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Categories Selfstudyhistory.com
International Relations Between Two World Wars: Part I
Author selfstudyhistory Posted on Posted on August 10, 2016 October 13, 2020
International relations between the two world wars fall into two distinct phases, with the division at January 1933, the fateful month in which Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany.
Before that, there seemed reasonable hope that world peace could be maintained, in spite of the failure of the League of Nations to curb Japanese aggression in Manchuria. selfstudyhistory.com
Once Hitler was firmly in control, there was little chance of preventing a war of some sort, either limited or full-scale.
The first phase can be divided roughly into three:
In the aftermath of the First World War, relations were disturbed by problems arising from the peace settlement, while the newborn League of Nations struggled to sort things out.
Both Turkey and Italy were dissatisfied with their treatment:
Turkey was prepared to defy the settlement.
The Italians, soon to come under the rule of Mussolini (1922), showed their resentment:
first by the seizure of Fiume, which had been awarded to Yugoslavia, and
then in the Corfu Incident;
later, Italian aggression was turned against Abyssinia (1935).
The problem of German reparations and whether or not she could afford to pay caused strained relations between Britain and France, because of their different attitudes towards German recovery.
France wanted a weak Germany;
Britain wanted an economically strong Germany which would be able to buy British exports.
An attempt by Lloyd George to reconcile France and Germany at the 1922 Genoa Conference failed miserably.
Relations deteriorated still further in 1923 when French troops occupied the Ruhr (an important German industrial region) in an attempt to seize in goods what the Germans were refusing to pay in cash. This succeeded only in bringing about the collapse of the German currency.
Meanwhile the USA, while choosing to remain politically isolated, exercised considerable economic influence on Europe by, among other things, insisting on full payment of European war debts.
Russia, now under Bolshevik (Communist) rule, was viewed with suspicion by the western countries, several of which, along with Japan, intervened against the Bolsheviks in the civil war which ravaged Russia during 1918-20.
The new states which came into existence as a result of the war and the peace settlement – these included Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Poland – all had serious problems and were divided among themselves. These problems and divisions had important effects on international relations.
There was a general improvement in the international atmosphere, caused partly by changes in political leadership.
In France, Edouard Herriot and Aristide Briand, in Germany Gustav Stresemann, and in Britain Ramsay MacDonald, came to power, and all were keen to improve relations.
The result was:
Dawes Plan, worked out in 1924 with American help, which eased the situation regarding German reparations;
Locarno Treaties signed in 1925, which guaranteed the frontiers in western Europe fixed at Versailles: this seemed to remove French suspicions of German intentions.
Germany was allowed to join the League in 1926 and two years later, 65 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war.
Young Plan in 1929 reduced German reparations to a more manageable figure; all seemed set fair for a peaceful future.
Towards the end of 1929 the world began to run into economic difficulties, which contributed towards a deterioration in international relations.
It was partly for economic reasons that Japanese troops invaded Manchuria in 1931; mass unemployment in Germany was important in enabling Hitler to come to power.
In this unpromising climate, the World Disarmament Conference met in 1932, only to break up in failure after the German delegates walked out (1933).
Attempts to improve international relations
The League of Nations:
The League played an important role, settling a number of international disputes and problems.
However, its authority tended to be weakened by the fact that many states seemed to prefer signing agreements independently of the League, which suggests that they were not exactly brimming with confidence at the League's prospects. Nor were they prepared to commit themselves to providing military support in order to curb any aggressor.
(More about League of Nations is discussed in separate topic)
The Washington Conferences (1921-22):
The Washington Conference (1921–22) was an international conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out resolution of the conflicting interests of the powers in the Pacific area. It was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.
One of the purpose of the Washington Conferences (1921-22) was to try to improve relations between the USA and Japan.
The USA was increasingly suspicious of growing Japanese power in the Far East, and of Japanese influence in China, especially bearing in mind that during the First World War, Japan had seized Kiaochow and all the German islands in the Pacific.
To prevent a naval building race, it was agreed that the Japanese navy would be limited to three-fifths the size of the American and British navies.
Japan agreed to withdraw from Kiaochow and the Shantung province of China, which she had occupied since 1914.
In return she was allowed to keep the former German Pacific islands as mandates.
The treaty forbade the construction of additional fortifications in the islands of the Pacific. The western powers promised not to build any more naval bases within striking distance of Japan.
With regards to China, a Nine-Power Treaty was concluded by which the signatories agreed to accept the principle of "Open Door" and to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and administrative independence of China.
The Anglo-Japanese alliance had been a source of great uneasiness to the USA and Canada. They held that the undue extension of Japanese influence in the Far East was largely due to the British passive support.
The Alliance was due to expire in 1921 and the USA insisted that it should not be renewed.
Accordingly, the Anglo-Japanese alliance was ended, and its place was taken by the Four-Power Treaty signed by Great Britain, France, Japan and the USA by which they pledged to respect each other's rights in the island possessions in the Pacific and agreed to call joint conferences to adjust disputes.
This Treaty was designed to ensure the status quo in the Far East and thus to remove the danger of war in the region.
The Washington Conference temporarily ironed out differences among the powers over the Far Eastern Question and at the time, the agreements were regarded as a great success.
America secured the recognition of her pet "Open Door" policy as well as the lapse of the Anglo-Japanese alliance.
This, for the time being, removed the headache of the United States.
China was safeguarded, on paper at least, against further spoliation, and she gained her points in having Shantung restored to her. This meant for Japan a political recession in her Chinese policy. In all these respects the Conference revealed the growing feeling of distrust with which Japan was regarded by the Powers.
But in spite of these attempts to check Japan, the Conference unwittingly increased the power of Japan in the Far East and she continued to be bugbear of the Pacific:
The fixing of the ratios of naval strength of the powers together with the agreement not to increase their fortifications on the Pacific islands, assured Japan a naval supremacy in the Far East.
Japan was left supreme in the Far East, possessor of the world's third largest navy, which she could concentrate in the Pacific. On the other hand, the navies of Britain and the USA, though larger, were spread more widely.
In these circumstances it would be difficult to maintain status quo in the Pacific area should Japan be aggressively inclined. This was to have unfortunate consequences for China in the 1930s when the USA refused to become involved in checking Japanese aggression.
The Genoa Conference (1922):
This was the brainchild of the British prime minister Lloyd George; he hoped it would solve the pressing problems of
Franco-German hostility (the Germans were threatening to stop paying reparations),
European war debts to the USA and
the need to resume proper diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia.
Unfortunately, the conference failed:
the French refused all compromise and insisted on full reparations payments;
the Americans refused even to attend, and
the Russians and Germans withdrew, moved to a resort about 20 miles from Genoa, and signed a mutual agreement there.
When, the following year, the Germans refused to pay the amount due, French troops occupied the Ruhr, and deadlock quickly developed when the Germans responded with a campaign of passive resistance.
The Dawes Plan (1924):
Worked out at a conference in London in 1924, this was an attempt to break the general deadlock.
The three newcomers to international politics, MacDonald, Herriot and Stresemann (German Foreign Minister 1924-29), were eager for reconciliation; the Americans were persuaded to take part, and the conference was chaired for part of the time by the American representative, General Dawes.
No reduction was made in the total amount that the Germans were expected to pay, but it was agreed that they should pay annually only what they could reasonably afford until they became more prosperous.
A foreign loan of 800 million gold marks, mostly from the USA, was to be made to Germany.
The French, now assured of at least some reparations from Germany, agreed to withdraw their troops from the Ruhr.
The plan was successful: the German economy began to recover on the basis of the American loans, and international tensions gradually relaxed, preparing the way for the next agreements.
The Locarno Treaties (1925):
The Locarno treaty, signed in 1925, was a series of agreements involving Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia. All agreements were aimed at guaranteeing peace in Europe.
The most important agreement was that Germany, France and Belgium promised to respect their joint frontiers; if one of the three broke the agreement, Britain and Italy would assist the state which was being attacked.
Germany signed agreements with Poland and Czechoslovakia providing for arbitration over possible disputes, but Germany would not guarantee her frontiers with Poland and Czechoslovakia. It was also agreed that France would help Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany attacked them.
The agreements were greeted all over Europe, and there was hope for the reconciliation between France and Germany.
Many called this period of enthusiasm and hope as the 'Locarno honeymoon'. It was regarded as Stresemann' s greatest success to date.
But later, historians were not so enthusiastic about Locarno.
Criticism of Locarno Treaty:
The Locarno treaty was destructive both of the Treaty of Versailles and of the League Covenant:
The treaty made the distinction between the eastern and western borders of Germany, as defined by the Treaty of Versailles.
While Germany agreed that her western frontier with France and Belgium and permanent demilitarisation of the Rhineland, were final and acceptable to her, she refused to treat her eastern border with Poland and Czechoslovakia with the same finality.
She didn't refuse to seek out revision of her border with eastern neighbors.
Germany renounced the use of force to change its western frontiers but agreed only to arbitration as regards its eastern frontiers.
This had serious implication as it became clear that only such parts of the treaty of Versailles were really binding as were later willingly accepted by Germany. This made legally binding treaty of Versailles less applicable than voluntarily accepted Locarno treaty.
Britain promised to defend Belgium and France but no guarantees were given by Germany or Britain about Germany's eastern frontiers with Poland and Czechoslovakia, the very areas where trouble was most likely to arise.
By this, Britain gave the impression that she might not act if Germany attacked Poland and Czechoslovakia.
In the words of Polish leader Jozef Beck, "Germany was officially asked to attack the east, in return for peace in the west."
In the long run, this in effect destroyed the treaty of Versailles and the Covenant which had promised peace and checking German's aggression.
The Locarno treaty encouraged both the view that the Versailles Treaty lacked binding force, and the view that governments could not be expected to take military action in defence of frontiers in which they themselves were not directly interested.
Almost a decade later, nearly all governments appeared to be acting on these assumptions which in effect destroyed the treaty of Versailles and the Covenant.
Implications of the Locarno treaty became more apparent as time went on.
Germany followed the ratification of the Locarno Pact by concluding in 1926 a new treaty of friendship with Soviet Union, a power antagonistic to the League system.
Germany later on violated many provisions of the Versailles treaty by aggression and expansion towards east.
But for the time being though, as the world enjoyed a period of great economic prosperity, such uneasy thoughts were pushed into the background and Germany was allowed to enter the League in 1926 with a seat on the Permanent Council.
Stresemann and Briand (French Foreign Minister 1925-32) met regularly and had friendly discussions; often Chamberlain (British Foreign Minister 1924-29) joined them. The three of them were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
In September 1926 Stresemann and Briand reached agreement on the withdrawal of French troops from the Rhineland.
This 'Locarno spirit' culminated in the next piece of paper-signing in form of Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928).
The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):
This was originally Briand's idea; he proposed that France and the USA should sign a pact renouncing war.
Frank Kellogg (American Secretary of State) proposed that the whole world should be involved; eventually 65 states signed, agreeing to renounce war as an instrument of national policy.
This sounded impressive but was completely useless because no mention was made of sanctions against any state which broke its pledge.
Japan signed the Pact, but this did not prevent her from waging war against China only three years later.
The Young Plan (1929):
The aim of this new initiative was to settle the remaining problem of reparations – the Dawes Plan had left the total amount payable uncertain.
In the improved atmosphere, the French were willing to compromise, and a committee chaired by an American banker, Owen Young, decided to reduce reparations from £6600 million to £2000 million, to be paid on a graded scale over the next 59 years.
This was the figure that Keynes had urged at Versailles, and its acceptance ten years later was an admission of error by the Allies.
The plan was welcomed by many in Germany, but the Nazi party campaigned against accepting it, because they thought it offered Germany far too little. They wanted a much quicker and a much more radical revision of the peace settlement.
Even before there was time to put the Young Plan into operation, a series of events following in rapid succession destroyed the fragile harmony of Locarno:
Death of Stresemann (October 1929):
Tragically this removed one of the outstanding 'men of Locarno', a German leader who aimed at peaceful change in Europe and hoped that his country's economic recovery would be successful enough to prevent the extremists of both right and left from gaining power in Germany.
Wall Street Crash:
The Wall Street Crash on the American stock exchange in the same month soon developed into a worldwide economic crisis – the Great Depression, and by 1932 there were over six million people unemployed in Germany.
Hope was kept alive by the Lausanne Conference (1932), at which Britain and France released Germany from most of the remaining reparations payments.
However, in January 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor, and after that, international tension mounted.
The World Disarmament Conference (1932-33):
Although all member states of the League of Nations had undertaken to reduce armaments when they accepted the Covenant, only Germany had made any moves towards disarmament.
In fact the rest seem to have increased their arms expenditure – between 1925 and 1933 world expenditure on arms rose from $3.5 billion to around $5 billion.
The World Disarmament Conference met in Geneva to try and work out a formula for scaling down armaments.
But if no progress could be made during the Locarno honeymoon, there was little chance of any in the disturbed atmosphere of the 1930s.
The British said they needed more armaments to protect their empire.
The French, alarmed by the rapid increase in support for the Nazis in Germany, refused either to disarm or to allow Germany equality of armaments with them.
Hitler, knowing that Britain and Italy sympathized with Germany, withdrew from the conference (October 1933), which was doomed from that moment.
A week later Germany also withdrew from the League.
In retrospect, it can be seen that there was only limited success in improving international relations. Even the 'Locarno spirit' proved an illusion, because so much depended on economic prosperity. When this evaporated, all the old hostilities and suspicions surfaced again, and authoritarian regimes came to power, which were prepared to risk aggression.
How did France try to deal with the German problem between the two world wars?
As soon as the First World War ended, the French, after all they had suffered in two German invasions in less than 50 years, wanted security against possible German aggression in future. This remained the major concern of French foreign policy throughout the inter-war years.
At different times, depending on who was in charge of foreign affairs, the French tried different methods of dealing with the problem:
trying to keep Germany economically and militarily weak;
signing alliances with other states to isolate Germany, and working for a strong League of Nations;
extending the hand of reconciliation and friendship.
In the end, all three tactics failed.
Trying to keep Germany weak
Insistence on a harsh peace settlement
At the Paris peace conference the French premier, Clemenceau, insisted on a harsh settlement.
In order to strengthen French security, the German army was to number no more than 100000 men and there were to be severe limitations on armaments.
The German Rhineland was to be demilitarized to a distance of 50 kilometers east of the river.
France was to have the use of the area known as the Saar, for 15 years.
Britain and the USA promised to help France if Germany attacked again.
Although many French people were disappointed (many wanted France to be given the whole of the German Rhineland west of the river, but they were only allowed to occupy it for 15 years), it looked at first as though security was guaranteed.
Unfortunately French satisfaction was short-lived:
Americans were afraid that membership of the League might involve them in another war, and preferred a policy of isolation.
Consequently they rejected the entire peace settlement (March 1920) and abandoned their guarantees of assistance.
The British used this as an excuse to cancel their promises, and the French understandably felt betrayed.
Clemenceau demanded that the Germans should pay reparations
The figure to be paid for reparations was fixed in 1921 at £6600 million.
It was thought that the strain of paying this huge amount would keep Germany economically weak for the next 66 years – the period over which reparations were to be paid in annual installments – and consequently another German attack on France would be less likely.
However, financial troubles in Germany soon caused the government to fall behind with its payments.
The French, who claimed to need the cash from reparations to balance their budget and pay their own debts to the USA, became desperate.
Attempts to force the Germans to pay
France decided that drastic methods were needed to force the Germans to pay and to weaken their powers of revival.
In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr (the important German industrial area).
The Germans replied with passive resistance, strikes and sabotage. A number of incidents between troops and civilians resulted in the deaths of over a hundred people.
Although the French managed to seize goods worth about £40 million, the whole episode caused galloping inflation and the collapse of the German mark, which by November 1923 was completely valueless.
It also revealed the basic difference between the French and British attitudes towards Germany:
While France adopted a hard line and wanted Germany completely crippled, Britain now saw moderation and reconciliation as the best security; she believed that an economically healthy Germany would be good for the stability of Europe as well as for British exports.
Consequently Britain strongly disapproved of the Ruhr occupation and sympathized with Germany.
A network of alliances
Little Entente:
At the same time, the French tried to increase their security by building up a network of alliances, first with Poland (1921) and later with Czechoslovakia (1924), Romania (1926) and Yugoslavia (1927).
This network, known as the 'Little Entente', though impressive on paper, did not amount to much because the states involved were comparatively weak.
What the French needed was a renewal of the old alliance with Russia, which had served them well during the First World War; but this seemed out of the question now that Russia had become communist.
A strong League of Nation:
The French worked for a strong League of Nations, with the victorious powers acting as a military police force, compelling aggressive powers to behave themselves.
However, in the end it was the much vaguer Wilson version of the League that was adopted.
French disappointment was bitter when Britain took the lead in rejecting the Geneva Protocol, which might have strengthened the League.
Clearly there was no point in expecting much guarantee of security from that direction.
