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The Characterization of Ultra-Thin Layers of Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride
Sponsored by Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural AnalysisJul 10 2015
Theta Probe and Theta 300 instruments from Thermo Scientific have been utilized to define very thin layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon oxynitride on silicon by means of parallel angle resolved XPS (PARXPS) method.
Comparison between PARXPS and ellipsometry demonstrated that the former method gives excellent accuracy, and a high level of precision was also shown through a dynamic stability test.
In addition, the PARXPS method gives non-destructive, reproducible depth profiles of the chemical conductions inside the layer. This article shows how PARXPS measurements of silicon oxynitride samples provide thickness and uniformity of films, chemical state data, nitrogen dose and distribution of nitrogen in each of its chemical states. It also describes the accuracy and precision of the information.
In this analysis, a set of SiO2 on silicon samples was investigated. The oxide's thickness was already determined through ellipsometry. The results demonstrate superior linearity with a unity gradient to within ~ 1% (Figure 1).
This offset is induced by surface impurity, which would not be possible to differentiate from the layer of oxide through ellipsometry. SIMS analysis reveals that there is a layer of impurity of about 0.8nm thick that correlates well with the PARXPS data.
Figure 1. Comparison of PARXPS and ellipsometry
To perform a dynamic repeatability test of Theta 300 instrument, two silicon oxynitride wafers were utilized. Measurements of both thickness and nitrogen dose were carried out at three sites on individual wafer (Figures 2 and 3).
The measurements were again performed 10 times and the wafers were taken out from the Theta 300 system between measurements. The mean (mn), standard deviation (SD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) are illustrated for nitrogen dose and thickness in Tables 1 and 2.
Figure 2. Dynamic repeatability tests showing the thickness of the oxynitride layer at three points on each of two wafers.
Figure 3. Dynamic repeatability tests showing the nitrogen dose in the oxynitride layer at three points on each of two wafers.
Table 1. Reproducibility of thickness measurements from dynamic repeatability test
Wafer 1 Mean (nm) 2.15 2.53 2.54
SD (nm) 0.0087 0.0118 0.0082
RSD 0.35% 0.47% 0.32%
Table 2. Reproducibility of nitrogen dose measurements from dynamic repeatability test
Wafer 1 Mean (1014 atoms cm-2) 4.89 4.77 4.74
SD (1014 atoms cm-2) 0.049 0.065 0.062
Wafer 2 Mean (1014 atoms cm-2) 15.10 14.80 14.43
Wafer Map
A wafer map was obtained from half a 200mm wafer, and at each of the 522 mapping points the thickness of the oxide was determined from the PARXPS information and a thickness map was subsequently built (Figure 4). Table 3 shows the summary of the data. Ellipsometry was used to map the same wafer. Following this, line scans were obtained from both the ellipsometry and PARXPS maps. These are then compared which show close agreement (Figure 5).
Table 3. Summary of the data in the wafer map
Number of mapping points 522
Acquisition time per point 30 s
Mean oxide thickness 3.93 nm
Standard deviation 0.02 nm
Relative standard deviation 0.5%
Figure 4. 3D representation of oxide thickness on 200mm wafer from ARXPS data
Figure 5. Comparison of the thickness measured using PARXPS with that measured using ellipsometry
Chemical States
Figure 6 illustrates the N 1s spectra from a silicon oxynitride layer obtained at a bulk sensitive and a surface sensitive angle. The spectra reveal the presence of a minimum of two chemical environments for nitrogen (Na and Nb) (Figure 7).
PARXPS measurements taken from a silicon oxynitride layer on silicon reveal significant alterations in the nitrogen chemistry with angle (Figure 6). Na is a primary peak across the angular range, whilst Nb is reduced at the more grazing emission angles. This indicates that Nb is situated under the surface close to the interface of oxynitride and silicon.
Figure 6. N 1s spectra from an oxynitride layer from bulk and surface sensitive angles
Figure 7. N 1s binding energies for the chemical environments present in oxynitride layers
Relative Depth Plot
A relative depth plot displays the arrangement of the chemical species in the layer. This plot is acquired by determining the peak regions from a small array of surface sensitive angles, separating this by the intensity in a small range of massive sensitive angles and acquiring the natural logarithm. This process is again performed for individual species existing in the spectrum and the outcomes are plotted on a chart. An example of this is illustrated in Figure 8, which demonstrates the predicted layer of carbon present at the surface, the elemental silicon deepest in the layer, and the nitrogen species at varied depths inside the layer.
Figure 8. Relative depth plot from a silicon oxynitride layer
While the relative depth plot fails to give quantitative depth data, it gives a precise indication of the arrangement of layers. Independent of any model, this technique provides a useful check upon measuring the quantitative depth data.
Depth Distribution
A non-destructive concentration depth profile can be constructed from PARXPS information using the method of maximum entropy; such a profile is shown in Figure 9. In this profile, the primary nitrogen species persists across the oxynitride layer, while the minor species (Nb) is present close to the silicon interface. The depth profile in Figure 9 correlates with the relative depth plot (Figure 8), but gives more critical data. A summary of the thickness and dose data derived from Figure 9 is shown in Table 4.
Figure 9. Concentration depth profile through a silicon oxynitride layer constructed using the Maximum Entropy method. Note that concentration axes do not apply to Si and C profiles.
Table 4. Quantitative information extracted from the depth profile in Figure 9
Film thickness 2.6 nm
Dose Na 1.8 x 1015 atoms cm-2
Dose Nc 1.6 x 1014 atoms cm-2
Comparison with Sputtering
Using low energy ion beams, it is possible to analyze oxynitride layers by sputter profiling. Figure 10 illustrates a case wherein argon ions with an energy of 500eV were utilized.
Figure 10. Sputter profile through the same oxynitride layer as that shown in Figure 9. The ion energy used for this profile is 500 eV. (a) is the full profile and (b) is an enlargement of the early part of the profile.
The results of sputter profile revile that Nb vanishes during the early stages of the profile, suggesting that Nb is situated near the surface. Based on the PARXPS information, this interpretation is not accurate. The right explanation of the sputter profile is that under the effect of the ion beam, Nb is being changed into Na. This change does not occur during the course of PARXPS analysis. Analogous results were acquired using an ion energy of 250eV.
Reproducibility of Profiles
To analyze the reproducibility of the data as well as the Maximum Entropy approach for profile creation, data from an oxynitride layer were acquired thrice from the same point on a wafer. Figure 11 shows these results. In this sample, nitrogen existed only in a single chemical state.
Figure 11. Comparison of three depth profiles generated from the same point on a wafer using the Maximum Entropy method. The data show excellent reproducibility.
Dose and Thickness Measurement
Dose as well as thickness can be quantified at different points on a wafer to create a map or profile. These can be created from complete wafers by means of the Theta 300 instrument. A 49-point oxynitride thickness map obtained from a 300mm wafer is illustrated in Figure 12. 1.733nm is the mean thickness of this layer, with a standard deviation of 0.79% and an overall thickness range of 0.054nm.
Figure 12. A 49-point oxynitride thickness map from the whole of a 300mm wafer.
It is possible to create a nitrogen dose map from the same data set (Figure 13). Nitrogen dose is measured once its depth distribution is corrected. In this example, the mean dose is 2.43 x 1014 atoms/cm2, with a standard deviation of 2.15% and an overall variation of dose across the entire wafer of 0.32 x 1014 atoms/cm2.
Figure 13. A 49-point nitrogen dose map from a 300mm wafer
For measuring film thickness, PARXPS is found to be excellent in terms of accuracy and precision when compared to ellipsometry. Unlike ellipsometry, PARXPS is capable of differentiating the chemical states of nitrogen in the layer and gives their depth and distribution. A thin layer of contamination will exist at the wafer's surface, but ellipsometry will not take account of this contamination.
There is a risk that the quantified layer thickness will comprise the layer of contamination. In PARXPS, the layer of contamination is not included in the determination of oxide or oxynitride thickness. As dielectric layers become thinner and thinner, the layer of contamination becomes a major part of the layer thickness. It becomes critical that the dielectric layer is differentiated from the contaminant layer.
It is possible to construct thickness maps and chemical state maps of a wafer from the same data set. With the help of PARXPS, an oxidized form of nitrogen was observed to be present at the silicon interface. Upon analyzing this layer through using sputter depth profiling, the oxidized form of nitrogen is removed during the preliminary stages of profile acquisition.
