text:
\section{Introduction}

The Kerr/CFT correspondence \cite{Guica0809} has attracted a lot of attention in recent years \cite{Compere1203}. Compared to the extremal cases, the non-extremal black holes are still difficult to tackle with using the conformal field theory or related techniques. However, a hidden conformal symmetry has been discovered in the near-region, low-frequency limit of the Kerr black hole \cite{Castro1004}. It is related to the scalar wave equation rather than the symmetry structure of spacetime geometry. This powerful approach has been applied to many different black holes.

The hidden conformal symmetry of the Schwarzschild black hole was investigated in Ref. \citen{Bertini1106}. In contrast with most black holes, only one set of the $SL(2,\mathbf R)$ generators could be defined. By applying an $SU (2,1)$ transformation, i.e., a Harrison or Kinnersley transformation \cite{{Harrison1968},{Kinnersley1973}}, on the Schwarzschild black hole, a new metric was found which has the same structure as the Bertotti-Robinson spacetime. Its Killing vectors were shown to reproduce the hidden conformal symmetry generators. The quasinormal modes were also studied using the operator method in Ref. \citen{Chen1009}. For subsequent developments, see Refs. \citen{{Franzin1107},{Li1108},{Lowe1112},{Ortin1204},{Kim1205},{Kim1210}}.

Through an interesting observation on the separability of the wave equations, the authors of Refs. \citen{Cvetic1106} and \citen{Cvetic1112} have uncovered a possible geometric realization of the hidden conformal symmetry. This subtracted geometry involves a change of the warp factor in the metric. Although the asymptotic structure is modified, the thermodynamics of the black hole is still preserved (a previous study in Ref. \citen{Yazadjiev0511} may be useful on this point). As explicitly shown in Ref. \citen{Cvetic1201}, the subtracted geometry can also be obtained through a Harrison transformation on the original metric. Recent discussions of the related topics can be found in Refs. \citen{{Virmani1203},{Baggio1210},{Chakraborty1212 1},{Chakraborty1212 2},{Malek1301}}.

Inspired by the above discoveries, one may attempt to find a constructive method which could realize the hidden conformal symmetry through the Harrison metrics. The resulting metrics may also be interesting in their own right. As an elementary
investigation along this direction, we think it would be valuable and reasonable to focus on the Schwarzschild black hole at first.

The layout of this paper is as follows. In the next section, the relevant results of the Harrison metric proposed in Ref. \citen{Bertini1106} are reviewed. In Sec. \ref{sec 3}, based on a correspondence between the expansion of the Killing vector and the hidden conformal symmetry generators, we give an alternative procedure to obtain this metric. In Sec.  \ref{sec 4}, the subtracted geometry of the Kerr black hole is invoked to find a new Harrison metric for the Schwarzschild case which still preserves the black hole thermodynamics. In Sec. \ref{sec 5}, we discuss the conformal generators for this new metric through the Killing (or Killing's) equations in the near-horizon limit. The conclusion
can be found in Sec. \ref{sec 6}.

\section{The Harrison metric from hidden conformal symmetry} \label{sec 2}

In this section, we review the hidden conformal symmetry generators for Schwarzschild black hole and the Harrison metric obtained in Ref. \citen{Bertini1106}.

The Schwarzschild black hole is given by the metric
\bea
ds^2 &=& - \f{\D}{r^2} dt^2 + \f{r^2}{\D} dr^2 + r^2(d\th^2 + \sin^2\th d\phi^2),  \label{sch} \\
\D &=& r ( r - r_+ ),
\eea
where the horizon is at $ r_+ = 2M $.
One can easily find the Laplacian as follows
\bea
\ol \na^2 &=& \f{1}{\sr{-g}}\p_{\m}(\sr{-g}g^{\m\n}\p_{\n})  \nn  \\
&=& \f{1}{r^2} [ \ \na^2 + \f{1}{\sin \th} \p_\th \sin \th \p_\th + \f{1}{\sin^2\th} \p^2 _\phi \ ]  ,  \\
\na^2  &=&  \p_r \D \p_r - \f{r^4}{\D} \p^2 _t.
\eea

Following Ref. \citen{Castro1004}, to investigate the hidden conformal symmetry we have to take the near-region, low frequency limit $r \o \ll 1$, $r_+ \o \ll 1$. Here $\o$ is the frequency in the wave function ansatz $\Phi(t,r,\th,\phi) = e^{-i\o t}R(r)Y^l_m(\th,\phi) $. Roughly speaking, all we need here is the correspondence $\p_t \ra - i \o$.

As shown in Ref. \citen{Bertini1106}, in the above limit one can regard the resulting radial Laplacian $\na^2$ as $SL(2,\mathbf R)$ quadratic Casimir. Explicitly, we have
\bea
{\cal H}^2 &=& \f{1}{2}(H_1H_{-1} + H_{-1}H_1) -H_0^2 \nn \\
&=& \p_r \D \p_r - \f{r^4 _+}{\D} \p^2_t .
\eea
Note that as in the literature the radial Laplacian here refers to $\na^2$ while the warp factor part $\f 1 {r^2}$ has been discarded. This is essentially because the latter plays no role in the radial wave equation
\be
\na^2 R =  l ( l + 1 ) R .
\ee

Now we can define the following vector fields as hidden conformal symmetry generators
\bea
H_1 &=& i e^{\f{t}{4M}}\lt( \sr\D \p_r - \f{4M(r-M)}{\sr \D} \p_t \rt)\ , \nn \\
H_0 &=& -i 4M\p_t\ , \label{vec} \\
H_{-1} &=& - i e^{-\frac t{4M}}\lt( \sr\D \p_r + \f{4M(r-M)}{\sr \D} \p_t \rt)\ , \nn
\eea
which satisfy the $SL(2,\mathbf R)$ commutation relations
\be
[H_{\pm 1}, H_0] = \pm i H_{\pm 1}\ , \qquad [H_1,H_{-1}] = 2iH_0 .   \label{com}
\ee

If one naively uses the general formulas in Ref. \citen{Chen1006} and inserts the following parameters for Schwarzschild black hole
\bea
T_L &=& \f{1}{8\pi M} ,  \qquad   T_R = 0  ,  \\
n_L &=& 0 ,  \qquad   n_R = - \f 1{8 M}  ,  \\
\d_+ &=& r - 2 M , \qquad  \d_- = r  ,  \\
A &=& n_L T_R - n_R T_L = \f 1{64 \pi M^2} ,
\eea
then one would also obtain the other set of generators
\bea
\ol H_1 &=& i \lt( \sr \D \p_r  + \f {4M^2}{\sr \D} \p_t  \rt)  ,  \nn  \\
\ol H_0 &=& 0  ,  \\
\ol H_{-1} &=& - i \lt( \sr \D \p_r  - \f {4M^2}{\sr \D} \p_t  \rt)  . \nn
\eea
They obviously do not obey the analogous commutation relations as in Eq. (\ref{com}), and the radial Laplacian could not be reproduced. In this paper, we will follow the interpretation that the Schwarzschild black hole should be described by a chiral conformal field theory (see Ref. \citen{Bertini1106}).

By applying some Harrison transformations on the Schwarzschild metric, the authors of Ref. \citen{Bertini1106} found a new metric. It has a similar structure to the $AdS_2 \times S^2$ Bertotti-Robinson spacetime, and the explicit form is
\bea
ds^2 &=& - e^{-2x}\f{r(r-2M)}{M^2} dt^2 +  e^{2x} \f{M^2}{r(r-2M)} dr^2 +   e^{2x} M^2 (d\th^2 + \sin^2\th d\phi^2). \label{harri 1}
\eea
In order to retain the entropy of the original Schwarzschild black hole, one must set $e^{x} =2$. As pointed out there, the resulting Killing vectors of the $AdS_2$ factor exactly reproduce the hidden conformal symmetry generators in Eq. (\ref{vec}).

