text:
package org.apache.spark.sql.execution

import org.scalatest.{Assertions, BeforeAndAfterEach, Matchers}
import org.scalatest.concurrent.TimeLimits
import org.scalatest.time.SpanSugar._

import org.apache.spark.{SparkFunSuite, TestUtils}
import org.apache.spark.deploy.SparkSubmitSuite
import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
import org.apache.spark.sql.{LocalSparkSession, QueryTest, Row, SparkSession}
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{array, col, count, lit}
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.IntegerType
import org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
import org.apache.spark.util.ResetSystemProperties

// Due to the need to set driver's extraJavaOptions, this test needs to use actual SparkSubmit.
class WholeStageCodegenSparkSubmitSuite extends SparkFunSuite
  with Matchers
  with BeforeAndAfterEach
  with ResetSystemProperties {

  test("Generated code on driver should not embed platform-specific constant") {
    val unusedJar = TestUtils.createJarWithClasses(Seq.empty)

    // HotSpot JVM specific: Set up a local cluster with the driver/executor using mismatched
    // settings of UseCompressedOops JVM option.
    val argsForSparkSubmit = Seq(
      "--class", WholeStageCodegenSparkSubmitSuite.getClass.getName.stripSuffix("$"),
      "--master", "local-cluster[1,1,1024]",
      "--driver-memory", "1g",
      "--conf", "spark.ui.enabled=false",
      "--conf", "spark.master.rest.enabled=false",
      "--conf", "spark.driver.extraJavaOptions=-XX:-UseCompressedOops",
      "--conf", "spark.executor.extraJavaOptions=-XX:+UseCompressedOops",
      "--conf", "spark.sql.adaptive.enabled=false",
      unusedJar.toString)
    SparkSubmitSuite.runSparkSubmit(argsForSparkSubmit, "../..", 3.minutes)
  }
}

object WholeStageCodegenSparkSubmitSuite extends Assertions with Logging {

  var spark: SparkSession = _

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    TestUtils.configTestLog4j("INFO")

    spark = SparkSession.builder().getOrCreate()

    // Make sure the test is run where the driver and the executors uses different object layouts
    val driverArrayHeaderSize = Platform.BYTE_ARRAY_OFFSET
    val executorArrayHeaderSize =
      spark.sparkContext.range(0, 1).map(_ => Platform.BYTE_ARRAY_OFFSET).collect.head.toInt
    assert(driverArrayHeaderSize > executorArrayHeaderSize)

    val df = spark.range(71773).select((col("id") % lit(10)).cast(IntegerType) as "v")
      .groupBy(array(col("v"))).agg(count(col("*")))
    val plan = df.queryExecution.executedPlan
    assert(plan.find(_.isInstanceOf[WholeStageCodegenExec]).isDefined)

    val expectedAnswer =
      Row(Array(0), 7178) ::
        Row(Array(1), 7178) ::
        Row(Array(2), 7178) ::
        Row(Array(3), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(4), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(5), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(6), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(7), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(8), 7177) ::
        Row(Array(9), 7177) :: Nil
    val result = df.collect
    QueryTest.sameRows(result.toSeq, expectedAnswer) match {
      case Some(errMsg) => fail(errMsg)
      case _ =>
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


10 nights (9 walking days) - Oviedo to Lugo. Shortenable to 9 nights if you miss Campiello (see itinerary). For extra nights we recommend Oviedo and Lugo.
10-night version (Stage 1 of Camino – Oviedo to Lugo).
Extra nights in Oviedo and Lugo. Specially good accommodation in Castroverde may also make an extra night worth considering.
Total 10 nights in double/twin room, all breakfasts, 2 evening meals, luggage transfers between all hotels on walking route; full Walkers Pack with route directions, maps, transfer and background information; local telephone support.


text:
import collections

from oslo_config import cfg
from oslo_log import log as logging
from stevedore import extension

from mistral_lib import actions as ml_actions
from mistral_lib.utils import inspect_utils as i_utils

CONF = cfg.CONF

LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class GeneratedPythonActionDescriptor(ml_actions.PythonActionDescriptor):
    """Represents a legacy python action generated by a generator.

    It's needed temporarily until we fully refactor OpenStack actions in the
    'mistral-extra' project. The difference of this descriptor and the standard
    PythonActionDescriptor class is how they initialize a spec of parameters
    and description.
    """

    def __init__(self, name, action_cls, action_cls_attrs=None, namespace='',
                 project_id=None, scope=None, desc=None, params_spec=None):
        super(GeneratedPythonActionDescriptor, self).__init__(
            name,
            action_cls,
            action_cls_attrs,
            namespace,
            project_id,
            scope
        )

        if desc:
            self._desc = desc

        if params_spec:
            self._params_spec = params_spec

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Generated Python action [name=%s, cls=%s, params_spec=%s]' % (
            self.name,
            self.action_class,
            self.params_spec
        )

class LegacyActionProvider(ml_actions.ActionProvider):
    """Represents the old way of configuring actions.

    There are two sources where this action provider loads actions
    from:
        * Action classes configured in the entry point "mistral.actions"
        * Action classes generated by generators configured in the
            entry point "mistral.generators" as a function returning a
            collection of them.
    """

    def __init__(self, name='legacy'):
        super().__init__(name)

        # TODO(rakhmerov): Come up with a convenient structure to keep action
        # classes indexed so that we could search and filter easily.
        self._action_descs = collections.OrderedDict()

        self._load_actions()

    def _load_actions(self):
        self._load_action_plugins()
        self._load_action_generators()

    def _load_action_plugins(self):
        if not CONF.legacy_action_provider.load_action_plugins:
            return

        LOG.info(
            "Loading actions plugged in with the entry point "
            "'mistral.actions'..."
        )

        ext_mgr = extension.ExtensionManager(
            namespace='mistral.actions',
            invoke_on_load=False
        )

        for action_name in ext_mgr.names():
            action_cls = ext_mgr[action_name].plugin

            if CONF.legacy_action_provider.only_builtin_actions:
                if not action_cls.__module__.startswith('mistral.'):
                    continue

            action_desc = ml_actions.PythonActionDescriptor(
                action_name,
                action_cls,
                namespace=''
            )

            self._action_descs[action_name] = action_desc

            LOG.debug('Registered action: %s', action_desc)

    def _load_action_generators(self):
        if not CONF.legacy_action_provider.load_action_generators:
            return

        LOG.info(
            "Loading actions from the action generators plugged in "
            "with the entry point 'mistral.generators'"
        )

        for gen in self._get_action_generators():
            self._register_generator_actions(gen)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_action_generators():
        res = []

        ext_mgr = extension.ExtensionManager(
            namespace='mistral.generators',
            invoke_on_load=True
        )

        # TODO(rakhmerov): this is all ugly. It turns out that the only
        # way to register actions via generators is to register a special
        # function in the entry point that returns a list of generators.
        # But we can't directly register a generator.
        for ext in ext_mgr:
            if ext.obj is not None:
                for gen in ext.obj:
                    res.append(gen)

        return res

    def _register_generator_actions(self, generator):
        # TODO(rakhmerov): Here we have an implicit dependency on
        # "mistral-extra" because ActionGenerator class is defined
        # in "mistral-extra". Of course, it works because of duck
        # typing but architecture wise it's just very bad. "mistral"
        # must not depend on "mistral-extra" because the latter is
        # just a project with mistral extensions. In fact, we can't
        # even extend ActionGenerator class within "mistral" for
        # testing purposes.
        # So it's all done this way for compatibility until all
        # OpenStack actions are redesigned with action providers.
        for action in generator.create_actions():
            action_desc = GeneratedPythonActionDescriptor(
                action['name'],
                generator.base_action_class,
                i_utils.get_public_fields(action['class']),
                desc=action['description'],
                params_spec=action['arg_list']
            )

            LOG.debug('Registered action: %s', action_desc)

            self._action_descs[action['name']] = action_desc

    def find(self, action_name, namespace=None):
        return self._action_descs.get(action_name)

    def find_all(self, namespace=None, limit=None, sort_fields=None,
                 sort_dirs=None, **filters):
        # TODO(rakhmerov): Apply sort_keys, sort_dirs, and filters.
        return self._action_descs.values()


A Case For Women's Reparations.
Women have played important roles throughout history-often shaping the future of the world. Their contributions have often been barely acknowledged and left out the annals of history.
CORPORATIONS ARE DYING. CAN THEY BE SAVED?
What if you'd rather jump into a cage of hungry lions wearing a meat suit than wade into a room full of strangers?
We're taught networking is important, but few of us are taught to do it well. For many people, networking causes real social anxiety, discomfort, and even distress.
Marty Neumeier, author of THE BRAND GAP and other business bestsellers, has written a book that leaps off the shelf—right into your pounding heart.
What is nature worth? The answer to this question—which traditionally has been framed in environmental terms—is revolutionizing the way we do business.


My name is Kevin Barry and I've been a Certified Personal Trainer for over 8 years holding many certifications in the field and I have my degree from the University of Louisville in Health and Human Performance with a concentration in exercise science. I played collegiate athletics (volleyball) and have experience with training a variety of different clientele. From middle aged pregnant women, to young male athletes, to injured clients and everyone in between. You will not find any tricks, gimmicks, or new "fitness trends" with me. I stick to what I know works best and I'm always learning new ideas and implenting them in my training.
My goal is to make you love each session we do. I know training can be a very intimidating thing for most people and I try my best to make it as light and fun as possible so you don't stress out about exercising. The promise I can make to you is if you give me 100% of your effort I promise I can get you to where you want to be physically and mentally and you will enjoy doing it the whole way through!


