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In The Netherlands, women are uniting to learn about computers and the Internet without the intervention of men or others who feel the need to show rather than to teach. Webgrrls-NL, which started in the spring of 1996, is one of the largest organisations of Internet users in Europe, and is developing into an influential power in both society and politics.
Webgrrls-NL is seen as a practical organisation that does not get stuck in theory but works pragmatically. It organises training days and theme discussions, hosts a variety of mailing lists, supports new and established entrepreneurs, and provides a safe environment for women to experiment with a medium that is relatively strange to some of them.
At present, activities of Webgrrls-NL include support for 10 mailing lists, two training days per year, three In Real Life (IRL) meetings per year for entrepreneurs, annual informal New Year gatherings throughout the country, and ad hoc IRL meetings when an occasion arises.
Growth and Revolution
Explosive Growth
IRL Activities
Conclusions & Lessons We've Learned
In the dawning days of the Internet, few women were involved in it. Those who were usually weren't welcomed as equal counterparts by the male-oriented online community. Especially in newsgroups women were sometimes treated as an inferior species. As soon as participating males discovered that a person asking a question was a woman, it was not at all uncommon for her to be told that technology was too difficult for her, and that she should concentrate on other activities such as cooking and sewing. Others were more plain about their interests and approached woman directly, by e-mail or on Usenet, with the intention of engaging in a sweaty bodily oriented activity.
This treatment put off many women. Several left the Web for good. Others objected to being treated in this way. They refused to accept that the Web was male-only territory. Corrine Petrus was one of them.
In the spring of 1995, Aliza Sherman founded Webgrrls International, based in the U.S. Their mission:
Webgrrls International provides a forum for women in or interested in new media and technology to network, exchange job and business leads, form strategic alliances, mentor and teach, intern and learn the skills to help women succeed in an increasingly technical workplace and world.
This appealed to Corrine, and in the spring of 1996, she decided to join the Webgrrls by forming her own local group. Dutch Webgrrls were born.
The first sponsor was found in the form of an Internet Service Provdier that provided a mailing list and hosted a Web site. Slowly, women started to find their way to the Webgrrls-NL. Communication through the mailing list was the main activity at that point. Those who were involved in the group at this point were mainly active working women who already knew each other in real life, from the small IT community or the even smaller world of Internet developers.
Being such an anomaly in the online world, the group picked up a lot of publicity. Newspapers, radio, and television all jumped on the subject of Webgrrls and Corrine did a perfect job in exposing the group as a humour-filled, non-agressive (but also not-taking-b.s.) group. This exposure directly led to a jump in subscribers to the mailing list. Women were overjoyed to find out there were more of their species on the Web and loved the idea of a group with a less vulgar level of conversation.
Not that the group were being overly polite or even politically correct all the time. They just did not shout "RTFM!" [ 1] at each other, followed by a self-pleased look of "Look what I dared to say". This was a huge improvement over the former situation. It created an environment in which system administrators felt comfortable enough to confess they didn't get the finetuning of WordPerfect and ask for help, Web designers shared their problems on networking their computers, and programmers discussed their work problems without being targeted as incompetent whiners unfit for their job.
With the growing number of Webgrrls, the need for a structured organization arose. An important stimulant was that in order to be eligible for funding, a formalized multiple leadership was required. Hence Corrine and a few others who joined her in the very beginning founded the Dutch Webgrrls Foundation.
The legal structure of a foundation provides that the members of the board decide all matters, and the members of the foundation have no say. This can be very practical in a virtual group, where offical annual gatherings and legally correct member votings are hard to realize. But it turned out the group suffered from teething problems.
The hard-working board members neglected to clearly communicate their plans for the future and their thoughts about the expanding group. When the board decided that every Webgrrl had to pay 25 guilders (some 13 U.S. dollars) per year to participate or be kicked out, all hell broke loose.
As we all know, nobody owns the Internet. Therefore the idea of asking money for services didn't go unchallenged, especially in those pre-e-commerce times. Many members of Webgrrls thought of the Internet as a free medium, in the sense that anyone can get a connection. Since virtually all mailing lists are free, the idea that the participants of the Dutch Webgrrls mailing list would have to pay for the list met with enormous resistance that resulted in an outright revolt.
Luckily the rebels were outnumbered by the people who really hated the idea of this fine group going down. A new model of management was invented on the spot and eventually, the foundation was replaced by a "vereniging", which is the Dutch equivalent of an association. The association and its new board were installed in the winter of 1997-1998. At the first official general assembly in the spring of 1998, it was decided that access to the mailing list would remain free of charge.
With the revolution over, the Webgrrls settled down. Discussions on the list returned to problems and issues related to computers and the Internet in the broadest sense. The membership count, which had dropped below 600, started to rise again. Thanks to more opportunities to gain access to the Internet and the mailing list, there were a lot more women on the list with no computer or Internet experience.
Women were again very enthousiastic about the list. They had created a place where newbies and oldies alike could ask questions without being afraid of the dreaded RTFM answer. Nobody was ever told that she was stupid for not understanding something and everybody did her best to answer questions in an understandable and constructive way.
The result was that women who arrived with virtually no knowledge whatsoever about computers were three months later answering the questions of newcomers. This of course was an enormous boost to their confidence. Women started to realise that, contrary to what they had always been lead to believe, they were capable of understanding, doing, and enjoying technical "things". Those "things" range from installing and configuring software, to physically opening up a computer and inserting hardware, to designing Web sites, and much more.
The members of the Webgrrls-NL board took an avid part in the daily hassle of the group. They busily followed and participated in the discussions on the list, and when there was an elaborate and lively discussion about women who had started or wanted to start their own business, an IRL (In Real Life) meeting was organised.
The meeting took place in the summer of 1998 and attracted a dozen women, most of them in the process of starting up a business. At the meeting, it was decided to start a SIG (Special Interest Group), and the next day a new mailing list was established. The SIG was named the KO-grrls. "KO" is short for "Kleine Ondernemers" which means entrepreneurs of small businesses.
This new list clearly filled a need; in a few months, the original 12 subscribers to the mailing list had grown tenfold. The list is now a platform where women can ask all sorts of questions concerning entrepreneurship. From the contacts on the list, new work relationships have sprouted, and a couple of more experienced entrepreneurs are mentoring start-up businesses in a one-on-one relationship. This helps the young entrepreneurs to avoid the pitfalls they were likely to fall into without the aid of their mentor.
September 1998 brought a new hot topic to the list: stress, burn-out, and RSI (repetitive stress injuries). Two months later, 45 webgrrls attended a IRL meeting about these topics. Speakers from a variety of backgrounds enlightened the highly interested group. At the meeting a company demonstrated ergonomic chairs and desks, and a female teacher did a Tai Chi workshop, since there had been many tales about the healthy effects of the Chinese workout on stressed out people on the list. The meeting was a big success and the results lasted for many months.
Webgrrls-NL had by September 1998 grown to about 1,000 members and the media were rediscovering the group. With greater frequency, the Webgrrls were mentioned in articles on and off-line. This publicity lead to a dramatic growth rate. By the end of March 1999, there were 1,400 Dutch Webgrrls and six months later the 2,000th computer-interested woman came aboard. Membership since then seems to average almost 150 new members per month.
The members of this community decided that the board should direct the association towards a future that will enable all Dutch women to acquire hands-on knowledge of the internet and new media. This approach would prevent women from falling behind with new technologies while offering an ideal opportunity for women with limited possibilities to gain independence. The group would aim to help especially those who can hardly leave home, because of small children or handicaps, to start, for example, a blooming business on the Web. Online contacts occasionally have created new companies among members of Webgrrls.
With so many women joining the group, new ideas and initiatives sprout on an almost daily basis. more and more women get together "IRL" and become friends. This strengthens the "us-feeling" within Webgrrls, and as a result, more women want to actively participate in the organisation of events organised in the name of, and for, Dutch Webgrrls.
Those activities in turn help to draw new members, and the circle is complete: the more women join the Webgrrls, the more activities are organised and the more women join the Webgrrls. For 2000, Webgrrls set some lofty goals. Webgrrls started the new year with 2,400 members (as of New Year's Day 2000); the intention is to have 5,000 members by the end of the year.
As Webgrrls grows, more and more women are reached. As always, hearing about an initiative from a friend or a neighbour works a lot better than all other forms of advertising. The women's communities in The Netherlands often work for Webgrrls: a very large percentage of the members has found the group through a friend's appreciation.
One of the consequences of the increased number of Webgrrls was that the mailing list was generating huge quantities of e-mail. Many of the messages were from newbies asking questions that had been asked and answered time and again. Several oldies, many of them working in the ICT industry, had grown out of this stage and they asked for a list of their own where they could discuss more advanced issues concerning computers and Internet.
The board was reluctant to agree to this request, because many members were afraid all the oldies would unsubscribe from the main list, leaving no one to answer questions, thereby leaving newbies in the dark and losing them as well. After some debate and a poll, however, it was decided to experiment and the so-called IT-list was born.
As it turns out, this solution caters for everyone. There are still a fair number of oldies on the main list who are willing to answer newbie questions, but now there's also a place for women who work with computers on a more advanced level to discuss their problems, without having to skip through dozens of messages every day.
Learning from this experiment, Webgrrls is now much less reluctant to start new SIGs. There are now 10 mailing lists and more are expected to start with the increase in the number of Webgrrls.
The steady membership growth of the Webgrrls and its activities created a problem for the board. The board had so far organised and done everything on their own with the incidental help of a small number of others. Given that all of the board members work full-time outside of Webgrrls, the amount of work was beginning to overwhelm them and almost anyone else involved in the group.
We realised we were on the wrong track; a board is supposed to manage, not organise and execute as well. In October 1999, the board decided to radically change things. We wrote a document, describing all the different tasks at hand and are now in the process of putting together teams of Webgrrls. Each team will have its own tasks and resposibilities. The coordinator of each team keeps in touch with a member of the board. This way, the members of the board will be able to properly keep things going without having to worry about all the little details.
Advertising by word-of-mouth works best among women, who feel more secure with the idea of joining a group that somebody they know has tested and recommends. But it's not always easy to explain everything the Webgrrls do and have to offer thanks in part to the proliferation of mailing lists and other activities. So, we have recently had an attractive pamphlet made that members can give to potential Webgrrls.
This pamphlet is now available at computer stores where Webgrrls work and from the Association of Dutch Internet Service Providers. And of course, many Webgrrls carry these pamphlets with them to give to interested women in case the subject is broached.
However, in order to be able to fullfill the mission the members wish to accomplish - to reach every woman in the Netherlands - Webgrrls-NL will need a lot more media attention. So far, virtually all media exposure has been initiated by the media. Only on very few occasions have we send out press releases. This is mostly due to lack of time but it's going to change in the near future.
We are currently putting together a group that will write a public relations plan and will be responsible for writing and sending press releases on a regular basis. The few press releases that have been send have earned very good coverage; women and the Internet are obviously an interesting subject and journalists and editors are willing to give due attention. So it's up to us to make the most of this attention.
Despite the lack of continuous media attention, the group has made good contacts in government circles and in the Internet society in The Netherlands. The influence on decision makers is growing almost as fast as the number of Webgrrls.
Twice a year Webgrrls holds training days, offering a diversity of Internet-related workshops. These workshops include:
An introduction to the Internet. This workshop aims to give women a hands-on introduction to e-mail and Web surfing;
HTML for beginners;
HTML for the more advanced users;
CSS;
JavaScript;
Perl/CGI;
Audio for the Web;
Graphics for the Web; and,
Macromedia Flash.
Future training days may include:
Linux;
using Macromedia Dreamweaver;
writing content for the Web;
using Microsoft Frontpage; and,
advanced searching on the Web.
Workshops are given by women (and sometimes men) who are professionals on the topic they teach. They aim to teach amateurs how to build Web sites, just for the fun of it. However, for several participants it has been the start of a professional life as a Web designer.
KO-grrls
The KO-grrls have developed into a group of women that appreciate their fellow entrepreneurs. Since many of them work alone from their own homes, the KO-grrls are their colleagues. They share with them all the things other people share with their co-workers. They support each other through bad times and good times and they have three IRL meetings per year. Those meetings are organised by members of the group and usually attract between 20 and 25 attendees. There is usually a theme to the meetings. So far, no experts from outside the group have appeared (one male didn't show). The meetings evolve around the exchange of experiences concerning various aspects of entrepreneurship and that's more than enough to fill such meetings.
New Year gatherings
The beginning of a new year brings a special event for the Webgrrls. Throughout the country, informal gatherings are organised in pubs, cafés, and restaurants. Webgrrls gather to finally meet virtual friends IRL, or renew established friendships. All meetings are organised ad hoc by women who just like the idea of such an informal meeting. Some meetings constitute of just having a drink together in a pub, and some involve home-made dinners for 35 people.
Importance of IRL activities for a virtual community
All IRL meetings have proven to be crucially important. It's an opportunity for women to meet other women they feel they have come to know but have never actually met before. Most people are curious about "the person behind the e-mail address", and IRL meetings are a way to find out about them. Though the feeling of having a blind date makes people gigglish at first, many friendships have grown deeper through the RL contact. This creates very warm feelings towards Webgrrls, since that's the organisation that brought everyone together. IRL meetings make women feel in touch with the Webgrrls and they are more inclined to become actively involved.
Future activities will include an monthly introduction course for computer illiterates and later a special course for the alphabetically challenged, made with Flash, RealAudio, and other highly interactive tools. Many Moroccan and Turkish immigrants come from rural areas where literacy of women is considered a luxury. Webgrrls-NL plans to develop a computer-based training program to teach them to read and write, and some computer literacy on the way.
Unfortunately a lot of time is needed for fund raising. The board wishes to keep entrance and membership fees as low as possible and thus has not much financial room. Applying for government, NGO, and European funding requires lots of time to handle all of the paperwork.
The explosive growth has forced the board to restrict themselves to management as opposed to participative leadership. Though the latter is still preferred by several of the seven board members, it has become necessary to delegate tasks. Members are generally very active, since everyone really believes in the potential of the group and are very willing to offer their time.
Development will likely proceed towards an official headquarter, "manned" permanently by someone who performs the administrative chores. This leaves the board with much needed time for management and planning.
There also may be a split from Webgrrls International. The Dutch group has merely borrowed the name from the New York group; in a densely organized country like the Netherlands, it is highly likely that a similar organization would have developed in the same period without Aliza Sherman's idea. More importantly, the Dutch group has always run without any support (or much contact) from the U.S. Now that Webgrrls International is becoming more commercial, there has been an appeal to raise membership payments. The need to raise extr) money in order to send it off to the U.S. would most certainly destroy the Dutch group. Therefore, the board has been and still is looking for alternatives. Luckily, it has not been necessary to hurry.
We have come a long way and taken a couple of tumbles in the process. But now we have a succesful organisation that has grown into the largest association of Internet users in the Netherlands. Conclusions we can draw and lessons we have learned are:
In an Internet-based organisation, it's a good idea to keep communication with all those involved going at a steady rate. We lost a lot of time and goodwill inside and outside the group in part to an initial lack of correspondence between the initial board and the rest of the membership. This could probably have been prevented.
With the growth of the number of Webgrrls, new SIGs are inevitable. We feared losing membership in the main mailing list, but it turned out we were losing members without the SIGs. More members mean a greater diversity of interests and therefore, SIGs are vital.
A board is supposed to manage an association, not organise and execute everything themselves. Workgroups have to be formed to organise and do things, while the board keeps an eye on things. Managing a large organisation takes a lot of time; execution of tasks should therefore be delegated to other active members and not board members. Otherwise, board members will be swamped with work and it won't be long before they go under, leaving the organisation in disarray.
IRL meetings are important to get people involved in the organisation. And to keep them involved, it's important to let them know from time to time that their efforts are noticed and appreciated. We have done this by sending all volunteers a New Year's card together with a book token.
Draw up contracts with sponsors. We lost a sponsor quite unexspectedly, because the company was taken over by another. Since we had no formal contract with the sponsor, the sponsorship just ended there. As a consequence, we have been unable to organise large-scale training days.
Karen Drost and Miriam Jorna are both Dutch women. Together, they currently chair the board of Webgrrls-NL. They are both Internetnerds in the truest sense of the word. Miriam has been involved with Webgrrls-NL since the very beginning in 1996. She has been co-chair of the board of the association since its creation. Besides being a Webgrrl, she has her own company, Hightension.net, which assists companies in their Internet adventures in the broadest sense.
E-mail: mjorna@hoogspanning.net
Karen has been part of Webgrrls-NL since the summer of 1997, has been a board member since November 1998, and co-chair since March 2000. She too has her own company, FARO Webdesign, which specialises in designing Web sites and advising companies in how to make the most of the Internet.
E-mail: karen@faro.nl
1. "RTFM!", literally "Read the f...ing manual!", nowadays stands for all non-helping but stigmatizing comments on computer-related questions.
Paper received 8 September 2000; accepted 18 September 2000.
This article originally was written in January 2000, revised in June 2000, and presented at INET2000, Yokohama, Japan on 19 July 2000.
Empowering Women Through the Internet; Dutch Women Unite by Karen Drost and Miriam Jorna
URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/drost/index.html