\section{Harrison metric and Killing vector}   \label{sec 3}

With the intention to generalize the observation in Ref. \citen{Bertini1106} to other black holes, we propose an alternative procedure which permits us to determine the Harrison metric(s) from the hidden conformal symmetry generators.

Let us start with the following set of $SL(2, \mathbf R)$ generators
\bea
H_1 &=& i e^{\a t + \b \phi} (A \p_r + B \p_t + C \p_\phi) ,  \nn   \\
H_0 &=& - \f {i}{\a} \p_t  ,  \label{gen}  \\
H_{-1} &=& i e^{- \a t - \b \phi} ( - A \p_r + B \p_t + C \p_\phi) . \nn
\eea
Here $\a, \b$ are constants, $A , B , C$ are functions of the parameter $r$, and they all depend on the black hole charges.
Note that for general black holes one would have another set of generators \{$\ol H_1, \ol H_0,\ol H_{-1}$\}, and $H_0$ may acquire an extra term $D \p_\phi$. However, the calculation is quite similar as below.

We assume that the expansion of the Killing vector has a correspondence with the conformal generators as follows
\bea
i \xi  &=&  i  (\xi^r \p_r + \xi^t \p_t + \xi^\phi \p_\phi )  \nn   \\
&=&  a H_1 +  b H_{-1} + c H_0 ,  \label{corre}
\eea
where $a, b ,c$ are some irrelevant constants. Then we can obtain
\bea
\xi^r  &=& A ( a M - b N)  ,  \\
\xi^t  &=& B ( a M + b N) - \f{c}{\a}  ,  \\
\xi^\phi  &=& C ( a M + b N) .
\eea
Here $M \equiv e^{\a t + \b \phi} ,  N \equiv e^{- \a t - \b \phi}$.

Using the Killing (or Killing's) equation
\be
\xi^\r \p_\r g_{\m\n}  + \p_\m \xi^\r g_{\r\n} + \p_\n \xi^\r g_{\r\m}  = 0 ,  \label{kil}
\ee
and treating the metric components \{$g_{tt}, g_{rr}, g_{\phi\phi}, g_{t\phi}$\} as unknown variables,
we arrive at the following equation set
\bea
A \p_r g_{tt} + 2 \a B g_{tt} + 2 \a C g_{t \phi}  &=& 0 ,  \\
A \p_r g_{rr} +  2 \p_r A g_{rr} &=& 0 , \\
A \p_r g_{\phi\phi} +  2 \b C g_{\phi\phi} + 2 \b B g_{t\phi}  &=& 0 ,  \\
A \p_r g_{t\phi}  + (\a B + \b C) g_{t\phi} +  \b B g_{tt} + \a C g_{\phi\phi} &=& 0 ,  \\
\a A g_{rr} + \p_r B g_{tt} + \p_r C g_{t\phi}   &=& 0 ,  \\
\b A g_{rr} +  \p_r C g_{\phi\phi} + \p_r B g_{t\phi} &=& 0  .
\eea
Thanks to the beautiful structure of Eq. (\ref{gen}), each equation here involves a common factor with $a, b$ which has been discarded. If one uses the conformal Killing equation instead, these unwanted constants will appear on both sides of the equations.

Since the first partial derivatives of the metric components are involved,
we would have four integration constants, two of which can be fixed by the last two equations.
This means that we will obtain a family of Harrison metrics for any specific black hole.  By requiring the angular part of the metric structure to be preserved, one can read off the component $g_{\th\th}$. Furthermore, the thermodynamic constraints will determine some integration constants. At the end, the resulting Harrison metric may still not be unique.

Using the hidden conformal symmetry generators of the Schwarzschild black hole given in Eq. (\ref{vec}), the Killing equations are obtained as
\bea
\sr \D \p_r g_{tt} - \f{2(r-M)}{\sr\D} g_{tt} &=& 0 ,  \\
\sr \D \p_r g_{rr} +  2 \p_r \sr \D g_{rr} &=& 0 , \\
\p_r g_{\phi\phi} &=& 0 , \\
\f{\sr \D}{4M} g_{rr} - 4M \p_r \f{r-M}{\sr\D} g_{tt} &=& 0 .   \label{sch ce}
\eea
The solutions can be easily found to be
\be
g_{rr} = \f {K_1}{\D}, \quad g_{tt} = - \f {K_1}{16 M^4} \D , \quad g_{\phi\phi} = K_2 .
\ee
Note that one of the three integration constants has been fixed by the constraint equation (\ref{sch ce}).

To preserve the angular part of the metric structure, we obtain a constraint as $g_{\phi\phi} = g_{\th\th} \sin^2 \th$. On the other hand, for the temperature and entropy to be retained: $T_H = \f 1 {8 \pi M}, S = \f {Area}{4} = 4 \pi M^2$, we must have
\be
K_1 = 4 M^2 , \quad K_2 = 4 M^2 \sin^2 \th .
\ee
In this special case, the requirement about the entropy is equivalent to the condition: $\sr {-g} = \sr {-g_0} \arrowvert_{r_+} $. Here $g_0$ is the determinant of the original metric in Eq. (\ref{sch}).

Thus we have reproduced the Harrison metric in Eq. (\ref{harri 1}) with $e^{x} =2$. More explicitly, this unique metric can be written as
\bea
ds^2 &=& - \f{r(r-2M)}{4 M^2} dt^2 +  \f{4 M^2}{r(r-2M)} dr^2 +  4 M^2 (d\th^2 + \sin^2\th d\phi^2) .
\eea

\section{A new Harrison metric from subtracted geometry}    \label{sec 4}

Although the subtracted geometry of general asymptotically flat black holes in four dimensions has been studied in Ref. \citen{Cvetic1112}, here we only need to extract the corresponding results for the Kerr black hole.

Using the conventions similar to those in Ref. \citen{Cvetic1112}, the metric of the Kerr black hole can be written as follows
\bea
d s^2 &=&  -  \f 1{\sr {\S_0}} G (d t + \f {2 Mr}{G} a \sin^2 \th d \phi)^2 + \sr {\S_0} ( \f{d r^2}{X} + d \th^2 + \f {X}{G} \sin^2 \th d \phi^2)  ,  \label{kerr} \\
X &=& (r-r_+)(r-r_-) = r^2 - 2Mr + a^2  ,   \\
G &=& X - a^2 \sin^2 \th  ,  \\
\S_0 &=& (r^2 + a^2 \cos^2 \th)^2  .
\eea
From this, one can derive the Laplacian
\bea
\ol \na^2 &=& \f{1}{\sr \S_0} [ \ \na^2 + \f{1}{\sin \th} \p_\th \sin \th \p_\th + \f{1}{\sin^2\th} \p^2 _\phi \ ]  ,  \\
\na^2  &=&  \p_r X \p_r - \f{(2Mr \p_t + a \p_\phi)^2}{X} + \f {(2Mr)^2 - \S_0}{G} \p^2 _t.
\eea

The (minimally) subtracted geometry corresponds to the following change of the warp factor
\be
\S_0 \ra \S  =  4M^2 (2Mr - a^2 \cos^2 \th) .
\ee
Now one has the radial Laplacian given by
\be
\na^2  =  \p_r X \p_r - \f{(2Mr \p_t + a \p_\phi)^2}{X} + 4M^2 \p^2 _t ,
\ee
which is exactly the same as the original work on hidden conformal symmetry \cite{Castro1004}.