Piston displacement 1495 cc Max.
Power 90 bhp at 5500 rpm Max.
Fiesta's contemporary automotive design effortlessly mixes brawn with beauty. It is a perfect combination of style and solidity. Fiesta comes in both diesel and petrol option. Its 'Dura' Technology ensures that the drive is exciting smooth and economical. Ford Fiesta is structurally engineered to withstand severe collisions and is loaded with state-of-the art safety features such as ABS (Anti-lock brake system) and EBD (Electronic brake distribution).


The average price for this game since released is $2.72. The game first became 50% off on Oct 20, 2014 at Green Man Gaming. Lowest historic price was $0.44 on Jul 22, 2016 at Green Man Gaming.
The average price for this game since released is $3.76. The game first became 50% off on Apr 5, 2012 at Amazon. Lowest historic price was $0.71 on Jul 22, 2016 at Green Man Gaming.
The average price for this game since released is $15.54. The game first became 50% off on Apr 5, 2012 at Amazon. Lowest historic price was $3.60 on Aug 23, 2016 at GamersGate.
Games Republic introduced a 5th wave to their Summer Sale today. Out of the dozens of deals one actually is good. Serious Sam 3: BFE is half its cost in the Steam Summer sale and one of the lowest prices to date. Last time we saw it this cheap was back in July 2015.
This game is also currently available in the Indieroyale bundle where you can pay what you want, get 5 other indie games and help charity.
This weekend the Serious Sam Complete Pack is only $11.50 on Steam. A huge 91% discount which gets you ten Serious Sam games and DLC packs. Full price separately is $130.
The average price for this game since released is $3.17. The game first became 50% off on Apr 5, 2012 at Amazon. Lowest historic price was $0.90 on Aug 23, 2016 at GamersGate.
The average price for this game since released is $6.35. The game first became 50% off on Apr 5, 2012 at Amazon. Lowest historic price was $0.79 on Jun 7, 2013 at GameFly.
The average price for this game since released is $4.64. The game first became 50% off on Apr 5, 2012 at Amazon. Lowest historic price was $0.79 on Jun 7, 2013 at GameFly.
The average price for this game since released is $84.42. The game first became 50% off on Feb 13, 2015 at Green Man Gaming. Lowest historic price was $9.36 on Oct 23, 2015 at Green Man Gaming.


text:
Източният регион () е един от регионите на Гана. Площта му е 19 323 квадратни километра, а населението 3 171 740 души (по изчисления от септември 2018 г.). Столицата на региона е град Кофоридуа. Изочният регион е разделен на 17 общини.

Източници

Административно деление на Гана

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
166-year-old home sold at auction
Was home of last resident on St. George Street
By David Benfield - Photojournalist
Posted: 1:39 PM, July 14, 2016 Updated: 3:44 PM, July 14, 2016
The 166-year-old St. Augustine home sold at auction for $2.497 million
ST. AUGUSTINE, Fla. - A historic retail, commercial and residential property located on one of the most historic streets in St. Augustine sold via absolute auction Thursday by Fisher Auction Company.
The residential and commercial property, built circa 1850, was home to the last official resident on St. George Street. The property, which has frontage on both St. George Street and Spanish Street, includes a nearly 3,400-square-foot, six-bedroom home, as well as a 2,000-square-foot commercial building with courtyard currently operated by Local Heros Bar & Grill.
The property, originally appraised at $2 million, sold for $2,497,000 via absolute auction. An absolute auction means there will be no minimum bid for the property.
The same family owned the property for nearly 80 years.
Purchased for $2,000 from the Manucy estate in 1938, the Parks family added on to the house in 1946 and again in 1963. The commercial space was converted in 2001 and has functioned as a bar and restaurant since 2011. The property has a breathtaking view of Fort Castillo de San Marcos and is situated in the center a bustling destination for visitors featuring restaurants, bars and shops. The official addresses for the property are 18 St. George Street and 11 Spanish Street.
The auction was held Thursday at 11 a.m.
Fisher Auction Company worked in cooperation with Great Expectations Auction Company, LLC.
"We are honored to have the opportunity to manage the sale of this high-profile property in America's oldest city," president and CEO of Fisher Auction Company Lamar Fisher said. "Given the uniqueness of the location and its historical value, we feel this property will draw significant attention from prospective buyers around the country."
Fisher Auction Company has previously handled numerous high-profile auctions, including the former Versace Mansion, numerous private islands and multi-million dollar mansions of business executives, celebrities and professional athletes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Eating healthily can at times be difficult, as it generally requires preparing a meal or spending time in the kitchen. But it is possible to find healthy options ready to eat from your local supermarket.
Discover Oroton's Winter 19 Collection, Into The Wild, in store and online now.
Select your new glasses and collect on the same day as your eye test.
Free entry to My First Gym Carindale open day!


When working with a tight space, furniture placement is important to divide space and to also provide adequate storage. A unique product for both of those tasks is the new AAKKOSET. Designed by Finnish designer Lincoln Kayiwa, AAKKOSET is a fun alphabetized storage unit perfect for as books and CDs. It also comes in bright colors, including black, blue, green, orange, red, violet, white and yellow. But if you're not in need of storage, this unit will also made a dramatic room divider when left empty.


text:
require(['config'], function() {

    require(['cssorder'], function() {

        console.log("done");

        var done = document.createElement("div");
        done.setAttribute("id", "done");
        document.body.appendChild(done);

    });

});


text:
More Progress on Eco-Boardwalk
The Youghal Boardwalk extension has had even more progress in recent weeks! A great boost for Youghal tourism as works get underway on the Youghal Eco-Boardwalk Extension. The extension will…
The Youghal Boardwalk extension has had even more progress in recent weeks! A great boost for Youghal tourism as works get underway on the Youghal Eco-Boardwalk Extension. The extension will see the original 400 metre boardwalk at Claycastle Blue Flag Beach, which was completed in 2012 extended by 1.5km as far as Redbarn Blue Flag Beach.
Once complete the route will form part of the National Coastal Walking Route and will span 1.9 kilometres. The Cork County Council project will significantly enhance the 'beach experience' for users, providing a formal pedestrian walkway from Redbarn beach into Youghal Town Centre, and is expected to be completed by October 2020.
Last month the Mayor of the County of Cork, Cllr. Mary Linehan-Foley – Independent, East Cork warmly welcomed the signing, commenting,
"I am especially proud to sign this contact as County Mayor for what is a fantastic amenity in Youghal. The extension will see the original 400 metre boardwalk at Claycastle beach, which was completed in 2012 extended by 1.5km as far as Redbarn beach. The boardwalk is hugely popular and this further development is great news for Youghal and the community. It also offers an opportunity to raise awareness of the ecological significance of Ballyvergan Marsh and coastal zone, providing low impact on the environment, restricting erosion, and provision of an awareness platform of the area's value to both locals and visitors alike."
Picture shows the construction work of the boardwalk at the Redbarn Blue Flag Beach and in the far distance the Claycastle Blue Flag Beach and Boardwalk, and the Youghal Front Strand.
Article taken from Youghal Online
Plaque to honour John 'Jack' Foley erected.
A plaque to honour John 'Jack' Foley was erected in Youghal this last week. Funded by a campaign organized by local maritime history enthusiasts Peter Landers and Kevin Melly. John…
20th August 2020 YoughalChamber
Funding of almost €103,000 has been allocated between six East Cork projects, with Myrtle Grove receiving €20,000 for electrical repairs. Any local will know the historical significance of Myrtle Grove…
9th July 2020 YoughalChamber
Christmas Lights 2021
On Saturday November 20th Santa Claus arrived in style courtesy of Youghal Fire Brigade to the switching on of the Christmas Lights event. Santa and his friends Buddy the Elf…
3rd December 2021 YoughalChamber