This would lead to an inaccurate conclusion that the oxidized nitrogen is not at the interface between the silicon and the oxynitride, but at the layer's surface. This is because the range of the argon ions utilized for sputtering is analogous to the thickness of the layer.
Hence, the ion beam would interact with the layer's interface region from the beginning of the profiling. In this example, the outcome of the interaction is to bring down the oxidized nitrogen to the lower binding energy.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis.
For more information on this source, please visit Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis.
Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis. (2019, March 11). The Characterization of Ultra-Thin Layers of Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride. AZoM. Retrieved on July 16, 2019 from https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12138.
Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis. "The Characterization of Ultra-Thin Layers of Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride". AZoM. 16 July 2019. <https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12138>.
Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis. "The Characterization of Ultra-Thin Layers of Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride". AZoM. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12138. (accessed July 16, 2019).
Thermo Fisher Scientific – Materials & Structural Analysis. 2019. The Characterization of Ultra-Thin Layers of Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride. AZoM, viewed 16 July 2019, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12138.
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Radio, Television, Humour, Pictures, Music, Life the Universe anything goes from the Wireless Waffler living in the wonderful country called England
List of favourite presenters
Offshore Pirate Radio
Philip Birch – sad news but a good age
Tributes paid to Piccadilly Radio founder Philip Birch
From the Radio Today Site
I have the Radio London book by Chris Elliott, I wonder if someone will be writing a "Radio London Bible" in due course. I wish Philip Birch's loved ones my sincere condolences, but assure them that we appreciated his professional skills in running a successful offshore radio station in the 60s!
Philip Birch, founder of the Manchester Independent Radio consortium that won the licence for Piccadilly Radio has died at his home in California at the age of 94.
He was well known for running the pirate station Radio London before going on to establish Manchester Independent Radio, operating as Piccadilly Radio in Manchester.
Philip also ran Air Services, which sold national advertising for stations throughout the UK. He was CEO of both Piccadilly and Air until he retired in 1984.
Many people working in radio today have Philip to thank for giving them their first job in radio in the 70s and 80s.
They include Bauer Radio News' current Editor-in-Chief John Pickford, who told RadioToday: "He actually interviewed me and gave me my job at Piccadilly Radio. He was a true gentleman and commercial radio has a lot to thank him for.
"I went for an interview and the news editor wasn't able to see me. So, Philip and I talked a lot about Pirate Radio and Radio London which we were both passionate about.
"Thank you, Philip, I wouldn't still be doing what I am doing today without that first opportunity you gave me."
Tributes have also been paid by friends and former colleagues;
Simon Cole: "Truly one of the giants responsible for us having commercial radio in this country at all. I was privileged to work for him in the 80s as part of an inspiring partnership with Colin Walters – who also passed two years ago. I hope powerful spirits are now reunited somewhere."
Andy Peebles: "A radio industry legend for whom it was an honour and pleasure to work for."
Dom Thomson: "Very sad news indeed. He was the boss when I was at Picc in 79. An absolute legend and gentleman."
David Lloyd: "So sorry to learn of the death of Philip T Birch. Former JWT exec who led the highly influential pirate Radio London and its sales house – and founding MD of Piccadilly Radio in Manchester."
Paul Rowley: "A true pioneer in broadcasting. Radio London gave us the first Top 40 format in the UK, the slickest jingles and Kenny Everett. Piccadilly was the nearest thing to the pirates in early ILR, pushing the boundaries and sounding so revolutionary. RIP Philip Birch."
Author wirelesswafflePosted on December 8, 2021 December 8, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Philip Birch – sad news but a good age
Book Review – Dab the Future of Radio by Paul Rusling
This book is full of information. It gives a brief history of US and UK radio before Dab radio even started. Paul has a refreshing way of explaining technical data without all of the scientific formula that the experts use to explain transmission and reception. He gives information about DAB in many countries, then explains why some countries have not used it or curtailed the sustem totally. I was also aware that there are stations on my Roberts Istream radios that have HD after then, I now realise that these transmissions involve a system that outputs digital radio on the FM band.
Paul also mentions the Worldspace satellite system. I used to have a radio with a very small plastic dish, which had to be faced to the south indoors by a window to pick up their stations. Some were subscription services, but one which attracted it to me was Radio Caroline. I managed to sell the set before it became obsolete, as the service failed to attract the listeners they wanted to make it viable.
I also had the opinion that it was us the listener who got a raw deal by having to buy a special set to pick DAB up. It apparently is also the broadcaster. They do save on electricity when running a Multiplex, but have to pay Ofcom a fortune for a licence. Paul also mentions the smaller SS-DAB Multiplexes that are being developed which will give broadcasters a cheaper way of being on air, and will cater for specialist markets or local stations. There is a picture of a small multiplex in a box which serves Portsmouth.
My saddest moment was when a good DAB+ and FM radio I bought from John Lewis, out of guarantee developed an interittent fault. Both of my Roberts radios work well on DAB and DAB plus, whereas there are only two strong FM stations on basic radios where I live.
The amount of information in this book, including personalities, programmes, etc., involved with Dab Digital Radio, is extensive and amazing. There is a list of abbreviations and technical terms provided at the back of the book and this is a good reference source which can be used when some term you don't understand comes up.
To conclude a very readable book, quite how Paul has amassed such a lot of specialist information about people and radio systems on DAB, Satellite, HD, is a mystery to me. Well worth a read! https://www.worldofradio.co.uk
Author wirelesswafflePosted on November 25, 2021 November 25, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Book Review – Dab the Future of Radio by Paul Rusling
Newfangled portable radio — Eideard
Interesting nostalgia in this blog post
Newfangled portable radio
Author wirelesswafflePosted on November 18, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Newfangled portable radio — Eideard
Vintage Radio Gets Internet Upgrade — Hackaday
There's nothing quite like vintage hardware, and the way it looks and works is something that can be worth celebrating. [Old Tech. New Spec] did that with his loving modification of a 1964 Dansette portable radio, bringing it into the modern era by giving it the ability to play Internet radio stations while keeping all […]
Author wirelesswafflePosted on November 18, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Vintage Radio Gets Internet Upgrade — Hackaday
Wireless Waffler
I have just received the excellent updated edition of Paul Rusling's "Caroline Bible" It looks excellent and I will be reviewing it in the next few months.
I can personally recommend the World of Radio books and goods to be of great value and quality
If you want to visit Paul Rusling's site this is the address https://worldofradio.co.uk/
I have also received his radio about Dab Radio and will be reviewing that sooner, as it is a slim volume.
I managed to get a copy of his out of print book "Lid off Laser" book and hope to read that soon as well. It can still be found on eBay, Abe Books and several other places. Try searching for out of print books on Bookfinder.com. Paul is considering new edition eventually.
Author wirelesswafflePosted on November 18, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Wireless Waffler
Radio Newsbeat
Waffler:
I have recently returned from a break in Greece and have enjoyed listening to Island FM from Zante Island, which is nearby to Kefalonia. It is an all English Speaking commercial radio station.
BBC Radio Berkshire this morning were following up on a story that Schiphol Airport Amsterdam were using pigs to get rid of Geese on runways. The pigs do not scare the Geese, but they are attracted to some crops that the pigs will eat, thus discouraging them from landing near the runaways! The whole show is archived at https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09v5yc5
I have just purchased a copy of Paul Rusling's book" Radio Adventures of the mv Communicator", only to realise that I bought the hardback edition some time ago. I thought I was buying "The Lid off Laser 558" which is not in my collection. A silly senior moment – but I am able to return it to Amazon and get a full refund. I have since found a copy of the out of print "Lid off Laser 558" being sold on eBay with an LP of the RNI story. Paul's first book did not get a good review on Amazon, but I did read a BBC Library copy back in the day and enjoyed it! One thing for sure is that this book has reached the heady asking price of £93 + on some sites, so it must be good and rare!
I used to post interesting You Tube Radio Related Videos and here are a few that my interest radio anoraks!
Selections from Radio Today news – back once again!
In a special RadioToday Programme, Toby Anstis chats to RadioToday's Stuart Clarkson as he marks 20 years since his first overnight show on Heart 106.2.
Toby talks about getting away with broadcasting on Heart for the last 20 years, being off work with the coronavirus, joking about London cab drivers and turning down Smooth Radio Breakfast!
Toby can still be heard daily on the brand, hosting breakfast on Heart Dance and Friday night's Club Classics across the Heart Network.
Have a listen below or find it in your usual podcast app.
https://embeds.audioboom.com/posts/7937976/embed/v4
Radio News selected from the Radio Today Site (sorry this has been lacking for so long!)