If one sets the angular momentum $a$ to zero, the Kerr metric (\ref{kerr}) naturally reduces to that of the Schwarzschild black hole in Eq. (\ref{sch}). When the warp factor is changed as $\S_0 \ra \S = 8 M^3 r$, we obtain a new Harrison metric as follows
\bea
ds^2 &=& - \f{r(r-2M)}{2M \sr {2Mr}} dt^2 +  \f{2M \sr {2Mr}}{r(r-2M)} dr^2 +  2M \sr {2Mr} (d\th^2 + \sin^2\th d\phi^2)  .  \label{harri 2}
\eea
The corresponding radial Laplacian is
\be
\na^2  =  \p_r \D \p_r - \f{8 M^3 r}{\D} \p_t ^2 ,
\ee
where $\D = r(r-2M)$.

One can of course define $\r \equiv \sr {2Mr}$, and write the metric (\ref{harri 2}) in another form
\bea
ds^2 &=& - \f{\r(\r^2 - 4 M^2)}{8 M^3} dt^2 +  \f{8 M \r}{\r^2 - 4 M^2} d\r^2
+  2M \r (d\th^2 + \sin^2\th d\phi^2) .   \label{harri 2 2}
\eea
The temperature and entropy can be checked to be the same as the original Schwarzschild black hole.

\section{Conformal generators from Killing equations}    \label{sec 5}

In this section, we derive the (pseudo-)conformal generators for the new Harrison metric given in Eq. (\ref{harri 2}). This heavily relies on the relevant Killing equations in the near-horizon limit.

The following procedure can be regarded as an updated or simplified version of that in Ref. \citen{Franzin1107}. However, some comments on the method given there are in order. Firstly, one can apply the Killing equation directly rather than the conformal Killing equation. Secondly, it is more convenient to use the Killing vectors $\xi^r, \xi^t$ rather than $\xi_r = g_{rr} \xi^r, \xi_t = g_{tt} \xi^t$. Also in this way one does not need to invoke the specific rescaling at the end of that paper.

We firstly use the Killing equation in Eq. (\ref{kil}) to obtain the following equations
\bea
\xi^r \p_r g_{tt} + 2 \p_t \xi^t g_{tt} &=& 0  ,   \\
\xi^r \p_r g_{rr} + 2 \p_r \xi^r g_{rr} &=& 0  ,   \\
\p_t \xi^r g_{rr} + \p_r \xi^t g_{tt} &=& 0  .
\eea
Note that the angular part of the metric is irrelevant as in Ref. \citen{Franzin1107}.
Inserting the parameters given in the metric (\ref{harri 2}), we find the explicit expressions as
\bea
4 \D \p_t \xi^t + (3r - 2M) \xi^r &=& 0  ,  \label{h2 k1}  \\
4 \D \p_r \xi^r - (3r - 2M) \xi^r &=& 0  ,  \label{h2 k2} \\
\D^2 \p_r \xi^t - 8 M^3 r \p_t \xi^r &=& 0  . \label{h2 k3}
\eea

The integration of Eq. (\ref{h2 k2}) leads to
\be
\xi^r = A(t) \ r^{- \f 1{4}} \sr {\D} .  \label{ex r}
\ee
By inserting it in Eqs. (\ref{h2 k1}) and (\ref{h2 k3}), we have
\bea
\p_t \xi^t &=& - A \ \f {3r - 2M}{4 r^{\f 1 {4}} \sr {\D}}  ,  \label{pa t} \\
\p_r \xi^t &=&  \p_t A \ \f {8 M^3 r^{\f 3{4}}}{\D^{\f 3{2}}}  .   \label{pa r}
\eea
With these two equations combined together and noticing the fact $\p_r \p_t \xi^t = \p_t \p_r \xi^t$, we arrive at
\bea
\p^2_t A &-& \wt \l A =  0  ,   \label{eq A}  \\
\wt \l &=& \f {3 r^2 - 4M r + 12 M^2} {128 M^3 r}  .     \label{wt l}
\eea

From Eq. (\ref{pa t}), we can write
\be
\xi^t = - \f {3r - 2M}{4 r^{\f 1 {4}} \sr {\D}} \int^t d t' A (t') + B(r)  .  \label{ex t}
\ee
By inspection of Eq. (\ref{eq A}), we have $\int^t d t' A (t') = \f {\p_t A}{\wt \l}$. So taking the partial derivative of the above equation leads to
\bea
\p_r \xi^t &=& \f {3 r^2 - 4M r + 12 M^2}{16 r^{\f 1{4}} \D^{\f 3{2}} }   \f {\p_t A}{\wt \l}   + \p_r B (r) .
\eea
Recall Eqs. (\ref{pa r}) and (\ref{wt l}), then we observe that $\p_r B (r) = 0$. This means
\be
B (r) =  K',     \label{ex K'}
\ee
which is a constant.

Following Ref. \citen{Franzin1107}, let us take the near-horizon limit $\l \equiv \wt \l \arrowvert _{r_+}$. Then the solution of Eq. (\ref{eq A}) can be found to be
\be
A(t) = \a e^{\sr \l t} + \b e^{- \sr \l t},   \label{ex A}
\ee
where $\a, \b$ are integration constants, and $\sr \l = \f 1 {4M}$ which is equal to the surface gravity of the Schwarzschild black hole.
From the expressions in Eqs. (\ref{ex r}), (\ref{ex t}), (\ref{ex K'}) and (\ref{ex A}), we obtain the Killing vectors as follows
\bea
\xi^r  &=&  r^{- \f 1{4}} \sr {\D} \ (\a e^{\sr \l t} + \b e^{- \sr \l t})   ,   \\
\xi^t  &=&  - \f {3r - 2M}{4 r^{\f 1 {4}} \sr {\D}} \f 1 {\sr \l}  ( \a e^{\sr \l t} - \b e^{- \sr \l t} ) + K'  .
\eea

Using a correspondence similar to Eq. (\ref{corre}),
we finally arrive at the following pseudo-conformal generators for the new Harrison metric
\bea
H_1 &=& i e^{\f t{4M}} r^{- \f1{4}} \lt( \sr \D \p_r - \f {M(3r - 2M)}{\sr \D} \p_t \rt)  ,   \nn    \\
H_0 &=& K \p_t  =  - i 4M \p_t ,     \\
H_{-1} &=& - i e^{- \f t{4M}} r^{ \f1{4}}  \lt( \sr \D \p_r + \f {M(3r - 2M)}{\sr \D} \p_t \rt) .   \nn
\eea
The previous parameter $K'$ is related to $K = - \f i {\sr \l}$ by another irrelevant constant.
If we define $\wt \D = \sr r (r-2M)$, they can be rewritten as
\bea
H_1 &=& i e^{\f t{4M}}  \lt( \sr {\wt \D} \p_r - \f {M(3r - 2M)}{\sr {r \wt \D} } \p_t \rt)  ,   \nn    \\
H_0 &=& - i 4M \p_t    ,     \\
H_{-1} &=& - i e^{- \f t{4M}}  \lt( \sr {\wt \D} \p_r + \f {M(3r - 2M)}{\sr {r \wt \D} } \p_t \rt)  .   \nn
\eea
These generators clearly have some resemblance with those in Eq. (\ref{vec}).

\section{Conclusion}     \label{sec 6}

The authors of Ref. \citen{Bertini1106} made an interesting observation that the Killing vectors of a specific Harrison metric can reproduce the hidden conformal symmetry generators of the Schwarzschild black hole. As shown in Sec. \ref{sec 3}, by proposing a simple correspondence between the expansion of the Killing vector and the generators, we can treat the metric components as unknown variables and use the Killing equations to find a family of Harrison metrics.

Since the subtracted geometry changes the warp factor in the original black hole and the resulting metric can be obtained through a Harrison transformation, one can find a new Harrison metric for the Schwarzschild black hole using the result of Ref. \citen{Cvetic1112}. The explicit form has been given in Sec. \ref{sec 4}. After that we have derived the pseudo-conformal generators for this new metric by applying the Killing equations in the near-horizon limit. This procedure used in Sec. \ref{sec 5} can be seen as a simplified version of the method in Ref. \citen{Franzin1107}.