text:
Marvin Musquin Interview – Bitter Sweet
By Dan Lamb March 25, 2019 7 Mins Read
Red Bull / KTM's Marvin Musquin came into '19 physically behind due to an offseason injury that kept him off of the bike most of December and he started the season off with an 8th and a 5th, but since round three Marvin has been on the podium in nine of ten races and with his win at the Seattle SX on Saturday night, he now has won the last two main events in a row. There has been an obvious momentum switch from the points leader, Cooper Webb, to Musquin over the last few races, but it could end up being a mental error that costs the #25 his first 450SX Championship. For now, though, it is at the very least costing Marvin 7 extremely valuable championship points.
On lap 2 of the main event in Seattle with Chad Reed, Justin Brayton down on the track and being looked at by the medics in a rhythm section, the red cross flag came out. The flag requires riders to roll every jump, but in the heat of the moment, Marvin jumped double-double into the section. You could tell Marvin immediately realized what he did right as he did it and he even kept it slower than normal in the right turn beyond the red cross area in an effort to sort of make amends for his mistake, but what was done was done.
The AMA is not consistent about much when it comes to rulings, but with the red cross, it is a zero tolerance situation. From the AMA rule book, if Race Director determines that there has been a blatant violation of th red cross flag during the main event race and if no positions were gained, the penalty will be the "points and purse equal to two positions in the final results for that race plus two additional points." In Marvin's situation, that is the loss of those 7 extremely valuable championship points?
It was a bitter sweet heel-clicker in Seattle.
With the win and without the 7 point penalty, Marvin would have cut Webb's lead down to just 7 points. With the penalty, though, the #25 made up zero points in Seattle and Webb's lead remains 14 points. The points may have been awash in Seattle, but Marvin was able to keep the win in the records book, the win bonus money from KTM and the mental edge that comes with winning two in a row. The big question now is, will that momentum be enough to erase a 14 point advantage his teammate and training partner has over him? Well, there is one more question: How awkward is it going to be at the Bakers Factory if these two take it Las Vegas? I'm betting on, very!
After the Seattle SX was over and before the 7 point penalty was official, I caught up with Marvin to ask about the impending penalty, his second win in a row and the French win sweep with he and his fellow countryman Dylan Ferrandis winning the 250 class.
Marvin, big win for you tonight. You now have two wins in a row no matter what happens with the penalty you might get for jumping on the red cross flag in the main.
Especially after Dylan winning the 250, I'm like, yeah, I gotta do it again. And then that will be a first for us to both win. I got a great start. I was second, I got around a Zach [Osborne] right away and I was in a great position. Kenny was right behind me at one point. I was very consistent and really enjoyed it. The track was tough, but I had fun. I pulled the trigger on the big quad in the middle of the rhythm section. That helped me to be smoother through that and jumping the whoops. Everything went awesome.
Even after the red cross incident, Ken Roczen (94) was right behind Marvin (25) keeping him honest for the whole main event.
There's was a few big quads. Are you talking about the one after the finish line? The middle one, where you were going 2-4-3?
Yeah, the middle one. I hit it on the very first lap. (laughs) So I was like, holy cow lets go. I actually clipped and I hit my rear whee my rear wheel pretty bad. For as lap I thought, "Oh man, I hope I didn't mess up the spokes or the wheel." It was a big, big jump and I case a little bit. It was from smooth after that and then I hit every lap. It was actually fun when you hit it clean, but when I case it like twice, it was not very fun. (laughs)
Was that quad something that was on your mind most of the day?
It was, yeah. It was! Yeah, we knew from track walk. I just didn't feel it, but then I was leading and I was like, I got to go if I want to gap the guys behind me.
What did you think of the whoops in qualifying today? They were definitely not jumpers in qualifying.
Yeah, they were tough. They were tough, but I was decent through them and I had good laptops, so I was pretty happy. It's nice to see whoops like that because you can actually skim them but also jammed them. So you see two techniques.
Showing the fans some love after a big win in Seattle
Talk about having two French riders winning on the same night. Like you said, it's something you wanted to do forever.
Yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah, it's a goal. It happened before with Stephane Roncada and David Vuillemin so it's good to do it again. You know, it's been a while. It's tough to do that. Even to win one and then now also Dylan on the 250. It's awesome.
You guys talked about inspiring future young French riders. Are there any young French riders coming up now that you could see following in your footstep. For a while, it seemed like there was a consistent flow of French riders, but that's slowed down. Do you see some in the bullpen that will be coming?
Yeah, yeah, a few. But obviously they are in Europe. They race the world championship or the European Championship. Obviously, I grew up racing 85's and we had a supercross championship. They kind of stopped that. So that will help to see more SX championships in Europe for kids. So you grow up racing supercars already.
I missed it from the press box, but I have to ask before I let you go, what happened, what happened on the jumping on the red cross flag deal? The rule is you're going to lose seven points if your penalized, but the win stays in the record books..
Yeah. I mean, we'll see. I haven't talked to the AMA yet. But yeah, I was leading and you know, you have the pressure from the guys behind. I did slow down. I was careful, but I did jump, so we'll see.


"Loving these quick and digestible stats about customers and what they think." Jordan-Ann shared this helpful article from Help Scout with us this week. It focuses on customer service facts, quotes, and stats. Check them out for yourself here.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Toyota recently announced their agreement to consider the possibility of collaborating on international space exploration and Dillan is loving it. You can check out what this means for the future of lunar mobility here.


Maitland Chambers introduced an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) to support members/staff and their immediate families. The service covers health issues, a counselling service and an advice line on consumer issues. They have also developed a Risk Assessment Template to support managing a wellbeing issue.
Chambers introduced a Staff Wellbeing Policy in 2012 when it launched its Staff Handbook. The EAP Programme, launched in 2015, was a natural extension to that policy.
Taking direct action on wellbeing was a positive step for chambers, a way of ensuring an effective and healthy – and therefore more productive – workforce, managing risk and of protecting chambers' reputation.
The purpose of the well-being policy was, accordingly, both to anticipate and prevent wellbeing issues from arising in the first place and to provide a reference point for dealing appropriately and supportively with wellbeing issues if they do arise.
With direct experience of supporting a colleague with a wellbeing issue, chambers recognised that having extra resources (an EAP) to call on would be invaluable.
A Wellbeing Policy exists for members, pupils and staff, built on the additional resources that are available via an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP).
They introduced a Framework Risk Assessment template. It was clear to them that there was not a one-size-fits-all in relation to wellbeing and that a wellbeing policy could in practice only provide a reference on the actions that might need to be taken. Every case will have its own individual features, which it would be impossible fully to anticipate in one document, and each case will have particular ad hoc solutions which may need to be applied. However, to assist with this process, Chambers produced a Framework Risk Assessment Template, which should in future help Chambers to produce an individual risk assessment in the unfortunate event that a wellbeing issue arises. Its purpose is to help develop a flexible approach to risk in relation to the matter and prevent any negative effect from occurring, and minimising any harm that may be caused whilst also providing appropriate and targeted support to individuals with a wellbeing issue.
Chambers has also established a programme of training sessions, both in-house and external, on wellbeing issues. Dr Mitchell (of The Mitchell Practice), has provided both general training for members and staff on wellbeing and through one-to-one sessions has helped them to identify symptoms in people and on-going unusual behaviour that may be a sign that a person is finding it difficult to cope with their present circumstances.
Chambers has recently signed up to MIND, who will provide further and tailored on-going training to their members and staff and will carry out an annual audit of their wellbeing policy and procedures (including interviewing some of their members and staff), benchmarking and advising them on where they can improve.
MIND will be delivering 'Managing Mental Health at Work' training to all managers and supervisors this year. Following this they are planning to make Wellness Action Plans available for member and staff to complete if they wish.
Beyond the EAP and association with MIND, Chambers has also introduced a new CSR Policy, which encourages members and staff to participate in not-for-profit organisations which have a formal connection with Chambers. This new initiative allows everyone to get involved in new activities, whether directly or indirectly.
Whilst wellbeing was a driver for securing the policy, the scope of services on offer has meant that members have benefited in several ways and the EAP Scheme has proved popular.
Wellbeing is supported in Chambers and this support has helped to generate on-going interest in their policies and initiatives, and produced new ideas and proposals.
Members and staff are sharing with key people in Chambers (and/or the E&D Committee) concerns they may have about colleagues and this is a clear sign that their Wellbeing messages have been understood.
Maitland Chambers have also gained the impression that most of them feel more assured that any wellbeing concerns they may have will be dealt with sympathetically and in confidence and that they will not be thought of any less as a result.
• Find an EAP that covers services that extend beyond 'pure' Wellbeing (e.g. by helping with consumer issues) and extend it to include the immediate family of members and staff. It is more likely to be used and consequently, trusted if it does.
• Do not accept that your wellbeing policy will cover all real-life issues that may arise. It will not. The policy is a reference point, and each wellbeing issue is likely to have its own unique features, that will require a separate risk assessment.
• Ensure that not all wellbeing initiatives are delivered under the wellbeing banner e.g., develop a social, sporting and/or charitable calendar on its own merits, but ensure that together, they are as inclusive as possible.
• Get expert advice! There is lots out there now.


Owen Farrell has insisted he has no intention of pushing the rules to breaking point as he prepares to lead England against world champions New Zealand at Twickenham on Saturday.
England launched their November campaign with a 12-11 victory at home to South Africa last weekend.
But that result was overshadowed by Farrell's controversial challenge on Andre Esterhuizen in the closing seconds.
In the opinion of many observers, the England fly-half hit the Springbok replacement with an illegal 'no arms' tackle deserving of a penalty at the very least — a decision that would have given South Africa a kick at goal to win the match.
Yet referee Angus Gardner, despite consulting the television match official, not only decided against showing Farrell a card of any colour, he also denied South Africa a penalty.
Afterwards, the citing officer decided against initiating any disciplinary action against Farrell, leaving the England co-captain free to face the All Blacks this Saturday.
Given that World Rugby's crackdown on dangerous tackles in a bid to prevent concussion-related injuries has seen several seemingly far less severe challenges punished of late, it appeared Farrell had ridden his luck.
But England coach Eddie Jones insisted this week it was his playmaker who was in need of greater protection, not punishment, from match officials.
Meanwhile Farrell, knowing he faces extra scrutiny this weekend, insisted his tackling technique was legitimate.
"I'm not trying to play to the edge of the rules," he said. "I'm definitely not trying to do that, especially not when the clock has gone 'red '(shown the standard 80 minutes have been completed) in a Test match.
Farrell added: "But I'm well aware of the rules. I don't want to play on the edge, I want to play within the rules.
Leading referees and international coaches met at a World Rugby gathering in London this week where officials declared the drive against dangerous play had to go on.
"World Rugby re-emphasised its 'zero-tolerance' expectation regarding the officiating of foul play in the interests of player welfare," said a statement issued by rugby union's global governing body.