Six community radio stations are in serious and fundamental breach of their Ofcom licence for not submitting their finance reports on time.
They failed to submit any financial documents for 2020 whilst a further six only managed to provide their reports after the deadline.
Ofcom says failure by a licensee to submit a finance report when required represents a serious and fundamental breach of a community radio licence, as the absence of the information contained in the report means that Ofcom is unable properly to carry out its regulatory duties.
Amber Sound FM, Bolton FM, Fiesta FM, Frome FM, Takeover Radio and Wythenshawe FM have all failed to provide a report this year, whilst Takeover Radio is behind with two years of submissions.
The regulator says if it does not receive Takeover Radio's report next year, further action may be taken against the service.
Meanwhile, 1BTN, Juice FM Belfast, Radio Ramadan 365 (Glasgow), Revival FM (Glasgow), EAVA FM and Hillz FM submitted information after the deadline.
1BTN and EAVA FM also failed to report in 2019 and Ofcom will look at taking further regulatory action against them if they fail again in 2022.
Some licensees highlighted that the Coronavirus pandemic impacted their ability to complete the report on time but Ofcom said in November 2020 it expects licensees to have put in place relevant mitigations or adjusted their internal processes so they can respond as normal to information requests issued by them and be able to provide the relevant data and information by the deadline specified.
The regulator continued: "We reiterated in April 2021 that if a licensee still faces challenges responding to any information requests it receives as a result of the pandemic, we ask that it notifies the contact on the request as soon as possible, and before the request deadline, providing detailed information on the issues it is facing and any mitigations it has put in place.
"If no attempt to contact Ofcom is made and a licensee fails to provide the relevant information by the specified deadline, we may commence enforcement action."
Update: Edited from 12 to six stations in breach.
Ofcom has has published research on what listeners consider highly offensive language and what they would accept hearing on the radio.
The survey, which was conducted by Ipsos MORI, provides an update on previous research on this subject that was published in 2016.
Listeners told Ofcom they are generally more relaxed about most swearing on TV and radio, particularly if it is accidental and an apology swiftly follows.
Audiences say they still want broadcasters to consider carefully when, and how, offensive language is used, so that children, in particular, are protected. But many people recognise that, in the right context, it can play an important role in programmes – for example, to create dramatic impact, bring humour, reflect real life, or even to inform and educate.
Participants also told Ofcom, however, they felt increasingly worried about discriminatory language on TV and radio – particularly around race – and expect such language to be used only when it is highly contextualised.
Ofcom reminds stations it does not consider that the findings of the new research will fundamentally change Ofcom's approach to applying the offensive language rules.
"We are aware that our existing guidance on offensive language has remained largely unchanged since the Broadcasting Code was first introduced.
"We will therefore be using this opportunity to review our guidance in this area to make sure it more closely reflects the findings of our new research. Licensees should continue to use our existing guidance in this area ahead of any new guidance being published. In the interim, if any licensees have any queries arising from the research, they should contact OfcomStandardsTeam@ofcom.org.uk"
See the list of which words are more offensive than others, here.
A power increase has been agreed for Radio Caroline to extend its coverage area from Suffolk and Essex to include Kent as East Sussex.
The station is broadcasting under a community radio licence and was originally granted 1kW of power on 648 AM in 2018. The actual power increase amount has not been announced.
Ofcom says a power increase was agreed to combat man made noise and interference in the existing coverage area, and to extend coverage to adjoining areas.
While the subsequent increase in the licensed area was considered to be significant, the decision-maker deemed there to be exceptional circumstances in order to approve this request, saying the service has experienced high levels of background noise and interference, particularly in urban areas.
The licensee also serves a 'community of interest' as opposed to a defined geographic community meaning the service is positioned to be accessible to the community of interest in the proposed extended areas.
Ofcom adds: "There is an affinity between the existing and extended coverage area as the sea path from the existing transmitter at Orford means that the service is already receivable in parts of the extended coverage area, although existing reception is currently poor. Furthermore, the studio location means that the station attracts and engages volunteers from both the existing and extended coverage areas. The power increase will therefore improve signal in the extended coverage area, where some of the station's volunteers live and work."
"The applicant cited demand from its online audience base for access to the service via analogue. The power increase will therefore contribute to fulfilling this demand and broaden choice in how the community of interest in the extended area access the service.
"The licensee provided plans of how it would further engage audiences in the extended areas noting that the social gain prospects would be greatly enhanced in Kent, Essex and elsewhere as a consequence of the proposed extended coverage.
"Specifically, the extended coverage would result in their iconic and historically important Radioship becoming part of the licensed area. This will enable the use of this museum space to serve as an educational tool in offshore radio, and an additional education and training resource for potential volunteer radio presenters and technicians, which alongside the studio facilities in Kent will provide additional social gain capabilities.
No additional frequency resource is required to extend the service to the community of interest in the extended area."
Radio Caroline has invited presenters from an Essex community radio station to broadcast from its radio ship Ross Revenge in October.
Volunteers from Caroline Community Radio 94.7FM, which serves the Maldon District, will be spending three days onboard the historic radio ship.
"Caroline Community Radio is an independent radio station which is supported by Radio Caroline with training and technical expertise," said Radio Caroline station manager Peter Moore.
"As part of our support we will be handing the studios on Ross Revenge over to the community presenters for the weekend and they will be shown the ropes by Radio Caroline DJs staying with them on board."
There will be an opportunity for local people to visit Ross Revenge during the broadcast on Saturday 9 and Sunday 10 October and be shown around by Radio Caroline DJs.
The ship is moored on the River Blackwater and trips will be running on both days from Bradwell Marina in Essex. Anyone interested in seeing this iconic piece of broadcasting history can book places by emailing boattrips@radiocaroline.co.uk
The weekend broadcast will be relayed on Caroline Community Radio 94.7 FM and online at carolinecommunityradio.co.uk
Union JACK Dance is starting a new radio show to celebrate the unique heritage and cultural influence of British dance music.
Union JACK Dance Grooves with Jon Jules will air 7-9pm every Sunday from 3 October with a repeat on Wednesdays.
Jules, former resident DJ at London's Hippodrome, will venture through the music heritage, influences and inspiration behind the evolution of dance music and its culture in Britain, inviting dance music maestros to share their stories from behind-the-scenes of the industry.
Jules, who has worked with the likes of Brandon Block, Dean Thatcher, and Rocky & Diesel, said: "The dance music scene exploded in Britain in the 80s, 90s and 00s and this show is going to explore just what – and who – it was that helped shape the industry and why it was such a special time for British dance music."
Listeners can expect to hear from a range of guests including the likes of Beverley Knight, Junior, Noel McKoy, Don-E, Light of the World, Omar, Janet Kay, Kenny Thomas, Simon Dunmore (Defected) and Jazzie B (Soul II Soul), who will be sharing insight into their own experiences and influences from across the dance music scene.
Dick Stone, Group Content Manager for the JACK Radio Group which owns Union JACK Dance, said: "Union JACK Dance has been building a loyal following of dance music fans, so we're excited to bring them a show that sets out to really get under the skin of the music genre they love.
"Jon Jules has been a part of some of the most pivotal moments in British dance music history and it's particularly apt to be able to deliver this show during Black History Month, recognising the integral role that music of black origin has played within the dance music industry."
All Oldies Radio has joined the local DAB multiplex in its native Herts, Beds & Bucks region.
The station, which started life in 2016 as Hits 45, includes Rob Charles at breakfast and a number of presenters previously on-air in the area via the Chiltern stations.
They include Phil Fothergill, John Daly, Steve Hyland, Lynsey Dolan and Tony Lloyd.
Director Russ Dee told RadioToday: "We are bringing local radio back to Herts, Beds & Bucks, in a form that our 40+ listeners grew up with and so dearly miss.
"We have already proven that our unique Classic Hits music format is a winner, and although we'll still be the same All Oldies Radio that our listeners love, we will now be focused on the needs of our Herts, Bed & Bucks audience."
Chairman Phil Fothergill said: "It's like old times and great to be back on the air in my favourite stomping ground. You are going to love All Oldies Radio which heralds the return of proper local commercial radio to this area. Truly local from a great team of fun personalities who know and live in the area where YOU live."
All Oldies Radio has also debuted its new jingle package from TM Studios in Dallas.
On the new sound, Phil adds: "It's imperative that we recognise the need to sound distinctive and have an identity that underlines the professional sound we have already established with our online service.
"TM has produced an outstanding set of classic hits station idents which fit perfectly into our demographic target of generation x. The mood of fast and slow tempo jingles work nicely with our broad range of classic hits."
