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Metabolic Disorders /
Hepatic Lipidosis /
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle /
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle
Pregnancy Toxemia in Cows
Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats
Walter Grünberg
, DVM, PhD, DECAR, DECBHM, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Last review/revision Mar 2022 | Modified Oct 2022
Prevention and Treatment
Fatty liver disease is a disorder of highly productive dairy cows resulting from an excessive negative energy balance at the onset of lactation. Mobilization of large amounts of body fat reserves in response to insufficient dietary energy supply results in a transfer of fatty acids to the liver. Excessive amounts are deposited in the hepatocyte as trigylcerides and can result in disturbed liver function and liver cell injury. The condition is associated with pronounced ketosis, feed intake depression, and decreased productivity; severe cases lead to liver failure and a fatal outcome. Diagnosis can be made directly by determining the liver fat content but is most commonly done indirectly by assessing severity and duration of negative energy balance. Treatment is similar to the treatment of ketosis, with supportive care.
Fatty liver disease is a consequence of negative energy balance at the onset of lactation in dairy cows. Liver lipid accumulation occurs when body fat stores are mobilized and release nonesterified long chain fatty acids (NEFAs) into blood, which to a considerable part reach the liver. If the amount of NEFAs reaching the liver exceeds the liver's capacity to process these, NEFAs are re-esterified and deposited inside the hepatocyte as triacylglycerol (TAG), a process termed liver lipid accumulation. A mild increase in liver TAG content is to be considered normal in high-yielding dairy cows, but larger amounts of TAG deposited inside the hepatocyte may disturb liver function and further exacerbate the negative energy balance.
Fatty liver disease is one of the important metabolic diseases of postparturient dairy cows. Although often considered a postpartum disorder, it usually develops before and during parturition. Periparturient depression of feed intake, and endocrine changes associated with parturition and lactogenesis contribute to development of fatty liver. Cows that are overconditioned at calving are at highest risk. Fatty liver can develop whenever there is a decrease in feed intake and may occur secondary to the onset of another disorder. Fatty liver at calving is commonly associated with ketosis Ketosis in Cattle Ketosis is an elevated concentration of ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate) in all body fluids. Key clinical signs of ketosis are vague but include anorexia, decreased... read more .
Etiology of Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle
Mobilization of body fat reserves that is triggered by hormonal cues in states of negative energy balance results in the release of NEFAs from adipose tissue. The liver retains ~15%–20% of the NEFAs circulating in blood and thus accumulates increased amounts during periods when blood NEFA concentrations are increased. The most pronounced increase occurs at calving, when plasma NEFA concentrations can exceed 1,000 mcM/L.
NEFAs taken up by the liver can either be oxidized or esterified. The primary esterification product is TAG, which can either be exported as part of a very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) or be stored in liver cells. In ruminants, export occurs at a very slow rate relative to many other species because of impaired VLDL synthesis. Therefore, under conditions of increased hepatic NEFA uptake and esterification, triglycerides accumulate. Oxidation of NEFAs leads either to the production of ATP in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or to the formation of ketones through peroxisomal or beta-oxidation. Ketone formation is favored when blood glucose concentrations are low. Conditions that lead to low blood glucose and insulin concentrations also contribute to fatty liver, because insulin suppresses fat mobilization from adipose tissue.
The greatest increase in liver TAG typically occurs in the first weeks of lactation. The extent of negative energy balance around calving or during disease in combination with the available amount of body fat determine the degree of TAG accumulation in the liver. Excessive TAG accumulation in liver cells results in disturbed liver function and cell damage.
Increases of the liver TAG content from < 10 g/kg liver wet weight in late gestation to 20–30 g/kg over the first 4 weeks of lactation are common in highly productive dairy cows and are not associated with clinical disease. Clinical signs related to fatty liver disease tend to become apparent with liver TAG contents of 150 g/kg liver wet weight and above. Although lipid accumulation in the liver is a reversible process, the slow rate of TAG export as lipoprotein causes the disorder to persist for an extended period. Depletion of the liver lipid content usually begins when the cow reaches positive energy balance and may take several weeks to fully subside.
Clinical Findings of Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle
The clinical presentation of fatty liver disease can vary from mild ketosis to liver coma, with fatal outcome depending on the severity of liver TAG accumulation. Mild clinical signs become apparent with liver TAG contents in the range of 100 g/kg liver wet weight, whereas liver coma is observed with values approaching or exceeding 300 g/kg.
There are no pathognomonic clinical signs of fatty liver disease in cattle. The condition is often associated with feed intake depression, decreased milk production, and ketosis. Increased blood NEFA concentration has been associated with impaired immune function and a proinflammatory effect, presumably reflecting in increased incidence of clinical mastitis Mastitis in Cattle With few exceptions, mastitis occurs when microbes enter the teat via the teat canal. Almost any microbe can opportunistically invade the teat canal and cause mastitis. However, most infections... read more , metritis Cows In cows, metritis is a common polymicrobial disease, especially within the first 2 weeks after parturition. Acute puerperal metritis refers to a severe postpartum uterine infection that results... read more , and other periparturient infectious diseases. However, cause and effect has not been established. Metabolic consequences of TAG accumulation in the liver include reduced gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis, hormone clearance, and hormone responsiveness. Consequently, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and altered endocrine profiles may accompany fatty liver.
Fatty liver is likely to develop concurrently with other diseases such as metritis, mastitis, abomasal displacement, or hypocalcemia, typically disorders that are seen at or shortly after calving. Field observations suggest that response to treatment of concurrent disorders is poor if cows have extensive TAG accumulation in the liver. Cows slow to increase in milk production and feed intake after calving are likely to have fatty liver. However, fatty liver is probably the result rather than the cause of poor feed intake.
Fatty liver is often associated with obese cows and is often seen in downer cows Bovine Secondary Recumbency that have decreased feed intake over prolonged periods of time. Overconditioned cows exhibit more pronounced feed intake depression before and after calving than nonobese cows and, therefore, are susceptible to fatty liver. Although obesity predisposes to fatty liver disease, it is not restricted to obese cows. Similarly, obese cows do not necessarily have fatty liver. Other factors thought to potentially predispose to fatty liver disease are clinical and subclinical periparturient hypocalcemia that is associated with hampered insulin secretion, or lameness Overview of Lameness in Cattle The lesions that cause lameness in dairy cows result in intense pain and are a major animal welfare issue. Lameness also causes stress, which debilitates and reduces productivity. The financial... read more in dry cows that is associated with decreased standing and eating times in late gestation and early lactation.
Diagnosis of Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle
Most commonly done indirectly by assessing severity and duration of negative energy balance
The unequivocal diagnosis of fatty liver disease requires the exact determination of the liver lipid or triglyceride content but is of limited clinical value. Indirect indicators such as the severity of clinical signs, blood biochemical parameters allowing assessment of the severity of negative energy balance, and parameters indicative of liver cell injury or altered liver function are generally used in practice.
Direct diagnostic tools for fatty liver are of limited value. Fatty liver is usually diagnosed after the animal has been off feed or has died because of another disease. A positive diagnosis does not mean that clinical signs of illness are the result of fatty liver, and misinterpretation of a positive diagnosis is common.
Liver biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure that is the only direct and most reliable method to determine severity of fatty liver in dairy cattle. Measurement of total lipid or triglyceride content by gravimetric or chemical methods after extraction from tissue by organic solvents is necessary for quantitative assessment; however, these assays are not routinely conducted in commercial laboratories. Estimation of the total lipid content by flotation characteristics of the tissue in copper sulfate solutions of varying specific gravity is rapid, easy, and available for use under field conditions.
Blood and urine metabolites or blood enzyme activity have been proposed as indirect diagnostic parameters. Blood glucose concentrations are low and blood NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations are high when conditions are conducive to the development of fatty liver. Blood cholesterol concentration is usually low when fatty liver occurs, which may reflect an impaired ability of the liver to secrete lipoproteins but can also be a sign of anorexia. AST, glutamate dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase are enzymes of the liver cell that may show increased activity in serum or plasma with liver TAG accumulation and liver damage. The total bilirubin concentration in blood is often positively associated with the NEFA concentration in blood. Blood metabolites or enzymes are nonetheless unreliable indices of the degree of fatty liver, because normal concentrations vary widely among animals. The same problem exists when attempting to determine liver function by measuring sulfobromophthalein clearance from blood.
