text:
Avis Overhead Bridge
Hinton, Summers County
Construction Date: 1928
Threat: Deterioration; Funding
May 2019 Update: Progress on the bridge is at a standstill. The West Virginia Division of Highways (DOH) is willing to have a non-profit organization take over ownership of the bridge if they can demonstrate financial ability to restore and maintain the bridge. Additionally, they must agree to dismantle the bridge if they can no longer maintain it. However, as of the site's last update, they have been unable to find a non-profit organization capable of taking on the expense of the bridge's restoration. The bridge continues to need concrete repairs, conduit replacement for decorative lighting, and grooming of the surrounding area. Until a financially capable custodial organization is found, the bridge will continue to deteriorate. The local community would like to see the for former automobile bridge restored and repurposed as a pedestrian bridge.
https://www.facebook.com/AvisOverheadBridge/
2016: The Avis Overhead Bridge connects Hinton and the neighboring community of Avis, above the railroad tracks, along WV 107 and, later, WV Route 21. It is recognized in the 1984 West Virginia Bridge Survey as being historically significant. The Luten Bridge Company of York, Pennsylvania, constructed the bridge in 1928. Its designer, Daniel B. Luten, claimed to have designed over 17,000 bridges, and the concrete Avis Overhead Bridge features his patented Rainbow Arch. Rainbow arch bridges are famous for having been built with curved, simply ornamented, solid parapets. This style of concrete arch was widely built as a proprietary bridge type in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
The bridge closed in 2003 when a new bridge was constructed nearby. The West Virginia Division of Highways (DOH) retains ownership of the original bridge and does not have plans to rehabilitate it now that a new bridge has been built. Local groups would like to see this former automobile bridge reused as a pedestrian bridge reconnecting Hinton and Avis. Before its potential reopening, however, the bridge is in need of concrete repairs, conduit replacement for decorative lighting, and grooming of the surrounding area.
The DOH would consider giving up ownership of the bridge to a nonprofit if that particular organization could demonstrate the long term fiscal ability to inspect the bridge in accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards and to maintain its safe operations for general public use. Interested organizations must submit a plan to the DOH outlining how the organization expects to maintain the bridge and for what duration. The organization must also agree to demolish the structure at its own cost at which time it is determined that they do not have the financial capability to maintain the safe operation of the bridge. The bridge would require an in-depth inspection and load rating for its intended use before it could be open to any type of traffic.


When even the engineer that created k-cups comes out and says he regrets making the non-recyclable plastic cups, it makes you want to look for some Earth Day friendly way to give those little pods a second life. Destined for the landfill, why not reuse your K-Cups at least once with this simple, fun kitchen craft: Homemade K-Cup Bath Bombs!
Add some more relaxation to your day with sweet scents and bath goodies from Bath & Body Works, Perfumania, and Sephora!
Collect your K-Cups. Any of the K-Cups will do except the 99% recyclable cups made with a net bottom and a plastic top. You'll need the all-plastic cups for this kitchen craft.
Clean out each K-Cup by peeling back the foil lid and dumping out the coffee ground.
Earth-Friendly Tip: Add those coffee grounds to the compost pile. No need to toss them in the landfill!
Inside each cup will be a glued on netting. Pull this netting from the cup, removing it completely. Discard and wash the cups clean with water.
Now fill the bottom of each cup with a few sprinkles or dried flowers. Little lavender petals work beautifully!
Mix together the bath bomb mixture (recipe below), then press it firmly into each prepared K-Cup. Pack the mixture in tightly. Allow it to set and dry overnight.
Once the mixture is dried and hardened, slide knife into the hole in each cup. Slice until a long slit is formed, and peel the K-Cup from the bath bomb.
That's it! Your bath bombs are ready! Place them in a hot bath, watch them fizz, and enjoy!
Sprinkle 1/2 teaspoon or so of sprinkles or dried flowers in the bottom of each K-Cup if a decorative bath bomb is desired.
In a large bowl, combine baking soda, citric acid, cornstarch, and Epsom salts.
In a small bowl, whisk together water, essential oil, almond oil, and food coloring.
Whisk wet ingredients into the dry ingredients. Stir until the mixture begins to clump together. If needed, add one drop of water at a time to make the mixture clump.
Press mixture into the K-Cups. Allow to dry for 24 hours.
Remove bath bombs from the K-Cups by sliding a sharp knife into the small hole at the bottom of each cup. Slice a slit until the K-Cup can be pulled away from the bath bomb.
To use bath bombs: Place in a hot bath and enjoy!
I'm curious about the essential oils. I've heard those things are pretty strong and expensive. Where did you get yours, and were they just the (lavender/peppermint/etc) oil or were they diluted with something?
Essential oils are pretty strong because they are concentrated, but using just a drop or two at a time is more than enough. Personally, I've purchased a small bottle of lavender essential oil and it lasted forever. I used just one tiny drop as a perfume on my wrists that lasted all day.
Thanks for the info! I found a nearby health foods store and grabbed some orange and vanilla.
Enjoy! Let us know how your bath bombs turn out!


