This is designed to shorten the madness that is occuring in the GNDT, especially given that the number of orgaisations is apt to increase in the near future.
* Plot for Membership. Any Illuminatus may post a "Plot for Membership: [Target Organisation]" If it is successful the Illuminatus must be added to the Supporter List for the target Organisation. This addition must be encrypted if the Illuminatus requests it. If the target Organisation is uncontrolled, this addition must be unencrypted.
* Plot for Membership. Any Illuminatus may post a "Plot for Membership: [Target Organisation], [Target Illuminatus]" If it is successful the Target Illuminatus must be added to the Supporter List for the target Organisation. This addition must be encrypted if the Illuminatus requests it. If the target Organisation is uncontrolled, this addition must be unencrypted.
Any Illuminatus may use the anonymous CallForJudgment account to post a Plot for Membership, for Neutralisation or to Expose, as long as more than 25 hours have elapsed since the last Plot was posted by that account.
Passed 7-0, reached quorum. Enacted by Excalabur, 07:19 the 19th of June.
Help with the technical aspects of the Switch, getting everything at the other site put together.
Otherwise get an admin account at the new site to fool around however you want.
Get a blognomic.com e-mail address.
Peruse, edit or create pages at the temporary wiki.
Examine the alpha version of The Switch Document and make suggestions here, on the temp. wiki, or on billboards on major highways.
Do or ask about doing anything else in the entire world remotely pertaining to setting up our new home.
This is EVERYONE's deal, certainly not just mine. I'm trying to get this set up to where all the admins have as much control as humanly possible without actually owning the web hosting account.
Idling myself for now. My BlogNomic time is goin' toward The Switch, and this dynasty's kinda hard to jump in the middle of anyway.
Replace all ocurrences of the number 400 in the ruleset and the gamestare with the number 20.
Vetoed. Failed by Excalabur, the 18th of June at 08:40.
Append the following titles to the list of exceptional titles in the rule "Titles"
Tweedledee and Tweedledum Each of these titles may be held by a single Illuminatus. Unless two Illuminati hold these two titles, neither shall do anything. If both titles are taken, then for all game purposes, Tweedledee and Tweedledum shall both control a single 'player' of BlogNomic named 'Carroll', except that Carroll's vote counts double, and they may not take any game actions as themselves1.
Upon the taking of the second title, the Illuminatus 'Carroll'2 shall be created, whose numeric GNDT fields shall be the sum of those fields of Tweedledum and Tweedledee, whose agenda shall be either Tweedledee or Tweedledum's, at eir discretion, and whose organisations controlled shall include all organisations controlled by both players. Note that as the two Illuminati who hold these titles may not take any game actions other than as 'Carroll', ey may not stop holding these titles voluntarily.
1. Any game action taken by either actual player of BlogNomic shall be construed as an action taken by Carroll, and neither player shall be idled for not voting so long as Carroll is active.
2. The second player to take one of these titles may change the name 'Carroll' to anything they like, so long as the other titleholder agrees. Upon doing so, this footnote shall be deleted.
This may provide an interesting late-game mechanic..
Spin Doctor When tallying votes on proposals, if the Illuminatus Rex has not voted on the proposal, or if e has voted 'DEFERENTIAL', then DEFERENTIAL votes shall count the same as the Spin Doctor's votes. The title of Spin Doctor may be bestowed upon any one Illuminatus at any time by the Illuminatus Rex, though that Illuminatus may not have any other Exceptional Title. The title of Sping Docter may be revoked by the Illuminatus Rex at any time. If the Illuminatus Rex is otherwise barred from voting deferential, e is now allowed to do so, so long as there is a Spin Doctor.
R.A. Shea An Illuminatus with this title may use any power of the Illuminatus Rex that does not deal with proposals, though e may not approve powers for organisations that e controls or supports. The Illuminatus Rex may award or revoke this title as e deems fit.
E may not make any Plots for Control.
No other illuminatus may speak to em in public places. E may not be referred to, nor eir posts replied to. Any such references or replies made by accident shall be ignored. E may not be subject of any organisation powers, nor any other game action taken by other players, save for the revocation of this title.
If any game action would cause a hidden value containing eir name to be decrypted, eir name is deleted from the value and not revealed.
Any Illuminati may take this title at any time, however, ey must keep this title until removed by decree from the Illuminatus Rex, or by proposal.
"Kingpin". An Illuminatus with this agenda may declare victory if e controls an Organisation with a Reality Index greater than 400.
Passed 6-0, reached Quorum. Enacted by Excalabur, 17th June at 06:00. Quorum is now down by SEVEN since the last dynasty.
Once per day, the Illuminatus who controls the Evil Geniuses for a Better Tomorrow may swap the Reality Index Values of the Organisations with the highest and lowest Reality Indexes. If several Organisations are tied for either of these positions, the acting Illuminatus may choose among them.
In Rule 5, replace "if it is more than 48 hours old and most of its votes are AGAINST" with "if it is more than 48 hours old and at least half of its votes are AGAINST".
Passed 7-0, reached Quorum. Enacted by Angry Grasshopper, at 18:40 on the 16th of June.
In Rule 12, replace "may not declare victory within 48 hours of changing its Agenda" with "may not declare victory within seven days of changing its Agenda".
Passed 7-1, reached Quorum. Enacted by Excalabur, at 07:40 on the 16th of June.
The Illuminatus who controls the Republican Party may use an additional FOR or AGAINST vote when voting on any Proposal. This is counted as a legitimate additional vote when determining the Enactment or Failure of a Proposal.
The controller of Every Villain is Lemons is known as the Sourpuss. Once every 48 hours, the Sourpuss must make a post, known as a Complaint, with a title in the format "Complaining about X", where X is the subject of complaint. The post must be in the format of a Shakespearian sonnet (that is, rhyme scheme of abab-cdcd-efef-gg in iambic pentameter). If 48 hours have passed since the Sourpuss last posted a Complaint, gained control of Every Villain is Lemons, or was punished for not posting a Complaint, any Illuminatus may lower the Sourpuss's influence by 10. The Sourpuss loses 20 influence should e transfer control of Every Villain is Lemons to another Illuminatus.
Plot for Control. An Illuminatus who is in the target Organisation's Supporter List may post a "Plot for Control: [Target Organisation]" If it is successful the Illuminatus is removed from the Supporter list and becomes a controller of that Organisation.
Plot to Expose. Any Illuminatus may post a "Plot to Expose: [Target Organisation]" If it is successful any encrypted entries in the Supporter List for the target Organisation must be unencrypted.
Passed 7-0. Reached Quorum. Enacted by Excalabur, 16th June at 07:32.
"Lucky Loser". An Illuminatus with this agenda may, once per week, set eir influence to zero, set the controller of all the organisations ey control to 'uncontrolled', and roll 2DICEX in the GNDT, where X is quorum+1. If the result is 2, e may declare victory.
"Control Freak". An Illuminatus with this agenda may declare victory if every other Illuminatus, not including the Illuminatus Rex, is a Supporter of any of the Organisations that ey control. That is, every other Illuminatus must support at least one organisation that the Illuminatus in question controls.
7-0, with one absention. Reached Quorum, Enacted by Excalabur the 15th June at 17:42.
Reverse the effects of the other organisations power upon SORN, recreating SORN as it was before the action if it was destroyed.
Apply an identical effect to any other organisation.
Both of these powers must be used if either is.
Proposal: More Agendas is currently deadlocked with 5 votes FOR versus 5 AGAINST. It cannot be Enacted or Failed, unless someone changes their vote, or Illuminatus Doodle or Cosmologicon cast a vote.
The Illuminatus who controls Just Some Ninjas may make a sneak attack on another Organisation by reducing that Organisation's Reality Index by the Reality Index of Just Some Ninjas. Then the Reality Index of Just Some Ninjas is reduced by 1. If either Organisation is reduced to zero or lower Reality Index, it is destroyed.
Active since 14/6 at 14:40GMT. Tacked into the ruleset 16/6 by Excalabur.
Let's see if this plot system works.