It would be interesting to find a refined version of the technique in Sec. \ref{sec 3} which can be generalized to other black holes. This may also give a unified way to describe the minimally and non-minimally subtracted geometries. Note that in Ref. \citen{Cvetic1112}, the subtracted geometry of general asymptotically flat black holes in four dimensions has been connected to the $AdS_3$ space with the metric component $g_{\th\th}$ unaccounted for. Our method also has this disadvantage. However, it may not be an issue since one can still get reasonable results by resorting to the thermodynamic requirements. Also this is actually related to the general feature of the hidden conformal symmetry generators.

The new Harrison metric in Eq. (\ref{harri 2}) (or Eq. (\ref{harri 2 2})) may provide a bridge between the Schwarzschild black hole and the Kerr black hole. The previous work in Ref. \citen{Clement1997} may be relevant for this idea. On the other hand, the physical implications of this metric deserve further investigation. For example, one can use the traditional methods in Ref. \citen{Berti0905} to find the quasinormal modes. However, to resolve the problem pointed out in Ref. \citen{Kim1210} within the hidden conformal symmetry approach, one may need to improve the operator method proposed in Ref. \citen{Chen1009}. Last but not the least, one may follow the works in Refs. \citen{{Baggio1210},{Chakraborty1212 1},{Chakraborty1212 2},{Malek1301}} to find more connections between the subtracted geometry approach and other areas.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 11173028 and No. 10875009).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Arrange The Work Environment: It's obvious that you are already too tired to tackle your homework but there is something else you should do – arrange the study area before you go to bed. This means that the assignment should be laid out on the desk with the writing materials so that you don't waste time the next morning looking for the assignment or your writing materials.
Wake Up Earlier: Since you have something to do in the morning aside from getting ready for school, it is important that you wake up earlier than you usually do. This way, you won't have any issues with getting ready for school on time without compromising on dealing with your homework. If possible, go ahead and set alarm for the same purpose.
Limit Distractions: In order to make sure that you don't exceed the 15 minutes you have to tackle your assignment, you should limit distractions. This could be in the form of your mobile device, television or video games. Turn these off so that you can concentrate on the task you have before you.
Seek Help: If there is any question or problem you are unable to solve on your own, it would be better for you to seek help quickly from your siblings or parents instead of making futile attempts at solving same. This way, you will round up the homework on time to get ready for school.
These are some of the tips you should use when you have a limited time to tackle and submit your assignments. One good thing about these tips is that it works for virtually every subject that you are trying to solve the assignment questions within a short time frame.


The treadmill was not originally designed to be one of the greatest exercise machines of all time. From its original purposes, including churning butter and punishing convicts, no one could have foreseen it would become the king of all aerobic equipment. How did the modern treadmill wheel its way into the fitness world's collective psyche?
Let's take a step back in time and trace the origins of the treadmill.
In the late 1st century AD, the Romans came up with the Polyspastos Crane. This machine enabled four workers to lift 3000 kg using a winch on each side. Roman engineers then fitted the crane with a human powered "tread wheel", which enabled the crane to lift twice as much weight (6000 kg) using half the crew. The treadwheel was placed vertically on the side of the crane, resembling a hamster wheel, and one crane operator would climb around inside the wheel to power the crane utilising a vertical crawl.
The human powered treadwheel crane was used up until the 1900s, with some designs wide enough to fit two people, doubling the effective power of the treadwheel. Some cranes even had two treadmills in one axle, making the treadwheel crane four times more powerful.
Treadmills were used on farms and in mills way before powered machines running on fossil fuels came into play. Back then it was human power or animal power. When farmers needed to churn butter, grind grain, pump water or knead some dough, they used "tread wheels" which were really nothing more than a wheel rotating on an axle. The wheel could either be installed vertically (like a waterwheel) or horizontally on a slight incline.
Many variations of this device were made in the early 1800s. When farmers got tired of waiting for the wind or the water to power their mills to grind grain or pump water, they used farm animals such as horses, goats, sheep and even dogs to power treadmills of all sizes. These treadmills were housed in an enclosure with an inclined tread as a floor for the animals to walk on, similar to the manual treadmills we have today.
Even before making its way into your living room, the treadmill was used in British prisons as a cruel and unusual form of punishment. In 1818 Englishman and engineer Sir William Cubitt proposed using the convicts' muscle power to simultaneously 'cure' their idleness and produce useful work.
Being the son of a miller, Cubitt was familiar with how treadmills worked, and basing his designs on what he knew about farm treadmills, the 'Everlasting Staircase' was born. Rotating on a horizontal axis, Cubitt's treadmills resembled a wide, foreboding staircase. Prisoners were forced to 'climb' the steps or spokes of this machine for six straight hours or more to pump water, grind grain or just for the punishment.
To the prisoners, it wasn't the 6,600 or more steps – the equivalent of climbing 17,000 vertical feet – that was the worst bit of this form of punishment. It was the "monotonous steadiness" of the task that was enough to drive some of them to revolt. The prison treadmill gained notoriety for its cruelty and was often criticised, but it wasn't until The Prisons Act of 1898 that its use was finally abolished.
The roaring 20s was the "Era of Wonderful Nonsense" and was a time for the rich people to party and consume profuse amounts of illegal alcohol. When the rich wanted to get fit without leaving the room, they had dog treadmills custom fitted for human use. By the looks of it, these were probably just for show (or slow walking) as you would have a hard time running on the wooden slats.
The treadmill designs of the 30s improved a bit, but overall they weren't much better. Set on a permanent incline and with no motor, the wooden slats were replaced with tough and durable fabric. The incline, and the fact that there isn't any motor that runs the belt, is harder on the joints because more power is needed to generate momentum, just like the manual treadmills we have today. These things were expensive and only the rich could afford them.
The next leg of our journey takes us to the University of Washington in 1952, when internationally recognised cardiologist Dr. Robert A. Bruce and his colleague Wayne Quinton invented the medical treadmill to help diagnose heart and lung diseases.
In the 50s, there wasn't a safe way to test and monitor cardiac function in exercising patients, so Dr. Bruce came up with the bright idea of hooking up patients to an ECG and letting them run on a treadmill, paving the way for the modern day stress test. Today, medical treadmills are used in hospitals, rehabilitation centres and physical therapy clinics all over the world.
In 1968, mechanical engineer and fitness pioneer William Staub designed and invented the first treadmill meant for home use after reading a book on the benefits of exercise titled "Aerobics" by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper. The book outlined the health benefits of regular running, which noted that people who ran for eight minutes a day, 5 times a week were in better shape than sedentary individuals. The treadmill was called the PaceMaster 600.
Bill Staub noticed that there weren't any available (and affordable) treadmills for commercial use at the time, so he made his own. He sent a prototype to Dr. Cooper, who thought the invention was great and helped him fund it through his own company, Aerobics, Inc.
Dr. Cooper also helped market and land Mr. Staub's first customers. Staub's invention revolutionized the fitness industry and paved the way for many of the fitness machine innovations we use and enjoy today. It also opened the minds of many people about the health benefits of running.
Today, you can find treadmills in homes and fitness centres around world. These range from the cheap, lightweight treadmills that are sometimes too small and rickety to do any real running, to the big and expensive treadmills that have all the bells and whistles including iPod connectivity, an LCD monitor, built in speakers, a heart rate monitor and enough settings to make the late Bill Staub beam with pride.
Still, manufacturers are always willing to push the envelope on treadmill evolution. The basics will always remain the same, but the add ons are getting insanely spectacular. There's now a treadmill for geeks too busy to leave their desks called the Workstation Treadmill (or Treadmill Desk). Your desk will have a treadmill instead of a chair, and you need to walk while working. There are a few negatives to this kind of treadmill though, so please do some research before getting one.
There's also a Hydro Treadmill, which allows runners to submerge half their bodies in water while running on a treadmill. If you want to just run everywhere, you can use the Treadmill Bike, which is basically a treadmill attached to a frame with two wheels. It looks like a bike, but instead of pedalling for power, you'll be running on a belt.
Finally, there's a treadmill that's about to be released meant to work with virtual reality technology. Made specifically with gamers in mind, the Virtuix Omni VR Treadmill will work with any compatible game and will allow you to walk, jump and run in any direction, all in the virtual world. Imagine playing a game with zombies or dinosaurs. I can't wait for this tech to be available!
The invention of the modern day treadmill has helped millions of people get in shape and stay healthy all year round, regardless of the weather outside.
So the next time the weather turns sour and you want to go for a run, you can say thanks to the Romans, Sir Cubitt, Mr. Staub, Dr. Bruce and Dr. Cooper for inventing and developing one of the greatest exercise machines of all time, the Treadmill.