With the availability of handheld devices allowing cowside testing, measuring beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood has become a popular way to identify herds that may be at risk of developing fatty liver. Measurement of plasma NEFA concentration is more expensive and requires submission of blood samples to a diagnostic laboratory. In addition to wide variations in plasma NEFA concentrations among animals, there can be wide variation in a single individual, because concentrations increase dramatically immediately before and after calving. Therefore, a large number of animals must be sampled at a consistent time relative to calving. Care must be taken not to excite animals before sampling blood, because NEFAs increase rapidly in response to stress; samples should be drawn at standardized times using standardized procedures.
The plasma NEFA concentrations at which triglyceride accumulates in the liver have not been established but are probably ~600 mcM/L and higher. These concentrations are common within 24–48 hours of parturition. However, prolonged exposure of the liver to concentrations >600 mcM/L will likely lead to fatty liver. Primiparous cows are less susceptible to fatty liver during periods of increased plasma NEFAs. Therefore, mature animals should be sampled when using plasma NEFAs as a predictor of fatty liver. To screen a herd for the prevalence and severity of hepatic lipidosis, determination of plasma NEFAs not earlier than 1 week antepartum is recommended. Even though plasma NEFA concentration is a direct parameter for the lipid mobilization and thus the liver lipid accumulation, after parturition the plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration has been found to more accurately reflect the severity of hepatic lipidosis.
Microscopic evaluation can be used to estimate the volume of the tissue occupied by fat. Estimates obtained by this method agree fairly well with chemical determination of triglyceride when expressed as a percentage of tissue dry weight. Mild, moderate, and severe fatty liver are often defined as < 20%, 20%–40%, and >40% fat (percentage of cell volume), respectively, but these values have little meaning relative to impact on physiologic function or clinical signs of the animal. Use of ultrasonography Ultrasonography in Animals Ultrasonography is the second most commonly used imaging format in veterinary practice. It uses ultrasonic sound waves in the frequency range of 1.5–15 megahertz (MHz) to create images of body... read more as an alternative noninvasive procedure is being developed to determine the severity of fatty liver but is not yet routinely available.
Prevention and Treatment of Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle
Prevention is based on identifying at-risk cows and monitoring energy balance.
Treatment of affected cows is primarily supportive.
Prevention of fatty liver disease must focus on optimizing cow animal well-being during the dry period. Crowding, sudden ration changes, limited feed bunk space, heat stress, and lameness all may contribute to the reduction of feed intake in the days and weeks before calving. Excessive body condition at the time of dry-off and factors negatively affecting feed intake in the last weeks of gestation are important risk factors. Cows at increased risk should be identified because they may benefit from individual preventive treatment. Therapy is based on oral administration of gluconeogenic substances, to which parenteral dextrose administration may be added in more severe cases.
Reducing severity and duration of negative energy balance is crucial to prevent fatty liver. This can be achieved by avoiding:
overconditioning cattle
rapid diet changes
unpalatable feeds
periparturient diseases
Cows within a herd should enter the dry period with an average body condition score (BCS) of 3–3.5 (scale: 1 = thin, 5 = obese). Thin cows (BCS ≤2.5) can be fed additional energy during the dry period to replenish condition without fear of causing fatty liver. Overconditioned cattle (BCS ≥4) should not be feed restricted, because this will promote fat mobilization from adipose tissue and increase blood NEFAs and liver triglyceride.
The critical time for prevention of fatty liver is ~1 week before through 1 week after parturition, when cows are most susceptible. Cows that are candidates for preventive measures are those that are overconditioned or starting to go off feed. Propylene glycol, 300–600 mL/day, given as an oral drench during the final week prepartum, has effectively reduced plasma NEFAs and the severity of fatty liver at calving. Propylene glycol can be fed, but feeding may not be as effective if the full dose is not consumed in a short period of time. Glycerol (up to 1 kg/cow, once daily) has been suggested as a less expensive and more palatable alternative to propylene glycol.
Glucose or glucose precursors are effective for the control of ketosis and fatty liver disease because they trigger an insulin response. Insulin is antilipolytic, ie, it decreases lipid mobilization from adipose tissue. A single 100 IU IM dose of a 24-hour, slow-release insulin immediately after calving may be prophylactic. Higher doses may cause severe hypoglycemia and should not be used without concurrent glucose administration. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and insulin production. In contrast to that in nonruminants, the lipolytic effect of glucagon in ruminants is negligible. Glucagon (10 mg/day, IV, for 14 days) is effective at reducing liver triglyceride. In most countries, neither insulin nor glucagon are approved for use in food-producing animals. Niacin is an antilipolytic agent that may have potential for prevention of fatty liver, but unequivocal evidence supporting niacin supplementation of animals at risk is not available.
The efficacy of oral monensin, an ionophore antibiotic for prevention of ketosis and thereby also of fatty liver disease, has been studied extensively. Supplementing dry cows with monensin orally for 4 weeks before calving was found to reduce the risk of developing ketosis and hepatic lipidosis in early lactation, particularly in overconditioned and older cows. The relevant mechanism of action appears to be the modulation of rumen fermentation to increase propionate synthesis. Slow-release oral boluses containing monensin for dry cows are available and have become a popular prophylaxis strategy for cows at increased risk of ketosis.
Approaches to treat fatty liver disease are similar to those used to treat ketosis Ketosis in Cattle Ketosis is an elevated concentration of ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate) in all body fluids. Key clinical signs of ketosis are vague but include anorexia, decreased... read more and depend on the severity of the clinical presentation. Mild cases are often treated with oral doses of propylene glycol (250–300 g/cow, twice a day), glycerol (up to 500 g/cow, twice a day) or sodium propionate (200 g/cow, twice a day). The objective with these treatments is to obtain peaks in blood glucose and thereby peaks in insulin secretion. For this purpose, the mentioned doses are best administered as oral boluses rather then mixed into feed. Glycerol as been suggested as a more palatable alternative to propylene glycol, but it does require considerably larger doses and was found to be less beneficial for the treatment of ketosis. Sodium propionate has the disadvantage of being an alkalizing agent, which may be an issue in anorectic cows that frequently develop metabolic alkalosis. Prolonged treatment with sodium propionate of those cows will exacerbate alkalemia and result in dull demeanor and lethargy.
More severe cases of ketosis and fatty liver disease may be treated with a single or repeated IV bolus administration of 500 mL of 50% dextrose solution and can be combined with the administration of propylene glycol (250 mL, PO, twice a day). The intention behind this treatment is to induce one or several peaks of insulin that would interrupt lipomobilization and ketogenesis. Little of the effect is attributed to the energy provided with dextrose, which is mostly excreted through the mammary glands and kidneys.
More complicated cases can be treated by dextrose administration at a continuous infusion rate of up to 60 g/hour/cow, IV, suitable to increase the plasma glucose concentration to 100–150 mg/dL without surpassing the renal threshold for glucose. Drip infusions, however, are not easily administered in the field, limiting this treatment option to a clinical setting. Although this treatment effectively suppresses lipolysis and ketogenesis, treatment-induced hyperglycemia is likely to negatively affect feed intake. It is therefore advisable to reduce the infusion rate after 2–3 days and to determine whether the animal is able to maintain normoglycemia as the parenteral glucose supply decreases.
Use of glucocorticoids in cows with fatty liver is controversial because of their potential lipolytic effect. Recent literature suggests that short-term treatment with dexamethasone does not induce lipolysis in dairy cows. The gluconeogenic effect of glucocorticoids that is well documented in several monogastric species has thus far not been confirmed in cattle. In cattle, increased blood glucose concentrations after parenteral administration of glucocorticoids have primarily been attributed to an impaired glucose uptake by the mammary gland. In addition, glucocorticoids are thought to have a positive effect on feed intake.
In theory, effective treatments would be those that enhance lipoprotein triglyceride export from the liver. However, compounds that are known lipotropic agents in nonruminants have not been proved to be effective in ruminants. IV administration of choline, inositol, methionine, and vitamin B12 are often suggested as treatments. A combination product containing cyanocobalamin and butaphosphan was found to be beneficial when used as complementary therapy for ketosis together with propylene glycol. Parenteral administration of vitamin B12 improved gluconeogenic activity, at least in hypoglycemic cows. Oral administration of these compounds is not effective because they are degraded in the rumen.
Fatty liver disease is a complication of negative energy balance and ketosis in dairy cows occurring in early lactation.
Prevention of fatty liver disease is identical to prevention of ketosis. Paying attention to cow well-being in the dry period is particularly important to prevent avoidable feed-intake depression. In cows at increased risk, such as obese or older highly productive cows, the preventive use of propylene glycol or monensin may be beneficial.
Therapy is based on the oral administration of gluconeogenic substances over several days, to which IV dextrose infusion may be added in more severe cases. The use of glucocorticoids in this context remains an issue of contentious debate.
Fever of Unknown Origin in Animals