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It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July The finals involved 32 teams, of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically. Of the 32 teams, 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup.
A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities. France won the match 4—2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team.
The bidding procedure to host the and FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January , and national associations had until 2 February to register their interest.
England, which was bidding to host its second tournament, was eliminated in the first round. The voting results were as follows: They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England, and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win. Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary, and his and therefore FIFA's reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest.
Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the FIFA World Cup, 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time, with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup. Egypt, returning to the finals after their last appearance in ; Morocco, who last competed in ; Peru, returning after ; and Senegal, competing for the second time after reaching the quarter-finals in Notable countries that failed to qualify include four-time champions Italy for the first time since , three-time runners-up and third placed in the Netherlands for the first time since , and four reigning continental champions: The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


• Take Tricor by mouth with or without food.
• Swallow Tricor whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing. Do not take chipped or broken tablets.
• If you also take a bile acid binding resin (eg, cholestyramine) do not take it within 4 to 6 hours before or 1 hour after taking Tricor . Check with your doctor if you have any questions.
• If you miss a dose of Tricor , take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.
• Tricor may cause dizziness or lightheadedness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Tricor with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.
• Follow the diet, exercise program, and weight reduction program given to you by your health care provider.
• Lab tests, including liver function, kidney function, blood cholesterol, and other blood tests, may be performed while you use Tricor. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
• Use Tricor with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects.
• Tricor should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.
• PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you plan on becoming pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Tricor while you are pregnant. It is not known if Tricor is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Tricor.
• Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); chills or sore throat; dark urine; fever; muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness; pale stools; red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain; unusual bruising or bleeding; yellowing of the skin or eyes.


This is a persuasive essay in which the author discusses the importance of donating blood. The author goes into detail about a variety of illnesses that require blood transfusions and the steps it takes to be able to donate blood.
"Throughout the essay, you have a provided a lot of good evidence to support your position on blood donation. Your essay is neatly formatted, helping ease readability. There are a significant number of grammatical errors in the essay detracting from the power of your message. The evidence you have presented is also not in a cohesive manner and some of it creates confusion. The most noticeable place that this occurs is when you start talking about people's weight. It become unclear whether you are persuading people to donate blood or whether you are persuading them to take better care of themselves. There needs to be some focus. Another place where this is noticeable is when you introduce the story of the baby. This might be better suited toward the beginning of the essay to grab readers' attention. There are many areas in the essay where you use conversational language rather than scholarly language which also detracts from your message. Since there is so much evidence presented, there should be citations all throughout your essay. Make sure that you properly cite any information that you obtained from other sources so that you can avoid plagiarism issues. "


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text:
=head1 LICENSE

Copyright [1999-2015] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute
Copyright [2016-2018] EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.

=cut

package EnsEMBL::REST::Controller::Ontology;

use Moose;
use namespace::autoclean;
use Try::Tiny;
use Bio::EnsEMBL::Utils::Scalar qw/wrap_array/;
use Data::Dumper;
require EnsEMBL::REST;
EnsEMBL::REST->turn_on_config_serialisers(__PACKAGE__);

BEGIN {extends 'Catalyst::Controller::REST'; }

has ontology => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', default => 'ontology' );

sub ontology_root: Chained('/') PathPart('ontology') CaptureArgs(0) {
  my ( $self, $c) = @_;
  $c->stash(ontology_adaptor => $c->model('Registry')->get_adaptor('multi', $self->ontology(), 'OntologyTerm'));
}

sub id_GET {}
sub id : Chained('ontology_root') PathPart('id') Args(1) ActionClass('REST') {
  my ($self, $c, $id) = @_;
  my $term = $self->term($c, $id);
  $self->enhance_terms($c, [$term]);
  $self->status_ok( $c, entity => $self->_encode($term));
}

sub name_GET {}
sub name : Chained('ontology_root') PathPart('name') Args(1) ActionClass('REST') {
  my ($self, $c, $name) = @_;
  my $ontology = $c->request()->param('ontology');
  my $terms = $c->stash->{ontology_adaptor}->fetch_all_by_name($name, $ontology);
  $c->go('ReturnError', 'custom',  [qq{No valid terms found for ontology name $name}]) unless @{$terms};
  $self->enhance_terms($c, $terms);
  $self->status_ok( $c, entity => $self->_encode_array($terms));
}

sub enhance_terms {
  my ($self, $c, $terms) = @_;
  return if $c->request->param('simple');
  my $relation = $c->request->param('relation') || [];
  $relation = wrap_array($relation);
  foreach my $t (@{$terms}) {
    my $parents = $t->parents(@{$relation});
    my $children = $t->children(@{$relation});
    $t->{tmp} = {parents => $parents, children => $children};
  }
  return;
}

sub ancestors_GET {}
sub ancestors : Chained('ontology_root') PathPart('ancestors') Args(1) ActionClass('REST') {
  my ($self, $c, $id) = @_;
  my $term = $self->term($c, $id);
  my $ontology = $c->request->param('ontology');
  my $terms = $c->stash()->{ontology_adaptor}->fetch_all_by_ancestor_term($term, $ontology);
  $self->status_ok($c, entity => $self->_encode_array($terms));
}

sub descendants_GET {}
sub descendants : Chained('ontology_root') PathPart('descendants') Args(1) ActionClass('REST') {
  my ($self, $c, $id) = @_;
  my $term = $self->term($c, $id);
  my $r = $c->request();

  my $subset = $r->param('subset');
  my $closest_terms = $r->param('closest_terms');
  my $zero_distance = $r->param('zero_distance');
  my $ontology = $r->param('ontology');

  my $terms = $c->stash()->{ontology_adaptor}->fetch_all_by_descendant_term($term, $subset, $closest_terms, $zero_distance, $ontology);
  $self->status_ok($c, entity => $self->_encode_array($terms));
}

sub ancestors_chart_GET {}
sub ancestors_chart : Chained('ontology_root') PathPart('ancestors/chart') Args(1) ActionClass('REST') {
  my ($self, $c, $id) = @_;
  my $term = $self->term($c, $id);
  my $r = $c->request();
  my $ontology = $c->request->param('ontology');
  my $raw_chart = $c->stash()->{ontology_adaptor}->_fetch_ancestor_chart($term, $ontology);
  my $processed_chart = {};
  foreach my $term_accession (keys %{$raw_chart}) {
    my $raw_ancestor_hash = $raw_chart->{$term_accession};
    my $term = $self->_encode($raw_ancestor_hash->{term});
    my $processed_ancestor_hash = { term => $term };
    my @relations = grep { $_ ne 'term' } keys %{$raw_ancestor_hash};
    foreach my $relation (@relations) {
      my $processed_relations = $self->_encode_array($raw_ancestor_hash->{$relation});
      $processed_ancestor_hash->{$relation} = $processed_relations;
    }
    $processed_chart->{$term_accession} = $processed_ancestor_hash;
  }
  $self->status_ok($c, entity => $processed_chart);
}

sub term {
  my ($self, $c, $id) = @_;
  my $term = $c->stash->{ontology_adaptor}->fetch_by_accession($id);
  $c->go('ReturnError', 'custom', ["No ontology term found for '$id'"]) if ! $term;
  $c->go('ReturnError', 'custom', ["No ontology term found for '$id'"]) if ! $term->dbID();
  return $term;
}

sub _encode_array {
  my ($self, $terms) = @_;
  return [ map {$self->_encode($_)} @{$terms}];
}

sub _encode {
  my ($self, $term) = @_;
  my $entity = {};
  if($term->dbID()) {
    $entity = {
      accession => $term->accession(),
      name => $term->name(),
      ontology => $term->ontology(),
      definition => $term->definition(),
      namespace => $term->namespace(),
      synonyms => $term->synonyms(),
      subsets => $term->subsets(),
    };
    if(exists $term->{tmp}) {
      $entity->{parents} = $self->_encode_array($term->{tmp}->{parents});
      $entity->{children} = $self->_encode_array($term->{tmp}->{children});
      delete $term->{tmp};
    }
  }
  return $entity;
}

