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Simple stochastic cellular automaton model for starved beds and implications about formation of sand topographic features in terms of sand flux
Noritaka Endo1
A simple stochastic cellular automaton model is proposed for simulating bedload transport, especially for cases with a low transport rate and where available sediments are very sparse on substrates in a subaqueous system. Numerical simulations show that the bed type changes from sheet flow through sand patches to ripples as the amount of sand increases; this is consistent with observations in flume experiments and in the field. Without changes in external conditions, the sand flux calculated for a given amount of sand decreases over time as bedforms develop from a flat bed. This appears to be inconsistent with the general understanding that sand flux remains unchanged under the constant-fluid condition, but it is consistent with the previous experimental data. For areas of low sand abundance, the sand flux versus sand amount (flux–density relation) in the simulation shows a single peak with an abrupt decrease, followed by a long tail; this is very similar to the flux–density relation seen in automobile traffic flow. This pattern (the relation between segments of the curve and the corresponding bed states) suggests that sand sheets, sand patches, and sand ripples correspond respectively to the free-flow phase, congested phase, and jam phase of traffic flows. This implies that sand topographic features on starved beds are determined by the degree of interference between sand particles. Although the present study deals with simple cases only, this can provide a simplified but effective modeling of the more complicated sediment transport processes controlled by interference due to contact between grains, such as the pulsatory migration of grain-size bimodal mixtures with repetition of clustering and scattering.
Bedforms, including both subaerial and subaqueous ones, have been studied for more than half a century, mainly starting with the pioneering field observations of Bagnold (1941) and the laboratory studies of Allen (1968) and continuing to recent comprehensive experiments (e.g., Perillo et al. 2014). Theoretical studies also have been conducted, employing various approaches, such as linear and nonlinear stability analyses (e.g., Melo et al. 2012; Andreotti et al. 2012); first-principle calculations for fluids and/or grains (e.g., Wippermann and Gross 1986; Schwämmle and Herrmann 2003; Duran et al. 2014); simulations with simplified continuous models, such as a defect-crest line dynamics model (Werner and Kocurek 1999), a skeleton model (Niiya et al. 2010), and a single-dune-based particle model (Parteli and Herrmann 2003; Diniega et al. 2010); and simulations with various cellular automaton (CA) models (e.g., Nishimori and Ouchi 1993; Werner 1995; Momiji et al. 2000; Katsuki et al. 2005). Even with increased computing speeds, CA models of bedforms remain useful for complicated settings that are time consuming when other methods are used (Barchyn and Hugenholtz 2012; Barrio-Parra and Rodríguez-Santalla 2014; Rozier and Narteau 2014).
The transport of sand grains in water can be classified into four modes: sliding, rolling, saltation, and suspension (Allen 1982). Sliding and rolling grains remain in continuous contact with the bed, while suspended particles have little or no contact with the bed. Saltating grains jump over the bed in a series of low trajectories that are on the order of 10 to 20 particle diameters long and a few diameters high; thus, this is an intermediate mode between sliding and rolling and suspension. Reid and Frostick (1994) defined the bedload as the grains that move along the bed and that are essentially in contact with it at all times (i.e., including only sliding and rolling particles) and independently defined the saltation load; however, others (e.g., Allen 1982; Bridge and Demicco 2008) defined the bedload to include saltating grains in addition to sliding and rolling grains. Regardless of the definition of bedload, all researchers have pointed out that in subaqueous environments, sliding and rolling are most prevalent when the level of transport is low (low transport stage; Allen 1982; Reid and Frostick 1994; Bridge and Demicco 2008).
Allen (1982) pointed out that in air and water, transport processes differ due to the difference in viscosity and density of the medium. In the case of aeolian dunes, saltation is the most important mode (Bagnold 1941), whereas bedload transport is most important for subaqueous ripples (Allen 1968). Sand ripples can be generated by a shear stress that is just above the threshold for bedload transport (Bridge and Demicco 2008). In subaqueous environments, sliding and rolling are most prevalent at low transport stages (Allen 1982; Reid and Frostick 1994; Bridge and Demicco 2008), and therefore, instead of considering changes in saltation length, the subaqueous bedform at low transport stages should be explained by a model that considers grain movements that are in continuous contact with the bed. Although previous CA models for aeolian dunes have attributed the bedform generation to changes in the saltation length, in the present study, which employs a stochastic model, we consider changes of the migration speed of sand particles that are in continuous contact with the bed (i.e., sand that moves no faster than one cell per time step). Although there have been a few preliminary attempts to employ the CA model and explicitly include the continuous bed-contact load (e.g., Miyata and Iwasa 1997), the relation between sand flux and sand abundance was not considered.
Historically, most sedimentological and geomorphological studies of subaqueous beds have considered beds in which sand covered the entire substrate, i.e., sediment beds. It is known that on starved beds (nonerodible substrates with sparse sand), there occur topographic features that are different from those that occur on sediment beds, for example, sand patches. For starved beds, the relation between the sand flux and the topographic features has not been sufficiently studied. Although Betat et al. (2002) measured the bedload flux for sediment beds, there are few such studies, because it is difficult to measure the sand flux without disturbing the system; this is especially true for starved beds. Numerical simulations can provide useful information about the generation and transition of sand topographic features on starved beds, such as sand patches.
In this paper, we consider sparse sediments under relatively slow, unidirectional water flow; we present a CA model and discuss the relation between bed states and sand flux. We compare the results of our model with the results of a jam simulated by a traffic flow model. The jam-like transportation of sediments has been reported, such as sediments passing a meander bend of a channel with a pool (Kleinhans et al. 2002) and the pulsatory migration of sediment mixtures with grain-size bimodality (Iseya and Ikeda 1987). Following perturbations in the sediment supply, sparsely distributed sediments in a bedrock channel cause both negative and positive feedback to the incision rate (Finnegan et al. 2007). Although applications to such complicated natural phenomena are beyond the scope of this study, we note that the CA model is a potential tool for a deeper understanding of the dynamics of starved beds.
The purposes of the present study are as follows: (1) to propose a new CA model that includes the continuous bed-contact load in small-scale subaqueous beds with sparsely available sediments; (2) to compare the results of our model to those of flume experiments to assess how well it models changes in topographic features with increasing levels of sand abundance, as well as temporal changes in the sand flux under constant conditions (this has not previously attracted much attention); and (3) to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of bed states by investigating the dependence of the sand flux on the abundance sand and topographic features; we do this by a comparison with other kinds of physical phenomena, such as traffic flow.
CA model
CA models include the coarse graining of sand by considering clusters of sand grains (sand slabs) instead of individual particles. In CA models, the topographic height is taken to be the number of compiled slabs. The topographic height h(i, j) at site (i, j) in a two-dimensional field changes with time. Previous CA models for aeolian sand dunes used a phenomenological formulation of saltation; that is, it was not based on fluid motion. Although there is some variation in the formulations of saltation, the previous models determined situational-specific saltation distances, such as defining the jumping length as a function of the state of the sand bed.
Allen (1982) pointed out that the differences in air and water transport stemmed from differences in the viscosity and density of the medium. On subaqueous beds under relatively slow flows, the main transport mode of sand grains is rolling and sliding, for which bed contact is continuous (Allen 1982; Reid and Frostick 1994; Bridge and Demicco 2008). Therefore, instead of using the saltation length, low transport stages of subaqueous bedforms can be better explained by incorporating changes in the migration speed of grains in continuous contact with the bed. In the simulation used in the present study, the movement of particles was considered separately for two processes: transport due to fluid motion, with continuous bed contact; and avalanching due to gravity. For the remainder of this paper, we will use "bedload" to mean the continuous bed-contact load that is only due to the flow (not due to gravity). Other processes due to flow, such as saltation or suspension, will not be considered so that we can focus on subaqueous environments with low transport rates that form topographies such as sand patches. In the simulation, which process (bedload transport or avalanching) occurs is evaluated deterministically from the geomorphological state of the position. However, the movement of sand slabs due to bedload transport is a stochastic variable that expresses finite velocities for discrete positions; that is, slabs migrate according to a probability that represents the velocity (see below). The simulation ignores the inner structure of the flow, which becomes important when the flow is relatively fast and the bed roughness (bedforms) is large; for simplicity, we ignore the effects of strong erosional vortices and secondary flows.
Formulation of bedload transport
When simulating bedload transport in a CA model, sand slabs should be restricted to moving to the adjacent downstream cell, unlike the process for saltation. The topographic height is affected by bedload transport as follows:
$$ h\left(i,j\right)\to h\left(i,j\right)-{q}_b\;\mathrm{and}\kern0.5em h\left(i+1,j\right)\to h\left(i+1,j\right)+{q}_b, $$
