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CHAPTER IV THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
In so far as the intellectual climates of different epochs can be contrasted, the eighteenth century in Europe was the complete antithesis to the Middle Ages. The contrast is symbolised by the difference between the cathedral of Chartres and the Parisian salons, where D'Alembert conversed with Voltaire. The Middle Ages were haunted with the desire to rationalise the infinite: the men of the eighteenth century rationalised the social life of modern communities, and based their sociological theories on an appeal to the facts of nature. The earlier period was the age of faith, based upon reason. In the later period, they let sleeping dogs lie: it was the age of reason, based upon faith. To illustrate my meaning :—St. Anselm would have been distressed if he had failed to find a convincing argument for the existence of God, and on this argument he based his edifice of faith, whereas Hume based his Dissertation on the Natural History of Religion upon his faith in the order of nature. In comparing these epochs it is well to remember that reason can err, and that faith may be misplaced.
In my previous lecture I traced the evolution, during the seventeenth century, of the scheme of scientific ideas which has dominated thought ever since. It involves a fundamental duality, with material on the one hand, and on the other hand mind. In between there lie the concepts of life, organism, function, instantaneous reality, interaction, order of nature, which collectively form the Achilles heel of the whole system. :
I also express my conviction that if we desired to obtain a more fundamental expression of the concrete character of natural fact, the element in this scheme which we should first criticise is the concept of simple location. In view therefore of the importance which this idea will assume in these lectures, I will repeat the meaning which I have attached to this phrase. To say that a bit of matter has simple location means that, in expressing its spatio-temporal relations, it is adequate to state that it is where it is, in a definite finite region of space, and through-out a definite finite duration of time, apart from any essential reference of the relations of that bit of matter to other regions of space and to other durations of time. Again, this concept of simple location is independent of the controversy between the absolutist and the relativist views of space or of time. So long as any theory of space, or of time, can give a meaning, either absolute or relative, to the idea of a definite region of space, and of a definite duration of time, the idea of simple location has a perfectly definite meaning. This idea is the very foundation of the seventeenth century scheme of nature. Apart from it, the scheme is incapable of expression. I shall argue that among the primary elements of nature as apprehended in our immediate experience, there is no element whatever which possesses this character of simple location. It does not follow, however, that the science of the seventeenth century was simply wrong. I hold that by a process of constructive abstraction we can arrive at abstractions which are the simply-located bits of material, and at other abstractions which are the minds included in the scientific scheme. Accordingly, the real error is an example of what I have termed: The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness.
The advantage of confining attention to a definite group of abstractions, is that you confine your thoughts to clear-cut definite things, with clear-cut definite relations. Accordingly, if you have a logical head, you can deduce a variety of conclusions respecting the relationships between these abstract entities. Furthermore, if the abstractions are well. founded, that is to say, if they do not abstract from everything that is important in experience, the scientific thought which confines itself to these abstractions will arrive at a variety of important truths relating to our experience of nature. We all know those clear-cut trenchant intellects, immovably encased in a hard shell of abstractions. They hold you to their abstractions by the sheer grip of personality.
The disadvantage of exclusive attention to a group of abstractions, however well-founded, is that, by the nature of the case, you have abstracted from the remainder of things. In so far as the excluded things are important in your experience, your modes of thought are not fitted to deal with them. You cannot think without abstractions; accordingly, it is of the utmost importance to be vigilant in critically revising your modes of abstraction. It is here that philosophy finds its niche as essential to the healthy progress of society. It is the critic of abstractions. A civilisation which cannot burst through its current abstractions is doomed to sterility after a very limited period of progress. An active school of philosophy is quite as important for the locomotion of ideas, as is an active school of railway engineers for the locomotion of fuel.
Sometimes it happens that the service rendered by philosophy is entirely obscured by the astonishing success of a scheme of abstractions in expressing the dominant interests of an epoch. This is exactly what happened during the eighteenth century. Les philosophes were not philosophers. They were men of genius, clear-headed and acute, who applied the seventeenth century group of scientific abstractions to the analysis of the unbounded universe. Their triumph, in respect to the circle of ideas mainly interesting to their contemporaries, was overwhelming. Whatever did not fit into their scheme was ignored, derided, disbelieved. Their hatred of Gothic architecture symbolises their lack of sympathy with dim perspectives. It was the age of reason, healthy, manly, upstanding reason; but, of one-eyed reason, deficient in its vision of depth. We cannot overrate the debt of gratitude which we owe to these men. For a thousand years Europe had been a prey to intolerant, intolerable visionaries. The common sense of the eighteenth century, its grasp of the obvious facts of human suffering, and of the obvious demands of human nature, acted on the world like a bath of moral cleansing. Voltaire must have the credit, that he hated injustice, he hated cruelty, he hated senseless repression, and he hated hocus-pocus. Futhermore, when he saw them, he knew them. In these supreme virtues, he was typical of his century, on its better side. But if men cannot live on bread alone, still less can they do so on disinfectants. The age had its limitations; yet we cannot understand the passion with which some of its main positions are still defended, especially in the schools of science, unless we do full justice to its positive achievements. The seventeenth century scheme of concepts was proving a perfect instrument for research.
This triumph of materialism was chiefly in the sciences of rational dynamics, physics, and chemistry. So far as dynamics and physics were concerned, progress was in the form of direct developments of the main ideas of the previous epoch. Nothing fundamentally new was introduced, but there was an immense detailed development. Special case was unravelled. It was as though the very Heavens were being opened, on a set plan. In the second half of the century, Lavoisier practically founded chemistry on its present basis. He introduced into it the principle that no material is lost or gained in any chemical transformations. This was the last success of materialistic thought, which has not ultimately proved to be double-edged. Chemical science now only waited for the atomic theory, in the next century.
In this century the notion of the mechanical explanation of all the processes of nature finally hardened into a dogma of science. 'The notion won through on its merits by reason of an almost miraculous series of triumphs achieved by the mathematical physicists, culminating in the Méchanique Analytique of Lagrange, which was published in 1787. Newton's Principia was published in 1687, so that exactly one hundred years separates the two great books. This century contains the first period of mathematical physics of the modern type. The publication of Clerk Maxwell's Electricity and Magnetism in 1873 marks the close of the second period. Each of these three books introduces new horizons of thought affecting everything which comes after them.
In considering the various topics to which mankind has bent its systematic thought, it is impossible not to be struck with the unequal distribution of ability among the different fields. In almost all subjects there are a few outstanding names. For it requires genius to create a subject as a distinct topic for thought. But in the case of many topics, after a good beginning very relevant to its immediate occasion, the subsequent development appears as a weak series of flounderings, so that the whole subject gradually loses its grip on the evolution of thought. It was far otherwise with mathematical physics. The more you study this subject, the more you will find yourself astonished by the almost incredible triumphs of intellect which it exhibits. The great mathematical physicists of the eighteenth and first few years of the nineteenth century, most of them French, are a case in point: Maupertuis, Clairaut, D'Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, Fourier, Carnot, form a series of names, such that each recalls to mind some achievement of the first rank. When Carlyle, as the mouthpiece of the subsequent Romantic Age, scoflingly terms the period the Age of Victorious Analysis, and mocks at Maupertuis as a sublimish gentleman in a white periwig, he only exhibits the narrow side of the Romanticists whom he is then voicing.
It is impossible to explain intelligently, in a short time and without technicalities, the details of the progress made by this school. I will, however, endeavour to explain the main point of a joint achievement of Maupertuis and Lagrange. Their results, in conjunction with some subsequent mathematical methods due to two great German mathematicians of the first half of the nineteenth century, Gauss and Riemann, have recently proved themselves to be the preparatory work necessary for the new ideas which Herz and Einstein have introduced into mathematical physics. Also they inspired some of the best ideas in Clerk Maxwell's treatise, already mentioned in this lecture.
They aimed at discovering something more fundamental and more general than Newton's laws of motion which were discussed in the previous lecture. They wanted to find some wider ideas, and in the case of Lagrange some more general means of mathematical exposition. It was an ambitious enterprise, and they were completely successful. Maupertuis lived in the first half of the eighteenth century, and Lagrange's active life lay in its second half. We find in Maupertuis a tinge of the theologic age which preceded his birth. He started with the idea that the whole path of a material particle between any limits of time must achieve some perfection worthy of the providence of God. There are two points of interest in this motive principle. In the first place, it illustrates the thesis which I was urging in my first lecture that the way in which the medieval church had impressed on Europe the notion of the detailed providence of a rational personal God was one of the factors by which the trust in the order of nature had been generated. In the second place, though we are now all convinced that such modes of thought are of no direct use in detailed scientific enquiry, Maupertuis' success in this particular case shows that almost any idea which jogs you out of your current abstractions may be better than nothing. In the present case what the idea in question did for Maupertuis was to lead him to enquire what general property of the path as a whole could be deduced from Newton's laws of motion. Undoubtedly this was a very sensible procedure whatever one's theological notions. Also his general idea led him to conceive that the property found would be a quantitative sum, such that any slight deviation from the path would increase it. In this supposition he was generalising Newton's first law of motion. For an isolated particle takes the shortest route with uniform velocity. So Maupertuis conjectured that a particle travelling through a field of force would realise the least possible amount of some quantity. He discovered such a quantity and called it the integral action between the time limits considered. In modern phraseology it is the sum through successive small lapses of time of the difference between the kinetic and potential energies of the particle at each successive instant. This action, therefore, has to do with the interchange between the energy arising from motion and the energy arising from position. Maupertuis had discovered the famous theorem of least action. Maupertuis was not quite of the first rank in comparison with such a man as Lagrange. In his hands and in those of his immediate successors, his principle did not assume any dominating importance. Lagrange put the same question on a wider basis so as to make its answer relevant to actual procedure in the development of dynamics. His Principle of Virtual Work as applied to systems in motion is in effect Maupertuis' principle conceived as applying at each instant of the path of the system. But Lagange saw further than Maupertuis. He grasped that he had gained a method of stating dynamical truths in a way which is perfectly indifferent to the particular methods of measurement employed in fixing the positions of the various parts of the system. Accordingly, he went on to deduce equations of motion which are equally applicable whatever quantitative measurements have been made, pro-vided that they are adequate to fix positions. The beauty and almost divine simplicity of these equations is such that these formulae are worthy to rank with those mysterious symbols which in ancient times were held directly to indicate the Supreme Reason at the base of all things. Later Herz— inventor of electromagnetic waves—based mechanics on the idea of every particle traversing the shortest path open to it under the circumstances constraining its motion; and finally Einstein, by the use of the geometrical theories of Gauss and Riemann, showed that these circumstances could be construed as being inherent in the character of space-time itself. Such, in barest outline, is the story of dynamics from Galileo to Einstein.
