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The story enjoys a continuing appeal, as shown by the number of illustrated children's books of the fable; there is one for instance by Paul Galdone and another, Seven Blind Mice, by Ed Young (1992). In the title cartoon of one of his books, cartoonist Sam Gross postulated that one of the blind men, encountering a pile of the elephant feces, concluded that "An elephant is soft and mushy."
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text:
Q: Prove set must be a member of another set I have this question regarding sets:

Consider a set, S. Also, consider a set, A, whose elements, E, are
  subsets of S subject to the following rules:

*

*A is non-empty

*A is closed under complements, i.e:
E ∈ A ⇒ E' ∈ A,    where the complement of E is the set of elements of S which are not in E.

*A is closed under union of the sets which make up its elements, i.e:
E1, .., Ei, .., En ∈ A ⇒ (union n i=1)Ei ∈ A,

where the notation to the right of the implication means the union
  of all     elements Ei.
For example, for S = {a, b, c, d} we could have A = {∅, {a, b}, {c,
  d}, {a, b, c, d}}, but not A = {∅, {a, b}, {a, b, c, d}}, due to the
  second rule. The element (set) {a, b} is the complement of {c, d}.
Prove the following. The first two use only the rules from above. The last proof has been started for you and uses an extension of a
  relation from the lectures as well as the above rule(s).
(a) S must be a member of A.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, the empty set must be a member of A.
(c) A is closed under intersection of the sets which make up its
  elements, i.e.: E1, .., Ei, .., En ∈ A ⇒ (intersection n, i=1)Ei ∈ A,
  where the notation is similar to that for the third rule.

So far I haven't even been able to get part a).
This is what I have come up with so far:
a) Since ∃E. E∈S. E∈A ↔ E'∈A
   We can say S = E union E' ∈ A
   Thus S ∈ A
Does this make any sense?
Any help is much appreciated.

A: Your argument for part (a) seems perfectly fine. In words, we know by the first rule that $A$ contains some element $E$; we know by the second rule that $A$ contains its complement $E'$; we know by the third rule that $A$ contains their union $E \cup E'$. Since $E'$ contains all elements of $S$ not in $E$, $E \cup E'$ contains all elements of $S$, so $E \cup E' = S$.
You can do part (b) by the same method, or you can use the first part (that $S \in A$) as a shortcut to show that $\varnothing \in A$.
For part (c), the key thing to remember is De Morgan's law: $(E_1 \cup E_2)' = E_1' \cap E_2'$.

A: a) your explanation is perfect.
b) Well if $S \in A$ then $S^c \in A$ and ....
c) If $S \in A$ and $R \in A$ can we express $R \cap S$ somehow in terms of complements and unions only... in such a way that that assures it is a member of $A$.  Hint: Have you ever heard of DeMorgan's Law?

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What shoe sizes do you work with?
Currently sizes 5 to 13 (if you are interested in a different size, just let me know.) Please note that due to space constraints at shows and conventions, we can only bring a select number of Giraffe Soul custom wearable art pieces in a variety of sizes, styles, and themes that will be available for purchase.
Who is your shoe supplier?
Creating one of a kind wearable art pieces means that I have had quite a bit of time with trial and error. :) I utilize wedge and platform heels because I do not touch the integrity of the shoe (straps, soles, etc) and these options offer the most amount of stable design surfaces. I currently do not utilize a wholesale supplier which means every pair of shoes is chosen by me. I go with the mentality that if I wouldn't wear something myself, I don't assume other people will. There are times when I find a shoe that I really like and I will purchase as many pairs as I can in various sizes. While a style of shoe may be the same, the designing of the art utilized will never be identical. Giraffe Soul is not about mass producing a specific creation, one of a kind wearable art pieces allow my clients to stand out and feel as unique as they are.
Do you only utilize comics and graphic novels as your art medium?
Nope, just about any type of paper product will work for a pair of wearable art! Take a look at the portfolio page and you will find a few pairs where I used vintage magazines and newspapers. One pair in particular entitled the "We Miss You Elvis #1" was created from a 1977 People magazine and memorabilia book from the five-year anniversary of the King's passing.
Attention band members and stage performers: Ever thought about a walking business card to showcase your craft? Utilizing photos that you provide from performances I can create a personalized pair of Giraffe Soul shoes that will allow you to show the world who you are both on and off stage.
How are your one of a kind Giraffe Soul items priced?
Each item is its own custom wearable art piece so we look at the original purchase price of the item (shoes, journal, wallet, or clutch) as well as the cost of the art medium (comics, graphic novels, vintage magazines, books, etc). Lastly, the amount of time that is spent creating each individual piece is calculated. For example, a size 13 shoe will have a higher price tag than say a size 5 heel due to the amount of surface being designed.
Driving: Remove your shoes while driving. This might seem silly however driving with your shoes on will allow friction to impact the integrity of your design especially on the heel areas.
Rain/Weather: I love a good puddle jumping session as much as the next person and while your shoes have received at least three coats of weather-proofing shellac, I would avoid water whenever possible.
Heat: Fireplaces and fire pits are oh so romantic and they keep you toasty however trust me on this - DO NOT keep your shoes near open flames!
Oops: If while wearing your shoes, you deeply scuff them or you drive with them on, you may find an area that you wish wasn't there. Don't worry I can help! Send me an email letting me know what happened and together we can find a solution to solve the issue.
Wallets / Purses / Clutches - the same rules apply as above (except the driving part) :) however it is important to note that over time wallets will begin to wear in the spine areas from normal use. Please remember that these items are hand decorated and should be treated with care as to ensure the longevity of the decoration.
Welcome to the Giraffe Soul FAQ page!
Have an inquiry that isn't listed below?
-Is it true that you donate stuff?
HomePlate. 2014's FarmPlate donation was a pair of Ms.
Other organizations that have received donations from Giraffe Soul include Mile High Comics (benefiting the White Rose Scholarship Foundation), Hall of Justice Comics & Collectables (raffle), and the Town of Parker (for the 2015 - 50 year anniversary event).
If you are affiliated with a charity and are interested in requesting a custom Giraffe Soul piece for an event benefiting your organization, please email me (or complete the online contact form which can be found by visiting the contact page).


Pressure on FIFA president increases.
Michel Platini has called for the end to Sepp Blatter's reign as president of FIFA and has withdrawn his support for the Swiss who he has previously backed, reports BT Sport.
The Frenchman, who is himself president of UEFA, has backed Blatter in the past but it seems that recent scandals and controversies have proved too much for Platini to put up with. He appears to be upset that the 78-year-old is performing a u-turn on his promise to stand down in at the next election.
The former France midfielder, who has been alongside Blatter in Sao Paulo, said: "I do not support him. I have known him for a long time and I like him but I am not in favour of him having a new term.
"I supported him in 1998 but I do not support him in 2014. And in the future I will not support Mr Blatter.
"I told him. I think that FIFA needs a breath of fresh air.
Things are going from bad to worse for Blatter after he received public criticism from both the Dutch and English FAs earlier in the week. It now seems less and less likely that he will remain as president beyond next year.
Platini is seen as one of the prime candidates to succeed Blatter in the post and has not ruled out doing just that.
"It is an option. But it is not because Blatter is running that Michel Platini will not run. And it is not because Blatter is not running that Michel Platini will run.