This Note examines the disruptive effects that distributed ledger technology will have on payment systems and the financial services industry. It discusses how financial technology companies and banks will need to adapt to ensure that American consumers and banks, as well as the American economy at large, remain secure and efficient within an increasingly online and global financial system. This Note argues that the disjointed digital currency licensing regimes and complex landscape of state-by-state money transmission licensing directly threaten to stifle innovation, capital formation, consumer protection, and national cybersecurity. To ensure the U.S. remains competitive in the global financial revolution, and to ensure consumer protection, this Note advocates for the U.S. to adopt a principles-based approach to regulating innovative payments and financial technology ("FinTech"). It concludes that a limited purpose national FinTech charter should be implemented in the U.S. and discusses how it would correspond with the joint proposed rule by the Office of the Comptroller, Department of Treasury and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for cybersecurity standards.
Elizabeth S. Ross, Nobody Puts Blockchain in a Corner: The Disruptive Role of Blockchain Technology in the Financial Services Industry and Current Regulatory Issues, 25 Cath. U. J. L. & Tech (2017).


two weeks ago i went to see ryan leslie while i was in new york. it was a really good show, but i was tired and didn't have the new york energy to stay until the end.
this is what i wore to the concert. minus the [vintage briefcase], which i bought from goodwill about 2 years ago. i never did get it treated so the leather has rainspots on it. eh...i dont even mind. as you can see, i paired the leather case with some vintage shoes found on ebay a couple of years ago as well.
these single monk strapped shoes has been one of my best purchases to-date regarding shoes. i think quality shoes are important to any man's wardrobe. one of the biggest travesties, in my opinion, is to have a complete look and the shoes are improper. yes. shoes matter.
as you can see here i am not wearing a bowtie. matter-of-fact i don't own a navy and polka dot bow. that is on my list of things to buy.
sock...no. its the summer time and you can get away with not wearing socks as long as your pants are somewhat fitted. it doesn't hurt to cuff them either. oh and yea the feet thing...well yea take care of that as well.


text:
Tags: China | wilbur ross | coronavirus | wuhan virus | jobs
Wilbur Ross: China Virus Impact May Help US Job Market
By Sandy Fitzgerald | Thursday, 30 January 2020 11:10 AM
Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross said Thursday he doesn't want to take a "victory lap" concerning the deadly coronavirus outbreak, but he speculated that the disease will help "accelerate" the return of jobs to the United States.
"The fact is, it does give businesses yet another thing to consider when they go through their review of their supply chains," Ross told Fox Business Network's Maria Bartiromo. "It's another risk factor that people need to take into account. I think it will help to accelerate the return of jobs to North America, some to the U.S., probably some to Mexico as well."
Ross, though, said that coronavirus is a "very unfortunate, very malignant disease, and he thinks that "every American's heart has to go out to the victims."
Bartiromo noted that companies will have to "have an alternative once they shut down things in China, is what you're saying," to which Ross responded "absolutely."
"You've already heard Apple talking about figuring out how to replace some of the Chinese production," said Ross. "You had others also doing the same thing. And so I think there's a confluence of factors.
A Commerce Department spokesperson told The Hill that Ross had made it clear that the "first step is to bring the virus under control and help the victims of this disease."
"It is also important to consider the ramifications of doing business with a country that has a long history of covering up real risks to its own people and the rest of the world," the spokesperson said.
Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin on Thursday signed an order to close Russia's border with China in its Far East region in an effort to stop the spread of the deadly Wuhan coronavirus, which has killed at least 170 people in China as of Thursday morning.
Ross also discussed the new United States-Canada-Mexico trade agreement, telling Bartiromo that with USMCA, the chances of a recession in 2020 are virtually impossible.
Carnival Shares Fall as Virus Scare Traps 7,000 on Ship in Italy
More Airlines Drop Flights to China as Deadly Virus Spreads
wilbur ross, coronavirus, wuhan virus, jobs
Thursday, 30 January 2020 11:10 AM


text:
type: post121
title:  MongoDB Integration
categories: XAP121
parent: space-persistency-overview.html
weight: 630
---

[MongoDB](http://www.mongodb.com/) is an open-source database used by companies of all sizes, across all industries and for a wide variety of applications. It is an agile database that allows schemas to change quickly as applications evolve, while still providing the functionality developers expect from traditional databases, such as secondary indexes, a full query language and strict consistency.

MongoDB is built for scalability, performance and high availability, scaling from single server deployments to large, complex multi-site architectures. By leveraging in-memory computing, MongoDB provides high performance for both reads and writes. MongoDB's native replication and automated failover enable enterprise-grade reliability and operational flexibility.

**Dependencies**

In order to use this feature, include the `${XAP_HOME}/lib/optional/mongodb/xap-mongodb.jar` file on your classpath or use maven dependencies:

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.gigaspaces</groupId>
    <artifactId>xap-mongodb</artifactId>
    <version>{{%version maven-version%}}</version>
</dependency>
```
{{%refer%}}
For more information on dependencies see [Maven Artifacts](./maven-artifacts.html)
{{%/refer%}}

{{%fpanel%}}
[Space Persistence](./mongodb-space-persistency.html){{<wbr>}}
A MongoDB Space Persistency Solution

[Archive Handler](./mongodb-archive-operation-handler.html){{<wbr>}}
Archives space objects to MongoDB.

{{%/fpanel%}}


Are you worried about restorative behaviour policies?
'A new approach to pupil behaviour management that uses restorative-practice sessions to promote values of right and wrong has led to accusations that "teacher negativity" is to blame for poor behaviour, a union has warned.
The Pivotal Approach to Behaviour Management, which is used in more than 1,000 schools and colleges, is being advocated by consultants from Pivotal Education Ltd.
What are your views about restorative behaviour policies? Has it helped to improve pupils' behaviour? Is this approach the right one for schools to tackle bad behaviour? Do you think it undermines teachers' authority?
Teachers have a huge influence on behaviour - both good and ill.
But this just smacks of a stick to beat them with. Faux-legitimised through 'research' (that isn't worthy of the name); then corrupted further through only partial adoption (ie: the blaming part).
Just a thought, can teachers use it back? If child's behaviour is bad because teacher is negative, then surely teacher is bad because SMT are negative?
JohnJCazorla, agathamorse and Catgirl1964 like this.
At the end of a training day last June our head gave every member of staff a copy of 'When the Adult Changes everything Changes' produced by Pivotal Education. We were told to read it over the Summer and fill in a review in September. On the first training day in September the head announced that the schools discipline policy was now based on the ideas in the book. She then said we would get proper training on the policy in June 2019!.
Needless to say behaviour in the school at the moment is totally appalling. When SLT are called out to incidents they take ages to respond and when they do respond they do very little to support the classroom teachers. We currently have at least 6 members of staff off work with stress related illnesses and lots of staff members are desperately trying to find jobs either outside of teaching or in other schools. The head keeps saying that behaviour is good in 97% of lessons but all the staff know that such a figure is absolutely ridiculous. Staff would not be leaving in droves if 97% of lessons were good.
Alice K, JohnJCazorla, agathamorse and 1 other person like this.
A new approach to pupil behaviour management that uses restorative-practice sessions to promote values of right and wrong has led to accusations that "teacher negativity" is to blame for poor behaviour, a union has warned.
A 'pivot'. 'Short shaft' more like!
Behaviour at my last (in all senses of the word) school deteriorated rapidly when Restorative Justice was introduced along with a policy of removing all sanctions . Whilst the latter was modified slightly, SLT's approach was that staff must be to blame when children misbehave ('Make your lessons more interesting!' 'Try to engage with the child!').
I did point out, quite early on, that even if I wore fancy dress and danced on a table, certain children were unlikely to engage with the effort of learning, or behave in such a way that other children could learn without the constant disruption of backchat, chair throwing and other anti-social (delinquent?) antics.
c) overlooked my 30 years' of successful teaching and behaviour management, corroborated by every OfSTED lesson observation, includng the most recent, which naturally put the school in special measures, and all school based lesson observation.
Reader, I saw the writing on the wall. I left.
blueskydreaming, Alice K, drek and 3 others like this.
Education really is in a sad state.
Alice K and agathamorse like this.
Has anyone got a positive story about the introduction of restorative behaviour policies?
I would very much doubt it. Adults who don't realise that children react to the behaviour of the adult (at least in part) probably don't make it into the teaching profession.
So, what you're left with with any scheme that attempts to define a singular cause for bad behaviour, is a scheme that can only confuse finger-pointing for solutions. At best, ideas like this stress the teacher out to a sufficient degree to make them panic about disruptive behaviour and try to minimise this by any means possible - very much sacrificing any notion of best interests for the children.
Disruptive behaviour has a myriad of causes, and each case is unique. It could be struggles to access the learning, displaced feeling from other life events, the need to be centre of attention, etc, etc. All these have root causes that need to be tackled, as opposed to policies that restrict the end result (to varying degrees of success).
But that's complicated. Finger pointing is much easier.
blueskydreaming, blazer, drek and 2 others like this.
I have nothing against "restorative justice/restorative behaviour" per se (apart from the marketing/privatisation/snake oil attitude that surround it, but that's just UK education.) It seems like common sense to me: Student does something wrong; you have a conversation about why it went wrong, what impact it had on different people, and how this can be prevented in the future. I've had it work really well when the student engages with the process... and it works particularly well if the teacher isn't the immediate "finger-pointing" target - bullying issues for example.
JohnJCazorla and agathamorse like this.
There are times (daily) that I despair of the stupidity of leaders and managers in our education system. This is one of them.
c. fear of such mind-numbingly stupid initiatives.
Leaders who use this policy deserve the cane.
blueskydreaming and install like this.
It is baffling that any adult might think all poor behaviour from a child is caused by the adult in charge. Do they imagine children are incapable of making wrong choices? Are none of these adults parents? I can vouch from experience that my own children are quite capable of being a pain in the neck, despite the doting love and care they receive from their parents!
Catgirl1964, Alice K, drek and 1 other person like this.
Restorative justice makes a victim of the teacher in my experience. I have seen it sadly as 'way out' for the student who has sworn, who has been found stealing, who has repeatedly truanted. And then for the student - seemingly backed by slt in some schs - to blame the teacher for causing the poor behaviour.
Catgirl1964, agathamorse, Alice K and 3 others like this.
They work and have a good track record and evidence base.
I suspect many schools adopt the practice and then carry it out in a half-***** unprofessional fashion.
In my first year returning to teaching after 7 years in the police (where RJ was usually applied properly, i.e. the victim was allowed and expected to fully express themselves), I was told to go to a meeting with a parent of a very difficult child. Parent was worried that teachers were picking on her son - we were told to show how supportive and positive we were. The effect of her son's atrocious behaviour was largely ignored. I had to be careful not to upset her.
A few days later the DHT present in the meeting asked how his behaviour was after the Restorative Justice session with his mother. I laughed and asked if we could have a proper RJ session where I could explain how his behaviour impacted in my lessons, how it made me feel. You know, proper RJ where everyone was open and honest, like we had in the police. He said that wouldn't be helpful or constructive and thought more of me than that.
The school was in SM, the HOD, SMT attacked to our department, the 3 other maths teachers (including me) who started in January all left in July that year. The 2nd in dept who started in Easter lasted 2 weeks before quitting.
Why is it that schools take a good idea and mess it up?
Catgirl1964, agathamorse, CheeseMongler and 3 others like this.
Remember Brain Gym? This was a marketing idea but sold as based on solid science and research and made someone very rich. It was a fad that caused huge problems and wasted a lot of time but Heads bought it because they didn't question the underpinning ideas.
This is exactly what is happening with RJ.
Catgirl1964, agathamorse and Morgelyn like this.
I've seen RJ work brilliantly when applied properly.
ASB victims letting kids know what effect their actions have had on their lives (with parents present), making them realise can be very upsetting for the culprits. In a good way.
Could be brilliant in schools if done properly, where teachers can be honest about how they felt.
It is unbelievable that teachers are discouraged from telling children what they did wrong and how they can improve regarding behaviour. We do it with their work, why are some schools nervous about highlighting the disruption to learning of some pupils, particularly because that's what the kids are there for in the first place! To learn something!!!
alocinmaharg, blazer, agathamorse and 1 other person like this.
Restorative justice is just another way in which school managers wash their hands of responsibility to behaviour, After 'going academy', my last school did two things that served to completely undermine teachers' authority in the classroom. The Heads of Year were replaced by non-teachers, one of the roles of whom was to act as 'advocates for the students', and a system of 'restorative justice' was adopted. All a student had to do was to go whining to their HoY, who them presided over a 'restorative justice' meeting between the teacher, the student, and sometimes a member of the SMT. The usual outcome of this was a 'compromise' solution, in which the teacher had to back down, and to be seen to do so in front of the student. At these meetings, it was the teacher who was 'in the dock' over their 'inappropriate management' of the student's behaviour, rather then the student being called to account for their inappropriate behaviour!
blazer, mistermanager, garyconyers and 2 others like this.
I have had terrible experiences with RJ in the past, but it works well in our school.
It basically goes like this.
teacher tells student clearly what they did wrong, and what the sanctions are.
if the teacher feels it is appropriate, discussion can then move on to how the child is feeling and coping and learning in your subject, and how future issues can be managed between the two of you.
Last week I had a child removed for refusing to start work. She did her detention. We then had the RJ meeting, she apologised for her attitude and then explained that she had felt very isolated and lonely, and was afraid that when we came to the discussion part of the task, nobody would want to look at her answers and talk to her.
I didn't know she felt like that, now I do, now we have a plan for next time.


Just received the first update to Windows 10 today and it failed to install.
I found a solution on another forum.
remove SID's for users that no longer exist in the registry.
you can check which users don't exist by checking computer management/local users and groups/users.
this worked for me on both of my windows 10 PC's, best to be safe though and backup your registry.


text:
Ogoniland clean-up starts soon
Ogoniland polluted with oil spills
The federal government has held a pre-contract award meeting for Ogoniland clean-up to prepare ground for the take-off of the project by the last quarter of the year.
The government said it had concluded plans to commence the clean-up of Ogoni impacted communities.
The Minister of Environment, Mr. Ibrahim Jibril, made the announcement at the meeting which was organised by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) in Port Harcourt on Tuesday.
Jibril, who was represented by Dr Ishayaku Mohammed, Senior Technical Assistant to the minister, said the deadline for the clean-up would be achieved.
The minister said that the Federal Government had concluded all processes outlined in the agreement, while funds for the project had been provided.
He said: "The stage we are in now is procurement process. We have 183 companies that are pre-qualified and have been asked to submit their documents to bid for contract.
"All bids are suppose to end on September 24 followed by financial evaluation. There is timeline for each process.
"We have matching orders that by the end of October, people should be seen on the field," he said.
The minister said that an escrow account has been opened for the board of trustees of HYPREP with 177 million US dollars credited to the account.
Dr Marvin Dekil, Head, Project Coordination of the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) said that the project had arrived at a defining moment that would be witnessed by the communities.
He said that contractors seeking to secure the project must have technical and financial competencies to qualify for the cleaning exercise.
"It is very important for the economy, environment and health of the people.
"It is one project that we cannot over-emphasised the importance. We are all here to make it succeed," he said.