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Tolu, do have a rewarding time as you create during these 31 days. Yes, a completed project, no matter how less than perfect, provides experience and the drive to do more. Thanks.


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Caption: Lab on a chip with herringbone pattern. Inset shows exosomes.
The herringbone motif is familiar as the classic, V-shaped patterned weave long popular in tweed jackets. But the nano-sized herringbone pattern seen here is much more than a fashion statement. It helps to solve a tricky design problem for a cancer-detecting "lab-on-a-chip" device.
A research team, led by Yong Zeng, University of Kansas, Lawrence, and Andrew Godwin at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. previously developed a lab-on-a-chip that senses exosomes. They are tiny bubble-shaped structures that most mammalian cells secrete constantly into the bloodstream . Once thought of primarily as trash bags used by cells to rid themselves of waste products, exosomes carry important molecular information (RNA, protein, and metabolites) used by cells to communicate and influence the behavior of other cells.
What's also interesting, tumor cells produce more exosomes than healthy cells. That makes these 30-to-150-nanometer structures (a nanometer is a billionth of a meter) potentially useful for detecting cancer. In fact, these NIH-funded researchers found that their microfluidic device can detect exosomes from ovarian cancer within a 2-microliter blood sample. That's just 1/25th of a drop!
But there was a technical challenge. When such tiny samples are placed into microfluidic channels, the fluid and any particles within it tend to flow in parallel layers without any mixing between them. As a result, exosomes can easily pass through undetected, without ever touching the biosensors on the surface of the chip.
That's where the herringbone comes in. As reported in Nature Biomedical Engineering, when fluid flows over those 3D herringbone structures, it produces a whirlpool-like effect . As a result, exosomes are more reliably swept into contact with the biosensors.
The team's distinctive herringbone structures also increase the surface area within the chip. Because the surface is also porous, it allows fluid to drain out slowly to further encourage exosomes to reach the biosensors.
The researchers report that their device is sensitive enough to detect just 10 exosomes in a 1-microliter sample. It also could be easily adapted to detect exosomal proteins associated with other cancers, and perhaps other conditions as well.
Zeng and colleagues haven't mentioned whether they're also looking into trying other geometric patterns in their designs. But the next time you see a tweed jacket, just remember that there's more to its herringbone pattern than meets the eye.
 Ultrasensitive microfluidic analysis of circulating exosomes using a nanostructured graphene oxide/polydopamine coating. Zhang P, He M, Zeng Y. Lab Chip. 2016 Aug 2;16(16):3033-3042.
 Ultrasensitive detection of circulating exosomes with a 3D-nanopatterned microfluidic chip. Zhang P, Zhou X, He M, Shang Y, Tetlow AL, Godwin AK, Zeng Y. Nature Biomedical Engineering. February 25, 2019.


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In December 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) released new guidance for job applicants and employees with HIV infection that is particularly applicable to employers in the health care industry. This guidance is applicable not only to applicants and current employees with HIV infection, but also to physicians and other health care providers who treat individuals with HIV infection to the extent their assistance is requested in obtaining workplace accommodations.
The first publication, "Living with HIV Infection: Your Legal Rights in the Workplace Under the ADA," discusses rights provided under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Although the guidance is directed to applicants and employees with HIV infection, there are key takeaways for employers. First, the EEOC emphasizes the workplace privacy rights of those with HIV infection, but reminds individuals that in certain situations an employer may ask medical questions about their condition. Second, HIV infection should be treated as a disability and HIV-positive individuals are protected against discrimination and harassment at work because of the condition. Finally, those with HIV infection may have a legal right to reasonable accommodations at work, which may include altered break and work schedules, changes in supervisory methods (e.g., written instructions from a supervisor), accommodations for visual impairments, ergonomic office furniture, unpaid time off (e.g., for treatment), and reassignment to a vacant position.
The second publication, "Helping Patients with HIV Infection Who Need Accommodations at Work," informs physicians about their HIV-positive patients' rights to reasonable accommodations at work. While the guidance effectively coaches health care providers to advocate for their patients' rights to accommodation, the EEOC reminds providers that that their legal and ethical obligations are not altered by the ADA. Thus, providers should only disclose the medical information if requested by the patient and an appropriate release is signed. Further, providers are reminded not to overstate the need for a particular accommodation in case an alternative accommodation is necessary.
Health care entities should be aware that, in its press release regarding the guidance, the EEOC continues to take the position that HIV-positive employees, even in health care settings, should not be excluded from jobs unless they pose a "direct threat" to safety, a strict standard under the ADA. The EEOC—following CDC guidance—has said that "HIV-positive health care workers who follow standard precautions and who, except in specified circumstances do not perform specially defined exposure-prone invasive procedures, do not pose a safety risks in their employment based on HIV infection." For example, says the EEOC, an HIV-positive phlebotomist who draws blood does not pose a direct threat to patient safety based on her HIV-positive status if she follows standard precautions.
The EEOC guidance makes clear that HIV infection is a disability under the ADA. Employers should be aware that applicants and employees have a right to privacy and, in most situations, need not reveal the exact diagnosis of their medical illness. Employers should not unnecessarily inquire about the exact illness diagnosis if it is not needed for the purposes of determining reasonable accommodations. Most importantly, health care employers should not use stereotypes or misinformation in evaluating patient safety implications for those employees with HIV infection. Even in safety sensitive positions, an HIV-positive health care employee generally poses no safety risk when using standard precautions. Health care employers should make sure that their front-line supervisors are also aware of the rights of their subordinates who may have HIV infection.