text:
How These Local Councils are Leading the Way in Sustainability
Councils have a proud history of environmental action and leadership, often leading the transformation in how we can live more sustainably and use our resources in the future.
In Australia, local councils and communities have long been leaders in eco-friendly action, implementing initiatives to minimise their carbon emissions in their own buildings, as well as the houses and buildings in their precincts.
Many of the councils in this list are inspiring communities by leading through example, through measures such as solar PV, energy management systems, and encouraging energy efficiency programs in households such as environmentally friendly transport and switching appliances off to avoid standby power.
Councils are also employing long term goals that aim for zero emissions by running off 100% renewable energy. This means our Australian cities are becoming more and more sustainable, with environmental agendas being rolled out in both rural and urban areas. For example, the City of Brisbane is aiming for it's council operations to be completely carbon neutral by the end of 2017.
Recently, Climate Council's Cities Power Partnership, was created. The partnership consists of 55 Australian local governments and councils including Sydney, Brisbane and Darwin, all of whom have joined to create a network of national community striving for greener energy.
Nearly a third of Australians are represented through the partnership, with Alix Pearce, Cities Power Partnership Director, stating:
"We have local governments ranging from our very largest metropolitan councils, such as City of Sydney and Brisbane, through to tiny rural shires joining the Cities Power Partnership. The local government race to renewables is well and truly on."
These are just some of the councils doing inspiring things in the sustainability space right now:
(Information sourced from Cities Power Partnership – 'Local leadership: tracking local government progress on climate change')
Here are examples from 9 Local Councils that are doing awesome sustainability stuff!
The City of Adelaide aims to be completely carbon neutral by rapidly reducing carbon emissions. By working towards 100% renewable energy and investing in energy efficient buildings and transport, Adelaide is encouraging the entire community to get behind it's initiative.
Adelaide City Council's Sustainability Incentives Scheme offers grants for installing solar PV and battery storage systems, electric vehicle or bicycle charging, energy efficiency and water saving upgrades (Adelaide City Council 2017). From 2001 – 2016, the energy efficiency of South Australian Government buildings improved by 20%. Since 2010, the City of Adelaide reduced its operational energy use by 15% and it's emissions by 23%, despite growing it's office space by 16%.
City of Darebin, Victoria
The City of Darebin is focused on renewable energy, and has set a target to double solar in Darebin over the next year. Through their 'Solar Program' Darebin offers homeowners and businesses significant incentives to install solar panels and thus reduce their energy bills.
Through the program, households are offered a no-obligation quote, and the council will actually pay for the upfront cost for the system, which is then paid off through a small additional charge on quarterly rates payments, over up to ten years. For eligible citizens, the repayments are interest free! Systems are available from 2kW to 10kW. For most households, the bigger the system, the better the payback.
Cockburn, Western Australia
Cockburn is inspiring it's community through it's utilisation of renewable energy production. The city has been employing renewable energy since 2009, and hopes to have 20% of it's electricity come from renewable energy sources by 2020.
Over the past eight years, Cockburn has installed over 1,000 solar panels across 13 community buildings. Plus, the council buildings themselves have over 4,500 solar panels!
Cockburn's Aquatic Recreation Centre uses geothermal energy to heat both it's swimming pools and general water play areas. This council guided installation will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 500 tonnes of CO2 per annum, a 72% reduction compared to traditional boilers for heating.
City of Newcastle, New South Wales
For the past decade and a half, the City of Newcastle has been passionately pursuing carbon reduction initiatives. Newcastle is currently planning a 5MW solar farm, having already recently commissioned eight other solar installations for public buildings such as the art gallery, museum, works depot and libraries. This is part of it's 2020 Carbon and Water Management Action Plan which also involved a range of energy efficiency upgrades at council and community facilities and buildings.
'Upgrades at major Council sites targeted improvements to heating and cooling controls, power factor correction, automated fault detection, double glazing windows and replacing over 2500 light fittings with LED. Since the creation of the Action Plan, the City of Newcastle has experienced annual savings of 1500 tonnes of carbon pollution and $240,000 in electricity costs.'
- City of Newcastle
The City of Melbourne is passionate about sustainability, and are channelling their efforts into the Melbourne Renewable Energy Project (MREP). Via MREP, The City of Melbourne has partnered with other large organisations to purchase large-scale renewable energy for a collective tendering process.
By supporting the construction of a new local wind farm, the city and a myriad of local governments, schools, commercial businesses and cultural sites have all committed to purchase a significant amount of electricity per year from a renewable source. The building of the wind farm will create more than 140 jobs, and the City of Melbourne is pushing for a quarter of it's electricity to come from renewable sources by 2018 and net zero emissions by 2020.
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
Canberra is powering ahead with renewable energy. The ACT Government recently declared 'an increase in its renewable energy target from 90% to 100% by the year 2020.' (ACT website) This means that all electricity will be delivered using renewable energy by 2020, by employing clean power from wind and solar sources.
The program also involves some new processes, such as the reverse auction feed-in tariff mechanism that id being used to facilitate new investment in large-scale renewable generation facilities. Plus, one of the largest roll outs of household batteries in the world has begun in Canberra, through it's 'Next Generation Energy Storage Program'. The program will incentivize battery uptake in over 5000 homes and businesses by 2020.
The Council of Alice Springs has soared to great heights where solar power is concerned. Alice Solar City, part of the Australian Government's Solar Cities program is a $42 million project. It explored how renewable energy and energy management technology could encourage the residents of Alice Springs to become energy efficient and assist in developing a sustainable energy future.
The project saw an incredible turn out from the community and it's residents, with the council playing a major role in inciting enthusiasm while utilising the sunny weather of the region to great effect.
City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia
With funding from the Federal Government, the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder designed and constructed a geothermal heating system and solar thermal system for their local recreational facility – the Goldfields Oasis Leisure Centre.
'Through strong local leadership and commitment to sustainability, the Centre has offset 8309 gigajoules of natural gas and 206,000kWh of electricity per year that would otherwise be used to warm the pools and heat and cool the centre.' (Kalgoorlie Times)
The savings in natural gas consumption translates to savings of nearly $260,000 a year.
Ipswich, Queensland
The Ipswich City Council is focused on energy efficient lighting, through the LED Street Lighting Retrofit project. Inspired by the high yearly costs of public lighting in Australia, Ipswich began completely transitioning their existing street lighting service to a far more eco-friendly alternative.
'Once finished, this project will result in reducing current street lighting energy consumption by 540,000 kWh of energy per year across the project area, resulting in approximately 561 tonnes less carbon emissions being released into the atmosphere.'
-Ipswich City Council
Local councils are doing inspiring work across the country, driving sustainability causes through solar uptake, pollution reduction, community awareness and energy efficiency. Work in a council? Want to make a change? Here's some of the initiatives you can implement:
Look into solar and battery options for community projects and buildings
Encourage local businesses and residents to adopt best practice energy efficiency measures across all council buildings, and support community facilities to adopt these measures.
Install an energy management system to allow the monitoring and control of electricity. carbonTRACK's IoT platform enables it's users to switch appliances, lights and heating and cooling systems on and off from a desktop or mobile interface. We save our users up to 30% on their electricity bills, enabling you to do your part in promoting and exercising sustainable practices.
carbonTRACK's energy management system is helping councils, businesses and homes save on energy while helping the environment. Here's how it works.
sustainability councils solar solar innovation

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text:
Kenya Police tops corruption list
Tuesday March 27 2018
National Police Service Commission Chairman Johnston Kavuludi (left) and Inspector General of Police Joseph Boinnet preside over the swearing-in of deputy inspector generals of police at the Supreme Court on January 19, 2018. The police service is the most corrupt government institution. PHOTO | MARTIN MUKANGU | NATION MEDIA GROUP
Health, Devolution and Education ministries, in that order, were also top on the corruption list.
Murang'a topped the list of most corrupt, followed by Trans-Nzoia, Mandera, Kirinyaga, Marsabit, Tharaka Nithi and Meru.
By NATION REPORTER
Kenya Police has once again topped the list of most corrupt government departments in a survey by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission.
The study conducted in 2016 indicates that most bribes are paid at police stations, county health departments, chiefs' offices, Office of the Registrar of Persons and county commissioners' offices in that order.
The average bribe given out is now Sh7,081, an increase from Sh5,648 recorded in the previous year.
READ: How crooked police earned high salaries - VIDEO
READ: How two officers minted Sh37m M-Pesa bribe
Among the counties, Murang'a topped the list of most corrupt, followed by Trans-Nzoia, Mandera, Kirinyaga, Marsabit, Tharaka Nithi and Meru.
Meru County was also singled out because its officials are most notorious for demanding bribes.
Among government ministries, Interior and Coordination of National Government was identified as the most prone to graft.
ILLEGAL ASSETS
The report was released by EACC chairman Eliud Wabukala.
"The overall objective of the survey is to generate data that will feed the anti-corruption strategy in the country," Mr Wabukala said.
He added: "The commission has so far recovered assets worth Sh6.7 billion and we are looking to return them to the rightful owners."
CoG rejects govt's Sh316bn offer
5 News Doomsday cults whose members kill in God's name
6 Politics Ruto attack: Uhuru defends Tuju


Huntington, West Virginia. The Southwestern District Labor Council AFL-CIO is the 300th labor organization to endorse HR 676, single payer legislation introduced by Congressman John Conyers.
Tim Millne, Secretary-Treasurer, reports that the council acted on a motion of its COPE Committee. Millne said, "We are proud to be the 300th endorsement of this much needed bill. The unanimous vote of the council reinforces support for working families everywhere." The labor council sent its resolution to Congressman Nick Rahall (D-WV), who is not yet a co-sponsor of HR 676, and council members plan to speak with him during the August recess.
The Southwestern District Labor Council has 50 affiliated local unions in seven counties. Millne said the resolution would be sent to all affiliated locals unions as well as to about 20 non-affiliates. The resolution will be posted on the Council's web site. (www.swdlc.org).


our clients call on us to define environmental and health connections and spearhead solutions. We analyze market conditions, regulatory actions, and legislative proposals to enable you to build successful projects and programs. Our sector expertise includes: environmental health, green building, indoor air quality, clean air, hazardous and solid waste, toxic substances, lead poisoning, and comparative risk. Founded as ERT Associates in 1992 by Ellen Tohn, we changed our name to Tohn Environmental Strategies in 2007.
We develop specifications and training to address indoor air quality and green building issues.
We develop green/healthy housing initiatives and programs to address environmental health risks.
We help ensure your renovation or construction project creates a healthy green home.
We design initiatives, create advocacy campaigns, and provide strategic assistance.


The Benevolent Fund was established to aid in the relief of needy members in good standing, of the Order of the Eastern Star, in California chapters, and members of their immediate families living in their household, or who are dependent upon them for support. To qualify for Benevolent Assistance, you must have been an affiliated member of the Order in California for the five years prior to the application. Assistance of up to $1,000 is available to assist with funeral expenses or other destitute circumstances needing one time financial assistance. Assistance up to $5,000 may be available in truly exigent circumstances.
Applications for Benevolent Fund Assistance may be made by contacting our StarCARE office at 1-800-567-2273, or by filling out the application on this web site by clicking the Apply For Help button.
Donations to this fund are always appreciated as we attempt to help all our members that apply and qualify for assistance. To donate to this fund, please click the Donate Now button.
In the event of a natural disaster, affected members can receive assistance from the Disaster Fund. This fund provided aid to our members after the Loma Prieta and Northridge earthquakes and after the many Southern California fires that burned down member residences and destroyed their property. Our Disaster Fund helps our members with immediate needs while they wait for government and insurance assistance.
All monies received by Grand Chapter for aid to members in the event of an earthquake, flood or other catastrophic disaster, and not used in connection with that disaster are retained to be available as immediate aid to members, in the event of subsequent catastrophes.
Applications for Disaster Fund Assistance are made through our Benevolent Fund. Please contact our StarCARE office at 1-800-567-2273, or fill out the application on this web site by clicking the Apply For Help button.
Donations to this fund are always appreciated as fires spring up unexpectedly all over our state and other natural disasters sometimes leave our members homeless. To donate to this fund, please click the Donate Now button.