"Working with All Oldies Radio, was a pleasure," said Chris Stevens, Co-Owner of TM Studios. "Herts, Beds & Bucks is an area that's had many iconic jingle packages over the decades, and we're delighted to be continuing that tradition as All Oldies Radio moves onto DAB."
You can hear the jingles over on JingleMad.com.
The station started its DAB service at midday on September 27th launching with Russ Dee's afternoon show.
Author wirelesswafflePosted on September 28, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Radio Newsbeat
An event to celebrate 60s offshore radio
DJ's line up for a celebration of offshore broadcasting Radio Mi Amigo is set to return to the airwaves on 14th and 15th August in conjunction with Carillon Wellbeing Radio. Further to their previous successful radio broadcasts, this year's 2-day Pirate Radio event on Harwich Quay has attracted a host of DJ's who are coming from near and far to transmit from the restored Lightvessel LV18 as a tribute to the 60's offshore radio stations. This year's on-air team, headed by the Programme Director and Trustee Garry Lee, will bring back the popular sound of the Offshore Pirate stations that broadcast from just off our coast and were served from the Ha'penny Pier, Harwich, which is the permanent berth of LV18. Joining the crew will be two DJs from America and music connoisseurs, ex Pirate BBC Essex presenter, Tim Gillett and ex BBC Suffolk presenter, Stephen 'Foz' Foster.The broadcast will run 24 hours a day, from 12 o'clock, midnight on the Saturday morning till 12 o'clock midnight on the Sunday night. The broadcast will be available on the Carillon radio website at www.carillonradio.com and may also be heard from their transmitter in the NW Leicestershire on 1476AM / medium wave. This tribute to the Offshore Pirate Radio Stations will celebrate the likes of Radio Caroline, Radio London and several others that appeared off the coast of Harwich in the 1960's bringing about a revolution in radio broadcasting. Following the previous Pirate Radio broadcasts from LV18, which attracted thousands of visitors to the area, Radio Mi Amigo will celebrate the watery wireless days from the studio, located on the bridge of the Lightvessel. Further to previous year's events, LV18 will broadcast from her permanent berth by the Ha'penny Pier, Harwich, enabling members of the public to not only visit the classic vessel on the Sunday, but to meet the DJ's.Broadcasting from the classic heritage vessel LV18, which featured in the film 'The Boat that Rocked', Radio Mi Amigo will bring back the sounds of the 60's and 70's, the golden era of the Pirate Stations. Visitors will be able to visit the ship on Sunday 15th and view the new 'Pirate Radio Exhibition', which has been financed by Harwich Haven Authority via the Essex Community Foundation. The exhibition features new interactive Audio/Visual systems throughout the vessel and new interpretation signage.HISTORYIn the summer of 1964, the boring world of British broadcasting was rocked to its foundations by the launch of offshore radio stations Radio Atlanta, Radio Caroline, Radio City and Radio London.On the weekend of 14th and 15th August, a unique 2-day event will be taking place in Harwich and the Tendring sunshine coast in Essex, UK. The restored heritage Lightvessel LV18 will be hosting a radio broadcast and exhibition celebrating the Offshore Pirate radio broadcasts from the 'pop ships' which were anchored just off the coast of Harwich. Tendring was very much the centre of these activities at this time with thousands of tourists sitting on the beaches of Clacton, Walton, Frinton, Harwich and Brightlingsea, listening to their favourite DJ's on transistor radios. On August 14th this year it will be 54 years since the government closed down most of the Pirate Radio stations with the Marine Offences Act, as depicted in the film 'The Boat that Rocked' of 2009, which featured LV18 as part of the filming in Portland, Dorset.The Pharos Trust has hosted many very successful 'Pirate' Radio events on LV18 and, along with Pirate BBC Essex over the last 20 years, have attracted thousands of visitors to the town. These previous broadcasts and have featured Johnnie Walker, Emperor Rosko, Dave Cash, Keith Skues, Tony Blackburn and many other 'pirate radio' celebrities. This year a host of DJ's from near and far are joining the team, hosted by Programme Director and Trustee Garry Lee, including 2 DJ's from America and music connoisseurs, ex Pirate BBC Essex presenter, Tim Gillett and ex BBC Suffolk presenter, Stephen 'Foz' Foster.The Pharos Trust, Registered UK charity No.:1090325Tony O'Neil, Trustee and Station Manager, August 2021tonylv18@gmail.comWebsite: www.lv18.orgFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/LV18HarwichTwitter: https://twitter.com/lv18miamigoTune in at: www.carillonradio.com
Author wirelesswafflePosted on August 7, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on An event to celebrate 60s offshore radio
Radio Piracy on the High Seas: Commercial Demand for Taboo Music — Hackaday
(good to read someone else writing about Pirate Radio)
The true story of pirate radio is a complicated fight over the airwaves. Maybe you have a picture in your mind of some kid in his mom's basement playing records, but the pirate stations we are thinking about — Radio Caroline and Radio Northsea International — were major business operations. They were perfectly ordinary radio […]
Author wirelesswafflePosted on August 6, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Radio Piracy on the High Seas: Commercial Demand for Taboo Music — Hackaday
The Thrill is Gone — DickTaylorBlog
A view on the am and fm radio over the years here
Like many readers of this blog, I grew up listening to AM radio. It created for me the passion and desire to pursue a radio career while I was still in grade school. As a young child, I remember my parents having a least one radio with the FM band, but scanning that band produced […]
Author wirelesswafflePosted on June 24, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on The Thrill is Gone — DickTaylorBlog
Elvis Costello – Radio Radio — PowerPop… An Eclectic Collection of Pop Culture
Interesting thoughts here on this blog about our favourite subject and the meaning of the song!
When I heard the organ in this song it hooked me. I haven't posted much of Costello partly because like the Replacements…I got sidetracked in the late 80s away from him and since I started blogging I'm rediscovering him again. I was 10 years old walking in our old drug store and I heard this […]
Author wirelesswafflePosted on June 24, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Elvis Costello – Radio Radio — PowerPop… An Eclectic Collection of Pop Culture
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A blog about the village of Pinner in Middx
A blog by a radio consultant – very interesting
A blog with views on subjects including radio
A fun site dedicated to drain covers and other utility covers – a new site I am hosting
A radio blog by david lloyd
AM FM listings
American and UK radio and tv journals and annual
An excellent blog concerning shortwave radio etc from the regular Radio Today writer and Editor of the British DX newsletter called Communication
Anorak Nation
Azanorak – for plenty of offshore radio mp3 downloads –
BBC Sound Archive online
Bill Rogers with media news gossip and fun (lots of BBC views)
Bob Le Roi ex Radio City and King of Red Sands Radio
British Forces Broadcasting Blog
British Library – sound recordings online
Daves Homemade Radio
Glen Hauser's World of Radio
Henley on Thames – a residents blog with pictures and information for locals and visitors
Henley On Thames.org
http://www.transdiffusion.org/radio/
Internet Radio online Portal
Interval Signals in MP3 format
JIngles from Norman Barrington and adverts
Lord of the car boot sale
Mancuniamwave-photo a day
No Barriers Radio
Nostaglia Central
Offshore Radio Museum Online
Offshore Radio Site
On the Shortwaves
Paul Rusling's blog
Pirate Radio Hall of Fame
Pursuit of Well Being
Radio Audio and jingle from Uk
Radio Caroline brief history
Radio Geronimo archive site
Radio Listening Figures in the UK
Radio London Site
Ray Clark's site of offshore and inland radio
Shortwave radio in English updated information
The Modesto Virtual Radio Museum
The radio listener's Guide
TV ads and radio jingles to listen to
Wireless Waffle – technical aspects of radio discussed
wirelesswaffle Start a Blog at WordPress.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kansas Football Press Conference Quotes
Head Coach Mark Mangino
"Before we get started, I would like to announce the players of the game from the Texas A&M contest as voted by our coaching staff. The offensive player of the game was senior running back Jon Cornish. The defensive player of the game was sophomore cornerback Aqib Talib. The special teams player of the game was junior kicker Scott Webb. Our scout team offensive player of the week was Zach Ross, and our defensive scout team player of the week was Jason Thompson."
"Looking back on the Texas A&M game, it was another tough, hard fought game. I felt like we played well in some areas and in other areas we need to do some work. Our defensive unit played a decent game, but we gave up a drive at the end that we would've preferred we hadn't. When you consider that A&M came into the game with a highly-respected running game, I thought we did a pretty good job against it."