1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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HomeRAILWAYSIntercity RailwaysMinister Arslan, Tüvasaş Found in Investigations
Minister Arslan, Tüvasaş Found in Investigations
11/09/2017 Levent Ozen Intercity Railways, RAILWAYS, GENERAL, High Speed Trains, INSTITUTIONS, HEADLINE, Tüvasas, TURKEY 0
Ahmet Arslan, Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications said, yüksek We are currently operating a thousand 213 kilometers high speed train line, and high-speed train and high-speed train construction continues in about 4 thousand kilometers. In addition, 5 continues to work on high-speed trains and high-speed train lines, which are close to a thousand kilometers.
Minister Arslan visited Mayor of Sakarya Zeki Toçoğlu at his office and received information from Toçoğlu about the works.
Following the visit to Turkey Wagon Industry Inc. (TÜVASAŞ) the Minister Arslan, here bulunarak examination in the production line of wagons and wagon received briefings from officials.
After examining the wagon called edi Anatolia AK, Arslan told reporters that the neglected railways, especially after the 1950s, were turned into a state policy with the AK Party.
Government renewal should the existing line anywhere in Turkey and the world's xnumx'inc of about Europe's xnumx'nc high-speed train operators to become the country Armstrong explained that very seriously distances is, "Our business in the Current thousand 8 kilometers of high-speed train line High-speed trains and high-speed trains continue. In addition to this, 6 continues to work on high-speed trains and high-speed trains close to one thousand kilometers, and the project preparation work continues within the scope of the railway mobilization. Bun
Arslan stated that the point where the country comes from is very proud but there is a lot of distance to be taken. according to today's technology and, should the need for Turkey outside Turkey, Sakarya related to rail cars manufactured, we are making a very serious production at our factories in Sivas and Eskisehir. "he said.
Minister Arslan said that they had been working on regional railway vehicles and they were looking at the railway vehicles with 4 and 3 sets. So far, if you consider 1 as the 35 tool, you have delivered the 4 tool to TCDD. They will complete this production by the end of next year. 140 percent local contribution, which, until now, no longer will be entirely made in Turkey condition of obtaining the license as of the end coming. From time to time we have exported abroad but we will become more exportable. Oldu he said.
"This is a mobilization"
Another issue that should be shared happily voicing Arslan, said:
"Especially electric and aluminum bodied national and doing local train on the Mr. President of our instructions, we began work built within the framework of the studies that the Prime Minister launched, we are conducting and when these studies are finished'll now make its national railway Turkey. This alone does not make any sense, we will do with this work in our country will be able to export to meet the needs. That's when it's going to make a whole lot more meaningful. Our factory, which was founded in 1951, is pleased with the distance we have received in terms of producing more modern and more beautiful railway vehicles within the scope of recent mobilization, but we will not be satisfied with this. Development of the factory, many of the more modernized and Turkey to be able to domestic and national railway was important for us. We would like to thank our engineer and technician for starting our general manager. This is a mobilization. If the government, ministers, MPs keep up with the President of the success comes. Here we are working in all parts of the country to keep pace with the development move initiated by our President under this campaign. This is one of those studies. We are pleased to see that a significant number of production is done. In particular, we have made a significant progress in order to get rid of external dependency, to do import and export in local rather than import. After that, we will do much more and we will give the necessary support to the development of the railway vehicles sector as a ministry. Sonra
Minister Arslan Makes Investigations on YHT Studies (Video) 29/08/2016 Minister Arslan YHT studies were found in the investigation: Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Minister Ahmet Arslan, Ankara to Afyonkarahisar over Antalya will connect them, said: "So high-speed train networks all over our country while weaving, Afyonkarahisar will be an important intersection in this sense. "We are bringing our night together with our friends to finish the big projects that will serve these people at this intersection." said. Arslan, Ankara-Afyonkarahisar continued high-speed train studies between the found. Arslan, which has information on the ongoing tunnel works in Köroğlu Beli on the Afyonkarahisar-Ankara highway, has a high-speed train which will extend to Ankara-Afyonkarahisar and then to İzmir.
Arslan: Investigated in Ankara Kudramankazan Divided Road Construction 13/05/2018 Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Minister Ahmet Arslan, "Approximately 28,5 kilometers, Ankara Ring Road, Kahramankazan exit to the sharp, 3 going 3 in the way that will lead to the processes within the scope of the follow-up process." said. Transportation, Maritime Affairs and Communications Minister Ahmet Arslan, "about 28,5 kilometer Ankara Ring Road, the exit of Kahramankazan XXX 3 3 departure process within the scope of the process to follow the process are followed." said. Minister Arslan, the Ankara-Kahramankazan divided road construction in the examination of the Arslan, said in a statement after the investigation, the existing route of the 2 2 3 3 arrival-XNUMX arrival in the Ankara Ring Road-Kahramankazan construction site Bakan
Minister Yildirim, High-Speed Train Line Construction Found in Investigations 30/08/2012 Binali Yildirim, Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications, has examined the construction of High Speed Train (YHT) line in Osmaneli district of Bilecik. Minister Binali Yildirim, Bilecik Governor Halil Ibrahim Akpinar, Mayor Selim Yagci, Mhp Deputy Bahattin Seker, Osmaneli Governor Ali Ada, Osmaneli Mayor Mehmet Isikan and TCDD General Manager Suleyman Karaman together with YHT who made inspections on the construction site attended the meeting. Ankara will connect to Istanbul YHT line of the project to be completed 14 months, stating that the Minister Yildirim, so that they do not tolerate delay and delay, he said. Critics also criticized Lightning, "Doing nothing is done"
Minister Elvan Investigated at Ankara Station (Photo Gallery) 23/12/2014 Minister Elvan made a visit to Ankara Railway Station: Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Lütfi Elvan visited Ankara Gar and made a series of investigations. Elvan came to the Atatürk House and Railways Museum in the National Struggle, which was also used as the Steering Building in the War of Independence at the Ankara Gar, for the shooting of the last section of the Milli Demirağlar Documentary gel in the TRT Haber channel. Elvan, before shooting; Atatürk's acceptance hall, study hall, bedroom, bathroom and the room where Atatürkiye was used when Fikriye Hanım came to Ankara to see Atatürk, and the 26 Museum, where the important objects belonging to the railways have been built since 1856 '
Minister Turhan Founded in Ankara-Sivas YHT Line 05/08/2018 Transport and Infrastructure Minister Cahit Turhan, Ankara-Sivas High Speed Train (YHT) Project, the Presidential Cabinet of the 100 daily performance program, stating that, "Ankara-Sivas YHT Project, by completing the infrastructure and superstructure works by the end of this year in the year 2019 "It is an important high-speed transportation project that we will start to test trials and then put into service after receiving the competence." said. Turhan said that they had visited the route starting from Ankara Kayaş and learned from responsible people. The project was included in the government's 100 daily action plan announced by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan yesterday. Turhan,…
Minister Varank Investigates at Samsun Logistics Center 15/12/2018 'Samsun, is growing with technology' Metropolitan Mayor Zihni Sahin, Minister of Industry and Technology hosted by Mustafa Varank, Samsun told. Mayor Zihni Şahin hosted Minister Mustafa Varank. Minister of Industry and Technology Mustafa Varank, who came to Samsun as part of various visits, visited Zihni Şahin, Mayor of Metropolitan Municipality. Mayor Zihni Sahin, Minister Mustafa Varank, Samsun, made a presentation about, "Samsun, technological and scientific investments continue development," he said. LOGISTICS CENTER REVIEW Industry and Technology Minister Mustafa Varank visited the Logistics Center in Samsun, where he came to make a series of visits and investigations. AK Party AK
Minister Turhan Bolu on the South Ring Road Site 08/03/2019 Minister of Transport and Infrastructure M. Cahit Turhan came to Bolu to make various visits and investigations. South Ring Road Project Turhan observations in the site, Bolu Turkey's tourism, pointing out that one of the industrial and agricultural centers, "Bolu, forests, with springs and tourist attractions, but also have a famous province for its historical value where the religious tourism. Also found In terms of geographic location, our country is a province where the transportation routes of Europe, Central Asia and Middle East are passed on the east-west transportation axes of our country. Important transportation networks of our country are going through Bolu province in the east-west and north-south directions. Bolu has a mountainous structure B
Minister Arslan, made investigations in Ankara YHT Station 21/10/2016 Minister Arslan, Ankara YHT Garı'nda found the examination: Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Minister Ahmet Arslan, Ankara High Speed Railway Station 'build-operate transfer' model is the first railway, 29 to be completed in October and the President of the station, President Erdogan Prime Minister Yildirim said it will be put into service. Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications, Ahmet Arslan, Ankara High Speed Railway Station was examined. Garda Press Arslan Minister in a statement to reporters, "If you keep this up for people with high-speed train that was supposed to be crowned in Ankara. This is worthy of the point where the center of Ankara in need should our country capital Us and Turkey State Railways ...
Minister Arslan Visited Kilis 17/09/2017 Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Ahmet Arslan, about the developments in Syria, "We are doing our part as a country, but the public in the world to inform on this issue and the United Nations (UN), including every part of the issue that we want to enter into this peace, unity and solidarity come to the south. . " said. Ahmet Arslan, the Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications, said, mes We are doing our part as the country, but we want to inform the public about this issue in the world, and we want all sectors including the United Nations (UN) to come into play in this regard. . " said. I came to Kilis for various contacts larda
Minister Yıldırım: Tüvasaş'ın Moving Spoke 22/06/2012 Marine Communications and Transportation Minister Binali Yildirim, Turkey Wagon Industry Inc.'s (TÜVASAŞ) Ferizli to rumors in the carriage, "we do not go anywhere, our factory here" she answered. Transport, Shipping and Communications Minister Binali Yildirim, who participated in the delivery ceremony of the train sets produced by TÜVASAŞ to the Bulgarian State Railways, evaluated the statements about the transfer of TÜVASAŞ to the district of Ferizli. Minister Yıldırım, "Such a discourse. Our factory is here. We do not go to a place," he said. Source: News
Anatolian wagon
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fast train lines
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Turkey Wagon Industries Inc.
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Yandex Turkey Map Services Country Manager of Honor was Karahayıt
Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications Arslan in Sakarya
Minister Arslan Makes Investigations on YHT Studies (Video)
Arslan: Investigated in Ankara Kudramankazan Divided Road Construction
Minister Yildirim, High-Speed Train Line Construction Found in Investigations
Minister Elvan Investigated at Ankara Station (Photo Gallery)
Minister Turhan Founded in Ankara-Sivas YHT Line
Minister Varank Investigates at Samsun Logistics Center
Minister Turhan Bolu on the South Ring Road Site
Minister Arslan, made investigations in Ankara YHT Station
Minister Arslan Visited Kilis
Minister Yıldırım: Tüvasaş'ın Moving Spoke