Meanwhile Galvani and Volta lived and made their electric discoveries and the biological sciences slowly gathered their material, but still waited for dominating ideas. Psychology, also, was beginning to disengage itself from its dependence on general philosophy. This independent growth of psychology was the ultimate result of its invocation by John Locke as a critic of metaphysical license. All the sciences dealing with life were still in an elementary observational stage, in which classification and direct description were dominant. So far the scheme of abstractions was adequate to the occasion.
In the realm of practice, the age which produced enlightened rulers, such as the Emperor Joseph of the House of Hapsburg, Frederick the Great, Walpole, the great Lord Chatham, George Washington, cannot be said to have failed. Especially when to these rulers, it adds the invention of parliamentary cabinet government in England, of federal presidential government in the United States, and of the humanitarian principles of the French Revolution. Also in technology it produced the steam-engine, and thereby ushered in a new era of civilisation. Undoubtedly, as a practical age the eighteenth century was a success. If you had asked one of the wisest and most typical of its ancestors, who just saw its commencement, I mean John Locke, what he expected from it he would hardly have pitched his hopes higher than its actual achievements.
In developing a criticism of the scientific scheme of the eighteenth century, I must first give my main reason for ignoring nineteenth century idealism— I am speaking of the philosophic idealism which finds the ultimate meaning of reality in mentality that is fully cognitive. This idealistic school, as hitherto developed, has been too much divorced from the scientific outlook. It has swallowed the scientific scheme in its entirety as being the only rendering of the facts of nature, and has then explained it as being an idea in the ultimate mentality. In the case of absolute idealism, the world of nature is just one of the ideas, somehow differentiating the unity of the Absolute: in the case of pluralistic idealism involving monadic mentalities, this world is the greatest common measure of the various ideas which differentiate the various mental unities of the various monads. But, however you take it, these idealistic schools have conspicuously failed to connect, in any organic fashion, the fact of nature with their idealistic philosophies. So far as concerns what will be said in these lectures, your ultimate outlook may be realistic or idealistic. My point is that a further stage of provisional realism is required in which the scientific scheme is recast, and founded upon the ultimate concept of organism.
In outline, my procedure is to start from the analysis of the status of space and of time, or in modern phraseology, the status of space-time. There are two characters of either. Things are separated by space, and are separated by time: but they are also together in space, and together in time, even if they be not contemporaneous. I will call these characters the separative and the prehensive characters of space-time. There is yet a third character of space-time. Everything which is in space receives a definite limitation of some sort, so that in a sense it has just that shape which it does have and no other, also in some sense it is just in this place and in no other. Analogously for time, a thing endures during a certain period, and through no other period. I will call this the modal-character of space-time. It is evident that the modal character taken by itself gives rise to the idea of simple location. But it must be conjoined with the separative and prehensive characters.
For simplicity of thought, I will first speak of space only, and will afterwards extend the same treatment to time.
The volume is the most concrete element of space. But the separative character of space, analyses a volume into sub-volumes, and so on indefinitely. Accordingly, taking the separative character in iso- lation, we should infer that a volume is a mere multiplicity of non-voluminous elements, of points in fact. But it is the unity of volume which is the ultimate fact of experience, for example, the voluminous space of this hall. This hall as a mere multiplicity of points is a construction of the logical imagination.
Accordingly, the prime fact is the prehensive unity of volume, and this unity is mitigated or limited by the separated unities of the innumerable contained parts. We have a prehensive unity, which is yet held apart as an aggregate of contained parts. But the prehensive unity of the volume is not the unity of a mere logical aggregate of parts. The parts form an ordered aggregate, in the sense that each part is something from the standpoint of every other part, and also from the same standpoint every other part is something in relation to it. Thus if A and B and C are volumes of space, B has an aspect from the standpoint of 4, and so has C, and so has the relationship of B and C. This aspect of B from AZ is of the essence of 4. The volumes of space have no independent existence. They are only entities as within the totality; you cannot extract them from their environment without destruction of their very essence. Accordingly, I will say that the aspect of B from J is the mode in which B enters into the composition of 4. This is the modal character of space, that the prehensive unity of 4 is the prehension into unity of the aspects of all other volumes from the standpoint of 4. The shape of a volume is the formula from which the totality of its aspects can be derived. Thus the shape of a volume is more abstract than its aspects. It is evident that I can use Leibniz's language, and say that every volume mirrors in itself every other volume in space.
Exactly analogous considerations hold with respect to durations in time. An instant of time, without duration, is an imaginative logical construction. Also each duration of time mirrors in itself all temporal durations.
But in two ways I have introduced a false simplicity. In the first place, I should have conjoined space and time, and conducted my explanation in respect to four-dimensional regions of space-time. I have nothing to add in the way of explanation. In your minds, substitute such four-dimensional regions for the spatial volumes of the previous explanations.
Secondly, my explanation has involved itself in a vicious circle. For I have made the prehensive unity of the region J to consist of the prehensive unification of the modal presences in 4 of other regions. This difficulty arises because space-time cannot in reality be considered as a self-subsistent entity. It is an abstraction, and its explanation requires reference to that from which it has been extracted. Space-time is the specification of certain general characters of events and of their mutual ordering. This recurrence to concrete fact brings me back to the eighteenth century, and indeed to Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century. We have to consider the development in those epochs, of the criticism of the reigning scientific scheme.
No epoch is homogeneous; whatever you may have assigned as the dominant note of a considerable period, it will always be possible to produce men, and great men, belonging to the same time, who exhibit themselves as antagonistic to the tone of their age. This is certainly the case with the eighteenth century. For example, the names of John Wesley and of Rousseau must have occurred to you while I was drawing the character of that time. But I do not want to speak of them, or of others. The man whose ideas I must consider at some length is Bishop Berkeley. Quite at the commencement of the epoch, he made all the right criticisms, at least in principle. It would be untrue to say that he produced no effect. He was a famous man. 'The wife of George II was one of the few queens who, in any country, have been clever enough, and wise enough, to patronise learning judiciously; accordingly, Berkeley was made a bishop, in days; when bishops in Great Britain were relatively far greater men than they are now. Also, what was more :mportant than his bishopric, Hume studied him, and developed one side of his philosophy in a way which might have disturbed the ghost of the great ecclesiastic. Then Kant studied Hume. So, to say that Berkeley was uninfluential during the century, would certainly be absurd. But all the same, he failed to affect the main stream of scientific thought. It flowed on as if he had never written. Its general success made it impervious to criticism, then and since. The world of science has always remained perfectly satisfied with its peculiar abstractions. They work, and that is sufficient for it.
The point before us is that this scientific field of thought is now, in the twentieth century, too narrow for the concrete facts which are before it for analysis. This is true even in physics, and is more espe- cially urgent in the biological sciences. Thus, in order to understand the difficulties of modern scientific thought and also its reactions on the modern world, we should have in our minds some conception of a wider field of abstraction, a more concrete analysis, which shall stand nearer to the complete concreteness of our intuitive experience. Such an analysis should find in itself a niche for the concepts of matter and spirit, as abstractions in terms of which much of our physical experience can be interpreted. It is in the search for this wider basis for scientific thought that Berkeley is so important. He launched his criticism shortly after the schools of Newton and Locke had completed their work, and laid his finger exactly on the weak spots which they had left. I do not propose to consider either the subjective idealism which has been de- rived from him, or the schools of development which trace their descent from Hume and Kant respectively. My point will be that— whatever the final metaphysics you may adopt — there is another line of development embedded in Berkeley, pointing to the analysis which we are in search of. Berkeley overlooked it, partly by reason of the over intellectualism of philosophers, and partly by his haste to have recourse to an idealism with its objectivity grounded in the mind of God. You will remember that I have already stated that the key of the problem lies in the notion of simple location. Berkeley, in effect, criticises this notion. He also raises the question, What do we mean by things being realised in the world of nature?
In Sections 23 and 24 of his Principles of Human Knowledge, Berkeley gives his answer to this latter question. I will quote some detached sentences from those Sections:
'23. But, say you, surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees, for instance, in a park, or books existing in a closet, and nobody by to perceive them. I answer, you may so, there is no difficulty in it; but what is all this, I beseech you, more than framing in your mind certain ideas which you call books and trees, and at the same time omitting to frame the idea of anyone that may perceive them?
'When we do our utmost to conceive the existence of external bodies, we are all the while only contemplating our own ideas. But the mind taking no notice of itself, is deluded to think it can and does conceive bodies existing unthought of or without the mind, though at the same time they are apprehended by or exist in itself.
'24. It is very obvious, upon the least inquiry into our thoughts, to know whether it be possible for us to understand what is meant by the absolute existence of sensible objects in themselves, or without the mind. 'To me it is evident those words mark out either a direct contradiction, or else noth- igocatiall:: Leque
Again there is a very remarkable passage in Section 10, of the fourth Dialogue of Berkeley's Alciphron. I have already quoted it, at greater length, in my Principles of Natural Knowledge:
'Euphranor. Tell me, Alciphron, can you discern the doors, window and battlements of that same castle?
'Alciphron. I cannot. At this distance it seems only a small round tower.
'Euph. But I, who have been at it, know that it is no small round tower, but a large square building with battlements and turrets, which it seems you do not see.
'Alc. What will you infer from thence?
'Euph. I would infer that the very object which you strictly and properly perceive by sight is not that thing which is several miles distant.
'Alc. Why so?
'Euph. Because a little round object is one thing, and a great square object is another. Is it not SOR isae
Some analogous examples concerning a planet and a cloud are then cited in the dialogue, and this passage finally concludes with:
'Euphranor. Is it not plain, therefore, that neither the castle, the planet, nor the cloud, which you see here, are those real ones which you suppose exist at a distance ?"