where site (i + 1, j) is downstream of site (i, j), and q b is the number of slabs that migrate during a single calculation step. Here, we consider bedload transport in only the direction of the flow; this is the positive x-direction of the two-dimensional (x, y) system.
If the bed is perfectly uniform, sand may be transported everywhere at a constant rate, but otherwise, the rate of sand migration depends on the location. We formulated a simple phenomenological rule for the probability of sand movement (surrogate of velocity) that does not require calculating the fluid motion. In each time step, a sand slab on the surface moves to the next downstream cell or remains at the same location, as determined stochastically; this probability corresponds to the velocity of the sand migration velocity (that is, a higher probability corresponds to a higher velocity), and this depends on the state of each site.
We made the following assumptions. Sand slabs on a stoss side move fastest at the local peak (state s1), and other sand slabs (for example, partway down the slope) slow down as the downstream gradient increases, due to the competing gravitational force. Sand slabs on lee slopes move more slowly than those on stoss slopes, because to some extent, the bedform shields the downstream flow. For a slab on a lee slope, the probability of movement depends on the extent of the shielding effect of the bedform; we assume that this depends on the gradient of the lee slope. When the slope of a lee side is less than a certain value (state s3), slabs can move as a bedload; otherwise, if the slope is greater than or equal to a threshold value (state s4), slabs are in a perfectly shielded area (shadow zone), in which the flow is not sufficient to convey sand as a bedload, and thus, the sand moves only by avalanching. From these assumptions, we obtain a simple formulation for the state-dependent (s1 to s4) probability, B i, j , that the sand at site (i, j) will migrate by bedload transport to the nearest downstream cell:
$$ {B}_{i,\ j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\alpha \hfill &\ \mathrm{on}\ \mathrm{a}\ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{ocal}\ \mathrm{peak},\ \mathrm{in}\mathrm{cluding}\ \mathrm{a}\ \mathrm{flat}\ \mathrm{top}\ \left(\mathrm{s}1\right)\hfill \\ {}\alpha /\ \left(h\left(i+1,\ j\right)-h\left(i,\ j\right)\right)\hfill & \mathrm{midway}\ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{on}\mathrm{g}\ \mathrm{a}\ \mathrm{stoss}\ \mathrm{side}\ \left(\mathrm{s}2\right)\hfill \\ {}\gamma \left\{\beta - \left(h\left(i-1,\ j\right)-h\left(i,\ j\right)\right)\right\}\hfill & \mathrm{on}\ \mathrm{a}\ \mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\ \mathrm{slope},\ \mathrm{but}\ \mathrm{not}\kern0.5em \mathrm{in}\kern0.5em \mathrm{a}\kern0.5em \mathrm{shadow}\ \mathrm{zone}\ \left(\mathrm{s}3\right)\hfill \\ {}0\hfill & \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{a}\ \mathrm{shadow}\ \mathrm{zone}\ \left(\mathrm{s}4\right),\hfill \end{array}\right. $$
where α, β, and γ are positive constants. The second expression on the right-hand side shows that the difficulty of climbing a stoss slope depends on the gradient. The third expression on the right-hand side shows the extent to which the bedform reduces the flow, as a function of the gradient of the lee slope.
In Eq. (2), the condition of the local state (s1 to s4) is determined as follows. If h i − 1,j ≦ h i,j , the site (i, j) is on a stoss slope or at a local peak. If it is also true that h i + 1,j − h i,j ≦ 0, then the site is a peak or a flat top (s1); otherwise, it is somewhere along a stoss slope (s2), and the velocity is inversely proportional to the gradient. On the other hand, if h i − 1,j > h i,j , the site (i, j) is on a lee slope. If it is also true that h i − 1,j − h i,j ≦ β, then site (i, j) is not in a shadow zone (s3); otherwise, it is in a shadow zone (s4). Note that β is the threshold value for the shadow zone. The above determination of the site state for the bedload (s1 to s4) can be summarized as follows:
$$ \left\{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{if}\kern0.5em {h}_{i-1,j}\leqq {h}_{i,j}\kern0.5em \mathrm{and}\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill if\kern0.5em {h}_{i+1,j}-{h}_{i,j}\leqq 0\hfill & \hfill :(s1)\hfill \\ {}\hfill if\kern0.5em {h}_{i+1,j}-{h}_{i,j}>0\hfill & \hfill :(s2)\hfill \end{array}\right.\hfill \\ {}\hfill \mathrm{if}\kern0.5em {h}_{i-1,j}>{h}_{i,j}\kern0.4em \mathrm{and}\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{if}\kern0.5em {h}_{i-1,j} - {h}_{i,j}\leqq \beta \hfill & \hfill :(s3)\hfill \\ {}\hfill \mathrm{if}\kern0.5em {h}_{i-1,j} - {h}_{i,j}>\beta \hfill & \hfill :(s4)\hfill \end{array}\right.\hfill \end{array}\right.. $$
Formulation of avalanching
Avalanching occurs as a result of gravity, and consequently, sand can be conveyed by avalanching in a shadow zone, even when bedload transport does not occur. Avalanching occurs when the lee slope is steeper than the angle of repose; the probability that avalanching occurs is unity, which implies deterministic and immediate movement. For avalanching in the streamwise direction at site (i, j), the topographic height at (i, j) develops as follows:
$$ h\left(i,j\right)\to h\left(i,j\right)-{q}_a\;\mathrm{and}\kern0.5em h\left(i+1,j\right)\to h\left(i+1,j\right)+{q}_a, $$
where q a is the number of slabs that move by avalanching during one time step. According to flume experiments, avalanching does not occur on a stoss side; thus, we do not need to consider avalanching in the negative x-direction. Avalanching always occurs if the following condition is satisfied:
$$ \left\{\mathrm{downward}\ \mathrm{slope}\right\}>{A}_r\ \mathrm{with}\ \mathrm{the}\ \mathrm{condition}(s4), $$
where A r is a positive constant that represents the angle of repose, and the slope in the downstream (positive x-direction) is defined as
$$ \left\{\mathrm{downward}\ \mathrm{slope}\right\}=h\left(i, j\right)-h\left(i+1,j\right). $$
Unlike with bedload transport, because of gravity, avalanching can also occur in the lateral direction:
$$ h\left(i,j\right)\to h\left(i,j\right)-{q}_a\;\mathrm{and}\kern0.5em \left\{h\left(i,j+1\right)\to h\left(i,j+1\right)+{q}_a\;\mathrm{or}\;h\left(i,j-1\right)\to h\left(i,j-1\right)+{q}_a\right\}. $$
Note that oblique movements between adjacent cells are ignored in the present simulation. Lateral avalanching occurs under the same condition as in Eq. (5), but here, the slopes of interest are those in the positive and negative y-directions, which are defined as
$$ \left\{\mathrm{downward}\ \mathrm{slope}\right\}=h\left(i, j\right)-h\left(i,j+1\right),\kern0.5em h\left(i, j\right)-h\left(i,j-1\right), $$
respectively. If the lateral slopes in both the positive and negative y-directions are steeper than the angle of repose, only one of these two directions is selected, and they have equal probability:
$$ {A}_{l+}={A}_{l-}=\frac{1}{2}, $$
where A l + and A l − are the probabilities of avalanching in the positive and negative y-direction, respectively. In previous CA models for aeolian dunes, avalanching sand moves in the steepest direction (e.g., Werner 1995). In the present model, for simplicity, we adopted the assumption stated in Eq. (9). When averaged over time, this rule is equivalent to the distribution due to avalanching of sand in a sandpile (e.g., Bak et al. 1987); that is, the sand is distributed equally in all possible directions.
The simulation in the present study was executed as follows. At each time step, the movement of sand slabs in the x-direction, due to both bedload transport and avalanching, was determined for each cell and updated in parallel. Next, lateral avalanching (in the y-direction) was determined for each cell and updated in parallel. During a single step, avalanching occurred only once per cell (i.e., it was not repeated until perfect relaxation). This was done for simplicity and because we consider bedload transport, and thus, it is not necessary to obtain a static slope (in a strict sense) after perfect relaxation.
In selecting values for the phenomenological parameters, we made the following assumptions. The topographic height was taken to be the number of sand slabs, and therefore, β and A r were positive integers. Because the slope of a stoss side of a bedform is always gentler than the corresponding lee slope, the inequality 1 < β should be satisfied. In addition, we impose the inequality α > γ(β − 1) because the migration of grains is faster on a stoss side than it is on the corresponding lee slope (see Eq. (2) for the gentlest lee slope). The value of α is selected arbitrarily, subject to the condition that it be sufficiently smaller than unity; this probability is as a surrogate for the velocity of sand particles. The simulation results are insensitive to α, apart from the rate of development for a given time step. For a given value of α, the values of γ should be sufficiently small that the above inequalities are satisfied; otherwise, the model will not adequately reproduce the shielding effect of lee slopes. For simplicity and to take account of the above inequalities, we used the following values for the parameters: α = 0.05, β = 2, γ = α/8(=6.25 × 10− 3), and A r = 4. We let q b = 1, which represents the assumption that the bedload is a thin layer. We let q a = 2 so that there was a fast relaxation of the avalanching; however, we note that when q b = 1, the simulation results were very similar, providing α was sufficiently smaller than unity. The initial state of the bed was almost flat, with some small random variation, for the available sediment (sand slabs), while the substrate was perfectly flat. The calculation space was a 200 × 40 grid of cells, although we also used a 400 × 80 grid of cells to make particular comparisons. Calculation runs were performed for more than 105 time steps, using a periodic boundary condition. Because the simulation was a minimal model and used the simplest formulae and boundary condition, the main discussion will be restricted to the case of sparse available sediments. We note that when sediments are plentiful, the interference between opposing boundaries cannot be ignored, and thus, it is not appropriate to use a periodic boundary condition.
Development of sand topographic features