text:
How Smelly Was the Palladian Villa?
James Fenton
The Perfect House: A Journey with the Renaissance Master Andrea Palladio
by Witold Rybczynski
Scribner, 266 pp., $25.00
Some things are older, some more modern, than one imagines. The hallowed English practice of polishing up old oak furniture, so that it is dark and gleaming, is relatively modern—something of an invention of the antiques trade. On the other hand topiary, the art of cutting box or yew hedges into animal shapes, is very old: Pliny the Younger mentions it in a famous letter discussing his Tuscan villa. When Wilhelmina Jashemski wanted to illustrate her book on Roman horticultural methods, she was able to make unforced comparisons between what she and her team had painstakingly uncovered around Pompeii and contemporary (1970s) practice in the same area. For instance, vines were trained on chestnut poles, to which they were tied with poplar or willow withes (that is, ties made of a length of young shoot), both in antiquity and at the time of writing.1 A recent study of Byzantine gardens, the first book of its kind, offers telling photographic comparisons between archaeological sites in, for instance, Sinai, and the walled and terraced monastery gardens on Mount Athos, which are still very much in operation.2
In the Pompeian and Byzantine comparisons, the practices in question may be historically continuous because the same problems are faced over the years, and the same solutions seem best: terraces are required to create gardens on steep terrain, water must be channeled and stored, chestnut poles last longer in the ground than poplar, willow has always provided good withes, and so on. In the case of Plinian topiary, no doubt we are dealing with a revival, but a revival that is itself centuries old.
Humanists of the fifteenth century who read Pliny and the surviving classical agricultural texts wanted to secure a life like that for themselves. They wanted a garden with box animals and obelisks. They wanted a place in the country where they could relax from the pressures of the city, or where they could escape the plague (as in the admirably conceived opening of the Decameron), or where they could cultivate a life of learned ease in the manner of the ancients. City aristocrats wanted a break from the formalities of city life, some place where they could, without disgrace to their status, get up from a chair and put a log on the fire for themselves, and not have to call a servant (to cite an example given in a sixteenth-century text).
The villa craze, which began in the fourteenth century in Italy, was clearly a revival of a classical institution (no Roman villas had survived, although there were some whose ruins were visible). And yet, eerily enough, it has been found through archaeological investigation that villa types supposedly invented in the Renaissance do indeed have classical precedents. James Ackerman, in his 1985 Mellon Lectures, showed how the U-shaped loggia of Palladio's Villa Badoer (post-1556) is anticipated in the layout of a Gallo-Roman villa of the second to fourth centuries AD. Since a revival of such forms is out of the question, Ackerman argued that they must somehow have survived the intervening centuries, through links which have since vanished. He suggested that culture preserves such types of building "subliminally, conveying it perhaps through vernacular versions."3 Another explanation might be that, once the Italian architects had learned to think like Romans, and given that they were faced with similar problems of climate, technology, and so forth, their solutions naturally turned out, in some cases, the same as Roman solutions.
Vernacular architecture is that kind of building executed without professional plan but according to local formulas and traditions, using local materials and skills. Much of it would have been built without even any ambition for permanence. We get glimpses of the old vernacular architecture of the Ve-neto in the landscape drawings of Titian and his circle. At first sight the buildings look rather un-Italian, for they often have thatched roofs and timber (or wattle-and-daub) walls. They form untidy agglomerations. They cling to the edges of rivers, beside rickety bridges, or they attach themselves to medieval castles. It is hard to tell a house from a stable or a barn—and indeed there may well have been no firm distinction.
At the time when the villas of the Veneto were being built (starting in the mid-fifteenth century, and with a golden period a century later), much of the peasantry would have lived in this kind of structure: with mud walls and thatched roofs. And they went on doing so until at least the end of the nineteenth century, when the agricultural revolution began to hit Italy. Here is an Englishwoman's description from 1893:
The most miserable mud hut can be entered at any hour of the day. Its big bed, stuffed with the husks of maize, will be spotlessly clean and smoothly made, although hens may be running under it, and the turkeys sitting in baskets by its side. There will not be a cinder on the hearth, save in the exact middle, where a neat pile of sticks crackle under the pot of polenta; and however poor the inhabitants, there will surely be a good show of burnished copper pails or platters along the wall. Yet at this point any description of pleasing objects has to cease. The house is usually composed of two to three rooms on the basement—upper storeys are abhorred by the native—its walls painted white, and usually composed of mud and reeds, the roof made of thatch, and not a flower or a creeper to brighten the eternal vista of corn or maize.4
The author of this description is Margaret Symonds, the daughter of John Addington Symonds, better known perhaps under her married name Madge Vaughan as a correspondent (and the first schoolgirl crush) of Virginia Woolf. She is describing a visit to the Veneto in the company of her father (and her father's gondolier boyfriend Angelo) during which she stayed at the Villa Pisani in Vescovana. Hers is not a brilliant book (it is archly written) but it brings alive certain aspects of villa life which it would be hard to guess at from the modern literature on Palladio.
The term "villa," in the context of the Veneto, means, generally speaking, a collection of buildings rather than a single structure. At its center is the owner's house, the casa dominicale or casa di villa. Adjacent to this, or joined on by a series of loggias, are the stables and barns, and the living quarters of the farm workers, the bailiff or factor, and the accountant. The building complex encloses courtyard and farmyard, and connects to gardens and orchards and fields. The whole ensemble is the villa, and it is intended by Palladio that the owner should be able to visit most places under cover, to supervise the unloading and storage of produce, and to perform all other tasks required of him during his periodic visits, most notably at harvest time.
The kind of villa we are talking about is a farm, but the question that seems to perplex Palladian scholars is, how farmlike was this farm? Was it truly smelly? Or was it rather more like a "dairy" at Versailles, a courtly nod in the direction of agricultural life? James Ackerman, in his standard monograph, tells us that the Villa Maser "really functions as a farm," and that arcades that lead off from either side of the main block are, were, or would have been (his word) smelly.5 But in his account of the similar arcades at the Villa Emo, in his Mellon Lectures, he says:
It is hard to know how literally to take the architect's claim that these buildings combine the living and working functions. It seems unlikely that the patrician owners would have welcomed the odors, noise and mess involved in housing farm animals within their loggias, as is done in the Venetian barchesse [barns] on which these loggias were modeled, but it would have been wasteful not to have employed them for storing tools, vehicles, stakes, birding nets and other necessaries of farming.
In other words, even if Palladio says that there are stables in the immediate vicinity of the house (which he does), we may think twice before taking him at his word.
Ackerman's point was explained in his first lecture: the villa was a paradigm for him not only of architecture but of ideology: "It is a myth or fantasy through which over the course of millennia persons whose position of privilege is rooted in urban commerce or industry have been able to expropriate rural land, often requiring, for the realization of the myth, the care of a laboring class or of slaves." Given the power of this particular ideology (I deduce from Ackerman), it might well have suited Palladio and his clients to imply, for instance, proximity to the workings of farm life, involvement with daily agricultural tasks, and so forth, when in fact there wasn't so much.
The non-smelly hypothesis is argued with great vigor and emphasis by Doug-las Lewis in a work recently reviewed in these pages.6 Discussing the barns at the Villa Pisani in Bagnolo (there are several Pisani villas, the family being among the largest landowners in the Veneto), Lewis tells us that when the main house was actually occupied by the owners, the outbuildings would never have functioned in a utilitarian way for the uses of the farm, "notwithstanding Palladio's theoretical argumentation to that effect." Even when Palladio "propagandistically" marks buildings for agricultural purposes, we should understand that there would have been nothing going on in these buildings that would create noises or smells, or cause invasions of privacy. Palladio's designs, in Lewis's view, depict the "ceremonial centers" of the estates.
Witold Rybczynski, in The Perfect House, his new book on Palladio, echoes Lewis. The porticoes at Bagnolo, he tells us,
enclosed a formal, ceremonial space. Despite Palladio's claim that the courtyard was for "farm use," it was hardly a barnyard with piles of manure, rooting pigs, and clucking chickens.
There is another farmyard, elsewhere, for agricultural use, although Rybczynski adds that "the stables and storage rooms around the formal cortile were for the convenience of the immediate household." (So, there must have been some manure somewhere around.)
Palladio's great houses, in common with other such buildings in the Veneto, had basements in which, typically, there were kitchens, laundries, and rooms for wine-making and other household functions. Above these was the piano nobile, containing reception rooms and bedrooms for the owner's family. At the top of the house was an attic which is regularly denoted as a granary. Nobody seems to doubt either that the basement functioned as a busy center of household activity or that the attic functioned as a granary, being a secure place to store the family wealth. But Rybczynski, struck by the size of one of these granaries, makes a calculation. A large Vicentine estate might be expected to produce four or five hundred bushels of grain a year. But, filled to a height of four or five feet, the attic of this particular villa could accommodate six thousand bushels. Ergo, the attic was not only a granary. (I shall ex-plain later why I think this calculation misconceived.)
In similar fashion, looking at what is usually referred to as a threshing floor in front of the Villa Emo, Rybczynski recalls that Palladio advised that threshing floors should not be placed too near the owner's house because of the dust, but that they should be near enough to be seen (the point presumably being that when the grain has been threshed it becomes easy to pilfer: it's hard to sneak off with a wheat sheaf, but easy to fill your pockets with grain). "If the Emo terrace is a threshing floor," says Rybczynski, "it definitely seems too close." So perhaps it is just a grand entranceway.
Rybczynski's book is courteously written, and aimed at the nonspecialist for whom all the necessary background information is given. We learn something of how Palladio drew, how he measured buildings, how he educated himself and rose from stonemason to architect. We learn about some of his other buildings. And we learn, in pleasant detail, how Rybczynski drives around the Veneto, misses a turn, finds a villa, how he is let in and allowed to wander alone, how he breaks in, what he eats, how he has difficulty with Italian, and so forth. This is the genre of the book. Nevertheless it is based on thoughtful observation by an architect and teacher educated by a reading of the scholarship.
But this scholarship has a Magritte-like tendency to post notices on maps and plans of the work of Palladio and his contemporaries saying: This is not a farmyard, this is not a stable, this is not a threshing floor, this is not a granary (or not only a granary), these are not functioning buildings, these are rhetorical statements, this is not a barn, this is a ceremonial space. In the process, the meaning and (I believe) function of the architecture is obscured. Certainly what Palladio writes gets roundly contradicted.
The problem seems to stem from a mismatch between periods: what is too noisy, too smelly, too dusty, too dirty for the modern scholar may be well within the bounds of the tolerable for historical Renaissance men and women. After all, the main staircase in the palace at Urbino is large enough to bring horses up, and there were stables at the top of the stairs. The plan of Michele Sanmichele's Villa Soranza clearly shows stabling in the adjacent loggia, enough for eighteen horses. And besides, these people were surely crazy about their horses. The stables of the Villa Da Porto Colleoni appear to feature Verona marble tethering posts, each pillar surmounted by a white marble putto.7
To return to the eyewitness account by Margaret Symonds of an estate in the Veneto at the end of the nineteenth century: Count Almorò III, the last of his branch of the Pisanis, having sunk a fortune in the huge eighteenth-century Villa Pisani at Strà, sold up, retrenched, and retired to the villa at Vescovana in 1850. Two years later he married Evelina van Millingen, the daughter of Dr. Julius van Millingen, who had attended Byron in his last illness at Missolonghi (more exactly, had helped bleed him to death) and had subsequently been doctor to five successive sultans in Constantinople. Evelina, whose French mother was said to have grown up in the harem at Topkapi, had lived in Turkey and Rome. Now as Countess Pisani she began to devote herself to her husband's estate.
What she found on arrival at Vescovana was that the family lived entirely in the basement of the house:
…Passing pairs of pigs would wander in on a warm morning to wallow on the silk divan where the young bride sat at work. Their owners, following to fetch these vagrant hogs, marvelled greatly at the new padrona's screams of horror. All the large rooms on the first floor were uninhabited, and used for drying beans or storing lumber. Strings were stretched from end to end of the big drawing-room, and here the washing was hung to dry.
In front of the dining-room windows, there were two huge threshing floors, where "all the wheat of the entire property was spread, threshed, and stacked in season."
You have to imagine a vast house, longer (we are told) than the Piazza San Marco in Venice, whose noble inhabitants (no doubt infected by the "native's" abhorrence of living on upper storeys, as mentioned by Margaret Symonds in the passage quoted earlier) camped entirely below stairs, while the piano nobile had been turned over to agricultural use—suites of sixteenth-century frescoed rooms devoted to drying beans and laundry lines. And this would always be the tendency in such establishments. The demands of agriculture are inexorable. You leave a door open and in comes a pig. You turn your back for a moment and the threshing floor has mysteriously crept up through the garden and is now (where country prudence wants it) under the dining-room window.
Four decades later, when Margaret Symonds visited, the house was so grandly run that the laundry was sent to be washed in Mestre and ironed in Milan. The servants came and went noiselessly across heavy carpets, bringing dishes of jellied swan or some eastern gourd. Yet the dimly lit dining room was alive with screaming cats. The windows were kept shut tight, even on stifling nights, "against the fever," but as soon as a cat rattled the panes the footman would let it in. The cats jumped on the sideboard for chicken bones and discarded asparagus stalks, and each of them was known to the countess by name.
The place was notable for its loud nightingales (Henry James refers to them) and its owls, and for "those indescribable noises which ramp about the upper stories of a doge's farm," which made the newly arrived Englishwoman bury her head in the embroidered sheets. "Did you hear the rats?" said a guest the next morning. "It is rather a bore having the granaries just over the bedrooms."
Not just over the bedrooms: the granaries were huge, and presumably stretched the whole length of the house:
The countless windows are opened by the domestic, letting in a warm light through curtains of wistaria and of ivy. As you probably know nothing of the merits of beans and maize, and care still less, you retain of these granaries but a very dim impression, only, maybe, a recollection of hundreds of square feet of grain spread on their floors….
It is this last detail which solves the problem Rybczynski set himself:Why should a Veneto granary be so large? The answer is that the grain was spread out on the floor to be kept cool. That is why Palladio (and Vitruviusbefore him) recommends a north-facing window for a granary, and insists that it should have air. Grain must be kept cool and dry, or it will molder. When it molders, it heats up. A moldy grain loses both its viability as seed and its usefulness in the malting process (should that be relevant). It becomes inedible, indeed poisonous through ergot. To keep the grain cool it is best to spread it relatively thinly on the floor. And surely the reason why the windows in Palladian attic granaries sometimes reach down to the floor is precisely to en-sure the floor-level draft the grain needs. But of course if grain is spread out on the floor it will attract rats. That is no doubt why the "natives" wouldn't have liked sleeping on an upper floor.
The great difference between the dwellers in vernacular mud and thatch and the proud owners of a villa was that the former had only a limited ability to store grain, whereas the latter could store it against famine, could sell it back to the peasants who had harvested it, and could even speculate on the price of grain, play the market, benefit from a shortage. Thinking of how these villas worked, one cannot avoid the consideration that famine was recurrent in the sixteenth cen-tury, and that the peasants were reduced to abandoning the land and going to Venice and Vicenza for relief. In a memorable passage, one diarist records:
You cannot walk down the street or stop in a square or church without multitudes surrounding you to beg for charity: you see hunger written on their faces, their eyes like gemless rings, the wretchedness of their bodies with the skins shaped only by bones.
Howard Burns, who quotes this in an old catalog, reminds us also, in a quotation, that the countryside periodically was witness to mass hysteria:
In 18 or 20 villages of this territory, under pretext of Religion and of miracles which it had been put about that the Madonna had performed, the people had risen up to such a point that an infinite number of people had come together in the churches of these places, where they remained day and night, because they said that the Madonna had performed miracles. And in these churches they ate, danced, and kissed each other, the women the men, and the men the women, and they said that the Madonna had ordered them so to do, and they committed other improper acts under this pretext, add- ing also, as we understand, some heretical things. And to such an extent had these people risen up, that the peasants had totally abandoned the countryside, and the artisans their workshops as they did not want to work any more, saying that as for their livelihood, the Madonna will provide.
In response, the churches were kept locked by the authorities except during services.8
You get a distant sense of that history of famine in the pages Margaret Symonds devotes to the harvest and in particular to gleaning. The menfolk would reap the wheat and stack it, and at a given signal the women would be let into the fields to glean, which Symonds describes as "pure, unmitigated passion. It is in the heart of these people—their very souls seem bound up in it. Family cares, if they exist, are forgotten."
The harvest season was also the courting season, and a woman proved her worth by the amount she had gleaned. She would hang her gains out over her window, or on the thatched roof. Symonds's description of the bedlam of gleaning—"eighty acres of stubble, absolutely alive with flapping hats, white shirts, and bare brown arms"—reminds us of the large numbers of people, and the antiquity of the society involved. It is just about to change, for already there are threshing machines on the estate, but for the moment you can still see scenes which remind the onlookers of the Book of Ruth.
You can stay at the Villa Pisani in Vescovana. You can rent, as Rybczynski does, Palladio's Villa Saraceno. Reflecting on his researches, Rybczynski concludes:
Palladio villas are sometimes described as exalted farmhouses, an appellation that captures neither their commanding authority nor their imposing presence. Yet the description has merit, for the unabashedly simple materials and uncomplicated details serve to amplify Palladio's achievement. "There is something divine about his talent," Goethe wrote, "something comparable to the power of a great poet who, out of the world of truth and falsehood, creates a third whose borrowed existence enchants us."
It is nicely put, but there is something enchanting, too, in the thought that these villas, as Ackerman originally argued, were indeed working farms—with dogs and cats and rats, with horses and oxen over which their owners doted, with all the noises of a traditional farm (noises which, after all, are not so hard to bear)—farms in a tradition that gives us a glimpse of life as it was lived in antiquity.
More by James Fenton
What He Saw in a Dream
The Art of Combat
Nasty & Nice
James Fenton is a British poet and literary critic. From 1994 until 1999, he was Oxford Professor of Poetry; in 2015 he was awarded the PEN Pinter Prize. He is the author of School of Genius: A History of the Royal Academy of Arts and, most recently, Yellow Tulips: Poems, 1968–2011. (May 2020)
Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, The Gardens of Pompeii: Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius (Caratzas Brothers, 1979). ↩
Byzantine Garden Culture, edited by Anthony Littlewood, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (Dum- barton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002). ↩
The Villa: Form and Ideology of Country Houses (Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 29 and 86. ↩
Margaret Symonds, Days Spent on a Doge's Farm (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1893; second edition, 1908), pp. 129–131. ↩
James S. Ackerman, Palladio (Penguin, 1966), p. 39. ↩
Douglas Lewis, The Drawings of Andrea Palladio (Martin & St. Martin, 2000), pp. 111–112. See the review by Witold Rybczynski, The New York Review, July 18, 2002. ↩
See the illustration in Michelangelo Muraro and Paolo Marton, Venetian Villas: Their History and Culture (Rizzoli, 1986), p. 132. ↩
Howard Burns in collaboration with Lynda Fairbairn and Bruce Boucher, Andrea Palladio 1508–1580: The Portico and the Farmyard (London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1975), pp. 164–165. ↩
The Romantic Pugilist
Murray Kempton
Kenneth Clark
Classical Tourism
Charles Hope
E.H. Gombrich (1909–2001)
Francis Haskell
Mannerisms
Martin Filler
The Mighty Penn
Hugh Eakin
The Affair of the Chinese Bronze Heads
V.S. Pritchett
Live Souls