It is made explicit in the first passage, already quoted, that Berkeley himself adopts an extreme idealistic interpretation. For him mind is the only absolute reality, and the unity of nature is the unity of ideas in the mind of God. Personally, I think that Berkeley's solution of the metaphysical problem raises difficulties not less than those which he points out as arising from a realistic interpretation of the scientific scheme. There is, however, another possible line of thought, which enables us to adopt anyhow an attitude of provisional realism, and to widen the scientific scheme in a way which is useful for science itself.
I recur to the passage from Francis Bacon's Natural History, already quoted in the previous lecture:
'It is certain that all bodies whatsoever, though they have no sense, yet they have perception: . and whether the body be alterant or altered, ever- more a perception precedeth operation; for else all bodies would be alike one to another. . . .'
Also in the previous lecture I construed perception (as used by Bacon) as meaning taking account of the essential character of the thing perceived, and I construed sense as meaning cognition. We cer- tainly do take account of things of which at the time we have no explicit cognition. We can even have a cognitive memory of the taking account, without having had a contemporaneous cognition. Also, as Bacon points out by his statement, ti for else all bodies would be alike one to another,' it is evidently some element of the essential character which we take account of, namely something on which diversity is founded and not mere bare logical diversity.
The word perceive is, in our common usage, shot through and through with the notion of cognitive apprehension. So is the word apprehension, even with the adjective cognitive omitted. I will use the word prehension for uncognitive apprehension: by this I mean apprehension which may or may not be cognitive. Now take Euphranor's last remark:
'Is it not plain, therefore, that neither the castle, the planet, nor the cloud, which you see here, are those real ones which you suppose exist at a dis- tance?' Accordingly, there is a prehension, here in this place, of things which have a reference to other places.
Now go back to Berkeley's sentences, quoted from his Principles of Human Knowledge. He contends that what constitutes the realisation of natural enti- ties is the being perceived within the unity of mind.
We can substitute the concept, that the realisation is a gathering of things into the unity of a prehension; and that what is thereby realised is the prehension, and not the things. This unity of a prehension defines itself as a here and a now, and the things so gathered into the grasped unity have essential reference to other places and other times. For Berkeley's mind, I substitute a process of prehensive unification. In order to make intelligible this concept of the progressive realisation of natural occurrences, considerable expansion is required, and confrontation with its actual implications in terms of concrete experience. This will be the task of the subsequent lectures. In the first place, note that the idea of simple location has gone. The things which are grasped into a realised unity, here and now, are not the castle, the cloud, and the planet simply in themselves; but they are the castle, the cloud, and the planet from the standpoint, in space and time, of the prehensive unification. In other words, it is the perspective of the castle over there from the standpoint of the unification here. It is, therefore, aspects of the castle, the cloud, and the planet which are grasped into unity here. You will remember that the idea of perspectives is quite familiar in philosophy. It was introduced by Leibniz, in the notion of his monads mirroring perspectives of the universe. I am using the same notion, only I am toning down his monads into the unified events in space and time. In some ways, there is a greater analogy with Spinoza's modes; that is why I use the terms mode and modal. In the analogy with Spinoza, his one substance is for me the one under-lying activity of realisation individualising itself in an interlocked plurality of modes. Thus, concrete fact is process. Its primary analysis is into under- lying activity of prehension, and into realised pre- hensive events. Each event is an individual matter of fact issuing from an individualisation of the sub- strate activity. But individualisation does not mean substantial independence.
An entity of which we become aware in sense perception is the terminus of our act of perception. I will call such an entity, a sense-object. For example, green of a definite shade is a sense-object; so is a sound of definite quality and pitch; and so is a definite scent; and a definite quality of touch. The way in which such an entity is related to space during a definite lapse of time is complex. I will say that a sense-object has ingression into space-time. The cognitive perception of a sense-object is the awareness of the prehensive unification (into a standpoint 4) of various modes of various sense- objects, including the sense-object in question. The standpoint 4 is, of course, a region of space-time; that is to say, it is a volume of space through a duration of time. But as one entity, this standpoint is a unit of realised experience. A mode of a sense- object at 4 (as abstracted from the sense-object whose relationship to 4 the mode is conditioning) is the aspect from 4 of some other region B. Thus the sense-object is present in 4 with the mode of location in B. Thus if green be the sense-object in question, green is not simply at 4 where it is being perceived, nor is it simply at B where it is perceived as located; but it is present at 4 with the mode of location in B. There is no particular mystery about this. You have only got to look into a mirror and to see the image in it of some green leaves behind your back. For you at 4 there will be green; but not green simply at 4 where you are. The green at A will be green with the mode of having location at the image of the leaf behind the mirror. Then turn round and look at the leaf. You are now perceiving the green in the same way as you did before, except that now the green has the mode of being located in the actual leaf. I am merely describing what we do perceive: we are aware of green as being one element in a prehensive unification of sense-objects; each sense-object, and among them green, having its particular mode, which is expressible as location elsewhere. There are various types of modal location. For example, sound is voluminous: it fills a hall, and so sometimes does diffused colour. But the modal location of a colour may be that of being the remote boundary of a volume, as for example the colours on the walls of a room. Thus primarily space-time is the locus of the modal ingression of sense-objects. This is the reason why space and time (if for simplicity we disjoin them) are given in their entireties. For each volume of space, or each Japse of time, includes in its essence aspects of all volumes of space, or of all lapses of time. The difficulties of philosophy in respect to space and time are founded on the error of considering them as primarily the loci) of simple locations. Perception is simply the cognition of prehensive unification; or more shortly, perception is cognition of prehension. The actual world is a manifold of prehensions; and a 'prehension' is a 'prehensive occasion'; and a prehensive occasion is the most concrete finite entity, conceived as what it is in itself and for itself, and not as from its aspect in the essence of another such occasion. Prehensive unification might be said to have simple location in its volume 4, But this would be a mere tautology. For space and time are simply abstractions from the totality of prehensive unifications as mutually patterned in each other. Thus a prehension has simple location at the volume 4 in the same way as that in which a man's face fits on to the smile which spreads over it. There is, so far as we have gone, more sense in saying that an act of perception has simple location; for it may be conceived as being simply at the cognised prehension.
There are more entities involved in nature than the mere sense-objects, so far considered. But, allowing for the necessity of revision consequent on a more complete point of view, we can frame our answer to Berkeley's question as to the character of the reality to be assigned to nature. He states it to be the reality of ideas in mind. A complete metaphysic which has attained to some notion of mind, and to some notion of ideas, may perhaps ultimately adopt that view. It is unnecessary for the purpose of these lectures to ask such a fundamental question. We can be content with a pro- visional realism in which nature is conceived as a complex of prehensive unifications. Space and time exhibit the general scheme of interlocked relations of these prehensions. You cannot tear any one of them out of its context. Yet each one of them within its context has all the reality that attaches to the whole complex. Conversely, the totality has the same reality as each prehension; for each pre hension unifies the modalities to be ascribed, from its standpoint, to every part of the whole. A pre- hension is a process of unifying. Accordingly, nature is a process of expansive development, necessarily transitional from prehension to prehensien. What is achieved is thereby passed beyond, but it is also retained as having aspects of itself present to prehensions which lie beyond it.
Thus nature is a structure of evolving processes. The reality is the process. It is nonsense to ask if the colour red is real. The colour red is ingredient in the process of realisation. The realities of nature are the prehensions in nature, that is to say, the events in nature.
Now that we have cleared space and time from the taint of simple location, we may partially abandon the awkward term prehension. This term was introduced to signify the essential unity of an event. namely, the event as one entity, and not as a mere assemblage of parts or of ingredients. It is necessary to understand that space-time is nothing else than a system of pulling together of assemblages into unities. But the word event just means one of these spatio-temporal unities. Accordingly, it may be used instead of the term 'prehension' as meaning the thing prehended.
An event has contemporaries. This means that an event mirrors within itself the modes of its contemporaries as a display of immediate achievement. An event has a past. This means that an event mirrors within itself the modes of its predecessors, as memories which are fused into its own content.
An event has a future. This means that an event mirrors within itself such aspects as the future throws back on to the present, or, in other words, as the present has determined concerning the future. Thus an event has anticipation:
*The prophetic soul Of the wide world dreaming on things to come.'
These conclusions are essential for any form of realism. For there is in the world for our cognisance, memory of the past, immediacy of realisation, and indication of things to come.
In this sketch of an analysis more concrete than that of the scientific scheme of thought, I have started from our own psychological field, as it stands for our cognition. I take it for what it claims to be: the self-knowledge of our bodily event. I mean the total event, and not the inspection of the details of the body. This self-knowledge discloses a pre- hensive unification of modal presences of entities beyond itself. I generalise by the use of the principle that this total bodily event is on the same level as all other events, except for an unusual complexity and stability of inherent pattern. The strength of the theory of materialistic mechanism has been the demand, that no arbitrary breaks be introduced into nature, to eke out the collapse of an explanation. I accept this principle. But if you start from the immediate facts of our psychological experience, as surely an empiricist should begin, you are at once led to the organic conception of nature of which the description has been commenced in this lecture.
It is the defect of the eighteenth century scientific scheme that it provides none of the elements which compose the immediate psychological experiences of mankind. Nor does it provide any elementary trace of the organic unity of a whole, from which the organic unities of electrons, protons, molecules, and living bodies can emerge. According to that scheme, there is no reason in the nature of things why portions of material should have any physical relations to each other. Let us grant that we cannot hope to be able to discern the laws of nature to be necessary. But we can hope to see that it is necessary that there should be an order of nature. The concept of the order of nature is bound up with the concept of nature as the locus of organisms in process of development.
Note. In connection with the latter portion of this chapter a sentence from Descartes' 'Reply to Objections . . . against the Meditations' is interesting:— 'Hence the idea of the sun will be the sun itself existing in the mind, not indeed formally, as it exists in the sky, but objectively, z.¢., in the way in which objects are wont to exist in the mind; and this mode of being is truly much less perfect than that in which things exist outside the mind, but it is not on that account mere nothing, as I have already said.' [Reply to Objections I, Translation by Haldane and Ross, vol. ii, p. 10.] I find difficulty in reconciling this theory of ideas (with which I agree) with other parts of the Cartesian philosophy,