text:
Avoid foods that contain high-fructose corn syrup to prevent negative side effects like tooth decay and obesity
01/03/2020 / By Grace Olson
Most processed food products and drinks today contain either sugar or high fructose corn syrup (HFSC) as sweeteners. According to researchers, the increased consumption of such food products and beverages could be linked to the widespread development of health conditions such as obesity, heart disease and diabetes.
While most researchers would agree that consuming food and drinks rich in sugar has adverse effects on the body, studies specifically exploring the negative effects of HFSC are not as well-defined. Despite the apparent lack of studies on the substance however, it is becoming increasingly clear that people are better off not consuming food products and beverages containing it, such as the following:
Sodas and sweetened drinks
Processed sweets and commercially-baked goods
Condiments and packaged salad dressings
Packaged fruits and fruit-based snacks
Commercially-produced and pre-packaged granola and nutrition bars
What is HFSC?
High fructose corn syrup is an artificial sweetener created from corn starch. And while it has the word "corn" in it, it is the farthest thing from natural. Manufacturers introduce enzymes to corn starch to turn its glucose into fructose, the compound responsible for the sweetness of fruits. HFSC is commonly comprised of 50 percent glucose and 50 percent fructose.
The body needs glucose for energy. It can easily be broken down and used by the body's cells. However, too much fructose is a problem. Unlike glucose, it turns into different compounds before it can be used. Several studies have shown that consuming too much fructose has negative effects on the body.
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Risks associated with HFCS
Food products rich in HFSC and sugar are available everywhere, including grocery stores and markets. Before putting these products in your grocery cart however, take some time to find out why they are better off on the shelves.
Here are some of the health risks of eating foods rich in HFSC:
The high amount of fructose in foods with HFSC may contribute to a person's weight gain and consequently, obesity. Fructose contributes to the buildup of visceral fats in the body. These refer to the harmful fats that surround the body's organs. They are linked to several chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
2. Tooth decay
People experiencing coughs, cold, or flu usually turn to medication to soothe their condition. This includes cough drops and sweet liquid medications. However, these substances contain ingredients that may contribute to tooth decay; one of which is HFSC. The bacteria inside the mouth feed on HFSC and sucrose, causing them to break, and produce harmful acids. These acids wear down the teeth's protective enamel, making them more susceptible to tooth decay.
Consuming foods rich in HFSC may contribute to the development of diabetes. Daily excessive intake of HFSC can result in insulin resistance, one of the hallmarks of diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When a body develops resistance to it, it causes blood glucose levels to increase, along with the risk of heart disease.
4. Inflammation
HFSC and sugar are known as boosters of inflammation, which means eating too much of them increases the risks of developing inflammation-driven health conditions. This includes obesity, heart disease, and even cancer. (Related: High-fructose corn syrup increases risk of heart failure.)
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), people should limit the amount of sugar, including HFSC, in the food they eat every day. It recommends that men should not eat more than 150 calories, or 9 tablespoons, of sugar or HFSC. Women, on the other hand, should limit themselves to only 100 calories, or 6 tablespoons, per day.
Cooking food at home and choosing organic produce from the local farmer's market are one of the few ways to limit HFSC intake. If ever you have to buy pre-packaged food or related products from a grocery store, make sure that HFSC is not listed among the first few ingredients — a sure sign that the product has them in high amounts.
Learn more about which foods to avoid and which foods are safe to eat at Food.news.
MedicalNewsToday.com
DeltaDentalins.com
Tagged Under: artificial sweetener, baked goods, cardiovascular disease, condiments, diabetes, Diseases, fructose, glucose, granola, HFSC, high-fructose corn syrup, inflammation, ingredients, insulin, insulin resistance, nutrition bars, obesity, salad dressing, sodas, sugar, sweetened drinks, tooth decay, visceral fat, weight gain
The risk of braces: Study finds dental correction doesn't always yield the expected confidence boost … Are the benefits worth the health risks?
01/17/2020 / By Tracey Watson
Smoking and hypertension: Study shows the body's ability to self-correct blood pressure is jeopardized by the chronic habit
The Awakening to Human Truth – Powerful new video forces Leftists to face the depths of their own anti-human EVIL
WikiHow says "anti-vaxxer" parents are violent child abusers, urges children to recruit doctors to overrule parental consent as part of Big Tech's war on health freedom and vaccine truth
Metformin latest drug to be investigated for possible carcinogenic chemicals
01/17/2020 / By Isabelle Z.
FDA finds cancer-inducing "forever chemicals" in common grocery foods
Deep ocean minerals and trace elements can help boost high-intensity running capacity
01/17/2020 / By Michael Alexander
Same NBC News that attacked Covington High School kids now attacking chlorine dioxide, which kills pathogens using OXYGEN
Nanny state insanity: New Hampshire bill to CRIMINALIZE letting your own dog run around your back yard when the weather is cold… dogs LOVE that!
Naturally prevent conditions like diabetes, heart disease and stroke with vitamin D and hormone support
01/16/2020 / By Darnel Fernandez
7-year-old children left psychologically terrorized after hearing Greta Thunberg speech… "I don't want to die!"
Study: Are ticks behind a new virus infecting people in China?
New research: Social media found to harm mental health, particularly in developing countries
Study: Natural alternatives can be used in place of harmful chemical herbicides
Researchers explore health benefits of African plants and spices
Review explores potential benefits and adverse effects of Tripterygium wilfordii
VICTORY: Health freedom advocates successfully kill New Jersey bill that sought to eliminate religious vaccine exemptions
Delta airplane caught "chemtrailing" schoolchildren with fuel during emergency landing at LAX
Research determines that following the Mediterranean diet helps reduce liver fat and minimizes obesity risk
BOMBSHELL: WHO Chief Scientist caught on video overtly contradicting public propaganda videos that falsely claim vaccines work "without risks"


text:
'White Boy Rick' parole hearing underway in Jackson today
By: Jonathan Carlson
UPDATE: 'White Boy Rick' granted parole after nearly 30 years
A public parole hearing for Richard Wershe, Jr., a.k.a. "White Boy Rick," is underway at the G. Robert Cotton Correctional Facility in Jackson.
The hearing comes less than two months after the Michigan Parole Board voted in favor of giving Wershe a parole hearing.
'White Boy Rick' granted formal parole board hearing in bid for release
Former drug dealer 'White Boy Rick' taking step toward potential parole review
'White Boy Rick' movie with Matthew McConaughey to film in Detroit
Production starts for 'White Boy Rick' film starring Matthew McConaughey
He was convicted in 1988 of Possession with Intent to Deliver Over 650 Grams of Cocaine and sentenced to life in prison - just a teenager when he was convicted.
He began trafficking drugs after working for the FBI as an informant.
Wershe is currently Michigan's longest-serving prisoner for a non-violent crime.
A "White Boy Rick" movie is currently shooting with actor Matthew McConaughey playing Wershe's father in the film. Wershe will be played by 15-year-old Richie Meritt.
The film's other big names are Jennifer Jason Leigh, who will be playing an FBI agent; two-time Oscar® nominee Bruce Dern as Rick's grandfather and three-time Oscar® nominee Piper Laurie as Rick's grandmother.
The parole hearing is expected to last four to six hours. A decision could be made a little more than a week later.
Another related charge out of Florida, where he was accused of trafficking drugs, could complicate any release in Michigan.


text:
기관별보기
유형별보기
OA학술지
OAK 소개
OAK (Open Access Korea)
OAK 리포지터리
OAK 서비스
소통/참여
연계 API
OAI Provider
전체 제목 저자 소장기관 ISSN OA 학술지(XML)
OAK XML 학술지 OAK 통합검색
OA 학술지
Open 리포지터리
전체 제목 저자 키워드 초록 기관
자료유형선택
전체 논문 학위논문 단행본 데이터셋 특허 보고서 멀티미디어 기타 프리젠테이션
제목 저자 키워드 초록
선택 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 ~ 선택 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950
기관선택
Fig./Tab.
Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
Impact of Self-Citations on Impact Factor: A Study Across Disciplines, Countries and Continents
DOI : 10.1633/JISTaP.2015.3.2.4
Author: Pandita Ramesh, Singh Shivendra
Publish: Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Volume 3, Issue2, p42~57, 30 June 2015
Citation Analysis , Self-citations , Author self-citations , Journal self-citations , Impact Factor
Citation analysis is a subject of significant interest among the research scholars across the globe, factually for being one of the oldest methods to gauge the impact of a research article. Impact Factor (IF) and Hirsch Index (h-index) are two quality parameters employed to judge the quality of research articles and both the parameters are computed on the basis of number of citations received by an article, applied to compute the IF or h-index of a journal or an author. Researchers across the globe mostly prefer to publish their research results in those journals, which have higher IF. The higher the Impact Factor of a journal, higher is the rate of rejection of articles submitted to such journals and thus better supposed is the quality of articles published in high IF journals.
Metric studies like IF and h-index computed for authors, journals, and so on are purely based on the citation analysis, received by research publications. Given the fact, it becomes imperative to know how far the self-citations play a part in inflating the IF or h-index of journals, or for that matter of authors or countries. In the present study, an attempt has been made to work out the impact of self-citation on IF across disciplines, countries, and continents. The focus has been laid on assessment of IF and to examine the overall percentage difference in IF, both with and without self-citation.
1.1 Impact Factor
IF is calculated on the basis of citations received by a research publication. The concept was first suggested by Gross and Gross in 1927, who said that counting references can be used to rank scientific journals, but it was Eugene Garfield who in 1955 was instrumental in devising the formula to compute the impact of scientific journals of repute by undertaking computations on the basis of citations received by scientific publications published by these journals. Garfield suggested that Impact Factor can be calculated for any given period of time, but to evaluate the current impact of publications, he suggested computing IF by undertaking the publications of the preceding two years for which the Impact Factor is to be calculated. As per the Web of Knowledge, Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is "the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) year." Garfield was also of the view that generally the role in research is played by current awareness service (CAS); as such, within a span of two years these research publications catch the attention of potential researchers. Over a period of time the concept of Impact Factor has been extended to various other fields, and in computing the IF of authors, countries and subject disciplines, or even for that matter as of late, web-IF has started gaining popularity in the research circles.
1.2 Self-Citation
As per the Thomson and Reuters journal citation report (JCR), "A self-citation is a reference to an article from the same journal. Self-citations can make up a significant portion of the citations a journal gives and receives each year." In simpler terms, we can say a journal self-citation is a practice whereby a research work published in a particular journal includes references from the research works published in the same journal previously. Farrara and Romero (2013) in their study defined self-citation as such: "A self-citation CPS→Q is any citation appearing in a paper P pointing to paper Q, whose set of authors are respectively A[P] and A[Q], for which it holds true: A P ∩ A Q ≠ Ø , i.e., the intersection of the sets of authors is not empty."
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To understand and examine the trend of self-citation across disciplines and its impact on Impact Factor across disciplines, countries, and continents. To reflect on the self-citations of the world's top thirty cited countries of the subjects under study and to determine the variation in their Impact Factor by excluding self-citations.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Some of the earlier studies undertaken in the field of self-citations relevant to the present study have been reviewed hereunder.