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John Hughes (Kristen Walker Husband) Bio, Age, Merck, Net worth
John Hughes Biography
John Hughes is a marketing director at Merck and the husband of American journalist Kristen Welker who serves as NBC News White House correspondent and co-anchor of "Weekend Today", she is set to moderate presidential debate on Thursday between President Donald Trump and Democratic nominee Joe Biden.
John Hughes Age
His age is unknown.
John Hughes Merck
John serves as a marketing director at Merck in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania since February 2015. He has been with the company since 2006.
John Hughes Kristen Walker
Hughes is the husband of Kristen Welker, the couple got married in 2017. the couple met in October 204 after they were set up on a date by mutual friends.
Kristen almost missed their second date due to breaking news and the need to prepare for an impending international trip. Hughes traveled from Philadelphia to Washington, DC, to take Welker out to dinner. Welker arrived late, but Hughes simply handed her an envelope with a presidential trivia crossword puzzle that he put together while he was waiting for her.
Kristen told The New York Times that that was the moment he got her.
"That's the moment he got me. As a White House correspondent, it was so touching, and it marked him different than anyone else I ever dated."
Who is Kristen Welker
Kristen Welker is an American journalist serving as NBC News White House correspondent and co-anchor of "Weekend Today." She began her career in journalism as an intern at 'TODAY'. She joined NBC News in 2010 as a correspondent and in December 2011 she began covering the White House. In January 2020 she became a "Weekend Today" co-host alongside Peter Alexander.
She was selected to moderate the third presidential debate on October 22, 2020 between President Donald Trump and Democratic nominee Joe Biden. This makes her the second Black woman to moderate a presidential debate solo. The first was ABC News journalist Carole Simpson during the 1992 election.
She has a previously experience in debate moderation as in November 2019 he co-moderated a Democratic primary presidential debate alongside MSNBC host Rachel Maddow, NBC News journalist Andrea Mitchell, and Washington Post White House reporter Ashley Parker.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Peter was this really gutsy guy. Brave, bold, the first one to try anything. And those very qualities he was so proud of sometimes got him into trouble.
There was one time when he was really scared. Of course, he wouldn't have admitted it for the world. A ferocious storm had come up and the boat he was in was "tormented by the waves, for the wind was contrary." Can't you see those twelve macho fishermen huddled in the bottom of the boat? Looking up, they spotted what they were sure was a ghost coming to get them. Everyone, including Peter, started crying.
Contrary winds will do that to you.
Take courage, it is I; do not be afraid.
And He did. With just a simple word, Come.
So Peter clambered out of that boat right into those contrary wind driven waves.
So bold. So brave. So stupid.
He'd gotten himself into a real predicament now and he knew it. Here he was, in the middle a massive storm, battered by the wind, and the boat with the rest of his compadres drifting way behind him.
Have you been there? On those waves, surrounded by out-of-control panic, sinking fast?
I'll bet you did exactly what Peter did. I'll bet you prayed.
Big, invincible, self-sufficient, got-it-all-together, me. Short and sweet.
And He did. Jesus just stretched out His big beautiful hand and took hold of poor Peter before he had so much as a chance to get water up his nostrils. He gave the guy a good talking to right there out on the water. "Oh you of little faith, why do you doubt?" Then He lifted a now considerably humbled fisherman into the boat and the wind stopped.
Do you have a story like that of your own? Has Jesus ever reached out His big, beautiful, powerful hand to you and rescued you right then and there from something really bad? Like sinking deep into something contrary and terrifying that was all your own fault?
Will you write it down? Send it in? Let us all know how really great God is?
'Cuz sometimes we just need to remember how big He is when those winds take us for a ride.