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Jason is the author of 53 Strategies To Get More Listings. Throughout his career, Jason has succeeded by being able to find deals through creative channels.


text:
Astronomers Collect 40,000 Used Eclipse Glasses In U.S. For People In South America
By Merrit Kennedy
A child in Charlottesville, Va., uses eclipse glasses to safely watch the August 2017 solar eclipse.
Americans bought tens of millions of pairs of eclipse glasses to watch the total solar eclipse that crossed the U.S. in 2017. Now tens of thousands of them are heading for South America for another eclipse.
A group of astronomers is repurposing boxes and boxes of the glasses to send to hopeful viewers ahead of the celestial event that will be visible across much of the continent on July 2.
Witnessing a total solar eclipse can be a transcendent, even life-changing experience. But to do so safely, you must be wearing proper eye protection or risk injury.
The initiative by Astronomers Without Borders "is one of those things that fate brings you," says its president, Mike Simmons. In the past, he adds, the group oversaw "relatively small," crowdfunded efforts that sent a few thousand glasses at a time to schools in Africa or South America.
But massive interest in the 2017 eclipse presented an opportunity to do something bigger. The group asked people to send in their used glasses — and then the campaign became much larger than the astronomers ever imagined.
"We thought that people would be sending them in in small batches," Simmons says. Astronomers Without Borders had identified a company in Arkansas with warehouse space to collect them. "But as it turns out, we were contacted by people all over the country who said, 'We'd like to collect glasses for you. How do we become a collection center?' "
Astronomers Without Borders drew up some guidelines, and soon it had more than 1,000 collection points across the U.S.
They included "optometrists, which was fitting because it's a way to protect your eyes," Simmons says. "We had every kind of business you could think of. We had departments in universities and just individuals. We had libraries. It just ran the gamut through society."
"People were really into it," he added. "They loved the idea of being able to share the experience they had with kids in other countries where they wouldn't be able to get the eclipse glasses."
The group collected more than 5 million pairs, which were inspected by volunteers to make sure they are still safe to use and not counterfeit. It sent 40,000 pairs to Argentina, Chile and Peru, which are being distributed at schools, universities and planetariums for this upcoming eclipse.
/ Astronomers Without Borders
Volunteers check donated glasses to make sure they are still safe to use.
Astronomers Without Borders plans to continue to send batches of the glasses it collected to other countries for use during future eclipses, including another total eclipse next year in South America.
In the afternoon on Tuesday, a total solar eclipse will be visible in Chile and Argentina, and a partial solar eclipse will be visible through much of South America.
Simmons says it's important to help give people the opportunity to witness such a spectacular event. It also gets people interested in science, technology, engineering and math. "For students and teachers to bring STEM intro the classroom, it really is a great inspiration. ... It's a gateway science."
Since most people on the planet are not in South America, those elsewhere who want to watch the eclipse can tune in to a live stream from National Science Foundation's in Chile, broadcast here.
And if you are in a place where the eclipse will be visible but don't have access to eclipse glasses, here's a video from NPR's Skunk Bear with a few other ideas on how to safely watch it.
Merrit Kennedy
Merrit Kennedy is a reporter for NPR's News Desk. She covers a broad range of issues, from the latest developments out of the Middle East to science research news.
See stories by Merrit Kennedy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I just read the wikipedia article on Clazzi and I just realised that they're not some unknown/indie type of musicians who are performing on the Korean Night of Music Matters Live 2012.
Honestly, I do not have much impression of Clazzi as a musical group because of this one fangirl. She was screaming through the whole set. I kid you not.
The first 10 minutes was amusing because DJ Clazzi was spinning something electro and here you have one fangirl who was screaming and jumping like there was a boyband on stage. Oh, and I haven't mentioned that she had a banner for DJ Clazzi. Totally bizarre and not to mention how inappropriate it was.
After that, it started to get really annoying and it was quite clear that she was ruining his set for everyone who was within earshot of her screaming. Oblivious to the disturbance she was causing, she went on and on and on and on. Seriously.
Erm, so what if she was screaming. Everyone has the right to go a little crazy every once in a while.
Are you implying that Clazzi's music isn't good enough that people cannot go crazy over it? Think about it, teenagers normally like at least one singer, or a musician, right? And it's not every day that they get to meet their idol in person. Of course they're gonna go a little crazy when they do meet their idol.
Your entire post didn't even really touch on Clazzi, but mostly just bashed that poor fangirl who was probably just going nuts on that one occasion. Try to be a little more forgiving, okay? It's not nice to do these kind of things. Imagine how you would feel if you were her and other people bashed you for getting excited. How ridiculous does that sound, really.
Besides, it's nice to know that at least one person is really happy to see Clazzi there. I heard that most people just stood around and didn't fully appreciate the performance. If you wanted to listen to the music, you could've always done that on Youtube, but this lets the performer know that he's being appreciated. It's nice for him to know that, isn't it?
That's about all I wanted to say. Thanks for reading and I'm sorry if I came across a little too harsh. But think about their feelings if they accidentally stumbled over this blog post.
don't worry. 🙂 no offense taken. there were some people who were dancing in the front near the stage during his set. i was at the back and that's where most people were standing.
do not deny bashing that fan girl but i would have thought that that sort of screaming should be left for idols. she quite literally screamed through the whole set and annoyed people around here. i wasn't the only one. and just so you know, music matters live was also meant for the industry folks and the general public to discover new acts and not just a concert/performance for the fans.
also, maybe it is normal for fans to scream through all kinds of korean music but it definitely was very weird for me. and as a result, it was all that i could remember from the performance really.


