The price of a home in Canada increased 4.0 per cent year-over-year to $631,223 in the fourth quarter of 2018, continuing the recovery from the most significant housing correction since the financial crisis. Condominiums continued to see the highest rate of appreciation nationally when compared to the detached segment, rising 7.2 per cent year-over-year to $447,915.
The Canadian economy is performing well overall, with pockets of uncertainty. Persistently weak oil prices driven by domestic market access bottlenecks and global supply gluts have hit Western Canada hard, and trade tensions between China and the U.S. in particular are impacting consumer confidence across the continent.
The GTA was a story of contrasts. The City of Toronto experienced a strong rebound in the fourth quarter, while the surrounding areas remained relatively weak year-over-year. Prices in Toronto saw sizable increases, rising 8.8 per cent compared to 3.4 per cent gains for the GTA more broadly.
The aggregate price of a home in the Greater Montreal Area passed the $400,000 mark, rising to $407,230, an increase of 4.1 per cent from the same period last year. This represents a higher rate of appreciation than that seen in both the GTA and Greater Vancouver, and above the national aggregate percentage increase.
Home price appreciation in Greater Vancouver grew at a modest pace rising 2.1 per cent in the fourth quarter from the year before, to an aggregate price of $1,274,831. More affordable suburbs like Langley, Surrey, and Coquitlam that had seen double digit price growth in previous quarters grew at a more modest pace rising 2.4 per cent, 2.3 per cent, and 0.4 per cent respectively.
A big thank you to all of our spokespeople from across the country for their contributions in providing regional perspectives. Regional insights can be found in both the national release and in city-specific releases.
TORONTO, January 11, 2019 – According to the Royal LePage House Price Survey released today, year-over-year home prices made healthy gains in many regions across Canada in the fourth quarter of 2018, continuing the recovery from the most significant housing correction since the financial crisis. Once again, the Greater Montreal Area saw the highest year-over-year home price appreciation rate of the three largest Canadian metropolitan areas studied.
The Royal LePage National House Price Composite, compiled from proprietary property data in 63 of the nation's largest real estate markets, showed that the price of a home in Canada increased 4.0 per cent year-over-year to $631,223 in the fourth quarter of 2018. When broken out by housing type, the median price of a two-storey home rose 3.9 per cent year-over-year to $745,007, while the median price of a bungalow climbed 1.5 per cent to $516,950. Condominiums continued to see the highest rate of appreciation nationally when compared to the detached segment, rising 7.2 per cent year-over-year to $447,915.
Royal LePage projected modest home price appreciation in 2019 in its recent forecast, expecting the aggregate price of a home in Canada to rise 1.2 per cent in Canada over the next year.
On January 9th, the Bank of Canada decided to maintain its target for the overnight rate and reduced its forecast for annual GDP growth from 2.1 per cent to 1.7 per cent.
"While some economists are adjusting their forecast for the economy as a whole, Canada's real estate market is beginning to emerge from the correction that began a year ago. The national real estate market is stable and should see modest price gains by the end of the 2019," said Soper.
"House prices and home sales volumes were soft and slow last year; expect modestly better results in 2019," said Soper. "That said, the underlying Canadian economy, and employment in particular, continues to impress. Job creation is beating expectations handily. The unemployment rate of 5.6 per cent is a 43-year low.
"A silver lining in this cloud of uncertainty is the opportunity for young families to enter the market," Soper continued.
The unemployment rate is about half of where it was during the financial crisis. It is also important to note that actual retail-market rates for a five year fixed term mortgage, the most popular offering in Canada, sit at approximately 3.5 per cent today versus approximately 5.9 per cent a decade ago; a full forty per cent lower.
"Employment is high, rates are low, and home prices are essentially flat. 2019 is shaping up to be a year of rare opportunities," Soper concluded.
Tight rental markets, record levels of immigration, and a wave of Millennials looking to buy their first homes are putting pressure on limited housing stock in many of Canada's metropolitan regions.
During the fourth quarter, buyers in Ontario continued to look beyond the GTA in search of affordability. Despite some price relief in the suburbs surrounding Toronto, buyers from the region are still venturing out to other Southern Ontario cities where price points are significantly lower.
Of the regions studied in the Royal LePage National House Price Composite, Windsor and Kingston saw the highest appreciation rates in Ontario, rising 14.7 and 13.8 per cent year-over-year, respectively. Meanwhile, regions including Ottawa, Kitchener/Waterloo/Cambridge, and London saw strong aggregate price gains of 9.3 per cent, 9.0 per cent, and 8.9 per cent, respectively.
The GTA was a story of contrasts. The City of Toronto experienced a strong rebound in the fourth quarter, while the surrounding areas remained relatively weak year-over-year. Prices in Toronto saw sizable increases, rising 8.8 per cent compared to 3.4 per cent gains for the GTA more broadly. Some of the surrounding suburbs, which saw rapid price increases in recent years, continued to slow, with declines in areas like Markham, Pickering, and Richmond Hill of 7.1 per cent, 5.6 per cent, and 4.9 per cent, respectively.
In Quebec, the Greater Montreal Area's real estate market continues to set the pace among Canada's largest metropolitans, supported by continued high demand, healthy household income and population growth. Despite positive economic fundamentals, price appreciation for real estate in most of the province's regions outside of the GMA still continue to be dampened by worker shortages as small businesses struggle to attract workers to their communities. On the other hand, worker shortages tend to put upward pressure on salaries, which could improve affordability.
In the fourth quarter, the aggregate price of a home in the Greater Montreal Area passed the $400,000 mark, rising to $407,230, an increase of 4.1 per cent from the same period last year. This represents a higher rate of appreciation than that seen in both the GTA and Greater Vancouver, and above the national aggregate percentage increase. During this period, the median price of a two-storey home in the Greater Montreal Area rose 3.5 per cent year-over-year to $517,190, after surpassing the half-million-dollar mark for the first time in the third quarter. The condominium market in the area continued its solid performance this quarter compared to last year, rising 4.9 per cent to $328,254.
British Columbia has been an economic outperformer in recent years, but economists are beginning to forecast slowing growth because of the cooling housing market. The relative unaffordability of major markets and the implementation of mortgage stress tests and provincial tax policies have dampened price growth in the province. Home price appreciation in Greater Vancouver grew at a modest pace rising 2.1 per cent in the fourth quarter from the year before, to an aggregate price of $1,274,831. More affordable suburbs like Langley, Surrey, and Coquitlam that had seen double digit price growth in previous quarters grew at a more modest pace rising 2.4 per cent, 2.3 per cent, and 0.4 per cent respectively.
Despite weak oil prices and uncertainty in the energy industry, all cities studied in Alberta posted year-over-year price increases, with the exception of Fort McMurray, which saw a 9.4 per cent decline. The aggregate price of a home in Calgary and Edmonton rose 1.3 per cent and 1.6 per cent, respectively, to $484,462 and $385,550.
Saskatchewan's housing market was negatively affected by the weakness in the natural resources sector in the fourth quarter. The aggregate home price in Regina increased 0.1 per cent year-over-year, while the aggregate home price in Saskatoon decreased 1.7 per cent year-over-year. This represents a quarter-over-quarter decrease of 1.9 per cent and 0.5 per cent, respectively.
Atlantic Canada remained strong, posting some of the largest price gains in the country in the fourth quarter. Moncton and Charlottetown posted the highest home price growth in the region, rising 12.6 per cent and 7.1 per cent, respectively, year-over-year. St. John's was notably weak, with prices falling 2.6 per cent from the year before.
Read more about regional trends here.
The Royal LePage House Price Survey provides information on the three most common types of housing in Canada, in 63 of the nation's largest real estate markets. Housing values in the House Price Survey are based on the Royal LePage National House Price Composite, produced quarterly through the use of company data in addition to data and analytics from its sister company, RPS Real Property Solutions, the trusted source for residential real estate intelligence and analytics in Canada. Commentary on housing and forecast values are provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts, based on their opinions and market knowledge.
Serving Canadians since 1913, Royal LePage is the country's leading provider of services to real estate brokerages, with a network of more than 18,000 real estate professionals in more than 600 locations nationwide. Royal LePage is the only Canadian real estate company to have its own charitable foundation, the Royal LePage Shelter Foundation, dedicated to supporting women's and children's shelters and educational programs aimed at ending domestic violence. Royal LePage is a Brookfield Real Estate Services Inc. company, a TSX-listed corporation trading under the symbol TSX:BRE.
For more information visit: www.royallepage.ca.


Like Christ, John the Baptist had disciples who followed him.
Andrew was first a disciple of John the Baptist. He left John to become a disciple of Jesus. Andrew brought his brother, Simon Peter, to Christ.
Jesus called Matthew the tax collector to be a disciple. Matthew, also named Levi, held a great feast which the disciples of John and Jesus attended.
John's disciples were fasting, and asked Jesus why his disciples did not fast. Using 4 parables, Jesus showed that it was inappropriate for his own disciples to fast at that time.
Jesus began preaching near the Jordan river. His disciples were baptizing more people than John's disciples. John's disciples came to him with this concern.
John the Baptist told them that he was not the Christ, and that he would decrease as Jesus increased.
After John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod, he sent his disciples to Jesus with the question "Are you the Expected One, or do we look for someone else?"
Jesus responded with these encouraging words "Go and report to John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the gospel preached to them."
Jesus commended John by telling the multitude that John was greater than any of the prophets.
John's faith may have weakened during his imprisonment.


