text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Let's start with a disclaimer. I'm not a Computer Science major, nor did I complete a Computer Science course of study in school. I'm a software tester and one that finds themselves frequently using programming languages of various stripes for various purposes. Ruby is one of the most popular languages in current use, and for many, it's a language that allows them to learn some basic terms, some programming constructs, and then lets them just use it. It's clean, it's elegant, it's almost simple. It's a language that invites the user to just go with it.
For some, though, there's that sense of curiosity... what is my Ruby program really doing? How can I see what the system is actually doing with my code? What's going on underneath the hood? If such explorations interest you, then "Ruby Under a Microscope" by Pat Shaughnessy tackles that subject handily.
A word of warning going in. This is not a general language book. You will not learn much about programming in Ruby here. You should have a decent understanding of what Ruby syntax looks like and how it works. Having said that, you don't need to have years of experience with Ruby to appreciate this book for what it does. It takes some key areas of the language, and through examples, some small programs, and a variety of tools, lets you see and understand what Ruby actually looks like up close and personal.
Chapter 1 focuses on how Ruby understands the text that you type into your Ruby program. Ruby converts your source code first into tokens, and then converts that input stream into an "abstract syntax tree". Through tools like "Ripper", you can see this process and watch it in something resembling natural language (well, kind of. It's still debug code, but it's a lot less intimidating than one might think).
Chapter 2 covers how Ruby compiles code. Wait, isn't Ruby a "scripting language, no compiler required? With 1.8 and earlier, yes, but with 1.9 and up, Ruby is compiled just like many other languages we are familiar with. The difference? Ruby does it automatically. You never need to invoke the compiler. Ruby also has its own "virtual machine" (YARV, or "Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine) that it compiles its bytecode for. Ultimately, the byte code for YARV is what we witness running.
Chapter 3 goes into greater detail about how YARV runs our code. By comparing the steps necessary to run a simple program, we can compare the time it takes to run a program in Ruby 1.8 (which doesn't have a compile sequence, it just runs) and Ruby 1.9 and 2.0, which do have compile sequences. For simple and brief interactions, it actually looks like Ruby 1.8 performs better, but for longer runs with more iterations, 1.9 and 2.0 have a huge advantage over 1.8 by virtue of its compile cycle.
Chapter 4 focuses more attention on the virtual machine and how control structures and methods are handled within the YARV. If statements, for loops and calls to various methods demonstrate how ruby breaks down the instructions, as well as how it utilizes its internal calls to "jump" from one piece of code to another. Ruby categorizes methods into 11 types, and labels its built-in methods as CFUNC methods, meaning they are implemented in C. Ruby also uses a hash to keep track of the number of arguments, her labels and what their default values should be.
Chapter 5 looks at objects and classes, specifically, Ruby's internal objects and classes. Each Ruby object is, ultimately, a class pointer paired with an array of instance variables, and everything in Ruby is an object. Several generic objects are shown, along with their C structures (RString, RArray, RRegexp, etc.), and demonstrate how they, likewise, are also simple combinations of a class pointer and instance variables. Classes are a little more involved. Each Ruby class can be defined as Ruby object (with its class pointer & instance variables) plus method definitions, attribute names, a constants table, and a "superclass" pointer.
Chapter 6 brings us deeper into methods and constants, specifically how these aspects are found and represented. Ruby lets a programmer look at programs with two contrasting paradigms. Our code can be organized through classes and superclasses, or it can be organized through "lexical scope". Which approach makes the most sense? it depends on what you want to have your program accomplish.
Chapter 7 gets into one of the key attributes of Ruby internals, the Hash Table. These are interesting data structures that allow a program to return values quickly, and to automatically increase in size as more elements are added. the chapter takes a deep dive into Ruby's hash function and how it allows for elements to be accessed quickly.
Chapter 8 covers blocks, and how the Blocks concept in Ruby borrows from the "closure" idea first prosed in the Lisp language several decades back. Blocks can be defined as "a combination of a function and an environment to use when calling that function". Using "lambda", a block can become a data value that can be passed, saved, and reused.
Chapter 9 discusses Metaprogramming, a means to program in a way that code can inspect and change itself, dynamically. In other words, by referencing itself, your program can change itself! I'll admit, this is one of the aspects of Ruby (or any language) that I have trouble getting my head around, and while I won't claim to have mastery of these ideas after this chapter, I feel I have a little better feel for what's happening.
Chapter 10 takes us into the Java realm and shows us Ruby implemented in Java, as opposed to how we've been interacting with it thus far in C. The flow is similar, but each Ruby script gets compiled into a Java executable, and then is physically run by the Java Virtual Machine. We see how "Jay" parses the lines of code (much the way Bison does for MRI). By monitoring Java's Just In time Compiler, we can see which class and structures are called whenever we create a script and run it. We can also see where, by focusing on various "hot spots in our program and compiling them into Java, we can save time in key areas compared to C implemented MRI.
Chapter 11 introduces Rubinious, a version of Ruby implemented with Ruby. Well, it's actually a virtual machine using C++ to run Ruby code. What makes it different is that, rather than relying on C or Java Structures for the built-in classes, Rubinious does it with Ruby code. What does this mean? we can see how Ruby works internally without having to know C or Java. It's all done in Ruby, and we can see how by reading the source code.
Chapter 12 explores Ruby's Garbage Collection, and how it differs, and is similar, in MRI, JRuby and Rubinious. Garbage collection helps us with three processes; allocating memory for use by new objects, identifying which objects a program is no longer using and reclaiming memory from unused objects. Various programs and examples demonstrate which objects are mapped where, and how to see when they are deallocated and their memory freed. Various algorithms for the various virtual machines are explored, but this is just a cursory overview of all the options and how they are implemented. Still, it's an interesting view into a process that many of us take for granted because Ruby and many other languages basically let us take them for granted.
"Ruby Under a Microscope" does something fairly ambitious. It attempts to write a system internals book in a language that non-computer scientists can readily understand. While there are numerous code snippets and examples to try and examine, the ability to look at the various Ruby internals and systems and see how they fit together can be accomplished by someone with general skills and basic familiarity with programming at the script level (which for many of us is as far as we typically get). An old saying says you can't tell where you are going if you don't know where you've been. Similarly, we can't expect to get the most out of languages like Ruby without having a more clear idea what's happening under the hood. It's entirely possible to work with Ruby and never learn some of this stuff, but having a guide like "Ruby Under a Microscope" opens up a variety of avenues, and does so in a way that will make the journey interesting and, dare I say it, even a little fun.


Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Nirmala Sitharaman on Sunday described as "lack of experience" the Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi's comments on an advice given by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the officials on using social media.
"It (Rahul's remark) shows lack of experience. The prime minister has been a motivating person for both his ministers and bureaucrats. The prime minister asked the officials not to use social media for self promotion and instead focus on serving people," she told reporters here on seeking her reaction on Rahul's comments.
Rahul had said that Modi was not in a position to lead by example on his counsel against self promotion, taking a swipe at the prime minister who extensively uses social media.
Niramala was speaking after inaugurating her office on Ali Asker Road in Bengaluru. She is a Rajya Sabha MP from Karnataka. She also announced to adopt Mallanayakanahalli village in Kolar district under 'Adarsh Gram' yojane. Asked about accusations that the Centre is trying to impose Hindi language by implementing the 'Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat' programme, the minister said the Centre has no such intentions. The programme is aimed at promoting regional languages and culture.