text:
Chem 12 Experiments
Online Chemistry Lab Manual
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Wed, 22 Sep 2021 18:36:23 GMT
3: Le Chatelier's Principle (Experiment)
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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FAncillary_Materials%2FLaboratory_Experiments%2FWet_Lab_Experiments%2FGeneral_Chemistry_Labs%2FOnline_Chemistry_Lab_Manual%2FChem_12_Experiments%2F03%253A_Le_Chatelier's_Principle_(Experiment)
Laboratory Experiments
Wet Lab Experiments
General Chemistry Labs
Part A – Acid-Base Equilibrium
Part B – Solubility Equilibrium
Part C – Complex Ion Equilibrium
Part D – Dissolving Insoluble Solids
Safety And Waste Disposal
Part A: Acid-Base Equilibrium
Part B: Solubility Equilibrium
Part C: Complex Ion Equilibrium
Part D: Dissolving Insoluble Solids
Lab Report: Properties of Systems in Equilibrium - Le Chatelier's Principle
Part A – Equilibrium and an Acid-Base Indicator
Part B – Solubility Equilibrium and \(K_{sp}\)
Part C – Complex Ion Equilibria
Pre-Laboratory Assignment: Le Chatelier's Principle
To perturb chemical reactions at equilibrium and observe how they respond.
To explain these observations using Le Chatelier's Principle.
To relate Le Chatelier's Principle to the concept of coupled reactions.
All chemical reactions eventually reach a state in which the rate of the reaction in the forward direction is equal to the rate of the reaction in the reverse direction. When a reaction reaches this state, it is said to be at chemical equilibrium. The concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium are constant as a function of time. Thus, for a homogeneous aqueous system of the form
\[a \text{A} (aq) + b\text{B} (aq) \ce{<=>}c\text{C} (aq) + d\text{D} (aq) \label{1}\]
we can express the equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction as,
\[K_{c}= \frac{[\text{C}]^{c}[\text{D}]^{d}}{[\text{A}]^{a}[\text{B}]^{b}} \label{2}\]
where the values of \([\text{A}]\), \([\text{B}]\), \([\text{C}]\), and \([\text{D}]\) correspond to the equilibrium concentrations (or equilibrium positions) of all the aqueous chemical components, and \(a\), \(b\), \(c\), and \(d\) are their respective stoichiometric coefficients. Note that for a heterogeneous system including pure solids or liquids of the form
\[a \text{A} (aq) + b\text{B} (s) \ce{<=>}c\text{C} (aq) + d\text{D} (l) \label{3}\]
the pure liquids and solids do not appear in the equilibrium-constant expression:
\[K_{c}= \frac{[\text{C}]^{c}}{[\text{A}]^{a}} \label{4}\]
It has been observed that when a reaction at equilibrium is perturbed by applying a stress, the reaction will respond by shifting its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the perturbation/stress. In other words, the concentrations of the reactants and products will shift so that the relationship described by Equation \ref{2} is again satisfied. This idea was first proposed by Henri-Louis Le Chatelier and has since been referred to as, "Le Chatelier's Principle".
Note that when a reaction makes more products as a response to the perturbation, we call it a right-shift. When a reaction makes more reactants in response to the perturbation, we call it a left-shift. We often designate these respective shifts by drawing right and left arrows below the chemical equation.
For chemical reactions at equilibrium in aqueous solution, the most common types of perturbations include changing the concentration of one of the aqueous solutes, changing the concentrations of all aqueous solutes by changing the total solution volume, or changing the temperature. The general responses of an aqueous system to these particular perturbations are tabulated below.
Effect on Equilibrium Position
Effect on \(K_{c}\)
Increase in concentration of a single reactant, or, decrease in concentration of a single product. Shift to the right None
Decrease in concentration of a single reactant, or, increase in concentration of a single product. Shift to the left None
Decrease in all aqueous concentrations due to an increase in solution volume resulting from the addition of solvent Shift towards side with more solute particles None
Increase in all aqueous concentrations due to a decrease in solution volume resulting from the removal of solvent (evaporation) Shift towards side with less solute particles None
Increase temperature of an exothermic reaction Shift to the left Decrease
Decrease temperature of an exothermic reaction Shift to the right Increase
Increase temperature of an endothermic reaction Shift to the right Increase
Decrease temperature of an endothermic reaction Shift to the left Decrease
Addition of an inert substance, catalyst, pure liquid, or pure solid None None
Notice that only a temperature change can affect the value of \(K_{c}\); in all other cases the value of \(K_{c}\) remains constant.
In this experiment you will perturb reactions that have attained equilibrium. You will then observe how each reaction responds to that perturbation in order to restore equilibrium. In your report you describe these changes in terms of Le Chatelier's Principle.
Here you will use coupled equilibria to change the equilibrium position of an acid-base reaction. In order to understand how coupled equilibria work consider the reactions described by the chemical equations below:
\[ \text{A} (aq) \ce{<=>}\text{B} (aq) \label{5}\]
\[\text{B} (aq) + \text{C} (aq) \ce{<=>} \text{D} (aq) \label{6}\]
Notice that the species \(\text{B} (aq)\) is common to both reactions. The presence of this common species couples these two reactions.
We can perturb the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{6} by the addition of some \(\text{C} (aq)\).The addition of \(\text{C} (aq)\) will cause the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{6} to shift right in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle. This right shift in the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{6} will also result a corresponding decrease in the concentration of \(\text{B} (aq)\). Because \(\text{B} (aq)\) is also present in Reaction \ref{5}, the decrease in the concentration of \(\text{B} (aq)\) will in turn result in a right shift in the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{5}. Thus, the addition of \(\text{C} (aq)\) to Reaction \ref{6} actually results in a right shift in the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{5} because the equilibria are coupled.
In Part A we will observe the effect of various solutes on an acid-base indicator (a weak acid) at equilibrium. The equilibrium system can be written in the general form
\[\ce{ HA (aq) <=> H^{+} (aq) + A^{-} (aq)} \label{7}\]
The equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction is
\[K_{a}= \frac{[\ce{H^{+}}][\ce{A^{-}}]}{[\ce{HA}]} \label{8}\]
where we denote the equilibrium constant, \(K\), with a subscript \(a\) for acid. In this experiment, \(\ce{HA}\) and \(\ce{A^{-}}\) are the acidic and basic forms of the indicator bromothymol blue. Since the two forms are different colors, you will be able to determine which form is predominant in the equilibrium mixture. In other words you will be able to determine whether the equilibrium position lies to the left (more reactants and less products) or whether the equilibrium lies to the right (more products and less reactants).
Your goal will be to find a reagent that will shift the position of this equilibrium to the opposite side, and then another reagent that will shift it back towards its original position. Instead of directly adding \(\ce{HA}\) or \(\ce{A^{-}}\) to the system, you will effect these shifts by adding \(\ce{H^{+}}\) or \(\ce{OH^{-}}\). Note that in order to determine the effect of \(\ce{OH^{-}}\) we must consider a second chemical reaction that shares a common species with the Reaction \ref{7}. The second reaction is the autoionization of water, which can be described by the equation
\[\ce{ H2O (l) <=> H^{+} (aq) + OH^{-} (aq)} \label{9}\]
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is denoted by \(K_{w}\), where the subscript \(w\) stands for water, and the associated equilibrium constant expression is
\[K_{w}= [\ce{H^{+}}][\ce{OH^{-}}] \label{10}\]
Because Reactions \ref{7} and \ref{9} share a common chemical species (\(\ce{H^{+}}\)), you can use the concept of coupled equilibria to shift the equilibrium position of Reaction \ref{7} by increasing or decreasing the concentration of \(\ce{OH^{-} (aq)}\).
Here you will test the effects of changing temperature and volume on the solubility of a slightly soluble salt at equilibrium. Some examples of slightly soluble salts are \(\ce{AgCl}\), \(\ce{Cu(OH)2}\), \(\ce{PbCl2}\), and \(\ce{Fe2S3}\), which you should recall are, "insoluble in water," according to the solubility rules you learned in Chemistry 11. In fact, a very small amount of each of these substances does dissolve in aqueous solution, but the amount is so small that we often classify each of these compounds as, "insoluble".
This type of equilibrium is often called a solubility equilibrium because it is written in the direction of the dissolution of the solid, as shown in the following example:
\[ \text{A}_{\text{x}} \text{B}_{\text{y}} (s) \ce{<=>} x\text{A}^{+} (aq) + y\text{B}^{-} (aq) \label{11}\]
The equilibrium-constant expression for Reaction \ref{11} is
\[K_{sp}= [\text{A}^{+}]^{x}[\text{B}^{-}]^{y} \label{12}\]
where we denote the equilibrium constant, \(K\), with a subscript \(sp\) for solubility product.
Now let's consider the process of precipitation. In a typical precipitation reaction two aqueous salt solutions are mixed together resulting in the production of an insoluble salt. Notice that this process corresponds to a left shift of Reaction \ref{11}, and so Equation \ref{12} can also be used to examine the conditions required for the precipitation of a solid to occur. We can denote the product \([\text{A}^{+}]^{x}[\text{B}^{-}]^{y}\) under arbitrary conditions (not necessarily at equilibrium) as,
\[Q_{sp}= [\text{A}^{+}]^{x} [\text{B}^{-}]^{y} \label{13}\]
where \(Q_{sp}\) is called the solubility product reaction quotient. Note that, upon mixing two solutions, one containing \(\text{A}^{+}\) and the other containing \(\text{B}^{-}\), if \(Q_{sp}<K_{sp}\) the system is not at equilibrium, but since no solid \(\text{A}_{\text{x}} \text{B}_{\text{y}}\) is present the reaction cannot shift to the right and therefore no reaction will be observed. In contrast, if \(Q_{sp}>K_{sp}\) the solution contains an excess of aqueous species, and Reaction \ref{11} will shift left, forming the solid precipitate \(\text{A}_{\text{x}} \text{B}_{\text{y}}\) until the system reaches a state of equilibrium where \(Q_{sp}=K_{sp}\). Thus, we can use the values of \(Q_{sp}\) and \(K_{sp}\) to predict the conditions under which a precipitation reaction will occur.
In Part B we will study the solubility equilibrium of \(\ce{PbCl2 (s)}\). We will observe the effect on this solubility equilibrium of changes in solution volume (quantity of solvent) and temperature. We will express these changes in terms of the respective values of \(Q_{sp}\) and \(K_{sp}\).
Certain metal ions, most often transition metals, exist in solution as complex ions in combination with other ions or molecules, called ligands. Common ligands include \(\ce{H2O}\), \(\ce{NH3}\), \(\ce{Cl^{–}}\), and \(\ce{OH^{–}}\). Many of these complex ions exhibit vibrant colors in solution. For example, the \(\ce{Co(H2O)6^{2+} (aq)}\) complex ion is pink and the \(\ce{CoCl4^{2-} (aq)}\) complex ion is blue.
In Part C you will study the following complex ion formation reaction:
\[\ce{Co(H2O)6^{2+} (aq) + 4Cl^{-} (aq) <=> CoCl4^{2-} (aq) + 6H2O (l)} \label{14}\]
\[K_{f}= \frac{[\ce{CoCl4^{2-}}]}{[\ce{Co(H2O)6^{2+}}][\ce{Cl^{-}}]^{4}} \label{15}\]
where we denote the equilibrium constant, \(K\), with a subscript \(f\) for complex ion formation.
Your goal in Part C is to observe how Reaction \ref{14} shifts from its equilibrium position as the result of various perturbations.
In Part D you will use coupled equilibria to affect the solubility equilibrium of \(\ce{Zn(OH)2 (s)}\). The solubility equilibrium can be described by the equation
\[\ce{Zn(OH)2 (s) <=> Zn^{2+} (aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq)}\quad\quad K_{sp} = 5 \times 10^{-17} M^{3} \label{16}\]
Notice that \(K_{sp} << 1\) for this reaction, demonstrating that \(\ce{Zn(OH)2 (s)}\) is only very slightly soluble in aqueous solution.
Now consider the reactions described by the following chemical equations, each of which shares a common species with the Reaction \ref{16}:
\[\ce{H2O (l) <=> H^{+} (aq) + OH^{-} (aq)}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad K_{w} = 1 \times 10^{-14} M^{2} \label{17}\]
\[\ce{Zn^{2+} (aq) + 4 OH^{-} (aq) <=> Zn(OH)4^{2-} (aq)}\quad\quad K_{f} = 3 \times 10^{15} M^{-4} \label{18}\]
\[\ce{Zn^{2+} (aq) + 4 NH3 (aq) <=> Zn(NH3)4^{2+} (aq)}\quad\quad K_{f} = 1 \times 10^{9} M^{-4} \label{19}\]
Because Reactions \ref{17}, \ref{18}, and \ref{19} each share a common species with Reaction \ref{16} they can be coupled together. In Part D of this experiment you will observe the effect of coupling each of these equilibria on the solubility of \(\ce{Zn(OH)2 (s)}\).
From lab/locker: Six large test tubes, test tube rack, stirring rod, scoopula, small 10-mL graduated cylinder, large 100-mL graduated cylinder, 400-mL beaker, wire gauze, stand with ring clamp, and Bunsen burner.
From stockroom: Bucket of ice
Bromothymol blue, a 6 M strong acid, a 6 M strong base, 0.3 M \(\ce{Pb(NO3)2 }\) (aq), 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq), \(\ce{CoCl2*6H2O}\) (s), 12 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq), 0.1 M \(\ce{Zn(NO3)2}\) (aq), 0.1 M \(\ce{Mg(NO3)2}\) (aq), 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq), 6 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq), 6 M \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) (often labeled as \(\ce{NH4OH}\)), and deionized water
12-M \(\ce{HCl}\), is extremely caustic and great care must be taken to avoid contact with eyes or skin. The bottle should be kept in a plastic tray and not removed from the fume hood. Should any of this solution enter your eyes rinse immediately in the emergency eyewash. Should any of this solution come in contact with your skin rinse with copious amounts of water and apply saturated sodium bicarbonate to the affected area from the stock bottle located on the sink.
The solutions you will use in Part B contain lead. Be certain that all of these lead-containing solutions are disposed of in the proper waste container and rinse your hands following this procedure.
Many of the chemicals used in this lab are hazardous to the environment. All waste must be disposed of in the hazardous-waste container in the fume hood. Rinse all glassware directly into the waste container twice using a small squirt bottle to be certain all hazardous waste ends up in the waste container.
General Procedural Notes
The amounts of reagents used in this experiment are approximate only. If you are unsure how to estimate a milliliter, then measure out about one milliliter of water using your graduated cylinder, transfer this amount to a large test tube, and then use this approximate volume as a reference throughout the experiment.