Compromise and reconciliation:
By the summer of 1924, when the failure of France's Ruhr occupation was obvious, France was prepared to accept a compromise solution to the reparations problem; this led to the Dawes Plan.
During the Briand era (Foreign Minister in 11 successive governments between 1925 and 1932), the French approach to the German problem was one of reconciliation.
Briand persevered with great skill to build up genuinely good relations with Germany, as well as to improve relations with Britain and strengthen the League.
Fortunately Stresemann, who was in charge of German foreign policy from November 1923 until 1929, believed that the best way to foster German recovery was by co-operation with Britain and France.
The result was the Locarno Treaties, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the Young Plan and the cancellation of most of the remaining reparations payments.
There is some debate among historians about how genuine this apparent reconciliation between France and Germany really was:
A. J. P. Taylor suggested:
Though Briand and Stresemann were sincere, 'they did not carry their peoples with them'.
Nationalist feeling in the two countries was so strong that both men were limited in the concessions they could offer.
The fact that Stresemann was secretly determined to get the frontier with Poland redrawn to Germany's advantage would have caused friction later, since Poland was France's ally.
He was equally determined to work for union with Austria and a revision of the Versailles terms.
A tougher attitude towards Germany:
The death of Stresemann in October 1929, the world economic crisis and the growth of support in Germany for the Nazis, alarmed the French, and made them adopt a tougher attitude towards Germany.
When, in 1931, the Germans proposed an Austro-German customs union to ease the economic crisis, the French insisted that the matter be referred to the International Court of Justice at the Hague, on the grounds that it was a violation of the Versailles Treaty.
Though a customs union made economic sense, the court ruled against it, and the plan was dropped.
At the World Disarmament Conference (1932-33) relations worsened, and when Hitler took Germany out of the Conference and the League, all Briand's work was ruined. The German problem was as far from being solved as ever.
Relations between the USSR and Britain, Germany and France between the two world wars
For the first three years after the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia (November 1917), relations between the new government and the western countries deteriorated to the point of open war.
This was mainly because the Bolsheviks tried to spread the revolution further, especially in Germany.
As early as December 1917, they began to pour floods of propaganda into Germany in an attempt to turn the masses against their capitalist masters.
Lenin called together representatives from communist parties all over the world to a conference in Moscow in March 1919.
It was known as the Third International or Comintern.
Its aim was to bring the world's communists under Russian leadership and show them how to organize strikes and uprisings.
Zinoviev, the chairman of the Comintern, confidently predicted that 'in a year the whole of Europe will be Communist'.
States like Britain, France, the USA, Czechoslovakia and Japan tried half-heartedly to destroy the Bolsheviks by intervening in the Russian civil war to help the other side (known as the Whites).
The Russians were not invited to the Versailles Conference in 1919.
By the middle of 1920, however, circumstances were gradually changing:
the countries which had interfered in Russia had admitted failure and withdrawn their troops;
communist revolutions in Germany and Hungary had failed; and
Russia was too exhausted by the civil war to think about stirring up any more revolutions for the time being.
At the Third Comintern Congress, in June 1921, Lenin acknowledged that Russia needed peaceful coexistence and co-operation in the form of trade with, and investment from, the capitalist world.
The USSR and Britain:
Relations blew hot and cold according to which government was in power in Britain. The two Labour governments (1924 and 1929-31) were much more sympathetic to Russia than Conservative government.
After the failure to overthrow the communists, Lloyd George (British prime minister 1916-22) was prepared for reconciliation.
This corresponded with Lenin's desire for improved relations with the west so that Russia could attract foreign trade and capital.
The result was an Anglo-Russian trade treaty (March 1921 ), which was important for Russia, not only commercially, but also because Britain was one of the first states to acknowledge the existence of the Bolshevik government; it was to lead to similar agreements with other countries and to full political recognition.
The new rapprochement was soon shaken, however, when at the Genoa conference (1922), Lloyd George suggested that the Bolsheviks should pay war debts incurred by the tsarist regime.
The Russians were offended; they left the conference and signed the separate Treaty of Rapallo with the Germans. This alarmed Britain and France.
Relations improved briefly in 1924 when MacDonald and the new Labour government gave full diplomatic recognition to the communists and a new trade treaty was signed.
However, under the Conservatives (1924-29), relations with Russia worsened.
By 1933, Stalin was becoming nervous about the possible threat from Hitler, and was therefore prepared to take pains to improve relations with Britain.
The USSR and Germany
The USSR's relations with Germany were more consistent and more friendly than with Britain. This was because:
the Germans saw advantages to be gained from exploiting friendship with the USSR, and
the Bolsheviks were anxious to have stable relations with at least one capitalist power.
A trade treaty was signed (May 1921), followed by the granting of Russian trade and mineral concessions to some German industrialists.
The Rapallo Treaty, signed in 1922 after both Germany and Russia had withdrawn from the Genoa conference, was an important step forward:
Full diplomatic relations were resumed and reparations claims between the two states cancelled.
Both could look forward to advantages from the new friendship:
They could co-operate to keep Poland weak, which was in both their interests.
The USSR had Germany as a buffer against any future attack from the west.
The Germans were allowed to build factories in Russia for the manufacture of aeroplanes and ammunition, enabling them to get round the Versailles disarmament terms; German officers trained in Russia in the use of the new forbidden weapons.
In return, the Russians would supply Germany with grain.
The Treaty of Berlin (1926):
It renewed the Rapallo agreement for a further five years.
It was understood that Germany would remain neutral if Russia were to be attacked by another power, and neither would use economic sanctions against the other.
About 1930, relations began to cool:
Some Russians expressed concern at the growing power of Germany.
The German attempt to form a customs union with Austria in 1931 was taken as an ominous sign of increasing German nationalism.
Russian concern changed to alarm at the growth of the Nazi party, which was strongly anti-communist.
Russia began approaches to Poland, France and Britain.
In January 1934, Hitler abruptly ended Germany's special relationship with the Soviets by signing a non-aggression pact with Poland.
The USSR and France
The Bolshevik takeover in 1917 was a serious blow for France, because Russia had been an important ally whom she relied on to keep Germany in check.
Now her former ally was calling for revolution in all capitalist states, and the French regarded the Bolsheviks as a menace to be destroyed as soon as possible.
The French sent troops to help the anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) in the civil war, and it was because of French insistence, that the Bolsheviks were not invited to Versailles.
The French also intervened in the war between Russia and Poland in 1920 and helped to drive back a Russian advance on Warsaw (the Polish capital), and French government claimed to have stemmed the westward spread of Bolshevism.
The subsequent alliance between France and Poland (1921) seemed to be directed as much against Russia as against Germany.
Relations improved in 1924 when diplomatic relations were resumed.
But the French were never very enthusiastic, especially as the French Communist Party was under orders from Moscow not to co-operate with other left-wing parties.
Not until the early 1930s did the rise of the German Nazis cause a change of heart on both sides.
Selfstudyhistory.com
Weekly Problem Practice For History Optional- 2020 [Medieval India: Week 1]
Answers of DPPGE- 17 February
"We have crippled our enemy without making our friends too formidable." Comment on it in the light of the Third Anglo-Mysore war. "हमने बिना अपने मित्रों को अधिक ताकतवर बनाये अपने शत्रु को अपंग कर दिया है।" इस पर तृतीय आंग्ल-मैसूर युद्ध के प्रकाश में टिप्पणी कीजिए। [UPPSC, 2002, 2009]
One thought on "International Relations Between Two World Wars: Part I"
Pearson says:
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text:
We are Working to Ensure that No Life is Worth Less than Another.
COVID-19, Sudan
What is the meaning behind these red T-shirts?
We can call it belief in free access to healthcare for all, but we may also call it 'the spirit to live.'
We borrowed the poetry from Shima, an incredibly committed nurse from Sudan, who has been with us for 10 years already.
"I will never forget a patient named Khalifa," she says, "admitted urgently at the Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery for a blocked heart valve. The speed of the surgery wasn't just thanks to expertise. Alessandro, the cardiac surgeon, wanted to give him the spirit to live, so he did amazing work."
Her words couldn't be more appropriate given the circumstances, because they picture how we strive for a fairer world where everyone has the same chance to be treated, and to survive.
COVID-19 is a global challenge, but there isn't the equality of resources to respond as there should be. Amidst it all, we stick to the concept of 'the spirit to live' – the staff who wear these T-shirts are not just doing a job, they are working to ensure that no life is worth less than another.
Among the Centre's patients: Safu and her girls.
On Wednesday 18 January, a delegation from the Carter Center visited our Paediatric Centre in Mayo, on the outskirts of Khartoum.
Hawa is 10 years old. Her story is very similar to the many we've become part of in Sudan and beyond.
previous post: "These are the Moments, or Rather the Gifts…"
next post: Eid Mubarak to All Muslims Around the World.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Error after updating Hibernate 5.2 to 5.4: "Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException: Data conversion error converting "aced000573720 … 710"; I'm trying to upgrade Hibernate core from 5.2 to 5.4. Integration tests work fine with Hibernate 5.2, but when upgrading to 5.4, this error showed