text:
TRAGEDY IN HOPE Releasing Full-Length Debut Album 'Sleep Paralysis' in February
by NorthWar 12/12/2020 16:58 12/12/2020 16:58 0112
TRAGEDY IN HOPE are pleased to announce the band's forthcoming full-length debut album, Sleep Paralysis. The album will be self-released on February 12. The first single, "Fighting with the Rain," is out and streaming at tragedyinhope.com/track/fighting-with-the-rain
The story told in the album's lyrics is as gripping as it is chilling. Guitarist, vocalist, and composer Sasha Giller describes it as follows:
"The story you are going to hear isn't only a trip across the dark dream world; it is also the story of fighting with yourself. It's the story about how strong you can get once you accept yourself as you are.
The story of the album starts when the protagonist wakes up in a dream and goes to the mirror where he sees a twisted image of himself, the phantom monster of sleep paralysis. He escapes the place he found himself in, trying to run away from the bleak reality. He flies among white clouds trying to find a rainbow, but falls to the ground when thunderclouds and a storm come.
The world beneath the clouds is filled with rains and a piercing cold. To find a rainbow there seems to be impossible and the darkness slowly starts to swallow him as many others before. He doesn't give up chasing it, but the truth is, it is him, who is the phantom monster behind the mirror. He is just the mind projection of the true protagonist, who sleeps paralysed seeing nightmares. He tries to explain to the true protagonist that they are two parts of the whole one and only if they accept each other, they both will be able to escape the dark world they are stuck in.
But when sleep paralysis finally ends, a lucid dream starts again."
Pre-order:
https://smarturl.it/tragedyinhope
tragedyinhope.com/album/sleep-paralysis
The Celebration Of Despair And Woe
Fighting With The Rain
Winter Wedding Ceremony
The Mistress Of Dark Art
Nightmare Lullaby
Insomnious Autumnal Night
Album Credits:
The album was written by Sasha Giller. (instagram.com/sasha_giller)
Mixing, mastering and producing by Vladimir Lehtinen. (facebook.com/vladimirlehtinen)
Guitars and vocals were recorded by Sasha Giller.
Drums were recorded by Alexander Dovgan'. (instagram.com/alexanderdovgan)
Artwork by Alexander Moroz. (instagram.com/alexander18frost)
CD design by Aleh Zielankievič. (instagram.com/zly_design)
Photos by Egor Taktaev. (instagram.com/tak.ego)
Sasha Giller – guitars and vocals
Alexander Dovgan' – drums
Back in 2017 a musician enthusiast Sasha Giller from Saint Petersburg, Russia started a metal band under the name of Tragedy In Hope. With the help of drummer Alexander Dovgan', Sasha has put out a few singles, a demo, and an EP album since the inception of the band.
Its music can be described as black metal based, but the members find this definition rather limiting. In writing the music Sasha tries to convey a certain emotion whether it is rational madness, airy heaviness or just, as strange as it may sound, happy sadness. One does not necessarily exclude another.
facebook.com/tragedyinhope
instagram.com/tragedyinhopeofficial
Tragedy In Hope on Spotify
tragedyinhope.com
TRAGEDY IN HOPE
TRAGEDY IN HOPE Releases New Single: "Insomnious Autumnal Night"
NorthWar 01/16/2021 9:41 01/16/2021 9:41
TRAGEDY IN HOPE's 'Smile At Death' EP Out Now and Streaming
TRAGEDY IN HOPE Release New Single: "Pierce The Heavens"
…And Oceans Interview
Marblebog Interview
Unreqvited Interview
Avoidance Interview


text:
PeerTube — децентрализованный, федеративный видеохостинг с открытым исходным кодом, основанный на технологиях ActivityPub и WebTorrent. Создан в 2017 году разработчиком с ником Chocobozzz, в дальнейшем поддержку разработки взяла на себя французская некоммерческая организация Framasoft.

PeerTube реализован на WebTorrent, запускаемый в браузере, и использует технологию WebRTC для организации прямого P2P-канала связи между браузерами и протокола ActivityPub, позволяющего объединить отдельные сервера с видео в общую федеративную сеть, в которой посетители участвуют в доставке содержимого и могут подписываться на каналы и получать уведомления о новых видео.

История

PeerTube создан в 2017 году разработчиком Chocobozzz.

В начале 2018 года Framasoft запускает краудфандинговую программу на KissKissBankBank. В марте 2018 года выпущена первая бета версия. 16 октября 2018 года выпущена первая стабильная версия.

В ноябре 2019 года выпущена версия 2.0, PeerTube получает официальный маскот Sepia.

22 сентября 2020 представлен поисковый движок SepiaSearch, созданный для поиска видео по всем серверам PeerTube.

7 января 2021 года выпущена версия 3.0.0 с поддержкой потокового вещания (live streaming) с доставкой содержимого в режиме P2P.

Технология

PeerTube использует технологию WebTorrent. На каждом сервере есть торрент-трекер, и каждый веб-браузер, просматривающий видео, также делится им. Это позволяет распределять нагрузку между самим сервером и клиентами, а также полосу пропускания, используемую с помощью технологии P2P.

Система работает через объединение серверов, управляемых независимыми владельцами. На каждом сервере PeerTube возможно самостоятельно размещать любое количество видео и возможно интегрироваться с другими серверами, чтобы пользователи могли смотреть свои видео в одном пользовательском интерфейсе. Группа объединённых серверов создает федерацию, которая позволяет коллективно размещать большое количество видео на единой платформе без необходимости создавать инфраструктуру, сопоставимую с инфраструктурой веб-гигантов. Каждый сервер управляется отдельной организацией и находится под её исключительным управлением.

PeerTube использует протокол ActivityPub для обеспечения децентрализации и совместимости с другими разнообразными сервисами, что может предотвратить привязку к поставщику и сделать его более устойчивым к цензуре.

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 Описание технологии и упоминание сервиса

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Свободное программное обеспечение

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One final English breakfast by the pool in Eldorado style and then we set off for home. Of course we were ridiculously early for the airport because I was terrified about returning the car. I'd expected some slow walking around it and sucking air through teeth. It didn't happen and I nearly fell over in shock.
We did a lot of queueing at the airport. The women in front and behind me in the queue both had French pedicures. I didn't even know that was a thing. Apparently it's a pre-requisite for Ibiza. It was a bit late for me to find out to be honest.
And then I knew we had had the perfect holiday. No nose bleed on the plane, we managed to locate our car in the airport car park and it actually started, which can't be relied upon in the street outside the house. I drove home in a state of confusion wondering if I'd fallen asleep during the first Witches CD and dreamt the whole thing.


A classic moccasin slipper never goes out of style. This one, from Slippers International, is featured in soft suede with leather lacing and a soft pile lining. Indoor/outdoor soles give it versatility and traction.
A classic moccasin slipper never goes out of style. This one, from Slippers International, is featured in soft suede with leather lacing and a soft pile lining. Indoor/outdoor soles give it versatility and traction. Men's handsewn suede leather moccasin slippers. – pile lining – cushioned insole – indoor/outdoor trapper sole.