All glassware needs to be rinsed at least once with deionized water. It is not necessary to dry glassware since all reagent volumes are approximate and all solutions are aqueous.
Here you will find a reagent that will shift the acid-base equilibrium given by Reaction \ref{7} in one direction and then a second reagent that will cause the equilibrium position to shift back in the opposite direction.
Reagents needed for this part are: deionized water, bromothymol blue solution, a 6 M strong acid and a 6 M strong base.
Add approximately 5 mL of deionized water to a large test tube. Add 3 drops of the bromothymol blue indicator solution. Report the color of your solution on your data sheet.
Your solution from Step 1 currently contains one form of bromothymol blue (see background). Now predict which of the two 6 M reagents you obtained, the strong acid or the strong base, will cause a color change in your solution by making the bromothymol blue indicator shift to its other form. Add the 6 M reagent of your choice drop-by-drop and if your solution changes color, write the color of the solution and formula of the reagent on your data sheet. If the addition of your reagent does not result in a color change, try other reagents until you are successful.
Since equilibrium systems are reversible, it is possible to shift a reaction left or right repeatedly by changing the conditions. Now find another 6 M reagent that will cause your solution from Step 2 to revert back to its original color. Add the 6 M reagent of your choice drop-by-drop and if your solution changes color, write the formula of the reagent on the data sheet. If the addition of your second reagent does not result in a color change, try other reagents until you are successful.
You will test the effects of changing the solution volume and temperature on the solubility equilibrium of lead (II) chloride.
Reagents needed are: 0.3 M \(\ce{Pb(NO3)2}\) (aq), 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq), and deionized water.
Set up a hot-water bath by filling a 400-mL beaker about half-full with tap water and heating the water using a Bunsen burner while you work on the following steps. The hot-water bath will be used in Step 6 (and also in Part C).
Measure 5.0 mL of the 0.3 M \(\ce{Pb(NO3)2}\) solution into a large test tube using a 10-mL graduated cylinder.
Thoroughly rinse the graduated cylinder with deionized water, then measure 5.0 mL of the 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) solution using the 10-mL graduated cylinder.
Add about 1 mL of the 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) solution to the \(\ce{Pb(NO3)2}\) solution in the large test tube. Stir the mixture gently using your stirring-rod and record your observations on your data sheet.
Continue to add the 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) solution to the \(\ce{Pb(NO3)2}\) solution in the large test tube in roughly 1 mL increments until you just begin to see white \(\ce{PbCl2}\) solid appear in your test tube. To confirm that the solid is present, let the test tube sit on the bench for about 3 minutes, allowing all solid to settle to the bottom where it is easier to see. On your data sheet record the total volume of 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) needed to produce the solid.
Put the test tube containing the solid into your hot-water bath from Step 1. Stir the contents of the test tube gently for a few seconds using the glass stirring-rod and record your observations on your data sheet. Continue heating and stirring until a change is observed.
Make a cold-water bath by filling a 400-mL beaker half full with tap water and ice. Cool the test tube down by placing it into this cold-water bath. Observe what happens and record your observations. Save this cold-water bath for use in Part C.
Dispose of the remainder of the 0.3 M \(\ce{HCl}\) solution in your 10-mL graduated cylinder by pouring it into the appropriate waste container and then rinse the cylinder using deionized water. Next measure 5.0 mL of deionized water using this graduated cylinder.
Add about 1 mL of deionized water to the large test tube containing the \(\ce{PbCl2}\) solid. Stir the mixture and observe what happens. Continue to add the deionized water in 1 mL increments until the white \(\ce{PbCl2}\) solid just dissolves (or disappears). On your data sheet record the volume of water needed to dissolve the solid.
Pour the contents of the large test tube into your large graduated cylinder and measure the total volume of the solution. Record this volume on your data sheet.
Dispose of all solutions used in Part B in the proper waste container. Rinse all glassware twice using a wash bottle of deionized water to ensure that all of the lead solution has been removed and transferred to the waste container. Save the hot- and cold-water baths for Part C.
Here you will test the effects of changing the volume and temperature on the complex ion equilibrium between Co(H2O)62+ (aq) and CoCl42- (aq) as in Reaction \ref{14}.
Reagents needed for this part are: \(\ce{CoCl2*6H2O}\) (s), 12 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) (do not remove from fume hood), and deionized water.
Reheat your hot-water bath from part B to a near boil. The hot-water bath will be used in Step 4.
Put a few small crystals (an amount that fits at the tip of the scoopula) of \(\ce{CoCl2*6H2O}\) (s) in a large test tube. Working in the fume hood, carefully add 2 mL of 12 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) (this acid is extremely caustic; see cautions in the safety section of this experiment). Stir to dissolve the crystals. Record the color of this solution.
Using a 10-mL graduated cylinder, add deionized water to the solution in your test tube in approximately 2 mL increments, stirring after each addition, until no further color change occurs. Record the new color.
Place the test tube into the hot-water bath from Step 1 and record any color change.
Cool the solution down in the cold-water bath and record any color change.
Here you will further examine how one reaction can affect the behavior of another reaction when the reactions share one or more common chemical species.
Reagents needed for are: 0.1 M \(\ce{Zn(NO3)2}\) (aq), 0.1 M \(\ce{Mg(NO3)2}\) (aq), 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq), 6 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq), and 6 M \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) (often labeled as \(\ce{NH4OH}\)).
Label three large test tubes A, B, and C. Add about 2 mL of 0.1 M \(\ce{Zn(NO3)2}\) solution to each test tube. Add one drop of 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) solution to each test tube. Stir each solution and record your observations.
Into test tube A, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Into test tube B, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Into test tube C, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Label three additional large test tubes D, E, and F. Add about 2 mL of 0.1 M \(\ce{Mg(NO3)2}\) solution to each test tube. Add one drop of 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) solution to each test tube. Stir each solution and record your observations.
Into test tube D, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Into test tube E, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Into test tube F, add at least 20 drops of 6 M \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) drop-by-drop while stirring. Record all observations.
Name: ____________________________ Lab Partner: ________________________
Date: ________________________ Lab Section: __________________
Equilibrium system: \(\ce{ HA (aq) <=> H^{+} (aq) + A^{-} (aq)}\)
Record your results upon completing each of the following steps:
Step 1: Color of bromothymol blue in distilled water
Step 2: Name of reagent "A" causing color change when added
Step 3: Name of reagent "B" causing a return to original color
Complete the following:
The acidic form of the bromothymol blue indicator, \(\ce{HA}\) (aq), is _______________ in color.
The basic form of the bromothymol blue indicator, \(\ce{A^{–}}\) (aq), is _______________ in color.
Explain why reagent A (in Step 2) caused the color change observed.
Explain why reagent B (in Step 3) caused the color change observed.
Equilibrium system: \(\ce{PbCl2 (s) <=> Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2 Cl^{–} (aq)}\)
Step 4: Observations upon addition of just 1.0 mL of \(\ce{HCl}\) to the \(\ce{Pb(NO3)3}\) solution
Step 5: Total volume of \(\ce{HCl}\) required for noticeable precipitation
Step 6: Observations upon placing the test tube with precipitate in hot water
Step 7: Observations upon placing the test tube with precipitate in cold water
Step 9: Volume of water added to just dissolve \(\ce{PbCl2}\) precipitate
Step 10: Total solution volume upon completion
Why didn't any solid \(\ce{PbCl2}\) form immediately upon addition of 1 mL of \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) in Step 4? What condition must be met by \([\ce{Pb^{2+}}]\) and \([\ce{Cl^{–}}]\) if solid \(\ce{PbCl2}\) is to form?
Consider your observation in hot water in Step 6:
In which direction did the equilibrium shift? ____________________
Did the value of \(K_{sp}\) get smaller or larger? ____________________
Is the dissolution of \(\ce{PbCl2}\) (s) exothermic or endothermic? ____________________
Explain below.
Explain why the solid \(\ce{PbCl2}\) dissolved when water was added to it in Step 9. What was the effect of this water on \([\ce{Pb^{2+}}]\), \([\ce{Cl^{–}}]\), and \(Q_{sp}\)? In which direction would such a change drive the equilibrium system?
The point at which the \(\ce{PbCl2}\) precipitate just dissolves in Step 9 can be used to determine the value of \(K_{sp}\) for this equilibrium system, where \(K_{sp} = [\ce{Pb^{2+}}][\ce{Cl^{–}}]^{2}\). Calculate \([\ce{Pb^{2+}}]\) and \([\ce{Cl^{–}}]\) in the final solution (consider the "dilution effect"). Then use these equilibrium concentrations to determine the value of \(K_{sp}\) for this system. Show all work below.
Equilibrium system (Reaction \ref{14}):
\[\underbrace{\ce{Co(H2O)6^{2+}(aq) }}_{\text{Pink}} + \ce{4Cl^{-} (aq) <=> } \underbrace{\ce{CoCl4^{2-}(aq) }}_{\text{Blue}} + \ce{6 H2O (l) }\]
Step 2: Color of solution in 12 M HCl
Step 3: Color of solution upon addition of water
Step 4: Color of solution in hot water
Step 5: Color of solution in cold water
What form of the complex ion, \(\ce{Co(H2O)6^{2+}}\) (aq) or \(\ce{CoCl4^{2–}}\) (aq), is predominate in:
The 12 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) __________________
The diluted solution __________________
The heated solution __________________
Explain why you obtained the observed color in 12 M \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) (Step 2).
Explain the observed color change that occurred when water was added to the solution in Step 3. Consider how water affects the ion concentrations and \(Q\) in this system.
Consider your observations in the hot water bath in Step 4.
In which direction did the equilibrium shift? ______________________
Did the value of K get smaller or larger? ______________________
Is the reaction (as written) exothermic or endothermic? ______________________
Equilibrium system: \(\ce{Zn(OH)2 (s) <=> Zn^{2+} (aq) + 2 OH^{-} (aq)}\quad K_{sp} << 1\)
Step 1: Adding 1 drop of \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) to \(\ce{Zn(NO3)2}\) (aq)
Step 2: Tube A: Effect when \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) is added
Step 3: Tube B: Effect when \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) is added
Step 4: Tube C: Effect when \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) is added
Explain your observation upon addition of \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) to the precipitate in Tube A. You must consider the various equilibria that are occurring in solution and the effect of \(\ce{HCl}\) on \([\ce{OH^{–}}]\).
Explain your observations upon addition of \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) to the precipitate in Tube B. Consider the various equilibria that are occurring in solution and remember that \(\ce{Zn^{2+}}\) forms stable complex ions with \(\ce{OH^{–}}\) at sufficiently high concentrations.
Explain your observations upon addition of \(\ce{NH3}\) (aq) to the precipitate in Tube C. Consider the various equilibria that are occurring in solution and remember that \(\ce{Zn^{2+}}\) forms stable complex ions with \(\ce{NH3}\).
Equilibrium system: \(\ce{Mg(OH)2 (s) <=> Mg^{2+} (aq) + 2 OH^{-} (aq)}\quad K_{sp} << 1\)
Step 1 Adding 1 drop of \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq) to \(\ce{Mg(NO3)2}\) (aq)
Explain your observation upon addition of \(\ce{HCl}\) (aq) to the precipitate in Tube A.
Based on your observations in Steps 3 and 4 do you think that \(\ce{Mg^{2+}}\) forms stable complex ions? Explain your reasoning.
Cadmium hydroxide, an important component of \(\ce{NiCd}\) batteries, is only slightly soluble in water.
Write a reaction for the dissolution of cadmium hydroxide in water.
Write the \(K_{sp}\) expression for cadmium hydroxide.
You add a small amount of \(\ce{NaOH}\) to a test tube containing cadmium nitrate solution. Initially nothing happens, but as you add more \(\ce{NaOH}\) you begin to observe the formation of a white, powdery solid that resembles snowflakes. Eventually, all the precipitate settles to the bottom of your test tube. Explain why you do not see the precipitate initially as you first begin to add \(\ce{NaOH}\) (aq).
Explain why you eventually do see a precipitate.
Which of the following two reagents: \(\ce{HNO3}\) or \(\ce{KOH}\), do you think will increase the solubility of cadmium hydroxide solution?Explain your answer.
The following complex ion formation equilibrium takes place in water:
\[\ce{Cu(CN)4^{2-} (aq) + 4 NH3 (aq) <=> Cu(NH3)4^{2+} (aq) + 4 CN^{-} (aq)}\]
Write the \(K_{f}\) expression for this complex ion reaction
The color of \(\ce{Cu(CN)4^{2-}}\) (aq) is light blue, while the color of \(\ce{Cu(NH3)4^{2+}}\) is violet. Suppose you mix solutions of \(\ce{Cu(NO3)2}\), \(\ce{NaCN}\) and \(\ce{NH3}\) in a test tube and allow the reaction to reach equilibrium. The color of the solution is light blue at this point. Given that the above reaction is endothermic, should you heat the solution, or cool the solution in order to change the color from light blue to violet? Explain your answer using Le Chatelier's principle.
Congo Red (\(CR\)) is a pH indicator which has a blue color in its acidic form and red color in its basic form. When dissolved in water, \(CR\) forms a red-colored solution.
Write a reaction for the equilibrium between the two forms of congo red. Use \(HCR\) for the acidic form and \(CR^{-}\) for the basic form.
You make a solution of \(CR\) in water. Which of the following reagents, 6 M \(\ce{HCl}\) or 6 M \(\ce{NaOH}\), will cause the solution to change color? Explain your answer using the concept of coupled reaction.
This page titled 3: Le Chatelier's Principle (Experiment) is shared under a CC BY-NC license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Santa Monica College.
2: Determination of Kc for a Complex Ion Formation (Experiment)
4: Determining the Equivalent Mass of an Unknown Acid by Titration (Experiment)
Le Chatelier's Principle