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+44 (0)1825 713 054 or +44(0)7942 393962
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Guide des régions de France
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West France
One of the most extraordinary landscapes in France, the largely rural region of Auvergne contains vast forests, dormant volcanoes, majestic lakes and stunning gorges. This is a taste of a picturesque France.
Famous for its cheeses, home to an abundance of hot springs that have spawned an industry of spa towns and mineral water (Volvic comes from here). The region is a major hiking destination but also hugely popular with motorcyclists who are wooed not only by the glorious vistas in every direction, but also by a particularly well maintained and bike-friendly road network.
The region is also extremely popular for its university town and busy capital, Clermont-Ferrand, and some particularly outstanding medieval churches that were built using the various different coloured local volcanic lavas.
Château des Martinanches in Saint Dier d'Auvergne
The Auvergne Volcanoes National Park
Château de Val
In pure landscape terms, Limousin could be described as France's answer to Yorkshire, with remote elevated plains and moors, hills, gorges and forests. In fact, Limousin was a great inspiration for many artists.
The sparsely populated place contains mainly agricultural features such as beef farms and cattle. It's also the tapestry capital of the world (the city of Aubusson is UNESCO registered) while the regional capital of Limoges has been producing fine porcelain since the 19th century.
But it's possibly the outdoor activities that are the big draw in Limousin, with kayaking, fishing, horse riding, golf and biking all important pastimes in the region. Or, if you're someone who simply wants to get away from everything and everyone, head for Creuse – with just 23 inhabitants for each of its 5,500km2, you'll have all the personal space you could ever want.
Boussac Castle over the Petite Creuse Valley
Saint Martial Bridge in Limoges
One of many lush forests in Limousin
If you're wine mad, everyone knows Burgundy is the place to be. Famous for its Pinot Noir, Chablis and Beaujolais, Burgundy is crisscrossed by a network of navigable canals and peppered with grand châteaux, many still private homes and some now luxury hotels.
Burgundy is also home to the closest mountain range to Paris, the Morvan, a granite massif covered in forests and lakes. The Morvan National Park, known as the green lung of Burgundy, is a huge area of unspoilt countryside with parks and caves.
Art and culture (with many buildings in the beautiful Romanesque architectural style) remain an important component of the Burgundy lifestyle, however, unable to compare to the food and wine the region holds.
Wine is more than an industry here; it's a lifestyle. Head out to the vineyards and you'll be among the locals, many spending their time on tasting tours. There's also plenty of art and culture to admire, like the Musée des Beaux-Arts established in the region's capital Dijon in 1787, at the magnificent Palais des Ducs, the medieval Christian town and Abbey of Cluny, the town of Beaune and its world famous medieval hospital, and much more.
Hotel Dieu Hospital Museum, in Beaune
Tower of Notre-Dame, in the old town of Dijon
Autumnal vineyards near Beaune
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Catherine H. Voit
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We are available to take your call 484-881-3185
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Attorney Helps You Enforce Court Orders and Agreements
Enforcing alimony and child support orders in West Chester
If your ex-spouse has fallen behind on child support or alimony payments, the effect on your finances can be devastating. Catherine H. Voit is a former prosecutor in family court with more than 25 years of courtroom experience. While she always takes a reasonable approach to family law cases, you can count on her to aggressively protect your interests when your former spouse has violated a court order or agreement.
Enforcement of property settlement agreements
Property settlement agreements (PSAs) are generally incorporated in the divorce decree and thus become a binding court order. If your spouse is not abiding by the terms, you can file a petition with the court. The petition must state how your former spouse violated the agreement — for example, failure to make mortgage payments or refusal to transfer title to a vehicle. Your ex-spouse will be given an opportunity to tell his or her side of the story at a court hearing.
Pennsylvania courts will enforce the terms of a PSA unless the other party proves fraud, a lack of voluntary consent, or substantially changed circumstances. If the court finds your spouse violated the agreement, the judge will issue a contempt judgment and may also take steps to ensure compliance, including garnishing wages or attaching property. Willful and repeated violations of court orders can result in jail time.
Violation of custody arrangements
Issues with child custody and visitation arrangements may arise when the custodial parent plans to move out of Chester County or cancels scheduled visits, or when the noncustodial parent refuses to return the child. A contempt of court proceeding is one of the most common ways to enforce a custody or visitation order. If the court finds the order was violated, potential sanctions include:
Imprisonment for a period of not more than six months
A fine of not more than $500
Probation for not more than six months
Driver license suspension
Attorney's fees and costs
When you need an experienced lawyer to protect the interests of you and your children, Catherine H. Voit fights tenaciously for you.
Failure to pay alimony
Post-divorce disputes often revolve around unpaid spousal support. If the court determines that your ex-spouse failed to make alimony payments, Pennsylvania law provides a number of remedies, including:
Attachment of property
Garnishment of up to 50 percent of wages
Interest on unpaid alimony
Security deposit to ensure future payments
Up to six months in jail, for willful noncompliance
West Chester divorce attorney Catherine H. Voit represents spouses seeking to enforce alimony agreements. As a skilled negotiator and litigator, she is well-equipped to obtain the payments you are entitled to.
Nonpayment of child support
The enforcement of child support orders is a priority in Pennsylvania. The state tracks child support payments through the Pennsylvania Automated Child Support Enforcement System (PACSES). The state's Bureau of State Child Support Enforcement can garnish wages to collect past-due child support.
The custodial parent can also go to court to enforce a child support order. If the court determines that the noncustodial parent has the ability to pay and failed to do so, that parent will be held in contempt. Available sanctions include property liens, driver license suspension and seizure of tax refunds. West Chester family law attorney Catherine H. Voit can help you collect past-due child support payments.
Contact an experienced family lawyer in West Chester
Disputes don't always end when the marriage does. If you need assistance enforcing a divorce settlement agreement or court order, Catherine H. Voit can help. To discuss your problem, call Catherine today at 484-881-3185 or contact her online. Evening and early morning appointments are available upon request.
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Voit Family Law, PLLC is located in West Chester, PA and serves clients in and around Westtown, West Chester, Chadds Ford, Thornton, Kennett Square, Cheyney, Concordville, Unionville, Immaculata, Glen Mills, Wagontown, Chester Heights, Malvern, Exton, Downingtown, Modena, Lionville, Lenni, Chester, Montgomery and Delaware counties