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Medical Testimony - Is a doctor's speculation about future surgeries and costs of those surgeries admissible at trial?
Posted on Jan 10 2013 11:39AM by Attorney, Jason A. Lee
Brief Summary: The short answer is that a doctor can not speculate about the need for future surgeries or the costs associated with such surgeries. Testimony from a doctor that amounts to speculation will be excluded by the trial court.
Analysis: In the recent Tennessee Court of Appeals decision of Sapinder Singh v. Larry Fowler Trucking, Inc., No. W2011-01986-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 3731562 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) the Court addressed whether the trial court's exclusion of a doctor's speculative testimony about a future potential surgery and the cost for such surgery was proper. Singh at 1. Dr. Michael Jaffin was asked in his deposition whether the plaintiff would need additional surgery in the future. Singh at 2. The Appellate Court discussed the speculative nature of the testimony as follows:
In those portions of his testimony that were excluded from evidence, Dr. Jaffin testified that he would not "pretend to tell you what kind of surgery" Mr. Singh would require in the future, and that he could not "tell for sure" what these surgeries would cost. In fact, Dr. Jaffin testified that Mr. Singh would need further surgical evaluation, which he "would leave [ ] to a spine surgeon." By his own admission, Dr. Jaffin is not at all certain as to what, if any, future surgeries will be medically necessary. Consequently, he is not qualified to testify as to what, if any, spinal surgeries Mr. Singh will need. As he testifies: "I can't tell you because I'm not a spine surgeon." As such, Dr. Jaffin's testimony does not demonstrate a reasonable medical certainty concerning the need for future surgeries.
Concerning the costs of future surgeries, Dr. Jaffin testified that the costs would "be at least $300,000." Later in his testimony, he opines that the costs would be "well over $200,000." This testimony is also speculative. As noted above, Dr. Jaffin, by his own testimony, is not qualified to opine as to the specific surgeries that may be necessary and, because he is not qualified concerning the surgeries, he is likewise not qualified to testify as to the costs of the surgeries.
Singh at 7. In order to assess whether this testimony is admissible one must look at Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703 which requires a trial court to determine: "(1) whether expert testimony will substantially assist the trier of fact in determining a fact in issue; and (2) whether the facts and data underlying the testimony indicate a lack of trustworthiness." Singh at 5 (citing Tenn. R. Evid. 702; Tenn. R. Evid. 703). Decisions on the "admissibility, qualifications, relevance and competency of expert testimony [are] left to the sound discretion of the trial court." Singh at 5 (citing McDaniel v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257, 263 (Tenn. 1997)).
The Appellate Court also noted that Dr. Jaffin was never asked whether his testimony was given to a "reasonable degree of medical certainty." Singh at 6. The Court noted that while "the use of the 'magic language' that the opinion is to a reasonable degree of medical certainty is not necessary for admissibility, the testimony must show, as a whole, that it is more probable than not that future surgery will be required." Singh at 6. As a result, the court concluded that Dr. Jaffin's testimony about the need for future surgery and the cost for this surgery was speculative and he was not qualified to testify on these issues at trial. The trial court therefore properly excluded this testimony.
This case shows how important it is to make sure that a physician is prepared prior to giving a deposition. Additionally, although, the "magic language" of "reasonable degree of medical certainty" is not necessary for admissibility, it certainly does not hurt. As a matter of course, attorneys should ask physicians to testify to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. Also, if key questions are addressed during the deposition, I recommend asking the physician whether specific responses are "to a reasonable degree of medical certainty". This is not a guaranteed formula for admission of the testimony, but it could be very helpful.
TAGS: Damages, Evidence, Experts
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Jason A. Lee is a Member of Burrow Lee, PLLC. He practices in all areas of defense litigation inside and outside of Tennessee.
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Brooklyn-Based Creator Goes Viral for Poking Fun at Cape Cod in the Winter
Maddie Levine
Maddie Levine Published: January 3, 2023
dhtoomey/TikTok & Canva
A New York-based creator is catching the eye of SouthCoast locals with his latest video about Cape Cod, with over half-a-million views and counting.
We all know that Cape Cod thrives between the months of May and September, but Dan Toomey decided to promote the other seven months of the year with a little bit of satire and a whole lot of accuracy that may have Cape Codders clutching their pearls.
Dan Toomey is a writer, comedian, actor and video maker living in Brooklyn who has attracted hundreds of thousands of followers with his relatable skits and wit. His latest idea brought him to the Cape, where he decided to poke fun at the deserted community during the colder months.
"I wrote the idea like a year-and-a-half ago when I was trying to think of a sketch that would work on like SNL or a TV sketch show," Toomey said. "A friend told me, 'Write what you know,' and I know a lot about being cold in a MA winter."
Growing up in Cohasset, he was familiar with the Cape and saw an opportunity for humor.
"I thought about how funny it is that Cape Cod is celebrated as this vacation destination for only like three months out of the year," he said, "so I thought it would be a fun idea to do an ad that tries, and fails, to promote Cape tourism, but in the off-season."
Be warned, locals: You may be triggered by this "ad."
Nothing was off limits in Toomey's satirical highlight of a wintry Cape Cod.
"To dry, gray beaches to locals chainsmoking outside of a Dunkin' Donuts, Cape Cod in the winter has some of what you need," he said in the video.
From cold chowder to mean fishermen, Toomey hits the hot points, but there was one point in the video that I couldn't help but agree with.
"Hit the links at one of our hundreds of empty mini golf courses," he said. "Are we in lockdown again? Nope, it's just January."
There is no lie here. What's up with all the mini-golf courses?
Check out Toomey's view of Cape Cod in the winter and decide: Is he spot on or far off?
@dhtoomey Cape Cod: now available in winter #capecod #massachusetts #travel #foryou ♬ original sound - Dan Toomey
Cape Cod Postcards for Disappointed Tourists
A disappointed Cape Cod tourist's criticisms of Reddit led to us turning his issues into postcards that can be sent out to any would-be tourist.
LOOK: Here is the richest town in each state
Just saying the names of these towns immediately conjures up images of grand mansions, luxury cars, and ritzy restaurants. Read on to see which town in your home state took the title of the richest location and which place had the highest median income in the country. Who knows—your hometown might even be on this list.
Source: Brooklyn-Based Creator Goes Viral for Poking Fun at Cape Cod in the Winter
Filed Under: brooklyn-based creator pokes fun at cape cod, cape cod, Dan Toomey, viral tiktok
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Finger Pointing Over Denied Funding for Cape Bridges
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Yarmouth's Music Room Welcomes Music Star Tiffany for Special Fundraiser Show
Specialty Breed Dogs Surrendered By Breeder Now Safe in Salem
Public Information Meetings Planned for Proposed Cape Cod Bridges
Extremely Rare Bird Spotted in Brewster on Cape Cod
Buzzards Bay Man Admits to Taking Part in Heroin-Related Kidnapping


Phytoplant Research's areas of specialization - Phytoplant Research S.L.
Techniques to optimize the selection, genetic improvements and cultivation of medicinal plants and the extraction, isolation and purification of active ingredients in order to obtain extracts, essential oils and seed oils of high quality and low price. The botanical research team will continue to develop new chemotypes of medicinal plants, that will constitute the raw materials to hand use in the near future to develop pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and dermocosmetical products.
Standards for Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) to certify that the activities of cultivation and first transformation are performed with safety, hygiene and environmental compatibility, and standards for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) to certify that the manufacture of the products in their definitive retail form ensures product quality and maintains customer safety.