First, to evaluate the present model, we qualitatively assessed the dependence of the topographic features on the amount of sand, as expressed by the average sand thickness, which is defined as the total number of sand slabs divided by the number of cells in the system. In our simulation, the following types of bed appeared (in order of increasing amount of sand): sheet flows, sand patches, isolated (barchan) ripples, and continuous ripples. When the average sand thickness was less than 0.6, bedforms (ripples) were not generated, and sand migrated only as a veneer of fast-moving sand particles, which is referred to as sheet flow (Bagnold 1941; Cooke et al. 1993; Venditti et al. 2005). When the average sand thickness was about 0.65 (0.6–0.7), sand patches (small bunches of sand; Bagnold 1941; Cooke et al. 1993) appeared and coexisted with sheet flows, but no stable ripples occurred. Sand patches were repeatedly generated and destroyed, returning entirely to sheet flows (Fig. 1). Such a situation is commonly seen in flume experiments, and this contrasted to the case of ripples, which, once formed, were robust and maintained their shape during migration. Ripples were generated only when the average sand thickness was greater than 0.7. When the average sand thickness was less than 22, the ripples were barchans, an isolated type of ripple that typically takes a crescent shape (Fig. 2a); this is consistent with the finding that barchans form when the amount of sand is not sufficient to cover the entire area, as found by field studies (Bagnold 1941; Allen 1968; Wasson and Hyde 1983; Cooke et al. 1993) and flume experiments (Mantz 1992; Niño and Barahona 1997; Kleinhans et al. 2002; Endo et al. 2004, 2005; Dreano et al. 2010). As is well known, if there is abundant sand, a bed will have continuous ripples (e.g., Bagnold 1941; Allen 1968; Wasson and Hyde 1983; Dreano et al. 2010). In our simulation, when the average sand thickness was more than 22, continuous ripples were generated (Fig. 2b). Thus, the present simple model qualitatively reproduces the development of sand topographies that are due to the size of the bedload. Below, we will consider the starved state (beds with sparse sediments).
Sand patches repeatedly appearing and disappearing. An identical run (average sand thickness of 0.65) is shown at different times: a 35,000 steps, b 50,000 steps; the sand moves from the left to right. A sand patch (enclosed by the oval in a) vanished 15,000 steps later. Note that there is only a little sand in the area downstream of the sand patch, which suggests that the sand patch gathers sand from upstream. Nevertheless, under this condition, the sand patch does not grow to an isolated ripple. The height of one slab is one-tenth the length of one cell
Calculated topographies from the oblique view. a Isolated ripples (barchan ripples) and b continuous ripples; shown for the same time (105 steps), with average sand thicknesses of 1.0 and 30, respectively. The movement of particles is from the left to right, and in the graphics, the light is cast from the upper left. The height of one slab is one-tenth the length of one cell
Temporal changes in sand flux compared with flume experiments
The sand flux is defined as the sand discharge per width (note that this differs from the general definition of flux in terms of the unit cross section). The sand discharge does not distinguish between that due to flow motions and that due to avalanching, and therefore, the sand flux includes both bedload transport and avalanching. If the sand discharge is quantified by bulk volume (including both sand and intergrain voids) per unit time, the dimensions of sand flux are the square of length over time (L2/T), because the volume per width is measured in units of L2.
It is known that when a bedform develops from a flat bed, the migration velocity decreases, but the size of the bedform increases asymptotically (Baas 1994; Coleman et al. 2003; Perillo et al. 2014). However, the actual time dependence of the sand flux has rarely been measured; this is probably due to the difficulty of doing so. As one example, Betat et al. (2002) used statistical methods to measure the sediment transport rate, the average height, and the migration velocity of irregular bed states during the development of bedforms. According to a graph presented in Betat et al. (2002), the sediment transport rate decreased monotonically with time, except at the very start of the experiment. Although this showed the temporal change in the sand flux, the definition of the sediment transport rate in that paper (Betat et al. 2002) was different from the usual definition of sand flux. For a comparison using the usual definition, the measured values were transformed to the sand flux using the simple relation Q ∝ H × V, where Q is the sand flux, H is the height of the bedform, and V is the migration speed. If the sand discharge is measured by bulk volume instead of weight, Q = H × V (Dreano et al. 2010). Although actual beds are irregular, especially during the development of bedforms (before reaching equilibrium), this relation can be applied to the data of Betat et al. (2002), because these are spatial averages for each moment and are obtained through precise measurements and calculations; therefore, they are suitable for estimating the overall trend of the sand flux.
Figure 3 shows the temporal changes in the reconstructed sand flux and the bedform developments found in experiments (Betat et al. 2002). The sand flux decreased monotonically as it transitioned from a flat bed to a stable state; however, note that such a decrease in the sand flux is not generally observed, because natural locations are generally regarded to be in a stable state relative to the time scale of the observation. There has been little discussion of the decrease in sand flux prior to a stable state that is seen in mathematical models.
Experiment: temporal development of velocity, height, and reconstructed sand flux of aqueous bedforms. The original data are taken from Betat et al. (2002). The sand flux is calculated using Bagnold's relation with a constant of unity, velocity × height, to show the relative change
Figure 4 shows an example of the temporal changes in sand flux, as seen in the present model; note that the flux is spatially averaged over momentary values, and the standard deviation of the topographic height is used as an index of bed development. The simulation showed that the flux decreased monotonically as the bedform developed and enlarged. This change qualitatively agrees with the results of the experiment (Fig. 3), which had not been explicitly reproduced in previous models.
Temporal change of sand flux and standard deviation (std) of the topographic height. The standard deviation of height is an index of the development of the bed, which increases as ripples enlarge; it can be easily calculated for irregular beds and isolated bedforms. Average sand thickness is 1.0. The height of the sand is equal to the number of sand slabs in each cell
Calculated sand flux in a stable state and its dependence on the amount of sand
In Fig. 5, the long-term stable state of the sand flux, as shown in Fig. 4, is compared to the average sand thickness (up to 3.5). For the range of average sand thicknesses shown in Fig. 5, the bed state changes from sand sheets through sand patches to isolated (barchan) ripples. Figure 5 shows that the sand flux increases and then decreases as the average sand thickness increases. The stage of increasing flux seems to directly reflect an increase in the amount of sand in the system, which likely corresponds to the supply-limited transport mode. The stage of decreasing flux in Fig. 5, however, cannot be explained by a supply limitation nor by a capacity limitation, because the model in this study does not explicitly calculate the fluid motion or the capacity of sediment transport due to flow. Additionally, the range of average sand thickness considered here (0–3.5) is a supply limitation in the ordinary sense of geomorphology and sedimentology, because the amount of sand is not sufficient to cover the entire substrate.
Simulation: long-term sand flux against the average sand thickness. As shown in Fig. 4, the sand flux asymptotically decreases until the time step is approximately 104, and then it becomes almost constant with only a small fluctuation. The bars indicate the standard deviation of the fluctuation (the length of each bar is 2σ), which is obtained from data sampled every 500 steps from 1 × 105 to 5 × 105 steps for 10 runs under the same conditions (except for small random differences in the initially almost flat bed). The sand thickness is equal to the number of compiled slabs. The sand flux is the number of transported sand slabs per unit width per unit time step
Figure 5 shows that the sand flux in a stable state increases and then decreases as the average sand thickness increases and the bed state changes from sand sheet through sand patches to isolated ripples. Additionally, in the cases in which we quadrupled the grid (400 × 80 cells), the total trend was identical, although the position and the value of the peak (ca. 5.5 × 10−1 and 8.6 × 10−3, respectively) were slightly different (ca. 0.5 × 10−1 and 0.4 × 10−3 smaller, respectively). In the present model, Eq. (2), especially in the case of s2, indicates that the movement of a sand slab is suppressed by the topographic state of the adjacent downstream cell. In a specific test case in which condition (s2) was not included (sand migrates with constant probability regardless of the slope), the bedforms that formed did not have a plausible shape (stoss sides were steeper than lee slopes). This indicates the importance of interference by nearby particles in the development of beds; note that this works negatively in terms of sand flux.
Comparison with traffic flow and implications
As stated in the previous section, interaction between sand in neighboring cells (Eq. (2)) is necessary to reproduce bedforms with plausible shapes. Dynamic interaction between grains is a theme of physics of multiparticle systems or granular dynamics, and it is generally complicated. For specific topics, however, simplified models based on granular dynamics can reproduce real phenomena; an example of this is traffic flow. Although the present model for starved beds is built phenomenologically on the basis of the continuous bed-contact load, it has similarities to a model for traffic flows. Traffic flow is of interest both in the fields of physics and in civil engineering, where cars are regarded as grains and their flow considered a type of granular flow (e.g., Chowdhury et al. 2000). In such studies, the relation between car-flow phases (i.e., "grain-flow phases") and the abundance of cars (density of grains) has been investigated. The grain-flow phase is a class or state of transportation in a traffic flow, and the traffic viewpoint is different from the transport modes of geomorphology and sedimentology (such as rolling, sliding, saltation, and suspension). Previous studies of traffic flow have shown that car-flow phases are connected with car transportation rates (Chowdhury et al. 2000). Car transportation rates correspond to sand flux for sediment beds, which is a quantifiable factor. In geomorphology and sedimentology, while interconnectional properties among different levels of interaction (for example, grain−fluid, bedform−fluid, and bedform−bedform) have been identified (e.g., Kocurek et al. 2010), differences in the grain-flow phase have not been clearly identified. Here, we review a previous model of traffic flow and compare it with the present model in order to understand the relation between sand flux and the state of sand transportation on starved beds.