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Preparing to Build the Farmhouse
Over the past year, we have been laying the groundwork – so to speak – to start building the farmhouse. Our County building inspector has actually handled straw bale construction before and recommended a book for us; I picked up a copy and then loaned it to the structural engineer who drew up the building plans.
Last summer, we dug the irrigation pond and used a fair portion of the dirt we removed to build up our building site. According to local statements, many years ago, the ground from the main highway up through our northern neighbor's property all belonged to the same person, and he had the entire stretch graded for flood irrigation. The grading was roughly 1 foot drop for every 30-40 feet of distance. From the highest corner to the lowest of the building pad (about 70 feet), it dropped over 2 feet. We had to do a lot of build-up on that corner!
Building up the pad site for the house. The four T posts are approximated corners of the house. For reference: the log round on the right-hand side is about 16″ tall.
Although several online sources and a couple of contractors we spoke to last summer recommended using a vibrating plate compactor, we were not satisfied with the level of compaction that provided, nor was the contractor that we had tentatively engaged to do the foundation and floor pour. Instead, we drove the tractor back and forth, both in the north-south direction and the east-west direction. This gave us much better compaction on the fill we brought in (enough so that it's actually caused us some trouble now!). The contractor also pointed out that, with a monolithic pour (where the foundation and floor are poured as a single unit), the weight of the concrete would be too much for wooden forms, and he recommended building the pad site out an additional 3 to 5 feet, so that the foundation could be trenched in rather than using a form.
We've spent most of this spring trying to get a contractor to do the work on the foundation and floor. Our original contractor backed out unexpectedly. With the construction boom this year, all of the other contractors who were actually willing to consider doing the job quoted us nearly double what the original contractor quoted (which may have had something to do with why he backed out).
Our main reason for wanting a contractor is to do the actual concrete pour. We have done enough construction of our own over the years that we know the fundamentals, and we can do a lot of the work ourselves. However, creating a finished floor takes more finesse and better skills than we have, which is the primary reason we want a contractor.
As a result of the excessive bids for doing the job (which included trenching the foundation, placing rebar and insulation, etc.), we have decided to do the prep work ourselves. Two weekends ago, we put up batter boards and ran string lines, and then started digging on the northwest corner (the one we had to put the most fill on). We used water-filled clear nylon tubing to level the batter boards; we had too much trouble trying to set a level spot in the center of the pad for the laser level.
Batter boards on the northeast corner. The boards have to be perfectly level. Then you put a screw in the top edge to tie your string line to. After you set all of the strings, you measure where the strings cross: front-back, left-right, and diagonal. You can put additional screws in the boards in order to adjust the placement of the strings, allowing you to create a perfect – or nearly perfect (we're within 0.02 inches) – positioning for the edge of the foundation.
It took about an hour and a half to dig 5′ of the foundation, and there's almost 200′ total: we very quickly figured out that digging the 30″ deep foundation by hand was going to take a very long time! We have decided to rent an excavator to do most of the remaining trench work. We'll still have to do some work with the shovels, because an excavator can't do really square corners or make a nice, smooth bottom, but we'll be able to do the majority of the heavy lifting with the excavator.
The section of trench we dug in the northwest corner. Partly, this was a test to see how well-compacted our building site is. We encountered very little sloughing off the sides while we dug this and were able to create a smooth-sided and -bottomed trench, which will have 2″ of gravel put in the bottom before the concrete is poured.
The other part we dug by hand is where the sewer line, which we had installed when we did the sewer line to the trailer, comes into the house. Local regulations require that the top of the main sewer line be a minimum of 12″ below the ground surface, and due to the slope of the land, we could only position the shallow end – where it goes into the house – about 35′ from the septic tank. That means that the main line will actually have to go through the foundation, and we did not want to hit that line with the excavator, so we dug out around it. When we installed the sewer line, we put a T post near the end cap so that we knew where it was at, which made locating it to dig the foundation trench a breeze!
Last week, we reached out to the engineer with some questions about the lumber. We have a sawmill from my dad's days with the gold and silver mines (for cutting timbers for a mine shaft) and have often cut our own lumber for other projects. The engineering plans recommend douglas-fir lumber, which is difficult to find, and with lumber prices tripling, or even quadrupling, over the last year, buying lumber is a painful prospect. However, we have ample lodgepole pine in our area, so we asked the engineer if that would be acceptable. He was able to confirm that it would be a suitable substitute, and we were able to purchase enough trees from the U.S. Forest Service to likely cut all of the lumber we will need that doesn't have specific structural engineering requirements (such as the sill plate of the walls, which need to be pressure-treated, and the roof joists that need to be professionally constructed). We paid about $200 for all of the trees (plus, of course, our time to cut, haul, and mill them); right now, we couldn't buy enough lumber for $200 to frame up even a single wall!
We're starting to cut the boards that we'll need for the concrete forms around the top of the pour. The concrete floor is 4″ thick and, of course, sits above the grade of the ground. At the edges, the concrete needs to be 6″ above the surrounding ground after the grading is finished, so the upper 4-6″ needs to be held with forms. We'll put boards in to make that form, and pack dirt up on the outside to reinforce the wood for the pour; after the concrete has cured, we can remove the dirt and forms to meet the 6″ above-grade requirement.
Our next task, which we did last night, was locating the points where the sewer line comes up through the floor, namely for the toilet, the tub and bathroom sink line, and the kitchen line. Because of the nature of a monolithic pour, we want to keep as much of the plumbing above the floor as we can. Any plumbing under the floor cannot be moved for future remodels, or easily repaired. We'll get the rototiller out to start softening up the pad so we can dig for those lines. We'll have to put the plumbing in and get it inspected by the State before we can pour the concrete.
We have drawn up the entire house using MasterCam so that we have a 3D rendering. It has helped immensely with being able to figure out where to place things like the plumbing. The bathroom sink is about halfway between the toile and the tub; because it's on the line going to the tub, we didn't stake out its exact position.
We also still need to mark where the load-bearing interior walls are, because those need a thicker foundation than the rest of the floor, and we will use the rototiller to prep those.
Yesterday, we picked up the rebar and insulation that we need. We are planning to rent the excavator next weekend, after summer class is over, and hope to be ready to pour the concrete sometime in August. We have already contacted a pump truck (regular concrete trucks can only pump concrete out to 18′, which is only a third of the width or length of the house, so we're going to need one to reach the entire foundation) and he knows someone who may be willing to do the pour. We have to keep an eye on concrete, as well, because they are currently rationing the amount that concrete companies receive each month. So far, the local companies we've talked to have said that hasn't been a problem, but by the time we're ready, it may mean that we have to try to get the concrete poured on the first of the month.
Category: Blog, Farm News, Farmhouse
← What Happens in January?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Working at UBC Sauder
Innovation & Entrepreneuship
What motivates UBC Sauder's leading graduate researchers? A shared desire for societal impact
The Peter P. Dhillon Centre for Business Ethics supports innovative, early-stage graduate research through its annual 'Research into Business for Social Good Grant.' The funding is meant to encourage compelling research that examines far-ranging topics such as social entrepreneurship, ethical decision-making, sustainability efforts and more.
Four leading researchers shed light on their work, the motivations behind choosing their topics, and those who were grant recipients explain how the funding assisted with their research and current positions.
Rishad Habib, 2019 recipient
Research topic: "Deciding between Charitable Organizations: The Role of the Relative Distance from Funding Goals"
Dr. Rishad Habib is an alum of the PhD program at the UBC Sauder School of Business and is now an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University). Habib's interest in studying pro-social behaviour led her to focus her research on charities and how people decide where to donate money. She evaluated how donations are influenced by an organization's progress towards its goal and examined how to encourage charitable giving.
"I was looking at how we can increase donations to charities that are further away from their goal or in the initial stages and just starting out, where there's no indication that they have a lot of support from everybody else," says Habib.
For Habib, motivation stems from observing the barriers to giving. "There is always this tension between your self-interest of wanting to be a good, helpful person and factors that stand in the way of that – whether it's time or money," she says. "I like looking at ways in which we can make that easier, or make it more salient, or change behaviour in a way that doesn't take away that choice from people."
After presenting her research to an overwhelmingly positive response, Habib completed her PhD at UBC and was recruited by Toronto Metropolitan University where she currently teaches marketing management.
Larissa Maxwell, 2019 finalist
Research topic: "Ethical Storytelling in Corporate Social Responsibility"
UBC PMBA alum Larissa Maxwell has always been fascinated by the issue of ethical storytelling in corporate settings. Over the course of her career in the non-profit and business sectors, she identified an alarming trend in the types of storytelling she witnessed.
"There was a lack of inclusion at decision-making tables, coerced advocacy, using sensationalist narratives that exploit trauma, a lack of safety when engaging in sharing one's story, labour violations and unfair treatment, and much more," says Maxwell.
She initially set out to build a more inclusive industry narrative by teaching ethical storytelling as an instructor, but found that the gaps in existing research hindered any meaningful change. She was inspired to fill the gap herself.
"This project for me is an act of service," says Maxwell. "Our research explores how organizations engaging in social responsibility projects can tell the story of their work in a way that doesn't re-exploit others. To do this, we are investigating how exploitation in storytelling happens, how to mitigate it, and ultimately, create a model that offers an effective alternative."
While the project is ongoing, Maxwell is already seeing its impact. The research has led to the development of models meant to inspire industry change, which are currently being tested across North American cities. Maxwell is also now the CEO of Maxwell Consulting Group, where one of their main services is ethical storytelling development.
Oludolapo Makinde, 2020 recipient
Research topic: "Combating Corruption for Stakeholders and Social Good: From Canadian Multinationals to Global South State-Owned Enterprises"
Allard Law PhD student Oludolapo Makinde is concerned about the pervasiveness of corruption in the world – particularly corporate corruption.
Makinde is exploring a multi-pronged approach involving corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and artificial intelligence as tools of resistance against corruption involving Canadian multinationals operating in the Global South.
In specifically focusing on companies, she draws inspiration from a quote by James D. Wolfensohn, former president of the World Bank, which she paraphrases as: "The proper governance of companies is equally as important to the world as the proper governance of countries."
Makinde also notes that the Global South is vulnerable because of the power imbalance between the North and the South, where the South is often excluded from international decision and rule-making processes. "My research looks into how this power imbalance plays out in multinational business activities, and how Canada exports corruption to the Global South," says Makinde.
With one year left in her PhD program, Makinde's research is ongoing. "Corruption is such a complex problem that is difficult to eradicate, but I'm hopeful that my research will contribute to the collective efforts seeking to address the problem," she says.
Jiawei Li, 2021 recipient
Research topic: "The More the Better? Diversity Training Effectiveness After Wide-Reaching EDI Events"
Jiawei Li is a UBC Sauder PhD student finishing her second year of studying organizational behaviour, focusing on diversity issues in the workplace and the practices used to solve them.
Li noticed that the attitudes of companies and employees around the topic of diversity training shifted in the aftermath of equity, diversity, and inclusivity (EDI) events such as the Black Lives Matter protests last summer.
Li examined posts on Reddit to get an understanding of the factors influencing people's thoughts and feelings, which she now categorises into three levels: individual, societal, and organizational.
Li aims to fill a research gap she identified in the field. "A huge factor that has been ignored by previous research is understanding that there are multilevel factors that influence people's reaction towards diversity training, where factors can happen and influence people simultaneously," she says. "In addition to the most commonly studied factors, the external environment which includes organizational climate and signals sent by social events also matter."
Li is also personally interested in studying the overall absence of diversity and subtle but detrimental discrimination issues like microaggressions in workplaces. "As a minority myself, I really want to make my research influential and improve the situation of minorities. As we are researching for a business school, our work might be more cited and understood by those outside academia and this motivates me to study this topic and have an impact."
Applications for the 2022-23 'Research into Business for Social Good Grant' are being accepted until July 15, 2022. Grant proposals will be reviewed by a panel and decisions will be announced in September 2022.
Please visit https://www.sauder.ubc.ca/news/grant-competition-call-application or contact Dr. Kirstin Appelt, Research Director, Peter P. Dhillon Centre for Business Ethics, at kirstin.appelt@sauder.ubc.ca for more details.