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Users, Accounts, Identities and Roles
In my previous post on modeling identity I showed how to decouple identities from accounts. Here is a more in depth look at how and when to separate all the pieces of a user's data from one another.
What is a user?
Applications typically have an object that models the user, but strictly speaking this is not really the user. The user is the human operating the user agent that interacts with the application.
The object approximating the human is a number of different things:
An identifier the human uses to authenticate
A collection of the user's data
An entity that acts on behalf of the user when interacting with the system
What's important to realize is that these things are actually separate parts of what the concept of a user means the system. Even if you roll all of them into a single class you should be able to make the distinction, and be able to break them out into separate objects should the need arise.
Whenever the representation of users in your database is too limiting, it's usually a direct consequence of the different aspects of the users' representation being lumped into a single user entity.
Refined concepts
Having a language with which to talk about a problem space is a vital tool for understanding and solving a problem. Here are some terms for this domain:
The human using the application in meatspace
The software through which the user interacts with the application
A verifiable identifier for the user (e.g. a username)
Concrete data owned by the user (e.g. a user profile or user authored data)
An entity with a goal in the system; something that performs operations on the data
A set of behaviors assumed by an actor
There is significant overlap in these terms:
For the duration of a session, user agent is synonymous with the user. Humans aren't made of software, so that's as close as the application will get. But this relationship is transient, the same user could use another user agent at a later point.
For the application to treat the user agent as if it were the user it must prove an identity. Typically the identity is a username and a shared secret is used for verification, demonstrating that the meat operating the user agent is who it claims to be.
The system stores any information about the user in the user's account data.
All actions in the system are carried out by an actor. In order to perform an action this actor assumes a role.
The tricky part is that the word "user" can be used to vaguely describe every one of these terms, usually without problems. However, when there is a need for a distinction this causes confusion.
So When does "user" break down? Whenever you need to have multiple instances of these entities, associated with a single human.
Roles solve the problem of needing separate access levels for different users.
A naive solution for multiple access levels involves an access level number (or even just a super user flag) that assigns additional privileges in the system, but it's very hard to change the access controls or to add finer grained permissions. If you assign each permission to each user separately this data quickly becomes unmaintainable as well.
Role based access control is a well understood solution to this problem. Permissions are assigned to roles, and roles, in turn, are assigned to users. I won't explain RBAC, it's far too broad a topic (Google is your friend). The point I'm trying to make is that this useful abstraction relies on decoupling the notion of who the user is from what the user is allowed to do.
Taking a page from capability based systems, instead of using roles as simple data you could even use them as the actual entry point to privileged operations. If the user doesn't have access to the role then sensitive operations are not blocked, they are simply inaccessible.
This is a compelling case for making roles a first class entity in the system. Most applications won't need such flexible authorization, but for the applications that do this is a powerful abstraction.
Suppose you have 3 roles: Guest, Unprivileged, and Administrator, these roles can be associated with very fine grained permissions. User agents representing unidentified users only have access to the Guest role, but logged in users can perform operations enabled by any other roles they've been granted.
If Administrator is needs to be split up into Moderator and Superuser, most of the code remains unchanged, and the operation that updates the existing user data is simple too, so making this change go live is relatively low risk.
Supporting multiple identities is another fairly well understood problem, at least recently. Many applications are starting to support OpenID authentication, and usually existing users expect to be able to associate their existing account with a new ID.
Another example is when Yahoo bought Flickr. Flickr suddenly had two keyspaces for identities, Yahoo IDs, and Flickr usernames, both of which mapped to a single account keyspace.
If you model identities as standalone data that references a user (as opposed to being a primary or surrogate key of the user) then you can easily integrate orthogonal authentication mechanisms like RPX, SSL certificates, or just simple usernames/passwords, without polluting any code except the authentication layer. The rest of the code can stay concerned with only the user account the IDs map to.
In this case I'm referring to actors in the UML sense, not the actor model sense.
I don't have a positive example for multiple actor support, but there are plenty of negative ones.
First and foremost is Google Apps. I've often wished I could access my work email/calendar from my personal account. Since my personal account will likely outlive my work account I don't want to use it for work or vice versa, but I still need to access the data from both. Fortunately for me email forwarding takes care of pretty much everything, but it's not a real solution.
Instead of being able to quickly switch contexts, I need to copy all the data into one place. Google knows I have access to my work email through forwarding so it lets me pretend I am sending email from there when I'm using my personal account, but there's still no segmentation.
Linode is another example. In order to manage work vs. non work machines I need to log out and log back in using a different account.
Hypothetically, the two actors that would act on my behalf in a these examples would be "Yuval the employee of Infinity Interactive" and "Yuval the unique snowflake". These are both extensions of my person, but they serve different purposes.
While an identity identifies the user from the outside, an actor identifies a user inside the system.
In a simple system there usually isn't a strong case for multiple accounts, except when consolidating two accounts (a rare occurrence). Multiple accounts are usually an artifact of not supporting multiple actors.
However, if privacy or segmentation is a needed (suppose I would like to keep my personal data hidden from my colleagues) it becomes much more relevant. Unlike the other abstractions making this distinction is the responsibility of the user, not the application, so this is a niche feature.
Websites like MyOpenID or Plaxo support contextual profiles ("personas" in MyOpenID), allowing you to use separate data in separate contexts. This masquerading ability is an important feature in the services they provide due to the sensitivity of the data, but would be useful in many other sites, especially social networks.
Multiple accounts also facilitate shared accounts. A good example is twitter accounts for projects. These accounts don't represent a single human (usually the humans operating them have separate accounts), and the limitations are pretty painful:
The password is shared by all the collaborators
Another user agent must be used (or the user's personal session must be terminated) to operate the shared account
Lightweight context switching would solve this. A single identity could be used to authenticate the user to the application, and access all the accounts the user should have access to.
Accounts are closely related to actors. While accounts encapsulate the data belonging to user, actors define how a user interacts with other data.
Tying it all together
So here is my "mega ultimate" model for user data. This is contained in a single transient (session bound) user agent object, with multiple delegates.
These delegates are all broken out of the single user object. What remains of this object is a thin shell that unifies all of the delegates for a single user. This object represents the actual human, and all of the different objects they have access to.
The user object is static, it serves as the hub through which all other objects are associated. The user agent object is dynamic, it defines what is known about a user for the duration of a session.
The user agent object lives inside the session data.
Every "login" action creates an authentication token.
This authentication token marks an identity as verified in the user agent.
An identity is associated with the central user object.
A user object has access to multiple accounts.
Each account has any number of actors through which the user interacts with data outside of the account.
Each actor has of any number roles through which the it performs operations on that data.
The object representing the user agent needs to pick the appropriate delegate for each operation, and in most cases there is one obvious delegate to use.
Here is a diagram for the objects modeling an authenticated user:
The user agent object is responsible for picking the "active" instance of each of the multiple possible values.
In this case the user has a single user account. This account has access to two different data contexts through two actors, Work and Personal. There are only two roles in this system, Unprivileged which doesn't require authentication, and Known User which is just a default role for authenticated users. The user has registered both a username an OpenID.
The data in the dashed box has a lifetime of a single session, and represents the current set of behaviors the user is assuming, while the data on the right is persistent and represents anything the user can be.
The user signed in using the username, and is currently operating in the Work context. The Work actor's assigned roles are currently active.
Conversely, an unauthenticated user agent only has the guest role active, and makes no user data available:
A sign in action upgrades the guest user agent to an authenticated one by adding the auth token, which enables access to the full user data.
All activity that is made possible by the Unprivileged role is available to both unauthenticated and authenticated users, but actions that require a signed in user must be performed through the Known User role.
Here are some of the of the possibilities of this overengineering marvel:
Logging into the same account with different credentials.
Allowing an administrator to act as another user.
Accessing different data contexts (e.g. work vs. personal).
Shared accounts with proper segmentation of private data.
Fine grained privacy controls.
Fine grained, extensible permissions model.
Account consolidation process is obvious.
Stable internal identifiers.
These features aren't easy to implement with a single canonical user object whose ID is its primary key, and where all the data is stored as simple attributes of this objects.
YAGNI
Forget the "ultimate" model. It's overkill.
What's important is to merely understand the distinction between the different concepts. Most of the time you don't actually need to implement this distinction, a single user object will suffice.
Just make sure you know when and where to break things down into smaller bits, and don't do things that will prevent you from refactoring this in the future. When you need to implement one of those tricky features, avoid ad-hoc workarounds. In the long run, without having clear separation of concepts you're likely to end up with denormalized user data and inconsistent behavior.
Using duck typing (or roles or interfaces) you can simply treat your user object as an account/role/actor/identity object in the relevant parts of your code. As long as you keep the separation of the concepts clear in the usage, making the switch towards a separate first class object in the actual representation is a simple matter of refactoring.
The tradeoff of creating more abstraction layers provides, as always, flexibility at the cost of complexity. Often times we resort to inferior workarounds because they seem simpler, when in truth they are just dumbing down the problem. KISS is not a synonym for "half assed".
Apart from a few nits these concepts map pretty well Catalyst applications, using the existing authentication framework.
Using multiple distinct identities might require a bit of magic, as most user stores assume a user is an identity, instead of a user having multiple identity delegates.
By default you can still have multiple identities per user, but the user to identity relationship is-a, instead of has-a. The object that ends up in $c->user must also be the object negotiating the authentication sequence.
If you just treat each Catalyst level user object as an identity, and have the "real" user object become a delegate of that. The problem here is that of naming: $c->user->user can get pretty confusing when it really means $c->authenticated_identity->user.
Alternatively, the realm object can traverse the identity objects, and work with the "central" user object directly. In this approach $c->user is the user agent object.
A fully fledged user agent object would require custom work, as it must be tailored to your application's model of user data.
Secondly, the RBAC plugin provides a controller level predicate check for roles. The roles I've been describing in this post are more involved. Each user has role instances that are actual objects in the model. The model is manipulated by calling methods on these objects. The low level operations are still implemented by the corresponding model objects, but the controller actions invoked by the user don't access them directly, they are proxied by the roles.
Obviously the RBAC plugin can still check for the existence of these roles in order to generate simpler access violation errors earlier in the control flow, but it's no longer required to enforce the roles, enforcing is done using a safer capabilities inspired approach.
Finally, actors and accounts are purely application specific abstractions. If required, they are your responsibility to implement in the model, not the responsibility of a plugin or framework.
I'd like to thank Chris Prather for his input and for inspiring this article in the first place by patientlty listening to my ranting as he was trying to rewrite the authentication subsystem of his IRC bots.
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Labels: authentication, catalyst, identity, openid, perl
Another awesome and enlightening article. There should be a example implementation in the CatalystX::Demo namespace for the ultimate win.
In my current webapp @work we have a lot of this (tokens, identities, user, and roles), but the user_agent to tied them all together will cleanup a lot of stuff.
One thing that I don't see how you would support is this: Allowing an administrator to act as another user.
We have that, and basically, in the user_agent we need to have a effective_user_id and a real_user_id (like UNIX). All the internal accounting API's will use the real_user_id to log who did what, but permissions and views use the effective_user_id.
I don't see that in your model, so I don't see how you can support something like this.
Also, I don't think this should be tied to the Catalyst framework. Our system lives totally outside of catalyst, and we only have a root chain where all others start that associates the current request with a user session. This way we reuse all of this with Web API, mail agent, and with crons (each cron creates a "session" to run under).
nothingmuch said...
@john: I'm not sure that's a good idea, this is an overwhelming design that addresses anything and everything. A major point in the post is that IMHO people should only implement the parts that they need, when they need them
@melo:
Allowing an administrator act as another user is a transient modeling issue. The user agent abstraction's active roles/actors/accounts don't have to match the persistent structure.
By swapping out the user agent for one constructed using values from the target user, you are effectively becoming that user.
This "sudo" user agent could have enough metadata to figure out what the real user is, but it still conceptually models the identity/permissions/context that the user agent is assuming at this moment.
In terms of tying it to Catalyst - I agree, in principle the authentication/authorization model is agnostic of the web framework (it lives entirely in the "model" in Catalyst terms), but the existing auth framework does solve the 90% case, and is a huge time saver for when you don't need a fully custom solution just yet.
You can take it or leave it. If you only want to use it to maintain session data (or not even that), that's fine, but you can also let it take care of user retrieval/storage and credential validation.
mo said...
Thanks for that great article. I'd love to read more of that kind.
You have an amazing gift to abstract problems in their smallest single components. And that's the way relational systems work :-)
nothingmuch
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