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


they'll swallow me whole again.
moved them around for you.
Moving out's in the back of our minds.
Double thought, win/loss at the same time.
put it off, and turn off the light.
while my tightrope got tighter and straight jacket fell to the floor.
Are we less charming with no legs to stand?
the reason this is happening.
This is war, that's what they want you to think.
dark bodies chain linked to brilliant faces.
right when you're woke, hit you with them slave ships.


Instructing the Early sleek interval is an leading edge venture bringing jointly major early modernists from a large geographical and disciplinary history. students from English, background and French stories unite during this distinct quantity to check the demanding situations which the early glossy interval offers within the third-level school room. along 9 essays the quantity is interspersed with shorter reflections of fourteen invited professors from eire, the united kingdom, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, Canada and the united states. The members supply an extraordinary transcontinental perception into present pedagogical praxis in a few Western nationwide traditions, featuring quite a lot of case-studies of the way examine can tell educating from students who refuse to just accept a divorce among the 2.
The assumption of Latin the USA is a geo-political manifesto which insists at the have to go away in the back of an idea which belonged to the nation-building mentality of nineteenth-century Europe. Charts the heritage of the idea that of Latin the USA from its emergence in Europe within the moment half the 19th century via a variety of diversifications to the current day.
During this stimulating booklet, six top philosophers-Karl-Otto Apel, Robert Brandom, Karsten Harries, Martha Nussbaum, Barry Stroud, and Allen Wood-consider the character of philosophy. even though each one of them has a different viewpoint, all of them appear to agree that philosophy seeks to discover hidden assumptions and ideas with the intention to disclose them to severe scrutiny.
This well timed e-book covers the necessity to understand medical practices for all these excited about molecular laboratory technological know-how. the sector of molecular drugs is evolving at an excellent pace. Propelled via the recent insights and applied sciences, advances are being made at an unparalleled price. With twin degree given to today's breakthroughs, this e-book is a suite of the most up-tp-date practices correct to the scientific molecular laboratorian.
With this recognition of difference in place one can investigate the specificities of the early modern period and the ways in which we construct relations between it and the present. 25 Issues of alienation and alterity take on a different resonance in the context of women writers. 26 Published to mark the tenth anniversary of the Chicago University Press 'Other Voice in Early Modern Europe' series, the 14 essays of this last volume, which focus on the religious writings of women, vary in their emphasis on course content or classroom practice, addressing a dual readership of both students and specialists.
145–9 (p. 147). 40. Frances Teague, 'Responding to Renaissance Drama: One Way of Guiding Students', in Approaches to Teaching English Renaissance Drama, pp. 65–72. See also Katherine Dauge-Roth's account (n. 8 above) of the use of online learning journals and other learner-centred pedagogical strategies in her teaching of seventeenth-century France. 41. E. McGee, 'Webbing Webster', in Approaches to Teaching English Renaissance Drama, pp. 106–12 (p. 106). 42. 1 (2001), 127–33. On an earlier text, see Massimo Riva, 'The Decameron Web: Teaching a Classic as Hypertext at Brown University', in Approaches to Teaching Boccaccio's 'Decameron', ed.
34 Most crucially, the text moves out of the corral of the specialist academic library and is multiply and simultaneously available to a potentially infinite number of users, none of whom will necessarily access that text in precisely the same way. 39 The widespread availability of search terms and, increasingly, searchable text, means that even quite sophisticated academic work can be very narrowly based, deriving from pre-existing categories of analysis rather than from a rigorous survey of the relevant material.


text:
Q: php check if array part of another array if I have:
$hold = array(1, 1, 4); // this will be true
$allArr = array(1, 1, 3, 4, 5);
$containsHold = count(array_intersect($hold, $allArr)) == count($hold);

$containhold is true and it is ok, but if I have next:
$hold = array(1, 1, 1); // this will be false but it is true
$allArr = array(1, 1, 3, 4, 5);
$containsHold = count(array_intersect($hold, $allArr)) == count($hold);

This return true, but I need to be false because $hold contain three 1

A: if i uderstand correctly you shuld count the values of each array
and than compare value and counts....:
function arrayContainArray($array, $array1){
    $c = array_count_values($array);
    $c1 = array_count_values($array1);
    foreach($c as $k=>$n){
        if(!isset($c1[$k]) || $c1[$k]<$n){ return false; }
    }
    return true;
}

$containsHold = arrayContainArray($hold, $allArr);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text: Provides a `fzf` command in micro to open a file in the current pane using fzf.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


1-POSITIVE ATTITUDE: Being cheerful and setting our minds to look for and find the best in all situations.
2-RESOURCEFULNESS: Using human and other resources to their fullest.
3-COMPASSION: Being kind and considerate, and showing concern for the well-being of others.
4-FAITH: Having inner strength and confidence based on our trust in God.
5-HEALTH AND FITNESS: Being personally committed to keeping our minds and bodies clean and fit.
6-PERSERVERANCE: Sticking with something and not giving up, even if it is difficult.
7-COURAGE: Being brave and doing what is right regardless of our fears, the difficulties, or the consequences.
8-HONESTY: Telling the truth and being worthy of trust.
9-COOPERATION: Being helpful and working together with others toward a common goal.
10-RESPONSIBILITY: Fulfilling our duty to God, country, other people, and ourselves.
11-CITIZENSHIP: Contributing service and showing responsibility to local, state, and national communities.
12-RESPECT: Showing regard for the worth of something or someone.