text:
La ciutat de París va ser dividida una primera vegada en dotze districtes municipals l'11 d'octubre de 1795. L'annexió el 1860 dels ravals situats entre la línia de fortificacions de l'Enceinte de Thiers i el mur dels Fermiers généraux va requerir la reorganització en vint nous districtes amb una nova numeració.

Cada districte era ell mateix dividit en quatre barris.

En la llengua familiar del temps, estar casat al Tretzè volia dir «viure en concubinatge».

Districtes de París

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Polymer web app with Node.js not displaying page The polymer app that I am working is not being displayed when I run npm start. There seem to be no errors on command prompt. How do I display my index.html properly? I am using Node.js to create a RESTful api to call the news api and the display the news on the web page. The web page is not being displayed at all.
index.html
<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <script src="/bower_components/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents.js"/>
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/polymer/polymer.html">
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/core-icon/core-icon.html">
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/paper-input/paper-input-decorator.html">
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/paper-icon-button/paper-icon-button.html">
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/paper-shadow/paper-shadow.html">
    <link rel="import" href="/bower_components/paper-card/paper-card.html">
    <link rel="import" href="news-api.html">
  </head>
  <body>
    <news-api></news-api>
  </body>
</html>

app.js (Node.js)
var express = require('express');
var path = require('path');
var favicon = require('serve-favicon');
var logger = require('morgan');
var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
var bodyParser = require('body-parser');

var index = require('./routes/index');
var users = require('./routes/users');

var app = express();

// view engine setup
app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
app.engine('.html', require('ejs').__express);
//app.engine('html', require('ejs').renderFile);
app.set('view engine', 'html');

// uncomment after placing your favicon in /public
//app.use(favicon(path.join(__dirname, 'public', 'favicon.ico')));
app.use(logger('dev'));
app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(cookieParser());
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));

app.use('/', index);
app.use('/users', users);

// catch 404 and forward to error handler
// app.use(function(req, res, next) {
// var err = new Error('Not Found');
// err.status = 404;
//   next(err);
// });
//
// // error handler
// app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
//   // set locals, only providing error in development
//   res.locals.message = err.message;
//   res.locals.error = req.app.get('env') === 'development' ? err : {};
//
//   // render the error page
//   res.status(err.status || 500);
//   res.render('error');
// });

app.listen(3000);
module.exports = app;

index.js (Node.js)
"use strict";

var express = require('express');
var NewsAPI = require('newsapi');
var router = express.Router();

let newsapi = new NewsAPI('MYAPIKEY');

/* GET home page. */
router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
  res.render('index', { title: 'Hello' });
});

router.get('/trendz_now_global', function(req, res){

  // To query articles
  newsapi.articles({
    source: 'bbc-news', // required
    sortBy: 'top' // optional
  }).then(articlesResponse => {
    res.send(articlesResponse);
  });

});

module.exports = router;

EDIT: Package.json
 {
  "name": "trendz",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "private": true,
  "scripts": {
    "start": "node app.js"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "body-parser": "~1.15.2",
    "cookie-parser": "~1.4.3",
    "debug": "~2.2.0",
    "express": "~4.14.0",
    "jade": "~1.11.0",
    "morgan": "~1.7.0",
    "serve-favicon": "~2.3.0",
    "newsapi": "~1.0.0",
    "ejs": "~2.5.2"
  }
}

Please pardon me if I have made some dumb mistakes. I just started working with Node.js

A: You haven't let your app listen to any port. Add the below line just above the last line, then try http://localhost:3000 after npm start.
Hope you have node app.js in your start command in package.json file.
app.listen(3000);
module.exports = app;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Right Steps™ is excited to welcome nutritional and health advisors from the local community as part of their team. Designed to be vital assets of daily parent-student communication, Jeanie Subach and Dr. Eric Berger will work with Right Steps™ to lend their expertise on health and safety standards, the importance of healthy eating, how to deal with flu season, and more. They will provide information and tips for parents in Right Steps™ monthly newsletters that coincide with the health and safety standards that are paramount at Right Steps™.


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text:
Game Review: God of War
Should be called God of Boobs
Playstation 2, 2005
Developer: SCE Studios Santa Monica
Publisher: Sony Computer Entertainment
Time to Complete: 5-7 hours
The very first, debut edition of A Serious Review™ is for a game I just recently played. Seemingly 90% of everyone else on the planet with a PS2 already played it years ago, so I'm a bit behind the times. For that other 10% who, like myself, aren't "hip" or "with it", here's the story. God of War is a third-person action game set in ancient Greece. You play as Kratos, a mortal who is on a quest to kill Ares, the renegade God of War...and anything else that has the misfortune of running into his grumpy, wrathful self. This review may or may not actually be Serious, and it is likely to be not very serious at all. Void in several states. Read on, if you dare.
Steeped in Greek mythology and featuring such foes as the medusa and the minotaur, this is one of the more interesting action games of the Playstation 2 era. For people who grew up studying mythology as I did, the game is full of fun references to spot. This game is Clash of the Titans or Jason and the Argonauts mixed with a cold-hearted anti-hero and copious amounts of exposed breasts; we'll get to that soon. Like I said, the hero of the game is anything but, and often comes across as a worse character than the foes he's battling. He has all of the class, sophistication, debonair suave, and subtle nuance of a rusty Civil War era bugle that summons an army of rabid, screeching bats (not to be confused with Twilight fans). This doesn't make Kratos unlikeable, though. On the contrary - with the intended audience of the game, young men, he's quite popular. We live in the age of the anti-hero; in games for adults, shiny happy good guys who do no wrong simply aren't as cool as they used to be.
This game may be fun and interesting, yet it is not without flaws. It is very linear, and doesn't leave much room for exploration most of the time. Also, the environments are often underwhelming in appearance; a large portion of the game has you going through dull caves. This wouldn't be much of an issue if not for the sprinkling of overwhelming scenes, such as the cliffs you traverse in stormy weather while Ares can be seen in the distance battling an army. These awesome visuals make the less impressive parts of the game even more bland. This could be chalked up to the era that the game came out in. In 2005, the Playstation 2 hadn't quite hit its peak in terms of graphic power, and likely couldn't sustain the game's highs for the duration. This is less of a problem with the Playstation 3 remake of the game.
This trip to the zoo really fell apart
The anti-hero nature of our protagonist, Kratos, lends itself to the story in a way that is often comical. He is a one-man wrecking crew; he demolishes everything in his path with little remorse. As a result, get ready for gore - this game has lots and lots of it. The combat system is fast-paced and enjoyable, with Kratos swinging fiery whip chains to annihilate his foes. Anyone who is familiar with poi (fire-spinning) will particularly enjoy this.
It may sound like fun and games, but be warned... This game gets VERY VERY difficult towards the end. The final areas, which (spoiler alert, highlight the text to read it) have our hero clawing his way out of Hades, are unreal in their harshness. However, even in its most brutal moments, the game still finds time for humor; this time, in the form of people raining out of the sky left and right. Sound bad? It is, but somehow... it's just too funny to take seriously. And that's just it - the game never takes itself too seriously.
Back to the matter at hand: Breasts. God of War features breasts in abundance. They're everywhere. Enemies have breasts, statues have breasts, wall murals show breasts... the justification for this tomfoolery, which no doubt would have had Former Attorney General John Ashcroft up in arms, is thus: In ancient Greece, they had a complete lack of shirts and chose instead to wear bedsheets. The rationale was more likely than not that simply wearing bedsheets would cut out an unnecessary middleman for these sex-crazed lunatics. Luckily, soon Christianity would take hold, causing people to stop engaging in hot, sweaty, hanky-panky.
It wasn't until many years later, the 1990's to be exact, that people began to finally have sex again; specifically, 1992, the year the female orgasm was invented. Not coincidentally, also the year Bill Clinton won the presidency. In closing, the complete and total boob-overkill in this game is great, and easily adds a point to the game's overall score.
Also, it is worth mentioning that, at the height of its over-the-toppedness, this game has a Threesome Minigame. Tap the buttons in a rapid-response fashion to pleasure two strangely emotionless, bare breast sporting young ladies off-camera. Fun for the whole family! However, this minigame is not without its glaring problems. For one, during the minigame, you hear weapons clashing and combat sounds in addition to the moans of the ladies. Now, I don't know how exactly Kratos handles the stimulation of female naughty parts, but I'm pretty sure those are the wrong sound effects for the game to be using. Secondly, and this is a big one - the minigame is over in about 30 seconds. In addition to this saying something bad about Kratos, there's an even worse issue here: from the sounds of it, both ladies get off in that span of time. Now, as anyone on the planet who isn't a World of Warcraft enthusiast knows, such a feat is completely and totally impossible, and completely kills the suspension of disbelief.
I understand that the Threesome Minigame is a staple throughout the God of War series. I can only assume that the rumored God of War 4 will feature a Foursome Minigame. Or maybe they can just have a God of War game that consists of nothing but Threesome Minigames. What, you think that would be towing the line a bit too closely to porn? It isn't as if this is without precedent: We also got Dead or Alive Beach Volleyball... and Super Mario Sunshine.
God of War gets three and a half Kratos heads out of five. It's damn good, but there is certainly room for improvement. If you missed out on this series and enjoy Greek mythos, I recommended it... if you can hang with the brutal late-game difficulty.
Rating: 7.4 out of 10
Posted by Jericho at 12:18 AM
Labels: 2005, Action, Game Reviews, God of War, Kratos, Playstation 2, Sony
Brit July 9, 2010 at 4:35 PM
Ah, God of War. One of my favourite games to watch other people play, but that I've never actually played myself. So totally goofy and yet so totally badass fun at the same time. Ares bless those threesome mini-games, too...
brayniacx July 10, 2010 at 6:41 PM
'Luckily, soon Christianity would take hold, causing people to stop engaging in hot, sweaty, hanky-panky."
The Stages of Heartbreak
Game Review: Super Mario Galaxy 2
Game Review: God of War 3
Animatronics Vs. CGI, Passing Things On, and Pharm...
Movie Review: Predators
Game Review: Mega Man 10