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El Donasà és una comarca () d'Occitània i, per extensió, de França a l'Arieja. La principal ciutat és Rouze però la capital és Queragut. És el lloc de naixement del famós trobador Bernat de So. El Donasà forma el Cantó de Queragut i 7 comunes. Limita a l'est i al nord amb el parçan del País de Salt i a l'oest amb el del Sabartès.

El seu accés es fa normalment a través del Capcir i del departament de l'Aude, perquè l'accés natural pel Coll de Palhèras (Col de Palhières) de 2001 metres està tancat durant 6 mesos de l'any. El país és alt, entre 750 i 2545 metres. Pels seus boscos se l'anomena el Quebec de l'Arièja. El seu punt més alt amb 2545 metres és el Pic de Baixollada; més famós és el Roc Blanc, d'altura similar, amb l'estany de Noubals al seu peu; l'altra muntanya de gran altura és el Pic de Ballbona. Altres estanys rellevants són Rabassoles de baix, Rabassoles blau, Rabassoles Negre, l'Estanyet, Estany de Balbona, Estany Petit, Estany de Laurenti, Estany de Queragut i l'Estany de la Camiseta. A Mijanes hi ha una estació d'esquí.

Les comunes del cantó són:
 Rosa (Rouze)
 Queragut (Quérigut)
 Mijanes
 El Pug (Le Puch)
 El Pla (Al Plan forma occitana, i Le Pla forma francesa i oficial)
 Artigues (Artigas en occità)
 Carcaneres (Carcanièras en occità, Carcanières en francès i forma oficial)

Història
Va pertànyer al comtat de Rasès fins vers el 972 quan va passar al comtat de Cerdanya. Apareix en mans del comte de Cerdanya el 1035 quan en el seu testament el comte Guifré deixa el castell de So al seu fill Ramon.

El 1208 el rei de Catalunya-Aragó va infeudar la regió al comte de Foix a canvi de la seva neutralitat en els problemes successoris del comtat d'Urgell i va seguir els destins del comtat de Foix. Els castells foren infeudats als Alió (Bernat i el seu germà Arnau d'Alió) i després del 1258 als So. El 1304 el rei de Mallorca va demanar al comte de Foix l'homenatge per les terres del Donasà i va tractar de recuperar el domini prenent posicions al Capcir, a Formiguera, Puigbalador, Creu (llogaret baix el coll de Creu) i a Cerdanya (a Èvol, Estavar i Querol), tot viles que estaven infeudades a Guillem de So, senyor d'Évol (més tard els So foren vescomtes d'Évol), que era el seu vassall, però vassall del comte de Foix pels castells del Donasà. Un arbitratge entre el vescomte de Narbona (representant de Gastó de Foix) i Pere de Fenollet (representant del rei de Mallorca Jaume) va evitar la guerra, i va establir que el Donasà restaria en mans del comte de Foix però aquest seria feudatari de Mallorca. També es va fixar la frontera entre Donasà i Capcir d'est a oest, d'Anglars a Canolera, el coll de la Marrana, de la serra fins a l'Aude, Belfumats, coll d'Ares i la línia de partició de les aigües. El 1311 Bernat de So va bescanviar els castells del Donasà per la baronia de Miglòs. Va pertànyer a la corona francesa del 1589 al 1711 quan fou incorporat als dominis del Marquès de Bonac. Joan Lluís de So (Usson), marquès de Bonac, nascut el 1672 es va distingir a l'exèrcit i en tasques diplomàtiques i va morir el 1738. Els seus hereus van conservar el Donasà fins a la revolució. El darrer marquès fou Carles Armand de Bonac que va emigrar després del 1789.

Els principals castells foren el de So o Soo o Son (Usson) al sud per la part del Capcir, i el de Queragut (Quérigut, amb el significat de ker acutus, cresta de la roca) pel nord a la part de l'Aude. El de So fou assetjat per la princesa de Viana el 1486. Fou desmantellat com a fortalesa per ordre de Richelieu el 1638 i fou destruït el 1792. Queragut fou incendiat pels catalans el 1589. El 1607 Lluís XIII de França hi va establir una guarnició que estava sota el comandament de Joan de Rocafort al qual va succeir el seu fill que es feia dir senyor de Carcaneres; la guarnició fou suprimida el 25 d'abril de 1638. El 1676 fou incendiat pels espanyols i ja no va ser reconstruït. Ambdós resten en ruïnes.

El Donasà va ser inclòs en el departament de l'Arieja el 1790.

Referències

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cold Lake, Alberta joining the SJHL.
2008 Olympic Gold Medalist, Adam Kreek talks about his presentation in La Ronge and upcoming row across the Atlantic.
Colten Iron Feature including Coach Steve McKay of the Canoe Lake Miksiw School.
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Shane Doan, promotes Kraft Hockeyville 2012.
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A recap of the World Junior Championships Medal Round with reaction from Teams Canada, Russia and Sweden.
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SJHL President Bill Chow talks Junior-A Supplement, player health and safety and updates the RBC Cup preparations in Humboldt.
Mustangs/Hawks/Broncos Play-by-Play man, Branden Crowe talks about each team's outlook for the season.


The Columbia River Gorge is easily one of the Pacific Northwest's most beautiful landscapes and one of the area's top tourist destinations. When the weather is nice, the Gorge registers as a 10 on the scenic scale – but not so high on parking availability scale. In 2015, The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) launched a planning initiative to seek ways to address traffic and parking issues in the Gorge and explore pilot transit opportunities. EnviroIssues was there to help get the word out and engage the public. The evidence was clear—congestion was a real concern, particularly with the 100th anniversary of the Historic Columbia River Highway around the corner, and demand for transit is high.
All aboard the Columbia Gorge Express! EnviroIssues helped ODOT develop a branding and launch strategy to get this pilot shuttle program up and running for the 2016 summer season. The transit service makes travelling to two of the area's top destinations, Multnomah Falls and Rooster Rock State Park, a cinch. The EnviroIssues team developed the service website, logo and promotional materials and provide social media support. The Gorge Express is a huge hit—riders took more than 4,600 trips on the bus in its first weekend alone!
The Columbia Gorge Express runs through September 25th of 2016 and will operate again in 2017. Read more about the service options here and take the easy way to the Gorge this summer!