The stochastic optimal velocity (SOV) model (Kanai et al. 2005) is a stochastic CA model of the traffic flow. The simple SOV model considers the case in which a particle (car) migrates at most one cell per step, as in the present model for bedload transport. Before discussing the similarities between the present model and the SOV model, we will consider the difference. The simplest SOV model assumes a single-lane road and prohibits overtaking, whereas the present model for bedload transport allows overtaking. The present model accepts more than one particle (slab) per cell, which represents a compilation of sand, while the SOV model allows only one particle per cell.
A flux–density diagram is used to show the dynamic properties of car traffic flows. Because the average sand thickness in the present study is equivalent to the density of particles (the number of particles per unit area), Fig. 5 can be compared to a flux–density diagram of traffic flow. Despite the different research targets, the two models have common points. In both models, the probability of migration of particles corresponds to the velocity. The SOV model reproduces the relation between the flux and the density of particles, and it is asymmetric (fast increase and long-tailed decrease). This agrees with observations of a real highway (Sugiyama et al. 2008) and resembles the results of the present model (Fig. 5), although car traffic jams always propagate upstream. Interestingly, the curve in Fig. 5 shows an abrupt decrease around the peak before a tail. A similar abrupt decrease is seen in observations of real traffic and is interpreted as an overshoot of the free phase against the jam phase, showing a metastability bifurcation (Kanai et al. 2005).
When comparing the model of the present study and that of Kanai et al. (2005), we note that the stage of increasing sand flux (average sand thickness of less than 0.6; sheet flows occur; Fig. 5) corresponds to the free-flow phase of traffic flows. The concepts of supply-limited sediment transport and free-flow phase are in accordance, in that they are free from interference from other particles. The state of decreasing sand flux (average sand thickness over 0.7; isolated ripples are generated; Fig. 5) corresponds to the jam phase. The vicinity of the peak sand flux (average sand thickness 0.6–0.7; sand patches repeatedly appear and disappear, while sand sheets exist continuously; Fig. 5) is the transition between the above two phases and likely corresponds to the congested phase. Therefore, it is suggested that sand topographic features on starved beds are dominated by the interference between sand particles.
Limitations of the present model and future developments for potential applications
It is important to note that the present minimal model can be applied only to specific cases in which the bedload transport rate is very low. For wider application, formulae should include other processes, such as erosional effects occurring downstream of lee slopes, three-dimensional effects of flows, and a more realistic avalanching process. These effects become important when bedform heights are large; therefore, the use of the present minimal model requires restricting the size of the bedload and bedforms.
It is interesting to consider a flume experiment that was conducted under conditions similar to those discussed above. Dreano et al. (2010) showed that in the stable state, the bedload flux due to bedform migration increased from barchan ripples to transverse barchanoid ripples if the sand supply was increased (however, we note that the setup of these experiments was different from the present simulation). Dreano et al. (2010) observed dynamic equilibrium states in which there was a well-controlled forced influx of sand into the system, while the present simulation assumes a closed system. In our simulation, we did not observe development of isolated ripples as the abundance of sand increased; instead, we investigated the relation between sand flux and the transition between sand sheets, sand patches, and isolated ripples, which had not been investigated sufficiently, compared with the properties of bedforms (ripples and dunes). In the personal experience of the author, during preliminary runs and at early stages of actual runs of flume experiments for different purposes, it is often observed that sand patches occur with thin sand sheets under conditions of sparsely available sediments. The sand patches migrate more slowly than do sand sheets, and this probably decreases the sand flux, although no measurements have been conducted (note that precise measurement of this is difficult). During the growth of sand patches, sand particles transported from upstream are incorporated into sand patches and decelerated (like cars on a congested road); this local state is not in equilibrium, but in a stochastic (statistical) sense, it does not violate the equilibrium of the entire system, because sand patches repeatedly appear and disappear in many places. Such behavior is compatible with the stochastic model. Although, the dynamics in the background of the stochastic process and the connection of the numerical model to actual beds remain to be further explored in future studies using new techniques for measurement and observation, considering the change in sand flux due to bed states through a grain-flow phase is a viewpoint that leads to a deeper understanding of bedforms and other sand topographies.
There have been jam-like phenomena reported, although those are more complicated than the present model. When sediments pass a meander bend of a river channel with a pool, the migration speed of sediments decreases greatly as they enter the pool, and it then increases as they leave (Kleinhans et al. 2002); this resembles the behavior of cars entering and leaving traffic jams. Another example is the pulsatory migration of bimodal mixtures of grain-sized sediment. A mixture of large grains (gravel) and finer grains repeats the clustering and scattering behavior when they are transported downstream as a bedload (Iseya and Ikeda 1987). It is considered that this behavior comes directly from the interference caused by the presence of other grains (i.e., jams), rather than from the water flow due to a moving boundary condition that is induced by the other grains. Such a situation is very complicated in the sense of the physics of multiparticle systems, but it could be at least partially explained by modeling it as a jam of transported particles; however, it would be necessary to add some new ideas to the present model.
Partially alluvial covers in bedrock river channels play an important role in the incision rate. Those can either promote incision by providing tools or inhibit incision by acting as armor. Finnegan et al. (2007) performed flume experiments with a straight channel and homogeneous sediments; they demonstrated that following sediment supply perturbations, the growth of roughness of the bedrock, which is caused by the deposition of alluvial cover, resulted in both negative and positive feedback to the average incision rate. Gravel in a channel, which can act as armor, can help preserve potential topographies; for example, inverted paleochannels on the floor of Miyamoto crater (Mars) were able to resist later (modern) aeolian erosion, as compared to the area outside the channel (Newsom et al. 2010).
When a bedrock channel is considerably rough, sparsely distributed sediments move in complicated ways. There is a need for a numerical model that can predict, for any shape of channel, the spatial and temporal variation of the incision rates induced by sediment supply perturbations; beyond that, there is a need for a model that can do this for bimodal sediments. Although the present study considered only flat, nonerodible substrates, it may be possible to adapt it so that it can incorporate changes in roughness of the substrate; this could be done by formulating phenomenological equations for erosion due to partial alluvial covers.
A simple CA model simulating continuous bed-contact loads (rolling and sliding) is proposed; this model was developed phenomenologically and without the calculation of fluid motion. It is intended primarily for starved beds in a subaqueous system. As the amount of sand increases, the model reproduces the following bed types in order: sheet flows, sand patches, and ripples. While sand patches coexist with sand sheets and are not sustainable, ripples are robust once formed.
In the simulation, during bed development, the sand flux showed a monotonic decrease. This is in qualitative agreement with data from a previous well-controlled flume experiment that had not previously been reproduced by a numerical model.
In the stable state, the sand flux versus average sand thickness (flux–density relation) shows a steep increase followed by a tailed decrease, which is similar to the pattern seen in car traffic. The similarities between sand beds and traffic flow suggest that the changes in sand flux due to the bed state and the interference between sediments are important factors in the generation of bedforms, especially for the transition between topographies on starved beds. In the simulation, the change in sand topographic features corresponds well to the flux–density diagram. Sand topographic features shift at the fluxes of the boundaries between segments of the curve in the diagram (Fig. 5), which suggests that sand sheets, sand patches, and sand ripples correspond to the traffic phases of free flow, congested, and jam, respectively, depending on the degree of interference between sand particles.
h(i, j):
Topographic height at position (i, j)
B i, j :
Probability of sand migration by bedload transport, depending on the state at position (i, j)
q b and q a :
Numbers of slabs migrating by bedload transport and by avalanching, respectively, during a single calculation step
S c :
Critical slope of stoss side
A r :
Positive constant representing the angle of repose
β :
Critical value for the shadow zone
α and γ :
Positive constants that are parameters for B i, j
A l+ and A l– :
Probabilities of avalanching in the positive and negative y-directions, respectively, in the case where both directions are possible
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Special thanks are extended to Prof. F. Masuda of Doshisha Univ. for many hours of helpful discussion. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. A. Katsuki for advice on the early version of the manuscript.
This study was financially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25350424.
NE performed calculations and drafted the manuscript.
The author declares that he has no competing interests.
Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
Noritaka Endo
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Correspondence to Noritaka Endo.
Endo, N. Simple stochastic cellular automaton model for starved beds and implications about formation of sand topographic features in terms of sand flux. Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci. 3, 28 (2016) doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0102-9
Stochastic cellar automaton
Bedload transport
Sand patches
Sand sheets
Sand ripples
3. Human geosciences