the center of a cyclonic storm, the area of lowest pressure and of comparative calm.
a center of disturbance, tumult, or trouble: The housing bubble was the storm center of the economic collapse.
A dozen details combined to make "The Conquerors" a storm-center.
For a time on Monday, September 27th, it was the storm-center of battle.
Clarke had been early to the storm-center; yet, of all the investigators, Clarke alone was not more or less disheveled.
Kellyan, safe up the tree, got no fair view to shoot—could only wait till the storm-center cleared a little.
They worked under cover, less openly than in the old days, but still a storm-center of trouble.
The point of lowest barometric pressure within the central area of a storm.


The term "unconscious biases" signifies unconscious cognitive perception distortions, which, according to evolutionary theory, allow more rapid uptake and processing of information. At this time, more than 175 cognitive distortions have been identified; these have been categorized and graphically represented by John Manoogian in the Cognitive Bias Codex.
An example of unconscious bias is prejudice, i.e., personal valuation (positive or negative) of groups. Unconscious biases also include stereotypes, whereby groups are categorized according to certain features and characteristics.
Unconscious biases influence the way people act and make decisions. Since the biases are unconscious, they cannot be actively controlled and therefore can lead to unconscious discrimination.
These patterns of thought are not situation-specific and can occur in private as well as professional contexts. Hence, they also influence leadership decisions. Uncovering the effects of biases requires taking a closer look. They appear in the form of implicit norms, career barriers or societal role models. The extent of their impact is often underestimated. Unconscious bias can also be found in specific company-relevant endeavours, such as recruiting or talent development.
Managers who are aware of the effects of unconscious biases lead differently. They concentrate on the various personalities on their team and reflect on their own behaviour vis-à-vis individual team members. This practice is an element of the inclusive leadership approach.
Inclusive leaders are more aware of prejudices and stereotypes and thus can make decisions more consciously. If you are interested in this leadership approach, please contact me!


The event coordinator at our venue recommended Jake and we are so glad we took her up on the referral. Jake is fantastic! Our first consultation with him, turned into a big discussion about music. That is when we knew for sure he was the right choice for our wedding ceremony and cocktail reception.
Scott and I both lean towards indie and alternative music so the typical wedding songs were not our cup of tea. Jake certainly rose to the challenge and was able to find the perfect balance between our tastes, the atmosphere we envisioned creating, and the various musical tastes of our guests. He also learned a new song for us to walk down the aisle. Hearing him play it just as I was about to walk down set the stage for a perfect evening.
Thank you so much, Jake, for helping us create a unique and very fun evening.


The next meeting of the Legislative committee will be on January 30 at noon at the offices of Seattle Law and Mediation, P.S. 1214 4th Ave, Suite 940, Seattle. Call in information is posted above.
This is an important meeting during this early part of the legislative session. Included on the agenda is the new proposed International Commercial Arbitration Act, HB 2169, the pending Early Mediation of Parenting bill , HB 1353, our upcoming seminar on early mediation set February 14, Advisory Opinion 2223, the newly formed task force on standards and certification of mediators, identification of research projects and much more!
On Friday, January 17, the House Judiciary Committee is holding a hearing on HB2169, International Commercial Arbitration Act in Olympia at 1:30 pm. Anyone interested in attending should contact the Legislative Committee Chair, Paul McVicker.
I'll be on the call.
Very intrigued by the "newly formed task force on standards and certification of mediators." Is there any source for news or developments on this you could share a link to before we meet?
Will be good to hear your voice and to have your input.
The task force was recently formed following some informal discussion among the participating groups which are the ADR Section, Resolution Washington, Washington Mediation Association, and Washington Association of Family Courts and Conciliation. The first meeting of the task force was this past Monday. So far, no links to share. Our committee meeting will be prior to the next meeting of the task force. Alan Alhadeff is the ADR Section representative to the task force. There will be opportunity for participation by others.


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Kia Retona — внедорожник от Kia Motors. Являлся гражданской версией военного южнокорейского джипа Kia KM420. Создан на шасси Kia Sportage первого поколения. Колёсная формула — 4×4. Тип кузова — трёхдверный хэтчбек. Масса — 1510 кг.

Двигатель дизельный, двухлитровый, мощностью 61 кВт (83 л. с.).

Производился в 1999—2003 годах. Главными конкурентами на европейском рынке были Suzuki Jimny, Lada Niva и SsangYong Korando.

Примечания

Retona
Внедорожники

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


LAUREN Brant has announced she is expecting her second child with Barry Hall.
The former Hi-5 performer took to social media to share the exciting news that she and the AFL legend are expecting a baby boy due in June 2019.
"Someone to play cars with... Someone to give cuddles to... Someone to share my food with... Someone to kick the footy to," Brant wrote alongside a string of adorable photographs of the couple's 18-month old son Miller on Instagram.
The images, shot by Tweed Coast Photography, show Miller with ultrasound images, toys, fruit and a football.
Speaking to Who magazine, Brant, 29, revealed she is 15 weeks pregnant.
"It was a bit stressful trying initially but everyone's advice about not trying is good, because as soon as we stopped thinking about it, we got pregnant," she told the publication.
Hall, 41, told Who the couple had always planned to have four children together.
"Hopefully they can entertain each other," he told the magazine.
The news follows a difficult months for the pair after Hall's dismissal from Triple M over offensive on-air comments about the pregnant wife of ex-St Kilda player Leigh Montagna.
Brant, who recently launched her own kids' clothes range loliboli, previously told The Courier-Mail they planned to relocate from the Gold Coast to Melbourne.
Hall now works for non-bank lender Money Tech and auto parts shop Castlemaine Rod Shop and has been commuting between the two cities.