ERROR: javax.ejb.EJBTransactionRolledbackException: org.hibernate.exception.DataException: could not execute statement.
Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException: Data conversion error converting "aced000573720...71007e000871007e0008"; SQL statement:
DELETE FROM TABLE-A WHERE ID = ? AND BUSINESS_ID in (?, ?, ?) [22018-197]

This is the method tested:
public void deleteByBusinessIdList(Integer Id, List<Integer> businessIds) {

  log.info("ID: " + Id + " BusinessIDs: "+ businessIds);

  String sqlQuery =
      "DELETE FROM TABLE-A WHERE ID = : Id "
          + "AND BUSINESS_ID in (:ids)";

  em.createNativeQuery(sqlQuery).setParameter("Id", Id)
      .setParameter("ids", businessIds).executeUpdate();
}

I tried to debug those two parameters. The result of two parameters is what I expected. I don't understand why that strange string appears and causes error. How should I solve this error? Should I add new dependencies when I upgrade to Hibernate 5.4?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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My passion is ballroom dancing, and I participate in competitions with my pro partner Joe Hack.


Mark Peel of Campanile and Audrey Saunders of Pegu NYC have teamed up to crash straight into the post-speakeasy era, and they're dragging us with them. We've landed in the 40's – after Prohibition, of course – and the beautiful Art Deco interior of The Tar Pit is our proof. Elegance and class ooze from the cushion of each booth lined up along the wall while live jazz gives the ambiance a cozy touch.
Old American classics line the bar and dining menu while Saunders' specially-created cocktail menu lands its place as the freshest compilation in town (for now). Probably the nicest breath of fresh air is the price point being $11 per cocktail – reinforcing the notion that you don't have to bleed at the nose for a solid cocktail…and that you should stop paying $16 for a ordering the Grey Goose-Red Bull.
Once I absorbed my surroundings, I was relieved I'd worn a dress. Indeed, I wondered if the death of the speakeasy meant the birth of the unspoken, ante'd up dress code in LA. Who are we kidding these days? I took my mother, hailing from the midwest, to see Joseph and the Technicolor Dream Coat at The Pantages and she was shocked to see people wearing jeans to the theatre.
Another indication The Tar Pit aims to evolve the scene is the surprising lack of whiskey drinks on the menu – quite a departure from the other well-known mixology bars in town. You'll find plenty of gin, however, with a dash of rum, tequila and vodka. Samples of most of their original cocktails were being passed around in coupe glasses on media night, which were perfect for sampling a little bit of everything (even sharing with fellow bloggers) while not getting absolutely trashed in the process.
Of the ones I did get to try, Cucumber-mint creole – made with gin, aquavit, sherry, muddled cucumbers & mint, fresh lemon juice – was a good, refreshing mainstay to have on the menu. The Gin gin mule, their classic gin and ginger beer cocktail, is seasoned with mint and garnished with a slice of lime and candied ginger – the latter of which is a wild card with me, actually.
Tied for my favorite cocktails, one of which actually wasn't served en masse this particular night, were the Palm frond (lemon myrtle-infused gin, green chartreuse, muddled mint and simple syrup) and Jamaican firefly (dark rum, housemade ginger beer, fresh lime juice, simple syrup). The Palm frond comes with a reed of lemon grace through which you can enjoy your cocktail. Since I like darker spirits, I guess I preferred the Jamaican firefly just barely over the Gin gin mule – or more accurately, prefer dark rum with my ginger beer over gin.
Just a warning, however – I really did not like the Trident – which mixed aquavit, Fino sherry, Cynar aperitif, peach & orange bitters and lemon essence. It just tasted a little bit too much like medicine – a unanimous vote by all bloggers at our table.
As for the appetizers, I was thoroughly surprised – of the ones I got to try - by how well done they all were. I loved the buttery potato gnocchi topped with tiny escargot on a spoon (the key word here is "butter"). The crab cakes came with a good, solid consistency on the inside – no shirking here. Now I may be a midwest girl at heart so I love deviled eggs in general, but The Tar Pit's pickled version really hit the spot. A good sour selection on a menu to contrast the fried seafoods.
Even though Caroline didn't, I really enjoyed the fried artichoke, or Artichokes trastevere topped with cynar ailoi and deep-fried lemon. I had never had artichokes prepared this way before, but thought the delicate way in which they turned out was perfect! The aioli also gave it a good kick.
They also had fried oysters at the preview, but you'll have to read another blogger's write-up about that since I was No. 5 matched to a tray of 4 oysters.
Can I just talk about the bathrooms for a minute, here? When scoping out a new place – especially when brand new to everyone else besides me – I'm always going to take note of the bathrooms. That is, or take note to not take note of them. But the bathrooms are absolutely beautiful with crown moldings to spare and especially private stalls – you'd never have guessed that the logo of the bar is a mammoth stuck in tar (very artfully drawn, by the way). Class exudes from each corner of the place. And with the reasonably priced menus and tasty bites to match the delicious cocktails, I can see this place packing out in the very near future – that is, if it isn't, already!
Update (12/24/09): I went back to The Tar Pit last night to catch up with an old friend. The menu had changed to $12 per cocktail instead of the $11 price point in the story. I don't think this is too big of a deal – the place was packed in for a Wednesday night (granted – not long after its opening) and the cocktails are indeed labor intensive as with the other mixology bars.
This entry was posted in cocktails, Mid-City West and tagged Audrey Saunders, bar, cocktails, la brea, La Brea Ave, los angeles, Mark Peel, Mid-city, Tar Pit, Tar Pit Bar, The Tar Pit. Bookmark the permalink.


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Q: How to store data from XML file to SQLite database in android I am developing an application -- When a user is successfully logged in, an XML file is fetched from a URL and the XML data is displayed in list view.
How do I store that data in SQLite database, such that an offline user can see the data stored in the  database? I also want to create a refresh button, which displays an updated XML file and stores it in SQLite, when it is clicked.

A: 1)Get that Xml
2)Parse the xml using sax or any other parser you prefer
For parsing tutorial
3)Use the parsed data as you need in your case put it into Database
For Database tutorial
4)Populate the list view For listview tutorial


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December 10, 2021 December 10, 2021 byadmin Sports
article article The Guardian UK website has been taken offline after a fake news article claiming to be from the UK newspaper was published.The article claims that "a British government minister" had told a US audience that "it is not safe to be a woman in a man's body" after "a new law" was passed…
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December 1, 2021 December 1, 2021 byadmin Beauty
By JOHN KARLENPORTPORTLAND, Associated PressWASHINGTON (AP) — There's a new threat to the West's longest-held fortress: The new president in the Balkans has taken office promising to ease restrictions on tourism.And now a new Albanian newspaper is taking on that new administration, with its own warnings about what the new leader might do with Albania's…
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Posted December 12, 2018 04:18:17A new review of the Las, Vegas Review-Journal, the Nevada paper owned by the Las Angeles Times, is being published by the New York Times.The review by the Times' financial advisory firm, Credit Suisse, is based on the paper's revenue of $11.7 billion last year and a $15 million annual profit,…
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November 30, 2021 November 30, 2021 byadmin Sports
A New York Times article published this week discusses the difficulties of making a film about a political scandal involving a former president.The article, which has been picked up by other publications, describes the experience of making the documentary "Trump: The Truth About Him."The documentary was produced by an independent production company, and was shot…
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Alabama lawmakers vote to decriminalize marijuana in state legislature
Alabama lawmakers have voted to decriminalizing marijuana in the state's legislature.According to the Birmingham News, the vote was unanimous.The bill passed by a vote of 27-14, and it now goes to the governor's desk for his signature.The measure is a major step toward making it legal for adults to possess up to an ounce of…
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Which U.S. newspapers have been busted by hackers?
November 25, 2021 November 25, 2021 byadmin NEWS & REVIEWS
U.K. newspapers Virgin and the Guardian have both been hacked by hackers who took control of several computer systems and posted images online.The Associated Press has also been hacked, but did not publish a story about the breach.The AP reported the hacking of its website on Wednesday, citing a source who said it did not…
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What you need to know about the Jamaican star who has become a celebrity after her pregnancy
November 25, 2021 November 25, 2021 byadmin Beauty
Posted November 01, 2018 06:21:49 In the first six months of pregnancy, a new star has been born in the sport of boxing, and it has to be an amazing one.The Jamaican boxer and former world champion, Marta, is the latest to have a baby after undergoing an eight-week pregnancy."I am so happy.It was a…
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Report: New report: 5-year-old girl's death in hospital due to a lack of oxygen
November 2, 2021 November 2, 2021 byadmin Beauty
Spokane, Wash.(AP) A 5-month-old infant died from hypoxemia after being airlifted from her hospital room to a nursing home in the city of Spokane, the Spokane County medical examiner said Thursday.The baby's parents were in Spokane when they learned of the girl's condition and rushed to the hospital, according to the report.The infant was pronounced…
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How to build a solar-powered house with an electric motor
November 1, 2021 November 1, 2021 byadmin NEWS & REVIEWS
Posted February 20, 2018 12:12:03Tensions are high across Australia after the country's energy minister said a new state-of-the-art solar farm will not be built in the state.Key points:Key points Solar energy will be cheaper than existing coal and gas generatorsPower Networks SA says it will invest $2.6 billion in a project to develop solar-electric power…
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Is your theater attracting the right audience for your production?
What are your theater's graphics communicating to your prospective audience?
Join Drama Queen Graphics at the Southeastern Theatre Conference (SETC) 2018 Convention, March 8-11 for an informal discussion about what works, what doesn't and suggestions about how to make your theater's brand look as good as your productions.
And stop by the Drama Queen Exhibition Booth after the talk!
SETC | Connecting You to Opportunities in Theatre!