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This Microgaming powered online casino site is not open for the general worldwide casino gambling population. The reason for that is online casino is entirely in Russian. It is not possible to adjust the language, although several currency options are supported, including Russian Roubles, US Dollars, UK Pounds Sterling, and Euros. Launched in 2002, Goldfishka Casino is licensed out of Kahnawake, and is an eCOGRA certified domain, as well as a part of the Fortune Lounge network of sites. Mobile casino gaming is supported, as well as downloadable and instant play casino action.
Russian players will not have a vast amount of payment methods to use when playing at this domain. You might decide to deposit with VISA, Master Card, Qiwi, WebMoney, Yandex, Moneta.ru, Neteller, or Skrill. Players will also be able to obtain customer support – although again only in Russian. This support is only available via e-mail, or live chat.
The main welcome bonus at Goldfishka Casino is a 100% match, and one which is offered on all new deposits made at the domain, as a new player. Other promotions and bonuses are quite few and far between at this domain. Aside from the welcome bonus, only a handful of special one-off promotions are available, with most delivered via the casino's newsletter. No loyalty program is in place at this online casino site.
Microgaming are the kings of the online casino gaming world, so you can expect to play a lot of top titles at this domain. Some of the most popular online casino games include blackjack, baccarat, video poker, Sic Bo, craps, roulette, lottery games, mobile games, and table poker titles, such as Cyberstud poker, and Pai Gow poker.
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MPRX® 0.6/1 kV power and control cables are used for wiring fixed installations not subject to mechanical risks.
The highly flexible MPRX® FLEXISHIP® range is recommended for installations and connections in narrow spaces where an optimal bending radius is required. The sectoral conductors of multicores cables provide further space and weight savings on the cable trays. Designed with halogen-free fire retardant materials, they provide optimum safety for people and maximal asset protection against all risks of fire.


text:
Ceratina ludwigsi is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1914 door Strand.

ludwigsi


As a parent, you want your kids to be able to forget the scars of childhood, and, for now, you probably care more about their physical scars than they do. Fortunately, there's Mederma for Kids.
Mederma for Kids is the #1 pediatrician-recommended product for kids' scars1. The gel goes on purple, rubs in clear, and has a fun grape scent, so kids can have fun with their scar therapy. It works for many types of scars, including acne scars, surgery scars, and scars from burns, cuts, and other injuries. Mederma for Kids is clinically shown to soften and smooth scars, providing the same benefits as other Mederma scar products.
In one study, parents who applied Mederma for Kids to their child's scar saw a significant improvement in the overall appearance, color, texture, and softness of the scars.2 With Mederma for Kids, you can remove the doubt and take charge of their scars today, so they won't have to think about them tomorrow.
For external use only. When using this product, do not get into eyes. Stop use and ask a doctor if condition worsens or if symptoms last more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days. Do not use on deep or puncture wounds, animal bites, or serious burns. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Mederma for Kids should be evenly applied and gently massaged into the scar 3 times daily until fully absorbed for 8 weeks on newer scars and 3-6 months on older scars. Begin using Mederma for Kids as soon as new skin has formed, typically two or more weeks after the injury or surgery. Make sure the scab has come off naturally and any stitches have been removed. On older scars you may start using Mederma immediately. Do not apply to broken skin.
Don't get discouraged if you do not notice results right away. Generally, Mederma for Kids users start to see noticeable improvement after about 4 weeks of daily usage, with optimum improvement in 8 weeks.
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text:
Office space in Sofia, Parliament
5th and 6th Floors, Landmark Bulding, 14 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia
The Sofia Parliament business centre is a highly accessible and prestigious location on the well known boulevard Tsar Osvoboditel. The building it occupies is close to the Bulgarian Parliament and offers a central location in an important business district in Sofia that includes embassies, state authorities and business HQs. The business centre is positioned on the fifth and sixth floors of the building, overlooking the famous St Alexander Nevski Cathedral and the Bulgarian parliament. Tenants sharing the property include the Bulgarian Post Bank and European leaders in banking, legal and tax advice, and energy. The business centre is close to Sofia University, which has a strong scientific and international focus, and is part of an education system that produces a well-educated workforce. The biggest sector in the city is services, which has seen growth in computer services, financial services and real estate. Sofia is a popular location with many global technology companies and for bank headquarters.
Sofia, Parliament
See all locations in Sofia
More ways to work in Sofia


EMF-Portal | GSM-900MHz at low dose temperature-dependently downregulates alpha-synuclein in cultured cerebral cells independently of chaperone-mediated-autophagy.
GSM-900MHz at low dose temperature-dependently downregulates alpha-synuclein in cultured cerebral cells independently of chaperone-mediated-autophagy. med./bio.
To examine the effects of chronic exposure to low GSM-900 MHz on apoptosis and chaperone-mediated auto-phagocytosis.
Apoptosis was analysed and the expression of proteins involved in chaperone-mediated auto-phagocytosis (cellfunction, that allows protein degradation in the lysosomes, increases under stress conditions) as well as the level of alpha-synuclein (substrate for chaperone-mediated autophagy).
Bourthoumieu S et al. (2010): Cytogenetic Studies in Human Cells Exposed In Vitro to GSM-900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation Using R-Banded Karyotyping.
The exposure to GSM-900 MHz failed to induce apoptotic cell death.
The level of Hsc70 was significantly increased after exposure to GSM-900 MHz in comparison to sham exposure, while the level of Hsp90 was significantly decreased, but also in the control group 1 (temperature rise to 37.5 °C). The levels of Lamp-2A, Hsp70 and Hsp40 remained unaltered.
Additionally, the level of alpha-synuclein was significantly decreased after exposure in comparison to sham exposed cells, but also in the control group 1.
The authors suggest that the observed changes in protein expression are most likely linked to temperature rise.


People who eat higher levels of dietary fibre and whole grains have lower rates of non-communicable diseases according to nearly 40 years of observational studies and clinical trials published in The Lancet.
Patients could benefit from improved nursing care and outcomes thanks to new guidance that helps draw out meaningful findings from qualitative studies, according to new UK research.
Clinicians need to do more to help people with type 2 diabetes stick to exercise regimes that can help them control blood glucose and improve heart health, according to a group of European experts. A position paper from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology highlights the benefits of physical activity for people with the condition. But the researchers make it clear that simply advising patients with type 2 diabetes to do more exercise is not enough. Instead, clinicians should help formulate tailored exercise plans and do more to motivate and encourage people to keep going, the researchers said.
Reduced staffing and lack of follow-up care could mean the festive season is a more vulnerable time for patients discharged from hospital. Patients sent home from hospital during the Christmas / New Year period are less likely to have a follow-up appointment, and have a higher risk of readmission or death within 30 days, finds a Canadian study published in The BMJ.
Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy are making a huge difference in treating some forms of cancer, especially metastatic cancer. But breast cancer has proven a tricky foe for this new therapy, and an interdisciplinary team of Florida State University researchers is now a little bit closer to figuring out why.
QIMR Berghofer researchers have created functioning miniature human skeletal muscle – a move that will accelerate research into muscle disease and treatments. The bio-engineered one millimetre by 0.5 millimetre skeletal muscles flex and move like muscles in the body and grow and strengthen with exercise.
Hospitalised patients were more likely to die when registered nurse (RN) staffing levels fell below the ward average, according to a retrospective analysis of data from a large acute care hospital. Each day spent in an RN-understaffed ward over a 3-year period conferred a 3% rise in mortality risk, whereas each additional hour of care provided by an RN was associated with a 3% reduction in the chances of dying, the study found.
Everyone knows that doctors love golf. But a new Harvard Medical School study challenges this stereotype.
Every Christmas The BMJ publishes articles on topics in the left field of research, answering questions that readers had never even thought of. Over the years The BMJ has looked at such vital topics as the side effects of sword-swallowing, the most popular type of chocolate eaten in hospitals, and whether skipping your "beauty sleep" actually makes a difference.
Many people believe doctors go through life with a stethoscope in one hand and a golf club in the other. So this year, researchers from the Harvard Medical School's Department of Health Care Policy decided to find out whether the stereotype of golf-playing doctors is actually true, and if so, which doctors make the best golfers.
CKN recently spoke with Dr Tony Rahman, Director of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at The Prince Charles Hospital, and heard about some of the innovative programs being run by his team.