text:
The Twisted Sister Guide to Branding
October 24, 2013 | By Brian Braiker
To hear Jay Jay French tell it, Twisted Sister is bigger today than ever. The guitarist for the '80s hair metal band behind such hits as "We're Not Gonna Take It" and "I Wanna Rock" says these days the group can afford to work just 10 or 12 days a year. Twisted Sister auctions gigs off to the highest bidder, he says, filling stadiums in Europe and South America with up to 80,000 head-banging fans.
Back home in the States, French – who started the band that would become Twisted Sister in 1973 – responds to a steady stream of licensing requests. Twisted Sister's "We're Not Gonna Take It," for example, is the theme song of the Betty White's hidden camera reality comedy series "Off Their Rockers."
"I didn't expect it to last 41 years and counting," French, who is writing a book about the business of rock, recently told Digiday. He also offered advice to youngsters starting bands today, explained why he thinks Mötley Crüe is delusional and called Gene Simmons a "whore." Excerpts:
What tips do you offer young bands today?
If you want what I have, which is 37 gold and platinum albums on the wall, that's not going to happen anymore. Alter your expectations, because people make the wrong expectations. We adapted our expectations over the years, consistently, and that's how we survived.
What were your expectations 40 years ago?
In the back of our minds, we wanted to become famous. When we saw the coming of the Judas Priest, AC/DC trend, we loved it. We adapted to that and kept on firing band members for drug and alcohol abuse.
That's not very rock and/or roll.
Most people don't understand we were probably the straightest band in all of rock 'n' roll. We were warned not to tell anybody. It's the only business in which being sober would actually ruin your reputation. We're supposed to be misogynistic, wife-beating alcoholics.
So you played it up for the sake of the image?
The bottom line is we kept firing members who got in the way of the goal. I managed the band, and we were turned down more times than a bedsheet in a whorehouse once we started to pursue a record deal.
But, obviously, persistence paid off.
The band evolved and evolved and evolved. Finally, by 1984, with the confluence of MTV, the right music and the right time, we were able to take full advantage of it. The downside of it is we exploded so fast that – even though the band had been together 11 years at that point – the heat of the immense popularity, the worldwide success put so much pressure on the band. The band couldn't sustain itself and eventually collapsed.
Now here we are in a post-major-label world, and you guys are filling stadiums overseas. How does that happen?
We didn't talk for 12 years. Then 9/11 happened, and we were asked by a local deejay if we would play a benefit. I called the other members of the band thinking everyone would hang up on me. And everyone said, "This is a bigger issue than Twisted Sister. We're New Yorkers." When the word got out that we reunited, the show at the Hammerstein Ballroom sold out in a couple of minutes. Something happened we didn't understand. It was hard to believe how popular we were. We got offers to headline festivals and thought "why?" But we went over to Europe, and we did these shows where we were in front of 50, 60, 70 thousand people.
What did all of that tell you about the power of the brand?
A well-run company should be an iceberg. The product you sell is the tip. But underneath the surface lies your expertise. We're great performers. "We're Not Gonna Take It" and "I Wanna Rock" were so iconic they were almost equivalent to "We Will Rock You" or "We are the Champions" by Queen. So we started to license them. Now we've done hundreds and hundreds of commercials.
The product abides.
We are one of only five original lineup bands currently touring the world right now as it relates to album lineup: Twisted Sister, Mötley Crüe, Aerosmith, ZZ Top and Rush. They're the only bands where you're going to see the guys on the albums you own. That's an unbelievably important product. The fans in South America and Europe are young: 17 to 25 years old. We're 60. I stand on stage sometimes, and I'm asking myself, "Why do they find us so interesting? What is it about the resonance of the music we created in the 1980s along with Whitesnake and Motörhead and Ozzy and Kiss and Def Leppard?"
Is it nostalgia?
I do not ever walk out on stage and assume I am a nostalgia act under any circumstances. In fact, I'm offended by that. I'm a professional entertainer whose job is to go out there and play 17 songs that you love and play them like my life depended on them. And we do it perfectly. We understand what our fans want.
They want "We're Not Gonna Take It."
We don't go up on stage bitching and moaning, "Aw, man, we have to play 'We're Not Gonna Take It.'" Screw that! I'm happy to play "We're Not Gonna Take It." We are very comfortable with who we are. I run into Mötley Crüe, and they go, "We don't want to be called an oldies act. We're contemporary." Really? The minute you go on stage and say, "Here's a song from our new album," people get up to go to the bathroom. You don't really understand your audiences.
So what does Twisted Sister represent in 2013?
I like to think the band represents super high-quality rock music. And what we bring represents, ironically enough, a little taste and sophistication. In terms of exploitation of a brand, people look at Gene Simmons and say, "Look at what a great job he did with Kiss." I wouldn't necessarily consider the fact that I put my name on every product I could possibly whore myself out to a good idea. He's welcome to do it. I like to still have credibility.
https://digiday.com/?p=53486


text:
Tagged Dark Horse Comics
Lela Gwenn on Monetizing Luck in BAD LUCK CHUCK
While some folks may see bad luck as a curse, Charlene ''Chuck'' Manchester sees it as an opportunity. In Bad Luck Chuck--written by Lela Gwenn with...
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Comic creator P. Craig Russell's The Ring of the Nieblung is a gorgeous work, featuring the wars and machinations of gods and men. Beautifully...
Peter Hogan on Harry's Home in RESIDENT ALIEN Vol. 5
Harry, an extraterrestrial who has crashed and found himself stranded on our planet, has been having adventures as a doctor in a Pacific Northwest...
Exclusive Preview: AMERICAN GODS: MY AINSEL #9
Shadow Moon has found himself in a whole host of dicey situations since encountering gods, old and new, of the larger world. However, in Dark Horse...
Celebrate Hellboy Day in March 2019!
2019 will be a helluva year for Hellboy. The comic book character Hellboy--the demon on the side of light--celebrates his 25th anniversary on...
Stephen McCranie on Existential Growth in SPACE BOY Volume 2
Earlier this year, Dark Horse Comics released volume one of creator Stephen McCranie's Space Boy, throwing the spotlight on two characters who...
We Have an Exclusive Preview of the Moving 2nd Volume of STEPHEN MCCRANIE'S SPACE BOY
Earlier this year, Dark Horse Comics released the first volume of creator Stephen McCranie's Space Boy, focusing on two characters who pine for...
Roger Langridge & Ryan Ferrier on the Whimsy & Life Lessons of CRIMINY
A graphic novel with nods to Max Fleischer cartoons of yesteryear paired with undertones of the current refugee crisis across the globe may not, on...
Exclusive Preview: This Variant Cover of QUANTUM AGE #6 Is Somber & Gorgeous
Writer Jeff Lemire, artist Wilfredo Torres, and colorist Dave Stewart's Quantum Age: From the World of Black Hammer debuted this summer, following...
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Next year will mark the 25th anniversary of the film adaptation of The Mask, based on the Dark Horse comic focused on nebbish Stanley Ipkiss and how...


Every year, he makes a list and checks it twice. He notes who's naughty or nice.
Indeed, Santa Claus is coming to town. But while you know what his job is, have you ever wondered what his finances look like?
Based on what we know of him, we suspect his credit score probably looks something like this.


The most gifted trainers still need to be nurtured into leaders. Is your company giving trainers what they need to blossom into leaders?
Trainers with natural abilities and enthusiasm to excel sometimes get stalled on the leadership path. Organizations are learning how to better provide budding Training leaders with the tools they need to grow. Here is how a handful of Training Top 125 companies, and a few experts, recommend developing your trainers into great leaders.
At MGM Resorts, the ability to easily and meaningfully interact with employees is key for any Training leader. The most promising leaders are those who are able to build relationships with employees while embodying the company's core values (Teamwork, Integrity, Excellence) typified when Training leaders are able to have a genuine conversation about professional, and even personal, growth during unplanned encounters, according to the MGM Resorts University team. "We groom our Training leaders to have a proficient level of emotional intelligence and effective listening with our employees—in and out of the training room," the team notes.
At MGM Resorts, helping trainers grow into leaders means giving them guidance to customize programs. MGM Resorts University develops curricula for enterprise-wide training, but heavily takes part in train-the-trainer sessions to help Training leaders customize the curriculum for their site-specific culture and guest service needs. Before providing knowledge on guest service (i.e., what to say, tone of voice, body language), the Training leader explains the business strategy and opens the broader conversation: What are the guest's expectations and how does MGM exceed those expectations so the guest refers and returns? In this context, Training leaders act as company leaders to deliver the vision.
In addition to providing guidance in the customization of training programs, accurately reading each trainer's strengths also is essential. When a high-potential Training leader is struggling (e.g., earning below average facilitator evaluation scores), a potential culprit is a mismatch in strengths, the MGM Resorts University team notes. Some technical trainers, for example, may struggle to teach a soft-skills communication workshop but shine when facilitating a Microsoft Office course.
Define what "Training leader" means to your organization, including, for instance, the ability to link business strategy to training and the ability to empathize with learners.
Give trainer up-and-comers stretch assignments that allow them to try developing types of training that is new to them.
Include promising trainers in executive meetings, so they get a feel for the C-suite.
Offer online job aids to trainers so they can look up answers to questions without ever leaving their desks.
Organize mentoring programs with more seasoned Training leaders to provide added support.
Give budding leaders time with the learners they are supporting, so they can easily put themselves in learners' shoes.
Aspiring to executive leadership requires more than just working harder, and doing more of the same only secures your current position. What business-savvy skills need to be mastered in order to advance your career?
1. Ask about pressing issues and concern and how you can help: Issues surface faster and faster and offering to help address issues or solve problems triggers respect, reciprocity, and results. Like Socrates, we all can help by asking questions that stimulate others to think about how to move the ball forward to resolution. As a problem-solving partner, we do not need to have the final answer; we just need to ask the right questions.
2. Rely on business language instead of professional jargon: Effective influence assumes a common tongue. Being on the same page linguistically indicates a shared frame of reference, generates mutual understanding, and spurs trust and partnerships.
3. Study your industry and your firm's business model: Every organization possesses unique traits reflecting its industry, customer base, history, and opportunities. Knowing industry trends and competitive pressures enables Training leaders to contribute to strategy formulation, seamless implementation planning, and sustained excellence.
4. Recognize driving organizational priorities and lifecycles: One size does not fit all organizations, even within a sector. Start-up or fast-growing firms have different expectations than established firms or those going through renewal. Identify the key priorities and specific lifecycle needs of your organization.
These critical strategic skills increase your ability to comprehend current reality, identify trends, and seize opportunities for smart choices in the short and long term. They also demonstrate your ability as an executive leader.