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HomeNewsHistory Teacher Makes History – Outstanding Educator Award to CCHS Owens
History Teacher Makes History – Outstanding Educator Award to CCHS Owens
October 3, 2020 News 0
Culver City High School history teacher Andy Owens has been selected for the University of Chicago's Outstanding Educator Award.
This distinguished award has existed for more than three decades. Students accepted into the University of Chicago Class of 2024 were asked to nominate an educator whose guidance has helped them along the path toward intellectual growth. Responses were received from thousands of students in recognition of educators who have positively impacted their lives.
Owens will be honored at a virtual event celebrating this year's winners on Wednesday, October 21 at 5 p.m., featuring the following special guest speakers from UChicago: President Robert Zimmer, Provost Ka Yee C. Lee, and Trustee Greg Wendt. The presentation will be conducted using Zoom.
Owens teachers AP U.S. History and U.S. History and serves as CCHS's Mock Trial advisor as well the school's Human Rights Club advisor. He graduated from UCLA in 1995 with a degree in history and completed his master's degree in education and teaching from Chapman University.
He has taught at Culver City High School since 2006 and previously taught at Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach. His hobbies include globetrotting, music, film, writing, an array of competitive sports, and raising his twin girls – a very demanding hobby.
All award winners receive a commemorative award, certificate, and letter that includes details from the student they were nominated by.
Culver Pride
Very Fine People
Ballots Are Out! Make a Plan to Vote – Click Here for More Info


THE economic and financial situation in the world is hardly boring at the start of 1991. The United States is in a recession. Abroad, the economic picture is mixed.
A potential war with Iraq could further upset oil prices.
The Uruguay Round of international trade negotiations must be restarted after suspension of the talks last month.
In the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, governments are struggling to lead their national economies through considerable chaos into greater prosperity based on free-market principles.
Many commercial banks in the US are swimming hard to keep their heads above troubled financial waters.
Wall Street, after a wild but prosperous decade, faces the discipline of sharply lower income.
The Economy: In the US, economists are counting on the Federal Reserve System to ease monetary policy to give the economy a boost later this year.
Almost half the 50 US economists surveyed by Blue Chip Economic Indicators (Sedona, Ariz.) now forecast zero growth or less in the output of goods and services in 1991 as compared with 1990. That implies an outright contraction in the first part of the year. The consensus of the 50 figures real gross national product (after inflation) fell in the last quarter of 1990, and will contract again in the first three months of 1991. They foresee modest renewed growth in the second quarter. For the year 1991, the consensus predicts real growth of a mere 0.3 percent. Much will depend on what happens in the Gulf.
A survey by Globescope (Glen Carbon, Ill.) of 49 economists here and abroad finds the world economy slowing. Their average forecast sees growth in real terms in 1991 of 1 percent in Canada, 3.8 percent in Japan, 3 percent in Germany, 2.4 percent in France, 2.3 percent in Italy, 1.2 percent in Britain, 3 percent in Spain, 1.8 percent in Australia, 3.7 percent in Mexico, and 1.4 percent in Brazil.
Those forecasts are close to those late last month of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the club of 24 industrial democracies. Economists at the Paris-based organization say that robust growth in Japan and Germany should prevent the troubles in the US economy from dragging the world into recession.
Unemployment in the US, the OECD predicts, will rise to 6.4 percent this year and 6.7 percent in 1992. Canada, Britain, Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, and Iceland are expected to join the US in recession or a slump close to recession in severity.
The OECD economists hold that the ``shock'' in oil prices from the Gulf crisis will do less damage to the world than the oil shocks in the 1970s. That's because the rise in oil prices is substantially less and because the exposure of the OECD economies, in terms of oil use per unit of output, has fallen considerably since 1973.
Energy: Most analysts expect oil prices to drop sharply if peace comes to the Middle East. In recent months, Saudi Arabia and other oil producers have made up for the loss of crude production from Iraq and Kuwait. So the world would quickly face an oversupply of oil should Iraq and Kuwait reenter the export market.
However, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, meeting in Vienna on Dec. 12, agreed to restore output quotas once the crisis is over. The oil exports of 11 of OPEC's 13 members are now at a little more than 23 million barrels a day, which is about 500,000 over the 22.5 million quota for all 13 countries.
If war does break out, fear of damage, if not actual damage, to the oil facilities of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf sheikdoms could send oil prices to new high levels, the experts reckon.
President Bush is expected to present his administration's energy policy late this month.
Trade: World merchandise trade probably exceeded $3.3 trillion last year. Economists say that failure of the Uruguay Round could start trade wars and increase restrictions on imports, hampering international commerce. The world, they say, could gradually divide into three trading blocs built around Europe, the US, and Japan.
Soviet Union: Output of the Soviet economy fell a sharp 4 percent in 1990, according to a joint report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the OECD, and the London-based European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. That drop in output is two to four times larger than the decline in national output during a mild US recession. The report suggests the West should not provide large-scale financial support for the Soviet Union until it has embarked on a fundamental reform of its economy. The report did approve food aid, technical assistance for economic reform, and limited project aid, such as that in the energy industry.
On Dec. 12, President Bush approved up to $1 billion in federally guaranteed loans to allow Moscow to buy food and other agricultural goods. Two days later, leaders of the European Community agreed in principle to give the Soviets $2.4 billion in emergency food, medical aid, and technical assistance.
During 1991, the Soviet Union is expected to negotiate for membership in the IMF and the World Bank. In effect, the industrial democracies are trying to embrace the Soviet Union in the Western economic system, but at not too much cost.
Banking: After the costly debacle in the US savings-and-loan industry, trouble in commercial banking makes Washington nervous. The Federal Reserve System, fully aware of the danger, moved Dec. 4 to boost bank profits by cutting reserve requirements. It also has trimmed interest rates considerably in the last two months in an attempt to prevent further decline in the economy. Nonetheless, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation expects a $5 billion loss this year from failing banks, reducing its reserves to $4 billion. It may impose a one-time assessment on banks equal to 1 percent of their total deposits in order to bolster the fund by about $28 billion. The FDIC has also asked Congress for authority to base the level of premiums on the riskiness of the assets held by banks. The riskier the assets, the higher the premiums.
The Treasury Department is expected to present to Congress a wide range of proposals on overhauling the nation's banking system. These could give banks more powers to compete in the financial area and lead to greater consolidation of banks.
Wall Street: Will stock prices go up in the US in 1990?
What is more certain, however, is that stock and other financial markets likely will continue to become more international.
In other words, exchanges like the AMEX are joining with other exchanges in the design and trade of financial products.