text:
DOE Patents Patent: Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles
Title: Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles
A maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip is described. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat. By varying the optic fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts. 10 figs.
Chastagner, P
5152748 A
PPN: US 7-663496
PTO; EDB-94-091155
AC09-89SR18035
Patent File Date: 4 Mar 1991
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE; ANIMAL TISSUES; SAMPLING; MEDICAL SUPPLIES; DESIGN; MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS; BODY; TISSUES; 550600* - Medicine
Chastagner, P. Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles. United States: N. p., 1992. Web.
Chastagner, P. Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles. United States.
Chastagner, P. Tue . "Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles". United States.
title = {Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles},
author = {Chastagner, P},
abstractNote = {A maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip is described. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat. By varying the optic fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts. 10 figs.},
Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles
Patent Chastagner, Philippe [608 Aumond Rd., Augusta, GA 30909]
A maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat. By varying the opticmore » fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts.« less
Thermal manipulator of medical catheters
Patent Application Chastagner, P
This invention consists of a maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat.more » By varying the optic fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts.« less
Method of bundling rods so as to form an optical fiber preform
Patent Kliner, Dahv A. V. [San Ramon, CA]; Koplow, Jeffery P [Washington, DC]
The present invention provides a simple method for fabricating fiber-optic glass preforms having complex refractive index configurations and/or dopant distributions in a radial direction with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The method teaches bundling together a plurality of glass rods of specific physical, chemical, or optical properties and wherein the rod bundle is fused in a manner that maintains the cross-sectional composition and refractive-index profiles established by the position of the rods.
Sealed fiber-optic bundle feedthrough
Patent Tanner, Carol E [Niles, MI]
A sealed fiber-optic bundle feedthrough by which a multitude of fiber-optic elements may be passed through an opening or port in a wall or structure separating two environments at different pressures or temperatures while maintaining the desired pressure or temperature in each environment. The feedthrough comprises a rigid sleeve of suitable material, a bundle of individual optical fibers, and a resin-based sealing material that bonds the individual optical fibers to each other and to the rigid sleeve.


text:
Search Records by Subject: ANZALDUA, GLORIA
"We Bleed in Mestizaje": Corporeal Utopias and Mestiza Futurities in Gloria E. Anzaldua's Light in the Dark/Luz en Lo Oscuro
Vado, Karina A.
in: Chan, Edward K. and Ventura, Patricia, eds. Race and Utopian Desire in American Literature and Society. New York: Springer, 2019. p. 163-182.
Subjects: ANZALDUA, GLORIA; LIGHT OF THE DARK (NOVEL); UTOPIA
Black and Chicana feminisms, science fiction, and US women's bodily oppressions in the past, present, and future
Ranft, Erin
Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 2013. 176 p. (DAI-A 74(9)(E), March 2014)
Subjects: ANZALDUA, GLORIA; BUTLER, OCTAVIA E.; DUE, TANANARIVE; PERRY, PHYLLIS ALESIA; WOMEN SF WRITERS
Cyborg Feminism: The Science Fiction of Octavia E. Butler and Gloria Anzaldua
Ramirez, Catherine S.
in: Flanagan, Mary, and Booth, Austin, eds. Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. p. 374-402.
Subjects: ANZALDUA, GLORIA; BUTLER, OCTAVIA E.
Subject of Utopia, The: Race and Utopia in Contemporary American Literature.
Chan, Edward K.
Ph .D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 2004. 324 p. (DAI-A 65(2): 513. August 2004)
Subjects: ANZALDUA, GLORIA; RACE; UTOPIA
The Contemporary Space of the Border: Gloria Anzaldua's Borderlands and William Gibson's Neuromancer,
Concannon, Kevin
Textual Practice 12(3): 429-442. Winter 1998.
Subjects: ANZALDUA, GLORIA; GIBSON, WILLIAM