"On offense, I felt like we never got into a rhythm. I really never felt comfortable. I feel a lot different after Sunday's workout and believe we'll be fine on offense."
"Special teams were a big factor in the game. Scott Webb kicked three field goals. We were able to pressure a punt which resulted in a bad snap by A&M and got us two points. We also executed a fake punt very well that set up our first score of the game. Kyle Tucker had a couple of very nice sky kicks that pinned them down in their own territory, so that was very positive as well."
"Looking ahead to Saturday, I think Oklahoma State is a much improved team from last year. Their offense is starting to get into sync and their quarterback looks more comfortable and poised in the pocket and in running the offense. They have three different running backs that have been very effective for them. They have a couple of talented receivers. Their defensive line has good size and athleticism, led by Victor DeGrate. He is one of the top-notch defensive ends in the conference. They have speed at linebacker, especially Chris Collins, who runs around making plays and is only a freshman. Oklahoma State is a good football team and a game that we'll need to be sharp for on Saturday."
On the performance of the pass rush during the Texas A&M game and throughout the season:
"Well, Texas A&M protected well. We were not getting the rush we needed with four men. Also, we cannot afford to allow A&M's quarterback to sit back in the pocket and have any length of time to throw because of the speed of their receivers. We had to bring five and six-man pressures to make the quarterback throw quicker. If we didn't bring pressure, they would have scored more points. We discussed the fact that we would be more susceptible to draws and screen plays in that situation, but I don't think we had a choice. We needed to make the quarterback make quick decisions.
A&M was a very good pass protecting team. I felt like we didn't get off the blocks quick enough and that has to do some with A&M and some with us not getting it done. Paul Como had some good pressures, but we can't rely on just one guy. We need good pressure from the inside as well as the outside to squeeze the pocket."
On whether the close losses have affected the team's confidence and mindset:
"Our kids have an understanding that we only get 12 designated games to play all year and that they are all important. We tell them that they can't get too high after the victories or too low after the defeats. I think our kids have an understanding that the next game is the most important game. They display that attitude on the practice field. Our kids, and they've proven this, do a good job of bouncing back. As the saying goes, you don't want to have an opponent beat you twice. We're always disappointed by losing because we have so much invested. But the way we view football, and the way we view life as a team and coaching staff, is what is done is done. The point is that our program's focus is to take care of the task at hand. We have had tough times in the past and our kids have always competed. Just last year we had a tough four-game stretch and many left our program for dead. We don't give in and our players see that. The most important thing to understand is that they have only 12 games and the kids know they are precious. They understand the preparation involved for every opponent."
On James Holt's return performance from a preseason injury:
"I think there were some lingering effects, but he is close to getting over the hump. I think considering the circumstance, being put in as a starter not long after the injury and not having practiced for an extended period of time, I thought he did a commendable job."
On the matchup of Oklahoma State's running game vs. the Jayhawk's rush defense:
"Our philosophy on defense is to stop the run. If you can't stop the run, or at least slow it down, you're in trouble. If a team can run the ball consistently at you, they can eat up the clock, get first downs and control the time of possession, thus keeping your offense off the field. It is part of our overall philosophy to play the run game very well."
On fourth quarter play:
"Fatigue is not a factor. Our team is well conditioned. We just haven't made some plays at the end. Looking at the games we lost, we scored in the fourth quarter and moved the ball, save for this last week. One particular game does not evoke in me any panic about that. "
On the threat of Oklahoma State's wide receiver Adarius Bowman:
"He's a good football player. He's very active and runs well. He is smart guy who seems to know what he is doing and doesn't make a lot of mistakes. "
On the Cowboys' return game:
"They have some guys that can return the ball. They do a good job with their schemes. They have the speed to break big plays. Our special teams must to be up to snuff and that will be something we'll work on very diligently this week."
On the offense's play against A&M:
"I was pleased with our running game and offensive line. I think we only had one missed assignment on the offensive line the entire game. We still need a little more work finishing our blocks. The offensive line did a good job in the run game."
On senior linebacker Marcus Herford's status:
"I think he'll be back. He practiced Sunday with only minimal problems. Our anticipation is that he'll be back."
On Jake Sharp's playing time and whether it will expand:
"Jake is playing well and learning. I think the issue we deal with is that it is hard to take Jon Cornish out of the game the way he is playing. Now, we're starting to game-plan and things are becoming more sophisticated and he's still learning. There is a lot more to playing running back than carrying the ball. He will be appearing more on special teams now."
On Jon Cornish's performance this season:
"We never take for granted that he'll run for 100 yards each week, though that is our expectation. He is becoming more of a complete player. I really appreciate the way he handled Saturday. On Tuesday and Wednesday of last week, I was convinced he couldn't participate. Yet he was out there and you could see he wasn't 100 percent during certain cuts and movements. I think he put forth a really courageous performance and that's another thing he brings to the team. He has a competitive edge and toughness to him."
Kansas player Quotes
Russell Brorsen, Sophomore, Defensive End
On still having a lot to play for:
"We've only lost three games and we still have six more, so there is still a lot to play for. It hurts to lose those games, but our confidence is still high."
On playing Oklahoma State:
"It's a big game for both teams. They are looking for a win and we are looking for our first Big 12 win too. It's exciting to play them. I've seen a few games over the years. I wasn't a die hard fan, but growing up there (Stillwater), you are going to follow them."
Brandon McAnderson, Junior, Running Back
On losing close games:
"We need to focus on doing the little things right because they become so magnified during a one touchdown game with a few minutes left."
On the injuries affecting the team:
"I hope everybody is back and ready to rumble, because we are going to need to practice well to play well. I don't think that should be a problem at all. I think we will be ready to go this week."
On the play of Jon Cornish:
"He's been really really good. When we were on scout team together my freshman year, I saw that he was going to be a great player. He's doing the best he can and really playing well. I'm excited for him and glad that he his doing so well."
On not having beaten Oklahoma State since 1995:
"It should be a spark. You try to find anything you can coming into conference play. We need a win and we need to win the next game. It's going to be important for us to come out and be prepared well and execute."
On the team dealing with close losses:
"I wouldn't say they wear us out at all because we have learned that each week is different. You take the week for what it is. We lost some close games, but that won't take any effect on how we play the next week. Mentally, you have to prepare like that never happened."
Senior Defensive End Paul Como
On the amount of blitzing against Texas A&M:
"We blitzed quite a bit in the second half. I think for the most part we got good pressure on them, especially in the second half when we were blitzing. It just backfired on us at the end of the game. They ran that little screen pass and it hit us for a lot of yardage. Anytime there is something good going, there is a bad end of it too. The bad end of blitzing is that they can throw a screen pas, which is what they did."
On applying more pressure on opposing team's quarterbacks:
"We need to start recognizing the pass before the play through our pre-snap reads. It would help us get into a pass rush stance, and give us more of a pass rush mentality."
On the close losses:
"It is frustrating. You never want to lose, especially in close game, but hopefully it will give us more of an edge going into this week. Hopefully, it will get us ready to play and give us a good week of practice for Oklahoma State. We just can not let up. I do not think we are letting up, but when it gets to the fourth quarter, we have to play that much harder to try and put the game away."
On the team's mentality:
"We practice all year long just to play 12 games in the fall. It is a lot of work just to play those games, so it shows how important every game is. It makes you want to come out and give everything you have, because you know that there is not that many to play."
Senior Guard Travis Dambach
On Oklahoma State:
"It is still kind of early, but we will do a lot of the scouting report today. We hit on them a little bit on Sunday, but we will work more on them later in the week. There are a lot of teams throughout the Big 12 just like us (both Kansas and Oklahoma State) that are trying to turn that corner and get to back-to-back winning seasons. I think it will be a good matchup and I'm sure that they have a lot of great athletes."
On the team's confidence after the losses:
"It is discouraging about the three losses, but we are an eyelash away from being 6-0 or 5-1. We know how close we are and we just have to get it done. We just have to finish right."