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Home > About Kelly Chibale > BIosketch > Memberships
Membership of Boards and Committees:
Selected Representative Membership of Boards and Committees:
Temporary Advisor to the World Health Organisation (WHO) as member of various scientific working groups, 1999-2012
Member of the Editorial Board of the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2005-date.
Member of the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Expert Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC), 2009-2014
Symposium Chair and Co-Organizer (with John Butera), American Chemical Society (ACS) symposium entitled "Challenges in Phenotypic Whole Cell High throughput Screening and Medicinal Chemistry Optimization of Hits; Strategies to Discover Novel Antiparasitic and Antimycobacterial Agents", 243rd ACS National Meeting 25-29 March 2012, San Diego, California, USA.
Member of the Editorial Advisory Board, ACS Infectious Diseases, 2014-date
Guest Editor, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Symposia-In-Print 2015
Symposium Co-Chair and Co-Organizer (with Leann Tilley and Philip Rosenthal), Keystone Symposium, Drug Discovery for Parasitic Diseases, 24-29 January 2016, Granlibakken Resort, Tahoe City, California, USA
Member of the International Scientific Advisory Committee of the XXIV EFMC International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry (EFMC-ISMC), held in Manchester, UK on August 28-September 1, 2016
Member of the Keystone Symposia Africa Advisory Group of Keystone Symposia on Molecular & Cellular Biology (Colorado, USA), January 2015- date
Member of the Editorial Board, Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 2015-date.
Member of the Editorial Board, Molecules, 2016-date.
Member of the Editorial Advisory Board, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017-date
Member of the Expert Advisory Board, United Kingdom (UK) Department of Health Global Antimicrobial resistance Innovation Fund (GAMRIF), 2016-
Member of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) External Review Board, 2017-date


Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) has displayed model of FA-50 Multi Role Aircraft and KUH-1 Multi Purpose Utility Helicopter, and photo of KAI T-50TH Lead-In Fighter Trainer for Royal Thai Air Force during Defense and Security 2017 exhibition in Bangkok.
Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), Republic of Korea, said the delivery schedule for the KAI T-50TH 1st and 4th Phase to Royal Thai Air Force will be held in March 2018 and October 2019 respectively, according to the company's representatives at the Defense and Security 2017 exhibition at the Impact Exhibition Center, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand, 6-9 November.
The Royal Thai Air Force has signed a contract to supply a range of 3,700 million baht ($ 108 million) of T-50TH Golden Eagle ($ 108 million) fighter trainer aircraft on September 17, 2015. On July 11, 2017, the Royal Thai Air Force deployed T-50TH to operate at No. 401 Squadron 4 Takhli Air Division, replacing L-39ZA/ART to be transferred to a single flock at the 411 Fighter Sqn, Wing 41, Chiang Mai.
Royal Thai Air Force has ordered the supply of T-50TH fighter training aircraft 16 machines currently supplying two phases, including 12 machines. Flying on August 10, 2017.
KAI South Korea has the capability to assemble the T-50TH production line for the Royal Thai Air Force. According to the delivery of the first set and the second set in March 2018 and October 2019.
In addition to the introduction of T-50A T-50B TA- 50 and FA-50 on active duty in the Air Force. Currently, KAI has successfully exported advanced T-50 Golden Eagle jet trainers to many countries around the world.
T-50I, Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU: Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Udara), 16 aircraft and eight FA-50PH (Philippine Air Force Air Force), which has been used in combat with terrorist groups.
For the Royal Thai Air Force, the latest customer to receive a T-50TH fighter trainer, KAI is hoping to receive a Phase 3 contract from Thailand soon.
The company is also looking at opportunities to sell more of their aircraft to Thailand and ASEAN. KUH-1 Surion helicopters are being deployed in the Republic of Korea Army and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps.
Klo d upgred enak jga ni bisa setara fa50 atau ta50 ..
Dilematisnya RI...nanti kalo t-50i mo dipasang radar, pilihannya radar buatan amrik yang kategorinya sedang2 saja, atau mo pake yang paten tapi buatan israel?
Ya langsung pasang Elta, ga usah gembar-gembor media.
Mereka bisa kasih undisclose country buyer kok kalo kita mau.
Kelompok sing iki rodo marjinal om joni....tapi yo embuh, sopo ngerti meneng2 neng kono survey kandungan bahan baku nuklir yo?
Contohi negara Turki f16 mereka radar dan avionik sistem senjata sudah produk dalam negeri. Atau Jepang f16 mesin kawakasi dan kita juga ada radar dan avionik buatan dalam negeri kasih modal ke swasta untuk pengembangan jgn beli buatan luar negeri sudah pasti mereka tau kekurangan produknya. tidak ad yg produk yg sempurna.