The Callaghan Valley Road turnoff to Callaghan Lake is 13.8km south of Whistler Village. From Whistler drive 13.8 kilometres on the Sea to Sky highway towards Vancouver, then turn right at the sign for Whistler Olympic Park. Drive up the beautiful, winding road for about 9.6 kilometres. The sign for Callaghan Lake will be just before Whistler Olympic Park, you will turn left, cross a bridge and drive a bumpy logging road for 8.5 kilometres. This logging road is usually deep with snow until mid June, however the road is blocked by a gate until May 15 every year. The trailhead for Ring and Conflict Lake is on the left, about 100 metres before the Callaghan Lake campsite. There is room for about 6 vehicles at this unmarked trailhead. There are plenty more parking spaces at Callaghan Lake, an outhouse, boat launch and several nice drive-to campsites.
The Callaghan Valley lays quietly across from Whistler despite being home to some incredible hikes. Ring & Conflict Lake and Cirque Lake are two phenomenal hiking destinations in the valley that few people have even heard of. Cirque Lake resides high above Callaghan Lake at the end of a very steep, though very short hike that runs startlingly close to the almost vertical falls that empty Cirque Lake. Ring and Conflict Lakes sit high up in the mountains 10 kilometres west of Callaghan Lake. You will never, or at least comparatively rarely see anyone on the trails to Cirque Lake, Conflict Lake or Ring Lake for several reasons. First is location. Despite the Callaghan Valley being tremendously beautiful geographically. The distant mountains are snow covered, even in September. The lakes are emerald coloured and crystal clear. The forests are an untouched blanket of beautiful green. The creeks, rivers and waterfalls are everywhere in your view or if not in view, heard as distant sounds of running water. Despite this beauty, it seems that the biggest reason for the Callaghan Valley's lack of use as a hiking destination is its location next to Garibaldi Provincial Park.
The beautiful and well known park focuses all the throngs of hikers in the justifiably popular areas of Garibaldi Lake, Black Tusk, Taylor Meadows, Wedgemount Lake and Elfin Lakes. Laying outside this monstrously famous Provincial Park exists the relatively untouched and unknown Callaghan Valley. The second big reason of course is that the hikes in the Callaghan Valley are unmaintained or at least rarely maintained. The campsite at Callaghan Lake is maintained to a very high standard, however the trail to Cirque Lake is by comparison unmaintained. Just finding the Cirque Lake trailhead is a challenge. There are flagging tapes along the trail after the trailhead. The third reason, at least for Cirque Lake, for being hardly hiked is the fact that the unmarked trailhead starts at the far end of Callaghan Lake.
So you need to canoe or otherwise, boat there. This added impediment surely contributes to this wonderful trail, continuing to be infrequently hiked. The fourth, more practical, yet inexplicable reason is that the road to Callaghan Lake Provincial Park is horribly unmaintained. Obviously grading this poor logging road is expensive, however it is beyond neglected. Boulders, waterbars and potholes exist on this road to such a high degree that the neglect seems malicious. In fact, the moment you leave the deluxe road to the Olympic Nordic Centre the monstrous potholes begin, presumably scaring away any 4x4 lacking tourists Callaghan Lake Provincial Park bound. The Callaghan Valley gets a lot of drive in traffic since the recent paving of the road and installation of the fabulous Whistler Olympic Park for the 2010 Olympics. This road is open year-round and in the summer is frequented by bear watchers. The grass along the road is a favourite for bears and in the summer months consistently ensures at least a couple bears along the route to the Callaghan Valley. Madeley Lake is an amazing place to camp.
If looking for solitude at a paradise, mountain lake, Madeley Lake is hard to beat. Though somewhat popular with fishing, you are still likely to rarely see anyone at the lake in the summer and never in the fall. Once in a while you will see a car or two at the trailhead to Hanging Lake. If you have a canoe, Madeley Lake is a great place to paddle around or just float in the sun. The trail from Madeley Lake to Hanging Lake is nice, however at times muddy. Free of snow, usually from June to November most years(late May in 2015), this trail is a great way to avoid the much busier Rainbow Lake trail that starts from the Whistler side of this area. If you can arrange to have someone drop you off at the trailhead you can hike all the way to Whistler Village via the Rainbow Lake trail and the Valley Trail. The entire distance is about 23 kilometres and should only take about 6 hours, much of it steadily descending the beautiful Rainbow Trail. The route is well marked and there are several map-boards along the route ensuring you find your way safely.


The Gerontology Wiki is an encyclopedia on gerontology, with a focus on tracking and providing information on supercentenarians.
The Gerontology Wiki was founded in November 2007 by supercentenarian trackers Ben Meyers and Keith Cody. The wiki discusses people who attained a high age,more particularly those known as the oldest people in the world.
Cody brought Robert Young into the administrators' group.
Louis Epstein,who does wikiedits from IP 12.144.5.2, has made a substantial number of edits here in July 2009. He left Wikipedia at the start of 2006 after disputes over the format and content of the supercentenarian articles he had originated there. Young for the most part was a counter-party in these disputes, though both have had run-ins with Wikipedia bureaucracy and have worked together on supercentenarian cases for about 10 years.
In 2015, continued disputes at Wikipedia brought over to Wikia quite a bit of longevity biographies that were deleted or threatened with deletion on Wikipedia.
In 2017, the Gerontology Wiki reached the milestone of 2000 articles.


[tweetmeme]about a week ago we had a very interesting meeting with the creators of Picture the Music who gave us a demo. In their words: "Picture the Music Create is a multi sensory teaching tool that motivates and inspires creativity". The method and supporting tool is currently used primarily with children and teachers in schools, and seeks to get children to be creative.
Having experienced a taster of what the method offers, it's not hard to see why children would enjoy it and get inspired. Personally, I found it enlightening. I know music changes the mood of things, just think of the music in horror movies or any movie really, but sometimes it takes someone else to point out the obvious before you realise the power of it.
I was amazed by how different types of music created different stories in my head, even though the image I was looking at and the situation around me stayed the same.
While the method and tool is presently aimed at children, it may be useful in higher education and/or in business – with some adaptation. In fact, my colleague Clive and I was so inspired that we're hoping to get them to run a workshop here at the university with academic staff.
How well it will be received remains to be seen. At the very least it should be a playful escape from the daily grind and a chance for staff to explore their imagination. And maybe we can see a use for it for our students. Who knows? I'm excited to find out – so watch this space.
"Imagination is more important than knowledge" – Albert Einstein. – Could your colleagues do with exploring their creative side?
Just to confirm there is a lot of mileage in this approach. With adults, though of course music can be very relevant, I felt that audio more generally, and specifically certain usage of voice, could be just as much as stimulus as music. We are planning to experiment by creating a basic library of words/phrases/sentences, perhaps quotations, which could be a good alternative way of accessing tacit knowledge through reflection.
Next Next post: Creative meetings using web conferencing?