1. JAMES1 MCKEAN He married JANET CHAMBERS.
Notes for JAMES MCKEAN: PRONI D/991/6/1/9 "Of Chantyfew near Richhill came over as a factor or steward to Cope family and married Janet Chambers."
2. i. JAMES2 MCKEAN, d. 1819.
2. JAMES2 MCKEAN (JAMES1) died 1819. He married JANE CROMPTON 1788. She was born 1763, and died 1836.
3. i. JAMES3 MCKEAN, b. 1793; d. 1841.
4. ii. ROBERT MCKEAN, b. 1789; d. 1837.
3. JAMES3 MCKEAN (JAMES2, JAMES1) was born 1793, and died 1841. He married ELIZA MCCREA.
Notes for ELIZA MCCREA: PRONI D/991/6/1/9 "Widow of Jas Neill"
4. ROBERT3 MCKEAN (JAMES2, JAMES1) was born 1789, and died 1837. He married ANNE JACKSON 1819, daughter of JAMES JACKSON and MARY KYDD. She was born 1799, and died 1829.
Notes for ANNE JACKSON: PRONI D/991/6/1/9 "Of Clones" She had seven children.
6. i. WILLIAM4 MCKEAN, b. 24 January 1822; d. 21 August 1906, Millmount Keady.
5. JAMES4 MCKEAN (JAMES3, JAMES2, JAMES1) He married HELEN TYNDALE, daughter of HENRY TYNDALL and EMMA CARPENTER.
Notes for JAMES MCKEAN: SOURCE email Peter McWilliam Sept 22, 2004 "of Laragh, Castleblayney"
7. i. HELEN LOUISE5 MCKEAN.
6. WILLIAM4 MCKEAN (ROBERT3, JAMES2, JAMES1)1 was born 24 January 1822, and died 21 August 1906 in Millmount Keady. He married MARY ANNE JANE BARTLEY 1844, daughter of GEORGE BARTLEY and ALICIA NIXON. She was born 31 October 1815, and died 12 April 1886 in Millmount Keady.
Notes for WILLIAM MCKEAN: PRONI D/991/6/1/9 "Of Millmount" PRONI 991/7 Bartley, Thompson, McKean, Gardiner & Jackson papers. DEATH: 1906 August 21, d. Wm. McKean at Millmount, Keady.
Notes for MARY ANNE JANE BARTLEY: PRONI 991/7 Bartley, Thompson, McKean, Gardiner & Jackson papers: OBIT: Mary Jane McKean d. 12 April 1886, Millmount Keady. Age 70. Buried, St. Marks, Armagh.. Wife of Wm. McKean, JP and daughter of George Bartley, Esq of Monaghan.
8. ii. WILLIAM MCKEAN, b. 1850; d. 9 December 1911, Montano, Malone Park, Belfast.
7. HELEN LOUISE5 MCKEAN (JAMES4, JAMES3, JAMES2, JAMES1) She married JOHN HANNA MCKEAN2 June 1903, son of WILLIAM MCKEAN and LYDIA HANNA. He died 6 September 1920 in Redlands, Deramore Park, Belfast.
Notes for HELEN LOUISE MCKEAN: PRONI D/991/6/1/2 "Of Laragh"
DEATH: 1920, Sept 6 d. J.H. McKean, son of Wm. McKean of Montano, d. at home, Redlands, Deramore Park, Belfast.
ii. HELEN JOY MCKEAN, b. 1907.
8. WILLIAM5 MCKEAN (WILLIAM4, ROBERT3, JAMES2, JAMES1) was born 1850, and died 9 December 1911 in Montano, Malone Park, Belfast. He married LYDIA HANNA 3 June 1875 in Elmwood Presbyterian, daughter of JOHN HANNA and MATILDA MCMORRAN. She died 1918.
DEATH: 1911, Dec 9, d. Wm. McKean at Montano, Malone Park, Belfast.
Notes for LYDIA HANNA: PRONI 991/7 Bartley, Thompson, McKean, Gardiner & Jackson papers. BIRTH 1876, son born March 26 to William & Lydia McKean, 8 Milton Terrace, Belfast.
i. GEORGE BARTLEY6 MCKEAN, b. 1876; d. 2 September 1944; m. DOROTHY EMILY FORTESCUE DUNSTAN, 1909.
* This snippet is from other pieces saved by whoever did these pages.
DEATH: George Bartley McKean, d. 1944, Sept 2 age 68 (a doctor).
9. ii. JOHN HANNA MCKEAN, d. 6 September 1920, Redlands, Deramore Park, Belfast.
9. JOHN HANNA6 MCKEAN (WILLIAM5, WILLIAM4, ROBERT3, JAMES2, JAMES1)2 died 6 September 1920 in Redlands, Deramore Park, Belfast. He married HELEN LOUISE MCKEAN June 1903, daughter of JAMES MCKEAN and HELEN TYNDALE.
Children are listed above under (7) Helen Louise McKean.
1. PRONI/991/6/1/9, A family tree donated by Miss Gillian Dunlop, 45 Windsor Avenue, Belfast.


Training is a necessary first step in gaining access to the facility's equipment. We offer training for general NMR (e.g. the 200 MHz, 300 MHz, and 500 MHz systems), high-field biomolecular NMR, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
All users must be trained by the instrumentation specialist. Users are not permitted to train one another, under any circumstances.
Sessions are held at the beginning of each semester, but can also be arranged at any other time as needed by e-mail.
Miami uses a 'graduated' NMR training program. The first step is a 90-minute hands-on training session on collecting 1H spectra using the 200/300 MHz NMR instruments. The next step is a "driver's test", where users demonstrate independent operation of the 200/300 MHz NMR in safe manner. After passing, users will be able to use these NMRs independently and book time as needed.
If access to the 500 MHz NMR is desired, the next step is a 60-minute training session (covering both 1H and 13C spectra) followed by another "driver's test". Further training on advanced topics such as 2D NMR, variable temperature NMR, or other nuclei (e.g. 19F, 31P) is readily arranged on a one-on-one basis.
Once your supervisor has arranged access to the 600 MHz or 850 MHz NMR spectrometers, a one-on-one training session can be arranged. Typical sessions cover sample preparation, NMR setup (locking, tuning, shimming, VT, and pulse calibrations), and the collection of 1D WATERGATE and 2D HSQC spectra. Other topics (e.g. backbone assignment, T1/T2/NOE or CPMG dynamics, NOESY spectra) can be covered on request.
Training on the MALDI-TOF instrument is a 90-minute hands-on session, covering sample and matrix preparation, spotting techniques, data collection, and analysis. After training, users will be able to operate the MALDI-TOF independently and book time as needed.


Create your very own personalised memory of your London Marathon achievement, past or present or perhaps give as a gift to some one you know. The print displays the Name, Date, Time and runners number.
A unique gift for a fantastic achievement!
4. Your poster gets printed and delivered to your door!
Will fit standard Ikea RIBBA frame without the frame (this artwork is set at 50 x 70 CM, but if you'd prefer a different size, please get in touch.
Will be shipped securely in a tube to your door.
Please note the frame is not included and the white border has been designed onto the graphic.


Looks like age hasn't dulled Evie Frye's senses. Twenty years after the events of "Assassin's Creed Syndicate" Evie goes on to hunt the notorious serial killer, Jack the Ripper.
The add-on content will be available for download on consoles on December 16 and Windows PC on December 22.
Jack the Ripper is available separately for Assassin's Creed Syndicate players, or as part of the Season Pass, which includes: Jack the Ripper, The Last Maharaja mission pack, A Long Night Season Pass exclusive mission, Streets of London gameplay pack, two top-tier sets of gear and weapons and an exclusive XP boost. Jack the Ripper is included in the Gold Edition of the game. Season Pass holders can download the add-on starting December 16.


text:
Takata Air Bag Recall 85 Million More Could be Recalled
The U.S. government is ordering 85 million Takata Corp. airbag inflators to be replaced by the Japanese parts manufacturer, unless they are able to prove they are safe for consumers.
There are already 28 million inflators under recall by Takata Corp. that must be replaced due to the propensity to explode and cause serious injuries and death. So far there are 11 known deaths resulting from explosive airbags and more than 100 injuries.
The massive recall is expected to cost the company billions of dollars and was already the largest automotive recall in US history.
The Takata airbags differ from those made by other manufacturers as they use ammonium nitrate as a propellant to fill the bags with air during a crash. The trouble is this particular chemical has a tendency to burn too fast, potentially causing an explosion so volatile that it can blow apart the metal canister and cause metal shrapnel to fly into the faces of drivers and passengers in the vehicle.
Owners of vehicles equipped with these potentially lethal airbags are scrambling to get them replaced, but there is currently a parts shortage and many of the cars are still on the roads with these "ticking time bombs" inside, said Attorney James Johnson.
"Consumers have everything to lose if they are injured or someone dies due to these defective airbags," Johnson said. "There has to be a push by Takata to step up the recall and make these vehicles safe and if not they could potentially face lawsuits by future victims of these dangerous devices."
Additionally, many dealerships do not have the parts available to replace the defective airbags. Consumers often have no choice but to continue driver their vehicles and put themselves at risk of injury or even death, Johnson said.
Johnson Attorneys Group is a California law firm that handles both lemon law and personal injury cases on behalf of consumers here in the Golden State. Our law firm has experience with both Honda and Takata Corp. involving airbags, but we are not permitted to disclose any details. If you have legal questions involving Takata airbags, call us for a free case evaluation at 800-235-6801.