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Europe July 2017: Octavia, Sandero and Yaris break ranking records
The Skoda Octavia hits a record-breaking 4th place in Europe. Picture evo.co.uk
* See the Top 50 best-selling brands and models by clicking on the title *
The European new car market is up 2.6% year-on-year in July to 1.19 million units, the best July result since 2009. The year-to-date tally, up 3% to 9.55 million units, is the best since 2008, and at this rate 2017 could even become the biggest year on record for new car sales in Europe, with the current all-time high dating back to 2007. Some very satisfying news indeed. Among the Top 5 countries, Germany (+1.5%) and Spain (+2.6%) show moderate gains while Italy (+5.3%) and France (+10.8%) frankly outpace the overall growth but the UK (-9.3%) is in freefall in the face of Brexit uncertainty. Among smaller markets, Portugal (+27.8%), Greece (+19.8%), Poland (+17.8%), Slovakia (+15.9%), Hungary (+15.6%), Croatia (+13.2%) and Latvia (+12%) are the most dynamic. From the 27 countries included in this study, only four show a year-on-year decline: besides the UK, Denmark (-3.3%), Switzerland (-6.1%) and Ireland (-7.1%) are in negative this month.
The Dacia Sandero leaps to an all-time high 7th place. Picture autoexpress.co.uk
Segment-wise, all four largest passenger car segments are in decline: the B segment s down 0.3% to 248.027 sales, the C segment is down 4.1% to 222.010, D segment down 8.1% to 97.032 and MPVs are down 17% to 93.035. Once again SUVs are the only true source of growth in Europe with sales flying off 18.3% to 350.161 units. In particular, let's notice the B-SUV segment (compact) up 16% to 121.000 units and accounting for 10% of the European market. The newly unveiled VW T-Roc is about to jump into this fast-growing segment and could open up the race for the #1 European model title by hurting the VW Golf a little.
Mercedes is up 15.2% to land at a stunning 4th place in the brands ranking.
Brand-wise, Volkswagen remains distant leader despite a 4.2% drop, followed by Ford (-6.9%) and Renault (+8.1%). Mercedes climbs 15.2% to land at a stunning 4th place overall, outselling mass market brands Opel (-7.7%) and Peugeot (+10.3%). Inside the Top 20, Toyota (+22.6%), Suzuki (+17.5%), Dacia (+11.7%), Kia (+10.3%) and Seat (+10%) all post double-digit gains while beyond, Abarth (+87.2%), Tesla (+76.4%), Alfa Romeo (+39.7%), Porsche (+38.1%), Mini (+16.7%) and Mitsubishi (+11.2%) are among the most dynamic.
The refreshed Toyota Yaris reaches a best-ever 8th place in July. Picture carmagazine.co.uk
In the models ranking, the VW Golf (+0.7%) remains sovereign and is joined in 2nd place by the VW Polo (-3.7%) with the Renault Clio (+6.9%) rounding up the podium. No less than three nameplates beat their ranking record inside the Top 10 this month. Firstly, the Skoda Octavia, up 10.9% year-on-year thanks to its facelift, leaps up to 4th place and it is a new record. Its previous best was #5 reached four times: in October 2013, November 2013, August 2015 and August 2016. While the Peugeot 208 (-1.6%) overtakes the Opel Astra to rank #8 year-to-date, the Dacia Sandero (+10.8%) smashes its ranking record to lift it to #7 whereas its very first appearance in the European monthly Top 10 dates only from two months ago in May. Finally, the refreshed Toyota Yaris climbs to 8th place, beating its previous best of #9 reached in September 2015. This is only the fifth time the Toyota Yaris manages a Top 10 ranking in Europe after placing #10 in March 2012, September 2012 and January 2015.
However it is important to keep in mind that these figures are preliminary and with only 1.436 units separating the #5 from the #11, a lot could still change by the time final figures are released, records could be further improved or cancelled. Other great performers this month include the Citroen C3 up 67.5% to #13 thanks to the new model, the Peugeot 3008 up 196.5% to beat the nameplate's ranking record for the second consecutive month at #17, the Mercedes E-Class up 40.3% to #34, the Mercedes GLC up 120% to #40 and the Nissan Micra up 72.6% to #49. At the other end of the scale, notice the particularly harsh drops of the Opel Corsa (-14.7%), VW Passat (-16.8%), Opel Astra (-28.2%) and Ford Fiesta (-41.9%).
Previous post: Europe First Half 2017: Best result in a decade but growth slows to 4.2%
Previous month: Europe June 2017: First Top 5 ranking for the Renault Captur
One year ago (Top 10): Europe July 2016: VW, Skoda, Peugeot trigger first decline in 3 years
One year ago (Full data): Europe July 2016: Discover the Top 350 models and Top 50 brands
Full July 2017 Top 50 brands and models below.
Europe Full Year 2016: Discover the Top 385 models and Top 60 brands
Over 20.000 Jaguar F-Pace found a new home across Europe in 2016. * See the…
Europe Q1 2018: A rare look at the Light Commercial Vehicle market
The Ford Transit Custom is the best-selling LCV in Europe so far in 2018. *…
Europe April 2016: Volkswagen (+2%) lags in market up 9%
The Audi A4 (+61%) is back inside the European Top 20 thanks to the new…
next post: Europe July 2017: Discover the Top 340 models and Top 57 brands