text:
Reviews, WC73 - Friends
WC73 Review of Charmed Lives
July 13, 2007 Editors Leave a comment
Charmed Lives: Gay Spirit in Storytelling
Edited by Toby Johnson and Steve Berman
White Crane Books, 308 pages, $16.00, ISBN-10: 1590210166
Reviewed by Steven LaVigne
There are books that readers simply don't want to come to an end, and former White Crane editor Toby Johnson and writer Steve Berman have edited one of them. Charmed Lives: Gay Spirit in Storytelling is so filled with gems (thirty-five passages by writers as diverse as Perry Brass, Mark Thompson, Malcolm Boyd, Jeffrey Beam, James Van Buskirk, Don Clark, Bert Herrman and Dave Nimmons, and White Crane columnist Andrew Ramer, to name but a few of them) that these stupendous tales of romance, music, sex, harassment and coping with the modern world equally make it a savory pleasure that's tough to put down.
Among the highlights of this treasure trove: Mark Abramson explores his love for Ella Fitzgerald and how her particular style of jazz music helped him cope as friends succumbed to AIDS; Eric Andrews-Katz' self-esteem is given a boost after meeting an attractive angel one night in a bar, while the leading character in Victor J. Banis falls in love with Douglas, the man who takes no notice of a face that resembles "The Canals of Mars." J.R.G. De Marco's ghost story, "Great Uncle Ned," is the first passage that's a topper, making the reader thinking nothing else can be better. Romantic and sexy, De Marco takes the reader on an exquisite gothic roller coaster ride.
Some of the stories are set pre-Stonewall, while others are post-AIDS, but every contribution, even reflections on why writers work the way they do, addressing topics from sex to marriage to everlasting love are outstanding in their own way.
Among the other "toppers" are Jay Michaelson's "The Verse," wherein any mention of the "sin" of homosexuality disappears from every copy of Biblical scripture, from the Torah to the Gospels, as the worldwide news coverage affects Michaelson's characters. Should he be forgotten, Bill Blackburn's lovely tribute "My Last Visits With Harry," reminds us that Harry Hay, a founder of the Radical Faeries, was an exceptional pioneer for gay rights. Andrew Ramer imagines himself as Albert Gale, Dorothy's brother, who doesn't go over the rainbow, but, instead, finds true love on the prairie.
Personal experiences are a strong part of "Charmed Lives." Don Clark, whose book, "Loving Someone Gay" was so helpful when I was first coming out, discusses his personal life, while David Nimmons relates how his program of Manifest Love began on a Fire Island dance floor. Johnson and Berman share experiences from their lives as well.
I hope that I've whetted our appetite and that you'll take similar pleasures when reading "Charmed Lives: Gay Spirit in Storytelling," which was a finalist for a 2007 Lambda Book Award. Even so, it's a winner without awards.
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Бернарди́нський монасти́р — римо-католицький монастир ордену Бернадинців, що існував у Києві на Подолі, один із чотирьох католицьких храмів Києва в XVII столітті.

Монастир було засновано близько 1623 року. Дерев'яний кляштор було споруджено коштом Кшиштофа Сулімірського. Розташовувався під горою Уздихальницею, південніше вірменської церкви та навпроти церкви Миколи Доброго

Будівлі монастиря згоріли під час великої пожежі на Подолі , що відбулась після взяття Києва військами польного гетьмана литовського Януша Радзивіла, і більше не відновлювалися. Очевидець пожежі з литовського боку так описував її в листі:
Спалення кляштору бернардинів 17 серпня також відмитив у своїй хроніці Яким Єрлич.

12 травня 1660 року бернардинські ґрунти, разом з єзуїтськими та вірменськими, були універсалом київського полковника Василя Дворецького віддані у володіння церкви Миколи Доброго.

Примітки

Джерела
  Рисунки Кіева 1651 г. по ихъ копіямъ конца XVIII вѣка.  —  : Т-во типографіи А. И. Мамонтова, 1908. — С. [2], 197–512, 14 таб. илл.
 Храми Києва. Мультимедійна енциклопедія. 3DMEDIA, 2000.

1623 у Києві
Культові споруди, побудовані 1623
Католицькі монастирі Києва
Втрачені монастирі Києва
Зникли в Україні 1651
1651 у релігії


If you would like to expand your search outside of Newfoundland puppies listed in Fort Smith, Arkansas, then perhaps you would be interested in the following puppies.
Check out some of the recently sold Newfoundland puppies in Fort Smith, Arkansas.
SOLD Thom is anxious to explore a new home.
The current median price of Newfoundlands in Fort Smith is $950.00. This is the price you can expect to pay for the Newfoundland breed without breeding rights. If you require a pup with breeding rights or for show quality with a top pedigree then expect to pay from $1,400 upwards to $1,500 or even more. The average cost for all Newfoundlands sold in the Fort Smith area is $900.
We do not allow Fort Smith breeders, adoption centers, rescues or shelters to list Newfoundlands for free in Fort Smith. Beware of scams: If you find a breeder in Fort Smith, Arkansas or an online advertisement on Craigslist advertising a litter of "puppies for free" or to a "good home for free" then run, do not walk away.
How are Newfoundlands priced near the Fort Smith area?


text:
import Components from './components/index';
import Filters from './filters/index';
import Util,{getTypes, addType, addValidationMessage, set, get} from './util';
import Directives from './directives/index';

let Formly = {
  getTypes,
  addType,
  addValidationMessage,
  install(Vue, options){

    //install our components
    Directives(Vue);
    Components(Vue);
    Filters(Vue);

    Vue.$formly = {getTypes, addType, addValidationMessage};
    Vue.prototype.$formlySet = set;
    Vue.prototype.$formlyGet = get;
  }
};

//auto install
if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.Vue) {
  window.Vue.use(Formly);
  //expose formly functions if auto installed
  window.Vue.$formly = {getTypes, addType, addValidationMessage};
}
export default Formly;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
mtja57
mtja57 asked in Arts & HumanitiesHistory · 1 decade ago
how did the sharecropping system affect poor whites and blacks in the South?
the_lipsiot
Sharecropping appeared in the Southeastern United States, including Appalachia, after the Civil War as a way to continue post-slavery white supremacy over African Americans, but it ultimately included poor whites as well. It was a way to avoid the now illegal possession of slaves while at the same time keeping workers for labor in a subordinate manner. Although former slaves and their descendants composed the majority of sharecroppers, the poor whites joined the blacks in their struggles against the landowners by the end of the sharecropping era.
Sharecropping by definition is the working of a piece of land by a tenant in exchange for a portion, usually half, of the crops or the revenue that they bring in for the landowner. In return for the work on the land, the landowners supply the tenants and their families with living accommodations, seeds and fertilizer, tools, and food that can be bought in a commissary, charging fairly high interest rates to the tenants. These rates create an environment of debt and poverty that the sharecroppers have trouble escaping from. When they receive their portion of the money from the crops, the debts that they have procured comes out of their half of the money. Often this leaves the sharecropper with virtually nothing. Between the debt and the hard working conditions, a second form of slavery is created. It was not slavery with a person literally being owned but one of holding a person because they have no choice to go elsewhere. The landowners were the dominant persons in society while the workers were still on the lowest rung of the social ladder.
Source(s): http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/essaysS/sha...
This Site Might Help You.
Source(s): sharecropping system affect poor whites blacks south: https://shortly.im/AWS77
lirette
Sharecropping System
Source(s): https://shrinks.im/a8rVn
History Nut
Having done a little sharecropping myself I can speak from experience.
It left both poor whites and blacks with only enough to get by from year to year. If the crop went bad, you were in debt to the person who provided you food to survive the winter (company store, land owner, etc.). It was the same as slavery.
scarpati
What Was Sharecropping
Source(s): https://shrink.im/a9gia
Did Abraham Lincoln kill 30 indian warriors and why? ?
Who is Amber Hagerman?
David Cameron ignored the Leveson 2 Inquiry and Murdoch was sued an amount that was small for him, so why did phone hacking stop when it was?


After five years, 51 print issues, and reams of online content, Arts London News is making way for a brand new UAL publication – Artefact magazine.
It might seem like the end of an era, but really it's just another chapter in a constantly evolving story that dates back to 1994, when LCC was still the LCP (London College of Printing) and UAL was still the London Institute.
In 1994 The School of Media was located at Back Hill, Clerkenwell, and it was here that third year BA Journalism students began work on a pioneering newspaper project, the imaginatively titled the Clerkenwell Guardian – which later became the Back Hill Reporter.
Not your average university 'student rag', this project offered third year students the chance to work in a hands-on newsroom environment, instructed by industry experts who would ready them for the realities of professional journalism.
Crucially, the paper was gifted free weekly distribution thanks to a close relationship with media giant News International.
Anthony Delano, senior lecturer on the BA Journalism course at the time, explains how the deal came about: "The first few issues were printed by a commercial printer but, as ever in higher education, budgets rule and there was no guarantee that this peerless teaching tool could be kept running. Happily, I had friends well placed to help. Jane Reed was head of corporate affairs at News Limited (as it was then) and the CEO was Les Hinton, with whom I had worked in New York.
In 2004 the newly rebranded London College of Communication relocated to its current home in Elephant and Castle and the paper became LCC News.
A significant development came in 2009 when UAL agreed to the paper's distribution around all six of the university colleges, and even gave it a head office subsidy of £20,000.
Increased circulation and a new readership prompted another identity change, and Arts London News was born.
And so a new chapter begins, with ALN handing over to Artefact.
Masterminded by LCC Programme Director of Journalism and Publishing, Simon Hinde alongside former art director of i-D and Sleazenation magazines Scott King, the 52 page A3 publication will be printed twice a term.
As with ALN, Artefact will maintain a strong online presence via its website and social media channels.
Hinde explains the thinking behind the project: "With Artefact we wanted to create a publication and environment that firstly allows students to do work that really interests them and engages them, and secondly allows their work to be showcased in a way that will have credibility in a professional environment.
Artefact's manifesto describes its content as "positively disruptive, raw and radical" – a magazine "for 18-30 year olds who want to learn but don't want to be taught".
Available from November 10, the first issue of Artefact will be themed around 'Metamorphosis', appropriate as this ever-evolving project enters its next stage.
On behalf of all the editors, reporters and production staff who worked on Arts London News over the last five years, we say a big thank you to our readers, and farewell!