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Anikka Albrite entered the adult industry in 2011 and by the following year she was one of the hottest stars in the industry. In 2013 she was nominated for Best New Starlet by AVN, XBIZ and XRCO and won the trophy at the 2013 NightMoves Awards and also took Best Newcomer at the VOD Awards. That year she also made the LA Weekly list of "10 Porn Stars Who Could Be the Next Jenna Jameson."
Two years later she became the biggest porn star in the world.
In 2015 Anikka joined one of the most elite clubs in adult, winning the Triple Crown – taking Female Performer of the Year honors at all three of the industry's biggest award shows, the XBIZ Awards, AVN Awards and XRCO Awards. Only two stars had ever accomplished the feat before, legends Jenna Haze and Tori Black, placing Anikka in great company.
Even more, her husband, Mick Blue, won Male Performer of the Year at the AVN Awards and XRCO Awards, making them the only couple in porn history to both win Performer of the Year awards in the same year and cementing their status at the first couple of porn.
She has starred in several extremely successful movies, but her Anikka movies for Hard X have been groundbreaking for the star. In Anikka 2 last year she did her first double-penetration, first BGG all-anal, and first interracial anal scenes to rave reviews, including Captain Jack at Adult DVD Talk who called it "a career-defining performance."
Another classic that is particularly close to her heart is Eternal Passion 4 (Erotica X), a Mason-directed title that had Anikka and Mick reenacting their wedding night right down to the actual clothes they had worn on their big day.
Anikka has also received great notices for her acting and was nominated for Best Actress for her work in Untamed Heart (Adam & Eve Pictures) this year by AVN. She has been included in CNBC's "Dirty Dozen: Porn's Most Popular Stars" and this year was named the #1 hottest star in the industry by EveryJoe.
She had more than two dozen award nominations and has in her three eligible years she has been nominated 32 times and won 13 trophies.
Anikka is represented by Spiegler Girls and Rising Star PR.
2015 Alt Awards: Most Beautiful Adult Starlet
2015 Alt Awards: Best Butt
2015 AVN Awards: Female Performer of the Year
2015 AVN Awards: Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene, Anikka 2
2015 AVN Awards: Best Double Penetration Sex Scene
2015 AVN Awards: Best Solo/Tease Performance
2015 AVN Awards: Best Three-Way Sex Scene – G/G/B
2015 Spank Bank Awards: Blonde Bombshell of the Year
2015 Spank Bank Awards: Mattress Actress of the Year
2015 Spank Bank Awards: Best BareAss Baker
2015 Spank Bank Awards: Perfection Personified
2015 Spank Bank Awards: World's Sexiest Sci-Fi Nerd.
2015 XBIZ Awards: Female Performer of the Year
2015 XBIZ Awards: Best Scene – Couples-Themed Release
2015 XRCO Awards: Female Performer of the Year
2015 Nightmoves Awards: Best Female Performer
2015 Venus Awards: Best International Pornstar Couple
2016 AVN Awards co-host


text:
Irish Times: 'growing unease' over RTE move
The Irish Times is reporting that 'growing unease' among TDs and Senators over RTE's decision to shut down its medium wave service on March 24. It says there will be a meeting between the Oireachtas Committee on Communications and RTE in the next few weeks over the issue.
The report quotes several politicians citing their concerns, including Senator Denis O'Donovan, a former TD for Cork South West. The report says:
"As somebody who lived abroad in the 1970s in London, working my way through college, I remember the importance of the service for emigrants," he said.
"To listen to the broadcast of a GAA match was hugely important for emigrants."
He said many of those who would be most affected were now silent because they were unaware it was going to happen.
Mr O'Donovan said while a young generation might be adept with modern technology, there was still a significant number of people who relied on the medium wave service. "These are people of modest means who who might also be living in remote areas. They have been using this service for years and years," he said.
"I would call on RTÉ to reverse this decision. The closure of this service will not save a great deal of money, and if it can make people's lives happier at home and abroad, why not continue with it?"
Read the entire article (subscription required).
Belfast Telegraph says RTE should listen to North
The Belfast Telegraph has weighed in on the continuing controversy over RTE's move to shut down its medium wave service – a move that will affect those in the North as well as emigrants in Britain and beyond.
In its editorial, titled "RTE should listen to this signal", the newspaper says that the RTE should be expanding its offerings to the North, not cutting them. It adds:
Although RTE is discomfited by the negative publicity over the ending of medium wave radio transmissions, the company must be privately pleased that so many of its listeners are concerned.
See the entire article.
Irish News highlights medium-wave shutdown in North
The Irish News, a newspaper based in the North, has been running substantial coverage of the recent announcement by RTE that it will be shutting down its medium wave service.
On its first day of coverage run nearly six pages of articles on the RTE shutdown of medium wave. The coverage includes a front-page article, an editorial, and four pages of articles on inside pages.
Thanks to the Irish News for allowing us to link to the PDF versions of the following articles:
Front page: Minister weighs in on RTE's switch-off
Editorial: RTE must show equality to all
Broadcaster defends plan to cease MW transmissions
Trusty old AM has edge in terms of availability – by Ean member Enda O'Kane
Foreign Affairs Minister Ahern steps in
Switch-off gets poor political reception
UK regulator contradicts RTE claim that MW harms environment
Dead air from Belfast-born boss amid row
The broadcaster's history
Update: February 13
Reader comments: Move sparks waves of controversy.
Give us the power to rule on broadcasting, say MLAs.
RTE committed to entire island
Alliance concern at RTE move
Update: March 3
RTE radio to move frequency in battle for listeners
Visit the Irish News at IrishNews.com.
Dail and Stormont committees to examine RTE move
In a front page story, the Irish News reports today that the issue of RTE's medium-wave shutdown will be examined at Dail and Stormont committees. The paper notes that Sinn Fein, the SDLP, Fine Gael and Labour have all their concerns over the shutdown, which is scheduled for March 24.
RTE has pledged to find a way to extend its FM coverage throughout the North before the end of its MW transmission.
There have been no reports on any plans to address the loss faced by emigrant communities.
Read the entire article on the Irish News (subscription required).
See Spirit in the sky on medium wave.
See also Labour joins opposition to RTE plan.
Watch the video: RTE FM Switchoff
Labour Party questions RTE medium-wave shutdown
The Labour Party is calling on the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Communications to ask RTE to explain its decision to eliminate its medium wave broadcast.
The party's communication spokesperson Liz McManus said that the shutdown was in violation of the spirit of the Good Friday Agreement, because it will cut off one of the traditional cross-border links.
Ms McManus also highlights the situation of the Irish abroad:
This decision also affects Irish emigrants, particularly those who were forced to leave during harder times, and they must be given assistance to manage this change and keep their radios tuned in to our national broadcaster. They must not be left behind during this modernisation programme by RTE.
Ms McManus proposes a possible solution: Postpone the switchoff until there is a digital alternative.
There are many who would have preferred RTE to have postponed the switch off until it begins broadcasting in digital. Medium wave should be recognized as an integral tool in the strategy toward digital radio.
She concludes:
I will be asking the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Communications to invite RTE to come in to discuss this matter in full. I will also be writing to the Minister for Foreign Affairs on this matter.
This matter should also be debated by the Committee established by the Oireachtas to oversee progress on the Good Friday Agreement. Denying people in Northern Ireland access to our national broadcaster service is a step backwards. Denying emigrants in Britain the same access compounds an injustice to many of them who were forced to leave out of economic necessity
Read the entire press release from Liz McManus.
Edit: Liz McManus also brought up the issue in the Dail during the Order of Business on the 12th. From the transcript:
Deputy Liz McManus: I am not sure whether the Taoiseach is aware that in Northern Ireland there is considerable concern at the fact that next month RTE intends to close down the medium wave radio service. This seems to fly in the face of the Good Friday Agreement, that people who have been able to access RTE radio all their lives will no longer be able to do so.
Will the Taoiseach ensure that the Broadcasting Bill is brought forward? In the meantime, because this affects people in Northern Ireland and our emigrants in Britain, who in many cases will also lose a service, will he ensure that RTE does not close down this service until the Broadcasting Bill is debated and that we can ensure there is consistency? For example, the FM signal is so weak on parts of the Falls Road that people simply will not be able to get RTE radio. This is a matter for debate in this House and for the committee on the progress of the Good Friday Agreement, as well as the Joint Committee on Communications, Energy and Natural Resources.
An Ceann Comhairle: It is a matter for the House but not on the Order of Business. The Taoiseach to reply on the Broadcasting Bill.
The Taoiseach: The Broadcasting Bill will be before the House shortly.
Blog roundup: RTE medium wave move
The controversy over RTE's decision to shut down medium wave – a move that will affect Irish emigrants in Britain and beyond, as well as people in the North – has been reflected in a variety of blog postings around the Internet. Here are some of them, from a variety of sources, including political parties, media commentators and others.
Alliance backs bid to save RTE medium wave broadcast – Alliance Party
Is RTE medium wave cessation premature?
Discussion board on An Fear Rua
Contacting RTE about medium wave
Probe over RTE medium wave axe?
Labour criticises RTÉ over MW plans
Closure of RTE's medium wave service will have a negative effect (Labour Party)
RTE plans to switchoff medium wave on March 24th
Medium-wave customers must be accommodated – Cregan (Fianna Fail)
PJ Bradley urges RTE to increase access across whole of Ireland (SDLP)
Sinn Fein seek urgent meeting with RTE Director General
Closing Down Medium Wave 567Khz – A Grave Error
RTE Lundys
RTE Religious Services Move to Longwave
Radio Telefís Éireann
Wave of protest engulfs RTÉ
RTE abandons Medium Wave Band
Call to keep RTE medium wave
RTÉ to abandon Medium-wave
Concerns are aired again (Irish Times reports GAA concern)
Medium Wave… So, Is FM Radio Dead?
Anger as RTE to switch off medium wave band
Medium Wave switch off not without its problems – Coveney(Fine Gael)
A Public Service Broadcaster?
Bye bye Tullamore