The Anubhav Banquet Hall located in Vikas Puri, Delhi has Banquet Halls. Hall can accommodate upto 300 guests in seating and 450 guests in floating.
Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian food is served at this venue. Features of this wedding venues are : Food provided by the venue , Non-Veg allowed at the venue , Music allowed late , Halls are air Conditioned , Baarat allowed , Hawan allowed , Overnight wedding allowed , Decor provided by the venue , Packages starts at Rs 1000 per plate for vegetarian menu and at Rs 1200 for non veg menu.


i think "(DS3615xs , DS3615xs and DS916+)" it's a mistake and it's rather : "(DS3615xs , DS3617xs and DS916+)" my MB AM1I-A got a Realtek® 8111GR, LAN controler and the driver is included in 1.02b. it works but it's not fully compatible.
same for me. have you "virtual machine manager" installed ? because but i wonder if it's not this package which eat all the ram.


Weekly Lets NOW TAKING BOOKNGS in a limited selection of Festival Apartments.
Rent based on numbers/length of stay. Rates shown only a guide. Note - some locations have noise/number restrictions.
Damages deposits required based on numbers and length of stay.
5 Person full festival let in Gorgie from around £3000.
additional guests by arrangement. Max 10.
additional guests by arrangement. Max 9.
Edinburgh Festival Flats: Prices and deposits serve as a guide for Renting during Festival.
WE ARE HAPPY TO DISCUSS INDIVIDUAL BUDGETS BUT NUMBERS MUST BE AGREED.
NO ADDITIONAL FURNITURE OR BEDDING MAY BE BROUGHT IN WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FOR REASONS OF HYGIENE.


text:
export PGUSER="${PGUSER:-trivia}"
export PGPASSWORD="${PGPASSWORD:-theansweris}"
export PGDB="${PGDB:-trivia}"

gosu postgres postgres --single <<- EOSQL
create database $PGDB;
create user $PGUSER password '$PGPASSWORD';
grant all privileges on database $PGDB to $PGUSER;
EOSQL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Pino Ammendola (né le  à Naples) est un acteur, scénariste et metteur en scène de théâtre, cinéma et télévision italien.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

Comme acteur

Cinéma
 1966 : Opération San Gennaro (Operazione San Gennaro) de Dino Risi
 1977 : Antonio Gramsci: I giorni del carcere de Lino Del Fra
 1979 : Caligula de Tinto Brass
 1983 : Al bar dello sport de Francesco Massaro
 1985 : Camorra (Un complicato intrigo di donne vicoli e delitti) de Lina Wertmuller
 1987 : Animali metropolitani de Steno
 1988 : Se lo scopre Gargiulo d'Elvio Porta
 1991 : Piedipiatti de Carlo Vanzina
 1991 : Americano rosso d'Alessandro D'Alatri
 1992 : In camera mia de Sergio Martino
 1993 : Piccolo grande amore de Carlo Vanzina
 1995 : Uomini sull'orlo di una crisi di nervi d'Alessandro Capone
 1995 : Caramelle de Cinzia TH Torrini
 1999 : Un uomo perbene de Maurizio Zaccaro
 2006 : Göta kanal 2 - Kanalkampen de Seth Pelle
 2006 : Fade to black d'Oliver Parker

Télévision
 Un sacré détective

Comme scénariste
 Stregati dalla luna 2001
 Avec le temps, Dalida 2006

Comme réalisateur
 Stregati dalla luna 2001
 Avec le temps, Dalida 2006

Liens externes

Naissance à Naples
Acteur italien du XXe siècle
Acteur italien du XXIe siècle
Acteur italien de cinéma
Acteur italien de doublage
Réalisateur italien
Scénariste italien de cinéma
Metteur en scène italien
Naissance en décembre 1951

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Home > The Invisible String (Hardcover)
The Invisible String (Hardcover)
By Patrice Karst, Geoff Stevenson (Illustrator)
A steady best-seller and The Invisible String is reaching all over the World WITH OVER 1 MILLION COPIES SOLD, this accessible, bestselling picture book phenomenon about the unbreakable connections between loved ones has healed a generation of readers--children and adults alike. "That's impossible," said twins Jeremy & Liza after their Mom told them they're all connected by this thing called an Invisible String. "What kind of string?" They asked with a puzzled look to which Mom replied, "An Invisible String made of love."
That's where the story begins. A story that teaches of the tie that really binds. Parents and loved ones feel the tug whenever kids give it; and kids feel the tug that comes right back: The Invisible String reaches from heart to heart. Does everybody have an Invisible String? How far does it reach, anyway? Whether there's a loved one far away, or a parent in the next room, this delightful book illustrates a new way to cope with something all children and parents confront sooner or later; a child's fear of loneliness and separation.
The Invisible String has sold over 1 Million copies. In addition to being shared by all ages as a gift for many of life's milestone moments, it is also being used by schools, psychologists, hospices, grief support groups, the military, hospitals, the prison system and multiple organizations worldwide for any kind of loss or separation issues, and gives children a tangible understanding of LOVE.
What began as a way of comforting my own son Elijah when he was sad that I was going to work and he was going to pre-school, became my book The Invisible String. Children of all ages (And yes Adults too ) feel a great sense of peace and joy realizing that we are all connected to the ones that we love... (pets, friends, grandparents, cousins etc... and especially those that have passed on)...through the Invisible String. A string that can never be lost, cut, or torn. A string that can reach all the way to the moon or down to the ocean floor. A string that anger, time, or bad feelings can never make go away. No-one is too young or too old to remember that we are never, really all alone. God Bless you all and never forget about The String.
Bye for now, may your strings soar far and wide... and let's spread the word
Love, Patrice.
Publisher: DeVorss & Company
Publication Date: September 1st, 2000
Social Themes - Emotions & Feelings
Family - Orphans & Foster Homes
Holidays & Celebrations - Valentine's Day
Paperback (October 30th, 2018): $8.99
Paperback (French) (August 19th, 2019): $11.99


The Boy Illinois just dropped a new video a few hours ago, check it out below. We are also promoting that he will be opening up for Jay Electronica this upcoming Sunday. Attached is the flier and below is the video and description.
The Boy Illinois, releases "Back Again" visual featuring DMV native DreemyAlpha (Alpha). Recorded during his DuSable tour, and shot while on #TourForTheFans tour with iconic Lupe Fiasco in DC, the new single displays his love and appreciation to his supporting fans. With matching cuts to the piano's key strokes and solemn rhythm of the beat, The Boy Illinois lets us in on his everyday activities that includes channeling creativity, composing music and making time to hit the studio in and out the country. Back again with consistent impeccable music, The Boy Illinois' rap style and music grind is continuously winning fan's hearts all over the map.