The BBC has added more star power to its upcoming TV adaptations of Shakespeare plays.
The producers previously said that Benedict Cumberbatch would play Richard III. On Thursday, the BBC revealed that Judi Dench would play Cecily, Duchess of York, alongside the Sherlock star.
Meanwhile, Hugh Bonneville, known for portraying Robert Crawley in Downton Abbey, will play Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester in the first part of a two-part adaptation of Henry VI.
Neal Street Productions, Downton Abbey-maker Carnival Films, part of NBCUniversal, and Thirteen are producing the three Shakespeare adaptations under the title The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses for BBC Two.
In other casting news for the series, Sophie Okonedo (Hotel Rwanda, After Earth) will portray Queen Margaret across all three films. Keeley Hawes, who has voiced Lara Croft in several Tomb Raider video games, will play Queen Elizabeth in Henry VI part 2 and Richard III, while Tom Sturridge (On the Road) has been cast as Henry VI in both parts of that production.
Said Pippa Harris, executive producer for Neal Street: "To have the chance to work with some of Britain's most talented actors is a dream come true. We couldn't be more delighted to have them on board."
Ben Stephenson, controller, BBC Drama Commissioning, added: "Building on the critical success of The Hollow Crown, this extraordinary cast and production team will raise the bar of British drama once more and build on BBC Two's reputation for distinctive drama."
Beyond Harris, executive producers are Neal Street's Sam Mendes (Skyfall) and Nicolas Brown, David Horn for Thirteen and Gareth Neame for Carnival.
Dominic Cooke will direct all three films based on adapted screenplays from Ben Power.
The first round of BBC Shakespeare adaptations under the banner The Hollow Crown was a hit in Britain. It included Richard II and a two-part Henry IV, with Jeremy Irons, Tom Hiddleston and Ben Whishaw starring.


text:
8Sports Blitz 2017 Preseason Preview: Midlothian Trojans
by: Mitch Carr
Posted: Aug 17, 2017 / 03:51 AM EDT / Updated: Aug 17, 2017 / 03:51 AM EDT
RICHMOND, Va. (WRIC) — The Midlothian Trojans are under new management, but their fans will be familiar with the new boss.
Matt Hutchings was an assistant before taking over from Kevin Thomas as head coach for 2017. Hutchings believes his familiarity with the team and its familiarity with him will help in his first season.
Quarterback Kyle Daniluck returns, and Hutchings says if they can keep the quarterback healthy and play together as a team, they can have success this season.
The Trojans have not made the playoffs in years, but Hutchings says that is the goal for Midlo this season, and he believes they can achieve it.
How a "danger to the community" was released from jail before a deadly shootout with Chesterfield police
by Alex Thorson / Jan 19, 2021
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY, Va. (WRIC) -- Chesterfield county's law enforcement and head prosecutor say last week's violent shootout between a suspect and police officers could have been prevented. 36-year-old Jeffrey Kite, a convicted felon, was shot and killed by police on Thursday after an 11-hour standoff and eventual shootout. It happened at his home on Lansmill drive. No police officers were injured but Kite died at the scene.
According to authorities, officers went out to Kite's home on Wednesday around 4:15 p.m. to arrest him for stalking and violating a protective order. They said the suspect ran into his home when he saw Chesterfield Police approaching and refused to come outside. Authorities said a woman was also in the home and agreed to leave the home after several hours.
by Talya Cunningham / Jan 19, 2021
WASHINGTON D.C. (WRIC) -- The United States of America will have a new President in less than 24 hours and security at the U.S Capitol is tighter than ever before.
As of Tuesday night, more than 20,000 National Guard members have boots on the ground in Washington D.C. to ensure a safe transition of power.


text:
Bonfire 2,500
Xn QUILTblogs
The Mosaic
The gun undermines the badge
July 6, 2016 by Fred Clark
The gun undermines the badge July 6, 2016 Fred Clark
One of the strangest things I've ever watched on television was Law & Order: UK. The Law & Order format and formula were so wholly familiar that all the differences stood out for me in sharp relief: CCTV everywhere! Apollo has an accent! Powdered wigs!
But then there was the strangest thing of all, completely alien and incomprehensible to me as an American: Police officers without guns. They have access to guns, mind you. "What if some criminal has a gun and …?" Well, then police can be armed accordingly. But they don't carry guns.
Police officers without guns. Police officers who are capable of meaning something other than the nearby threat of lethal force. That's utterly un-American, baffling, confounding.
And yet this is another possible reality.
And a better one. And, if we wish to be a free people, it is a more legitimate one.
Here in America, of course, police officers carry guns. All the time. And, therefore, guns are their symbol of authority. Not badges.
Yes, American police also carry badges, but that's almost irrelevant. Guns are louder than badges. A police officer's badge can be a meaningful symbol of authority, of "law and order." But when that badge is always accompanied by a gun it is no longer allowed to convey that meaning. The gun demonstrates, unambiguously, that the badge is insufficient — that it's meaning is ultimately meaningless, derived from something else and inconsequential without that something else.
A badge, by itself, can mean something. A badge accompanying a gun becomes just flair and decoration.
American police demonstrate this themselves constantly. When their authority is questioned, they don't reach for their badge, but for what they regard as the source of that authority. And that isn't their badge. This is a concession on their part that the badge is not meaningful to them. And if it is not meaningful to them, there is little reason that it should be meaningful to anyone else.
Carrying guns all the time thus undermines the authority and the legitimacy of the police. It prevents them from being, primarily, people who wear the badge, and it turns them into, primarily, people who carry guns. The gun eclipses the badge to the point that, as Danny Glover said to the boy with a gun in Grand Canyon, "You ain't got the gun, we ain't having this conversation."
So far, in 2016, American police have killed some 560 civilians — the overwhelming majority of whom were killed with guns. That figure comes from The Guardian — a British newspaper — because American police do not reliably keep track of such information.
The shocking thing here is not just the sheer number of American citizens killed by police. The really disturbing thing is the apparent lack of concern or interest in that number on the part of American police.
If American police derived their authority from badge or from office — from the rule of law or even merely of order — then we would expect them to be a reliable, trustworthy, concerned source of information about citizens killed by police. We would expect them to have some interest in such numbers — to care about them — if only as a matter of tradecraft.
But because American police have sidelined badge and office, relying instead on the gun as the source of their authority, they have little interest in tracking this. They care about such reporting only to the extent that they view such efforts as a threat — as a challenge to their primary source of authority.
That suggests something pervasively, fundamentally wrong with American policing. That demonstrates, again, that the gun is undermining the badge and the office.
This is why our constantly armed law enforcement can be police, but can no longer really be police officers. The office, like the badge, is overshadowed by the gun as an insufficient, subordinate source of authority, meaning and legitimacy.
That's a problem, because we actually do need police officers. We need their badges and their office far more, and far more often, than we need their bullets or their guns.
So am I saying that American police should not carry guns? That's wild, unthinkable, as incomprehensibly foreign as trial attorneys in robes and powdered wigs. But, yes, that's exactly what I'm saying.
That is the Point B at which we need to arrive. And that is the Point B at which we must arrive if we are to be a free people under the rule of law in a community where badges and offices and law are to mean anything more than who has the biggest gun.
Sitting here, at Point A, that may all seem a bit ridiculous. Our culture and identity seem like an insurmountable obstacle preventing us from ever leaving Point A, let alone ever arriving at something as wholly different as Point B. And I'm afraid I don't have some genius insight into any path for such a radical transformation.
But that is what I believe needs to change. Police should not carry guns. They should carry badges, and those badges should be allowed to mean something.
When identity is bound up in a lie
July 7, 2016 A servant for good
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text:
Spaceflight Insider
Launch Schedule
Mission Monitor
Major core stage hardware completed for first SLS flight
The SLS core stage pathfinder arrives at NASA's NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility. Photo Credit: Steven Seipel / NASA
NASA has completed major work for all five parts of the core stage for the first flight of the massive Space Launch System (SLS). Additionally, manufacturing has been completed for all four core stage test articles with evaluation underway on the engine section structural test article at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
Announced in a Sept. 28, 2017, news release, NASA finished major welding on the liquid hydrogen tank that will be used for the first flight of the SLS, Exploration Mission-1, scheduled for no earlier than late 2019 with an uncrewed Orion capsule. All five structures—the liquid hydrogen tank, liquid oxygen tank, the engine section, intertank and forward skirt—will be joined to form the 212-foot (65-meter) tall core stage. The hydrogen tank alone comprises nearly two-thirds of the stage.
Major welding is completed for the SLS core stage to be used for the EM-1 mission in 2019. Photo Credit: Jude Guidry / NASA
"The big items are done, and the team is focused on the intricate details of outfitting the flight hardware to perform specific tasks for the most powerful rocket in the world," Chad Bryant, the SLS core stage manufacturing lead at Marshall, said in the news release. "When assembled, the core stage will stand taller than a 20-story building and include hundreds of cables for everything from data collection to propulsion systems."
The three sections of the core stage that will require the most work inside are the engine section, where four RS-25 engines will be housed, along with the intertank and forward skirt, which hold most of the avionics. After that, engineers will apply thermal protection insulation to maintain cryogenic propellant as cold as minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 253 degrees Celsius). This insulation will be added to the outside of the stage and in critical places inside the rocket.
"Think about this work like building a car," said Bryant. "We have the main structure or frame built. Now, we are installing the guts and electronics that turn the rocket into a transportation system: propulsion systems in the engine section, computer and other electronics in the forward skirt and the intertank."
The two largest core stage structures were built and welded at the Vertical Assembly Center at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans. The liquid oxygen tank is currently undergoing hydrostatic testing, which requires the tank to be filled with 200,000 gallons (7.6 million liters) of water to experience similar pressures of flight.
"This is the first time we are doing this test for an SLS tank, and it's a major milestone," Ben Birkenstock, SLS stages manufacturing engineer at Marshall, said in the news release. "We've covered the tank with sensors, and we'll collect data to show the tank welds hold up when it is loaded with water that simulates propellant."
The pathfinder arrives at Michoud
Meanwhile, the SLS core stage pathfinder arrived at Michoud on Sept. 27 where the team will use it to test critical operations including assembly, transporting the stage on NASA's barge Pegasus to Stennis Space Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and lifting it onto the B-2 test stand where production cores will be hot-fired for pre-launch testing called "the green run."
"NASA did not want to do complex operations for the first time with a one-of-a-kind piece of flight hardware," Tim Flores, manager for stages ground support equipment, said in the news release. "The SLS core stage pathfinder will allow us to practice all these critical maneuvers with a dimensional replica of the core stage that is the same size, shape and weight as the valuable flight hardware."
The pathfinder stage was built and assembled at G&G Steel in Cordova, Alabama. Dynetics Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama, is expected to completed final outfitting of the stage and turn it over to the space agency in early October.
Tagged: EM-1 Lead Stories Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Space Launch System
Heather Smith's fascination for space exploration – started at the tender age of twelve while she was on a sixth-grade field trip in Kenner, Louisiana, walking through a mock-up of the International Space Station and seeing the "space potty" (her terminology has progressed considerably since that time) – she realized at this point that her future lay in the stars. Smith has come to realize that very few people have noticed how much spaceflight technology has improved their lives. She has since dedicated herself to correcting this problem. Inspired by such classic literature as Anne Frank's Diary, she has honed her writing skills and has signed on as The Spaceflight Group's coordinator for the organization's social media efforts.
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text:
package com.bwsw.tstreamstransactionserver.netty.server.handler.metadata