Tagliacozzo (1977) in his study concerning the practice of self-citation in scientific literature undertook an analysis of 180 research articles and observed that nearly 17% of citations in Plant Physiology and Neurobiology are self-citations. Similarly, Bonzi and Snyder (1990) in a similar kind of study analyzed 120 publications and found an average of 11% self-citations across disciplines, which varied from 16% to 3% among physical and social sciences. These studies indicate the fact that there is nothing new about the practice of self-citation and it has been there for quite long now. Besides, the trend of self-citation varies considerably from subject to subject and as of late the practice has assumed a much larger shape.
Nederh et al. (1993), Moed and Velde (1993) and Leeuwen, Rinia, and Van Raan (1996), in their respective studies concerning the trend of self-citation, found that during the period 1985 to 1994, 29% self-citations were recorded in physics and chemistry each and this percentage was higher during the first year of publications. Van Raan (1998) in his study upheld the practice of self-citations by saying that they cannot be neglected for the fact that such practices allow us to perform corrections. Factually, self-citing an earlier work in a new work eliminates the chances of any missing link in the research work.
White (2001) suggested that there is no need to get carried away by the practice of self-citations as these can be easily identified and can be easily excluded while computing the JIF, as they have a potential effect on the JIF. Accordingly, editors have grown conscious of the growing awareness among authors towards publishing their research results in high IF journals and as such have begun to manipulate the IF of their journals (Jennings, 2001). These studies are a clear indication of the fact that self-citations play a very important role in inflating the IF of journals, or for that matter of individuals.
Hyland (2003) in his study has opined that self-citation accentuates the expertise of a researcher in any given field of activity and perpetuates one's credibility and interpretation of such specific research findings. Surely, the importance of self-citations by no means can be undermined as these citations redirect us to earlier sources over which the present work has been built up to a larger extent, along with authors' or individuals' earlier understandings and contributions in the given field.
Neuberger and Couinsell (2002) and Sevinc (2004), in their respective studies, have reported on instances whereby manuscripts submitted for publication in journals were returned to authors with remarks by the editors to add some references from that very particular journal of some relevant previously published articles. All this clearly reflects that the trend of journal self-citation is going around quite intentionally, where editors and publishers are manipulating the JIF as per their connivance and to their suitability. Gami et al. (2004) raised concerns and criticized the IF as a metric for the fact that it is influenced by the practice of self-citation.
Kaltenborn and Kuhn (2004) are of the view that there is a growing consciousness among publishers and editors of journals about the importance of Journal Impact Factor (JIF), whereby researchers prefer to publish their research results in those journals which have higher IF. There is no denial of the fact that editors want their journals to have a high Impact Factor, firstly to attract the authors and also to present their publication as superior and qualitative to that of others. Anseel, Duyck, and Baene (2004) while assessing the impact of self-citations over psychology journals, found that upon adjusting the self-citations, the Impact Factor of journals with higher IF decreased by around 15%, while as, in the case of mid and low IF psychology journals the IF declined between 35% and 45%, respectively.
Frandsen (2007) in his study of journal self-citations and JIF mechanisms undertook an analysis of the impact of self-citations by studying 32 economics journals, and observed that with the increase in the self-citation, the JIF increases. Frandsen is also of the view that the self-citing rate and self-cited rate are positively related. Campanario (2011) undertook a study on the impact of citations in general and self-citations in particular on the Impact Factor of journals on a yearly basis. Campanario chose to analyze 40 different journals on a yearly basis during the period 1998 to 2007 and found that self-citations on the whole resulted into increase of 54% increase and 42% decrease in the journal Impact Factor.
King et al. (2013) in their study based on gender self-citation analyzed over 1.6 million articles of JSTOR published after the 1950's and found that, compared to women, men self-cite their own earlier research work at a higher rate and 10% of cited articles are self-cited. The authors also observed that the gender gap of self-citation over the past 50 years has increased, despite a fair amount of women joining academics. Of the total references studied, the authors found that 9.4% are self-citations and molecular biology has the highest rate of self-citation and classical studies the lowest.
Farrara and Romero (2013) in their study worked on the discounted h-index (dh-index) to present a method whereby we can mitigate the impact of self-citations while computing the impact evaluation of journals and authors. The authors in their experiment observed a decrease of 3% to 23% in author h-index and a decrease of 2.5% to 22% in the journal h-index. Since both the IF and the h-index are computed on the basis of citations received by a research article, accordingly we can work out the discounted IF for both the authors and the journals, and so the result has been actually computed in the analysis part of this particular study.
Most of the research studies reviewed concerning the field of self-citations and their impact on IF have revealed that self-citations play a very significant role in inflating IF.
This study has been undertaken on secondary data retrieved from SCImago Journal and Country Rankings on June 21, 2014, accessible at http://www.scimagojr.com/index.php. The data upon retrieval was in semi-structured form; as such, it was first structured in the desired form given the objectives of the study. Structuration of data was done after retrieving it on a yearly basis for each individual subject, for each individual country, and for each individual continent. To analyze the data for a continent, affiliation of each contributing country was sought with the respective continent by using the world atlas. Also, to perform some basic expressions like drawing percentage, division, subtraction, and so on, mathematical tools and techniques were employed.
Impact Factor has been calculated by adopting the method devised by Garfield, and accordingly the rankings undertaken in each table referenced below are based on the Impact Factor. The higher the Impact Factor of a subject discipline, country, or continent, the higher is its ranking. Accordingly, (R1) is the ranking calculated with self-citations and (R2) is the revised ranking, calculated without self-citations. The difference computed in the IF with and without self-citation gets reflected in R2, which as a result will give insights about the impact of self-citations on the Impact Factor.
4.1 Analysis Approach & Tool
The Impact Factor for each individual subject field, country, and the continent has been computed for articles published during the year 2010 and 2011 and the citations received during the year 2012.
The computations of the present study are based on Impact Factor, involving no complex mathematical calculations. The expressions drawn for a percentage have not been rounded off, hence may reflect slight variation while computing figures for 100%.
[Table 1.] Variation in Rankings Across Disciplines Based on Impact Factor (IF) With and Without Self-Citations
Variation in Rankings Across Disciplines Based on Impact Factor (IF) With and Without Self-Citations
In the above tabulations, the IF of the subject fields under study has been computed with and without self-citations to draw their R1 & R2 ranking based on IF, as per the proposed research tool. At the global level, a total of 1,889,483 citations were received by all the 27 major subject disciplines under study, of which 749,135, (39.64%) are self citations, constituting more than one third of total citations received. The multidisciplinary subject field emerged as the major subject field with the highest 0.814 Impact Factor, followed by Physics & Astronomy and then Biochemistry, Genetics, & Molecular Biology with 0.486 and 0.469 IF, respectively. The Arts & Humanities subject field stands at the bottom of the table with a minimum 0.054 IF, and the percentage of self-citations of each individual subject field varies considerably.
Arts and Humanities have a maximum 52.38% self-citations, followed by Psychology and Engineering with 51.34% and 50.94%, respectively. Physics and Astronomy is the subject field having a minimum 33.14% self-citations, followed by multidisciplinary subjects and medicine with self-citations percentages of 33.27% and 33.38%, respectively. The percentage of self-citation is drawn in proportion to the total citations received.
The interesting fact is that Medicine, despite being the third lowest self-citation percentage subject field, has the maximum number of self-citations to its credit with an overall self-citations share percentage of 17.5% (131,147). Medicine is followed by Biochemistry, Genetics, & Molecular Biology and then Physics & Astronomy, with an overall self-citation share percentage of 12.39% (92,836) and 9.70% (72,718), respectively.
There is a need to understand the fact that having a greater number of self-citations may not necessarily result in a greater percentage of self-citation and vice-versa. But if a subject field has received a greater number of self-citations, the number has a greater impact on its IF. The Impact Factor of a subject field with and without self-citations shows a considerable change, as at gross global level, 39.67% decline was recorded in Impact Factor for all the subject fields when taken together.
Of the total citations received by all the subject fields under study, Medicine receives the maximum (392,829, 20.79%) number and percentage of citations, followed by Biochemistry, Genetics, & Molecular Biology (256,761, 13.58%) and Physics & Astronomy (219,376, 11.61%). 14 subject fields have citations share percentages between 1.02% and 7.19%, while as, 10 subject fields each have received less than a 1% share of total citations, with Dentistry at a minimum (2,978, 0.15%) citations share percentage.
In terms of overall publications share percentage, it is again Medicine which has the maximum (1,158,228, 18.71%) publications to its credit, followed by Engineering and then Biochemistry, Genetics, & Molecular Biology with a share percentage of 9.13% (565,551) and 8.82% (546,453), respectively. Dentistry is the subject field which stands at the bottom of the table with the minimum (19,202, 0.31%) publications share percentage.
The variation in IF is around the same percentage as that of self-citations. The Arts and Humanities have shown the maximum (53.70%) decrease in IF followed by Psychology and Engineering with 51.48% and 51.07%, respectively.
The ranking of each subject field has shown a considerable variation, as out of 27 subject disciplines 18 faced variation, either to the next lower or earliest higher, which also means 66.66% of subject fields faced changes in their rankings.
The subject fields which slumped in their ranking include: Neuroscience, Earth & Planetary Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Psychology, Computer Sciences, Engineering and Social Sciences; while the subject fields which improved in their ranking include Immunology & Microbiology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Health Professions, Nursing, Decision Sciences, Dentistry, Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Veterinary Sciences, and Business Management and Accounting. However, in the remaining 9 (33.33%) subject fields no change was observed in their rankings.
The Impact Factor of the world's thirty leading cited countries during the year 2012 has been worked out accordingly. Upon computing the Impact Factor of countries, Switzerland, Denmark, and the Netherlands emerged as the countries with the maximum Impact Factor of 0.529, 0.429, and 0.471, respectively, while Russia stands at the bottom of the table with 0.275 IF.
Of the total citations received by countries at the individual level, China has received the maximum 59.15% self-citations, followed by the U.S 56.92%, Iran 50.72%, India 46.03%, and Brazil 38.10%. Israel stands at the bottom of the table with a minimum of 20.68% self-citations.
[Fig. 1] Representation of variations in the Impact Factor curves of subject disciplines under study with and without self-citations
[Fig. 2] Representation of change in ranking based on IF of the subject disciplines with and without self-citations
[Table 2.] Variation in Impact Factor (IF) and Ranking Thereof, With and Without Self-Citation, Across World's Thirty Leading Cited Countries