Fewer than 25,000 Iraqis are working on projects in the U.S. reconstruction effort, tempering expectations that more than $18 billion in American spending would jump-start Iraq's economy and trigger a surge in goodwill toward the United States.
U.S. officials blame bureaucratic delays in contracting and the recent increase in violence for the low employment numbers, which represent less than 1 percent of Iraq's work force of more than 7 million.
The Bush administration is aiming to more than double the number of Iraqi workers to 50,000 in less than two months — when Washington expects to hand over limited authority to a caretaker Iraqi government.
Iraqis are thinking twice about working for the Americans because of the latest violence, which has targeted not only U.S. troops but also Iraqis working with them.
Violence earlier this spring "had an impact on the numbers of workers showing up," said Navy Capt. Bruce Cole, spokesman for the Pentagon's Iraq Program Management Office. "Some were probably afraid to be seen working with us on those projects. Our numbers are starting to come back up, though."
Conversely, military commanders have cited frustration over the continuing lack of jobs as one reason for the spike in violence, which left at least 136 Americans dead in April alone.
The violence puts the United States in a tough spot: More reconstruction is difficult without better security, while employing more Iraqis is one surefire way to increase security by calming the population.
The latest fighting not only prevented work on current projects but hampered future efforts by delaying the arrival of coalition equipment and manpower.
Members of Congress from both parties have criticized the Bush administration for the slow pace of reconstruction. So far, only about $1.9 billion in construction projects are under way from the $18.4 billion Congress approved in November.
"At a time when more and more of the Iraqi people are losing faith in our good intentions, this is a good indication of how few average Iraqis are seeing the benefits of reconstruction," said Rep. Nita Lowey of New York, the top Democrat on the House appropriations foreign operations subcommittee.
"More Iraqis clearly should be benefiting from the reconstruction efforts," she said.
Administration officials say they're trying to speed the hiring of Iraqis. More than $10 billion in contracts are expected to be awarded by July 1.
"We haven't had a problem with recruiting" Iraqis, Cole said. "In the areas we've been in, they're very willing to do the work, very eager to have jobs."
This week, the Pentagon's Program Management Office in Baghdad reported 24,179 Iraqis working on rebuilding projects funded by the $18.4 billion approved by Congress in November. That's up from 21,808 last week and just 3,517 the week before.
During April, Iraqis worked on only four projects — all of them rehabilitating military bases for the new Iraqi security forces, Cole said in a telephone interview from Baghdad. The four base rehabilitation projects, now nearing completion, once employed as many as 8,800 Iraqis.
Other reconstruction projects overseen by the military or State Department have created an estimated 400,000 jobs in Iraq, said Maj. Joe Yoswa, a spokesman for the Coalition Provisional Authority governing Iraq. Those projects are not part of the emergency rebuilding package Congress approved in November; most are paid for with seized Iraqi funds or oil revenues.
More than 6,000 Iraqis — in a total work force of more than 24,000 — are working for Halliburton Corp., which has contracts to rebuild Iraq's oil infrastructure and supply U.S. troops, company spokeswoman Wendy Hall said.
U.S. Iraq administrator L. Paul Bremer and other officials told Congress last fall the $18.4 billion was needed urgently to reverse instability and poverty and keep Iraq from becoming a fertile ground for terrorists.
Seven months later, U.S. officials say the needs are just as pressing.
"Of course we're not satisfied," Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage said. "We've got a lot of reasons why some things aren't where we want them to be, and security probably chief among them."
Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said "fairly lengthy contracting procedures" were another major holdup. Part of the delay arose from a squabble between the Pentagon and State Department over which agency would oversee the spending.
The Pentagon won and created the Program Management Office, which awarded several reconstruction contracts in March.
Those contracts call for hiring as many Iraqi companies and workers as possible, Cole said. Bechtel National Inc., which has a more than $1 billion contract to manage Iraq reconstruction, has hired 147 Iraqi firms out of 215 subcontractors, company spokeswoman Valerie Kazanjian said.
California-based Parsons Corp., which has several construction and management contracts in Iraq, has not hired many Iraqis because most of the projects are still being planned, company spokeswoman Erin Kuhlman said.
"Part of the goal of these programs is to put some life back into the economy, to hire local subcontractors as well as provide jobs," Kuhlman said. "We definitely are mindful of that. Besides, we don't have the labor force ourselves to send over there. That would be too expensive."


text:
ISTOCK, SEASTOCK
No Regulatory Exemption for Gene-Edited Products in EU
The European Court of Justice has decided that organisms made with precision techniques such as CRISPR will be subject to the same rules as transgenic plants or animals.
Catherine Offord
Crops and other products made using gene-editing techniques should be subject to the same regulatory oversight as organisms developed with other genetic-engineering methods, according to a ruling by the European Court of Justice today (July 25). In a setback for the biotech industry, judges have decided that foods and other products created by tools such as CRISPR must go through safety and labeling checks that were designed for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) created by traditional transgenic approaches.
The decision "would appear to cause all new genome edited organisms to be regulated as if they were derived from classical 'GM' or transgenic methods as developed in the 1980s," Denis Murphy, a professor of biotechnology at the University of South Wales, tells the BBC. He adds that "this will potentially impose highly onerous burdens on the use of genome editing both in agriculture and even in medicine, where the method has recently shown great promise for improving human health and well being."
See "EU Advisor Recommends Regulatory Exemption for Gene Editing"
The debate about whether or not to include gene editing under the EU's regulatory framework for GMOs was triggered back in 2016, when farmers and environmentalists in France called for clarification on the working definition of genetic modification. Until now, GMOs created by older techniques have been governed by a 2001 directive, but the rules surrounding the products of gene editing have been fuzzy.
In an opinion published earlier this year, European court advisor Michal Bobek argued that gene-editing tools such as CRISPR, which modify an organism's DNA directly, are fundamentally different from transgenic techniques, which involve the insertion of foreign genetic material. Products made by gene editing should therefore not be included under the GMO umbrella unless they also contain transgenic material, he wrote.
The proposal met fierce resistance from some researchers and environmentalist groups who argued that gene-editing techniques carry their own risks, and should be subject to the same careful checks as any other genetically engineered organism.
Those groups responded positively to today's decision. "Releasing these new GMOs into the environment without proper safety measures is illegal and irresponsible," Greenpeace EU's food policy director Franziska Achterberg tells The Guardian, "particularly given that gene editing can lead to unintended side effects. The European commission and European governments must now ensure that all new GMOs are fully tested and labelled, and that any field trials are brought under GMO rules."
Researchers working in biotechnology have taken a less rosy view. The ruling is "tremendously disappointing," Nigel Halford, a crop geneticist at the UK's Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, tells Nature. "It's a real hit to the head." He adds that although gene-editing tools will still be used to develop crops, there will be less motivation for European companies to develop the organisms. "They are not going to invest in a technology they see not having any commercial application."
Mardis on the Future of Clinical Genomics


text:
en - English (vybraté)
Tento dokument nie je prístupný vo vašom jazyku. Ponúkame vám ho v inom jazyku, ktorý si môžete zvoliť na lište jazykov.
Postup v rámci schôdze
Postup dokumentu : B8-0167/2017
Predkladané texty :
Hlasovanie :
Prijaté texty :
MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION
See also joint motion for a resolution RC-B8-0152/2017
PE598.496v01-00
with request for inclusion in the agenda for a debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law
pursuant to Rule 135 of the Rules of Procedure
on Guatemala, notably the situation of human rights defenders (2017/2565(RSP))
Molly Scott Cato, Barbara Lochbihler, Ulrike Lunacek, Igor Šoltes, Josep-Maria Terricabras, Ernest Urtasun, Bodil Valero, Florent Marcellesi on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group
NB: This motion for a resolution is available in the original language only.
European Parliament resolution on Guatemala, notably the situation of human rights defenders (2017/2565(RSP))
B8‑0167/2017
The European Parliament,
- Having regard to prior resolutions on Guatemala, particularly the resolution of 15th of March 2007 on impunity,
- Having regard to the open letter of the EU Delegation and several European, as well as the Canadian and US-American Embassies, to the Government of Guatemala from 10th of December 2016,
- Having regard to the Declaration of the High Representative of the European Union on behalf of the International Day of Indigenous People from August 2016,
- Having regard to the Open Letter of North American Congressmen in support of the General Attorney of Guatemala from October 2016,
- Having regard to the Association Agreement between the European Union, its Member States and Central America, and its provisions on human rights, provisionally in force since 2013,
- Having regard to the Multiannual Indicative Programme for Guatemala 2014-2020, and its engagement to contribute to the resolution of conflicts, to peace and security,
- Having regard to the previous and current Programs of Support to the Justice Sector, particularly SEJUST, of the European Union to Guatemala,
- Having regard to the EU Guidelines for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders and to the Strategic Framework on Human Rights, which commits to support and strengthen human rights defenders,
- Having regard to the ILO Convention169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries
- Having regard to the recent visit of the EU Special Representative on Human Rights to Guatemala in May/June 2016,
- Having regard to the visit of a Delegation of the its Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) to Guatemala, in February 2016,
- Having regard to Rule 135, of its Rules of Procedure,
A. Whereas between January and November 2016, fourteen human rights defenders (HRDs) have been murdered and seven HRDs suffered attempts of murder in Guatemala; whereas these murders and attempted murders further escalate the long lasting violence against human rights defenders; whereas the Guatemalan authorities fail to react and guarantee the security of those attacked; whereas the wave of violence against HRDs continues in 2017 with the murder of HRD Sebastián Alonso Juan and Laura Leonor Vázquez Pineda;
B. Whereas during 2016 a total of 223 aggressions against HRDs was reported in Guatemala; whereas environmental and land rights defenders and those working on justice and impunity were the most targeted categories of HRD suffering aggression; whereas 2017 starts with alarming levels of violence, with further assassinations, several cases of legal files opened against human rights defenders, and precautionary measures for human rights defenders being removed by the State;
C. Whereas civil society in the EU and in Guatemala puts hope into the beginning of significant political and legal processes in Guatemala to strengthen its professional justice system, reduce impunity and fight corruption,
D. Whereas a draft bill on constitutional justice reforms was presented in the Guatemala legislature, as a result of the collaborative efforts of indigenous authorities, civil society organizations, academics, judicial officials and members of the private sector, assisted by the Guatemala Attorney General and the Human Rights Ombudsman and with technical support by the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) and UNDP; whereas the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) warmly welcomed this proposal and expressed hope that the bill would be swiftly be approved by the Guatemala Congress; whereas the bill seeks to improve access to justice for women and indigenous peoples, to recognize indigenous peoples' legal jurisdiction over internal matters, to strengthen the independence and objectivity of judges and magistrates and to depoliticize the nomination and appointment of officials in the justice system;
E. Whereas this process is highly endangered by attacks and harassment, such as smear campaigns, intimidation and trumped-up legal complaints against judicial operators, whenever emblematic cases of transitional justice move forward, such as those of Molina Theissen and CREOMPAZ, or those on corruption in the La Linea y Coparacha cases and others;
F. Whereas particularly worrying cases are the attacks against the security of attorneys such as the General Attorney Thelma Aldana, the judges Miguel Ángel Gálvez, Carlos Ruano and Yasmín Barrios, and the lawyers and human right defenders Michael Mörth, Ramón Cadena, Alejandro Rodríguez and Rafael Maldonado as well as the Director of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), Iván Velasquez;
G. Whereas the abovementioned attacks and the serious risks for justice operators in general put into question the very viability of the rule of law and of an independent judicial system in Guatemala;
H. Whereas the Human Rights situation in Guatemala will be reviewed in November 2017 under the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Mechanism of the Human Rights Council (HRC);
1. Condemns in the strongest terms the recent assassination of Sebastian Alonso Juan and Laura Leonor Vázquez Pineda, as well as the 14 assassinations of human rights defenders in Guatemala in 2016; extends its sincere condolences to the families and friends of all of those killed;
2. Pays tribute to all human rights defenders in Guatemala who despite the risks and reprisals to their legitimate human rights work dedicate their life to the pursuit of a more democratic society and a functioning rule of law in their country;
3 Recalls the 20th anniversary of the Peace Agreements for Guatemala in 2017,with its concrete contents with respect to the protection of human rights and human rights defenders, and transitional justice, urges that they are finally implemented, including the dismantling of parallel powers, and honours the most valuable work of the CICIG in this respect,
4. Stresses that the sentence issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the need to develop a public policy for the protection of HRDs, issued already in 2014, is binding; that the initiation of this process was only announced in September 2016; and that it is urgent to avoid any further delay in this mandatory task,
5. Expresses grave concern that, despite the high levels of violence against human rights defenders, the authorities of Guatemala have shown unwillingness to protect those in danger and have even removed precautionary measures; calls on the Guatemalan government to publicly recognize the importance of the work of HRDs, mobilise all the means at its disposal in order to urgently and effectively protect human rights defenders in Guatemala and to fully use the laws and mechanisms already in place;
6. Asks the European Union and its member States to strongly encourage the Guatemalan state to carry out an ambitious human rights agenda, including the development of a public policy for the protection of HRDs, to earmark sufficient funds and technical aid for this task, including for a public discussion and consultation process with civil society, and in particular human rights organisations and human rights defenders; encourages the EU Delegation to continue its public support for human rights defenders;
7. Equally asks the European Union to support the General Attorney's Office and encourage it to adopt the General Instruction on Criminal investigation of attacks against human rights defenders; considers it important that prosecutors are adequately trained for the effective implementation of this Instruction;
8. Recalls the important work of UN Special rapporteur Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, also with respect to Guatemala, and underlines that ILO Convention 169 has to be fully implemented, including the development of consultation mechanisms preceding free, prior and informed consent, which respect the cultures and proceedings of the different indigenous peoples in Guatemala;
9. Underlines the importance of protecting representatives of the judiciary branch and strongly rejects any kind of pressure, intimidation and influence traffic, jeopardising independence, legal pluralism and objectivity;
10. Welcomes the initiative on a reform of the justice system, as a necessary step to guarantee judicial independence, access to justice and institutional strengthening, is highly alarmed by attempts in the Guatemalan Congress to reject the reform, and invites authorities at all levels to join efforts in order to conclude the judicial reform in its integrity;
11. Calls upon the Guatemalan State to cooperate with the UPR mechanism, and take all appropriate steps and measures to implement its recommendations;
12. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the governments and parliaments of the Member States, the President, Government and Parliament of the Republic of Guatemala.