How is People's Trust different from other insurance companies?
We created a better model for homeowner's insurance that simplifies our customers' experience, helps them recover from losses quickly and helps them save money. We do away with the need to wait for a check and find a contractor, and instead deliver a simplified claims service and recovery process. Since this approach reduces your premium and helps save you time and hassle, we think it's Simply a Better Way.
Why does your insurance model work better in Florida?
Our simplified approach solves a number of problems for Florida's homeowners.
After a major storm, everyone affected is competing for the same limited pool of contractors and materials. With other types of insurance, homeowners must wait for repairs and pay more, and are vulnerable to being taken advantage of by unscrupulous contractors taking advantage of a bad situation.
Our streamlined model counters those problems by putting our policyholders first in line for guaranteed repairs, with professionals and supplies already dedicated for this purpose through our affiliate Rapid Response Team. With one phone call, we start the recovery process and take it from there.
The bottom line: Our simplified approach saves our policyholders money on their premiums and speeds their recovery after a loss.
How does People's Trust handle claims?
Policyholders simply call 1-877-333-1230 and we take care of the rest. We deploy our affiliated general contractor, the Rapid Response Team, 24/7 to prevent further damage, make emergency repairs and restore policyholders to pre-loss condition, with a 100-percent customer satisfaction guarantee on workmanship.
Our affiliate, Rapid Response Team, stocks a network of response centers serving Florida with millions of dollars' worth of roofing materials and hurricane recovery supplies, such as tarps, plywood and generators, to ensure that our policyholders can protect their home after a storm and recover from disaster faster.
I heard about the vipGOLD priority access – how can I get that?
While some of our customers may have been familiar with our vipGOLD program, our better way of doing business is available to all of our policyholders. By taking advantage of our better way, you get access to 24-hour emergency claims, the Homeowner's Assistance Card, stress-free Claims Hotline and a discount on your premium. You report the damage to People's Trust and our affiliate General Contractor Rapid Response team of technicians will immediately get any damage under control and professionally coordinate all repairs for you – saving you time and money.
We received our Certificate of Authority to transact business as an admitted carrier in Florida on March 6, 2008.
People's Trust is proud to have been assigned a Financial Stability Rating® of A Exceptional by Demotech, Inc., a financial analysis and actuarial consulting firm in Columbus, Ohio. The most current rating can be viewed at http://www.demotech.com.
Reinsurance is insurance that an insurance company buys from a "reinsurer" to help manage their risk. The insurance company takes out an insurance policy, just like a homeowner, to cover some of their losses in the case of a catastrophic event. So, in addition to the insurance company using their reserves to satisfy claims, they also receive some of the funds from the reinsurer.
Reinsurance is vital to the strength and stability of any homeowner's insurance company because in the event of a catastrophe, with multiple dwellings claiming simultaneous losses, the insurance company needs to have the ability to cover those claims and losses.
What are your reinsurance carriers rated?
All of our reinsurance partners are highly rated – typically Rated A or better by AM Best – and account for more than $25 billion in surplus. We have excess surplus and utilize the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund and our own Bermuda licensed captive reinsurer, which is a fully capitalized private insurer.
People's Trust Insurance Company is regulated by the Florida's Office of Insurance of Regulation, which provides vigilant financial oversight to our business and activities and approves our reinsurance program.
How do I know your company is licensed and approved by the state to cover my property?
People's Trust Insurance Company is an admitted carrier approved and regulated by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (OIR).
You may review our licensing by visiting the Florida Department of Financial Services website: http://www.myfloridacfo.com/.
What factors can affect the price of home insurance?
Location: Where your home is located can affect your insurance costs. For example, is your home close to the ocean? Your rate may be higher. Is it near a fire station? Your rate may be lower.
Protective devices: Your premium could be lower if your home has a protective device, such as a burglar alarm system or fire alarm system that is monitored at a central station.
Features: Your home's type, year of construction and roofing could all affect your insurance costs. For example, your insurance costs could be lower if your home has certain windstorm mitigation features.
Ask your Sales Representative or Independent Agent for more details.
What is the Preferred Contractor Endorsement?
When you elect the Preferred Contractor Endorsement on your policy, you get the benefit of our Direct Repair Model in the event of a covered loss. That means People's Trust Insurance will manage the entire repair process for you, getting your home back to normal fast after a loss. Besides sparing you hassle, this approach saves you money, earning you a 5% discount on your annual policy premium.
Assignment of Benefits (AOB) is a contract between an insured (policyholder) and a contractor (such as a plumber, water remediation company, roofer, etc.) when a claim occurs that gives the contractor control of your claims benefits. The homeowner often unknowingly signs a form that includes an Assignment of Benefits agreement. These forms may allow the contractor to collect your claim settlement funds directly from your insurance company. This results in the homeowner losing control of their claim and it could mean having to pay amounts beyond what is covered in their policy. The contractor could even place a lien on the home which could be enforced by foreclosure. Learn more about Assignment of Benefits abuse here. In the event you have a claim, always call People's Trust first.
We offer several convenient payment options. You can pay online anytime at MyPTI.com or over the telephone, with either a bank draft or credit/debit card. You can also mail us a check. You can take advantage of our variety of payment plans: Full payment, a two-payment plan or a quarterly-payment plan.
If you enroll in paperless policy delivery, you'll receive a $26 discount on your annual premium for Homeowner's (H03 policies). Discount will apply for new policies and at time of annual renewal. Enroll today at MyPTI.com by selecting paperless policy delivery or call Customer Service at 800-500-1818 and they will gladly assist you.
Can you explain your installment fees?
Our installment plan options, approved by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, include an annual $10 service charge and an additional $3 for each installment, including the down payment. For example, if you selected our quarterly plan, the total installment fee would be $22 ($10 for the service charge for the first payment, plus $3.00 for the first payment and three additional installment fees of $3 each).
Can I view my policy online?
Yes, view your policy or make payments anytime at MyPTI.com.
Can I pay online? If so, is there a fee?
Yes, you can pay online with no fee. As a matter of fact, we offer a discount to policyholders with a Homeowner's Insurance (H03) policy in the amount of $26 on their policy annually for electing electronic policy delivery. To receive the discount and pay online you must sign up for an account through MyPTI.com.
What credit cards do you accept for premium payments?
Paperless Policy is a way to receive your insurance documents electronically – and, policyholders with a homeowner's insurance policy (H03) will receive a $26 discount at time or policy or renewal when they elect to receive their policy documents electronically. When you enroll in Paperless Policy, we'll send an email advising you whenever new policy documents are available for review online. Instead of sorting through stacks of papers, you can review, download, and print the documents that are most important to you, whenever it's convenient.
What are the advantages to signing up for Paperless Policy?
How can I enroll in Paperless Policy Delivery?
Enrolling is easy! First, login or create your account on MyPTI.com. Once you are in your account, go to your settings and select paperless documents. You will receive a confirmation email confirming your election. If you need assistance, please call our Customer Service Department at 800-500-1818 and they will gladly assist you.
How Do I know that I have a bill or document to review online?
Once you enroll in Paperless Billing, we will send you an email anytime a bill or payment notice is available for your review.
Where do I find my billing information?
We present your most current bill statement to you as soon as you log into your account online. Additional billing information can be found in the Billing/Payments area. You can view your upcoming payments, check out your account history, review previous bills, and more.
Can I switch back to paper bills in the future?
If you ever decide you'd prefer to receive your billing and payment information in the mail, please call Customer Service at 1-800-500-1818.
What is "wind mitigation" and why do I need it?
Homeowners can receive substantial credits for outfitting their homes with windstorm mitigation features that withstand or are more resistant to high winds. Generally, a wind mitigation inspection is needed to determine which credits apply to a home. If you would like to get a new windstorm inspection, People's Trust can provide contact information for third-party wind mitigation inspectors.
Do you offer credits for alarms systems?
We offer credits for burglar and/or fire alarms that are monitored by a central station. You must provide a current alarm certificate, dated within the last year, from the monitoring company to receive credit. In addition to alarms, fire sprinklers can also help you save on your premium.
Why are there three deductibles on my policy?
You will see three deductible amounts on your declarations page of the policy: the All Other Peril (AOP) deductible, the Hurricane Deductible and the All Other Wind Deductible. The Hurricane Deductible will only apply in the event that you have property damage from a named hurricane recognized by the National Hurricane Center and watches or warnings for the storm were issued in Florida.
The All Other Wind Deductible will only apply in the event that you have property damage from a non-hurricane wind event.
The AOP Deductible applies to all other covered losses.
Do you provide insurance for homes that are under construction?
We can insure homes that are in the course of construction only if the home is within 30 days of being completed and occupied by the owner of the home. We will also allow for minor renovations in which the property owner continues to live in the residence.
Yes, we offer a 10% discount on the Non-Hurricane portion of your premium for any named insured that is age 55 or older on the effective date of the policy. Click here to learn more.
