact Megan at 412-380-8519, [email protected] or via Twitter @meganguzaTrib.
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