Is the real you living fully or partially? Do you find yourself compromising in certain areas of life? Recovered Essence can help you recover you at the deepest level and propel you to an unimaginable destiny! Using tools from psychology, neuroscience, quantum physics and key scriptures, Christine will guide you to restore your faulty foundations and build one on Perfect Love.
How Toxic Relationships Impact Your Inner Child.


text:
Q: Adding new data to an existing saved NSMutableArray saved on an iPhone I have an app that uses a saved file to load 2 pieces of data every time the App starts. Runs perfectly fine.  On the NEW version of my App, I want to add a Third piece of data.  However, I get this error when I run it:
Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSRangeException', reason: '* -[__NSArrayM objectAtIndex:]: index 2 beyond bounds [0 .. 1]
Because when it reads the file on startup, it calls for a third piece of data when the existing saved file only contains two.
Here's my code:
int roundingSegment = 1;

and then:
- (void)viewDidLoad {

//---Check for existence of the Archive File on Startup-
NSFileManager *filemgr;
NSString *docsDir;
NSArray *dirPaths;
filemgr = [NSFileManager defaultManager];

// Get the documents directory
dirPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES);
docsDir = [dirPaths objectAtIndex:0];

// Build the path to the data file
dataFilePath = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:[docsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"data.archive"]];

// Check if the file already exists, and if so, loads the data
if ([filemgr fileExistsAtPath:dataFilePath]) {
    NSMutableArray *dataArray;
    dataArray = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithFile:dataFilePath];
    defaultValueTextField.text = [dataArray objectAtIndex:0];
    segment = [[dataArray objectAtIndex:1] intValue];
       roundingSegment = [[dataArray objectAtIndex:2] intValue];
    NSLog(@" Segment is %d", segment);
       NSLog(@" RoundingSegment is %d", roundingSegment);
    }

[super viewDidLoad];
}

The problem occurs right at the end of the method because the existing NSMutableArray file with TWO pieces of data already exists and my code is trying to read a THIRD, namely the 'roundingSegment' variable.  (where I indented the code under // Check if the file exists...)
Do I have to delete the existing NSMutableArray the user has his data saved in when he loads the NEW version of the App?  And if so, HOW?!
OR, more preferably, is there a way to augment and add a third piece of data on the first run of the App so it doesn't hang when it tries to get my 'roundingSegment' variable?
Any help you can lend would be greatly appreciated!

A: You need to check [dataArray count] to see how many elements are in your array.
You should also consider refactoring your code to use a better mechanism for storing app data. Take a look at NSUserDefaults.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models, migrations

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('app', '0010_auto_20150123_0147'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='person',
            name='latitude',
            field=models.FloatField(default=b'40.7127837'),
            preserve_default=True,
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='person',
            name='longitude',
            field=models.FloatField(default=b'-74.0059413'),
            preserve_default=True,
        ),
    ]


text:
Categories: All My Children, Another World, As The World Turns, The Bold and the Beautiful Days of our Lives, Daytime, General Hospital, History, Loving, Mary Hartman Mary Hartman, Soap of the Week Poll, Santa Barbara, The Young and the Restless
Tyler Christopher Not Returning to 'General Hospital'
Tyler Christopher
Emmy winning actor Tyler Christopher will not be returning to ABC soap opera General Hospital, the network has confirmed.
The actor took to Twitter to acknowledge his departure, writing, "Thank u all for your kind words. You're the best fans in the world. I will miss u! #whatarun."
Christopher is currently in Oregon shooting the feature film Pretty Broken. Find out more here.
Posted by Roger Newcomb
Categories: Casting, Daytime, General Hospital, GH_Casting, Tyler Christopher
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David C. Smith Named Best CEO of 2018
Posted on October 15, 2018 November 13, 2018 by Ashley Haustein
Thursday, October 4 the Austin Business Journal announced David C. Smith as the Best CEO of 2018 in the nonprofit category as part of their 2018 Best CEO Awards.
Austin Business Journal's Best CEOs of 2018 are four leaders across sectors from technology to nonprofit categories. Winners were selected by a team of judges including previous Best CEOs. David had the opportunity to represent UWATX and encourage partnership & collaboration in a room filled with various CEOs, leaders, and guests from the business community.
David Smith is now in his third year leading United Way for Greater Austin, although he has been working in the nonprofit space for more than 25 years leading organizations such as The Care Communities, the Hill Country Ride for AIDS and the Mamma Jamma Ride for Breast Cancer.
Under Smith's leadership, United Way has created and implemented the School Readiness Action Plan, a five-year strategic plan to turn the United Way into a convener that aligns efforts across the community behind big goals.
Smith has also served on numerous boards including Austin Theater Alliance, Barton Springs Conservancy, E3 Alliance, Community Action Network and Conspirare.
Prior to joining the United Way, Smith ran his own consulting firm, which is how he was named interim the executive director of The Thinkery children's museum. He provides pro-bono board strategy sessions for organizations that need help creating or developing their own boards.
For more information subscribe to the Austin Business Journal.


Mañosa's designs are quietly subversive; "I design Filipino, nothing else" is a famous quip of his. By dedicating his life to figuring out what Filipino architecture was beyond the bahay kubo (which, as it turned out, involved going back to the classic bahay kubo and analyzing why it works and what makes it uniquely Filipino), he also made clear architecture's power. Architecture is not a neutral art, and the choice of design is its own statement. It should also be noted that by elevating structures often dismissed as "primitive," Mañosa's designs are effectively decolonizing our architecture.
His mission has been described a lonely crusade, but we don't think so. Much in the same way Albert Camus opined that you must imagine Sisyphus happy as a revolt against a meaningless existence, we should acknowledge Mañosa's (mostly) one-man task to author Filipino architecture as the influential revolution that it is. To start, you can take a look at some of his iconic works.
This is the shrine along EDSA featuring a giant sculpture of the Virgin Mary atop a dome church. It's a symbol of the People Power Revolution, a marker of the day Filipinos came together in a nonviolent revolt against a terrible and unpatriotic dictator. It is said that, while designing the edifice, he was told to make the church more characteristically Spanish, and that he said, "I cannot do that to our country or to our people," in reply and stormed off.
What's the eight wonder of the world? Many countries have staked their claim to having the landmark that just missed the cut off to be a world wonder. Our own unofficial world wonder is the Banaue Rice Terraces, terraces carved into a mountainside by the ancestors of the indigenous Ifugao people. In the same way that the Egyptian pyramids are the vestiges of ancient Egypt, proof of a complex civilization that could create such grand edifices without the use of modern technology (unless you're one of the racists that believe aliens were behind them because brown people couldn't possibly do any of that), the rice terraces is proof of our ability to create, proof that our people were complex beings whose stories were meant to be told. If you ever imagined what Filipino design would've looked like if we were never colonized, it would probably look like that.
In honor of that, Mañosa and his brothers designed the San Miguel Corporation's head office in the Ortigas Center after the historic terraces. The low-rise building was built in 1976, and was later revisited in 2006 by Ildefonso Santos, fellow National Artist for Architecture and founder of Philippine landscape architecture, to landscape the building, making it even greener and resemble the Banaue Rice Terraces even more.