The FastCamera FC1700 is a high-speed 17 megapixel digital camera system, using a CMOS imager with an electronic global shutter, or rolling shutter. This camera has a high-speed, scalable, integrated FPGA, image processor, and memory subsystem which enables stand-alone high speed in camera image processing and extended storage. Options include ruggedized, Expanded Camera Link output, Gigabit Ethernet output, and in camera recording. When integrated with a high powered frame grabber /coprocessor board, the resulting system capabilities can be expanded by adding processors and memory on the board according to the needs of the user.
Capture to memory with slow readout.
GigE interface, for slow readout of captured images. 80 MBytes per second.
Extended Full Camera Link readout with four channel links, at up to 1 Gigabytes per second.


text:
PancakeSwap Price Prediction 2023 - 2025 - 2030
1 PancakeSwap = $4.07
02/01/2023, Wednesday, 4:15 pm CT.
According to the latest long-term forecast, PancakeSwap price will hit $5 by the end of 2023 and then $10 by the end of 2026. PancakeSwap will rise to $20 within the year of 2034.
Year Mid-Year Year-End Tod/End,%
2023 $4.70 $5.09 +25%
2025 $8.62 $9.04 +122%
2026 $9.99 $10.81 +166%
2027 $11.43 $12.46 +206%
PancakeSwap Price Prediction 2023-2024
PancakeSwap price started in 2023 at $3.16. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $4.07, so the price increased by 29% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2023 is $5.09 - and the year to year change +61%. The rise from today to year-end: +25%. In the middle of 2023, we expect to see $4.70 per 1 PancakeSwap. In the first half of 2024, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $6.15; in the second half, the price would add $1.38 and close the year at $7.53, which is +85% to the current price.
The forecast for tomorrow, near days and months:
Thursday, Feb 2 - $4.07
Friday, Feb 3 - $4.08
Saturday, Feb 4 - $4.08
Sunday, Feb 5 - $4.09
Monday, Feb 6 - $4.09
Tuesday, Feb 7 - $4.10
Wednesday, Feb 8 - $4.10
February 15 - $4.13
March 15 - $4.25
April 15 - $4.38
May 15 - $4.51
June 15 - $4.64
July 15 - $4.73
PancakeSwap Prediction 2025-2029
These five years would bring a significant increase: PancakeSwap price would move from $7.53 to $16.49, which is up 119%. PancakeSwap will start 2025 at $7.53, then soar to $8.62 within the first six months of the year and finish 2025 at $9.04. That means +122% from today.
In this period, the PancakeSwap price would rise from $16.49 to $20.78, which is +26%. PancakeSwap will start 2030 at $16.49, then soar to $17.47 within the first half of the year, and finish 2030 at $17.64. It is about +333% from today.
The forecast is updated on daily basis. The coin price is updated every 15 minutes.
More forecasts:
Polkadot Prediction 2023, 2024-2034.
Polygon Prediction 2023, 2024-2034.
The list of all forecasts.
Historical Forecasts
PancakeSwap price started in 2023 at $3.16. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.67, so the price increased by 16% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2023 is $4.06 - and the year to year change +28%. The rise from today to year-end: +11%. In the middle of 2023, we expect to see $3.89 per 1 PancakeSwap. In the first half of 2024, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $4.88; in the second half, the price would lose $0.72 and close the year at $4.16, which is +13% to the current price.
These five years would bring an increase: PancakeSwap price would move from $4.16 to $7.50, which is up 80%. PancakeSwap will start 2025 at $4.16, then soar to $4.65 within the first six months of the year and finish 2025 at $5.35. That means +46% from today.
In this period, the PancakeSwap price would rise from $7.50 to $10.71, which is +43%. PancakeSwap will start 2030 at $7.50, then soar to $7.95 within the first half of the year, and finish 2030 at $8.40. It is about +129% from today.
PancakeSwap price started in 2023 at $3.16. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.14, so the price decreased by -1% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2023 is $3.93 - and the year to year change +24%. The rise from today to year-end: +25%. In the middle of 2023, we expect to see $3.77 per 1 PancakeSwap. In the first half of 2024, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $4.73; in the second half, the price would lose $0.69 and close the year at $4.04, which is +29% to the current price.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.69, so the price decreased by -69% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $3.85 - and the year to year change -68%. The rise from today to year-end: +4%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $4.65; in the second half, the price would add $1.35 and close the year at $6.00, which is +63% to the current price.
These five years would bring a significant increase: PancakeSwap price would move from $6.00 to $13.50, which is up 125%. PancakeSwap will start 2024 at $6.00, then soar to $6.87 within the first six months of the year and finish 2024 at $7.21. That means +96% from today.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.90, so the price decreased by -67% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $4.59 - and the year to year change -61%. The rise from today to year-end: +18%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $5.55; in the second half, the price would add $1.61 and close the year at $7.16, which is +84% to the current price.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.98, so the price decreased by -66% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $4.66 - and the year to year change -61%. The rise from today to year-end: +17%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $5.60; in the second half, the price would lose $0.82 and close the year at $4.78, which is +20% to the current price.
In this period, the PancakeSwap price would rise from $8.89 to $12.43, which is +40%. PancakeSwap will start 2029 at $8.89, then soar to $9.46 within the first half of the year, and finish 2029 at $10.03. It is about +152% from today.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $4.75, so the price decreased by -60% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $4.78 - and the year to year change -60%. The rise from today to year-end: +1%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will climb to $5.75; in the second half, the price would lose $0.84 and close the year at $4.91, which is +3% to the current price.
In this period, the PancakeSwap price would rise from $15.40 to $16.01, which is +4%. PancakeSwap will start 2029 at $15.40, then soar to $15.55 within the first half of the year, and finish 2029 at $16.48. It is about +274% from today.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $4.08, so the price decreased by -66% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $4.50 - and the year to year change -62%. The rise from today to year-end: +10%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will drop to $3.84; in the second half, the price would add $0.45 and close the year at $4.29, which is +5% to the current price.
In this period, the PancakeSwap price would rise from $7.93 to $9.10, which is +15%. PancakeSwap will start 2029 at $7.93, then soar to $8.44 within the first half of the year, and finish 2029 at $8.95. It is about +119% from today.
PancakeSwap price started in 2022 at $11.87. Today, PancakeSwap traded at $3.96, so the price decreased by -67% from the beginning of the year. The forecasted PancakeSwap price at the end of 2022 is $4.58 - and the year to year change -61%. The rise from today to year-end: +16%. In the first half of 2023, the PancakeSwap price will drop to $3.91; in the second half, the price would add $0.46 and close the year at $4.37, which is +10% to the current price.
Gold Price Prediction 2023, 2024-2034.
Coin/Stock Search:
© 2017-2023 Coin Price Forecast Center. About Us Contact Us
We shall be not liable for any inaccuracies or delays in our content, or for any actions taken by you in reliance thereon. Your use of the content is at your sole risk. Republication or redistribution of the content, including framing or similar means, is prohibited without our prior written consent.