With all the fad diets and fat burning cleanses out there today, it's amazing to think that something as simple as water can function as the most important component of our daily activity when it comes to losing weight. No magic pill or extreme bingeing on fruit can add up to the effectiveness of water consumption and weight.
To think about it, consider the biological make up of our bodies. The kidneys and liver are the main organs responsible for the processing of fats and detoxing of our bodies. However, when the kidneys do not have enough water, they do not function properly.
That means that all the waste that is usually processed by your kidneys gets dumped straight into your liver. The primary function of the liver is to metabolize stored fat into usable energy for the body. But if the liver has to take over the work that your kidneys normally preform, then it cannot preform its work properly… you see the problem? Liver metabolizes less fat therefore more fat remains in your body… and it accumulates!
But how much water is enough water? On average, a person should drink eight 8 oz. glasses everyday. It also has been recommended that an overweight person needs one additional glass for every 25lbs of excess weight. Additional water consumption also must happen with exercise or if the weather is hot and dry.
Remember, when it comes to weight loss and weight gain prevention, water is the magic antidote and lots of it!
Feel free to call me at the office with any questions you may have, to discuss further or to order a cleanse kit at docsage@docsage.com.


text:
Nukleinsäuren, auch Nucleinsäuren, sind aus einzelnen Bausteinen, den Nukleotiden, aufgebaute Makromoleküle, die bei allen Organismen (Viren und zellulären Organismen) die genetische Information enthalten. Abwechselnde Einfachzucker und Phosphorsäureester bilden eine Kette, wobei an jedem Zucker eine Nukleinbase hängt. Nukleinsäuren bilden neben Proteinen, Kohlenhydraten und Lipiden die vierte große Gruppe der Biomoleküle. Ihr bekanntester Vertreter als Grundtyp der Nukleinsäuren ist die Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNS bzw. DNA); diese ist bei allen zellulären Organismen (Lebewesen) der Speicher der Erbinformation, lediglich bei manchen Viren kommt stattdessen Ribonukleinsäure (RNS bzw. RNA) in dieser Funktion vor. Neben ihrer Aufgabe als Informationsspeicher können die als "Schlüsselmoleküle des Lebens" geltenden Nukleinsäuren auch als Signalüberträger dienen oder biochemische Reaktionen katalysieren (Ribozyme).

Geschichte

Erstmals beschrieben wurde die Nukleinsäure von dem Schweizer Mediziner Friedrich Miescher im Jahr 1869 nach seinen Untersuchungen im Labor der ehemaligen Küche des Tübinger Schlosses. Er war Mitarbeiter des Begründers der Biochemie, Felix Hoppe-Seyler. Nachdem Miescher seine Forschungen an Proteinen aufgab, weil diese zu komplex und zu vielfältig waren, wandte er sich der Untersuchung von Zellkernen zu. Deren Funktion war zu damaliger Zeit völlig unbekannt. Aus den Kernen von weißen Blutkörperchen isolierte er eine Substanz, die sich durch ihren hohen Phosphorgehalt deutlich von Proteinen unterschied. Er nannte sie Nuclein nach dem lateinischen Wort nucleus (Kern). Obwohl Miescher der Funktion von Nuclein schon sehr nahekam, glaubte er letztendlich nicht, dass ein einziger Stoff für die Vererbung verantwortlich sein könnte.

1885 teilte Albrecht Kossel mit, dass aus einer größeren Menge Rinder-Bauchspeicheldrüse eine stickstoffreiche Base mit der Summenformel C5H5N5 isoliert wurde, für die er, abgeleitet von dem griechischen Wort "aden" für Drüse, den Namen Adenin vorschlug.  1889 isolierte Richard Altmann aus dem Nuklein neben einem eiweißartigen Bestandteil eine phosphorhaltige, organische Säure, die er Nucleinsäure nannte. 1891 konnte Kossel (nach Altmanns Verfahren) Hefe-Nukleinsäure herstellen und Adenin und Guanin als Spaltprodukte nachweisen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass auch ein Kohlenhydrat Bestandteil der Nukleinsäure sein musste. Kossel wählte für die basischen Substanzen Guanin und Adenin sowie seine Derivate den Namen Nucleinbasen. 1893 berichtete Kossel, dass er aus den Thymusdrüsen des Kalbes Nukleinsäure gewonnen und ein gut kristallisiertes Spaltprodukt erhalten hatte, für das er den Namen Thymin vorschlug. 1894 isolierte er aus den Thymusdrüsen eine weitere (basische) Substanz. Kossel gab dieser Nukleinbase den Namen Cytosin.

Nachdem am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts – im Wesentlichen durch die Synthesen Emil Fischers – die Strukturformeln des Guanins und Adenins als Purinkörper und des Thymins als Pyrimidinkörper endgültig aufgeklärt worden waren, konnte Kossel mit Hermann Steudel auch die Strukturformel der Nukleinbase Cytosin als Pyrimidinkörper zweifelsfrei ermitteln. Es hatte sich inzwischen erwiesen, dass Guanin, Adenin sowie Thymin und Cytosin in allen entwicklungsfähigen Zellen zu finden sind.

Die Erkenntnisse über diese vier Nukleinbasen sollten für spätere die Strukturaufklärung der DNA von wesentlicher Bedeutung sein. Es war Albrecht Kossel, der sie – zusammen mit einem Kohlenhydrat und der Phosphorsäure – eindeutig als Bausteine der Nukleinsäure charakterisierte:

Phoebus Levene schlug eine kettenartige Struktur der Nukleinsäure vor. Er prägte den Begriff "Nukleotid" für die Baueinheiten der Nukleinsäure. 1929 konnte er den Zuckeranteil der "tierischen" Nukleinsäure als Desoxyribose identifizieren. Nachfolgend wurde sie als Desoxyribonukleinsäure bezeichnet. Es wurde erkannt, dass die Desoxyribonukleinsäure auch in pflanzlichen Zellkernen vorkommt.

1944 konnten Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod und Maclyn McCarty nachweisen, dass Nukleinsäuren die Speicher der Erbinformation sind und nicht – wie bis dahin angenommen – Proteine.

Dem Amerikaner James Watson (* 1928) und den Engländern Francis Crick (1916–2004), Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) und Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) gelang es schließlich, den Aufbau der Desoxyribonukleinsäure aufzuklären. Watson, Crick und Wilkins erhielten 1962 den Nobelpreis.

Frederick Sanger, sowie Allan Maxam und Walter Gilbert entwickelten 1977 unabhängig voneinander Verfahren, mit denen die Reihenfolge der Nukleotid-Bausteine, die Sequenz, bestimmt werden konnte. Die Kettenabbruchmethode wird heute in automatisierten Verfahren verwendet, um DNA zu sequenzieren.

Aufbau

Chemische Struktur
Nukleinsäuren sind Ketten mit Nukleotiden als Gliedern. Der zentrale Teil eines Nukleotids ist das ringförmige Zuckermolekül (Im Bild grau: die Ribose). Nummeriert man die Kohlenstoffatome dieses Zuckers im Uhrzeigersinn von 1 bis 5, so ist am C1 eine Nukleinbase (Bild 1: rot, grün, gelb und blau) über eine glykosidische Bindung angeknüpft. Am C3 hat ein Phosphatrest des nachfolgenden Nukleotids (blau) mit der OH-Gruppe des Zuckers eine Esterbindung ausgebildet. Am C4 des Zuckers ist über die andere der beiden Phosphodiesterbindungen ebenfalls ein Phosphatrest gebunden.

Die Phosphorsäure besitzt in ungebundenem Zustand drei acide Wasserstoffatome (an den OH-Gruppen), die abgespaltet werden können. In einer Nukleinsäure sind zwei der drei OH-Gruppen verestert und können somit kein Proton mehr freisetzen. Für den sauren Charakter, der der Nukleinsäure ihren Namen gab, ist die dritte ungebundene Säurefunktion verantwortlich. Sie kann als Protonendonator agieren oder liegt in der Zelle deprotoniert vor (negative Ladung am Sauerstoff-Atom). Unter physiologischen Bedingungen (pH 7) ist die Nukleinsäure aufgrund dieses negativ geladenen Sauerstoffatoms insgesamt ein großes Anion. Bei der Auftrennung von Nukleinsäuren nach ihrer Größe kann man daher ein elektrisches Feld nutzen, in dem Nukleinsäuren grundsätzlich zur Anode wandern (siehe Agarose-Gelelektrophorese).