Do you offer a discount for military personnel or veterans?
Yes, we offer a 5% discount to any named insured who is on active duty or retired from the U.S. Armed Forces. This discount will be applied to the Non-Hurricane Portion of your premium. To all active and retired service men and women, we thank you for your service.
Do you offer a discount for homes in gated or secured communities?
Yes, if you live in a neighborhood that is 24-hour manned or has passkey gates then you are eligible to receive a 15% discount toward the Non-Hurricane portion of your policy premium. Seasonal and Secondary residences are not eligible for this discount.
Do you offer a discount if I elect to receive my policy electronically?
Yes, if you elect to enroll in electronic policy delivery, you're eligible to receive a discount on your policy at time of new policy or at renewal annually. Sign up today at MyPTI.com and elect paperless policy delivery or call 800-500-1818 and Customer Service will gladly assist you.
Insurance scoring is a measurement that allows an insurance company to evaluate risk factors based on other behaviors. The objective of an insurance company's rating plan is to charge premiums that are appropriate for the level of risk insured. An insurance score is calculated from certain information in your credit report. Based on this score, the non-hurricane portion of the premium may be adjusted, up or down, based on the predicted risk determined by the insurance score. Credit information is predictive of future insurance claims, which is why People's Trust and many other insurers use this information to help charge premiums that are as accurate as possible for the risks insured.
Who determines my insurance score?
People's Trust will obtain your insurance score from LexisNexis Risk Solutions. LexisNexis uses credit information it receives from the credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion) and performs a statistical analysis to determine your insurance score.
How will insurance scoring affect my premium?
Your insurance score will affect only the non-hurricane portion of your premium. There is no impact on the portion of your premium attributable to hurricanes.
Based on your insurance score, the non-hurricane portion of your premium may go up or down based upon a factor set forth in our rating plan approved by state regulators. Policyholders with better-than-average insurance scores will see reductions in the non-hurricane portions of their premiums. Policyholders with below average insurance scores will see increases in their non-hurricane premiums.
Will my rate go up if I have a bad insurance score?
If you request that insurance scoring be applied to your rate and your rate results in an increase, you will have the opportunity for us to apply it or not.
Will running my insurance score affect my credit score?
No, inquiries for the purpose of obtaining information to develop the insurance score do not affect your credit rating or credit score.
What is the difference between an insurance score and a credit score?
An insurance score is a credit-based statistical analysis of a consumer's likelihood of filing an insurance claim within a given period of time in the future.
A credit score is a credit-based statistical analysis of a consumer's likelihood of repaying a loan or debt (such as a mortgage, auto loan, credit card debt, or other obligation).
While both types of scores take credit information into account, the actual numerical scores will differ. The scores cannot be compared because they are developed for different purposes.
What documents will I need to generate a quote from a Sales Representative?
Does the HO3 homeowner's policy cover water damage for homes more than 40 years old?
Like some other Florida insurance providers, People's Trust offers a policy effective 4/15/16 that automatically excludes water damage coverage when the home is more than 40 years old. While this exclusion is required for all homes older than 40 years, it will also result in a significant savings on your premium. You also have the ability to "buy back" a limited amount of water damage coverage. The Limited Water Damage Buy-Back Coverage is completely optional and provides $10,000 in coverage.
Can you elect the Water Damage Coverage Exclusion if your home is younger than 40 years?
Yes, no matter what age your home is, you can choose to exclude water damage coverage from your HO3 policy, which will result in a significant savings on your premium.
Home Features and Characteristics — Your home's age, type of structure, roof age, construction type, etc., can affect your homeowner's insurance premium. These factors all help determine the risk of your home and the rate for insurance.
Windstorm Mitigation Features — Homeowners can often receive substantial credits for outfitting their home with windstorm mitigation features that can withstand and resist high winds.
Location — Where your home is located can change your homeowners insurance premium. For example, your home insurance rate can be affected if your home is in close proximity to a fire station; or if your home is near an open body of water making it more exposed in the event of extreme weather.
Protective Devices — Burglar alarm systems, smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, and sprinkler systems can affect your homeowners insurance premium.
Claims History — If you have a history of claims, you may pay a higher premium or your insurance company may cancel or not renew your policy.
Coverage Amounts and Deductibles — Personal Property, Other Structures, etc. The lower your deductible, the higher your premium.
Endorsements — Water Exclusion, Limited Water Buy-Back Coverage, Water Back-Up and Sump Overflow Coverage, Personal Property Replacement Cost, etc.
Will my rate go up?
Rate increases and decreases will vary at the time of renewal. We recommend that once you receive your renewal and review your new premium, you call us or your Authorized Independent Insurance Agent to discuss your coverage options and determine if there are some ways to customize your policy to help lower your premium.
No, a homeowner's insurance policy typically does not include flood coverage; however, we can provide you with access to a policy from the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for limits up to $250,000 on dwellings and $100,000 on contents. To learn more about Flood Insurance, contact a People's Trust Sales Representative.
Does your policy cover business-related items?
No, there is no coverage for any personal property that is used for business purposes, nor is there coverage for any business-related activities.
Is there a limit on coverage for my jewelry or other valuable items?
Yes, in every homeowner's policy there are stated value limitations for specific items. For example, there is a $1,000 limit for loss by theft of jewelry, watches, furs, precious and semi-precious stones. Additional coverage may be available, please speak with our Sales Representative or Independent Agent to discuss your specific needs.
Ordinance or Law Coverage provides coverage for loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by the "enforcement of any ordinance or law: regulating the construction, use or repair of any property; or requiring the tearing down of any property, including the cost of removing its debris."
Should your home be extensively damaged by a covered peril, you may be required to bring parts of your home up to the current building codes. Our policy provides 25 percent of Dwelling Coverage A for Ordinance or Law Coverage at no additional charge with an option, for an additional premium, for coverage up to 50 percent of Dwelling Coverage A.
Do you offer Equipment Breakdown Coverage?
Yes, this affordable coverage option provides coverage for loss or damage to mechanical and electrical equipment, such as computers and appliances, caused by artificially generated electric current or mechanical failure. Additionally, this endorsement provides coverage for food spoilage. This coverage can be added to your policy for $50 a year. Learn more by clicking here.
Do you offer Buried Utility Lines coverage?
Yes, many homeowners do not realize that they are responsible for the utility lines such as gas, water, and electric that come into their home and are buried on their property. This important coverage will provide coverage for loss or damage to underground utility lines resulting from a disruption caused by mechanical breakdown, artificially generated electric current, wear and tear, marring, deterioration, hidden decay, rust, corrosion, freezing, or weight of equipment, animals or people. Learn more by clicking here.
Actual Cash Value is the cost of replacing damaged property with comparable new property, minus depreciation (decrease in value due to wear, tear and time). For example, a 10-year-old chair will be replaced at its current value – not what it would cost to purchase new – because of a decade of depreciation.
Who is an additional insured?
An additional insured is a person that enjoys the benefits of being insured under an insurance policy, in addition to whoever originally purchased the insurance policy. They must have an insurable interest, and often do not live in the home. It applies where the original named insured person needs to provide insurance coverage to additional individual(s). These individuals may have their interests covered under the policy contract by endorsement, if qualified.
A co-applicant is an individual(s) who is listed on the title to the property to be insured, and who also permanently resides at the location. These individuals may have their interests covered under the policy contact by endorsement, if qualified.
A deductible is the amount of the loss that you take responsibility for as a policyholder.
Depreciation is a decrease in an insured item's value due to age and deterioration. For example, a 4-year-old computer will be worth less than what it cost new.
An endorsement is a modification to the basic policy contract. Some endorsements are amendments to the policy contract and others are optional to personalize a policy, usually for an additional premium.
Exclusions are conditions that are not covered by the insurance policy contract.
A home inventory is a record of your personal possessions in your home. This could include written information, photos or a videotape of your belongings. We recommend you maintain a complete inventory of your household contents in a safe, secure place – and regularly update it.
A hurricane deductible is the amount of the loss – in this case, caused by a qualifying hurricane event – that you take responsibility for as a policyholder. People's Trust offers a wide range of options compared to most other Florida carriers. Higher deductibles (for example, 5 percent or 10 percent) may be available and may result in an overall premium reduction.
Named perils are the specific perils, or the cause of loss, that are covered under the insurance policy.
What does replacement cost mean?
Replacement cost is the amount needed to replace damaged property without deducting for depreciation. This amount is limited by the dollar amount stated on the declarations page of the policy or as otherwise stated in the policy.
An assignment of benefits (AOB) is a legal tool that allows a third party to be paid for services performed for an insured homeowner who would normally be reimbursed by the insurance company directly after making a claim.
Learn more about Assignment of Benefits and how it results in increased insurance premiums, increased claims resolution time frames and increased litigation.