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Health News Robotics
Muscle Bots
Oliver Mitchell July 3, 2014
As we celebrate the 238th year of our country's independence from tyranny, we recall the quintessential American innovation – The Muscle Car. This automobile reflects our society and culture in driving for the biggest and fastest machine possible. A parallel in the robotic world would be Atlas, big and strong (although a little clumsy). Just like the gas guzzlers of the 1970s, metal robots might soon become a collector's item.
Earlier this week, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign announced a new powering scheme for robotics that leverages human muscle tissue with 3D printed components. This "3D-printed bio-bot" offers more precise control over its movements and a more dramatic range of motion, so it can navigate and change its movement in response to its environment. The rectangular robot measures about 0.2 inches (6 millimeters) long, and is constructed from a flexible, jelly-type material and fitted with two strips of engineered muscle tissue on either end.
"This type of skeletal muscle tissue could eventually replace conventional motors in robots," said Carmel Majidi, a robotics professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, who is not involved in the study. "It could create an artificial muscle for limbs in a soft robot — like an artificial jellyfish or octopus — which can be used in search-and-rescue operations, underwater explorations, natural disaster relief — any scenario where we need a robot to squeeze into tight spaces," Majidi told Live Science. "Basically, you want a robot that's more lifelike."
Skeletal muscle tissue is what drives human movement. It covers the bones and is attached by springy tendons that we can consciously control. When we contract skeletal muscles in certain parts of the body, we move — whether it's a thigh while running or a slight twitch of the finger. To enable this technique, the researchers integrated skeletal muscle tissue engineered from a mouse cell line into a 3D-printed soft robot. As reported a month ago, soft robots are a new type of robot in bio-engineering inspired by the strong yet stretchy structure and is made from flexible rather than rigid material, allowing it to move and adapt in new environments (see earlier post linked above). .
By integrating skeletal tissue into a soft robot, the researchers created a machine that can carry out more complex motor tasks and is capable of freer and more dynamic motion. The new soft robots would be lightweight, bio-compatible and match the elastic properties of natural muscle tissue, the researchers said. When the scientists tested the robot's movement, they found that the bio-bot moved only when given an electric shock — giving operators more control over its movement compared to previous bio-bots engineered with cardiac tissue.
If humans can control the robots to move only when they desire them to, that robot would thrive even better in sensitive or unpredictable work scenarios. These bots could potentially mimic the way our bodies move in response to our changing environments — whether it's dodging a taxi or moving into our downward dog yoga pose.
In the study, the researchers write that "cell-based soft robotic devices could transform our ability to design machines and systems that can dynamically sense and respond to a range of complex environmental signals."
Majidi said this type of integration of biological tissue with robotics could potentially lead to improving the design of prosthetic limbs, but such a feat is still far off into the future. "This is still early work and the potential advantages are speculative based on our current practical understanding/experiences," Majidi said. "There's much that remains to be done in tissue engineering and materials integration to have truly untethered and autonomous soft bio-hybrid robots."
Currently, DARPA has expressed interest in soft robots for a variety of military uses, including for its Maximum Mobility and Manipulation (M3) program launched in 2011, which is designing robots to assist war-fighters on the ground, however more civilian uses could be disaster recovery and medical assistance.
The fusion between bio-mechanics and robotics has opened the door for a new wave of organism that could eventually power themselves and self-populate. Sounds like science fiction of a good summer movie, but in reality it is only a matter of time…
3D PrintingBio BotsBio-engineeringMuscle RobotsSoft Robots
Here's Jimmy….
Iron Dome – A True War Hero


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Osmoderma subplanatum is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

Cetoniinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1915

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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I first met Sam at a Phambanotech workshop and we clicked right away. She spent the day today with us taking "behind the scene" photos while our photographer sponsor was focused on taking the main photos.
Sam donated this maroon fabric to us on behalf of her two daughters. From the sounds of it, there has been many plans for this fabric, but today it found its way to us.
Thank you Sam and your daughters for this donation!


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The Likable Leader
"Phil, Phil, Phil." Those were the chants from family rooms across America, including my own, while watching the final round of the 2013 US Open. This echoed the thousands of fans lining the fairways at the Merion Golf Course cheering on Phil Mickelson, arguably one of the nicest guys on the PGA Tour. In fact, that afternoon there probably were only 5 people rooting for Justin Rose, the inevitable winner –his wife, 2 children and caddie.
For Phil and his millions of fans the outcome was a disappointing 2nd place finish after leading the tournament for 3 days. This was his 6th "runner-up" attempt to capture the Open trophy and what he called a "heartbreak" outcome after being "my best chance to win with the way I was playing." It was also his 43rd birthday, Father's Day and he was a top the leader board. He'd just pitched in a 76 yard shot on the 10th hole for rare Eagle. A good karma moment that would be dashed a few holes later, leaving him 2 strokes short of victory. Justin Rose played a brilliant round of 70 with 5 birdies that should have been the talk of the galleries. Instead it was all about Phil.
What makes a fan favorite? Or for that matter a revered leader? Some will say that it is better to be respected than liked. But it is equally important to be likable. Together the power of respect and likability is an unmatched combination. Leaders can be respected for their talent, yet those that also possess genuine character can move mountains. We want these people to succeed. In fact, we cheer them on. We believe in them. We work harder for them. And, we double down on our commitment to ensure their victory.
Donald Trump may be respected for his power and deal making. But his ego driven empire and "you're fired" attitude does not generate good will. The same is true for Martha Stewart. Would she really have been pursued by the Feds had she projected a more caring, selfless persona? Can you see putting Julia Child behind bars? And how many fans – other than those in Miami – really were hoping for a LeBron NBA repeat?
Likable leaders have a certain authenticity that creates a connection with others. Yes, we respect Phil's golf prowess – and the genius and imagination upon which he attacks the game. Yet we identify with the unassuming father who does what other business travelers might do – catch the red-eye flight to make a 7:30 a.m. meeting (aka tee time) in order to be at his daughter's 8th grade graduation. That makes him real.
And, too often, we wish we could really be honest with ourselves about failure. Take Phil, publicly exposing painful errors, moments after defeat. Holes 13 and 15 "were the two bad shots of the day that I'll look back on – where I let it go." His vulnerability is admirable. Yet it also speaks volumes of a confidence in self. There are few that are willing to say, "I screwed up." Fellow golf pro Hunter Mahan commented after the 2010 US Ryder Cup defeat and Phil's team contributions, "He's a great leader, and being in golf, you don't hear that word often. He's a great guy to admire."
Likability creates trusting relationships through selfless actions. Leaders displaying empathy, compassion and gratitude reveal true character – and garner both respect and likability at the same time. For professional sports figures, the way to express appreciation is the autographs. And for Phil, it's signing every one of them – never racing for the exit, but respecting each fan that has waited with "Sharpie" in hand – no matter the hour. One of my friends and his 11 year old son, Jack, experienced Phil's generous spirit at the AT&T National at Congressional Country Club. They bumped into Phil, heading to his car. He was visibly tired after the 3rd round of the tournament, but stopped graciously for a short conversation. Just a few minutes later my friend, realizing that he didn't get his son an autograph, rushed down to the player's parking lot. Phil was in his car and backing up, and there was my friend, Jon, like a stalker, waving a ball cap. Other pros might have kept on moving. Phil stopped and rolled down the window. "It's for my 11 year old, he'd be crushed without it." Taking the Sharpie, Phil laughed, signed away and said, "No problem – any time." Now, that's likable.
Politicians know the power of likability. Pollsters regularly track favorability ratings as a key indicator to voting outcomes. Rahm Emmanual, Chicago Mayor and former Obama Chief of Staff, once said, "You can't outsource likability." The fact is you simply can't go far without it. And once you lose likability as a politician or a leader, it is impossible to recoup.
Respected leaders may succeed for a time based on sheer talent, but likeability is essential for sustained impact. Respect is foundational, but likability – now that's inspiring. In the meantime, Phil's legions of fans will continue cheering him on and that's as valuable as any leader board victory.
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Nathan ("Nate") R. Loftin, Esq. graduated from the University of Utah in 2001 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology with an emphasis in Criminology. While pursuing his undergraduate studies, Nate attended the Peace Officer Standards and Training Academy in Salt Lake City, and became a certified peace officer. Additionally, during his time in Utah, Nate worked full time as a correctional habilitative specialist in the mental health unit at the Utah State Prison.
Nate went on to receive a J.D. from Whittier Law School in Costa Mesa, CA where he received the CALI Excellence for the Future Award in his 2L legal writing course. He has worked for the firm since the fall of 2003, and was admitted to practice law in California in December, 2004.
In addition to estate planning, business planning, and related tax planning, a major focus of Nate's practice is trust administration and probate, and he serves as the lead attorney on several probate cases. He has assisted Zeb in researching and drafting study materials for the National Business Institute's legal seminar, specifically regarding estate planning for qualified plans and IRAs and other advanced estate planning techniques. While at the firm, Nate has helped clients save tens of millions of dollars in estate tax, has assisted in the administration of over $100 million worth of trust estate assets, and has represented clients in several high net worth estate tax audits and property tax reassessment appeals, all of which have resulted in favorable outcomes for the clients.


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Константин Николаевич Косульников  (1916-1978)— советский хозяйственный, государственный и политический деятель.

Биография
Родился в 1916 году в деревне Митьково. Член ВКП(б).

С 1936 года — на хозяйственной, общественной и политической работе. В 1936—1978 гг. — инженер-строитель, участник Великой Отечественной войны, начальник штаба 265-го гвардейского миномётного полка, начальник Московского Западного порта, председатель Киевского райисполкома Москвы, первый секретарь Киевского райкома КПСС (29 декабря 1965 — 25 марта 1971), председатель комитета народного контроля Москвы.

Избирался депутатом Верховного Совета РСФСР 8-го и 9-го созывов.

Умер в 1978 году в Москве. Похоронен , участок 9, ряд 4.

Награды

 орден Ленина
 орден Октябрьской Революции
 2 ордена Красного Знамени
 орденами Отечественной войны 1 и 2 степени
 2 орденами Красной Звезды

Литература

 Горбачев А.Н. Список некрологов за 1930-2015 годы. М., Infogans, 2016

Ссылки
 Косульников
 Косульников

Примечания

Первые секретари районных (в городах) комитетов КПСС
Депутаты Верховного Совета РСФСР 8-го созыва
Депутаты Верховного Совета РСФСР 9-го созыва
Делегаты XXIV съезда КПСС
Делегаты XXV съезда КПСС
Председатели районных (в городах) исполкомов СССР
Делегаты XXIII съезда КПСС


We have a BW system 7.31 Sp4 with oracle Exadata 11.2.0.3.
We have a problem in tablespace PSAPSR3 size 5,8tera with 323Gb free space.
Even though we added 32GB datafile ..after some period we have a critical objects problem on this tablespace.
How can we manage the tablespace to avoid this problem with so much free space available?
The problem happens above all in /BIC/* and /BI0/* tables.
323 GB free space and you get an ORA error like ORA-01652 / ORA-01653? An extra data file fixes the issue temporarily?
First thing you need to check is whether the objects in the tablespace are compressed - this is crucial for saving space.