Die Ketten der Nukleinsäuren sind gewöhnlich unverzweigt (entweder linear oder ringförmig geschlossen, d. h. zirkulär). Zu Ausnahmen siehe beispielsweise Okazaki-Fragment, Holliday-Struktur und Kleeblattstruktur.

Orientierung
Ihr Aufbau verleiht der Nukleinsäure eine Polarität respektive Orientierung in der Kettenbausteinabfolge. Sie hat ein 5′-Ende (sprich: 5-Strich-Ende, ), benannt nach dem C5-Atom des Zuckers, an dem ein Phosphatrest gebunden ist, und ein 3′-Ende, an dem die freie OH-Gruppe am C3-Atom die Kette abschließt. Üblicherweise schreibt man Sequenzen, also Nukleotidfolgen, mit dem 5′-Ende beginnend zum 3′-Ende hin auf. In Organismen ist die Polarität sehr wichtig. So gibt es beispielsweise DNA-Polymerasen, die einen DNA-Strang nur in 5′→3′-Richtung aufbauen können, und wieder andere korrigieren falsch eingebaute Nukleotide nur in 3′→5′-Richtung.

Räumliche Struktur

Als Sekundärstruktur bezeichnet man bei Nukleinsäuren die räumliche Ausrichtung. Während die Primärstruktur (die Sequenz) die Informationen speichert, bestimmt die Sekundärstruktur über Größe, Haltbarkeit und auch Zugriff auf die gespeicherten Informationen.

Die einfachste räumliche Struktur ist der Doppelstrang. Hier liegen sich zwei Nukleinsäureketten in entgegengesetzter Orientierung gegenüber. Sie sind über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den Nukleinbasen miteinander verbunden. Dabei paaren sich jeweils eine Pyrimidinbase mit einer Purinbase, wobei die Art des jeweiligen Paares die Stabilität des Doppelstranges bestimmt. Zwischen Guanin und Cytosin bilden sich drei Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen aus, während Adenin und Thymin nur durch zwei Wasserstoffbrücken verbunden sind (siehe Bild 2). Je höher der GC-Gehalt (Anteil an Guanin-Cytosin-Paaren) ist, desto stabiler ist der Doppelstrang und desto mehr Energie (Wärme) muss aufgewendet werden, um ihn in Einzelstränge zu spalten. Ein Doppelstrang kann aus zwei verschiedenen Nukleinsäuremolekülen bestehen oder nur aus einem einzigen Molekül. Am Ende des Doppelstranges bildet sich dann eine Schlaufe, in der die Kette "umkehrt", so dass die entgegengesetzte Orientierung entsteht.

Bei der DNA windet sich der Doppelstrang als Ergebnis der vielen verschiedenen Bindungswinkel um seine eigene Achse und bildet eine Doppelhelix. Es gibt sowohl links- als auch rechtsgängige Helices. Dieser um sich selbst gewundene Doppelstrang kann dann noch weiter verdrillt werden und sich um andere Strukturen wie Histone (spezielle Proteine) wickeln. Sinn dieser weiteren Verknäulung ist das Sparen von Platz. Unverdrillt und ausgestreckt wäre die DNA eines einzigen menschlichen Chromosoms etwa 4 cm lang.

Natürliche Nukleinsäuren
Nukleinsäuren kommen in allen lebenden Organismen vor. Ihre Aufgabe ist es unter anderem die genetische Information, den Bauplan des jeweiligen Organismus, zu speichern, mit anderen ihrer Art auszutauschen und an nachfolgende Generationen zu vererben. In allen Organismen tut das die DNA. Nur einige Viren (Retroviren wie zum Beispiel HIV) nutzen die weniger stabile RNA als Speichermedium. Jedoch könnten hypothetische Ribozyten als Vorläufer der heutigen zellulären Organismen in den Urzeiten der Erde ebenfalls ein RNA-Genom besessen haben (RNA-Welt-Hypothese), einen Nachweis gibt es dafür bislang nicht.
Es wird auch diskutiert, ob das Leben stattdessen mit einer chimären DNA-RNA-Nukleinsäure begann.
Darüber hinaus werden auch andere Nukleinsäuren als Vorgänger von RNA bzw. DNA diskutiert (XNA, s. u.).

Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNS, DNA)

DNA hat als Zuckerbestandteil Desoxyribose (daher der Name Desoxyribonukleinsäure), die sich von der Ribose nur durch die fehlende OH-Gruppe am C2-Atom unterscheidet. Die Reduktion der OH-Gruppe zum einfachen H findet erst am Ende der Nukleotidsynthese statt. Desoxyribonukleotide entstehen also aus den Ribonukleotiden, den RNA-Bausteinen. Der Unterschied jedoch macht DNA chemisch sehr viel stabiler als RNA (Begründung siehe Abschnitt RNA) und zwar so stabil, dass sie gelöst in Meerwasser (1 ppb) und Flussmündungen (bis 44 ppb) nachzuweisen ist.
In der DNA kommen die Nukleinbasen Adenin, Cytosin, Guanin und Thymin vor, wobei letztere spezifisch für DNA ist. Trotz der geringen Menge von vier verschiedenen Grundbausteinen kann viel Information gespeichert werden.

 Rechenbeispiel:
 Ein DNA-Stück aus 4 möglichen Grundbausteinen mit einer Gesamtlänge von 10 Basenpaaren ergibt 410 = 1.048.576 mögliche Kombinationen
 Das Genom des Bakteriums E. coli hat eine ungefähren Umfang von 4 × 106 Basenpaaren. Da es für ein Basenpaar 4 Möglichkeiten (A, C, G oder T) gibt, entspricht es 2 bit (22 = 4). Damit hat das gesamte Genom einen Informationsgehalt von 1 Megabyte.

Die DNA liegt als Doppelstrang vor, der um sich selbst gewunden eine Doppelhelix bildet. Von den durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse identifizierten drei Helixtypen, ist bisher nur die B-DNA in vivo nachgewiesen worden. Sie ist eine rechtsgängige Helix mit einer Ganghöhe (Länge der Helix für eine komplette Windung) von 3,54 nm und 10 Basenpaaren und einem Durchmesser von 2,37 nm. Weiterhin existieren die breitere A-Helix (Ganghöhe 2,53 nm; Durchmesser 2,55 nm) und die gestrecktere Z-Helix (Ganghöhe 4,56 nm; Durchmesser 1,84 nm). Soll ein in der DNA codiertes Gen abgelesen oder die DNA selbst im Zuge der Zellteilung verdoppelt werden, so wird die Helix auf einem Teilstück durch Enzyme entwunden (Topoisomerasen) und der Doppelstrang in Einzelstränge gespalten (Helikasen).

In Bakterien liegt die DNA als ringförmiges Molekül vor, während sie bei Eukaryoten freie Enden, die sogenannten Telomere, besitzt. Die Beschaffenheit des DNA-Replikationsmechanismus führt dazu, dass lineare DNA-Moleküle pro Verdopplung um ein paar Basenpaare verkürzt werden. Je häufiger sich eine Zelle teilt, desto kürzer wird die DNA. Das bleibt bei begrenzter Zellteilung ohne Folgen, da sich am Ende eines solchen Stranges kurze Sequenzen befinden, die sich mehrere tausend Male wiederholen. Es geht also keine Erbinformation verloren. Teilweise wird die Verkürzung auch durch das Enzym Telomerase ausgeglichen (nur in Stammzellen und Krebszellen). Unterschreitet die Länge der repetitiven Sequenzen am Strangende eine bestimmte Länge, so teilt sich die Zelle nicht mehr. Hier liegt einer der Gründe für eine begrenzte Lebensdauer. Da Bakterien ein ringförmiges DNA-Molekül haben, kommt es bei ihnen nicht zu einer Verkürzung des Stranges.

Ribonukleinsäure (RNS, RNA)

Die OH-Gruppe am C2-Atom der Ribose ist für die geringere Stabilität der RNA verantwortlich. Sie kann nämlich, ebenso wie die OH-Gruppe am C3-Atom für die normale Kettenbildung, eine Verknüpfung mit dem Phosphatrest eingehen. Kommt es spontan zu einer solchen Umesterung, wird die Nukleinsäurekette unterbrochen.