World Superbike champion Jonathan Rea has been awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours.
Jonathan Rea says he is honoured to join fellow motorcycle greats including Joey Dunlop and Carl Fogarty as a recipient of the MBE.
The two-time World Superbike champion has been awarded the recognition in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to motorcycling.
Rea, who is 50 points clear in the World Superbike Championship as he bids to become the first rider ever to win the title in three successive years, said: "I received a letter a couple of months ago to accept that my name had been put forward for the MBE and I ticked the box that says, 'Yes I do' and sent it back.
"I think the most important thing is that I got more messages on my phone about the MBE than I did when I won the championship.
"It seems like a bigger accolade to have, for the general public. It means that you are recognised in open society, not just as a niche sport: that means a lot. It is nice to get motorcycling recognised in the mainstream. Maybe the young Princes had something to do with it, selling motorsport to the Queen," Rea added.


text:
Йоган Каролус (1575—1634) — видавець першої у світі газети Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien («Повідомлення всіх видатних і пам'ятних історій»).

За першу у світі газету Relation… визнають як Світова Газетна Асоціація, так і більшість дослідників..

Relation… виходила німецькою мовою в Страсбурзі (тоді вільному імперському місті Священної Римської імперії). У ній публікувалися підбірки новин із Кельна, Риму, Відня, Праги.

Перед тим Й.Каролус, маючи мережу кореспондентів у згаданих містах, займався продажем рукописних новин багатим передплатникам. Придбання друкарського верстата дало йому змогу перейти до поширення свого продукту більшим тиражем за нижчими цінами.

У жовтні 1605 р. він звернувся до магістрату Страсбурга з проханням захистити його авторське право від передруків іншими видавцями.

Датування
2005 року Світова Газетна Асоціація визнала, що брошура (газета) Каролуса виходила, починаючи з 1605 року, а не з 1609-го, як вважалося раніше.

Свідоцтвом про народження газети може вважатися датоване 1605 роком клопотання Каролуса, знайдене в муніципальному архіві Страсбурга в 1980-х років:

 Зважаючи на те, що дотепер я видавав щотижневі рукописні новини, як компенсацію за деякі з річних видатків повідомляв Вас щотижня стосовно річної оплати; Проте копіювання було повільним і потребувало багато часу, і, до того ж, я нещодавно придбав за високою ціною друкарський верстат покійного Томаса Йобіна та встановив останній у себе вдома, але не заради грошей, а лише заради виграшу часу; І з того часу протягом кількох тижнів (і тепер уже в дванадцятий раз), я друкував і видавав згадані новини на моєму друкарському верстаті, не без великих зусиль, бо щоразу мусив замінювати [друкарські] форми на [друкарському] пресі…

У Relation… швидко знайшлися послідовники в особі інших газет — таких, як Avisa Relation oder Zeitung.

Визначення формату
Якщо поняття «газета» визначити функціональними критеріями загальної доступності, періодичності й актуальності (коли окрему підбірку поточних подій регулярно подають із часовими проміжками достатньо короткими, щоби не відстати від наступних новин), тоді Relation… була першою європейською газетою.

Англійський історик книгодрукування Стенлі Морісон, використовуючи критерій формату, а не функції, вважав, що Relation… належить класифікувати як newsbook, бо вона використовувала формат і більшість традицій книги: друкувалася у форматі quarto, мала окремий титульний аркуш, текст був розміщений у єдиній широкій шпальті тощо.

Керуючись цими критеріями, першою у світі газетою слід вважати голландську «Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, & c.» (1618), але, за тими ж критеріями, жодну німецьку, англійську, французьку чи італійську щотижневу (і навіть щоденну) публікацію новин першої половини XVII століття не можна вважати «газетами».

Примітки

Дивись також

Посилання

 Newspapers: 400 Years Young!
 University Heidelberg, "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien"; факсиміле 1609
 World Association of Newspapers, "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
 "400 Jahre Zeitung," exhibition at Gutenberg Museum, Mainz, Germany
 Mitchell Stephens, "History of Newspapers," from Collier's Encyclopedia

Газети
Німецькі журналісти
Німецькі підприємці
Видавці
Друкарі
Німецькі винахідники

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cloud is now mainstream. In fact, the IDC estimates that the private cloud business will be worth a whopping $40.6 billion by 2019. In a fast-evolving marketplace, many industries, particularly retail, media, and manufacturing, have realized that the cloud allows them to move much faster. Managed cloud hosting services are no longer a revolutionary concept and you might also want to consider it for your business. Here's why.
The typical managed cloud environment enables you to pay an affordable monthly subscription fee instead of incurring huge upfront costs of setting up an on-premise solution. On average, the TCO (total cost of ownership) of IT is brought down by up to 30% when you migrate to the cloud. This includes both the cost of hardware and hiring IT professionals to manage the on-premise solution.
Research shows that 19% of companies that use cloud see a reduction in the complexity of their IT infrastructure. They also see an improvement in the ease of application management and administration. You also get access to bundled solutions and services that allow you to meet your business needs more easily. You get to leverage the skills and IP of the best in class service providers instead of seeking out third-party providers for each service.
Organizations that use cloud computing are more likely to reduce the time it takes to fulfill end-user requests since they outsource support for their system. This frees up personnel to focus on fulfilling the needs of the customer. Deployment on the cloud is less disruptive than an on-premise solution and can be completed in a fraction of the time.
Companies that use the could often see an increase in productivity after outsourcing product development, implementation, and support. Could-based resources are often more reliable than on-[remise deployments especially with the wear and tear of hardware and servers over the years. On the cloud, the company gets a skilled team of experts to constantly monitor and troubleshoot the system. This allows the company to focus on their core competencies. This has a net effect on the productivity of personnel.
Companies that migrate to the cloud are more likely to see a reduction in the time it takes to resolve incidents in their IT systems. Since maintenance is outsourced to a dedicated partner, issues are addressed much faster at minimal cost. Any complaints made by customers are swiftly forwarded to the managed could service provider for resolution.
Securing your data is one of the most critical areas of any IT system. With cloud deployment, you outsource this function to top-notch security experts so you don't have to worry about it. Most cloud providers implement intense security best practices in place to secure the data of their customers. The servers are monitored constantly for any suspicious activity that may suggest a breach.
The ultimate decision to move to the cloud lies squarely with the leaders or owners of the business. However, the above points are compelling enough to make a case for the move.