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Glam rocker
Glam rock (also known as glitter rock) is a style that developed in the UK in the post-hippie early 1970s that was "performed by singers and musicians wearing outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots." The flamboyant costumes, and visual styles of glam performers were a campy, theatrical blend of nostalgic references to science fiction and old movies.
Largely a British phenomenon, glam rock visuals peaked during the mid 1970s. According to many researchers, the most famous exponents of the fashion were David Bowie, Marc Bolan and T.Rex, Gary Glitter, and Slade. Other influential British and American performers include: Queen, Sweet, Wizzard, Roxy Music, Mud, Mott the Hoople, The Glitter Band and The Tubes.
Glam fans (usually referred to in the contemporary music press as "glitter kids") and performers distinguished themselves from earth-toned hippie culture with a deliberately "artificial" look. This is derived in large part from a fusing of transvestism with futurism. Evoking the glamour of 'Old Hollywood' whilst consciously wallowing in 1970s drug and sleaze success, the stars of Andy Warhol's films and his stage play Pork were crucially influential to the nascent glam movement. The Warhol coterie were provocatively camp, flamboyant, and sexually ambiguous. Mid-1960s Warhol Superstar Edie Sedgwick cultivated an androgynous, ultra-hedonistic image.
With recent homosexual reforms in the United Kingdom and the militant Stonewall Riots for gay rights in the US, sexual ambiguity was briefly in vogue as an effective cultural "shock tactic". David Bowie caused a media uproar in 1972 when he told the UK press he was bisexual. While glam rock denied traditional gender-representation, genuinely gay glam rock musicians were rare. The late Jobriath was amongst rock culture's first openly gay performer, while Queen's Freddie Mercury stayed mostly "in the closet".
Science fiction imagery was a core strand of glam rock's stylistic weave. Themes of spaceflight and alien encounters were prevalent at the more cerebral end of the glam rock spectrum. Glam style strongly referenced this anticipated era with silver astronaut-like outfits, multicoloured hair and allusions to a new multi-gender social morality. This trend was often musically represented with science-fiction-oriented lyrics and music tinted with early synthesizers such as the Moog. Glam performers and fans combined nostalgic, "decadent" and "space age" influences alike into a uniquely "glam" synthesis of Victorian, cabaret, and futuristic styles.
While makeup and androgyny had featured in rock culture before the 1970s (most notably in the work of Little Richard, Pink Floyd, The Kinks, and The Rolling Stones), glam rock proper is generally agreed to have first been synthesised by Marc Bolan. During the late 1960s, Bolan performed psychedelic-folk music with his two-piece band Tyrannosaurus Rex, with limited commercial success until their song "Ride a White Swan" became a UK hit single. "Ride A White Swan" was released in October 1970, but topped the UK charts early in 1971. For the band's radically reworked T. Rex incarnation, Bolan simplified the music, using elements of 1950s and 1960s styles, and loud, distorted guitars. This approach was realized in full on the album Electric Warrior released in 1971. Bolan also changed his professional image by wearing makeup and glitter, first seen during an appearance on Top of the Pops in late 1970. This appearance laid the foundation for early glam rock's 'faux gay space alien' image. Bolan's 'futuristic' stage outfits further distinguished him from his old 'hippie' persona, and the combination of loud pop songs with camp visuals appealed greatly to a large younger-teen audience. By 1972, Bolan and T. Rex boasted a fanatical popularity amongst British teenagers not seen since The Beatles, which the press dubbed "T. Rextacy".
In Bolan's wake, previously existing pop-rock bands and artists such as David Bowie, Slade and Sweet would emerge and consolidate their commercial success over 1971-72. Pure pop artists like Gary Glitter and Alvin Stardust would also rise to fame in 1972-73, making glam a national music phenomenon in the UK.
Bolan may have hit upon the crucial synthesis of 'bisexual' glam image with a 1950s-futurist hard rock-pop sound, but the image was further explored by David Bowie, albeit with less commercial success. Despite having a hit in 1969 with the song "Space Oddity", Bowie's albums The Man Who Sold the World and Hunky Dory did not gain much recognition in the British mainstream. Though nominally a hippie in appearance, Bowie experimented with androgyny during the late 1960s, as evidenced both on album covers and his public image.
Following Bolan's successful change of image, in April 1972 David Bowie altered his own professional persona to fit the new concept character for his new musical project named Ziggy Stardust. Strongly influenced visually by Stanley Kubrick's movies A Clockwork Orange and 2001: A Space Odyssey, the music was harder-sounding and more aggressive than his previous work. Encompassing the rock and roll of the late 50s and early 60s, various literature, esoteric philosophy and other influences, the 'Ziggy' concept extended beyond the vinyl album and spilled into real life. When the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and its attendant singles were released, Bowie experienced great commercial success in the UK.
Both Bolan and Bowie's images became more extreme over the years 1971-74, as did those of their fans. Their musical scope also widened to include American soul and funk influences (as represented by Bolan's Tanx and Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow and, to a lesser extent, Bowie's Diamond Dogs, both artists fully abandoning glam for "plastic soul" with their following albums: Bolan's Zip Gun and Young Americans, respectively). In addition, Bowie promoted and collaborated with Lou Reed and Iggy Pop - two then-obscure American artists who both took on some glam influence in their music and image - as well as British band Mott the Hoople, for whom Bowie produced the album All the Young Dudes, for which he also contributed the title track. In 1972 Bowie produced The Stooges album Raw Power and Reed's album Transformer, which (along with Bowie's own work of the era) were influential in the history of hard rock music in general, but particularly glam and punk.
English band Roxy Music belonged more to the art- and progressive rock end of the glam rock spectrum than most of the others, yet they had a run of successful chart singles and four top ten albums during the period. These were Roxy Music, For Your Pleasure, Stranded and Country Life. Roxy Music were one of the few bands to have been formed during the glam period itself, first performing publicly in late 1972.
Also from England, Slade's remarkable series of successive UK number one singles over the mid-1970s rivaled the Beatles', and the Sweet also became a strong 'singles band'. The pure-pop 'show business' side of glam included many artist with already-long careers who brought themselves up to date with a few sequins and a raunchy guitar riff. Gary Glitter amassed a wide popularity during the early 1970s. His backing ensemble the Glitter Band began to release their own material in 1973. Similar 'updated' pop acts included Suzi Quatro, Mud and Wizzard, all of whom had great UK success during this time.
Though primarily a UK-centred genre and of somewhat nebulous impact in the US, glam rock rapidly influenced popular culture to the point where acts as disparate as The Osmonds and the Rolling Stones wore some glitter or makeup. Even though their sales-oriented work had little if any connection to science fiction, sexual ambiguity or high art, the genre's pop stars also wore makeup and 'futuristic' garb. However, as the genre progessed, it became stylistically diluted and commercialised.
In America, glam rock was much less successful as a commercial genre. The New York Dolls formed in 1971, and over the next three years they became the premiere American glam rock band. Based musically in Rolling Stones raunch and girl-group pop.
In 1973 the New York Dolls released their debut album and American Graffiti hit the screens. In the US, the Dolls' album attracted uniformly low sales, whilst the 1950s-60s 'Rock and roll' soundtrack to "American Graffiti" was a phenomenon, outselling any and perhaps all glam rock albums put together. The Dolls' debut was another heavily-influential album on hard rock, and indeed Malcolm McLaren, who later went on to engineer the career of the notorious punk band Sex Pistols, briefly managed the Dolls. Although the band were actually in the process of imploding, McLaren rallied them and insisted they switch from glam outfits to politically provocative red leather and Communist symbolism, but this pre-Pistols experiment in outrage failed and the Dolls folded soon afterward.
Over 1974, a surge in nostalgia for the 1940s and 1950s and the rise in popularity of Reggae and Disco music supplanted Glam in music culture. Science fiction, perhaps because of the recently-completed series of NASA moon missions, was also falling from favour as a mass concern. However, some notable bands appeared during this twilight period, the most enduring being Cockney Rebel and Queen. Although presenting a classically 'camp' glam image at the time, Queen's four musicians were all adaptable pop songwriters and eventually their run of hits exceeded that of Slade.
Although lacking a crucial 'political' core (in contrast with that of punk), by 1974 Glam had become a quasi-subculture. However, the social upheavals of the 1960s had produced a fertile post-hippie era in which not only "futuristic" glam rock could flourish, but the undercurrent of nostalgia which had run throughout the 1960s (after all, 1950s celebrants Sha Na Na had performed at Woodstock amongst the hippies and blues-rockers) could surface and become a mainstream interest. As it unfolded with a disconcerting slowness, the "space age" gradually fell from popular culture currency, and by 1975 the future was out of style, and glam rock itself subsided in popularity. Though much of glam rock and pop was intended to be dance-friendly, the dancefloor-specific new soul and disco music dominated both American and British sales charts.
Bowie officially announced his retirement of the 'Ziggy' character in July 1973, with a "farewell concert" at the climax of which he announced (somewhat ambiguously) that "this is the last show that we'll ever do". With Ziggy in 'retirement', Bowie went on to create the album Diamond Dogs, which many interpreted as his farewell to the glam movement. As evidenced by his new 'soul crooner' look and his following albums David Live and Young Americans, he had again fundamentally changed his musical style, this time to a combination of soul and funk.
Likewise, Marc Bolan made a move toward soul music, though less successfully than Bowie. Over the years, Bolan had continually failed to build in America the same sort of commercial success he enjoyed in England. A combination of this lack, substance abuse, and internal strife all helped derail the career of Bolan and T. Rex, as well as alienating fans with a rapid change of styles: a brief change to a more hard rock style (heard in singles such as "20th Century Boy") followed less than a year later by a strong leaning toward soul music in 1974's Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow (a sound he first began experimenting with in 1973 with Tanx, which began his commercial descent). The band quickly faded from the musical mainstream as their album sales and popularity collapsed. Before his death, though, he had partially returned to mainstream popularity as he had cleaned up, hosted his own TV show Marc and toured with new punk bands such as The Damned.
Slade and the Sweet had hits well into the mid 1970s, but when punk arrived, both bands eventually became passe. In 1977, the Sweet changed their image and sound to be more 'progressive,' while Slade carried on as they were, at club level until they found more commercial success (albeit sporadic) in the 80s.
Roxy Music carried on until their 1976 split, although a reformed band experienced their greatest period of commercial success in the New Wave movement of the early 1980s. Former keyboardist Brian Eno released a few albums of glam leanings before becoming a pioneer in ambient music and a popular producer.
In the United States, the New York Dolls split in 1975, with the most visible results being singer David Johansen's decidedly non-glam, basic rock solo career.
Info from wikipedia, image from deviantart.