Ein weiterer Unterschied ist, dass in der DNA Thymin verwendet wird, während in der RNA Uracil vorkommt. Durch oxidative Bedingungen oder andere Einwirkungen können Nukleinbasen innerhalb der DNA chemisch verändert werden. So kommt es gelegentlich zu einer Desaminierung (Abspaltung einer NH2-Gruppe, es entsteht stattdessen eine O=Gruppe). In einem Doppelstrang passen dann die Stellen für Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen der gegenüberliegenden Nukleinbasen nicht mehr zusammen und es kommt zu einer partiellen Aufspaltung. Enzyme können veränderte Nukleinbasen ausschneiden und ersetzen oder reparieren. Als Vorlage orientieren sie sich dazu an der zweiten nicht veränderten Nukleinbase. Kommt es nun bei Cytosin zu einer solchen Desaminierung so entsteht Uracil. Würde Uracil auch gewöhnlich in der DNA vorkommen, könnte ein Enzym jetzt nicht mehr unterscheiden, ob das Uracil die falsche Nukleinbase ist oder das gegenüberliegende Guanin (das zuvor mit Cytosin paarte). In diesem Falle könnte eine wichtige Information verändert werden, eine Mutation könnte entstehen. Um dieser Verwechslung zu entgehen, wird in der DNA prinzipiell kein Uracil, sondern Thymin verwendet, Uracil wird in der DNA durch spezifische Enzyme, die Uracil-Glykosylasen erkannt und entfernt. Enzyme können Thymin aufgrund seiner zusätzlichen Methylgruppe einwandfrei erkennen und so ist klar, dass jedes Uracil in der DNA ein kaputtes Cytosin ist. In der RNA ist diese Gefahr der Informationsverfälschung nicht gravierend, da hier Informationen nur kurzfristig gespeichert werden und dazu nicht nur ein RNA-Molekül der jeweiligen Sorte, sondern hunderte vorhanden sind. Sollten einige davon defekt sein, so hat das keine gravierenden Auswirkungen auf den gesamten Organismus, da es genug Ersatz gibt.

Varianten
Es gibt zahlreiche Varianten der obigen Standard-Nukleinsäuren RNA und DNA. Teilweise sind diese natürlichen Ursprungs, darüber hinaus wurden aber auch im Rahmen der Xenobiologie Varianten entwickelt, deren Bausteine auf den ersten Blick gar nicht mehr als Ribo- (im Fall von RNA) oder Desoxyribonukleotide (im Fall von DNA) erkennbar sind. In einzelnen Fällen ist es bis heute Gegenstand der Diskussion, ob eine bestimmte Variante in der Natur vorkommt (oder etwa in der Anfangsphase des Lebens auf der Erde vorkam) oder nicht. Im Prinzip können alle drei Teile eines Nukleinsäurebausteins verändert sein, also:
 die Basen: Neben natürlich vorkommenden Nicht-Standard-Basen (im einfachsten Fall Uracil bei DNA) und Modifikationen (DNA-Methylierung) wurden u. a. folgende künstliche Varianten entwickelt:
 xDNA, xxDNA, yDNA, yyDNA (2006)
 Hachimoji-DNA (2019)
 die Zucker: Xenonukleinsäuren (XNA) haben statt Ribose oder Desoxyribose eine andere Gruppe, die ein anderer Zucker oder Zuckerderivat sein kann, aber nicht muss. Dies sind u. a.:
 Cyclohexen-Nukleinsäuren (, CeNA)
 Tricyclo-Desoxyribonukleinsäuren (tcDNA)
 RNA–DNA-Chimären (RDNA) werden in Zusammenhang mit einer promordialen RNA-DNA-Koexistenz diskutiert.
 die Phosphatgruppe
 Thiophosphat als Abwehrsystem SspABCD–SspE von Bakterien gegen Bakteriophagen, und Fomivirsen (ein Phosphorthioat-Oligonukleotid)
 N3′-P5′-Phosphoramidate (NP)
 Morpholino-Phosphoramidate (MF)
 Desoxyadenosinmonoarsenat (dAMAs) siehe GFAJ-1 §Diskussion um den Einbau von Arsen in Biomoleküle: fraglicher Einbau in DNA bei der Halomonas-Spezies GFAJ-1 (siehe auch Halomonas titanicae)
 eine Kombination daraus und weitere spezielle Modifikationen:
 Peptid-Nukleinsäure (, PNA, auch PNS)
 verbrückte Nukleinsäure (, LNA) – in Gegensatz zu unverbrückter Nukleinsäure (, UNA)
 Enantiomere:
 RNA tritt in Lebewesen als D-RNA auf – L-RNA als sog. Spiegelmer kann allerdings synthetisiert werden. Gleiches gilt analog für DNA. L-DNA wird langsamer von Enzymen abgebaut als die natürliche Form, was sie für die Pharmaforschung interessant macht.

Siehe auch
 Nukleoside und Nukleotide
 Ribonukleinsäure und Desoxyribonukleinsäure

Literatur
 Hans Beyer, Wolfgang Walter: Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie. 23. Auflage. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-7776-0808-4.
 Lubert Stryer: Biochemie. 5. Auflage. Spektrum Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1303-6.

Einzelnachweise

Stoffgruppe
Genetik
Lebensmittelinhaltsstoff


text:
Five Children Were Killed And Several Injured After Wind Lifts Bouncy Castle Into The Air
Five children died after a strong "wind event" has caused the jumping castle to fall about 10 meters off the ground.
point 0 |
Courtesy of: IND News Reporter
Children at Hillcrest Primary School in Devonport, on the north coast of Tasmania, Australia were attending an end-of-school activity day on Thursday, December 16, 2021, when the tragedy occurred at 10:00 am in morning.point 314 |
According to the police investigation, 4 of the injured were critical after the devastating tragedy hit the jumping castle.point 105 | 1
Darren Hine, Tasmania police commissioner said: "Nine grade 5/6 Hillcrest Primary School students fell from a height of around 10 meters after a significant local wind event caused a jumping castle and several inflatable "zorb" balls to lift into the air about 10 a.m."
They added that those children who died included two boys and two girls in year 6, which would make them 10 or 11 years old, Hine said: "Five children are in the hospital, including four in critical conditions, an investigation into the accident is underway."
Courtesy of: Lindaikejisblog.com
Hine said "close to 40" children were taking part in the activities when a wind gust lifted the castle off the ground. Several adults were supervising the event and provided first aid until emergency services arrived.
Initial reports stated one child had died after the incident, and police have now confirmed five have died in a devastating update. They added that four students remain in the hospital and are fighting for their lives.
The five children killed include three boys and two girls. Police released the names and images of the children on Friday, with the permission of their families.
Courtesy of: BBC NEWS
They are Addison Stewart, 11, and Jalailah Jayne-Maree Jones, Jye Sheehan, Peter Dodt, and Zane Mellor, who were 12. Police also said that three of the four injured children are still in the hospital.
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation already showed images of the police officers consulting each other as paramedics provide first aid to victims of the accident.
As the helicopters ferried the injured to hospitals, parents arrived at the school gates as fast as they can when they heard what happen to the said school.
Courtesy of: Tribute India
Peter Gutwein, Tasmania state premier called the heart-breaking incident "simply inconceivable". Gutwein said: "I know this is a strong and caring community that will stand together and support one another."
Debbie Williams, Tasmania police commander told the reporters: "Several children fell from the jumping castle. It appears they may have fallen from the height of approximately 10 meters. This is a very tragic event and our thoughts are with the families and the wider school community and also our first responders."
Scott Morrison, Australian Prime Minister has already given his thought to the said event saying: "Young children on a fun day out, together with their families and it turns to such horrific tragedy at this time of year. It just breaks your heart."
Courtesy of: Zee News
The School in Australia's island state of Tasmania has already announced on Facebook that the school will close on the remaining days and ask the parents to urgently collect their children from the class.
Authorities are offering counseling services to first responders and others in the small town, home to about 30,000 people.
Williams said: "There is no doubt that this has been a very confronting and distressing scene. Counseling is being made available to the families affected by this in the school community along with the first responders."
Dancing Students Perform Awesome Optical Illusion


text:
Q: Reusing php & mysql code but getting error in new project "Warning Undefined array key" I am an intermediate level PHP and SQL developer working in a local XAMPP environment building my first database-driven website. I am at the stage of moving from testing to implementation in a live context. I have been reusing my code during the testing period and have had all elements working, being able to upload files of all types and insert into DB and call back.
I am getting a warning in the new implementation project which I am having great difficulty understanding as I have been following the same procedures throughout my testing period without much difficulty.
I simply want to upload a profile picture into a project DB. I have completed this process many times in testing.