text:
rochelleriley.com
LETTERS TO BLACK GIRLS
DETROIT MEMORIAL DRIVE ON BELLE ISLE
MARK YOUR CALENDARS for the arrival of "That They Lived: African Americans Who Changed The World," a collection of inspirational, biographical essays honoring the great legacies and accomplishments of prominent African Americans. As important, each essay begins in childhood because every important person was once a child. Paired with beautiful photographs of children as our heroes, the book is designed to teach our youth that they can be anything they want when they grow up. "That They Lived is an instant classic. Words and Images, the past and the future, weave back and forth, in the stunningly original children's book, until we see and hear the American Dream becoming an American reality as the young people depicted-- and the young people reading-- come to know their history and their power. People of all ages will enjoy this brilliant, necessary, charming, and inspiring volume. Parents and teachers will find inspirations for endless activities inspired by these pages." —ALICE RANDALL, professor of African-American Children's Literature at Vanderbilt University and author of The Diary of B.B. Bright, Possible Princess (Winner of the Phillis Wheatley Prize) and "Black Bottom Saints" "There is no other book about African American lives like That They Lived. Riley and Smith-Jones have revisited twenty historic figures to demonstrate that whatever fame or greatness one achieves, everyone was a child once. How wonderful to learn of the childhoods of icons from Douglass to Obama, Wells to Hamer, and so many more. The book gleams with the sheer variety of black life and ambition. The photographs are magic. This is for young readers, but really for all of us since we all came from somewhere." —DAVID W. BLIGHT, Yale University, author of Pulitzer-Prize- winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom "It is true that children can only become what they see. That They Lived provides that window on the world of African Americans who achieved greatness, often against the odds. Riley's words combined with Smith-Jones's beautiful and touching photography make these history-makers accessible for children and adults alike." —TERRI LEE FREEMAN, president, National Civil Rights Museum "That They Lived transforms Frederick Douglass from a historical figure into a courageous soul who helped turned the nation against slavery. Aretha Franklin is no longer just a voice, but a young woman who overcame tragedy and prejudice on her way to success. That They Lived makes the stories of these courageous African Americans come alive, making it possible for young people of all colors to see how they, too, can change the world." — JERRY MITCHELL, author of Race Against Time "The moment my son begins to read, I will give him this fascinating book. The chance to experience our Black heroes' younger lives gives our children the confidence to pursue the greatness of their own. We know how the world sees us, so it's essential to ensure that our children see themselves as powerful before sending them out in it. Rochelle and Cristi's book is an elegant and profound means to help them do just that." —QASIM BASIR, filmmaker Wayne State University Press also just announced the arrival of the paperback edition of "The Burden: African Americans and the Enduring Impact of Slavery," the acclaimed collection of powerful essays about the many ways that enslavement still affects how African Americans live in America. author, essayist, blogger and arts advocate Rochelle Riley. She spent nearly a quarter century as a columnist when she left the Detroit Free Press in 2019 to focus on arts and culture. She is now the Director of Arts and Culture for the City of Detroit. She left journalism with a bang, getting inducted into the North Carolina Media and Journalism Hall of Fame and receiving the National Headliner Award for best local columns, both in 2019. (You can watch her Hall of Fame induction speech HERE). She also is a member of the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame. Rochelle is a co-founder of Letters to Black Girls, an initiative to give letters of advice and encouragement from women across the country to girls across the country. She is the author of 2018's "The Burden: African Americans and the Enduring Impact of Slavery," (Wayne State University Press) and co-author of "That They Lived," a collection of essays and photographs about famous African Americans that all children should know (Wayne State University Press, 2021). The Burden is available on audible!
Category: Detroit
Live with Time; don't watch it pass by
August 21, 2016 August 22, 2016 rochellerileyLeave a comment
I learned last night that I lost a friend, another friend, a dear friend, a man larger than life with a personality and conviction for truth unparalleled among my friends.
We do not control Time.
It treats us like the peons we are. We can either sit by and watch as it parades or we can swim in it, march with it, dance through it – because it does not stop.
People – friends, colleagues, acquaintances – ask me why I'm traveling so much and doing so much and living so much: visiting two or three countries and several states a year, attending tennis tournaments and concerts, seeing "Hamilton" twice and finding my way to big events such as inaugurals and small ones like PeeWee football games 1,200 miles away from my home.
As I've struggled this year with the loss of my mother and surgery that put me on my a– for weeks, I did hear friends tell me to slow down, take my time. But you can't take Time. It is controlled by no one, save God.
I can occasionally operate at 33 and a third rather than 78. (Google records to understand that). But I don't have to stop the adventures. I will still rip and run all I want. I plan to live every single day with gusto, frivolity and, occasionally, foolishness.
Because each sunrise is a revelation. Each day is a gift. Don't spend your life planning to live. Live!
I lost a friend and didn't have a chance to say goodbye. I plan to frolic in Time, play with it, laugh with it. Every day.
Because each day is what we have. Each time. And Time is not waiting for you – or me.
Rochelle Riley is a columnist at the Detroit Free Press. Read her columns at www.freep.com/rochelleriley. Read her personal reflections here, where she pursues life, liberty and whatever the hell else she wants. Follow her on Twitter @rochelleriley.
Categories: Counting blessings, Death, Detroit, Friends, Gift, Life As I Know It, Life Lessons, Losing A Parent, Rochelle Riley, Time, Travel
Use Lenten Season to become a good memory
March 7, 2014 March 9, 2014 rochellerileyLeave a comment
No matter what church I've attended for worship – AME Zion, United Methodist, Baptist, United Church of Christ, we have always commemorated the Season of Lent, which begins on Ash Wednesday and is a time of penance, reflection and fasting to prepare for the celebration of Christ's resurrection on Easter Sunday.
That resurrection is the door He left open for our redemption. It represents the moment that even the greatest nonbeliever understood who He was and whose He was.
But fasting doesn't always mean from food. Many of the Christians fast rom something for 40 days, a sacrifice that helps them be faithful to the season and to count down to redemption.
I've given up something every year. This year is no different.
Except that I'm sharing my time of sacrifice with a friend.
This year, my dear friend, Melia and I chose each other's sacrifice. I shall not reveal hers, but she chose for me something that means I will have more time and money to devote to worthier causes than myself: No movies for 40 days and nights.
That's right – no matinees, no $8 popcorns, no films.
That means I won't see The 300: "Rise of an Empire" until after it's been in theaters for weeks. I predicted the success of "The 300," a brilliant re-imagined account of the Battle of Thermopylae, when King Leonidas led 300 Spartans into battle against Xerses, a magically powerful Persian who led a 300,000 man army. The film earned more than $450 million at the box office. Its sequel, while just as flawed and just as historically accurate, will be just as good, I think.
I also won't see "Veronica Mars," the film I've been waiting for for almost seven years. It's based on a CW TV show that I LOVED, and I was thrilled by the Kickstarter campaign to fund its filming.
I am one of those people who sees movies on opening day, on Friday nights, before the social network has anointed or killed them. I go to premieres as often as I can to see movies before they're tainted by opinions I don't trust.
I love movies.
So at first, I was horrified by Melia's choice. But then I realize she chose exactly right, and I am grateful. I'll save countless hours at at least $200 bucks, which I'm sure a charity could use more.
I have another sacrifice I'm making that is between God and me. It is a spiritual and special thing that probably means more to God.
But please use the season, whether you believe in only this world or this and more, to reflect on who you are and who you can be.
And no matter what age you are, please find ways to be a good memory after you're gone!
ROCHELLE RILEY is a writer and blogger whose posts here are about her personal adventures. You can read her columns at www.freep.com/rochelleriley and follow her on Twitter @rochelleriley.
Updated: March 9, 2014
Categories: 300: Rise of an Empire, Counting blessings, Detroit, Financial Fast, Friendship, Lent, Lenten Season, Life As I Know It, Veronica Mars
End of financial fast is beginning
of different economic living
February 10, 2014 March 17, 2014 rochellerileyLeave a comment
So what happened to the end of the 21-day financial fast, you wonder?
I completed it. But more important, I paid attention to the things I learned on it.
I paid off my car (and am about to pay off one of the only two credit cards I have).
I do not buy anything major now without giving myself a week to think about it.
And I'm cleaning up my house and life, getting rid of all the crap and not replacing it with things I don't need.
When I began Washington Post columnist Michelle Singletary's 21-Day Financial Fast, I figured I'd save a few bucks, learn a few things and go back to business as usual.
I saved a lot. I learned more about myself than my money. And things will never be the same.
Example? I went to have my annual teeth cleaning. I'm a big baby at the dentist's office. The hygienist said "You want nitrous (the wonderful gas, nitrous oxide that makes you not care that she's in your mouth)? Rather than immediately say "Yes!", I asked "How much?"
It was $40. I said no.
I needed a new wallet. I went shopping in my closet. I found one with the tag still on, and I have had great compliments on the style and color. I don't even remember buying it.
My next task is to clean the garage, so I can take the stuff I have in storage and put it in the garage. That stuff has been there since April 2012 because I didn't have time to deal with it. When I realized that the money I'd spent holding onto it would have paid for a trip to Paris, I got motivated.
So I want to thank Michelle and the fast. And she'll be happy to know that, unlike some people who might not have wanted people to know what they were doing, I talked to everybody. The best encouragement I got was a gift from a dear friend, who knew that I would be experiencing several special occasions occurring during the fast, including my birthday. She gave me a checkbook whose checks were actually dollar bills.
"Snack on these and stick to your fast," she told me.
And the moderator at my church now wants our entire church council to do the fast and give the proceeds to the church.
Now that's spreading the good word and good habits in a good way.
Categories: 21-day financial fast, Birthdays, Blessings, Counting blessings, Detroit, Financial Fast, MIchelle Singletary, Reinvention, Rochelle Riley, Teaching Kids About Money, Timothy Olyphant, Working
Financial Fast: You can save money –
even on special events – if you try
January 16, 2014 January 26, 2014 rochelleriley
DAY FOUR _ Today is where the rubber meets the road on this financial fast.
The North American International Auto Show has opened at Cobo Center downtown. More than 5,000 journalists have registered (a third of them from other climes around the world) representing 60 countries and 39 states.
More than 13,000 tickets have been sold to the big Charity Gala tomorrow night, where the glitz and glamour is out of control. It is a showcase event. It is one of the highlights of the social, fashion and auto season.
And this fast will not allow me to buy a new gown.
WXYZ news anchors Carolyn Clifford and Stephen Clark with former Detroit Mayor Dave Bing at the 2013 show
At first I was frustrated, but then I remembered the point of this fast, which is to change the way I view my world, to be about giving and focusing on others rather than getting and just focusing on me. It would be different if I had nothing But I have so much. And anything that reminds me of the blessings that exist is a good thing.
So I went into my newly organized closet, which is still full of clothes and found two outfits immediately.
It took 10 minutes.
The shoes are there. The makeup is in the bathroom.
I do not have to spend money.
Now I'm having my coffee and fruit and making tuna fish salad for lunch. I can see myself not spending a cent through the rest of this day.
This is amazing.
Categories: 21-day financial fast, Blessings, Detroit, Rochelle Riley
Facebook photo offers glimpse at a previous life
December 17, 2013 January 21, 2014 rochelleriley
The photo showed up in a Facebook post, like a squirrel unexpectedly popping out of a tree. It was a simple picture of a beautiful living room with a newly decorated Christmas tree. But it was more than that for me.
I once resided in that room, in that home, in that space. It is where my daughter and I lived when we first moved to Michigan.
A friend now lives in there and showers it with love. But in that simple photo, I could still see my family having Thanksgiving dinners and Golden Globe parties and fireworks-watching from the living room window.
I could still see my daughter chasing our dog, Lucy, through the large living room, dining room and kitchen, part of a home that still stands nearly 100 years after it was built.
I relived my daughter and me arriving home to a foyer of fluff that we followed to the living room where our dog, Lucy, who had obviously gotten bored, had chewed out the side of the sectional sofa.
I miss that room and that home like I do every home we've shared that has beautiful memories of every day moments, from baking cookies to doing homework.
I miss that space. I miss my daughter being 11 years old in it.
I miss watching her play with Lucy in the vacant lot that used to be next door, knowing she was safe and the doorman could get to her sooner than I could.
I miss her hamster experiment. She bred three generations of pets to study what traits were passed down from one to another to another. I told her that, in her room, they were hamsters. In my room, they were mice – and in danger.
I miss so much about that space. But I am so happy that my friend and the enormous love she shares with everyone every day are there now.
And from now on, my friend's memories and mine will dance through the rooms and chase each other all around, mingling with memories from other residents through the years, decades of love getting to know each other.
Until the next memories come.
Categories: Detroit, Home, Life Lessons, Woman Matters
TIGERS! A win when it was needed
October 13, 2013 January 21, 2014 rochelleriley
We were in the car, miles from Oakland's O.co Coliseum, when the Detroit Tigers scored. Until that point, all our conversations had been about the winery we visited – and Kwame Kilpatrick, or the great meal we had – and Kwame Kilpatrick, or how fantastic the spa was we visited – and Kwame Kilpatrick.
If I had learned anything over eight years, it was that the Kilpatrick scandal was global and inescapable — no matter where I went or what I did.
Five years ago in Amsterdam, some friends and I stopped for coffee at a little bistro around the corner from Dam Square. The proprietor asked where we were from, and our answer of Detroit elicited question after question about "Your mayor!"
Five years later, we were rushing to Napa Valley for a fun day. But what we were really doing was waiting to find out whether Kilpatrick, whose fall from grace had been meticulously documented, was really going to go to prison for 28 years.
We talked sports and wine and current events and food and music and men, but in between subjects, we kept returning to Kilpatrick and his family and Detroit.
When the verdict finally came, there was a moment of silence. It wasn't out of honor or mourning or respect. It was just there.
Like we were all talked out.
And then suddenly, we were at it again. We were talking about what would come next: the sentencing of Kilpatrick's best friend, Bobby Ferguson, the continuing investigations into county corruption and possible illegalities surrounding the city pension fund.
But then the Tigers scored again. And we got to the coliseum, and suddenly, we had had enough of crime. Standing in a sea of green and yellow, we stood and quietly celebrated our team.
We kept our coats closed over our Tiger shirts. We're no fools. But the fans knew we were there, kept watching when it was over, no one said anything. No one shouted any denigrating remarks about Detroit.
It was as if the crowd knew what we knew. We needed that victory We needed a good thing. We needed some good news on a day when things were so heartbreaking back in Detroit.
The Tigers did what the winery and the spa and the good food didn't. It gave us something to celebrate. And it was a great reminder that the life that goes on, post the corruption scandal, can be a good one.
Thank you, Tigers!
Categories: Detroit, Kwame Kilpatrick, Life As I Know It, Life Lessons, Sports
Please enjoy the National Reading of Excerpts from "The Burden" celebrating the paperback edition of the book. Presented Nov. 17, 2020 with a 40-second opening that allowed audiences to enter. Get your copy where books are sold.
Memorial Drive on Belle Isle
On August 31, Detroit held the nation's first citywide memorial to Covid-19 victims. Fifteen funeral processions past more than 900 photos. Visit some of the coverage on the DETROIT MEMORIAL PAGE.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I earnt a small amount of money last year for some freelance writing a couple of articles which were published in a UK magazine. Total sum of £140 sterling.
Where do I declare this on my French tax form (red and blue)?
As long as you sign it, where's the difference who wrote the figures in the boxes.
It is strictly forbidden for employees of the Tax Office to fill the form in for you, they will however show you where to include items and how tyou can complete it correctly.
Honestly you will have to wait until this year's forms come out because they sometimes change the boxes round where you have to enter things. They issue very detailed instructions that tell you exactly where they want you to put everything.
It won't go in the same box as bank interest will it because it's a different source. On the red form that you fill in for overseas income there used to be a box on the back of the form as I recall for "Bénéfices des professions non commerciales" or something like that. Then if I remember correctly you copy the figure to another box somewhere else. But it's several years since I had any overseas income to declare so it may have changed.
Thanks for the replies so far. Have to get organised now for various reasons.
Foxie where do I put overseas income is it with the UK bank interest? Thiis is also very small! Just like to be honest so I can sleep at night!
Ask your tax office, they are extremely helpful and will fill the form in for you if you ask.
Which box it goes in, will depend on whether or not you paid tax on it in the UK and how you describe its source.
From what you say you presumably haven't registered for any kind of business activity in France. Strictly speaking you shouldn't exercise a profession if you're not registered. It's not so much the income tax, which obviously on £140 is going to be negligible, it's more the issue of paying social security contributions. So it's probably best to describe it as 'overseas income', even if you did do the work while you were in France. Since it was paid in sterling they won't query it, not that they're going to fuss over that kind of amount in any case.
But if you're going to build this up into a significant source of income, you should register yourself as an auto entrepreneur or something.
Suziepops, some people are more organised than others, may be HIL25 won't have time for one reason or another to start finding answers to his question in March.
Sorry I can't help HIL25, I hope someone can answer your question.
You won't get your tax forms until April. Worry about it then. Most people at the moment are still in the throes of winter and wondering if their wood supply is going to last! Tax concerns start late March.