text:
Whitney Conder
Puyallup High School
WHITNEY CONDER By Arnold Lytle Whitney Conder wants to go to the Rio Olympics. More than that, she wants to win an Olympic medal. Thanks to her family, her mentors and the United States Army, she may do exactly that … in women's wrestling. She is USA Wrestling's top-ranked woman at 53 kilograms (114.5 pounds), making her a leading contender to represent the United States at the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in 2016. A pioneer since before she entered – and placed – at the 2005 Mat Classic, the annual state high school wrestling tournament at the Tacoma Dome, Whitney has earned the Tacoma Athletic Commission's 2015 female Athlete of the Year Award for her achievements and for being an outstanding role model in her sport. "Whitney will be successful in any venture she chooses in life," says Terry Steiner, coach of the national women's team for USA Wrestling. "She has a great determination followed by an unbelievable work ethic to back it up." Whitney came by her passion for wrestling honestly. It is the family sport for parents Sharon and Monte Conder. Monte wrestled in college in Utah and older brothers Nathan and Dustin won wrestling acclaim in high school. Whitney, the youngest of five – her sisters are Kimberley and Shantel – gets in the wrestling room regularly with children in the youth program her dad started and her brother Nate coaches. That includes mentoring several nephews. Her path to the Olympics began before girls were regularly included in high school wrestling. Back then, said Bryan Bartelson, who coached Whitney at Puyallup High School, coaches would have their wrestlers forfeit rather than compete against a girl on the mat. "This was the mindset in the '80s," Bartelson said. Things began to change in the 1990s, he said. But girls were treated like any other athlete, nothing special. Shortly after he arrived at PHS in 2002, he heard about a tough 101-pound girl who was going for her second straight Junior High League title. She soon would be wrestling for the Vikings. "Whitney," he said, "set the standards with high expectations and work ethic," when she arrived. She won the respect of her teammates by training side-by-side with boys and expecting no special treatment. She won three letters and twice placed in the state tournament against boys while wrestling at Puyallup, all the while helping girls wrestling gain a toehold. "I have two daughters who spent every day watching Whitney (in high school)," Bartelson said. "By watching her they came to believe they could beat anyone who stepped on the mat, boy or girl." Whitney was an older sister, a mentor and an icon to his girls, Bartelson said, and now they are on the verge of achieving their own mat dreams. Whitney's first stop after high school was Northern Michigan University, where she entered the U.S. Olympic development program and won a Junior World championship. Then it was on the Colorado Springs, Colo., in 2008 to join the Elite Resident Athlete Program at the U.S. Olympic Training Center. The competitions and accolades rolled in: Second at the Hargbind International, third in the U.S. World Team trials, second in the junior nationals, third in the Dave Schultz Memorial International, U.S. Open champion. Everything seemed to be building for the 2012 Olympics. Then a deflating thing happened at the Olympic Trials in Iowa City, Iowa. Whitney, wrestling at 48kg (105.5 pounds), finished fourth and missed the team. Clarissa Chun, who won, brought home a bronze medal from London. It was the Americans' only medal in women's wrestling. "It hurt me to take fourth," Whitney said, "but it made me want to get better and push myself to get better …" Now in her third year in the Army's World Class Athletes Program (WCAP) and at a new weight class, Whitney is taking aim at achieving her Olympic goal. She still trains at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, but now she also reports regularly for training and other duties at nearby Fort Carson. She continues to sharpen her skills in international competition, winning the Austrian Ladies Open in 2013, placing first at the U.S. World Team Trials last year and winning the U.S. Open championship, also in 2014. All building toward the Olympic Trials next year, all building toward the athletic goal of a lifetime. Then there should be more time for leisure and family activities, time to teach those nephews, time to mentor Coach Bartelson's daughters, time to savor a trail blazed from no girls wrestling to possible Olympic glory.


text:
Media briefing by Minister Radebe on meetings held with the Nigerian Government
Consul General Ambassador Sam Monaisa,
Director General from the Presidency Dr Lubisi;
Members of the media.
We are going to be very brief. We need to indicate our mission here in the Federal Republic of Nigeria as it is well known. The President appointed me as a Special Envoy to deal with the tragic event that took place on the 12 of September this year where 116 people perished in Synagogue Church of All Nation building.
Since yesterday, we paid a courtesy visit to the President of Nigeria his Excellency President Goodluck Jonathan to convey the message from our President Jacob Zuma about the need to speeding up the process of repatriating 81 South Africans who perished on this tragic event.
We are happy to indicate that the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, not only is he committed, but he has on several occasion been in communication with our President indicating their full support to ensure that as soon as possible we can be able to repatriate those 81 South Africans including the four who were also carrying South African passport. Three (3) from the Republic of Zimbabwe and one (1) from Democratic Republic of Congo.
We are confident that after that discussion we are going to be seeing progress towards finalising this very traumatic experience. About few minutes ago, we also met with the Commissioner for Health in this State of Lagos. He also made his own commitment to finalising this process. As we are all aware that there is, a team established by the State of Lagos to work on the identification process to ensure that all the deceased are positively identified.
We from our part we stand ready. As soon as we get a green light, we will repatriate. Our infrastructure is ready; the aircraft to transport our compatriots is also ready. If everything goes well we should be able to repatriate them this coming Saturday in order to arrive in South Africa on Sunday.
Tomorrow will be meeting with the Governor of the State of Lagos in order to finalise all the processes.
Before I conclude, I need to underline the point that the people of South Africa are in mourning. We feel for the families of the deceased, in terms of our culture we normally bury the deceased within a week. Tomorrow it will be two (2) months since the tragic event took place.
This has been ex-ordinarily a long time for these families, for them to receive the remains of their loved ones. We also acknowledge the patience of these families during this difficult time. They have had to endure the pain, suffering and emotions of the endless wait. We hope that this weekend these families will be able to have closure to this very tragic event.
There are also many South Africans who are currently here to support the repatriation process, including top medical officers from Department of Health, South Africa Police Service, and South African National Defence Force in order to ensure that we give full cooperation of wrapping up this tragic event.
Phumla Williams
Spokeswoman for the Inter-Ministerial Task Team
Cell: +2783 501 0139/ 083 501 0139
Issued by Department of Communications (DoC) on behalf of The Inter-Ministerial Task Team on the Nigeria tragedy


text:
"Who is rich? He who rejoiceth in his portion." - The Talmud
breakthrough drug
FDA Approves Single-Dose $1125 a Pill Hepatitis C Cure as Breakthrough Drug
October 10, 2014 By Katie Mayangi 6 Comments
A new drug called Harvoni, to treat chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection (HCV), has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but it comes with a hefty cost, at $1125 per pill . That means that a 12 week regimen will cost $94,500. Though it is anticipated that a good number of patients will be cured of their infection within an eight week regimen, for a cost of $63,000. While this might seem outrageously expensive, the drug's maker claims it will save tens of thousands of dollars over the length of treatment, when compared with prior treatment methods.
Harvoni is the first drug treatment for HCV of its kind, a single-dose pill that could result in a much shorter, and less expensive treatment course for HCV patients. The newly-approved drug is a combination pill, combining two drugs (sofosbuvir and lepidasvir) for a much simpler method of treatment.
HCV is an inflammatory viral disease that can cause liver failure or damage. The most common type, genotype 1, is estimated to infect nearly 32 million Americans, and 130-150 million people worldwide, killing 500,000 people each year. Some common symptoms of latent HCV are cirrhosis of the liver, internal bleeding, jaundice, abdominal fluid accumulation and other infections. Most people infected with HCV do not know it until the liver damage manifests, which could take years to notice.
Harvoni is the third drug to be approved by the FDA this year, along with simeprevir and sofosbuvir (packaged under the names Olysio and Solvaldi, respectively). It is the seventh drug to be designated as a "breakthrough drug." To be classified as a breakthrough drug, evidence must suggest substantial improvements in tests subjects with serious or life-threatening conditions.
Three clinical trials took place to test Harvoni's efficacy. The first of the trials was conducted on patients who had not received treatment in the past. In this trial, 94 percent of those who received the drug for 8 weeks, and 96 of those who received the drug for 12 weeks achieved sustain virologic response (SVR). The second trial was conducted on patients with and without symptoms, and yielded even more impressive numbers. 94 percent of patients who received the drug for 12 weeks, and 99 percent of those who received the drug for just 24 weeks achieved SVR. Less than two years ago, the minimum course of treatment lasted 48 weeks. Harvoni has also tested with fewer side effects than preceding treatments, most often symptoms as minimal as headache and fatigue.
Harvoni is marketed by Gilead, a company based in Foster City, CA. The company is expected to earn nearly $12 billion in HCV drug sales globally in 2014. This is the same company which garnered criticism for selling Solvaldi for $1000 a pill in the US, but in other countries. Chances are that many of the same criticisms will be brought up with this latest combination drug due to the high price tag attached.