text:
Dangerous role models: Police specialist squads and gang policing between Nigeria, America and the UK
January 13 2021 Comment
Written by: Jessica Pandian
Recently, the Metropolitan police commissioner, defending stop and search, said that some young people were failing to distinguish between the actions of police forces overseas in America and Nigeria and those of police officers here in the UK. But far from young people being confused, as Cressida Dick implies, they are increasingly aware of just how globally interconnected policing is today, and that British police technologies and training continue to play a worrying role in its former colonies, such as Nigeria. There is indeed a connective tissue, both historical and contemporary, that links specialist squads in the UK, Nigeria and the United States. This piece, while ranging over a number of issues, foregrounds the growing controversy around specialist squads in the UK, from the SPG in the 1970s-80s to the TSG to a new specialist squad that was introduced in London at the start of the pandemic. We question whether the introduction of Violence Suppression Units marks a new phase in the Americanisation of British policing with US approaches to gangs being reproduced on British terrain.
SARS and the enduring British influence
When footage allegedly showing the Nigerian police Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) fatally shooting a young Black man emerged on 3 October, a wave of protests ripped through Nigeria sparking a chain reaction against police brutality worldwide, revitalising the Black Lives Matter movement. Though this is the first time that SARS has attracted attention on such a large scale, Nigerians have been speaking out against the violence of the squad ever since its creation in 1992 and protesting in earnest since around 2017, whilst organisations such as Amnesty International have long been raising the alarm on the numerous human rights violations committed by the squad – including torture, extrajudicial killings, unlawful detentions and extortions.
Protesters at endSARS protests in Lagos, Nigeria Credit: Kaizenify Source: Wikimedia commons
In the aftermath of the #EndSARS protests that ensued after 3 October 2020, and which intensified as Nigerian security forces shot dead protesters according to witnesses and Amnesty International, on 29 October it transpired that the UK government had provided training and equipment to SARS between 2016–2020. In response to this revelation, Amnesty International's UK foreign affairs adviser said, 'It's alarming that UK government funds have apparently been used to train and equip the notorious SARS police unit that for years has been operating with systematic torture. Whether the training has included human rights or not, such funding clearly warrants independent investigation, not least because serious abuses persist.' As facts pertaining to the UK's involvement in SARS continue to emerge, with the Guardian recently disclosing that the Nigerian police have been authorised to purchase £127m-worth of UK registered arms since 2008, the Labour Party has demanded that the UK government consider suspending the funding and training of Nigerian policing and military and that it carries out 'independent investigations into the allegations against Sars units, as well as military, security and policing forces responsible for attacks on protesters'.
Chi Onwurah, who leads the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Africa, has emphasised the UK's responsibility in launching an investigation, citing the 'enduring influence and consequences of the colonial period on Nigerian institutions, including the police'. As Professor of History at Vanderbilt University Moses Ochonu, has explained, contemporary Nigerian policing is entrenched in British colonial policing which served to 'dominate space, intimidate communities, and mete out exemplary punishments to serve as deterrents' through 'brute force'. And because the postcolonial Nigerian police force never underwent processes of reform or decolonisation following independence in 1960, colonial-style policing seeped into the Nigerian present unchallenged, explaining the contemporary violence of SARS.
Problems at home: from the SPG and TSG …
As evermore scrutiny turns to the UK's involvement in the human rights violations of the SARS specialist squad, it becomes equally important to pay close attention to the UK's own police specialist squads, which have also been tainted by accusations of excessive violence, harassment and impunity. For example, the Metropolitan Police's Special Patrol Group (SPG), a centrally-based mobile force equipped with riot gear and firearms established in 1965 and named after the SPG counter-terrorism unit of the Northern Irish police force, quickly gained a reputation as one of the most infamous specialist squads in British history. During its years in operation, the SPG would aggressively orchestrate raids and mass stop and search campaigns in primarily Black communities, fortifying its notoriety which peaked in 1979 when SPG officers 'almost certainly' killed New Zealand-born anti-racist teacher Blair Peach by striking him with a truncheon. Following this event, public hostility towards the SPG escalated, with Ken Gill of the Trades Union Congress proclaiming to the 15,000 audience at Peach's funeral that the SPG must be disbanded, to the extent that it (and the Instant Response Units which supplemented its work) was dissolved in 1987.
In 1987, the SPG was replaced by another specialist squad which remains in operation today – the Territorial Support Group (TSG). The TSG, which has the ostensible purpose of policing public disorder through marked police vans, has seemingly carried on the legacy of its predecessors by operating in 'hotspots', implied as those with serious levels of gang-related violence, i.e., in Black and minority ethnic communities. As such, since its inception, the TSG has also, like the SPG, been plagued by accounts of violent and racist behaviour. Within the past nine months, the TSG has controversially stopped and handcuffed Black British athletes Bianca Williams and Ricardo dos Santos; tasered 23-year-old Black man Jordan Walker-Brown leaving him paralysed; and been implicated in claims of assault of a Black female student. This is not new conduct, and, of greater gravity, Ian Tomlinson died after being struck by a baton by a TSG officer in 2009 in ways that echoed Blair Peach's death, and 17-year-old Jack Susianta drowned after jumping into a river in East London as TSG officers chased him in 2015.
TSG Officers at student protests Credit: Bob Bob Source: Flickr
Amongst the Black community in particular, TSG vans have become symbols of police violence and racism. According to Jordan Walker-Brown, on 4 May 2020 TSG officers spotted him and got out of their van to pursue him, and Jordan, who had fresh in his mind the memory from the previous day when he says he had been held and mistreated in a TSG van, ran from the TSG officers – jumping over a wall to escape. As he jumped, the officers tasered him, meaning that he fell from a great height leaving him paralysed. Elaborating on why he ran from the TSG he said, 'I know, from my own personal experience as a young black man, that I always have to be very careful of being alone with police officers in a police van.' The fear of the TSG amongst the Black community articulated by Jordan is continually referenced in London-based drill and road rap, Black musical genres and subcultures born out of South London's inner-city neighbourhoods which capture the realities of violence and deprivation at the margins of the city. To illustrate, 'Monkey' and 'LD' of Brixton drill collective '67' allude to the TSG's constant ominous presence by rapping about 'runnin'' and 'ducking' 'from the undies and TSG vans'[i]; whilst Peckham drill group Zone 2 flip the script by describing their perceptions of the specialist squad: 'Most hated gang, TSG van'.
… to VSUs
In the midst of the first coronavirus lockdown, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Cressida Dick announced the launch of a new specialist squad named Violence Suppression Units (VSUs), which were to be introduced as part of a plan to 'capitalise' on decreased crime levels during the lockdown period. Cressida Dick stated that the establishment of VSUs, which were officially operational on 4 May 2020, would fortify the MPS's 'commitment to drive out crime within neighbourhoods' by deploying 'more officers on the beat'. Specifically, the 12 Violence Suppression Units across London, comprised of 620 officers in total, engage in intelligence-gathering, raids, weapon sweeps and stop-and-search practices which aim to recover weapons. They police 250 microbeats: areas 'where gangs, drugs and violence have flourished'; and thus are framed as having the primary purpose of combatting gang violence. And because the government, the police and the media have, over decades, consistently constructed the aforementioned matters of gangs, drug-trafficking and violence as racialised issues emanating from and particular to the Black community, VSUs, like the TSG and SPG that preceded it, operate on logics of spatialised racial profiling.
Consequently, in ITV video footage accompanying an VSU, we see a VSU van pulling up to an estate in Barking, East London, and officers jumping out to question and seemingly harass the Black men hanging out there – who are assumed to be potential criminals because of their race and locale. Unable to prove any wrongdoings, the VSU leave the scene. Cut to Channel 4's excursion with the specialist squad, and we see a VSU carry out a stop on two young, Black Muslim men in a car – the result of mistaken identity. Despite the error, the police proceed to handcuff the two men and search the car for 10 minutes. They find nothing. Perhaps of greater concern, in one of the following scenes, a VSU targets a South London estate and handcuffs a 17-year-old child of BME background in care who has been reported as missing. Once again, no offences are evident. Furthermore, despite grand claims of making the streets safer through stops and searches, a power proven to produce racist outcomes and to have at best a marginal impact on crime levels, all that is found during these expeditions are cannabis – something that Dr Adam Elliott-Cooper notes is typical of such beats – and cash. That these events occur in the knowing presence of journalists and cameras at the height of 2020 Black Lives Matter protests sets a dangerous precedent regarding the future of VSU operations.
Violence Suppression Units: American past lives
Interestingly, specialist squads of the same name – Violence Suppression Units (VSUs) – have existed in California for many years prior to their emergence in the UK. The Merced Police Department (PD) established a Gang VSU in 1994, the Salinas PD founded its VSU in 1995 and earliest mentions of Concord PD's VSU date back to 2015, while Chico PD just formed a VSU in 2020. While the Salinas PD VSU developed out of its 'Gang Task Force', the Chico PD VSU appears to be a remodelling of its prior 'Gang Violence Unit', demonstrating the strongly explicit anti-gang focus of Californian VSUs. As follows, the Californian VSUs present themselves as Units trained in gang structure and criminal activities that focus their operations around the suppression of gangs via 'aggressive patrol strategies'. These strategies generally comprise of surveillance and intelligence; searches and traffic stops; raids and search warrants; and engagement with informers. Considering that the aggressive patrol strategies of Californian VSUs very much align with the strategies of VSUs across the pond in London, epitomised by Metropolitan Police Sergeant Looker saying that VSUs symbolise 'a return to the old-school principles of pounding the pavement' – and that the Units in both countries share the same name – it would be remiss not to ask the following question: Are the Metropolitan Police Service's VSUs modelled on Californian VSUs?
Violence Suppression Unit in Salinas, California, 2018. Credit: Office of Public Affairs Source: Flickr
The Americanisation of British gang policing?
Though we cannot definitively prove whether or not the MPS's VSUs are indeed modelled after those of the same name in California, we can contextualise the emergence of the MPS's VSUs in the broader landscape of British and American gang policing in order to explore the possibility of American gang policing being reproduced on British terrain. To this effect, it is important to note that the main police anti-gang initiatives that currently exist in the UK previously existed in the US prior to the early 2000s. To illustrate, in the US, police specialist gang squads proliferated tremendously during the 1980s; the first gang-databases such as California's CalGang appeared in 1997 with GangNET (the name for the technology outside of California) being established afterwards; gang injunctions, court orders preventing suspected-gang members from participating in certain activities, arose through the joint efforts of the Los Angeles PD and the Los Angeles city attorney in 1982; and lastly, facial recognition technology (and its use in conjunction with gang-databases) in law enforcement has been in use since the 2000s.
In contrast, the configuration of British gang policing emerged a lot later than it did in the US, as it mostly developed in direct response to the 2011 riots following the police shooting dead of Mark Duggan, in which those involved were conflated with 'gangs'. In the days succeeding the riots, then Prime Minister David Cameron professed a 'concerted, all-out war on gangs and gang culture', which resulted in the establishment of explicit anti-gang strategies, including the development of gang-focussed specialist squads. For example, within six months of Cameron's proclamation, the MPS's Operation Trident was expanded to form the specialist squad 'Trident Gang Crime Command' and a UK version of a gang-database, The Gangs Matrix, was brought into operation. In addition to these efforts, the UK widened the scope of existing gang injunctions (founded in January 2011 before the riots) which had previously only applied to adults, to include 14-17-year-olds from January 2012. Furthermore, most recently, from 2016 – 2019 the Metropolitan police conducted facial recognition trials in concurrence with watchlists (a list of individuals of interest to the MPS attached to facial images and metadata) and deployed it as a standard method of policing in 2020. In this context, the advent of Violence Suppression Units not only potentially signifies the latest outcome of the SPG to TSG development arc, but part of an ever-expanding landscape of British gang-policing which appears to be modelled on the original American version.
Bill Bratton in New York, 2014 Credit: Diana Robinson Source: Flickr
Evidently, much of the aforementioned American gang-policing methods originate in California, the reason for this being that gang policing in California is arguably the most pronounced out of any state in the United States. This is due to the state's (Los Angeles is colloquially referred to as 'Gang Capital' of America) strong association to gangs such as the transnational Mara Salvatrucha of Salvadoran-American roots and the 18th Street Gang of Mexican-American origins as well as gangs like the Crips and the Bloods of primarily African American composition. If on one end of the certainty spectrum, we are to tentatively suggest that the UK has constructed its gang policing based on elements of the Californian model, on the other end of the spectrum, we have clear examples of when the UK has looked to American gang policing – albeit at the opposite end of the country – in New York. A case in point was in 2018, when Senior MPS officers and representatives from City Hall travelled to New York to observe how the New York Police Department tackles gang violence as former New York (and Los Angeles) police chief Bill Bratton said that the Met and the NYPD could learn from each other in their fight against gangs. And before that, in the days following the 2011 riots, David Cameron tried to appoint as new Metropolitan Police Commissioner Bill Bratton, a controversial figure and staunch proponent of heavy-handed policing who helped influence the police department to move further into Black and Latino neighbourhoods through 'broken windows' policing. In fact, Bratton is so esteemed in the UK that in 2009 he received a CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) for his work to 'promote cooperation between US and UK police', during which he was praised for his efforts to 'exchange ideas and best practices' between the countries 'on every aspect of the policing agenda – from terrorism and radicalisation, to crime reduction, to the forensic use of DNA, to police information systems.'
So, as we continue to support Nigeria's repressive policing methods, which emerged from our own colonial past, at the same time, it appears that American models are imported to the UK, highlighting how states assist and learn from each other as they seek to develop ever more authoritarian modes of policing.
A dangerous role model
Theoretically, America would be a dangerous country to elect as a role model for gang policing for multiple reasons. For instance, American gang policing methods have been so heavily critiqued for their: inaccurate and ambiguous definition of gangs; intrinsic racism as they disproportionately target Black and Latino communities; excessively violent and harassing nature; and their inefficacy in decreasing gang violence, to the extent that many American gang policing methods have either been suspended or terminated. In particular, at the height of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, Californian police halted use of Los Angeles PD records in the CalGang database and Los Angeles PD were suspended from using the database and inputting entries, and two years ago a federal judge banned Los Angeles PD from enforcing nearly all gang injunctions. Furthermore, facial recognition technology and its use in policing has been banned in many Californian cities such as in San Francisco, Oakland, and Santa Cruz as well as in Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, Oregon. In addition to accusations of their especially violent and racist ways, specialist squads specifically have been criticised for their distinct lack of accountability as they are more autonomous in nature. The inherently violent and unaccountable nature of specialist squads has led to the disbandment of many specialist squads tackling gang violence such as the New York PD anti-crime unit and the Chicago PD drug and gang unit. And the Rampart scandal, in which 'more than 70 officers were implicated in misconduct, including unprovoked beatings and shootings, planting and covering up evidence, stealing and dealing drugs, and perjury' in the Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) anti-gang unit of Los Angeles PD's Rampart Division in the late 1990s, resulted in the disbandment of the specialized squad in 2000. Despite gang policing in the UK being a relatively recent phenomenon, it has already been subject to many of these same criticisms, alerting many community and rights organisations about the treacherous path that we may have already embarked upon.
The result of a gang enforcement operation, Syracuse, New York, 2015 Credit: Office for Public Affairs Source: Flickr
Of great cause for concern, gang policing in the States often operates in conjunction with immigration policing, meaning that communities of colour have become doubly targeted by nativist state policies. This has a long tradition in America, as during the 1990s the state repeatedly implemented policies to broaden the criteria for which one could be deported, in part by incorporating crimes of an assumed gang nature. For example, while The Crime Control Act of 1990 included 'crime[s] of violence and the 'illicit trafficking in any controlled substance' as reasons for deportation, the 1990 Immigration Act listed the 'attempt to commit a drug crime' as a deportable offence. These policies, accompanied by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 which further expanded crimes for which one could be deported, resulted in the deportation of 46,000 convicted people to Central America between 1998 – 2005. Furthermore, the notorious ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) encompasses a National Gang Unit to tackle transnational criminal gangs through intelligence and the disruption of gang activities, and beyond this, ICE introduced 'Operation Community Shield' in 2005, a multi-agency law enforcement initiative that investigates, prosecutes and removes alleged gang members from 'neighbourhoods and ultimately from the United States'. As the New York Immigration Coalition and CUNY School of Law summarise, law enforcement and immigration authorities 'have gone beyond the publicized gang sweeps and are in fact using gang allegations broadly in the immigration removal and adjudications process'.
In the UK, the convergence of immigration and gang policing is in its (comparatively) early stages. It is most clearly expressed through Operation Nexus, as it involves various UK police forces[ii] working together with Home Office Immigration Enforcement to target ''high harm' foreign national offenders, including gang members' for deportation. But with Priti Patel recently pledging to reduce jail time of foreign criminals needed for deportation and to make deportation flights to Jamaica a 'regular drumbeat', might we see an acceleration in the development of collaborative immigration and gang policing ventures?
And so, returning to the Metropolitan Police Commissioner's comments that some young people 'won't necessarily distinguish between what's happened in America, or even in Nigeria and here', I would say that she's right, we young people, we're catching on. Historically and geographically, we're connecting the dots.
[1] In this context, 'undies' generally refer to undercover police officers
[ii] Operation Nexus was first established in London in 2012, and since 2013 has been extended to the Midlands, Greater Manchester, Hampshire, Avon and Somerset and Sussex.
Headline image: Handcuffs background image + cut-out Violence Suppression Unit officers – Credit: Office of Public Affairs Source: Flickr. Cut-out TSG officers Credit: Andy Thornley Source: Flickr. Cut-out endSARS protesters Credit: Kaizenify Source: Wikimedia commons. All images adapted from original.
Saleh Mamon
I learnt a lot reading this analysis. The connection that is being made across the globe – Nigeria, France, Britain and US is very revealing. It demonstrates how state security services are sharing strategies for controlling communities using tropes such as gang, violence, extremism etc. Britain has been involved in training the police in the post colonial countries such as Nigeria, Kenya etc. The analysis needs to be widely discussed and communities need to come together to resist these methods.