Variation in Impact Factor (IF) and Ranking Thereof, With and Without Self-Citation, Across World's Thirty Leading Cited Countries
[Fig. 3] Impact Factor representation of countries
[Fig. 4] Self-citations percentage representation
There is almost a linear but substantial decline in the IF of countries after computing IF without self-citations in the world's thirty leading cited countries. The trend gets equally reflected in Fig. 5, reflecting changes in rankings, based on the IF of countries with and without self-citations. On the whole, 22 (73.33%) countries faced variation in their rankings, while as, no change was observed in the ranking of 8 (26.67%) countries. Countries which slipped in their rankings include Belgium, Finland, Norway, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Italy, the United States, Japan, China, and Iran; and the countries whose ranking improved include Austria, Israel, Canada, Portugal, Greece, South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Turkey, India, and the Russian Federation.
[Fig. 5] Representation of change in the rankings of countries based on IF of the subject disciplines with and without self-citations
The United States is the leading country in the world to receive the maximum (445,265, 23.56%) citations share percentage at a global level, followed by China with 144,051 (7.62%) and the United Kingdom (135,967, 7.19%) citations share percentages. Of the total 30 tabulated countries, 16 countries have received citations from 1.13% to 6.56% and 11 countries have received less than 1% of citations each.
The United States leads the table with the maximum (1,289,380, 20.83%) global publications share percentage, followed by China and United Kingdom with a share percentage of 12.02% (744,309) and 5.84% (361,457), respectively. Singapore figures at the bottom of the table in terms of its publications share percentage of 0.55% (34,499).
[Table 3.] Variation in Impact Factor Across Continents With and Without Self-Citations
Variation in Impact Factor Across Continents With and Without Self-Citations
The scenario of continents is altogether different and has been computed by taking together the publications and citations of different countries falling under a particular continent. Accordingly, Europe leads in the table of continents with an IF of 0.361, followed by Oceania and North America with their individual IF scores of 0.360 and 0.342, respectively. Asia stands at the bottom of the table with an IF of 0.214. In terms of overall publications share percentage, Europe again leads the table with a share of 36.58% (2,264,069), followed by Asia and North America with their individual publications share percentage of 30.49% (1,887,098) and 24.90% (1,541,506), respectively. Africa stands at the bottom of the table with its lowest publications share percentage of 1.97% (122,200).
The IF curves of the continents with and without self-citations, show a considerable difference. 91.97% of the total global publications have come from the Europe, Asia, and the North America, while as, the remaining 8.03% have come from the Oceania, South America, and the Africa. In terms of variation in IF at continental level, North America showed the maximum 52.63% decline in the Impact Factor, followed by Asia with 43.92%. The IF of Oceania and Europe declined by 32.77% and 30.74%, respectively, while as, the Africa showed the minimum decline of 27.63% in its IF.
In terms of citations share percentage at global level, Europe has received the maximum 43.33% (818,897), followed by North America and Asia with their share percentages of 27.92% (527,696) and 21.41% (404,725), respectively. However, of the total citations received by Africa 27.42% are self-citations, followed by South America with 30.62%, and Europe with 30.84%. North America is the largest continent which has the highest 52.50% self-citations.
[Fig. 6] IF variation representation of continents
[Fig. 7] Ranking variation representation of continents
[Fig. 8] IF representation of continents
[Fig. 9] Self-citation %age representation of continents
6. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The practice of self-citation is advocated, so long as the authors carry forward their earlier work or continue their studies from earlier stages. The practice of this kind of self-citation is purely regarded as ethical, as it is more purposive and justified; whereas, at the same time, if the practice of self-citation is carried out with an aim to inflate individuals' or journals' IF, then surely the practice cannot be regarded as ethical. As highlighted in the introductory section that IF or h-index has somewhat become the parameter to gauge the impact of a research article, as such the practice of manipulation of citations by self-citing one's own articles helps one to inflate both the IF and the h-index. It is evident from the findings that 39.64% self-citations helped to inflate the IF of all the 27 subjects under study from 0.184 to 0.305, an inflation of 65.76%, and more than 66.66% of subject fields felt the impact, as 18 out of 27 subject fields faced variation in their rankings, which varied from 33.12% to 53.70%, hence reflecting the impact on their ranking.
The self-citations received by the subject fields are almost in proportion of the total number of citations received by each individual subject field. Compared to Arts & Humanities, which recorded the highest 52.38% self-citations during the period of study, Physics & Astronomy received the lowest 33.14% self-citations. Psychology and Engineering are the other two leading self-citing subject fields having 51.34% and 50.94% self-citations, respectively. There are subject fields which have received a far greater number of self-citations, but still enjoy a lesser percentage of self-citations, include Multidisciplinary subjects (33.27%), Medicine (33.38%), Dentistry (35.35%), Biochemistry, Genetics, & Molecular Biology (36.15%), Immunology and Microbiology (36.25%), and Neuroscience (38.79%).
There is a considerable variation in the self-citations percentage and numbers of citations which various subject fields have received, this variation in self-citations leaves enough scope for some more advanced studies in direction, as what makes professionals from a particular science to self-cite more than the professionals from other sciences who self-cite far less. But apparently the reason can be owed to the following:
As is apparent from Table 1 above, the amount of research undertaken in the field of Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities is far less than the research work undertaken in the fields of natural and pure sciences and so is the proportion of citations received by the articles published in respective sciences. The larger the proportion of research publications available for review, the lesser will be the proportion of self-citations, and vice-versa. The amount of research undertaken in continents like Africa, Australia, and South America is far less than those of Asia, Europe, and North America. For obvious reasons, the lesser the rate of research carried out by a country or continent the lesser will be the percentage of self-citation from these continents. Accordingly, the higher the rate of research undertaken, the greater are the chances of having the highest percentage of self-citations.
Aksnes (2003), while studying over 45,000 scientific publications published between the period 1981-1996 in Norway and found that of the total citations, 36% are self-citations, having a direct bearing with the number of co-authors of publications. Research work undertaken on the co-authorship pattern may reflect a greater percentage of self-citations for the reason that each co-author of a particular publication may self-cite a particular work in his/her next work, thereby increasing the chances of receiving a higher number of self-citations by a particular publication; while as, for obvious reasons, research work undertaken as a single author permits far fewer chances to receive a significant number of self-citations. Aksnes also observed that poorly cited papers have a far greater percentage of self-citations than those of highly cited papers. Aksnes further observed that there was no uniformity in self-citation practice across scientific disciplines.
The practice of regional or national self-citation by and large appears unintentional, but it is quite interesting to see that the countries which have generally recorded a higher number and percentage of self-citations are either developed countries or are the fastest-developing countries, so this somewhat leaves sufficient scope for advanced study to see and assess the reasons for greater self-citations in such countries, which generally is seen because of better research done and the quality of literature available in these countries. This gets better corroborated by the fact that China has recorded 59.15% self-citations in their research publications during the period of study, followed by the U.S 56.92%, Iran 50.72%, India 46.03%, Brazil 38.10%, Germany 37.53%, Japan 36.91%, Russia 36.73%, Poland 35.56%, Italy 35.03%, the United Kingdom 34.49%, Australia 33.59%, Spain 32.63%, Taiwan 32.06%, South Korea 31.75%, France 26.54%, and many more.
Arguments are also being made about the practice of journal self-citation, as to whether the practice is intentional or unintentional so as to be rated as ethical or unethical. There is no denial of the fact that IF metrics for both authors and journals can be easily manipulated with the practice of self-citation, hence an unethical practice. The practice of self-citation is somewhat acceptable in academic circles and is termed as ethical if the same is undertaken for justified reasons. Researchers are of the view that journal impact is always a consideration among editors and self-citation can prove a very handy tool.
It was practically impossible to work out the citations received in 2012 of the articles published in 2010 and 2011; hence a uniform pattern was followed for all the subject disciplines under study by calculating the total publications for the year 2010 and 2011 and the total citations received by these subjects in the year 2012, and not specifically of the articles of the period under study, which otherwise should have been the case to calculate Impact Factor. Besides, how exhaustive our citation count is can be termed as a limiting factor. The moment indexing services add new journals in their database the figures reflect variation, which nevertheless has been taken care of by reflecting the date of data retrieval.
It is quite evident from analysis that self-citations play a very significant role in inflating the IF of subject disciplines, the countries, or the continents, and so holds it true about inflating IF scores of authors and journals. As reflected in the rankings with and without self-citations, there is a considerable decline in the Impact Factor of each individual subject field.
The practice of self-citation reflects a mix of both the positives and the negatives, whereby if on one hand, the importance of self-citations cannot be undermined for being purposive, on the other hand, if the same is undertaken only for inflating one's IF or any other impact parameter, then there is surely a need to regulate such unethical practices. Given the evidence of manipulation of parameters set to judge the impact of a research publication as per one's suitability, this somewhat warrants change, either by setting new parameters which may not be easily influenced or by doing away with those aspects which influence such manipulations.
However, researchers all across the globe are of the view that editors of journals and reviewers can play a commendable part in doing away with the practice of unnecessary and unwarranted self-citations by suggesting authors to do away with those journal and author self-citations which are least required or have no relevance at all with the study. And to this effect, Garfield and Welljams-Dorof (1992) opined that excessive self-citations are well apparent and that these should be done away with during the review process of articles.
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[ Table 1. ] Variation in Rankings Across Disciplines Based on Impact Factor (IF) With and Without Self-Citations
[ Fig. 1 ] Representation of variations in the Impact Factor curves of subject disciplines under study with and without self-citations
[ Fig. 2 ] Representation of change in ranking based on IF of the subject disciplines with and without self-citations
[ Table 2. ] Variation in Impact Factor (IF) and Ranking Thereof, With and Without Self-Citation, Across World's Thirty Leading Cited Countries
[ Fig. 3 ] Impact Factor representation of countries
[ Fig. 4 ] Self-citations percentage representation
[ Fig. 5 ] Representation of change in the rankings of countries based on IF of the subject disciplines with and without self-citations
[ Table 3. ] Variation in Impact Factor Across Continents With and Without Self-Citations
[ Fig. 6 ] IF variation representation of continents
[ Fig. 7 ] Ranking variation representation of continents
[ Fig. 8 ] IF representation of continents
[ Fig. 9 ] Self-citation %age representation of continents
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