What is the meaning of ciphertext in Hindi?
"This is called ciphertext and requires a ciphertext decoder to uncode it and return it back to a readable format."
Decryption of the ciphertext is the inverse of the encryption steps, using the same symmetric key used for encryption.
The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext).
3 Useless Encryptions A ciphertext is a term with the encrypt operator at its root.
The result of the State after the final AES round is "ciphertext," which bears no resemblance to the plaintext.


text:
Q: How may I run a user process at system startup that the user can set himself? I would like the users of the system to be able to setup processes that run at system startup that they can setup by themselves. How may I do it?

A: A user can specify a script to run on boot via cron. In their crontab (edited by executing 'crontab -e' when logged in), they would specify:
@reboot /home/username/path/to/script.sh

A: Ask them to add it to rc.local ?

A: Write your own rc.local script to check every user $HOME/rc.local. Then, use su to execute that command under the user account.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Text: Tristan Szylobryt - Photos: Monique Cussigh.
In 2017, our spies notified us of the qualitative and commercial improvements being implemented by Elation. We soon discovered the potential of their products, a good reason to give them our full attention.
Our first encounter up-close with Elation, we tested their DaVinci LED Spot, which, together with Picasso, spearheads a range known as "Artiste" – effective, solid, cost-effective and built well enough to shake up the European market. Behind the choice of these pictographic designations, we quickly understood that there was a massive project to establish a beachhead on the Old Continent.
Make no mistake, Elation – the professional branch of the American DJ group – has just celebrated its 25th anniversary and boasts a formidable strike force, with 400 employees located all over the world. Their products have been very popular in many countries.
For this second incursion into Elation, what we are attempting to capture is a normal-looking and yet very special fixture: an IP65-rated, motorized Spot/Beam/Wash hybrid, with a lamp source. This is a great idea for any rental company concerned about seeing their stock take on the weather. Now let's see if the Proteus Hybrid proves to be a serious candidate.


Peter Morgan from Shrewsbury is wishing to get in touch with anyone who remembers me at UGSB 64-71. I lived in Albert Avenue and attended Highfield CP School followed by Urmston Grammar School for Boys. Also known as"Mog" in those days..


Protest song against uniformity, barely 1'30" short. See also: What Have They Done To The Rain and Morningtown Ride. Studio version on Broadside Ballads Vol 2. His live version at Carnegy Hall became a hit US. Translated into Russian and Japanese (where they know a thing or two about living on top of each other).
It has never been ruled out in court but the melody slightly reminds Bob Merrill's composition Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, top 5 US for Guy Mitchell ('52 - Columbia), covered by Bing Crosby and in Holland by Helma & Selma (as Liefste Wil Je Met Me Trouwen).