Warning: Undefined array key "uploadFile" in C:\xampp\htdocs\phpTutorial\includes\pf.dbh.inc.php on line 18*
Failure

upload.php (submit the file)
<form action="includes/pf.upload_proj.inc.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Upload Image"/>

    <input type="file" accept="image/*" name="uploadFile"   onchange="preview_image(event);">

</form>

pf.upload_proj.inc.php
require_once 'config.php';
        require_once 'pf.functions_proj.inc.php';
        require_once 'pf.dbh.inc.php';

if(isset($_POST['submit'])) {

        $projName = $projAbrv = $projDesc = $uploadFile = "";

        $newFileName = $_POST['projAbrv'];
        if (empty($newFileName)){
        $newFileName = "uploadFile";
        } else {
        $newFileName = strtolower(str_replace(" ", "-", $newFileName));
        }

        $projName = $_POST['projName'];
        $projAbrv = $_POST['projAbrv'];
        $projDesc = $_POST['projDesc'];

$file = $_FILES['uploadFile'];

        $fileName = $file['name'];
        $fileType = $file['type'];
        $fileTempName = $file['tmp_name'];
        $fileError = $file['error'];
        $fileSize = $file['size'];.....

pf.dbh.inc.php'(connect to the DB)
$projName = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST["projName"]);
$projAbrv = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST["projAbrv"]);
$projDesc = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST["projDesc"]);
$uploadFile = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST["uploadFile"]); *
//$projOrder = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST["projOrder"]);

$sql = "INSERT INTO `project` ('projName', 'projAbrv', 'projDesc', 'uploadFile') VALUES ($projName, $projAbrv, $projDesc, $uploadFile);INSERT INTO `profile` (projName) VALUES ($projName);";.....

'pf.functions_proj.inc.php(bind parameters)
mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "ssss", $projName, $projAbrv, $projDesc, $uploadFile);
    mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);

    $resultData = mysqli_stmt_get_result($stmt);

    if ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($resultData)) {
        return $row;
    }
    else {
        $result = false;
        return $result;
    }

    mysqli_stmt_close($stmt);
}

function createUser($conn, $projName, $projAbrv, $projDesc, $uploadFile, $projOrder) {
    $sql = "INSERT INTO `project` (projName, projAbrv, projDesc, uploadFile, projOrder) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?);INSERT INTO `profile` (projName) VALUES ($projName);";
    $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($conn);....

A: Thanks for all your comments on this issue. I have found a solution.

*

*First removed reference to "pf.functions_proj.inc.php".

*Removed reference to 2nd "INSERT INTO profile..." from the $sql statement in "pf.upload_proj.inc.php" & "pf.dbh.inc.php". (I believe that this is where the problem lay)

*Renamed all instances of "uploadFile" to"upload_file".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Leez Priory is a beautiful Tudor Mansion, rich in history and set in gorgeous grounds, including an amazing castle tower and great hall, which you can have exclusively for your wedding and reception. Inside and outside are equally impressive and having sampled the food here, we can thoroughly recommend it! Lakes, lawns, cottages and towers; this venue has everything you'll need for a beautiful wedding.
We are proud to be recommended by Leez Priory as one of their preferred suppliers.


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Where can we book After Midnight Band?
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Ruffed lemurs at the St. Louis Zoo � part of a program to save the species in Madagascar. As the number of species at risk of extinction soars, zoos are increasingly being called upon to rescue and sustain animals, and not just for marquee breeds like pandas and rhinos but also for all manner of mammals, frogs, birds and insects whose... 8/03/2006�� Best Answer: Hi, Well the obvious method is to stop ignorant people from meddling in nature... The only reason that animals are facing extinction is because of poachers and the clash between them and us, for new territories.
You outlaw the hunting of the animal, first for game and then for anything at all. You may even quarantine certain areas where the animals inhabit.... Endangered species are those animals, birds and fish that are in immediate danger of becoming extinct. The main reasons for this danger are the loss of natural habitat, environmental pollution and the introduction of other species.
Mass-extinction is characterised by a sharp and widespread decrease in the diversity of life, occurring when the rate of extinction increases beyond that of the rate of speciation (the creation of new species). In the past 540 million years, there have been five mass-extinction events, each claiming more than 50 per cent of animal species. The most recent of these was the Cretaceous-Tertiary... The main reason that animals and plants become extinct or threatened is because of habitat loss and change. Their habitat is the place where they live. It contains all that they need to survive: space, light, water, food, shelter and a place to breed.
by looking after the animal(s) and caring for them, you could get in a little group to save them.
Combined with other threats from habitat loss and dog attacks, koalas now face the possibility of extinction. Though chlamydia doesn't directly kill the animals, rendering them infertile means koalas could become extinct in as little as a few decades.
How humans are driving the sixth mass extinction Scientists have been warning for decades that human actions are pushing life on our shared planet toward mass extinction.


If you have a microwave in your home, then there is no excuse of missing breakfast, isn't it? 🙂 When I selected eggs as my "Protein Rich Ingredient" theme in the Blogging Marathon #88 – the other posts being Double Cheese Omelette and Akuri, I really wanted to try the omelette in mug, which has been doing rounds for quite some time.
With the microwave oven becoming a part of almost all households, despite what all negative image it may have, we all still use it for something or the other. It makes a lot of cooking quite easy especially when you have some time constraints. I wouldn't say that this omelette tastes as good as the one you make slowly on a frying pan, but for breakfast on the go, this is such a good option.
My only advice if you are trying this is to not over cook. You will end up with a dry omelette you wouldn't love eating. Also, cook in spurts of 30 seconds once the initial one minute is done. You will have a neater looking mug than mine. 😀 I was impatient and did for a whole minute, so the egg spilled over on to the mug, and I had to clean the microwave glass, to avoid the eggy smell. I have used my favorite capsicum, olives and cheese to brighten up my omelette but add whatever you fancy – spinach, mushrooms (ensure they are sauteed!), sausages… limitless!
Add the butter, eggs, salt and pepper in a large mug and whisk well. Microwave for one minute.
Add in the toppings, slowly press in and microwave in spurts of 30 seconds till done - I cooked for a minute.
Would have never thought of using microwave to make omelette…how creative and practical!
Thats an interesting way to make some omelette with less efforts, am sure this dish is definitely a blessing for bachelors. Well done sis.
This was the rage sometime ago but I never tried. Your looks good, nice and fluffy.
What an interesting take on an omlet ! I had no clue that these can be made in mugs , must share this with my egg eating friends .
This is such a wonderful recipe Rafeeda. Love the instant MW recipes and I am definitely trying this one.
Awesome one Rafeeda, I have been wanting to make it for a long time too. I use my MW a lot and love all Mug dishes. Only because I don't cook eggs especially in MW, I was hesitant to use it this way. By the way, the spill looks like a classic move ok..enjoyed all your different takes..surely something I can make for my kids.
Good one in the microwave. Definitely needs some trial and error depending on the wattage of the microwave.
Never knew before that we can make omelette in microwave. Great share indeed !!! Surely it makes a healthy and quick breakfast !!!
This is a nice way to make omlette,sounds interesting..
I think I microwaved eggs once and ended up with a rubbery mass of mess some time back 🙂 Your microwave omelette turned out great. Will have to try your version some time.
So quick and easy yet so nourishing!!
We too still use MW and really dies makes life easier! You have come up with such an innovative and quick way to make omelette! Superb!!!