import com.bwsw.tstreamstransactionserver.netty.Descriptors
import com.bwsw.tstreamstransactionserver.netty.server.TransactionServer
import com.bwsw.tstreamstransactionserver.netty.server.handler.RequestHandler
import com.bwsw.tstreamstransactionserver.rpc.{ServerException, TransactionService}

class GetTransactionIDByTimestampHandler(server: TransactionServer)
  extends RequestHandler {

  private val descriptor = Descriptors.GetTransactionIDByTimestamp

  override def handleAndGetResponse(requestBody: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    val args = descriptor.decodeRequest(requestBody)
    val result = server.getTransactionIDByTimestamp(args.timestamp)
    //    logSuccessfulProcession(Descriptors.GetStream.name)
    descriptor.encodeResponse(
      TransactionService.GetTransactionIDByTimestamp.Result(Some(result))
    )
  }

  override def handle(requestBody: Array[Byte]): Unit = {
    //    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
    //      "It doesn't make any sense to get transaction ID by timestamp according to fire and forget policy"
    //    )
  }

  override def createErrorResponse(message: String): Array[Byte] = {
    descriptor.encodeResponse(
      TransactionService.GetTransactionIDByTimestamp.Result(
        None,
        Some(ServerException(message)
        )
      )
    )
  }

  override def getName: String = descriptor.name
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tips on how to Watch All of the Spider-Man Films in Order
Courtesy of Sony Footage
TBH, usually, we'd put a spoiler alert proper about right here. However contemplating that Spider-Man: No Approach Dwelling has simply surpassed Avatar on the field workplace, it's most likely honest to say that the majority everybody has seen the most recent Spidey film. Because of the ultimate movie within the present Spider-Man trilogy, the enduring collection acquired the multiverse remedy and a few acquainted faces are actually formally part of the MCU canon. However given how wonderful every iteration of Spider-Man has been over time, you need to watch all of them anyway.
In fact, there are different new titles like Venom and Morbius and, sure, even non–Peter Parker Spider-Males who've jumped into the combo…so it's protected to say you most likely want just a little assist in determining what to observe and in what order. Don't fear, we've acquired you lined!
Right here's one of the best ways to observe the Spider-Man motion pictures so as.
Starring Tobey McGuire and Kirsten Dunst, Sam Raimi's Spider-Man is the film that began all of it. It's not the primary time {that a} live-action Spidey was seen onscreen, however it did assist kick-start a phenomenon and it grew to become one of many inspirations for your complete Marvel Cinematic Universe. With out this, we wouldn't have all of the superheroes now we have now (or Willem Dafoe because the Inexperienced Goblin).
Two phrases: Alfred. Molina. The actor dropped at life one of many largest Spider-Man villains of all time when he stepped into the footwear steel tentacles of Dr. Otto Octavius, aka Doc Ock. And in a uncommon transfer, the sequel has lengthy been thought-about higher than its predecessor, displaying that Spider-Man can break by way of the sophomore droop.
Is it as nice because the earlier two movies? No. However did it nonetheless set a regular for Spider-Man? Completely. In Spider-Man 3, audiences acquired to see a darker facet of the enduring hero due to the introduction of Venom. All the things we knew about Peter Parker was thrown out the window. And whereas there have been lots of ridiculous moments—like that one meme-able dance scene—it was nonetheless a terrific send-off for Tobey McGuire's Spider-Man.
The Wonderful Spider-Man (2012)
Whereas followers have been hoping for a fourth Raimi movie, Sony determined to take issues in a complete different path by rebooting the collection with Andrew Garfield behind the masks and Marc Webb behind the digital camera as director. Whereas the choice was controversial on the time (and Andrew needed to take care of his justifiable share of haters), followers are singing a distinct tune now as they've grown appreciation for this Peter Parker and his love curiosity Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone).
The Wonderful Spider-Man 2 (2014)
Whereas Jamie Foxx's Electro wasn't precisely what followers have been anticipating, TASM 2 packed extra of an emotional punch in Peter's journey thanks to 1 massive scene involving him and Gwen. It was the large second followers of Andrew Garfield have been ready for, and it was referenced in Spider-Man: No Approach Dwelling. Sadly, Andrew by no means acquired to finish his trilogy, however with a newfound love surrounding his Spidey, there's an opportunity we'll see extra of him sooner or later.
Captain America: Civil Battle (2016)
Whereas Andrew's Spider-Man was initially set to hitch the MCU, Sony and Marvel went in a completely totally different path and determined to reboot the collection but once more. However earlier than followers acquired to see Tom Holland in his personal headlining movie, they meet him within the Captain America sequel that noticed two of the most important heroes within the collection combating face to face.
Watch Now on Disney+
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And we lastly have our Peter-One! Regardless that he wasn't the primary Spider-Man to grace the large display, Tom Holland nonetheless managed to steal hearts by taking part in a younger Peter struggling to handle his new powers and his common college life. And with an enemy just like the Vulture, performed by Michael Keaton, you'll be able to't look away.
Bonus: What If…? Season 1, Episode 5
In another universe, this episode of the Disney+ collection What If…? reveals us what would occur if half of the Avengers grew to become zombies. It takes place between Ant-Man and the Wasp and Avengers: Infinity Battle, so be happy to observe now should you're searching for one thing totally different. Plus, a brand new animated collection based mostly on the episode is presently in growth, so there's an opportunity we'll see extra of this timeline sooner or later.
Avengers: Infinity Battle (2018)
Simply when Peter thought he had a deal with on issues, all the things acquired extra difficult due to a brand-new foe: Thanos. Working along with the Avengers, Tom's Peter lastly grew to become a part of the staff. However the film's finale, which includes one of many largest emotional moments within the MCU between Peter and Tony, continues to be thought-about a memorable scene for Marvel followers in every single place.
Bonus: Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
For those who're a real Spider-Man fan, then you recognize there are different Spideys on the market. After many makes an attempt, followers lastly acquired to see Miles Morales take up the mantle on this Oscar-winning movie that brings a brand new hero to the large display. It's additionally the primary to make use of the idea of the multiverse, and two sequels together with a spin-off movie are already within the works.
After seeing what an enormous success Spider-Man grew to become, Sony determined to create its personal Spidey-verse beginning with Venom. Starring Tom Hardy, the movie follows Eddie Brock, a journalist who all of a sudden finds himself with new talents due to a symbiote often known as Venom. This film tells a totally totally different story than the one we've seen.
For those who have been one of many fortunate thousands and thousands who acquired to see this movie in a theater surrounded by fellow Marvel followers, you already know that there isn't lots of Spider-Man within the film. However the second that he confirmed up, it was a BFD. Theatergoers cheered, screamed, and cried. However sadly, not lengthy after that, all the things modified for Peter.
Spider-Man: Far From Dwelling (2019)
Left with out his mentor and struggling to suit again in after being blipped for 5 years, Peter Parker tried to as soon as once more steadiness being Spider-Man and being a standard highschool scholar whereas on the journey of a lifetime. However when a superhero named Mysterio, performed by Jake Gyllenhaal, got here and helped him face off in opposition to mysterious new creatures known as the Elementals, he began to query how lengthy this balancing act may work.
Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021)
Simply when Brock thought his life couldn't be extra totally different now coexisting with Venom, a brand new and darker symbiote discovered a number. Brock and Venom needed to discover a strategy to work collectively to take down their foe. Like every movie involving Marvel characters, you're not going to wish to miss the mid-credits scene on this one.
Spider-Man: No Approach Dwelling (2021)
It's the film that modified all the things for Peter Parker. After his identification was uncovered, Peter tried to repair all the things with the assistance of Physician Unusual and a particular spell. However when all of it went improper, Peter confronted some new, but acquainted, villains. This film is taken into account the top of the Tom Holland trilogy, however with rumors of extra movies on the best way, we're crossing our fingers that it received't be the final time we see him as Spidey on the large display.
After being delayed for 2 years, Jared Leto is lastly becoming a member of in on the Marvel enjoyable as Dr. Michael Morbius. Morbius is a physician who, on his path to discover a remedy for his personal illness, all of a sudden discovered himself with new powers and the necessity to drink blood. For those who watch the trailer, you'll see Michael Keaton return because the Vulture, however whether or not or not he performs a giant position continues to be up within the air, because the film received't be launched till April 1, 2022.
Completed your complete checklist and nonetheless hoping to get your Spider-Man repair? Fortunate you, there are many new tasks within the works:
Spider-Man: Throughout the Spider-Verse (Half 1) and Spider-Man: Throughout the Spider-Verse (Half 2): Get able to journey throughout the Spider-verse with Miles Morales as he reunites with some previous faces and meets some new counterparts. Half 1 shall be launched in October 2022, whereas half 2 will come out in 2023.
Kraven the Hunter: The following movie within the Sony Spidey-verse options an MCU fave, Aaron Taylor Johnson, within the title position. It's anticipated to be launched in 2023.
Different Spidey-adjacent tasks which were rumored (or are within the planning phases) embody an Into the Spider-Verse spin-off targeted on Gwen Stacy, Madame Webb starring Dakota Johnson, Venom 3, a TV collection targeted on Silk, and a brand new collection of Spider-Man movies within the MCU.
Associated Story: The Finest Order to Watch the Total Marvel Cinematic Universe (and We Imply *All* of It)
Tamara Fuentes
Affiliate Leisure Editor
Tamara Fuentes is the present Affiliate Leisure Editor at Cosmopolitan, the place she covers TV, motion pictures, books, celebrities, and extra.
Categories marvels Tags movies, Order, SpiderMan, Watch
Kylian Mbappé continues to bend Champions League to his will
the tangled historical past that connects—and divides—them