Suggested Citation:"2 Current Understanding of Early Earth and the Moon." National Research Council. 2007. The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11954.
More than 30 years of steady research and explosive technical advances have occurred since the Apollo program dramatically expanded understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon and its broad significance to planetary science. A set of overarching hypotheses now prevail in lunar science that have broad applicability and implications for planetary science. The maturity of current understanding of the Earth-Moon system has enabled the formulation of tests that, with well-chosen new data, could strengthen, or overturn, some or all of the ruling hypotheses to provide better insight into the character of our solar system.
The lunar magma ocean hypothesis governs understanding of the formation of lunar rocks following lunar formation, and suggests that the outer portions of the Moon (several hundred kilometers in depth) were entirely molten. Differentiation of the vast magma body, a magma ocean, resulted in the formation of the earliest crust and mantle and produced the rocks observed today.
The terminal cataclysm (sometimes called the Late Heavy Bombardment) hypothesis concerns the timing of the impact flux in the 600 million years (Ma) after lunar formation. It proposes that the largest craters observed on the Moon, vast multi-ringed impact basins (e.g., see Figure 2.2), were formed in a brief pulse of impacts of large objects near 4 billion years (Ga) ago, well after impact-causing debris left over from solar system formation had died away (see Figure 2.3). The reality or not of an inner solar system cataclysm is important in understanding conditions on Earth at the time that life was first emerging. An alternate hypothesis is that the rate of impacts to the Moon and Earth declined with time and no cataclysm occurred (also in Figure 2.3).
In addition to these well-formulated hypotheses, there is an emerging recognition that the lunar plasma environment, tenuous atmosphere, regolith, and polar regions in permanent shade constitute a single system in dynamic flux that links the interior of the Moon with the space environment and the volatile history of the solar system.
FIGURE 2.1 An artist's conception of a giant impact. The Moon is hypothesized to have been formed at ~4.5 Ga when a Mars-size body called Thea struck Earth. Courtesy of Don Davis.
FIGURE 2.2 Image of the western limb of the Moon obtained by the Galileo spacecraft during an Earth flyby. The Orientale multi-ringed basin is in the center. On the right is the nearside and extensive Mare Procellarum basalts. On the left is the farside, with the South Pole-Aitken Basin dominating the lower left half of the image. Orientale is the youngest basin on the Moon, and South Pole-Aitken Basin is the oldest. SOURCE: NASA Image PIA00077, obtained by the Galileo spacecraft.
FIGURE 2.3 Competing models of meteorite-impact rate for the first 2 billion years (Ga) of Earth and Moon history. Note that Earth is believed to have formed about 4.55 Ga before present. Two hypotheses are shown: exponential decay of impact rate (dashes; data from W.K. Hartmann, G. Ryder, L. Dones, and D. Grinspoon, The time-dependent intense bombardment of the primordial Earth/Moon system, pp. 493-512 in Origin of the Earth and Moon (R.M. Canup and K. Righter, eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2000), and cool early Earth–late heavy bombardment (solid curve). The approximate half-life is given in million years (m.y.) for periods of exponential decline. The cool early Earth hypothesis (solid curve) suggests that impact rates had dropped precipitously by 4.4 to 4.3 Ga, consistent with clement conditions that were hospitable for life. SOURCE: Courtesy of John Valley; adapted from J.W. Valley, W.H. Peck, E.M. King, and S.A. Wilde, A cool early Earth, Geology 30:351-354, 2002.
exploited the well-documented and curated collection of lunar samples and meteorites, (3) the increase in computational capability, (4) the recognition of meteorites from the Moon, and (5) remote sensing space missions.
deep thinking about the conditions present in the early solar system. The period of contemplation featured many other lesser but still important insights, such as the recognition from detailed crater counts that lunar volcanism extended far later than the youngest dated basalt samples, perhaps being as young as 1 Ga, placing a significant constraint on the lunar thermal history.
A second factor enabling the formulation of the unifying hypotheses has been the exponential improvement in analytical capability that has had a revolutionary impact on the value of lunar samples collected by the Apollo program and Russian Luna missions (1959-1976). These samples have been conserved and very well documented by NASA's curatorial facility, providing a significant body of data, some of which is still untapped. Analysis at spatial scales and analytical precision inconceivable in 1970—especially more recently developed isotopic systems such as Sm-Nd and Hf-W as well as analysis at the nanoscale by secondary-ion mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and other methods—has produced new insights in the formation of the Moon, from its core to the regolith. This new capability has enabled the "discovery" (or at least strong inference) about the presence of garnet in the lunar mantle; constraints on the processes attendant on a giant impact origin of the Moon, such as evaporative processes in a silicate vapor cloud; precise refinement of the chronological relationships among ancient lunar rocks; and the recognition of pervasive nanoscale processes involved in regolith evolution.
The improvement in analytical technology also included the patient application of ground-based astronomy. High-performance ground-based telescopic remote sensing, especially infrared spectroscopy, shows that the diversity of the lunar crust revealed at millimeter scale in the samples exists at the kilometer scale, and that rock types unknown in the sample collection exist far from the Apollo landing sites. Ground-based radar has revealed new insights into the nature of the lunar regolith and placed tight constraints on the nature of the permanently shaded portions of the Moon. Astronomical observations also enabled the detection of a tenuous atmosphere of sodium and potassium to supplement the constituents discerned by Apollo surface experiments.
Regarding the third factor, the increase in computational capability, a major beneficiary of this new capability has been the giant impact hypothesis. The ability to apply successful computational tests of this hypothesis using two- and three-dimensional fluid dynamics codes graduated what might have been simply an interesting and competitive notion to the status of a ruling paradigm. Another beneficiary of this new capability is the cataclysm hypothesis according to which models of the time evolution of the large bodies in the outer solar system suggest that planet migration could have instigated the cataclysm. Other fields have benefited as well, such as the reanalysis of Apollo seismic data using modern and computationally intensive techniques and analysis and the integration of remote sensing and new spacecraft geophysical data.
With respect to the fourth factor, the recognition of meteorites from the Moon, many of these meteorites have characteristics which suggest that they originate far from the Apollo zone, being extremely poor in incompatible elements—known collectively by the acronym KREEP (for enrichment of some of the first recognized incompatibles: potassium [K], rare-earth elements [REE], and phosphorus [P])—that are characteristic of the Apollo samples. These meteorites raise questions about the notion that the Moon can be understood solely in terms of the samples from Apollo, since the meteorites exhibit subtle differences that may ultimately challenge one or more of the prevailing hypotheses and lend additional impetus to the need for new lunar samples.
lunar magma ocean hypothesis as originally formulated, is prompting a rush of new research attempting to accommodate this fundamental observation into current understanding. Lunar Prospector also identified a concentration of hydrogen at both poles, renewing the discussion of possible volatile deposits.
The more than 30 years of study since Apollo, the technical advances, and the space missions bring us well prepared, at this dawn of a new era of return to the Moon with robots and humans, to test current, durable models and to pose new questions not previously considered. With time, some of these hypotheses have attained the status of "paradigms." Because of the tendency to view a paradigm as accepted truth, it is important to mount challenges constantly, and the new era of lunar exploration provides the opportunity to test each paradigm to varying degrees. Among the highest priorities for scientific understanding will be investigations that either challenge or expand the ruling paradigms.
Perhaps the hypothesis least likely to be significantly altered in the near future is the giant impact hypothesis. Tests of this model rest on new samples and on developing a much more detailed understanding of the composition of both Earth and the Moon. Clearly, such a quest will be significantly aided by the receipt of lunar samples from diverse locations and by a more thorough and detailed robotic assessment of the compositional character and structure of the Moon. Despite the directed quest for "genesis rocks," there are no samples as old as the Moon, and the first 100 Ma of lunar history remains obscure. Improvement of the knowledge of the Moon's composition relative to the composition of Earth is also ultimately limited by uncertainties in the composition of the accessible and well-sampled Earth. Anomalies in several isotope systems, including Hf, Nd, and Ba, have recently challenged faith in the chondritic composition of the Earth-Moon system, leading to proposals of unsampled domains on Earth (the core-mantle boundary) and on the Moon. At present, straightforward compelling tests do not exist; however, illumination of the giant impact hypothesis may be possible with new sampling, more abundant data, better analytical techniques, or conceptual breakthroughs.
FIGURE 2.4 The lunar magma ocean concept. NOTE: KREEP is defined in Appendix B. SOURCE: From Barbara Cohen, University of New Mexico, adapted from many sources.
crystallization sequence, and a one-dimensional model was all that was required at the close of the Apollo program, when little data existed that placed ancient rocks into a global, three-dimensional spatial context.
Global remote sensing data from the post-Apollo missions forced rethinking of the simple lunar magma ocean hypothesis, principally through their documenting of the distribution and heterogeneity of crustal components. A major enigma is the dramatic asymmetric distribution of thorium, a significant heat-producing element. According to the lunar magma ocean hypothesis, as the globe-encircling magma body cooled and minerals precipitated, a lunar mantle formed from dense olivine and pyroxene, and a crust accumulated composed of buoyant plagioclase. In the waning stages of crystallization, elements that are not accommodated easily into the structures of these major minerals became enriched in the residual melt. This process led to a layer sandwiched between the aluminous crust and the iron- and magnesium-rich mantle that is strongly enriched in incompatible elements, known collectively as KREEP. One of these incompatible elements, thorium, is relatively abundant and was readily detected by the Lunar Prospector's gamma-ray spectrometer (see Figure 2.5).
FIGURE 2.5 Spatially deconvolved global thorium abundances measured with the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer for the nearside (top) and farside (bottom) of the Moon. Note that the abundance scale bars are different for the nearside and farside. SOURCE: Courtesy of Tom Prettyman and David Lawrence, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Data from D.J. Lawrence, R.C. Puetter, R.C. Elphic, W.C. Feldman, J.J. Hagerty, T.H. Prettyman, and P.D. Spudis, Global spatial deconvolution of lunar prospector Th abundances, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34:L03201, 10.1029/2006GL028530, 2007.
asymmetrically and is strongly concentrated on the lunar nearside, with profound implications for lunar thermal evolution. While the lunar magma ocean hypothesis predicted a global zone of incompatibles concentrated at the base of the crust, Lunar Prospector showed that not even the immense farside South Pole-Aitken Basin exposed such a subcrustal enriched layer comparable to that seen in the area sampled by Apollo. High concentrations of Th (and by inference KREEP) are only found on the nearside. The seismic discontinuity provisionally detected at ~500 km depth by Apollo has often been suggested as the base of the original planetwide magma ocean. However, this feature (whose existence is in some doubt) has only been inferred beneath a limited area of the Moon, owing to the restricted geographic span of the Apollo seismic network. An alternative explanation is that it represents the regional depth of melting for the nearside mare basalts and thus might also be consistent with major lateral crustal heterogeneity. If the magma ocean originally was well mixed and essentially one-dimensional, at some epoch its character inflated to three dimensions and the Th (and KREEP) underwent massive lateral migration.