text:
BYD Yuan PLUS (Source: BYD)
BYD to Launch Han, Tang and Yuan PLUS Models in Europe This Fall
Aug 29, 2022, 12:59pm 2022/08/29 18:47:19 Pandaily
Shenzhen-based automotive company BYD announced on August 27 that it will launch a variety of new energy vehicle models for the European market this fall, including the BYD Tang, Han and Yuan PLUS, and that it will participate in the Paris Motor Show in October this year.
In 1998, BYD set up its first European branch in the Netherlands. After 24 years of hard work, BYD's business in Europe has expanded to new energy fields such as solar energy, energy storage, electric buses, trucks and forklifts, and its operations now cover more than 20 countries and 100 cities in Europe.
So far, the firm has reached strategic cooperation with many leading passenger car dealers in Europe, and many new offline stores will open in the autumn. The first batch of vehicles is expected to be delivered in Q4 of this year.
Since 2020, BYD's European market expansion has accelerated. In August 2021, BYD's Tang EV was introduced and started delivery in Norway. On December 21, 2021, BYD delivered 1,000 Tang EVs in Norway, initially opening up the export mode from China to Europe within its own system.
ATTO 3 (Source: BYD)
At the beginning of this year, BYD's Yuan PLUS model was officially released for sale in China, simultaneously opening for pre-sale in Australia, named the ATTO 3, further strengthening the global layout of its new energy passenger cars. On July 21, 2022, BYD announced its official entry into the Japanese passenger car market, and models such as the Yuan PLUS, Dolphin and Seal appeared at the launch conference in Tokyo, Japan, expected to be released in 2023.
SEE ALSO: BYD Frigate 07 Debuts at Chengdu Motor Show
In addition, on February 16 this year, BYD signed a memorandum of understanding on strategic cooperation with Uzbekistan's state-owned automobile group UkAuto. As the agreement shows, BYD has set up a joint venture, which has begun to reveal the signal of "developing the European market based on this."
According to BYD's official data, in the first half of this year, the sales volume of new energy passenger cars exceeded 640,000, up 165.4% year-on-year, and the cumulative service customers of NEVs exceeded 2.3 million.
Tags automotive industry | BYD | carmakers | electric vehicles | Featured
BYD Expects Net Profit to Top 3.6 Billion Yuan, Up 206.76% YoY
Chinese auto company BYD announced on July 14 that it expected a net profit between 2.8 billion to 3.6 billion yuan ($413.8 million - $532 million) in the first half of 2022, up 138.59% to 206.76% year-on-year.
Auto Jul 14 July 15, 2022
BYD New Energy Vehicles to Enter Jordanian Market
BYD, a leading Chinese manufacturer of new energy vehicles, announced on September 28 that it has entered into a cooperation with Bustami & Saheb Trading Company (BSTC), Jordan's leading car dealership group.
Auto Sep 28 September 28, 2022
BYD New Energy Passenger Cars Enter the Netherlands
On July 5, Chinese new energy vehicle company BYD announced its cooperation with Louwman, a European auto dealer group, to jointly provide new energy vehicles (NEVs) for the Dutch market.
Auto Jul 06 July 6, 2022
BYD Secures Order From Spanish Bus Operator Arriva
Shenzhen-based auto company BYD announced on July 14 that it has won an order for 15 electric buses from Spanish public transport firm Arriva.
We also support Hindi language, do you want change to it?
हम यह भी हिन्दी भाषा का समर्थन है, आप इसे करने के लिए परिवर्तन करना चाहते हैं?
Yes(ह)
No(नहीं न)
We also support Punjabi language, do you want change to it?
ਸਾਨੂੰ ਇਹ ਵੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਨੂੰ ਸਹਿਯੋਗ ਹੈ, ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਤਬਦੀਲੀ ਚਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਹੋ?
Yes(ਜ)
No(ਕੋਈ)
We also support Bengali language, do you want change to it?
আমরা বাংলা ভাষা সমর্থন, আপনি এটি পরিবর্তন করতে চান?
Yes(হ)
No(ন)
We also support Burmese language, do you want change to it?
ငါတို့သည်လည်း, မြန်မာဘာသာစကားကိုထောကျပံ့သငျသညျကအပြောင်းအလဲလိုသလဲ
Yes(ဟုတ်ကဲ့)
No(အဘယ်သူမျှမ)
We also support Nepali language, do you want change to it?
हामी पनि नेपाली भाषा समर्थन, तपाईं यसलाई परिवर्तन गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ?
No(कुनै)
We also support Tagalog language, do you want change to it?
Sinusuportahan din namin ang Tagalog wika, ang gusto mong pagbabago dito?
Yes(oo)
No(hindi)
We also support Malay language, do you want change to it?
Kami juga menyokong bahasa Melayu, adakah anda mahu perubahan kepadanya?
Yes(yes)
No(tidak)
We also support Indonesian language, do you want change to it?
Kami juga mendukung bahasa Indonesia, apakah Anda ingin perubahan untuk itu?
Yes(Iya)
We also support Thai language, do you want change to it?
นอกจากนี้เรายังสนับสนุนภาษาไทย, คุณต้องการที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไปได้หรือไม่
Yes(ใช่)
No(ไม่)


There are several versions of Mankiw's principles text, 7th edition. The chapter number can vary according to the version. The following table lists three, Principles of Economics, Principles of Microeconomics and Principles of Macroeconomics. To go to the relevant chapter page, click on the chapter name in the table or in the list below.