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There is a current trend in pop-culture movies and TV shows to emphasize the idea of the "found family." This idea shows up in the Harry Potter series as Harry's only remaining blood relatives are awful, but his found family in the Wizarding World become a true force for love. Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy is a big story about the power of found family and the complexities and challenges of coming together to create a family out of people who previously didn't have any family. Across a lot of current pop culture, stories feature the families we chose, not the families we are born into.
The idea of the found family could only exist in a world of impersonal prosociality which sets a baseline for how we behave and relate toward others. Impersonal prosociality is a WEIRD phenomenon. Through much of human history, tight knit clans and tribes based on immediate blood relations have been the driving force of human society. Marriages bridged gaps and brought families and people together. Survival and interaction beyond the family, tribe, or kin group was rare. Impersonal prosociality sets a foundation from which we can move beyond familial relations and create our own found families.
In his book The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich describes impersonal prosociality by writing:
"Impersonal trust is part of a psychological package called impersonal prosociality, which is associated with a set of social norms, expectations, and motivations for impartial fairness, probity, and cooperation with strangers, anonymous others, or even abstract institutions like the police or government. Impersonal prosociality includes the inclinations we feel toward a person who is not tied into our social network at all. How should I treat this person? It's like a baseline level of prosociality with anonymous others, or a default strategy."
My argument is that you cannot have a concept of a found family in a non-WEIRD world that does not have a high level of impersonal prosociality. If everyone in society is generally distrustful of strangers, is unwilling to cooperate and do business with people that they don't know personally, and will not interact with people outside their tribe and kin, then a found family cannot exist. Found families are only possible when people can survive on their own and can work with and cooperate with complete strangers. From there, people can leave families that are abusive, that do not support their goals and ideologies, and that may be harmful for them as individuals. If society does not have a sufficient level of impersonal prosociality, then you cannot strike out on your own and you cannot chose to walk away from your direct relatives.
But when society does foster trust, communication, trade, and fairness between strangers, then an individual can walk away from family and chart their own path. Harry was welcomed into a supportive Wizarding World with strangers who were eager to help him, even before they actually knew who he was. Peter Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and all of his companions were able to live as rogue semi-outlaws on their own before finding that they could come together as a found family and be happier than they were on their own. When society embraces impersonal prosociality, people have more options to branch out and find those people who can become their true family, even if they are not blood relatives. Our current pop-culture fascination with the found family can only exist in our WEIRD culture.
Tagged Found Family, Groups, Guardians of the Galaxy, Impersonal Prosociality, Kin, WEIRDLeave a comment
When we teach kids in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries, we don't teach them in the same way that people in other countries, or in other times, teach and have taught their kids. In WEIRD societies, we are less focused on conformity and tradition and more focused on helping kids express their own uniqueness and work through challenges and problems in their own way. A fun example of this is the parenting style of the Turtle Crush in the movie Finding Nemo. Crush's son splashes out of a fast moving current of water, scaring the titular character's father, but not worrying Crush. The turtle is patient and waits to see if his son can figure out how to get back into the current on his own and he praises his son when he makes it back. Rather than chastising his son for falling out of the current and giving him specific instructions and directions for remaining in the current and getting back to the current, he encourages his son to find his own path and figure things out on his own.
The movie presents this style of parenting as optimal and praiseworthy, but it likely doesn't resonate in every part of the world, and certainly wouldn't resonate for humans from the past. For much of human history people have lived in relatively small tribal groups where elders made decisions that younger people were expected to follow. Obedience to authority was much more important in these tribal groups. This is a key idea that Joseph Henrich writes about in his book The WEIRDest People in the World:
"The willingness of WEIRD people to ignore others' opinions, preferences, views, and requests extends well beyond peers to include elders, grandfathers, and traditional authorities. … WEIRD people don't value conformity or see obedience as a virtue that needs to be instilled in children. They also don't venerate either traditions or ancient sages as much as most other societies have, and elders simply don't carry the same weight that they do in many other places."
In the United States, when we think about ourselves relative to other countries, and when we think about religious groups within the United States relative to non-religious groups or elderly people relative to younger people, we should remember that values around conformity, tradition, and respect for authority matter a lot. Much of the difference and friction we see in the world today, I believe, has to do with the destruction of traditions and the near iconoclasm that WEIRD societies and people are not afraid to inflict on things that are old. We encourage kids to find their own way, be their own person, and to solve problems themselves. Consequentially, this has meant that younger people today in WEIRD countries are willing to throw out traditional ideas around marriage, gender, and elderly authority. We don't value conformity, but instead value individual expression and uniqueness, and that is a very weird WEIRD way to view the world.
Tagged Conformity, Education, Iconoclasm, Traditions, WEIRDLeave a comment
In his recent conversation with Indian TV journalis, Barkha Dutt, Tyler Cowen and and Dutt had the following exchange:
"Cowen: Plenty of Whites in the United States have resources, education, but is it possible the Brahmins of India who come to America — they're better at cracking foreign cultural codes, they're more used to diversity, they're more used to strange environments? …
Dutt: I guess my hesitation in answering your question is that I hate essentialism. It's the same way that I hate it when people say women are better leaders because we are more empathetic. …"
This part of the conversation really stuck with me. I found it really interesting that Cowen was trying to ask a question about what has made people from upper classes/castes in India become so successful with running companies in the United States (Sundar Pichai of Google is an example they mentioned). For Cowen, this was a normal seeming question, but for Dutt, the question was WEIRDly weird. What she saw in the question was an aspect of essentialism, which she seemed to view as a shortcut way of explaining complex social phenomenon by boiling something down to one particular element. For Dutt, she didn't see success for people at the top group as entirely due to their own dispositions but in many ways as a result of how society has treated people who are at the top and who have vast resources. Rather than something essential about the individual, rather than being WEIRD and looking at individual dispositions, Dutt looked at people as part of a larger whole.
WEIRD people (Western Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic people) tend to see components rather than the whole. This means that when we look at individuals we don't always see them in relation to society, but as individual actors with specific traits. Cowen's question demonstrates this default way of thinking and how we judge ourselves and others.
In his book The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich writes about how dispositional ways of thinking about ourselves and others leads to both Cognitive Dissonance and Fundamental Attribution Error. Henrich writes,
"In WEIRD societies, the pressure to cultivate traits that are consistent across contexts and relationships leads to dispositionalism – a tendency to see people's behavior as anchored in personality traits that influence their actions across many contexts. For example, the fact that he's lazy (a disposition) explains why he's not getting his work done." We look at an individual, judge their behavior and the things they say and determine something fundamental about who they are. From this judgment we make predictions about them, treat them a certain way, and justify rewards or punishments that they receive. When we look at ourselves, Henrich explains that we do complex mental gymnastics to dismiss negative traits and characteristics while convincing ourselves that we posses good traits. Henrich continues,
"The available evidence suggests that WEIRD people suffer more severely from Cognitive Dissonance and do a range of mental gymnastics to relieve their discomfort. Second, dispositional thinking also influences how we judge others. Psychologists label this phenomenon Fundamental Attribution Error, though it's clearly not that fundamental; it's weird."
Our tendency toward dispositionalism and essentialism is more common in WEIRD societies than in other societies. We make judgments about other people based on how we see them act and behave in one context. We project traits associate with that behavior onto the individual and assume that those traits are consistent across all contexts and relationships for the individual. We further project those traits among broader groups to which the individual belongs. And this can lead to many problems like bias (both positive and negative), discrimination, halo effects, and segregation. We lock up criminals for a long time because we assume they are purely evil. We hear a passionate campaign speech and assume a political figure and their party can do no wrong. We segregate our neighborhoods economically so that we can get away from lazy people who can't hold good jobs. All of these are examples of us making a WEIRD judgment about an individual's dispositions and projecting specific traits across all contexts for the individual and the groups to which they belong. We make fundamental errors in this attribution process and that can be quite damaging for ourselves and society in the long run. This is a WEIRD way to think about the world, and something we should be aware of as we try to understand ourselves and our societies.