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Q: How to load Image into UIButton Swift From HTTP Request I have been getting images from my API and in the past I have loaded them into a UIImage with the extension you will see below. However, now I am trying to get the images from the API and load them into UIButton image views. I don't know what to do to the extension and the other code to make it work. I appreciate the help!
Extension
Extension UIImageView {
func getURL2(url: URL, contentMode mode: UIViewContentMode = .scaleAspectFit) {
    contentMode = mode
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            httpURLResponse.url == url
            else { return }
        DispatchQueue.main.async() {
            self.image = image
        }
        }.resume()
}

func downloadedFrom2(link: String, contentMode mode: UIViewContentMode = .scaleAspectFit) {
    guard let url = URL(string: link) else { return }
    getURL2(url: url, contentMode: mode)

    }
}

Other code
func loadProfilePhoto(image: UIButton, link: String) {
    image.downloadedFrom2(link: link)
    image.imageView!.clipsToBounds = true
    image.imageView!.layer.cornerRadius = (image.imageView!.frame.height) / 2
    image.imageView!.contentMode = .scaleAspectFill
}

func loadRandom8() {
    if self.users.count == 8 {
        let completelink1 = users[0].picture_url
        //ex. https://api.adorable.io/avatars/200/AngelicAlling.png
        let completelink2 = users[1].picture_url
        let completelink3 = users[2].picture_url
        let completelink4 = users[3].picture_url
        let completelink5 = users[4].picture_url
        let completelink6 = users[5].picture_url
        let completelink7 = users[6].picture_url
        let completelink8 = users[7].picture_url

        loadProfilePhoto(image: p2Image, link: completelink1)
        loadProfilePhoto(image: p2Image, link: completelink2)
        loadProfilePhoto(image: p3Image, link: completelink3)
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        loadProfilePhoto(image: p7Image, link: completelink7)
        loadProfilePhoto(image: p8Image, link: completelink8)

A: Your current extension is for UIImageView but you want to load the image in a UIButton, so change the extension to UIButton and make sure the button's type is set to Custom and not System. You can do this from the storyboard.
extension UIButton {
  func getURL2(url: URL, contentMode mode: UIViewContentMode = .scaleAspectFit) {
    contentMode = mode
    URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, response, error in
      guard
        let httpURLResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse, httpURLResponse.statusCode == 200,
        let mimeType = response?.mimeType, mimeType.hasPrefix("image"),
        let data = data, error == nil,
        let image = UIImage(data: data),
        httpURLResponse.url == url
        else { return }
      DispatchQueue.main.async() {
        self.setImage(image, for: .normal)
        self.imageView?.contentMode = mode
      }
      }.resume()
  }

  public func downloadedFrom2(link: String, contentMode mode: UIViewContentMode = .scaleAspectFit) {
    guard let url = URL(string: link) else { return }
    getURL2(url: url, contentMode: mode)

  }
}

If it didn't work for you read this

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to calculate the conditional expectation of this? Applying the Feynman-Kac theorem on the PDE
$$ F_t + \frac12 \sigma^2 X_t^2 F_{xx} = 1 $$
with the terminal boundary condition $$F(T,x) = (ln (x))^4 $$
I arrived at the following equation:
$$ F= -(T-t) + \mathbb{E}\{(ln X_0)^4 + (-\frac12 \sigma (T-t) + \sigma B_{T-t})^4 | X_T=x\} $$
Is it acceptable to leave the solution at that? If not, how do I compute the conditional expectation given above?

A: The underlying stochastic process of interest is a geometric Brownian motion with no drift:
$$dX_t=\sigma X_tdW_t$$
So the terminal probability density given $X_t=x$ is
$$p(y,T-t|x,t)=\frac{1}{y}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2(T-t)}}\exp\bigg\{-\frac{1}{2\sigma^2(T-t)}\left(\ln\bigg(\frac{y}{x}\bigg)+\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2(T-t)\right)^2\bigg\}$$
and the solution to the PDE (without considering $1$, which can be added after as it is deterministic) is given by the expectation
$$E[\ln(X_T)^4|X_t=x]=\int_{(0,\infty)}\ln(y)^4p(y,T-t|x,t)dy$$
However, since $X_t$ is lognormally distributed, then $\ln(X_t)$ is Gaussian.Therefore
$$E[\ln(X_T)^4|X_t=x]=\int_{(-\infty,\infty)}z^4\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2(T-t)}}\exp\bigg\{-\frac{(z-(\ln(x)-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2(T-t)))^2}{2\sigma^2(T-t)}\bigg\}dz$$
Which is just the fourth moment of a Gaussian with mean $\mu=\ln(x)-\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2(T-t)$ and variance $\eta^2=\sigma^2(T-t)$. Therefore
$$E[\ln(X_T)^4|X_t=x]=\mu^4+6\mu^2\eta^2+3\eta^4$$
and ultimately, by Feynman-Kac
$$F(x,t)=-(T-t)+(\mu^4+6\mu^2\eta^2+3\eta^4)$$


Dominique and Joe may be serious doctors to make a living, but they were all smiles on their wedding day. The event was so uniquely casual, but executed with class. The couple and their guests all loaded up on a party bus trolley and cruised over to the City Market Missouri River overlook and got married within 15 minutes. Efficient! Then we were off to visit a few favorite picture spots before ending up at Pierpont's in Union Station for a fabulous steak dinner. A beautiful day.


For this recipe you will need a Rabbit terrine recipe mould and about 2 rabbits. See the preparation below to prepare the different cuts.
Preheat your oven to 150-160º.
First, remove the bones from the rabbit.
Mince the leg portions of the rabbit, leaving some parts whole.
Remove the fillets and set aside.
Add the eggs to the mince and season with the herbs and breadcrumbs. Mix well until it is all evenly blended.
With a couple tablespoons of olive oil, cook the leeks in a frying pan over medium heat for about five minutes, turning occasionally so they cook evenly. Remove them from the heat and set them aside to cool a little.
Line the terrine mould with gladwrap.
Then, for the first layer in the mould pan with the sliced bacon. It should come up over the sides so you can finish the terrine by folding them over the final layer.
Mix the rabbit pieces, loins and livers with the mince.
For the second layer add the mince and pieces mix.
Finally, layer the terrine with the cooked leeks and fold over the sliced bacon.
Cover the mould well with gladwrap and place in your preheated oven for 40 minutes.
When the terrine has finished, remove the gladwrap and allow it to sit for about ten minutes. Slice and serve. Want a good wine suggestion? Try the De Bortoli Riorret Abbey Yarra Valley 2010 Pinot Noir, a most perfect pairing for rabbit. Happy Weekend!
Image thanks to Ross Brungles, Contact one of our private chefs if you're interested in this classic French dish for private or business catering.


The greater Sedona area houses about 20,000 people spread over three communities, all surrounded by public land so growth is limited and the environment highly protected. Stunning scenery and lots of access to the land for the enjoyment of nature also attracts about 3 million visitors/year who contribute to the quality of life with the demand they bring for hi-quality restaurants, and other things to do. Sedona is centered in the Verde Valley which hosts a growing wine country, even more diversity in nature settings and experiences, and expanded access to community services and shopping choices.
Jan 33.0 F° 45.5 F° 58.0 F° 2.1 "
Feb 35.0 F° 48.0 F° 61.0 F° 2.1 "
Mar 38.0 F° 52.0 F° 66.0 F° 2.2 "
Apr 44.0 F° 59.0 F° 74.0 F° 1.1 "
May 52.0 F° 68.0 F° 84.0 F° 0.6 "
Jun 60.0 F° 76.5 F° 93.0 F° 0.3 "
Jul 66.0 F° 81.0 F° 96.0 F° 1.5 "
Aug 65.0 F° 79.5 F° 94.0 F° 2.1 "
Sep 60.0 F° 74.0 F° 88.0 F° 2.0 "
Oct 50.0 F° 64.0 F° 78.0 F° 1.5 "
Nov 39.0 F° 52.5 F° 66.0 F° 1.3 "
Dec 32.0 F° 44.5 F° 57.0 F° 1.7 "
Moderate and mild but still 4 seasons.
Condos Over 50 Communities State veteran home is 1-hour away.


text:
Home Statistics Director/Producer Asia Kate Dillon Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics
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Bringing about a wave of change and for making history by playing Taylor Mason on Billions, which was the first gender non-binary role on American television
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text:
Jaskinia Pienińska (Jaskinia w Dolinie Pienińskiego Potoku) – druga pod względem długości jaskinia polskich Pienin. Ma cztery otwory wejściowe położone w Masywie Trzech Koron, powyżej Pienińskiego Potoku, na wysokości około 560 m n.p.m. Długość jaskini wynosi 101 metrów, a jej deniwelacja 18 metrów.  Znajduje się na obszarze Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego, poza szlakami turystycznymi.

Opis jaskini
Główną częścią jaskini jest szczelinowy korytarz zaczynający się w głównym otworze wejściowym (znajdującym się 20 metrów powyżej Pienińskiego Potoku) i prowadzący do dużego otworu w kształcie szczeliny. Od korytarza odchodzą niewielkie, szczelinowe korytarzyki prowadzące do pozostałych otworów.

Przyroda
W jaskini można spotkać nacieki grzybkowe i mleko wapienne. Zamieszkują ją nietoperze. Ściany są wilgotne, brak jest na nich roślinności.

Historia odkryć
Jaskinia była znana od dawna. Jej pierwsze opisy sporządzili Kazimierz Kowalski w 1953 roku i Stefan Zwoliński w 1954 roku.