Soft and feminine is the perfect description for the 2K4-L women's puzzle rings from Puzzle Rings Creations. This sophisticated 2-band ring was designed by none other than Ambroz Pergjoni and features an impressive and interesting face. The 2K4-L has a face similar to that of the 2K3-L but the difference lies in the texture of the bands. For the 2K4-L, both bands have the same polished finish. It is a very small difference but it really changes the whole look of the ring. This ring is perfect for women who want a more classic yet versatile look to their jewelry and is a perfect accompaniment for ladies who go from the home to the boardroom as it exudes effortless class.
Aside from the extensive collection of puzzle rings for women, Puzzle Rings Creations also offers a myriad of men's puzzle ring, diamond puzzle ring, engagement puzzle ring, and wedding puzzle ring collections for people who prefer puzzle rings over the other traditional ring designs.
Womens Platinum 2K1-L Call For Price!


text:
By Funeral Director Daily January 16, 2023 0 Comments
As always we turn to our readers in the middle of every month to find out what articles were the most read in the past 30 days. Here are those articles as indicated by those readers. National Report: U.S. death rate to be elevated until 2023. This article was published over 15…
By Funeral Director Daily January 16, 2023 1 Comment
It may be because funeral homes, generations ago, were usually started by a person with a caring heart who figured that if he gave families death care services such as caskets and burials, he could make some money doing so. Like most entrepreneurs these individuals were willing to work long, hard hours and build…
It's a brand new year, but before you know it you will be looking to fill some Continuing Education credits for next year. As we go into the weekend here is a couple of opportunities that we found that not only give you eight CE credits but give you the opportunity to advance…
Is hospice an ally or a threat?
Lee Webster has co-founded an organization known as the National End-of-Life Doula Alliance and served in leadership positions at the National Home Funeral Alliance and the Green Burial Association. According to this recent article in Hospice News Webster makes this comment, "I've definitely seen a growing trend of natural burials really appealing to…
Body brokers sentenced to prison
"This is the most emotionally draining case I have ever experienced on the bench," U.S. District Judge Christine M. Arguello said during Tuesday's (January 3, 2023) sentencing hearing in Grand Junction, Colorado. That was the comment, according to this article from Reuters, by the presiding judge at the sentencing hearing of body parts brokers…
How do consumers come up with the money to pay for funerals?
By Funeral Director Daily | January 27, 2023
Yesterday we took a look at how funeral merchants should expect their clients to pay for the services that they select. Our article took a look at crowdfunding, credit cards, savings, and, of…
Paying for a funeral
I ran across this article the other day that is entitled, "Financing a Funeral: Crowdfunding, insurance, credit cards, loans, and payment plans". The article comes from a publication called "The Enlightened Mindset" and appears directed…
Will "State of Mind" affect the acquisition market in 2023?
People from not only the United States, but from almost every country around the world have seen a whip-saw of economic conditions since the pandemic year of 2020. It was a pandemic economy that…
According to this article from Yahoo, Great Britain's largest public death care company, Dignity plc, has accepted a buyout offer from a consortium that includes its largest shareholder group and one of the country's…
We learned last week that Albuquerque, New Mexico, based French Funerals & Cremation was sold. The company, founded in 1907 by Chester French, and operated by descendants for the past 115 years, elected to…
British funeral/cremation provider Dignity plc in takeover talks with private parties
Reuters reported last week that Dignity plc, Great Britain's largest provider of death care services "(was) in advanced talks with a consortium compris(ed) of investment firms SPWOne V Ltd. and Castelnau Group Ltd. after…
I'll be the first to tell you that I'm certainly not an expert on the subject of faith preference and burial customs because the community that I served was, I'm guessing, at least 95%…
My younger brother, Jim, and I learned about the death of a parent the hard way. I was a 19 year-old Freshman in college and he was a 15 year-old Sophomore in high school…
"This is the most emotionally draining case I have ever experienced on the bench," U.S. District Judge Christine M. Arguello said during Tuesday's (January 3, 2023) sentencing hearing in Grand Junction, Colorado. That was…
The interesting ownership of New York's Pinelawn Cemetery
By Funeral Director Daily | December 15, 2022
I live in flyover country so I don't pretend to be an expert on the customs and traditions of New York's funeral and cemetery business. However, I've been in the death care business my entire…
Wreaths Across America . . . Remember-Honor-Teach
By Funeral Director Daily | December 7, 2022
If you are part of the Death Care business in North America part of your goal is to move families from grief to remembrance of their loved one. And, if we are honest about it,…
Winter at the Cemetery
As you may know I have lived my entire life in Minnesota. . . and this past weekend winter arrived. We had a little brush with snow and then our first Zero degree day was…
CANA announces "First-of-its-Kind" credential for Cremation Specialist
The Cremation Association of North America (CANA) has developed an all new program to train cremation specialists. The first class begins in January 2023 and registration begins today. The following is complete information from CANA:…
Are funeral directors losing their "clout"?
By Funeral Director Daily | November 30, 2022
There was a time when if you needed information on a task or a service you went direct to the source to find the information needed. Remember, when your watch didn't work you would take…
There's opportunity out there. . . go get the business
Last week was a great week to be inside in Minnesota. While many people were trying to get home for the holidays we had temperatures of 15 below zero with winds gusting into the…
I've said it before and truly believe it. Death care is changing and will continue to change. No longer are traditional funeral homes the only option for those who need death care services. …
Lee Webster has co-founded an organization known as the National End-of-Life Doula Alliance and served in leadership positions at the National Home Funeral Alliance and the Green Burial Association. According to this recent…
New York state approves human composting
By Funeral Director Daily | January 5, 2023
One of the things that happened at the end of 2022 is that New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed a bill into law that permits the State of New York to add Natural Organic…


This deeply exfoliating bamboo and shea butter scrub combines sparkling notes of lemongrass with floral notes of mimosa, jasmine, and ylang to brighten and moisturize dry skin.
How to use: Massage into moist skin. Leave on for 3-4 minutes then rinse.


What does lightdm --session-child 12 19 mean in the following output?
Why does lightdm fork a process to execute the above command?
I don't find --session-child in lightdm manpage. Thanks.
Yes, it is normal to have two processes.
The first lightdm process is the daemon (PID 894). When you log in, PAM requires that we start a child process to run the PAM functions inside. LightDM does this by setting up some pipes to communicate with the daemon and then re-running itself with --session-child (PID 2852). PAM then (as root) does whatever it is configured for to authenticate the user and set up this process to be suitable as your session. Once that is complete we fork another process, drop permissions and actually run your session. We need to keep the session child open so when your session ends, we can run the cleanup process with PAM.
I guess "the session child" in the last sentence means the second lightdm process, instead of a lxsession process. But I don't really know the source code.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged login lightdm display-manager or ask your own question.
Does restarting of Display Manager (e.g lightdm) restart X server as well?
How can I disable lightdm auto-login from the command-line when isn't possible to get a GUI session?


text:
Three Sites Nominated for World Heritage Status: Bali
A team representing Bali World Heritage will attend a final meeting at UNESCO headquarters in Paris in the next few weeks regarding a proposal to give three sites on the island world heritage status. One of the sites is a magnificent landscape of terraced rice fields with a traditional irrigation system in Jatiluwih, Tabanan. The others are Pura Taman Ayun temple in Badung and Pakerisan River in Gianyar. A spokesman for Pura Taman Ayun, A.A. Prana, said regents of Tabanan, Badung and Gianyar would be part of the team. A final interview that will determine whether the three sites should be honoured as world heritage sites. The proposal to honour the three sites had been submitted to UNESCO in 2000. During their visit to the sites last year, the UNESCO ambassadors stressed the local administrations should have a comprehensive site management plan to achieve short, medium and long-term conservation objectives.
Prana said that conservation efforts for the three sites needed strong commitment from the government and the people. He added each site had its own uniqueness that had impressed the ambassadors. He made an example of the Jatiluwuh irrigation system, located around 27 kilometers north of Tabanan capital. The integrated irrigation system, also known as subak, is managed traditionally and stood out to the ambassadors, he said.
He said even though Jatiluwuh had more than 300 hectares of rice fields and was 700 meters above sea level, it had always been well irrigated. Besides preserving the traditional irrigation system, the locals also grew organic plants in the area. The Jatiluwuh agricultural site would be preserved by declaring it a green belt zone so it would not be converted into a residential or industrial area according to Wasti Atmodjo.
"According to the map we sent to UNESCO, any residential or industrial development will take place outside of the subak site," he said.
"The word 'industry' here doesn't refer to modern, large-scale manufacturing plants but small-scale, home industries that produce handicrafts or food," he said.
The second site is Taman Ayun Temple, which was constructed during the reign of Cokorda Sakti Blambangan, the founder of the powerful kingdom of Mengwi. Ayun means beautiful in Balinese. The grand temple, built in the 16th century, is surrounded by a wide waterway with various floating flowers. Besides religious rituals, the temple also functions as an irrigation hub. The third site is Pakerisan River in Gianyar. There are eight historical temples located along the river, including the famous Goa Gajah Temple and Pegulingan Temple. Inside the temples lie statues of Hindu gods alongside Buddhist places of worship, representing the acculturation between Hinduism and Buddhism.