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Fine Arts Gallery's March exhibit showcases the works of filmmaker Adam Sekuler
By Wade Walker
The Fine Arts Gallery at Colorado State University-Pueblo, as part of a monthly showcase, features the art of filmmaker Adam Sekuler for its March exhibit. A special screening of his film "Tomorrow Never Knows" will be held in the library immediately followed by a reception in the gallery, including food and beverages followed by a Q and A with the artist. The film will be shown on March 31st, at 5:00 p.m, in the library in room 109.
"It's a great opportunity for the community and the university to come together." Caroline Peters, CSU-Pueblo assistant professor of art, said.
The gallery, titled Sacrament and Service: The Rituals of Adam Sekuler, features the works of the prolific filmmaker from Boulder, CO. A three-part exhibit comprised of photographs, videos and instillation art, Sekuler's work is a diverse array of multimedia.
"His work centers around the place of ritual and contemporary life." Peters said.
In a collection of photos titled the "Weatherman Daily Series," Sekuler took a picture of the sky every day for four years. He selected 17 of them as a series to show not only the passing of time but also the interconnectedness of his art with himself.
"My interest is to explore light and the way it is intersecting with me on a daily basis." he said.
Anyone interested in following his work beyond the scope of the exhibit can connect with him on Instagram where they will find many more photos from the Weatherman series. His website is also full of samples of his art. www.maidezfilms.com
"It's like a diary in a sense, it shows how it is about the life of the artist as well." Peters said.
Alzheimer's has impacted countless lives, Sekuler's added. He watched helplessly as his friend deteriorated from the disease and it had a big impact on him. It inspired him to make a film that explored "the thin line between life and death."
A harrowing look into dementia and deterioration, the film is called "Tomorrow Never Knows" in which he follows a Buhddist man with Alzheimer's and documents the struggle of his last days in which he starved himself to death. It is his third film about death. He says with relief that he is done making films about death and dying. The gallery features a video instillation called "Held Breath" where a preview of his film can be viewed.
A second video instillation entitled "Mimic," offers something completely different. 25 participants were asked to mimic cricket sound while Sekuler recorded them. He buried a video monitor in a wood pile instillation where the recording plays on a 110-minute loop.
"It's fascinating because those are the materials we use in our daily life, we always have our phones on hand, so to me this exhibit will relate to a lot of people but it will use those mediums with depth." Peters said.
Sekuler has a bachelor's in film studies from University of Minnesota and he is currently finishing his master's of fine art at University of Colorado in Boulder. He has worked in film for over 15 years and curated programs throughout the world.
Alec Herrera
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Q: Java/Jackson Annotations: Mapping either an array or object? If I can get either of the following JSON bodies as responses:
{
   "error" : "some error",
   "code": 123
}