Tagged Assumptions, Character Traits, Consistency, Dispositions, Judging OthersLeave a comment
"Compared to much of the world," writes Joseph Henrich in his book The WEIRDest People in the World, "WEIRD people report behaving in more consistent ways … across different types of relationships, such as with younger peers, friends, parents, professors, and strangers. By contrast, Koreans and Japanese report consistency only within relational contexts – that is how they behave separately toward their mothers, friends, or professors across time."
In the United States, we care a lot about the idea of our true self. We want to be able to be our true self in all of our relationships and in all of the various situations and settings that we may find ourselves in. It is important for us to understand this one true self and to be that person wherever we are. To fail to do so is to be inauthentic in our relationships with others, possibly dishonest with ourselves, and at worst a hypocrite.
But this is not a universal way of thinking about the self that all humans share. As Henrich notes, this is a pretty WEIRD (as in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) way to think about the self. Many other cultures don't focus on being a single true self across various relationships. In the United States we try to be the same person with our co-workers, family, social groups, and grocery store strangers. We frown on the idea of being nice and sociable with our friends but cold and hard to engage when talking to a mechanic or grocery store clerk. We would criticize someone who is endearing around their mother or grandmother, but then tries to be a gangster around their friends. Other countries and cultures, however, do not share these concerns.
Henrich continues, "while Americans sometimes see behavioral flexibility as two-faced or hypocritical, many other populations see personal adjustments to differing relationships as reflecting wisdom, maturity, and social adeptness."
Is it two faced to be highly respectful of your boss and to change your propensity for cussing when around them? Is it a display of social adeptness to be goofy and funny around small children but reserved around professional colleagues?
To me, it is really interesting that something so central to American culture can be such an outlier across the various cultures of our planet. It feels obvious to me that we should strive to be one person and not someone who presents different faces or different personalities and general dispositions to different people. But it is also incredibly difficult to always be the same person we strive to be across different contexts. It is incredibly emotionally challenging to be friendly and bubbly all day long and to maintain that attitude when running in for last minute groceries at the end of the day. Perhaps we don't need to try so hard to be the same person all the time, perhaps we can remember that it is a WEIRD pressure that we feel when we feel a need to unify ourself across all settings and relationships. Perhaps we can step back and look at these different cultural approaches to the idea of the self and sometimes ease up on our WEIRD worries. But then again, maybe this WEIRD focus of ours is helping us and our culture move in better directions. Maybe it helps us be more thoughtful and considerate of others, and maybe it helps us strive to be better people in all that we do.
Tagged Consistency, Self Awareness, WEIRDLeave a comment
Identity Through Individual Traits
If you are WEIRD, you probably think about yourself in terms of your personal traits that make you unique and one of a kind. For example, when I complete the sentence from Joseph Henrich's book The WEIRDest People in the World, "I am _________," I say things like, "a runner," "active," "a college graduate," or "a pizza enthusiast." The first things that come to my mind are not, "my wife's husband," "my parent's son," or even, "American." If I go long enough, things like, "a Nevadan," a "Reno Native," or "a middle child," will come to mind, but those relationship qualities are not the first things I think about and if I expanded on them I would probably use them as further markers of my individual uniqueness, not as something that connects me with most other people.
Discussing this phenomenon, Henrich writes, "this focus on personal attributes, achievements, and membership in abstract or idealized social groups over personal relationships, inherited social roles, and face-to-face communities is a robust feature of WEIRD psychology, but one that makes us rather peculiar from a global perspective." Something I have heard that differentiates Americans from many other people's of the globe is that the first question we are likely to ask someone we have just met is, "what do you do?" This tells us if they are in a high status job, if they are likely to make a lot of money, if they are an interesting person with an interesting career, and more. But what it doesn't necessarily tell us about is their family history, religious beliefs, or where they were born. In other countries, it is more common to ask someone you have just met, "where are you from?" which does give us a better sense of the person's family background or religious beliefs.
America is WEIRD, which is to say; Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. These features also make us weird, which is to say outliers throughout much of the glob and much of human history in terms of how we approach common questions and what behaviors we find typical. Our psychology is different because our culture shapes different ways of thinking. We answer a fill in the blank question such as, "I am" with individual and unique traits that we alone posses. Many other people in different countries would answer the question with words that relate to social and familial structures, not with individual traits. The question would be answered to help another person see how the individual fits in with society, not to demonstrate how the individual stands out. This is not a typical way that humans have looked at themselves throughout much of human history. Seeing our identity through individual traits is both WEIRD and weird.
Tagged Character Traits, Identity, Individualism, Relationships, WEIRDLeave a comment
Protestantism Raised Literacy
One important way in which Protestantism differs from Catholicism is that Protestantism encourages reading Christian scripture directly where Catholicism encourages learning scripture from religious leaders. Consequentially, the spread of Protestantism correlates to a spread of literacy across Europe from the 1500's through the 1800's. Joseph Henrich writes about this phenomena and its importance in his book The WEIRDest People in the World.
"The wave of Protestantism created by the Reformation raised literacy and schooling rates in its wake," Henrich writes. The increased literacy in a region, created by the spread of Protestantism, had long lasting effects on literacy. Henrich continues, "countries made up entirely of Protestants had literacy rates nearly 20 percentile points higher than those that were all Catholic." And he writes, "regions with early Protestant missions are associated with literacy rates that are about 16 percentile points higher on average than those associated with catholic missions." Higher literacy spread throughout these regions and changed the cultures, "Protestantism likely caused a rise in female literacy."
Henrich has shown that reading changes our brains and our psychologies. When a region is becoming more literate, more people's brains and psychologies are changing, especially if literacy is expanding to women and other marginalized groups within a region. These changes help us understand why things like representative government and the industrial revolution took hold in Europe. By chance, a religion which encouraged direct reading and interpretation of religious texts spread through Europe. That religion increased literacy rates and eventually changed the way people's brains were structured which changed how they thought and behaved. This created long lasting cultural differences that still shape how people from various regions think, behave, and are perceived. Protestantism raised literacy, started to create WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) people, and changed the world.
Tagged Literacy, Protestant, Reading, WEIRDLeave a comment
Cultural Evolution Changes Humans
I have long thought that biological evolution and cultural evolution were distinctly separate phenomenon. I thought that biological evolution changed the actual individual creatures where cultural evolution only changed behaviors and institutions, largely as a downstream consequence of biological evolution. My view was similar, and possibly influenced by, modern computer technology. We don't really think about the software and programs we run on computers as changing the hardware. But cultural evolution, it turns out, does make biological changes to the individual.
Joseph Henrich demonstrates this at the start of his book The WEIRDest People In the World. By showing how reading changes brain structures Henrich demonstrates how cultural evolution and biological changes in individuals took place simultaneously. Henrich writes, "learning to read forms specialized brain networks that influence our psychology across several different domains, including memory, visual processing, and facial recognition."
New technologies enabled reading and reading became a new cultural practice and phenomena. As people began reading more, their brains literally changed. Parts of the brain which had specialized for certain functions throughout human evolution took on new roles and functions. This changed the psychology of many people all at once, changing the culture.
Henrich writes about the ways in which reading becomes automatic and unconscious, showing how cultural evolution, which changes how our brains operate, isn't always a conscious act. If you see words in English you will automatically read and understand the word, even if you only see the word for the briefest moment. "Although this cognitive ability is culturally constructed, it's also automatic, unconscious, and irrepressible," writes Henrich, "this makes it like many other aspects of culture."
We do not realize how drastic and important culture can be to how our brains function. Our psychology can be shaped by many cultural factors, as a result of changes in brain processes and structures. It is not just biological evolution that can have real changes in humans. Cultural changes can have similar results. This is important for us to think about when we consider how we relate to each other, our ancestors, and to the global species we want to be in the future. I fear more understanding of this type of cultural evolution could be used to discriminate against cultures, but I hope that it is instead used to demonstrate the dangers of oppressing cultures. Instead of a justification of discrimination it can be a bridge and an invitation to help cultures grow and evolve to live on a planet where all humans cooperate and can coordinate for a healthy and sustainable future.
Tagged Biology, Cultural Evolution, Evolution, Reading3 Comments