Traditionally, providers have referred patients who needed magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) to other facilities like imaging centers or hospitals. Patients who required therapeutic footwear were also referred elsewhere. Now, the Foot & Ankle Center has added two new niche services to its practice.
According to Dr. John Sigle, the founder of the Foot & Ankle Center, "In keeping with our goal to provide a one-stop shop for clients, we recently opened two new auxiliary services. We have the only open extremity MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and operate a one-of-a-kind foot and ankle products store in central Illinois." Read More.


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Home › Overview › Executive Management › Roger D. Silk, Ph.D.
Roger D. Silk, Ph.D.
Roger D. Silk is widely recognized as a leading expert in the field of private foundations and charitable trusts. As a founder and board member of several non-profit organizations, former bond trader at the World Bank, and Stanford-trained Ph.D. economist, Dr. Silk possesses a unique blend of experience, practical knowledge, and theoretical insight which have enabled him to help build Sterling into the market leader that it is today.
Dr. Silk's expertise in the non-profit field is particularly deep. He has helped multi-million-dollar non-profits rethink how they do business and has led the complete restructuring of several charitable organizations. He has developed a wide range of successful philanthropic projects for clients. Projects include such diverse areas as development of scientific research laboratories, design of measurement programs to gauge the effectiveness of scholarship programs, preservation of environmentally sensitive areas through scenic easements, and development of curriculum for use in high schools nationwide.
As both a speaker and an author, Dr. Silk has educated a wide audience on a variety of issues related to private foundations. His articles have appeared in magazines such as Estate Planning, Philanthropy, the Journal of Financial Planning and Trusts & Estates. Dr. Silk is the author of two important studies relating to the optimal use of charitable vehicles in various tax planning contexts. He has spoken to audiences around the country on the types and uses of charitable entities, and has worked closely with one of the world's five largest banks to demonstrate the role private foundations can play for wealthy clients. Dr. Silk is a member of the Trusts and Estates editorial advisory board for philanthropic matters.
Dr. Silk has worked with numerous investment, financial planning, and legal professionals to educate them, their firms, and their clients about the benefits and characteristics of private foundations and other charitable structures. Dr. Silk has more than a decade and a half of experience in sophisticated tax and charitable planning for wealthy individuals and families. Having managed multi-billion-dollar portfolios for institutions such as the World Bank and created investment portfolios for wealthy individuals, he understands the broad variety of investment and taxation issues that arise in charitable contexts.
Dr. Silk earned a Ph.D. and an M.A. in applied economics from Stanford University, as well as a B.A. in economics (with distinction). He is the author, along with James Lintott, of Creating a Private Foundation (2003) and Managing Foundations and Charitable Trusts (2011).
"We make a living by what we get; We make a life by what we give." --Winston Churchill