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Howard Hirsch
By Lori Silberman Brauner April 5, 2012, 12:00 am Edit
Howard Allen Hirsch, 83, of Boca Raton, Fla., died March 22, 2012. Born in Brooklyn, he spent most of his adult life in New Jersey.
A licensed New York state real estate broker, Mr. Hirsch was CEO/COO of Padar Realty Company and Andros Realty Company until his retirement in 1996. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and served on the board of directors of Welbilt Corporation and the Real Estate Board of New York.
He was known for his many philanthropic and volunteer endeavors, sitting on the board of directors of Daughters of Israel in West Orange and United Jewish Appeal of MetroWest New Jersey, serving as campaign chairman of Metro NJ Israel Bonds, and as vice president and member of the board of directors of Schneider Children's Medical Center in Israel, Yeshiva University High School, and Fight For Sight Organization. He was also a member of the finance committee of Green Brook Country Club, North Caldwell, and the Polo Club of Florida's POA Board.
He was an accomplished sculptor and artist.
He is survived by his wife of almost 61 years, Miriam (Mimi); two daughters, Ellen Brounstein and Ruth Haas; his son, Stephen; and nine grandchildren.
Services were held March 25 with arrangements by I.J. Morris Funeral Directors, West Palm Beach, Fla. Memorial contributions may be made to The Genesis Philanthropy Group, 520 Eighth Avenue, 4th floor, New York, NY, 10018; to Medical Development for Israel Inc., 295 Madison Ave., Suite 1705, New York, NY 10017; or Hospice by the Sea Fund Development, 1531 West Palmetto Park Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33486.


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Back to Contents
DFID's Work on Safeguarding
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The Secretary of State for International Development (Penny Mordaunt)
Ahead of the forthcoming anniversary of the first media stories about the Haiti case, and further to my ministerial statement of 25 October, I would like to update the House on preventing and responding to sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment in the aid sector.
Delivering 18 October summit commitments
My last statement was shortly after the international summit I hosted in London on 18 October where donors representing 90% of global official development assistance, NGOs, suppliers, multilateral organisations and others agreed robust actions to deliver root to branch change in the way the international aid sector tackles these issues and I announced specific initiatives supported by DFID.
The five-year project with Interpol to stop perpetrators of sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment moving around the aid sector is getting under-way. It will strengthen and digitise criminal record checks, improve information sharing between countries and train staff, so ensuring a more robust law enforcement response against predatory individuals.
The disclosure of misconduct scheme will prevent individuals with a record of misconduct from moving around the NGO sector undetected. Fuller details were published in December and more NGOs are signing up.
DFID is supporting work to verify that our partners meet the global standards on preventing and responding to sexual exploitation and abuse as agreed by donors in October.
The resource and support hub will provide guidance, training and support on safeguarding to smaller charities which are those most likely to need it. There has been strong interest from potential suppliers and DFID expects to sign a multi-year contract by August.
We are working with the UN Victims' Rights Advocate to develop a statement of victims' rights for publication this year which will help survivors of abuse and exploitation better understand the redress and support available to them.
In November, the UK NGO platform Bond incorporated the UK NGO summit commitments into the Bond Charter, so covering over 450 organisations.
DFID is working with Dutch counterparts on an action plan for the ombudsman proposal.
The case at the International Planned Parenthood Federation underlines the value of the much tougher safeguarding standards I introduced last year. Those standards have required the reporting of this case and robust action to be taken. The case is ongoing and DFID's Safeguarding Investigations Team created last year is looking at it in more detail.
Charity Commission figures show an increase in safeguarding cases reported by charities last year. I expect to continue to see more reports as people feel safer to speak up and organisations take their obligations seriously.
DFID continues to co-ordinate closely with the National Crime Agency on shared objectives. The draft Domestic Abuse Bill proposes that more types of sexual offences committed abroad by a UK national can be prosecuted in England and Wales. We have recently seen other countries take action against suspected criminal sexual activity in the aid sector.
DFID continues to meet regularly with representatives from across the aid sector and is working with them to develop appropriate accountability mechanisms for the commitments announced at October's summit.
I plan to participate in meetings on safeguarding at the UN Commission on the Status Of Women in March, the World Bank spring meetings in April and the UN General Assembly in September to drive forward progress. DFID is leading a process in the OECD to agree a mechanism this year to monitor the performance of all 30 major global donors on safeguarding.
I welcome the International Development Committee's continuing focus on safeguarding and look forward to my discussion with them in May. DFID continues to work across Government to drive a coherent approach to safeguarding in ODA projects and to improve the capability of staff.
I sent a clear message a year ago that the whole sector must make zero tolerance on sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment a reality. Today, I repeat that message.
Work led by DFID in the past year has generated good momentum, domestically and internationally. But there is much more to do, and we will continue to lead the way and work with others in the months and years ahead.
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Siraj Syed is the India Correspondent for FilmFestivals.com and a member of FIPRESCI, the International Federation of Film Critics. He is a Film Festival Correspondent since 1976, Film-critic since 1969 and a Feature-writer since 1970. He is also an acting and dialogue coach. @SirajHSyed
Home >> Blogs >> Siraj Syed's blog >> Ripples, Review: Subtly, gently
Ripples, Review: Subtly, gently
Ripples is a film about Muslim women of Xinjiang, who now live in Yiwu, and how they miss their homeland.
While China is universally acknowledged as a military and economic super-power, prejudices and misconceptions about the country's internal matters abound. One such contentious issue is the plight of the Uyghur (Uighur) Muslims, who form a large part of the population of its Xinjiang province, in the north-west, an autonomous region, like Tibet. It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east, Tibet to the south, Afghanistan and Kashmir to the southwest, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the west, Kazakhstan to the northwest, Russia to the north, and Mongolia to the northeast. It is China's largest political unit. Its capital is at Ürümqi (Wulumuqi). Spread over an area of 635,900 square miles (1,646,900 square km), it has a population of 21,813,334, according to the 2010 census, which includes a significant number of Muslims.
We peek into the lives of Uighur women, who are self-made and successful. They are enterprising and compassionate too. Garments, restaurant, shipping, WeChat - they are into a multitude of professions and businesses. Except for one, we find them raising children single-handedly, while making their livelihood. Concurrently, the film highlights the plight of the cotton farmers in general and the garment industry in particular, because some countries have imposed a ban on cotton from Xinjiang, alleging the use in bonded labour in the plantations. We see the snow-clad fields and the use of machines to pluck the crop, as a testimony to the non-use of any labour, let alone bonded labour, in the plantations. Incidentally, China is the biggest grower of cotton in the world, the 2020-21 figures standing at 6,423 thousand metric tonnes, putting it ahead of India.
Unfolding at a leisurely pace, the 28-minute film gives the feel of a concealed camera capturing almost all significant activities, over a few days, in the lives of the women protagonists, including shopping at a vegetable market, kneading dough, a birthday celebration, ultrasound examination of a foetus, a woman's phone conversation with her father, her concern for her Afghan husband, who is deeply perturbed at the developments in Afghanistan. The language used is mostly ethnic, with some English. On occasion, you hear words like "kujah ast?", which is Persian for "where are you/where is it?" Of course, there are sub-titles, which, thankfully, do not change rapidly. But then, the film itself is not a rapid cutting experience.
French director Benoît Lelièvere (Reprise d'etude, There, Le Miroir d'Alice) who is also a writer and cinematographer, shows a deep insight into the working lives, and the psyche, of so many women, and beautifully contrasts their lives, only to convince us that we all share the same humane feelings. No writer is credited, so I presume, and it appears, that the film was largely shot using real characters and real-life conversations. Benoit raises very pertinent issues, without resorting to lecturing or propaganda. Having Huaqing Jin (Shame, Blossom with Tears, Lament of Yumen, Splendid Land – co-directed) as co-director must have been of great advantage, in getting a better assimilation of the people and the issues into a coherent holistic venture.
Some marvellous panoramic outdoor and sky-shots provide breath-taking views between the largely indoors shot film, courtesy Director of Photography, Jimmy Buffet. Editor Willie Nelson does a competent job of editing, using fade-outs and fade-ins judiciously. Sound is mostly natural, and Jacqueline Martin keeps it a conversational level. There is a lot of music, often the guitar, and even a popular western song, in its instrumental version, but music never dominates the proceedings.
Ripples is a silky, velvety film that raises some very bitter issues that are causing conflict within some countries and between countries. It does so subtly, gently, unobtrusively - and creates delicate ripples.
Rating: *** ½
Cat. : Afghanistan Benoît Lelièvere Chinese Gansu Huaqing Jin Jacqueline Martin Jimmy Buffet kashmir Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia muslim Qinghai Russia Tajikistan tibet Uighur Ürümqi Uyghur WeChat Willie Nelson Wulumuqi Xinjiang Shorts FILM
Siraj Syed's blog
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About Siraj Syed
Syed Siraj
(Siraj Associates)
Siraj Syed is a film-critic since 1970 and a Former President of the Freelance Film Journalists' Combine of India.
He is the India Correspondent of FilmFestivals.com and a member of FIPRESCI, the international Federation of Film Critics, Munich, Germany
Siraj Syed has contributed over 1,015 articles on cinema, international film festivals, conventions, exhibitions, etc., most recently, at IFFI (Goa), MIFF (Mumbai), MFF/MAMI (Mumbai) and CommunicAsia (Singapore). He often edits film festival daily bulletins.
He is also an actor and a dubbing artiste. Further, he has been teaching media, acting and dubbing at over 30 institutes in India and Singapore, since 1984.
Bandra West, Mumbai
Total Siyapaa
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DIFF 20, 2022, 07: Meet the Juries officiating at the Dhaka International Film Festival, January 15-23
DIFF 20, 2022, 06: Meet the Juries officiating at DIFF 20, 2022, January 15-23
DIFF 20, 2022, 06, List of films to be screened at the Dhaka International Film Festival, Part V
DIFF 20, 2022, 05, List of films to be screened at the Dhaka International Film Festival, Part IV
DIFF 20, 2022, 04: List of films to be screened at the Dhaka International Film festival, Part III
DIFF, 03: List of films to be screened at the 20th Dhaka International Film Festival, 2022, Part II
DIFF 20, 2022, 02: List of films to be screened at the 20th Dhaka International Film Festival, 2022, Part I
DIIF 20, 2022, 01: Under DIFFicult circumstances
IFFI 52, 052: Veterans not allowed to contribute
International Film Festival of India (IFFI), Goa, November 20-30 2014, IFFI Daily Bulletin, 23 November issue