or
[
 {
    "name" : "name",
    "value" : "value"
 },
 {
    "name" : "name",
    "value" : "value"
 }
]

Is there a way to map either of these response to below Java POJO using annotations ?
public class Response {
    String error;
    int code;
    List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs;
}

A: Out of the box, only the error response will deserialise. The issue is they are fundamentally different types - an object vs an array.
You can make it work with a custom module for jackson, as described here

A: One possible response is a JSON Object and other is a JSON Array. In that case it is not possible to create one POJO class to handle it. Also, these two payloads means to different things: one is SUCCESS and other is ERROR payloads. In that case I would use Facade design pattern to create extra layer and hide this complex logic there. It could look like below:
class ResponseDeserialiserFacade {

    private final ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();

    public List<NameValuePair> deserialisePairs(String json) {
        try {
            return mapper.readValue(json, new TypeReference<List<NameValuePair>>() {
            });
        } catch (IOException e) {
            try {
                Error error = mapper.readValue(json, Error.class);
                throw new RequestApiException(error, e);
            } catch (IOException e1) {
                throw new RequestApiException(Error.from("Can not parse: " + json), e1);
            }
        }
    }
}

As you noticed I introduced new exception:
class RequestApiException extends RuntimeException {
    private final Error error;

    RequestApiException(Error error, Exception base) {
        super(base);
        this.error = error;
    }

    public Error getError() {
        return error;
    }
}

with Error class:
class Error {

    private String error;
    private String code;

    public static Error from(String message) {
        Error e = new Error();
        e.error = message;

        return e;
    }

    // getters, setters, toString
}

Now we can test it for SUCCESS and ERROR payloads:
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;

public class JsonApp {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String success = "[\n" +
                "  {\n" +
                "    \"name\" : \"name\",\n" +
                "    \"value\" : \"value\"\n" +
                "  },\n" +
                "  {\n" +
                "    \"name\" : \"name\",\n" +
                "    \"value\" : \"value\"\n" +
                "  }\n" +
                "]\n";

        tryToParse(success);

        String error = "{\n" +
                "   \"error\" : \"some error\",\n" +
                "   \"code\": 123\n" +
                "}";
        tryToParse(error);
    }

    private static void tryToParse(String json) {
        ResponseDeserialiserFacade deserialiser = new ResponseDeserialiserFacade();
        try {
            List<NameValuePair> pairs = deserialiser.deserialisePairs(json);
            System.out.println("SUCCESS: " + pairs);
        } catch (RequestApiException e) {
            System.out.println("ERROR: " + e.getError());
        }
    }
}

class NameValuePair {

    private String name;
    private String value;

    // getters, setters, toString
}

Above code prints:
SUCCESS: [NameValuePair{name='name', value='value'}, NameValuePair{name='name', value='value'}]
ERROR: Error{error='some error', code='123'}

As you can see, we treated error message like as exception.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


So I'm 16 years old, and I'm in the basement of Bernie's house. Bernie's parents have a lot of money, and their basement is a cornucopia of entertainment for high school students who are bored. We haven't had our driver's licenses very long, but there's only so much driving around you can do.
One half of Bernie's basement is a large, finished room, with a ping-pong table and a big-screen rear-projection TV, laserdisc player, and surround sound. We played a fair amount of ping-pong. We also watched a fair amount of laserdiscs, including Die Hard, which I'd never seen on widescreen because the only VHS edition they'd released at that point was that awful, distorted, panned-and-scanned version.
The other half of the basement was a large, unfinished room and filled with the usual basement stuff: old clothes, household chemicals, and boxes filled with unknown stuff and junk. There was also a pellet gun, a shotgun (unloaded, to be sure), and a high-quality archery set. Was it a professional set? I don't know; how many "professional" archers are out there?
"You want to shoot some arrows?" Bernie asked me.
Bernie was always kind of crazy, as evidenced by his impulses to … I don't know, shoot arrows in his basement, or replace the standard shocks on his Mustang with shocks that made the car ride like you were driving through a minefield. Also, his propensity for calling himself Gordon Shumway.
On the far wall of the basement was a large cardboard box, perhaps five feet tall, two feet wide, and two feet deep, which Bernie had filled with crumpled newspaper pages. On the front of the box was an archery target drawn in black marker. This is where he did his target practice. If memory serves, he did well in the archery unit in gym class.
He went first. Standing at the other end of the basement about 15 or 20 feet away, he took careful aim, pulled the string back, and released it, delivering the arrow into the target with a nice, satisfying thud. I walked up to the target and admired the arrow in the box, as well as the ingenuity of a makeshift archery range safely set up in a basement. The arrow went into the box and was stopped by the newspaper such that it didn't go all the way through and hit the cinderblock wall on the other side, which would damage the arrow tip.
Let's just say I was less than confident. I hadn't shot an arrow since Cub Scouts summer camp. But it was only 15 or 20 feet, and I couldn't be that rusty, could I?
I pulled back the string and took careful aim, and then released. THUD. The arrow penetrated the box, and buried itself all the way up to its feather.
I'd hit the wrong box.
"What are you doing?!" Bernie demanded, panicking.
"I aimed for the target, but I missed," I responded.
Right next to the target box was another 5-by-2-by-2-foot box which was exactly like the target box except it wasn't filled with newspaper.
"What's in that box?" I asked.
He pulled the arrow out. We looked inside the box, where at least 10 men's suits were on hangers in the box, as if in a closet, suspended from a metal rod that went through the top of the box. In my head, I questioned the wisdom of putting an archery target 12 inches from a box full of his father's suits. And these weren't junk suits, either, despite their relegation to the basement.
By some miracle, the arrow went right between two of the suits and didn't leave a scratch on any of them. Sometimes I wonder what would've happened if the box had been turned 90 degrees, such that the suits had been perpendicular to the path of my arrow, rather than parallel.
But I'll never forget how he said the word SUITS. It was like a revelation and a disaster and a punch line simultaneously. It still makes me laugh.
We were done shooting arrows after that.


Harewood Estate wines showcase the diverse and spectacular Great Southern region. Based in Denmark, along the coast overlooking the Southern Ocean, the estate vineyards cover two sites off Scotsdale Road north of the town- the original Harewood vineyard and the recently acquired Apricus Hill. The estate vineyards are complimented by those managed to owner and winemaker James Kellies specifications across this dynamic region. James elegant and pure wine style reflects the pristine, un-spoilt nature of his back yard. A complex, perfumed nose of citrus and fresh nectarines balanced by spicy French oak and a richer savoury character. The use of free-run juice has produced an impressively elegant palate, achieving a perfect balance between fruit flavour, texture and length. Initial flavours of grapefruit lead to riper stone fruits and a more savoury mid palate that finishes with lingering citrus acidity balanced by vanillin French oak.