Filed Under: Health, Medical, Personal Finance Tagged With: $1000 pill, $1125, breakthrough drug, FDA, Harvoni, Hepatitis C, hepatitis C cure, Solvaldi


text:
CITIES OF LITERATURE
Designated: 2015
Language: Portuguese
Contact Óbidos
When, in 2012, we opened the largest Portuguese bookstore in a church, we drew attention to the new configurations between spaces and activities and between local and foreign talents. All bookshops are located in unlikely places such as a church, an old fire department, and an old wine cellar.
The historic Town of Óbidos has 3,100 people and over half a million books inside the walled town.
The Literary Man Hotel is the only literary hotel in Portugal and one of the few in the world.
Óbidos has a Technology Park oriented towards the creative industries and awarded the Architizer 2015 (category Mix Use) and recognised in the German Design Awards.
Óbidos in the past decade has remodelled its entire school system and now has 4 brand new school complexes.
Óbidos has a partnership with the city of Granada and hosts writers from this city who come to Óbidos twice a year in search of tranquility and inspiration to develop their projects.
Óbidos is currently one of the most important places in national literature and the arts, and FÓLIO—Óbidos's International Literary Festival—has become one of the most prestigious and respected cultural events in Portugal with a high level of recognition abroad. After a few festivals, FÓLIO has catapulted a region with previously little professional artistic activity onto the cultural map, contributing to the cultural, social, and economic development of the region.
The international recognition came on 11 December 2015 when the Village was classified by UNESCO as a Creative City of Literature. The 4th FÓLIO festival maintained the cultural dynamics of previous festivals and once again made the town an unparalleled cultural center for 11 days, welcoming prestigious national and international authors, illustrators, musicians, painters, booksellers, poets, teachers, politicians, journalists, opinion makers, and many other artists and prominent personalities in the midst of culture and the arts.
The program includes presentations and autograph sessions, talks, debates and conferences, classes, lectures and workshops, exhibitions, and concerts. One of the most important characteristics of this event is the close contact between authors of national and international repute with the public, which is encouraged. The activities carried out always seek to deepen this relationship of closeness and sharing, not only between authors, but with all the artists who participate in the event. Creative residences are an example of this and make a significant contribution to the territorial cohesion of the project, bearing in mind that the various artists work with local groups, associations and the school community to ensure that their projects are participatory and that they leave added value for the territory itself.
One of our main international goals is to diversity editorial initiatives. This project will be made possible by organizing activities that invite authors from participating Cities of Literature and other cities and countries to live for a short period of time in one of our creative residences and write a book using Óbidos as a backdrop. This book would then be published in at least two languages. Literary production is, if not the most important, definitely the most relevant project that will be carried out in this area in terms of international participation. Our intention is to have, annually, at least one different author writing a book in and/or about Óbidos.
© 2020 by Cities of Literature


text:
Anthony M. Stanic
Services for Anthony M. Stanic, 43, of Warrensville Heights, a former social worker, will be 10 a.m. Tuesday at St. Christine Church, 840 E. 222 Street in Euclid.
Mr. Stanic died March 24, 2001, at his residence.
Born Aug. 23, 1957 in Cleveland, he lived in Euclid before moving to Warrensville Heights.
He was a member of KSKJ Lodge, as well as the Catholic Order of Foresters.
Mr. Stanic was employed at the Warrensville Developmental Center and Jewish Family Service.
Survivors are his parents, Anthony J. and Jeanne; brothers, Michael (Sheryl) and David (Ann); and nieces and nephews, Amy, Mollie, Becky, Samantha, Joseph, Patrick and Ryan.
Fr. Francis Sterk of St. Christine Church will officiate at services. Friends may call 8:30 to 9:30 a.m. at Brickman & Sons Funeral Home, 21900 Euclid Avenue in Euclid. Burial will be in All Souls Cemetery in Chardon Township.
The family suggests contributions to St. Christine School, 840 E. 222 St., Euclid 44123.
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Kashmir's year of hopelessness
Sumit Ganguly, Foreign Policy
07 August, 2020, 09:10 pm
Last modified: 08 August, 2020, 01:08 pm
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Indian security forces stand guard at a roadblock in Jammu on August 9, 2019. Photo: Rakesh Bakshi/AFP/Getty Images via Foreign Policy
On August 5, 2019, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi revoked the special constitutional status of Indian-administered Kashmir. It did so by using a legislative sleight of hand, relying on its parliamentary majority at the national level. Had it chosen to adhere to constitutional proprieties it would have had to obtain the imprimatur of the local, elected legislature in the state before embarking on the change.
After the ending of its special status, the state was divided into two Union Territories—regions under the direct rule of New Delhi. In practical terms, the termination of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution (as well as an earlier law, Article 35A, which had defined the basis of state citizenship) not only ended the state's autonomy, but also made it possible for non-Kashmiris to acquire land in the state.
Why did the BJP government resort to this drastic—and possibly legally dubious—tactic? Ostensibly, the decision stemmed from a desire to improve the socioeconomic status of the state, to boost economic growth, and to facilitate investment. But none of these objectives have been fulfilled in the last year. Despite much talk of a surge of investment into the state, little has materialized. Rights to mineral mines are being sold to non-Kashmiris, with no likely benefit to the local population.
Thanks to the largesse of past governments, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir once boasted some of the best social indicators in India. Its Human Development Index, a composite of several social indicators, put it in 11th place among 25 states. It ranked third in terms of human life expectancy and eighth on poverty alleviation. Investment, the one area in which the state was lagging behind the rest of India, had little connection with the constraints of Article 370 and Article 35A, and more to do with its problems with militancy and frequent outbursts of violence.
Fiscal matters aside, there were other reasons for the BJP's decision to revoke the state's unique constitutional dispensation. For decades, the BJP and its predecessor, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, had been ideologically opposed to the Muslim-majority region's special status. The BJP is keen on changing the demography of the state through a process that may be referred to as "ethnic flooding"—the opposite of ethnic cleansing. With the removal of Article 370, this prospect becomes feasible: Hindus from other parts of India can now legally settle in Kashmir, eventually changing its demographic makeup. Finally, if political turmoil can be contained, India can weaken Pakistan's legal claim to the state.
A year later, is the Indian state any closer to the realization of its stated goals? The record seems to suggest otherwise. Political activity remains in a state of suspended animation with the entire political establishment either under house arrest or incarcerated under the Public Safety Act. A former chief minister of the state, Mehbooba Mufti, just had her detention extended for an additional three months under the terms of the act. Saifuddin Soz, a long-time member of the Indian National Congress, remains confined to his home in the capital city of Srinagar. And thousands of political activists and protestors remain behind bars both within and outside the state.
Nor has investment started to flow into the state as the government had touted. With high-speed internet and phones shut down until earlier this year, businesses were hardly incentivized to expand their activity in Kashmir. And the lack of communications also ended up worsening health care and education in the region, especially in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic.
Meanwhile, New Delhi continues to increase its militarization of the region. Even before Aug. 5 last year, the government had sent in an additional 38,000 troops to the state anticipating public disturbances.
The region now faces a distinctly uncertain and troubled future. While Covid-19 stalks the world, it is unlikely that Kashmir will experience significant political disturbances. But once the pandemic ends or even significantly ebbs, widespread protests are bound to emerge from a disaffected, sullen, and alienated population. A harsh state response will not quell such demonstrations, but instead draw increased attention to the plight of the hapless Kashmiris. India's stance on Kashmir has strengthened Pakistan's resolve to further its strategy of exploiting discord in the region. Islamabad will, in all likelihood, find fertile ground to sow the seeds of insurrection. It is within reason to surmise that Pakistan's security apparatus will continue to organize, train, arm, and provide sanctuaries to disgruntled Kashmiris who have turned to militancy. Apart from quelling routine street protests, Indian forces will again have to deal with insurgents who will be suitably armed, well-trained, and clearly dedicated to the cause of undermining India's control over the disputed state.
The question, then, is what possible avenues of action remain open to the government. Given the ideological bent of the Modi-led BJP, New Delhi is prepared to maintain its iron grip on the restive region regardless of moral, human, or material costs. It seems the decision it made last August as irrevocable; To turn back at this point would be a fatal show of weakness.
What about Indian public opinion? Might segments of the country feel any sense of distress about the plight of the Kashmiris who are, after all, fellow citizens of India? Thus far, the signs are far from encouraging. It is true that a handful of political commentators and public intellectuals have criticized the government's actions in Kashmir with both courage and verve. But the majority of the population, especially under the dire conditions of the pandemic, will remain mostly preoccupied with their everyday lives. It is hard to visualize how their stance on Kashmir will shift anytime soon.