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Casing The White House
Yesterday evening I was on my way across town for dinner so I made sure my route passed by the White House. With the newly paved pedestrian mall (underground bunker) completed, the north side of the White House is a nice area in the evening. As I walked east along the north fence, right at the spot where everyone takes pictures, I looked up to see Sen. John McCain walking past me in the opposite direction. I was a bit confused since I wasn't expecting to see a U.S. senator near that part of the White House (he was walking from the Treasury side of the White House towards the OEB side, not exactly the entry and exit point for high-profile visitors). I was also surprised to see McCain without any staff tagging along and nowhere near any place where a car might be waiting.
What was McCain doing walking past the White House? Making a checklist of how he would redo the north lawn landscaping in three years when he's president? Checking up on Cheney to make sure he didn't have his own waterboard operation going on in the Vice President's suite? Getting his measurements taken so that the vendor who sells pictures of tourists with a cardboard likeness of the president is ready come January 2009? Consulting with the crazy anti-nuke tent lady camped out in Lafayette Square about staying the course in Iraq? The possibilities are endless really.
11:56 AM in DC | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Review: Billy Goat Tavern, Washington DC
I went to the brand new Washington, D.C. location of Chicago's famous Billy Goat Tavern this past weekend, and to put it succinctly, I was horrified. For anyone who has been to the legendary Billy Goat Tavern on lower Michigan Avenue in Chicago, where the smell of grease is strong, where every surface is covered with Chicago Tribune clippings, where the Cubs rule, where pictures of goats and Tribune columnists adorn the walls, and where there is no Pepsi (only Coke) and no fries (only chips), the shock of the pristine Starbuck'd location and feel of the D.C. branch of this fine Chicago institution would be too much to bear.
Not only were there chips and Coke on the menu, but there were even White Sox pennants hanging behind the bar and above the condiment station! The White Sox! In the Billy Goat Tavern! That is blasphemous (unless, of course, it is some roundabout way of transferring the Cubs' curse to the White Sox, in which case I'm all for it).
Furthermore, there was a sign welcoming both elephants and donkeys, something that would be unheard of in the Chicago original where, during the Republican convention of 1944 in Chicago, a sign went up proclaiming "No Republicans Allowed." Perhaps this concession is a political necessity in a political city, but it still goes against the grain of the Billy Goat Tavern tradition.
The burgers are identical, though the buns lack the grease-infusion offered by the decades old grill surface in the Michigan Avenue original. And again, there were chips and Coke. That's a slap in the face to tradition.
I think I will be reserving my Billy Goat visits for the Chicago original. This D.C. location has sold out and sold out badly.
11:52 AM in DC, Reviews | Permalink | Comments (6) | TrackBack (1)
Worth A Read
The Winter issue of The Washington Quarterly, the international policy journal I currently work for, is now available online. Check it out. There is a section of five articles on various aspects of U.S.-China relations, as well as a spattering of articles included in our "Provocations" section about defeating insurgencies, German foreign policy, the legacy of the Soviet era in Russian political culture, and the future prospects of the European Union, among other topics. It's worth a read, especially if you're feeling particularly wonkish today.
02:10 PM in DC, Media | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
The Nuge Chimes In
However unintentional, it seems to be Kenyon Week here at Nothing Aside. This time the contributor is none other than Kenyon's president, S. Georgia Nugent (affectionately known as "The Nuge" or "G. Nugget" by students). Writing as part of a series on colleges for Slate, Nugent takes up the issue of moral and ethical development as an important part of one's complete education. Perhaps she has been spending a bit of time in Horowitz House with our esteemed Political Science faculty?
But what of the emphasis on moral development? On the same national survey of faculty, only 69 percent identified "developing moral character" as the most important aspect of a college education, and only 39 percent chose "enhancing spiritual development." When I have asked my faculty colleagues their views, they say they are too "modest" to assert the ability to develop moral character and too wary, in today's political climate, to meddle in students' spiritual development. Perhaps it's time for me and my fellow presidents to draft the syllabus for that capstone course in metaphysics with which the presidents used to send their graduates off into the world.
What would be the syllabus for such a course? My response—not at all flippant—would be: It doesn't matter. What I'm talking about is not a required reading list; rather it is an experience of understanding and growth that might take a myriad of forms. The goal is not mastery of a subject but maturity as an adult—attaining a degree of self-understanding, an appreciation for the limits of the human condition, empathy for others, and a sense of responsibility for civil society. For me, as a classicist, the syllabus would probably focus on the Homeric epics and Greek tragedy. These texts have, to my mind, almost unparalleled power to anchor us in the world and confront us with both our wrenching limitations and our soaring possibilities as human beings. But for another colleague, the entire syllabus would be Melville's Moby Dick; for another, such a course would consist of teaching his students to construct a scientific instrument by hand; for a fourth, the course might be organic chemistry taught inductively through group discussion. What matters is not the subject but the sensibility. In fact, each of these hypothetical courses is one I have known a fine faculty member to teach, in a way that offered not information "to pass the exam" but the wisdom of a life-changing experience.
Kenyon's emphasis on the roots of the liberal arts education are, I think, stronger than most schools like it. For the best example of what Kenyon is all about though, I must refer back to the speech given by David Foster Wallace at my commencement last May.
Now that I am out of Kenyon, I really see how unique the liberal arts education is and how far it can take students. Too often here in Washington I find myself surrounded by overly-ambitious students (often from George Washington University, though the others are no less guilty) who don't know the first thing about political philosophy, the roots of our socio-political motivations or our responsibility to civic virtue. Since their first day of college they have been studying "Eastern European Security Issues", "Weapons Proliferation in Latin America" or some other equally admirable yet obscure and precise topic. All of these classes and subjects are of great interest, but without the theory behind the practice, what good is it all? If you don't know what Rousseau is blabbering on about, or don't comprehend why Aristotle would bother with a few words on political ethics, each real world crisis of our present day will be an unnerving surprise. If we have the right "sensibility" and the right degree of "self-understanding", as Nugent says, we'll be prepared to face what comes next with confidence and control. That is what a true education is all about.
11:12 AM in DC, Education, Political Theory | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Election 2005: A Recap
Yesterday was election day in various parts of the country. Here in Virginia there was the hotly contested race for governor between former state Attorney General Jerry Kilgore (R) and Lt. Governor Tim Kaine (D). Here are the final results:
Kaine (D) - 52%
Kilgore (R) - 46%
Potts (I) - 2%
In the Lt. Governor race, Republican Bill Bolling squeaked by Democrat Leslie Byrne:
Bolling (R) - 51%
Byrne (D) - 49%
The third state-wide race was for Attorney General and as of this morning, it was still up in the air:
McDonnell (R) - 50%
Deeds (D) - 50%
Across the country Democrats did well for themselves. Senator Jon Corzine won the New Jersey governor race with ease. He will now have to appoint his own replacement in the U.S. Senate - a crucial decision for Democrats, who face an uphill battle in that 2006 senate race. The likely Republican opponent will be Tom Kean Jr., son of the former governor and chairman of the 9/11 commission. But here are yesterday's results:
Corzine (D) - 53%
Forrester (R) - 44%
Elsewhere, efforts to reform the redistricting process in Ohio failed (sigh). In Maine a gay marriage ban actually failed. I think that is the first state to reject such a ban. Meanwhile, in Texas voters added yet another amendment to their constitution: one that bans gay marriage, but which may also ban heterosexual marriage as well (oops). In the New York mayoral race, Bloomberg (R) cruised to an easy victory. That was to be expected.
What really troubles me is what happened in California. Arnold had put four ballot initiatives up for consideration and all of them were rejected. Democrats in the state are cheering, and the lefties at Daily Kos are blindly following that lead, but this seems totally misguided. Let's look at what the propositions intend to do:
Proposition 74 would increase from two years to five years the amount of time it would take before public school teachers could get tenure. This seems entirely reasonable to me. Of course this was opposed by the teachers' union and Democrats put partisanship before principle and campaigned to reject this completely reasonable proposal.
Proposition 75 would require public sector unions to get the consent of their members before making contributions to political campaigns. Again, this seems only reasonable. Union leaders shouldn't be deciding the politics of their membership without getting approval of those members. Again, Democrats, and the teachers' union opposed this and it failed by a similar 48%-51% margin. They argued that this was nothing but a move by Republicans to limit the power of Democrats since most public sector unions side with Democrats. Well duh. But why does that ipso facto make it a bad thing?
Proposition 76 would have imposed spending limits that would have handcuffed the state in any attempts to correct its out of shape budget problems. This was rejected, as it should have been.
Proposition 77 dealt with redistricting. Instead of having California's congressional districts drawn by the hyper-partisan state legislature, districts would be created by a panel of retired judges who would be free of partisan influences and, presumably, would be able to draw districts that resulted in fair and competitive congressional races. Democrats opposed this proposition because they felt that it would reduce their power and they could potentially lose some seats. Well of course it would result in some lost seats. But it should also result in some new seats as well and if a party is confident in its electoral program it shouldn't fear competitive elections. One of the biggest problems in American politics today is the number of congressional elections that are won by 30%+. That is simply ridiculous. Every state should take note of the success and stronger democracy that has arisen in Iowa and Arizona, where just such a non-partisan commission is responsible for slicing up the state. This is good for democracy and it is should have been good for California.
All of these propositions failed. That is a disgrace. Democrats should not be cheering just because they made Arnold look weaker by rejecting all his ideas. They should have looked at the merits of the issues before them and thought about how it would effect democracy, not just their own narrow interests. Consider this another reason why I am wary of the power of unions in the Democratic Party.
10:18 AM in DC, Domestic Politics, Election 2006 | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Kilgore's Political Suicide
Jerry Kilgore must really not want to win the Virginia governor race. He must be trying to throw it to his opponent, Democrat Tim Kaine.
There really is no other explanation other than that to expain this late news that Kilgore will be campaigning with President Bush on Monday. Why is this bad for Kilgore? Just take a look at another blaring headline on WashingtonPost.com:
"Bush's Popularity Reaches New Low, 58 Percent in Poll Question His Integrity"
Bush isn't just a bad luck charm, he is radioactive. His approval rating is only 39% while his disapproval is at 60%! There is not a single issue on which a majority approve of Bush's policy choices. For the first time since September 11 more people disapprove of his handling of terrorism than approve. Meanwhile, two-thirds of those polled give him negative marks on his handling of ethical issues. 68% of the respondents thought the country was off course. 47% say they strongly disapprove of Bush. That is an incredible number considering there is another choice for those who simply "disapprove."
Why would Kilgore want to be seen anywhere near Bush right now? It makes no sense. But I'm not complaining.
04:44 PM in DC, Domestic Politics | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Crazy Things Heard On The Metro
Ah, and so it begins: the first installment of Crazy Things Heard On The Metro. Frankly, I'm surprised it took me a week to hear something ridiculous on the DC metro. If you are at all familiar with Overheard In New York, you'll immediately understand where this comes from.
Today's installment comes from a woman who was otherwise silent, but who would say the most random things moments after the doors closed at each stop. First there was this:
Can you imagine how many Chinese are on the New York subway? They're everywhere! Chase Manhattan said, 'if you're Chinese you're everywhere'."
Um. Ok. Mind you, she wasn't saying this to anyone in particular. She was just saying it. Then there was this gem:
If you're Chinese and like my sister, you should - there's a million Chinese - you should move to Michigan.
Hmm. Good to know, I guess. All these references to things Chinese were throwing me for a loop since at the very moment she was saying these things I was half-heartedly reading this Economist article. For a moment I was very confused.
08:24 PM in DC | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