The new collection from B'O Baby.
Made of special soft bamboo and certified organic cotton that is gentle on a baby's skin. Luxurious, super-soft, light and warm against a baby's delicate and sensitive skin.
The price includes the packaging fee, insurance and VAT. Take advantage of bargain prices when you order B'O Baby in greater quantities.


text:
Munich 1972 – The 11 terror victims
Elite Sports Department Administration
Greatest Moments
The Olympic Expirience
Sports And Educational Values
Olympism
The Israeli Olympic Committee is constantly working on establishing an infrastructure for developing the organization's resources.
Fundraising for the promotion of various projects of the Olympic Committee is of paramount importance to the success of Olympic athletes as well as the promotion of equally important goals relating to the welfare and success of future athletes, as well as the treatment of athletes after retirement and more.
Here are some of the projects that the IOC is working on and for whose benefit it makes an effort to raise donations from all who feel that the development of sports in the State of Israel is important:
Supporting the Israel Olympic Delegation for the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020 – The athletes in the delegation are the heart of the Olympic Committee. Support can be directed to a specific discipline or team.
Youth 2024 – This is the current flagship project of the Olympic Committee of Israel. The goal of the project is to invest in developing and advancing the future generation. Through this initiative we hope to cultivate athletes at a young age in such a way that will allow them to continue competing for a longer time at the highest possible level.
"The Day After" – A project that accompanies the Olympic athletes on the day after retirement, providing close guidance and support throughout the transition into a "second career" and everyday life.
Coaches – Investing in coaches that help train the athletes is critical in the world of elite sports. The Olympic Committee financially supports the associations that aid coaches in reaching the international level. This project also includes another important long-term objective: upgrading the stature and employment conditions of coaches in Israel.
Olympic Values Education and the "Olympic Experience" – The Olympic Project of the IOC and the Olympic Visitors Center (Olympic Museum, Hall of Fame for Olympic Sports in Israel) are projects dear to the heart of the IOC.
From an educational perspective, the Olympic Committee in Israel regards Olympic Values Education as a national mission. The target audience for these projects is first and foremost the youth of Israel. The goal is that by teaching values such as equality, fair play, determination, courage and more, we can make our society as a whole better, stronger, and healthier.
Do you want to hear more? Would you like to donate?
Vered Bouskila
Vice President – The Israel Olympic Committee
Cell # 972-523-802395
Phone # 972-3-6498385
Fax # 972-3-6498395


text:
Home Sports Center Sports Roundup: Another Key Win For East Hampton Girls Volleyball
Sports Roundup: Another Key Win For East Hampton Girls Volleyball
Cailin Riley
Entering the season, East Hampton girls volleyball head coach Kathy McGeehan knew her team would get a run for its money against both Westhampton Beach and Sayville in the fight for the League VI title. But the Lady Bonackers now have a leg up on both of those teams, beating both in the first go around of the regular season as part of a 4-0 start that puts them atop the standings.
East Hampton started the week with a 3-0 sweep of Miller Place on the road (25-12, 25-13 and 25-20), before beating Sayville, 3-1, at home two days later (25-22, 17-25, 25-19 and 26-24). The Lady Bonackers beat Westhampton Beach in a five-set match on the road earlier in the season.
McGeehan noted that her team's poise in the most intense parts of the match were the key to the victory over Sayville.
"The difference in the match was our ability in each of the close sets, from 20 points on, to have great ball control and no service or hitting errors in the clutch," she said, pointing out that her team only outscored Sayville by three points over the course of the entire match.
"Sayville has the ability to score points in runs and they're strong at the service line, very scrappy, and their outside hitters are tough to control when they get their set," she continued. "They were really tough to block."
Carley Seekamp led the team with 19 kills and nine digs, while Cassidy Walsh had 13 kills and 10 digs. Katie Brierley finished with 19 digs, and Lydia Budd had 27 assists.
Against a weaker Miller Place team, East Hampton dominated for an easy win.
"I thought we focused on taking care of the ball on our side and although the pace of the match was slow, we played our game," McGeehan said.
Budd had 25 assists and 12 digs, Seekamp finished with eight kills and 11 digs, Walsh had seven kills and nine digs, Brierley finished with 10 digs, and Kate Kavanaugh had four aces.
McGeehan said the hot start for her team has been nice to see.
"Starting off with victories against Sayville and Westhampton is what we worked so hard over the summer and preseason for," she said. "Hopefully, the team will continue to work hard to be ready to face the challenge the second time around."
East Hampton was scheduled to play in a tournament at Eastport South Manor on Saturday, September 27, and host Amityville on Monday, September 29, at 5 p.m.
Pierson Girls Volleyball
The Lady Whalers fell to 1-3 in League VIII, 1-5 overall, with their third straight 3-0 loss last week.
Pierson was downed 25-20, 25-16 and 25-18 at home against Shelter Island (3-0) on September 17 before losing to Stony Brook. Pierson was missing both its starting middles—Nia Dawson and Chloe Schindler—in the loss to Stony Brook, and had several players playing out of position.
In the loss to Shelter Island, Shannon Keane and Schindler each had two kills, while libero Morgan Vaughn had 20 digs and two aces. Keane finished with three aces.
Southampton Girls Soccer
The Southampton girls soccer team fell to 0-3 in League VI, 0-5 overall, following a pair of 7-0 losses last week; they fell at home to Mount Sinai last Thursday, September 18, and to Bayport/Blue Point two days earlier, also on their home turf.
Southampton was scheduled to visit Elwood/John Glenn on Tuesday, September 23, and will host Shoreham/Wading River on Monday, September 29, at 4:30 p.m., before traveling to East Hampton for a 4:30 p.m. game on Wednesday, October 1.
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Westhampton Beach Football Defeats Lawrence To Win Its First Ever Long Island Championship; Laube Finishes Career In Record-Breaking Style
Big Stripers And Bad Bunker Decisions This Week
Pierson/Bridgehampton Girls Volleyball Finishes Best Season In Program History At State Tournament


text:
Before you hit play, Lady Gaga's documentary is not what you think it is…
By admin On April 21, 2018 In Fibromyalgia Tagged fibro Leave a comment
There's been an incredible buzz within the fibromyalgia community since pop star Lady Gaga officially announced her fibro diagnosis as part of the publicity leading up to the Sept. 22 release of her Netflix documentary, "Gaga: Five Foot Two" (FF2).
Donna Gregory Burch
My Facebook feed has been flooded with news articles about Lady Gaga's diagnosis and what it means for those with fibromyalgia.Articles about the documentary indicated she would be sharing her life with chronic pain, leading some to assume – myself included – that her illness would be a big part of the film.
With all the hype, I was super excited to watch FF2 over the weekend, but it wasn't what I expected.
I think a lot of us mistakenly believed fibromyalgia would figure more prominently in the film than it did. In fact, fibromyalgia was never even mentioned during the one hour, 40 minute documentary. (I'm guessing her diagnosis may have come after the filming of FF2, which explains why no one uttered the word fibromyalgia.)
About 20 minutes into FF2, as I watched Lady Gaga talk about her self-esteem issues, I started wondering, "What the heck does this have to do with fibromyalgia?" It would be another few minutes before there was any indication that Lady Gaga suffers from chronic pain.
In total, I think there were three main scenes where she shared her health issues, totaling maybe 10 minutes of the documentary. The rest of the film was focused on her life as a performer – how she writes and records music, how she prepares for shows, etc. That's not a bad thing; it's just not what I and so many others in the fibromyalgia community were expecting.
As I watched FF2, I tried to see it through the eyes of both a chronic pain patient and a healthy person. As someone who lives with chronic pain, it felt like FF2 sent mixed messages. In one scene, there's Lady Gaga on the sofa, crying because she's in pain, but in another scene, she's rolling around in the dirt, singing and dancing while filming a music video. The two scenes just don't mesh.
If I was a young, healthy fan, I would've thought chronic pain wasn't a very big deal in Lady Gaga's life. It seemed more like an afterthought – just something she had to deal with as a performer. I may have even assumed, "Oh, she's just sore because of all the dancing she does!" I wonder how many viewers will think, "If fibromyalgia is so bad, how is she able to sing and dance like that night after night? She must be overdramatizing her pain!" Some critics have already accused her of faking her illness as an excuse to cancel her European tour.
Whether intentional or not, I feel like the media misrepresented the intent of FF2. If you're a fan of Lady Gaga as a performance artist, then you will love FF2. The singing, the dancing, the costumes, the makeup – I can see where some would find that entertaining to watch – but if you were hoping FF2 was going to give an accurate representation of life with fibromyalgia, then you will be sadly disappointed. The scenes involving her chronic pain are a small fraction of the entire documentary. Still, it's a fraction we didn't have before, and for that I am grateful. Any increase in awareness is still a win for the fibromyalgia community – no matter how small.
Now, it's your turn: Have you watched "Gaga: Five Foot Two" yet? What did you think? Share in the comments below!
Donna Gregory Burch was diagnosed with fibromyalgia in 2014 after several years of unexplained pain, fatigue and other symptoms. She was later diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease. Donna covers news,s treatments, research and practical tips for living better with fibromyalgia and Lyme on her blog, FedUpwithFatigue.com. You can also find her on Facebookand Twitter. Donna is an award-winning journalist whose work has appeared online and in newspapers and magazines throughout Virginia, Delaware and Pennsylvania. She lives in Delaware with her husband and their many fur babies.
reference;http://nationalpainreport.com/before-you-hit-play-lady-gagas-documentary-is-not-what-you-think-it-is-8834480.html
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