Przypisy

Jaskinie polskich Pienin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are many sources that define net zero differently, such as The International Living Future Institute, The Department of Energy, or the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. For our purposes, we'll accept the Wikipedia definition, since it allows for Wikipedia editors to update and revise the definition, creating a common, agreed upon definition.
Net Zero is a term most commonly associated with commercial buildings, although it is completely possible for any habitable structure to be a net zero structure.
A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or nearby.
This definition doesn't account for the type of energy used, though. Where this becomes important is if the building uses natural gas, propane, or some other fuel besides electricity.
Net Zero buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount.
Most zero net energy buildings get half or more of their energy from the grid, and return the same amount at other times. Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called "energy-plus buildings" and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called "near-zero energy buildings" or "ultra-low energy houses."
Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases. The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero-energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries, they are gaining importance and popularity.
Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid. Energy is usually harvested on-site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies such as LED. The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase.
So, what is a net zero city? Well, in the simplest terms and definition, it is a city with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the entire infrastructure of the city on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or nearby.
That would include energy used by all vehicles, construction, public works, buildings, homes, maintenance, etc.. Every kWh of energy that the city uses, it would need to produce and/or offset at an equal equivalent.
The largest net-zero community in the U.S. is West Village, a mixed-use campus neighborhood at UC Davis, designed to house 3,500 students, staff, and families once complete. Phase one has been occupied for over a year and is close to meeting its net-zero design target. Technological glitches and higher-than-expected demand from apartment dwellers' plugged-in gadgets held it back from claiming energy-neutral status.3 So for now, they are a "near zero" community.
The City of Lancaster, California, has a goal of becoming the first city in the US to reach the net zero designation. Almost every public building from its City Hall to the minor-league baseball stadium is powered by solar. In 2013, Lancaster became the first U.S. city to require solar panels be installed on every new single-family home.
The City Council is adopting a new ordinance complementing the town's existing solar panel requirements. All new homes will be required to have solar panels generating two watts of energy for every square foot (a more aggressive demand than the 1-kilowatt-per-house rule in the 2013 policy), pay mitigation fees of $1.40 per square foot to get a 50 percent discount on the energy generation component of their bill, or a combination of both.
Bloomfield, Iowa is embarking on a path to be an energy-independent community. With help from the Rocky Mountain Institute's Electricity Innovation Lab, Bloomfield identified that they can achieve net-zero grid electric usage through energy conservation measures, distributed renewable energy production, and supplemental generation for peak shaving.
Boston, Massachusetts has developed a Greenovate Boston Climate Action Plan with the goal of reducing carbon emissions 80% below 2005 levels by 2050. Boston has been named by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy as the most energy efficient city in the U.S.
Cambridge, Massachusetts has set up a Net Zero Task Force to explore the possibilities for Cambridge moving towards becoming a net zero energy community.
Georgetown, Texas will be getting all its electricity from solar and wind by 2017 for a very simple and practical reason: it's cheaper.
San Luis Obispo, California is the latest U.S. city to announce its goal of becoming a net zero city, although no timeline or initiatives have been proposed yet. It is both encouraging and inspirational that so many homes, buildings, campuses, cities have developed plans to become net zero energy users. With energy costs on the rise, and renewable energy production costs already less expensive than traditional non-renewable energy, the prospects of achieving net zero consumption on a mass scale seems quite possible, and doable by this generation.


text:
El hecho imponible (también denominado hecho generador) es un concepto utilizado en derecho tributario que marca el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria, siendo así uno de los elementos que constituyen el tributo.

Otra corriente doctrinaria opina que el hecho imponible no tiene el carácter generador de la obligación tributaria, siendo la obligación tributaria quien determina el nacimiento de dicha contribución. Por lo tanto el hecho imponible genera una especie de pre-relación jurídica tributaria.

Se trata de un hecho jurídico establecido por una norma de rango legal, cuyos efectos también habrán de estar contemplados y determinados por la ley. Además, el acreedor y el deudor de la obligación tributaria tienen nula capacidad de disposición o negociación sobre los efectos del hecho jurídico cuya realización genere, por ley, una obligación tributaria.

Estructura
El núcleo estructural del hecho imponible, común en todos los supuestos, supone la existencia de una manifestación concreta de capacidad contributiva, determinada territorial y temporalmente con precisión.

Por otro lado, la ley tiene una gran libertad de maniobra para determinar la estructura del hecho imponible, pudiendo contemplar la tipificación de cualquier lado de las manifestaciones de capacidad contributiva existentes, ya sean generales o parciales; hechos instantáneos o hechos dados durante un plazo de tiempo determinado; o bien, hechos producidos dentro del territorio del Estado o fuera de él, en el supuesto de que el Poder Tributario tenga legitimación para tal agravamiento extraterritorial.

Regulación en España

En el ordenamiento jurídico español, la Ley General Tributaria (LGT) determina en su artículo 20 que «el hecho imponible es el presupuesto de naturaleza jurídica o económica fijado por la ley para configurar cada tributo y cuya realización origina el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria».

El artículo 20 actual no dice eso.
Nótese el uso de "presupuesto de naturaleza jurídica" con el que la ley identifica el hecho imponible, pues según la mayoría de la doctrina, la ley está dando una definición un tanto inexacta en el campo ontológico, de manera que lo idóneo sería hablar de hecho jurídico.

Cabe destacar que el artículo 20 de la Ley General Tributaria también afirma que el hecho imponible se utiliza para configurar cada tributo. De esta manera, el hecho imponible determinará si estamos ante un impuesto directo o indirecto, real o personal, sobre renta o sobre patrimonio, etc. Se convierte así en un elemento esencial del tributo, que tendrá efectos globales sobre este.

Por otro lado, también se menciona el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria como un efecto del hecho imponible. Este momento será tenido en cuenta, a priori, para establecer el momento en el que iniciar el cómputo de la prescripción o para establecer la retroactividad de alguna norma, de manera que para que se tome otra referencia, es necesario que se produzca una disposición legal expresa que así lo establezca.

Requisitos

Concreción
Los elementos materiales, temporales y territoriales han de ser necesariamente concretados para el correcto establecimiento del hecho imponible. Hay que resaltar que este no solo genera la obligación tributaria, sino que además viene a conformar la prestación, y por lo tanto, el tributo en general, de manera que se hace necesario una descripción concreta del supuesto de hecho que servirá como hecho imponible en la determinación del tributo.

Manifestación de capacidad económica
El hecho imponible ha de darse forzosamente como consecuencia de una manifestación concreta de capacidad económica. Tal requisito no solo viene impuesto por suponer el cumplimiento de un principio tributario, sino que además, en el caso de España, el principio viene garantizado por el propio texto constitucional.

Manifestación del Poder Tributario
El hecho imponible, por su condición de manifestación concreta del Poder Tributario, deberá respetar los límites establecidos para este. De esta manera, han de respetarse los límites territoriales, y cualquier hecho imponible que incorpore una manifestación de capacidad económica realizada en el exterior requerirá la fijación de un criterio de sujeción universal y aceptación bilateral, multilateral o consuetudinaria entre el Estado que grava y aquel en cuyo territorio se produzca la manifestación de capacidad económica.

Por otro lado, el Poder Tributario requiere una legitimación legal y constitucional para actuar, y por lo tanto, tal límite se extiende al hecho imponible. Esta cuestión tiene un especial interés a la hora de resolver conflictos entre los poderes tributarios territoriales del propio Estado español.

Reserva de ley
El hecho imponible ha de ser establecido por la ley, de acuerdo al principio tributario y constitucional de la reserva de ley. De esta manera, el hecho imponible se considera un elemento básico del tributo, y por lo tanto, no puede ser regulado por normas infralegales de carácter reglamentario, como el Real Decreto, la Orden Ministerial y demás. Respecto a su eventual regulación vía Decreto-Ley, existe división doctrinal sobre su validez en la materia. La polémica gira en torno a las limitaciones del propio Decreto-Ley, y la consideración o no del tributo como una restricción de derechos, concretamente, del derecho de propiedad.

Efectos

Obligaciones surgidas
La realización del hecho imponible no solo supone el nacimiento de la obligación tributaria, sino también de los llamados deberes fiscales. El sujeto pasivo no solo habrá de cumplir con la propia prestación tributaria, es decir, pagar el importe de la misma, sino que además, estará sometido a una serie de obligaciones de hacer, conocidas como deberes fiscales, y que complementan a la obligación principal.

De esta manera, las obligaciones surgidas a raíz del hecho imponible siguen la siguiente clasificación:

Obligación tributaria principal.
Deberes fiscales:
Obligación de realizar pagos a cuenta.
Obligaciones entre particulares.
Repercusión.
Retención.
Ingresos a cuenta.
Obligación de información.
Propia
En relación con terceros.
Obligaciones accesorias:
Interés de demora.
Recargos.
Obligaciones tributarias formales.

Carácter individual de la obligación
Como en toda obligación jurídica, los efectos de realizar el hecho imponible tienen una esfera individual, afectando exclusivamente al sujeto activo, es decir, al Poder Tributario, y al sujeto pasivo, bien sea el contribuyente o el sustituto del contribuyente.

En Venezuela la Obligación Tributaria es individual, mas aún no es regida, debido a que, quien pague la obligación puede no ser el obligado haciendo la Declaración de Impuestos correspondiente. En este caso el Acreedor que era el Estado sale de la relación jurídica, y tercero que paga se vuelve acreedor del individuo que en la primera vez debía al Estado.

Referencias
 Perulles Bassas, La relación jurídico-tributaria, ed. Librería Bosch, 1957, Barcelona.
 Calvo Ortega, Curso de Derecho Financiero I, Derecho Tributario (Parte General), ed. Civitas, 1997, Madrid, ISBN 8447012964.

Véase también
 Supuesto de hecho
 Tributo
 Reserva de ley

Derecho tributario