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News and announcements from University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Single Mother Who Left College to Care for Autistic Son Earns Bachelor's Degree 15 Years Later
In 2006, Veronica Tess Myers, of Little Rock, made the difficult decision to leave college to ensure her son, Alexander, got the education he deserved. Myers promised herself that she would one day return to complete her college education. "I started my college journey at UA Little Rock in 2000, and then stopped out in 2006 due to the dynamics of being a single mother and to take care of my profoundly autistic son, Alexander," Myers said. Fifteen years later, Myers fulfilled her lifelong goal of completing college and graduated from UA Little Rock with a bachelor's degree in applied communication at the end of the fall 2021 semester.
Graduation - Jan 4
Joseph Bianchi Earns UA Little Rock Wrestling Program's First Weekly Pac-12 Honor
Joseph Bianchi has been selected as the Pac-12 Wrestler of the Week, the first-ever weekly conference honor for the Little Rock wrestling program in just its third year competing. The Two Rivers, Wisconsin native earned a 5-0 decision as the Trojans battled #4 Oklahoma State at home this past weekend, bringing his record to 10-4 on the season.
Sports - Jan 12
The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi Inducts New Members
The following people recently were initiated into The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, the nation's oldest and most selective collegiate honor society for all academic disciplines.
Honor Society - Jan 11
Trojan Student-Athletes Post Top Grades in Fall Semester
UA Little Rock student-athletes posted another superb semester in the classroom, posting a departmental 3.28 GPA during the fall 2021 semester. The cumulative department GPA for the Trojans is 3.39, setting another impressive record for Little Rock student-athletes. The performance extends the department's impressive streak of semesters above a 3.00 to 17-straight, continuing to showcase Little Rock's commitment to success in the classroom.
Academic competition - Jan 4
Jaelle Carlson Collects MVC Swimmer of the Week Honors
Jaelle Carlson has been selected as the Missouri Valley Conference's Swimmer of the Week, announced the conference on Dec. 21. The freshman standout collected first-place finishes in both individual events as well as two relays at last week's dual against North Texas, earning her first league recognition of her career.
Sports - Jan 4
Black Law Students Association heads to trial competition with help from Rose Law Firm
UA Little Rock's William H. Bowen School of Law chapter of the Black Law Students Association will be sending two trial teams to the national Constance Baker Motley Mock Trial Competition in early 2022. This is thanks to Rose Law Firm, who generously sponsored the entry fee for both teams.
Academic competition - 2021 Dec 21
UA Little Rock Graduate Finds Success While Supporting the Community
Anitrea Graydon is a wife, mother of two, a student, a business owner, and community volunteer from Jacksonville, Arkansas. She will receive a Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice degree from UA Little Rock on Dec. 18. She is not only a dedicated community leader, but she worked consistently to maintain a 4.0 GPA throughout her academic career.
Graduation - 2021 Dec 16
UA Little Rock Public History Graduate Spotlight on Acadia Roher
Acadia Roher is graduating this month with a master's degree in public history from UA Little Rock. After completing her thesis, "Urban Renewal in Little Rock's Dunbar Historic Neighborhood: A Walking Tour," the new graduate from New Orleans will begin her career as a historical research associate in Maryland.
Arkansas Small Business and Technology Development Center Creates Startup Team to Help More Entrepreneurs Achieve Their Dreams
The Arkansas Small Business and Technology Development Center (ASBTDC), based at UA Little Rock, has created a Startup Team that is helping new entrepreneurs bring their business ideas to life. The Startup Team, which began this fall, specializes in assisting clients who have never been in business or had to learn about business before, including entrepreneurs who are turning a hobby into a business or creating a new business from scratch.
Business/professional - 2021 Dec 16
UA Little Rock Public History Graduate Spotlight on Christy Hendricks
A UA Little Rock Student is graduating this fall with a master's degree in public history. Christy Hendricks, a native of Ward, Arkansas, will graduate Dec. 18. For her thesis, Hendricks made a comprehensive interpretation analysis of the Quapaw Native Americans and created fact sheets for the Arkansas Post National Memorial Visitors Center that would further the knowledge of Native American history in the area of Arkansas Post.
UA Little Rock Graduate with a Passion for Green Energy is Putting His Engineering Skills to Work at Little Rock Startup
Joseph Sepulveda, of Cabot, Arkansas, is fulfilling his dream of making the world a better place by designing solar arrays at an up and coming Little Rock startup company. Sepulveda will graduate Dec. 18 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from UA Little Rock. Since May, Sepulveda has worked as a solar coordinator at Entegrity Energy Partners, where he is responsible for designing, constructing, and selling solar arrays.
Air Force Veteran Finishes UA Little Rock Degree 25 Years Later
Robert Alvarez, of Upper Marlboro, Maryland, has just completed his goal of finishing his bachelor's degree 25 years after he first attended the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Alvarez will graduate Dec. 18 as the first graduate of UA Little Rock's new online degree program in political science with emphasis in international studies, as well as a minor in economics.
Assadi Earns Doctorate at UA Little Rock
For more than a decade, Aresh Assadi has been helping the students and employees of UA Little Rock with career and personal counseling and mental health education. This month, Assadi, assistant director of counseling services at UA Little Rock, will graduate with a Doctor of Education in Higher Education with a concentration in student affairs.
Award-Winning Criminal Justice Professor Earns Ph.D. at UA Little Rock
Whitney Gass, a native of Emerson, Arkansas, was never your average Ph.D. student. Unlike most of the members of her cohort who were full-time students with graduate assistantships, Gass balanced her part-time doctoral classes while being a wife, mother of two, and criminal justice professor at Southern Arkansas University. "Getting the degree is for my future and my family, but I felt selfish at moments for having children and working on the Ph.D," Gass said. "They didn't choose for me to work on this degree, so I made sure I didn't miss dance classes or t-ball games. That wouldn't be fair for them. Working on your degree with a newborn isn't always easy."
UA Little Rock Student Researches How Urban High School Teachers' Views on Preparing African American Students for College
A University of Arkansas at Little Rock student is researching how urban high school teachers view preparing African American students for college. Leah Hansberry, who lives in Springfield, Missouri, will graduate from UA Little Rock in December with a Doctor of Education in higher education. Her dissertation is entitled, "Classroom Practices of Urban High School Teacher's Pedagogy Strategies and Approaches for Preparing African American Students for College."
Graduating Student Spotlight on Josiah Johnson
Josiah Johnson, a Donaghey Scholar and senior from Sherwood, is graduating this semester with a BBA in finance and a BBA in economics. During his time at UA Little Rock, Johnson has been an integral part of the Arkansas Small Business and Technology Development Center's Startup Team, which specializes in assisting clients who have never been in business or had to learn about business before.
UA Little Rock Student Selected to Dress Performers at Macy's Day Thanksgiving Parade
A University of Arkansas at Little Rock student spent his Thanksgiving break having an exciting and unforgettable experience.
Drama, Artistic, or Musical Achievement - 2021 Dec 2
Arkansas SHRM Honors UA Little Rock Student with J.C. Cote Scholarship
A UA Little Rock student has been recognized as an outstanding college student and future human resources professional.
Scholarship - 2021 Dec 1
Laura Jansen Named First Team All-Sun Belt for Second Straight Year
UA Little Rock senior outside hitter Laura Jansen was recognized by the Sun Belt Conference Wednesday as she was named to the league's First Team All-Conference scrolls for the second consecutive year.
Sports - 2021 Nov 22
UA Little Rock student To Host Dance Harvest 2021 Nov. 12-14
The University of Arkansas at Little Rock student and others hosted Dance Harvest-Renaissance on Nov. 12-14.
Drama, Artistic, or Musical Achievement - 2021 Nov 22
Sali Kourouma Repeats as Sun Belt Player of the Week
After guiding UA Little Rock to an unblemished week, forward Sali Kourouma has repeated as the Sun Belt's Player of the Week.
Sali Kourouma Named Sun Belt Player of the Week
UA Little Rock forward Sali Kourouma averaged 22.5 points per game, shooting nearly 43 percent from the field, in the opening week of the 2021-22 season and has been named the Sun Belt Women's Basketball Player of the Week.
Lomholt Notches Second Sun Belt Golfer of the Week Honor
For the second time this season, Magnus Lomholt has been tabbed the Sun Belt Conference Men's Golfer of the Week. The weekly accolade brings the Trojan total to three during the fall semester, adding to a record-breaking performance for the program.
U.S. Department of Education Awards UA Little Rock $581K Grant to Provide Child Care Funding for Low-Income Students
University of Arkansas at Little Rock has been awarded a federal grant worth more than $581,000 from the U.S. Department of Education that will help pay child care expenses for low-income students thanks to four graduate students and a professor.
Research / Grant - 2021 Nov 15
Little Rock's Spencer Cardinal Named to All-Sun Belt Conference Third Team
Little Rock sophomore Spencer Cardinal was honored by the Sun Belt Conference Friday as he was named to the league's all-conference third team following his performance at the Sun Belt Championships in Mobile.
Sports - 2021 Nov 3
UA Little Rock Welcomes New Member of Cooper Honors Program
The University of Arkansas at Little Rock welcomed a new member to the William G. Cooper Jr. Honors Program in English.
Honors Program - 2021 Nov 15
William H. Bowen School of Law Students Join Public Service Academy
Many students from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock William H. Bowen School of Law have been selected for the second class of the Public Service Academy.
Student Excellence - 2021 Nov 15
Anton Albers Named Sun Belt Golfer of the Week
Little Rock senior golfer Anton Albers has been named the Sun Belt Men's Golfer of the Week following a record-setting performance at the Little Rock Invitational. It is the first weekly honor of Albers' career and the second for the Trojans this season.
Laura Jansen Named Sun Belt Offensive Player of the Week
After recording her 1,000th career kill and leading Little Rock to a weekend sweep in Georgia, Little Rock's Laura Jansen has been named the Sun Belt Offensive Player of the Week.
Freshman Jaelle Carlson Sets New Pool Record at Ouachita Baptist Tri-Meet
Jaelle Carlson, freshman, continues to highlight Little Rock's sprint freestyle squad, including a pool record-breaking swim in the 100 free at Ouachita Baptist Tri-Meet.
Sports - 2021 Oct 27
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