With the exception of Pakistan, none of India's smaller neighbors are in any position to question New Delhi. China, however, expressed its dissatisfaction with India's decision last August. To that end, it may well have chosen to stir trouble in Kashmir's northernmost area, Ladakh, in May and June of this year when troops from the two countries came to blows. But given its own treatment of minorities, especially the Uighurs and the Tibetans, Beijing is hardly able to comment on Indian policy with any moral authority.
Other key members of the global community have only issued anodyne statements gently urging India to ease the terms of its lockdown in Kashmir. Even these unobjectionable remarks have been met with a shrug in New Delhi. Given this configuration of national, regional, and global forces the future of Kashmir looks particularly bleak. The BJP knows that if it lifts its restrictions on the internet and public gatherings, protests may ensue, and that's why it is likely to maintain the status quo no matter the economic costs. As long as most non-Kashmiri Indians accept this eventuality, little can change.
Sumit Ganguly is a Foreign Policy columnist. He is also a distinguished professor of political science and the Rabindranath Tagore chair in Indian cultures and civilizations at Indiana University, Bloomington.
Disclaimer: This article first appeared on foreignpolicy.com, and is published by special syndication arrangement.
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Advances in Wool Technology
Written by N A G Johnson
Advanced research into wool science and technology is leading to a better understanding of the properties of wool. Wool is increasingly being seen as a high performance fibre, with new modifications and applications. Advances in wool technology presents a comprehensive account of these developments and innovations. Part one includes advances that have occurred in the production and processing of wool. Topics range from the progress in wool spinning, weaving and colouration, to environmental supply chain management and to the role of genetic engineering in improved wool production. Part two reviews new wool products and applications. Chapters include the production of brighter and whiter wool, high performance wool blends and wool for apparel. With its two distinguished editors and array of international contributors, this book is a valuable reference for producers, manufacturers, retailers and all those wishing to improve and understand developments in wool technology. It will also be suitable for researchers in industry or academia. Presents a comprehensive account of recent developments and innovation surrounding the high performance fibre Examines advances in wool production and processing from wool spinning to genetic engineering in improved production Considers environmental supply chain management
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Author : N A G Johnson
Publisher : Elsevier
Release : 22 December 2008
Rating : 4/5 from 21 reviews
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Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology
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Advances in Textile Biotechnology
Author : Artur Cavaco-Paulo,Vincent A. Nierstrasz,Qiang Wang
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
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Biotechnology has impacted the textiles industry through the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes, as well as enabling the design of improved textile materials. This book will provide a thorough overview of current and future focuses of biotechnology in the fibre and textile industry. Part one of the book opens with a review of technologies involved in textile biotechnology. Chapters explore the design and engineering of novel enzymes for textile applications and developments in processes and equipment
Advances in Filament Yarn Spinning of Textiles and Polymers
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Release : 15 February 2014
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Natural Fibres: Advances in Science and Technology Towards Industrial Applications
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This book collects selected high quality articles submitted to the 2nd International Conference on Natural Fibers (ICNF2015). A wide range of topics is covered related to various aspects of natural fibres such as agriculture, extraction and processing, surface modification and functionalization, advanced structures, nano fibres, composites and nanocomposites, design and product development, applications, market potential, and environmental impact. Divided into separate sections on these various topics, the book presents the latest high quality research work addressing different approaches and techniques
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Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
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Race: An interview with T...
Race: An interview with Terry Johnson
Posted in: Main Stage
Interview and words by Susie Benson, Features Editor
There is one thing that you will probably be doing after seeing the UK premiere of David Mamet's dazzling play Race, opening soon at Hampstead Theatre: you will probably be talking. And you will probably stay talking, debating, and discussing this coruscating analysis of attitudes to race for some time.
Multi-award winning director, Terry Johnson, who recently staged the sell-out Old Money – Hampstead's most successful show at the box office to date – describes Race as 'a huge act of provocation'. Catching up with him, as the cast prepare to enter their last week of rehearsals in the studio space before going onstage, we bat around various attempts to define Race as a play, but agree that this is tricky. Perhaps call it a detective story, powered not by traditional evidence, but by the 'clues' of prejudice and assumption? Or perhaps, it's a courtroom drama set outside of the courtroom, casting the audience as jury?
The essence of the story, set in the USA, is that a rich, powerful white man, Charles, stands accused of raping a young, black woman. The central premise of the play appears to argue that, fifty years ago in this type of case, the white man would be found innocent. However fifty years on, because of that history, the white man will automatically be found guilty. In fact, it is the accused's putative defence team who claims that no jury could find Charles innocent, because white people would fear being called racist; and black people would fear the charge of treason.
Johnson is quick to point out, however, that the apparent premise itself may be challenged, because the play is all about shades of truth and perception. As he says, 'This play has four characters and four viewpoints. And that's part of its dramatic skill… you can be totally convinced by each person's track in this.' And while Johnson and the cast have a strong view about what actually happened in that hotel room between the white man and the black woman, the play will only be finally completed 'in the bar, in the car, on the way home' by those who view it. Johnson loves the play because 'it can't exist without an audience judging it, and judging every member of it'.
Dramatist and director, Johnson, who has authored works such as Dead Funny, Hysteria and Insignificance, puts Race right up there at the top of Mamet's canon, citing the American playwright as one of his earliest and most significant inspirations. Johnson saw the original world premiere of Glengarry Glen Ross at the National Theatre in 1983, and found it 'kind of seminal'. He says that for British playwrights, it's Pinter who crystallizes things for everyone that came after, but in the US, it is Mamet: 'They are both great definers of action through dialogue, and they are both remarkable and unchallenged'.
Johnson acknowledges that it will be very interesting to see how Race plays to British audiences, given that of course in the UK there is a different historical context and set of issues regarding race, especially in terms of the prevalence and awareness of Affirmative (Positive) Action, a key strand in the play. Johnson believes that Mamet might be arguing, or at least setting up the tension, that the basic white/black dynamic in America that was established via slavery, might never be resolved, and indeed even the dynamic of apology is fraught with issue.
Race is a play that requires a strong cast to deliver four very different points of view, and ultimately Johnson's ambition for the play as director, is that people come out arguing for one character or another. Indeed, Mamet writes in his recent book, The Secret Knowledge (2011): 'A good drama aspires to be and a tragedy must be a depiction of a human interaction in which both antagonists are, arguably, in the right'.
Part of the power of Mamet's drama is his vigorous, refined use of language, the infamous 'Mamet-speak'. His dialogue is written up in stylized, yet naturalistic form, incorporating emphases and attenuation, deliberate inaccuracies, overlapping, interruption, obscenity. In The Secret Knowledge, Mamet discusses being asked how he knew so much about whatever profession he was depicting:
'The answer, if the writing satisfies, is that one makes it up. And the job, my job, as a dramatist, was not to write accurately, but to write persuasively. If and when I do my job well, subsequent cowboys, as it were, will talk like me.'
Whether or not subsequent defence lawyers will talk like Jack and Henry in Race, the skill, wit, and intelligence of Mamet's writing in Race deliver multiple, conflicting 'truths' that are sure to persuade and provoke simultaneously. Here at a crucial moment in the play, Jack airs his view on race in the US:
I. Know. There is nothing. A white person. Can say to a black person. About Race. Which is not both incorrect and offensive. Nothing. I know that. Race. Is the most incendiary topic in our history. And the moment it comes out, you cannot close the lid on that box.
Race opens on the Main Stage on 23 May and runs until 15 June.
Race: Win with Hampstead Theatre and Bradleys Restaurant Read full story
Race: In rehearsals Read full story
Race cast: Careers in pictures Read full story
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John Linus McAtee (October 5, 1898 – November 15, 1963) was an American Hall of Fame jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing.

Biography
Born in Frenchtown, New Jersey on October 5, 1898, he went by his middle name, Linus, but was nicknamed "Pony" by friends and would be called that by some in the press. While still an apprentice, he rode for Commander J. K. L. Ross in Canada then was aboard his colt Damrosch for the win in the 1916 Preakness Stakes.

Called one of the best riders of his era by the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, McAtee developed into a superior tactician who won two Kentucky Derbys and who was the United States Champion Jockey in money earned for 1928. After retiring from racing in 1932, a comeback attempt three years later ended after he suffered a serious foot injury. In 1956, he was inducted in the United States' Racing Hall of Fame. McAtee died on November 15, 1963.

References

1898 births
1963 deaths
American jockeys
American Champion jockeys
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
People from Frenchtown, New Jersey

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