"The leading influencer marketing and talent management agency"
The One Celebrity is a full-service influencer and talent agency, representing tv personalities and social media stars (coming from Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, TikTok etc.) and proving a 360° management. From web to print campaigns, from brand experiences to meet & greets, from TV commercials to film projects.
With office in Rome, The One Celebrity's Team acts to turn dreams, hobbies and passions into lucrative careers. Doing this work requires hard work, vision, and dedication. The One Celebrity avails of a solid and talented Team who makes the magic happen.
We create and manage influencer marketing campaigns to help brands share their message through top influencers.
The One Celebrity offers a consultancy service to help clients identify and solve their market needs and challenges. With 10 years of experience in a fast-changing industry, The One Celebrity's Team can develop a tailored brand strategy to generate new revenue.
Consumers demand a dialogue and they want to feel involved with the brands they interact with, we can make this happen by creatively engaging audiences. So, if you are planning an influencer marketing initiative, The One Celebrity will show you the way.
Brands should not talk about themselves anymore but get their consumers to talk about them.
Ensuring the right Influencer is paired with your brand, we develop and manage all Talent aspects of online Influencer marketing campaigns making the process seamless.


text:
Spike TV to test live streaming to Xbox 360
Next week, for the first time ever, you'll be able to watch a TV show on a game console at the same time it's being broadcast on TV.
Spike TV has struck a deal with Microsoft to simulcast its pre-E3 program GTTV Presents E3 All Access Live – in partnership with GameTrailers.com – on the Xbox 360. It's a five-hour show that includes commercial-free coverage of Microsoft's and EA's press conferences on June 6.
Spike's SVP of digital media Jon Slusser said in a Broadcasting & Cable article, "It was a brainstorm out of how do we make it bigger."
For Microsoft, the idea of turning the Xbox 360 into a makeshift cable box has been a pipe dream for a while. The company has previously commented on the possibility of allowing users to either access live TV via credentials through an existing cable or satellite provider, or actually becoming a cable provider itself and letting users pay for TV through Microsoft directly.
The Xbox 360, along with the PS3, has video streaming services that give users access to thousands of hours of TV shows to be viewed through the console, but those are old, pre-recorded programs. This is the first time any show has been streamed live on TV and console together.
Microsoft's dreams combined well with Spike for next week's event, as Spike wants to be in the headlines just as much as it wants to cover the headlines. 15 hours of content will be available no only on Spike's TV channel, but also on Spike.com, the network's official social networking sites, a billboard in Times Square, and live presentations near E3 in Los Angeles. "This is by far the biggest investment we've ever made in E3," said Slusser.
Exactly how Microsoft and Spike worked out the logistics of bringing a live TV show to the console is unclear. All the major cable operators have frowned on previous such ambitions. Nevertheless, it's a win-win for gamers.
Spike's E3 All Access show will air June 6 from 12 Noon – 5:00 PM Eastern Time. The first three hours are commercial-free.
Americans dubious about free speech online
How cupcakes brought down Al-Quaeda website


text:
Back to Journals » Clinical Epidemiology » Volume 10
Acetaminophen administration and the risk of acute kidney injury: a self-controlled case series study
Authors Hiragi S, Yamada H, Tsukamoto T, Yoshida K, Kondo N, Matsubara T, Yanagita M, Tamura H, Kuroda T
Published 6 March 2018 Volume 2018:10 Pages 265—276
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S158110
Editor who approved publication: Professor Irene Petersen
Shusuke Hiragi,1,2 Hiroyuki Yamada,1 Tatsuo Tsukamoto,1,3 Kazuki Yoshida,4,5 Naoya Kondo,1 Takeshi Matsubara,1 Motoko Yanagita,1 Hiroshi Tamura,2 Tomohiro Kuroda2
1Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 2Division of Medical Informatics and Administration Planning, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 3Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan; 4Department of Epidemiology, 5Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) is frequently used for analgesia and is considered safer than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the kidneys. However, there is little epidemiological evidence of the association between APAP and acute kidney injury (AKI).
Objectives: To examine the association between APAP and AKI using the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method, which is a novel strategy to control between-person confounders by comparing the risk and reference periods in each patient.
Methods: We performed SCCS in 1,871 patients (39.9% female) who were administered APAP and subsequently developed AKI, by reviewing electronically stored hospital information system data from May 2011 to July 2016. We used conditional Poisson regression to compare each patient's risk and reference period. As a time-varying confounder, we adjusted the status of liver and kidney functions, systemic inflammation, and exposure to NSAIDs.
Results: We identified 5,650 AKI events during the 260,549 person-day observation period. The unadjusted incidences during the reference and exposure periods were 2.01/100 and 3.12/100 person-days, respectively. The incidence rate ratio adjusted with SCCS was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–1.12). When we restricted endpoints as stage 2 AKI- and stage 3 AKI-level creatinine elevations, the incidence rate ratios were 1.20 (95% CI 0.91–1.58) and 1.20 (95% CI 0.62–2.31), respectively, neither of which was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our findings added epidemiological information for the relationship between APAP administration and AKI development. The results indicated scarce association between APAP and AKI, presumably supporting the general physicians' impression that APAP is safer for kidney.
Keywords: acetaminophen, acute kidney injury, adverse drug event, self-controlled case series, hospital information system


Welcome to a new year of music-making at the Lawrence Academy of Music!
Registered families should have recently received information about our new online billing and payment system. We are thrilled to offer this convenient service to Academy families. All payments were due on August 20th but, as always, installment plans are available. Please contact the Academy office at 920-832-6632 if you wish to take advantage of this option.
Please note that the online payment system does not charge the Academy any extra fees if you pay via Electronic Funds Transfer, but does charge the Academy credit card fees. Consider using EFT so that our income can support Academy teachers and programs rather than credit card companies. If you wish to print your statement and mail it with a check, you are welcome to do so.
Earlier this summer, families should have received a copy of our 2013-2014 catalog. If you haven't had a chance, please take some time to familiarize yourself with the broad scope of programs we offer. Extra copies of the catalog are available at the Academy of Music.
I know that that you will enjoy each of them. Given their outstanding training and warm personalities, I know that they will make substantial contributions to our musical community.
For almost a decade, the Academy has hosted an annual fund-raising evening to raise money for our tutti! fund. This fund provides program support, teacher benefits, and scholarship assistance. This year, we will not have an evening event, but will present an online auction in November. In order for the auction to be successful, we will need your help! Please watch for information from studio or ensemble teachers in September. Our annual tutti! raffle will be held from February through March.
Approximately every six to eight weeks, I send our Academy Notes e-newsletter to all registered families via e-mail. These messages are short but full of information. Thank you, in advance, for reading this message thoroughly. If your e-mail address changes, please let us know by sending a message to: acad_music@lawrence.edu with "e-list" in the subject line. Please include your full name in the body of the message so we know who you are!
At the beginning of the year, all private lesson students will receive an Academy notebook. The front pages of the notebook contain calendars, teacher contact information, and Academy guidelines. Please refer to these guidelines if you have questions about our policies or procedures. The body of the notebook contains pages for weekly assignments and practice logs. The notebooks are meant to serve as one more method of communication between students and teachers. Please keep it in a safe place and take it to each lesson. In lieu of a notebook, ensemble members will receive an informational packet or handbook.
Thank you for your support of our programs. We anticipate another rewarding and productive musical year!


A fun little gift to post or to give, a tin of sweeties with alleged "super powers" - whether its luck or wishes you're after.
When someone needs a bit of luck or maybe even super powers then these little tins are exactly the thing. Designed by us in the Seahorse workshop our personalised tin of super power sweets are cute little sliding lid tins containing a choice of sweeties. A great way to say "I am thinking of you".
A great gift for someone before an exam or a job interview, someone in need of a few wishes coming true or simply just for fun. Who knows the power of positive thinking, they may even work!!
Siding lid tin with your choice of message printed on the tin and a choice of sweetie contents. Fruit sweets, mints, or old school style blackjack chews.
Add your own choice of name or short message and choose from a tin design featuring super power sweets, lucky sweets or wishing sweets. You can also choose the sweetie contents.