This recent recognition has spurred ongoing efforts to understand the asymmetry within the context of the lunar magma ocean model. Petrologic models suggest that throughout the crystallization of the magma ocean, precipitating minerals became increasingly dense as they accommodated more iron relative to magnesium, with the dense iron-titanium oxide ilmenite being among the last to crystallize (though prior to the crystallization of the last KREEP-rich residuum), perched atop the mantle. This sequence leads to a lunar mantle that was gravitationally unstable, and energetic overturn is enabled. The wide variation in Ti observed in lunar mare basalts in samples and in remote sensing data indicates a highly heterogeneous mantle with respect to Ti and has been cited as evidence of redistribution of magma ocean components. There have been recent attempts to produce models that exploit this gravitational instability to result in large-scale lateral motion. At this early stage, the efforts to model mantle overturn require sensitive and unsatisfying adjustment of viscosity in order to enable this type of global overturn while also preventing breakup into small convection cells; thus, at present this fundamental problem is far from solved, but it is certain that the magma ocean model as it existed prior to Lunar Prospector will require substantial revision and enhancement to take into account the new constraints.
Of the above-named hypotheses, the most vulnerable, because of the existence of well-defined tests aimed at its overturn, is the terminal cataclysm hypothesis. The validity of this hypothesis is the subject of vigorous current debate, and the possible existence of the hypothesized pulse of impacts of large objects has both profound scientific consequences and compelling tests. The consequences derive from the implications of such a pulse for the origin and development of life very early in Earth history and from its implications for the early evolution of the solar system. Astrobiologists have coined the term "impact frustration" to describe the possible effect on terrestrial life of impact by objects hundreds of kilometers in diameter. Models suggest that an impact on Earth comparable with the impact that formed the lunar Imbrium basin would vaporize the oceans and sterilize the top of the crust to depths of hundreds of meters. The hyperthermophilia of Archaea and bacteria near the base of the tree of life suggest a genetic bottleneck only survived by hardy organisms resistant to high temperature. Large objects did strike the Moon, as demonstrated by the many documented impact basins, and therefore a proportionate number also struck Earth. If these impact events occurred over the period 4.5 billion to 3.85 billion years ago, tens to hundreds of millions of years would separate the impacts, enabling the cooling and recovery of existing life and the population of refuges against the next impact. However, a narrow pulse of dozens of such impacts in a few million years would cause greater heating and leave little time for recovery and repopulation of refuges between events. This leads to the suggestion that any surface life that persists today must have either originated after the cataclysm (i.e., after about ~3.85 Ga, which appears to be the time of the last of the lunar basins) or survived deep in the crust.
formed over a much longer period (with no peaked cataclysm occurring), the development of life was permitted to occur at a more leisurely pace, and planetary recovery from each impact event was sustained by hundreds of millions of years of relative quiet.
Models to explain the apparent lunar cataclysm also have long-reaching implications for our understanding of solar system dynamics. For instance, one such model postulates that exchange of angular momentum between the giant planets and an early solar system teeming with smaller objects causes the orbits of the large planets to migrate. As a consequence, the giant planets pass through highly disruptive resonances that ought to scatter small objects formed in the outer solar system both outward and inward. The excited orbits of the Kuiper Belt objects are testimony to a scattering event or events that may also have sprayed the inner solar system with icy objects large and small long after planetary accretion had waned and background impact fluxes had drastically dropped. These planet migration and scattering calculations solve profound problems with the terminal cataclysm, that is, where were the objects stored, and what precipitated their bombardment of the inner solar system? They also suggest that Mars too would have experienced a cataclysm, removing that planet as a safe refuge for life to later populate Earth by way of meteorite exchange between planets.
Work on early Earth is beginning to intersect work on the early Moon and to provide critical constraints on both bodies. In particular, the implications of early bombardment and the terminal cataclysm hypothesis must also accommodate new results from the study of early Earth which strongly suggest that relatively clement conditions existed on Earth as early as 4.4 Ga to 4.2 Ga, raising the possibility that life might have emerged within 200 Ma of the formation of Earth (see Figure 2.6).
FIGURE 2.6 "First Lunar Tides," an artist's conception of the Moon as seen from Earth about 4.2 billion years ago. The heavily cratered Moon is in close Earth orbit, and mare basalts have not yet filled the crater bottoms. The oceans have recently condensed on the cooling surface of Earth and are experiencing the first tides. It is not known if life existed in these early seas. Likewise, the size and frequency of impact events are uncertain, as is the effect of these events on the emergence or extinction of life. The ravages of tectonics will destroy most evidence of this time on Earth, but the lunar surface remains. SOURCE: Don Dixon, with permission.
Zircons (which are incredibly difficult to alter) with ages as great as 4.4 Ga have been found in the ancient terrestrial Archaean metasediments (metamorphosed but recognizably sedimentary rocks). Because most terrestrial zircons are formed in granitic rocks, these ancient zircons imply the presence of continent-building activity at the time of zircon formation, rather than the presence of a simple basaltic crust. The mildly elevated values of δ18O in these zircons support the proposal that, during this period, chemical weathering and erosion had occurred, both of which require liquid water to alter the protoliths (original rocks) of subsequently formed granitic rocks. If the high impact flux suggested by lunar chronology could have caused the oceans to vaporize repeatedly, there may be an inconsistency in the lunar and terrestrial observations. More investigations of the lunar record and terrestrial history are indicated.
As on the Moon, terrestrial zircons are the end product of extensive igneous processing, and they host some of the important incompatible elements of the KREEP association (of potassium, rare-earth elements, and phosphorus found in lunar basalts). Zircons generally require an evolved host rock such as granite, and on Earth the presence of large-scale processes giving rise to granite and mountain belts account for most, though not all, zircons. In addition to hosting a range of incompatible elements, zircons are extremely durable and are resistant to melting, abrasion, and weathering. It is possible that these minerals are the end result of differentiation of basaltic magma, but their sheer abundance in Archaean sedimentary rocks on Earth suggests that most were derived from rocks of evolved, possibly granitic, composition. Radiometric dating of these detrital zircons shows that some were formed before 4.0 Ga, with several terrestrial ages near 4.4 Ga. Elevated oxygen isotope ratios in the most ancient zircons appear to require that the protoliths were altered by liquid water as long ago as 4.3 Ga. Although work on these zircons has only begun, they already indicate the presence of buoyant, probably granitic components in the crust shortly after the formation of Earth (while the lunar magma ocean completed crystallizing many of its primary rocks), and the zircon host rock was profoundly affected by the presence of liquid water. Further study of ancient zircons and rocks from Earth may resolve these differences. Relatively few zircons have been studied from the Moon, and further analysis will elucidate differences in magmatic environment. It is also possible that zircons from otherwise-unsampled domains of early Earth will be located on the Moon, delivered as meteorites, if sufficient quantities of regolith are searched.
The terminal cataclysm hypothesis can be definitively tested by measuring the ages of large impact basins that are far from the Apollo sampled zone. The basis for the hypothesis, a cluster of radiometric dates near 3.8 Ga, may all be related to the vast Imbrium basin that dominates all portions of the Moon visited by Apollo. Thus, sample-derived radiometric dates of basins far from Imbrium, and most especially the largest and oldest basin of them all, South Pole-Aitken Basin, will rigorously test the terminal cataclysm hypothesis.
The lunar atmosphere links the Sun and solar system volatiles through the lunar surface. The Sun provides one input, the solar wind, to the lunar environment, some of which is entrained in the lunar plasma environment, some of which is implanted into grains of the lunar surface, and some of which serves as a critical loss mechanism for the lunar neutral atmosphere. Hydrogen and helium are the dominant species that saturate the outermost surfaces of lunar soil grains, but the solar wind provides a wide diversity of other components, particularly carbon and nitrogen. Many other sources can provide volatile inputs to the lunar environment: comets, asteroidal meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, the transit of interstellar giant molecular clouds, Earth itself (ions from its atmosphere are continuously shed down the magnetotail or episodically removed as impacts eject atmosphere into space), and even the Moon's interior (which may occasionally still outgas at high rates, as suggested by some young geologic features). These sources provide volatile species that may then be transported across the lunar surface until either lost or sequestered in lunar sinks. This atmosphere is extremely tenuous, having a total mass of a few tons. Research shows that the lunar atmosphere is generally resilient and can restore its original state even a few weeks or months after a disturbance, but its present state is relatively fragile against extended large-scale lunar activities.
The lunar atmosphere may actually be dominated by dust, although its properties are not well known. The mass of suspended dust may be larger than the mass of the atmosphere. Observations by the Surveyor, Apollo, and Clementine missions showed the presence of high-altitude dust, presumably lofted by electrostatic levitation.
Permanently shaded regions of the lunar poles may constitute one of the important sinks for volatiles. Lunar Prospector showed excesses of hydrogen at the 50 km to 100 km scale near the poles, although radar detects no widespread thick deposits of volatiles (unlike at the poles of Mercury). Despite the fact that these cold, shadowed surfaces are expected to act as lunar cold traps, their effectiveness in trapping volatiles for long periods is unknown. Regardless of total efficiency, the lunar polar soil may contain a wealth of scientific information on solar system volatiles.
Significant gaps remain in the understanding of the lunar atmosphere system, especially the three-dimensional flows and nature of constituents through the atmosphere, the detailed behavior of dust and its relationship to the vapor component, and the role and state of the polar cold traps. It is safe to say that the dynamic system exists, but there is no predictive understanding of its behavior.
The more than 30 years since the Apollo program have enabled lunar and other scientists to make great strides in the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon, Earth, and other planets using the Moon as a lens. But this era has also revealed troubling defects in that lens owing to the lack of key data in time, space, and physical characteristics. Building on the foundation of the Apollo program and over 30 years of contemplation and technical progress, a well-formulated new era of lunar exploration will enable key tests of hypotheses major and minor that may revolutionize the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon, Earth, and the planets.


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