When your baby has transitioned from milk to cereal, the next step is introducing fruits and vegetables into his diet. This can be a great time, because you will get to see your child react to all the great new flavors. When you do start to introduce fruits and veggies, make sure to stick with one new food for three or four days each time. This helps you determine if the food is something your baby can tolerate, or if it will give him stomach upset or an allergic reaction. It's always great to begin with a single food rather than a combo: for example, start with only pears, not peaches and pears together. Read on to learn more.
There are many great foods for babies. Some experts recommend starting out with the orange foods, such as squash and sweet potatoes. Once your baby has mastered that, move to the fruits – pears, peaches and apples. After that, it's time to mix it up with finely pureed meats. Then you can start offering combinations.
When your child is old enough to start eating lumpier foods, it's time to introduce a whole new list of foods. Squash is still a mainstay, but now you can add things like lentils, dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, blueberries and avocados. Add prunes, garbanzo beans and mandarin oranges to help ensure a healthy range of foods at meals.
You can also give your baby some of the "superfoods" in order to ensure that they have the best nutritional start possible. Things like carrots, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, zucchini, parsnips, and other root vegetables for babies do wonders for your baby's body. You can add in some fruits too, such as papaya, bananas, apricots and cantaloupe.
Click here to learn healthy and tasty vegetable recipes for your baby, and here for the full list of healthy vegetables to feed your baby.
Do not feed from a jar. When you introduce fruits and vegetables for babies, don't feed right from the jar. The tiny bits of your baby's saliva on the spoon can break down the food in the jar very quickly and make it spoil. Instead, scoop out a tiny bit into a bowl and feed from the bowl.
They are not a substitute for milk. Also keep in mind that even if your baby is eating solid food happily at every meal, it is not a substitute for breast milk or formula. Your child still needs to have the added nutrients that milk can provide. Thought it might be tempting to try cow's milk when your child is eating solid food, hold off on that for a bit – your child needs to be at least one year old before you let him have cow's milk. Add in purees of meats and rice, and you're on track to a great diet for your child.
For most babies, starting with cereal is the traditional thing to do. However, there is no research that says babies must start out with this, so if you want to go with pureed foods instead, that's fine. Make sure the foods are pureed to a very fine mush – they should look like pudding.
Start with just a few bites at first, given from the tip of a plastic spoon. Some babies are more than happy to eat and want more immediately, while others are taken aback by the consistency and will refuse it. Try once a day at first, and when your baby seems more open to the idea, try after each feeding to get your baby accustomed to the taste, feel and smell of these pureed foods.
Some babies need practice with swallowing and keeping food in their mouths, so be very patient. Soon your child will start eating food readily, and then you will gradually increase their food to a few tablespoons each day.
Between the ages of four and six months, all the food must be pureed to a very fine consistency in order to prevent choking. If you are buying it in a jar or tub, you will need to look for foods that are designed for this age range. If you are making your own baby food, make certain that it is pureed to the consistency of pudding. You can use an electric food processor to make this easier. One caveat, however: Never use foods like collards, carrots, turnips, or beets, as these contain nitrates that can lower a baby's iron levels.
Learn more on what fruits to feed your 6 month old here.
Lumpy Foods: Watch how well your baby eats. When she is at a point where she moves the food around in her mouth and tries to chew a bit, it's time to move up to other foods. These include foods that are a little lumpy or thicker. Lumpy vegetables might include thinned mashed potatoes and sweet potatoes.
Finger Foods: Once your baby can handle that, it's time to move her to something thicker. Noodles that have been well-cooked, veggies that are very soft and meats that are in very small pieces might work. When your baby begins to reach for these foods of her own accord and tries to use her hands to eat, she's ready for finger foods. At this point you can give her a piece of toast, some crackers to nibble, or dry cereal that she can pick up with her fingertips. Make sure that you carefully supervise her to prevent choking.
Eat from Spoon and Cup: Once your child is grabbing at things on the plate, it's time to teach him how to use a cup and spoon. Start with the "sippy" cup that allows your child to take a drink but not get it all over the place. When you start letting him use a spoon, give him a spoon to hold while you feed him from a different spoon. Over time, he will try to imitate you, and will eventually learn – with your help – how to guide a spoon of food to his mouth. This is a very messy stage, so be prepared with lots of damp cloths!
Can You Overfeed a Newborn?


text:
Virtual Tour of Colmar in Alsace, France
James Martin is a travel writer and photographer who writes, photographs, and edits stories about western Europe.
TripSavvy / Christopher Larson
Built at the confluence of the Lauch and Thur rivers in Alsace south of Strasbourg, Colmar dates back to around 823. It became an imperial town in the 1200s.
Some say Colmar is the most beautiful city in Europe, a point that's hard to argue.
Colmar has always been associated with wine. It sits on the Alsatian wine route and calls itself the capital of Alsatian wine. Since wine is associated with good food, expect to eat well here.
At the end of this virtual tour, you'll find some Colmar visitor information.
Tour Colmar
Jean-Pierre Lescourret/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
The picture above shows the classic view along one of the prettiest streets, the Quai de la Poissonnerie.
Colmar, France: One of Colmar's Beautiful Squares
Colmar has a plethora of pretty squares and fountains, as befits a wealthy town. Wine, as we've pointed out, plays a part, and this statue celebrates the successful transplanting of the Tokay grape from Hungary to Alsace.
Boat Trips along Colmar's Canal
Boat trips along the canals are popular. Here, electric motors propel little boats silently through the best parts of Colmar. Boats can be hired at La Krutenau at 1 rue de la Poissonnerie, Sweet Narcisse at 12a Rue de la Herse, and Les Bateliers de la Launch at Embarcadere Rue Turenne.
Colmar's Colorful Flowers
Colorful flowers are everywhere along the canals.
Colmar: Unusual Shutters along a Canal
Here is a unique set of shutters on a canalside house.
Auguste Bartholdi Statue of a Boy Drinking
Auguste Bartholdi, the creator of the Statue of Liberty, lived and worked in Colmar, which hosts many of his creations, including this fountain of a boy drinking. There is a Museum in his honor in Colmar that features a large collection of sculptures, drawings, paintings, photographs and personal objects belonging to the sculptor.
Colmar: a Main Street and the Steeple of the Cathedral
Colmar's medieval streets are a joy to stroll in the cool of a summer's morning. Here is the main street leading to the cathedral.
The Musée Unterlinden and Colmar Tourism Information
The Musée Unterlinden is a great museum housed in a former monastery. You can see a little of everything Alsace has to offer here, including archaeological objects, sculptures and paintings from the middle ages, and Renaissance art, as well as Alsatian popular and folk art. The museum is found at 1 rue Unterlinden. Highly recommended.
The Colmar Tourist Office is located at 4 rue Unterlinden and is open Monday through Saturday 9-12 and 14-18. They can find you lodging and suggest tours outside the city. You can get maps and information on guided tours.
Where to Stay in Colmar and Vicinity
If you're in the mood for top drawer lodging in Colmar, try the highly rated Comfort Hotel Expo Colmar in the center of town. The reasonable three-star Hôtel Le Colombier Suites is a fine, centrally located hotel with friendly staff. If you have a car and are looking to save money over the pricey Colmar, Riquewihr is a nice wine town just outside of Colmar, so you may wish to look for a hotel there, especially if you have a car and like smaller towns.
Colmar has a train station with direct connections to Basel, Switzerland and Strasbourg, France. Book a Train Ticket.
Europairport at Basel is the closest airport.
Starting in November, Colmar puts on a Chrismas market with traditions, gifts and culinary specialties.
Find the Perfect Holiday Gifts at the Best Christmas Markets in France
Top 10 Most Beautiful Places to Enjoy Sunsets in Paris
How to Get from London and Paris to Colmar by train, car and flight
The Top 10 Things to Do in Paris's Saint-Germain-des-Prés District
Top Cannes Attractions All Year Round
Top Things to Do in Rouen, Normandy
Paris in Two Days: Tips and Itineraries for Seeing the Best of Paris
The Top 30 Things to Do in Paris: Our Ultimate Bucketlist
Strasbourg Travel Guide: Where France and Germany Collide
The Top 10 Most Underrated Destinations in France
Marseille is a vibrant city, a far cry from the past
The Best Christmas Markets in Paris for 2019
Les Invalides in Paris: The Complete Guide
France Borders 6 Different Countries Each With Separate Attractions
In Pictures: Places to Visit in The Latin Quarter
Visit the Great Champagne Cellars in Reims, Epernay and Troyes


text:
La  è una stazione ferroviaria situata nella città di Fukaya, nella prefettura di Saitama in Giappone, ed è servita dalle linee Shōnan-Shinjuku e Takasaki della JR East. La stazione, il cui corpo attuale è stato realizzato nel 1996, ha la particolarità di essere una miniatura della stazione di Tokyo.

Servizi ferroviari
 East Japan Railway Company
 Linea Takasaki
 Linea Shōnan-Shinjuku

Struttura
La stazione è dotata di un marciapiede a isola e di uno laterale con tre binari in superficie.

Stazioni adiacenti

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Fukaya
Fukaya

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This was for me, undoubtedly, the best book in the series, not because it ties up loose ends, not because of the ending itself, but because Suzanne Collins perfected her writing and the way she led the story allowed her to create moments when you can't stop reading, you almost can't breathe, your skin has goosebumps, your heart races but you just have to keep reading. It took me two nearly sleepless nights to finish Mokingjay. I believe that if I didn't have to go to work I'd have skipped sleeping all together to keep on reading. This is a book (and avoid these SPOILERS if you haven't read it) where you are presented to the true hardship of being part of a revolution and waging a war against a system like this. People die, decisions that lead to murder are made, friends die, people are manipulated, manoeuvres to achieve power are intermingled with the revolution effort. Yes, reading about people fighting against the authoritarian government felt good. But what felt amazing was how I suffered through it with Katniss. Because I'm sick and tired of storytelling where revolutions are shown as a soft breeze that blows the pollution away. War is bad either way, even when its purpose is good, even if you are fighting for basic rights, for freedom, for lives, the war will be bad. And even when surrounded by the very people who stemmed a revolution, one should always remember that one of them might be waiting to replace the leader instead of replacing the system and might use everything and everyone he can in his own game. Again I should compliment the author on the rest of the characters. People in this story seem real, they sometimes do what you expect, other times surprise you completely, some are more intuitive, others are stupid and others yet are downright mad. As a last note, and because this is presented as a young adult book, I have to make a reference to the romance. Yes, in the middle of this, just as in real life, there is romance and yes, it develops as the story goes right up to the very end but it is by no means the main focus of the storytelling or even the drive behind the events as one might be used to in other books referred to as young adult literature.
From The Hunger Games to Mockingjay, Suzanne Collins reminds us that the world is a board, that politics are chess, that pawns are sacrificed, people are really knocked over in plays for power but that in the end, victory is possible and some fights might be needed to transform society into a better place for us.