Following the amazing success of Orchestrate, we've developed another classical music team building activity perfect for busy conference schedules: Crescendo!
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Under the guidance of two expert tutors, your team is introduced to violins and violas, and taught to play a unique composition we commissioned specifically for this team building program. Even if your team has no familiarity with musical instruments, at the end of an hour they will come together (with the help of a backing track) to make beautiful music. Guaranteed!
Where did we come up with this idea?
We launched our first ground-breaking classical music team building activity, called 'Orchestrate,' back in 2006. Since then many blue chip clients have risen to the challenge. It's been an amazing success for us worldwide and is always a client favorite.
As the years passed, we recognised that there are many clients who want to experience a classical music activity, but who didn't have the time and budget to include Orchestrate in their schedule. For that reason, we developed Crescendo. Crescendo presents a budget-friendly alternative that can easily be slotted into a busy conference schedule. And it all takes place in a single room, so there's no need to deal with breakout areas.


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Houlihan Lokey Adds Tom Carlson to Oil and Gas Group
Tom Carlson, who joins Houlihan Lokey with more than two decades of experience most recently with BMO Capital Markets, will serve as a managing director in Houlihan Lokey's oil and gas group and be based in Houston.
Houlihan Lokey continued the expansion of its oil and gas group with recent key hire Tom Carlson, the global investment bank said Sept. 8.
According to a company release, Carlson, previously with BMO Capital Markets, recently joined the firm as a managing director in Houlihan Lokey's oil and gas group. He will be based in Houston.
"Tom's expertise and transaction experience spans the full spectrum across key sectors of the U.S. oil and gas industry, and this breadth of experience in meeting clients' strategic needs and objectives amid any situation or market condition make him a perfect fit with our client-service-oriented, cross-product Oil & Gas Group," commented J.P. Hanson, head of Houlihan Lokey's oil and gas group, in the release.
Carlson joins Houlihan Lokey with more than two decades of experience advising clients across the oil and gas sector on a broad range of transactions.
Houlihan Lokey's global oil and gas group has advised on more than 100 transactions over the past three years across every key global region. With more than 70 industry-dedicated professionals in six offices around the world, the group focuses on providing services for clients in M&A, A&D, capital markets, capital formation, corporate finance and recapitalizations throughout the upstream, midstream and downstream sectors of the oil and gas sector.
"The combination of Houlihan Lokey's suite of products and services across M&A, A&D, capital markets, restructuring, and valuation, combined with the deep oil and gas industry knowledge, market relationships, and technical team, is a very powerful value proposition for clients," Carlson said in the release.
Most recently, Carlson was a managing director in BMO Capital Markets' energy group, where he executed mergers and acquisitions, debt and equity capital raises, and asset divestitures for leading energy companies, particularly in the upstream and midstream sectors. Prior experience also includes banking roles in Citigroup's global energy group and Jeffries & Co.'s energy group.
"I look forward to partnering with my new colleagues to deliver successful outcomes and solutions as the oil and gas group continues to build on its success," he added.
NYSE: HLI Houlihan Lokey
Feds Approve Preliminary Restart of Freeport LNG's Texas Facility
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Rising Enbridge Pipeline Apportionment May Spell Pain for Canadian Oil Patch
2022-11-23 - Enbridge will apportion December deliveries on its heavy crude system by 11% and ration space on the light oil system by 13%. The rationing is the highest it has been since last winter.
Russia Boosts LNG Exports to Europe by 20% in 2022
2023-01-31 - According to Refinitiv data, Russian gas exports to Europe dropped to a new post-Soviet low in 2022, but its total LNG exports rose to approximately 33 million tonnes, with more than half of it going to Europe.
Canada's TC Energy Gets Approval to Expand NGTL Gas Pipeline System
2022-12-01 - TC Energy announced a C$12 billion expansion program in 2019, which includes Alberta's NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. pipeline system.
Nord Stream Leaks Confirmed as Sabotage, Sweden Says
2022-11-18 - Swedish and Danish authorities are investigating four holes in the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines that link Russia and Germany via the Baltic Sea and have become a flashpoint in the Ukraine crisis as gas supplies in Europe run short.


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Home > Elizabeth Montgomery Genealogy > Family Group
TV Actress - "Bewitched"
⇐ Prev Generation | ⇐ Elizabeth Montgomery
Elizabeth -----
View famous kin of Elizabeth -----
12th Generation — 9th Great-grandmother of Elizabeth Montgomery
10 Feb 1633/1634
St. Michael Cornhill, London, England
John Mansfield
BEF 3 Feb 1592
Elizabeth Mansfield
Elizabeth's maiden name may be Ashenden or Batte.
Sources for Elizabeth -----
1 American Ancestors Magazine, 2013, Vol. 14.4, p. 52, New England Historic Genealogical Society (Online Database).
2 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, (New England Historic and Genealogical Society), 2001, Vol. 155, pp. 8, 16-18, 24.
3 Anderson, Robert Charles, The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633, Vol. 3, P-W , Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society (1995), 2014.
4 Richardson, Douglas and Kimball G. Everingham, Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families, 2nd Edition , Salt Lake City, Utah: Douglas Richardson (2011), 17-18.
5 Roberts, Gary Boyd, The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants to the American Colonies, Quebec, or the United States (2 vols.) , Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company (2018), 318.


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Edna is an unincorporated town in Lyon County, Iowa, United States.
Edna is located on the western border of Liberal Township in Lyon County. It is located  southeast of Rock Rapids, the county seat.

The town consists of about 10 houses, a couple of outbuildings and sheds, and in the center of town stands the Edna Grain Elevator.

History
Edna was founded in the 1800s; its population was 28 in 1902, and 35 in 1925.

References

Unincorporated communities in Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Lyon County, Iowa


Chris grew up hunting with his father near Vicksburg, MS where he was born and raised. Chris harvested his first doe at age nine and the rest is history. Chris got his start in the outdoor industry when he began guiding bowhunters at Tara Wildlife in 1995. At Tara, Chris found his true passion for bowhunting whitetails. In the off-season Chris enjoys riding horses and bass fishing. He and his wife, Heather, also own Banner Kennels where they train dogs everything from simple obedience, retrievers to blood trailing. Chris also has one son, Haden Ashley, that shares the same passion for hunting as his dad does.