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'We build resilience in startups that are meant to survive': SETsquared's Monika Radclyffe
Monika Radclyffe is the Centre Director at SETsquared Bristol, the world's no.1 university business incubator. To date, they've helped over 200 startups achieve success, including big names like XMOS, Ultrahaptics and YellowDog. We caught up with Monika to find out how SETsquared supports founders and grows winning businesses.
Award-winning incubator network SETsquared is at the centre of all things tech in the south-west. And we're certainly no stranger to their work at CookiesHQ. We're proud to be the technical partners for two up-and-coming SETsquared alumni – artisanal grocery delivery service GoodSixty and independent living support app AutonoMe.
We set out to discover what qualities Monika's team look for in their applicants, how they're tackling the problem of diversity in tech and what the future holds for the ambitious network.
How did you come to be in the incubator industry?
I lived and worked in London when the tech bubble was emerging but I wanted to try something different, so I started thinking 'where are the other cool tech centres in the UK?' Bristol looked really interesting and so I started digging deeper, subscribing to all the newsletters and getting to know the people and I realised there's so much talent here.
Bristolians tend to be modest – they keep their heads down and work hard and they're not recognised enough. I realised there was so much potential here compared to London, where there's a lot more 'talking up' than actual doing. Then the Centre Director role at SETsquared Bristol became available so it was the right timing – my predecessor, Nick Sturge, worked in the role for ten years so it doesn't come up that often! I applied, got the role and I've been delighted to be here since.
'We follow the concept of "you don't know what you don't know" – and help founders work it out as fast as possible.'
What role does SETsquared play in a startup's journey?
We are an incubator for high-growth businesses. We've spent the last 16 years being very active in the tech scene and we've incubated over 200 companies in that time. Many tech companies that you'll come across in Bristol have come through SETsquared – including big ones like XMOS, Ultrahaptics and YellowDog. It creates a nice loop because those entrepreneurs then recommend us to other entrepreneurs as a place to go and get help.
What we really do is work with founders to accelerate their pace of growth, help them avoid mistakes and fill in the gaps of their knowledge. We follow the concept of 'you don't know what you don't know' – and help them work it out and expand as fast as possible.
How do you decide who you'd like to accept?
We ask everyone to fill out an online application form and then invite applicants to interview. After the interview, we accept about a quarter of initial applicants. So 75% are rejected and this is mostly due to the fact that they're too early-stage for us.
What we're looking for is technology businesses that have unique software or hardware that they're working on. If they don't have that, they usually get rejected before the interview. At the interview, we spend an hour getting to know the founders as individuals, learning about the current market research of their business and where they've got to. We want to know – are they fully committed to the business? What is the market potential for that technology? Have they started speaking to customers? Have they got initial funding? We have limited resources in terms of what we can contribute and how many companies we can take on, so often we have to judge which business will have the biggest success and where we can add the most value.
We also try to pick companies that don't compete with our existing cohort of memberships because we don't want an internal conflict of interest. If we had five recruitment agency applicants that were using AI to optimise their model, we'd have to decide which one was going to be most successful based on the profiles of the founders, the quality of the research, the technology and so on.
'If you have an idea, you have to go out and speak to people about it. The more people you speak to, the more you learn.'
Do people re-apply when they don't get in?
Yes, it happens quite often. A lot of people we reject have an idea but they haven't really thought through the business side, or who they're going to sell to. We always give feedback based on our discussion, and homework, and if we feel they do have potential we'll say 'we can't offer you membership just yet but please re-apply in six months' time'. We also recommend that applicants read our resource blogs to help with the application and re-application process. We've had quite a few companies that have got through the second time – for example, YellowDog is a successful business now but was initially rejected.
If you have an idea, you do have to go out and speak to people about it. The more people you speak to, the more feedback you get and the more you learn. We love finding out about new ideas but interviews are also a way for us to give something back to those applicants as well.
What are the most common reasons for a startup not graduating from SETsquared?
Failing – shutting down a business – is the most common reason. I'd say about 20-25% of companies shut down their operations while they're with us. We actually count this as a positive outcome, because if we can help them fail fast it helps them save money, resources and their own time. The founder of successful café chain Friska, Ed Brown, applied to SETsquared with his tech idea and it didn't work out. But he went on to set up Friska, so it was a very positive outcome because he was able to refocus his energy into something worthwhile.
Of those that graduate SETsquared, only about 3% don't succeed. It just shows that we build resilience and sustainability in those that are meant to survive. Once they go out into the world they go on growing and thriving.
'We very often judge the potential success of the business on the attributes of the individuals running them.'
Can you tell when a startup is going to have an impact?
We have this business theory called 'first, second and third mile'. A business isn't going to stay the same all the way through, so the first mile is when you're doing everything as a founder, playing every role. Many people just love starting up and creating something from nothing.
The second mile is when you get a little bit of funding and start building a team – so maybe you grow to five or ten people and your focus as an entrepreneur changes. You have to start thinking about how to manage your people, how to enable them to achieve your vision, how to create a company culture and raise more funding.
And the third mile is – once you've got more funding – how do you get from 10 to 100 employees? It becomes a corporate environment, you're not that founder-entrepreneur who's doing everything in the business any more. You may focus much more on your sales strategy, or your exit plan.
If you think about it, you almost need three different people – one for each stage of the business. So we explain this theory to applicants and ask them 'do you see yourself on those three parts of the journey? Or do you see yourself as the first one, but the other two don't sound as interesting?' It just helps them to realise that, in starting this business, they may not be able to go along with it for the whole journey. And if they really care about the success of the business rather than their own interests or ego, will they be able to step away and bring in another CEO to run the business?
We test this idea with them and see how open they are to change and receiving feedback, because that's hugely important. If someone gets very defensive and isn't open to our challenge and our questioning then it will be very difficult for us to help them. We very often judge the success of the business on the attributes of the individuals running them.
How do you ensure that SETsquared is inclusive?
It's a big issue in the tech sector, which is a very white, male environment. When I joined SETsquared, we focused a lot on gender diversity. We commissioned research into how we could make SETsquared more inviting to female founders and we've made huge progress since then. At that point, two and a half years ago, we had 4 female entrepreneurs, now we have 14, which is 15% of our overall membership and in line with the national average. So it's still poor – there's still a lot of work to be done – but I'm glad it's increased.
There's been a lot of work in the meantime too. We engage with women in tech groups, encourage female entrepreneurs into public speaking and create media around it. We changed up our comms, content and marketing in simple ways – making sure our language and images represented all genders.
Our research shows that women are less self-confident and need more pro-active encouragement to bring them onboard. We often meet amazing woman entrepreneurs and they just say 'oh, I'm not sure my idea is good enough for SETsquared'. So we host events like #Idea2Pitch that allow them to bring their idea with no obligation, no judgement. They spend half a day working on their idea, shaping it up and practising their elevator pitch. And if they feel that they're ready by the end of it, then they can apply.
Of course, gender isn't everything. Again, we looked at our stats and saw that we're not very diverse when it comes to ethnicity. Over the summer we commissioned a report to see what obstacles are preventing Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) applicants from applying to incubators like ours. So now we've got a brilliant piece of research which makes a lot of recommendations for us and we're just starting to implement these.
It'll involve us taking events on the road – we're actually hosting our next one in St Pauls' Community Learning Centre – to engage audiences that normally wouldn't hear about us. We're also trying to find more diverse advisors, mentors and role models.
Another piece of work actually involves our companies because – when you think about it – we have 83 businesses in the incubator and I feel it's our role to help them be more inclusive and diverse as well. Because the majority of founders are male and white, they just bring their mates onto the team and there's a point in time where they realise 'oh gosh! We've got 15 guys that look like me!' It's only then that they realise it's a problem.
So we help founders think about inclusivity much earlier in the journey. It's part of the conversation we have when they join SETsquared – we ask them 'what can we do to help you be a more diverse business? Can we look at your job specs to see if they're inclusive?' and we work with various agencies to promote those vacancies to a diverse audience.
'It's great to be see that we're adding value through our work – there are lots of opportunities to make a real difference.'
How do you help startups raise funding or find finance?
The most important thing we can do is help our companies be ready for those conversations with investors.
We provide essential business training to our companies – a full day of training on investor readiness and workshops on understanding your finances and pitching your idea. Before you start speaking to investors you have to have a good grasp of your own finances and your business plan. You need to know 'how much money do I need? How am I going to spend it? What do I want to achieve?' So there's a lot of work to be done before they even put their investment pitch together.
We have an in-house team of entrepreneurs-in-residence who work with them to put together an investment presentation and an executive summary, and that's a lot of work in itself. Once they've put those materials together and we know the business is ready from a financial and legal perspective, then we can start making introductions to our contacts in various angel and VC firms.
But it doesn't finish there – once they've started having those conversations they very often they come back saying 'they want to know our evaluation – how do I do that?' So there's a lot of coaching and help that goes on around those negotiations too.
How does SETsquared impact the wider tech community in Bristol?
We are part of a partnership with five investees and incubators in the south west and they've just published an economic report that quantifies what we are adding to the ecosystem. The stats are huge – we'll be adding something like £27 billion of value added to the economy by 2030.
We have big plans for scale, in terms of helping more companies to grow. Eventually, it all boils down to how many companies we can help to grow successfully, then those companies bring the money into the region and create jobs for the local economy. But not only that – they create wealth and they create capital. When founders scale businesses and exit, we're also creating the next generation of serial entrepreneurs or angel investors, who will re-invest into the next generation of startups. So it creates a circular economy in the tech startup scene.
It's great to be part of that and see that we're adding value through our work. That's what drives me and makes me love my job – every day is different and there are lots of opportunities to make a real difference.
'We're starting to think about what we could do if we had even more space.'
How do you see the Bristol startup ecosystem evolving over time?
It's a more busy and vibrant space than it was when I joined SETsquared in 2016, and we have a lot more working spaces and incubators in the city to accommodate that growth. But in terms of the sectors that are emerging, we recently saw the acquisition of Ziylo, which really helped put Bristol on the biotech map. Now we're hoping it will really kick-start more biotech spinouts and attract others from across the country to move here. Another that I bet is going to be very strong will be quantum computing, became the University of Bristol is investing a lot in quantum and there's a Qtech centre already investing in and training research fellows in more commercial areas.
We want to increase the number of people we can help here but we have the opportunity to expand physically as well. We have plans for Engine Shed 2 – a bigger building that could accommodate more companies – but we're also talking with the University of Bristol about having a presence at the new Temple Quarter Campus development in a couple of years. We're starting to think about what we could do if we had even more space and ways of engaging more with academia and industry.
More stories from the Bristol tech scene:
'We want to be the heart of all things tech in Bristol': Gavin Eddy on the Framework coworking space
'We fail when we stigmatise failure and don't learn from it': startup expert Rick Chapman
'Culture fit is the biggest challenge for startups': Alicia Teagle on recruiting for Bristol's tech industry


text:
Мустакато коприварче (Sylvia mystacea) е вид птица от семейство Коприварчеви (Sylviidae).

Разпространение
Видът е разпространен в Афганистан, Армения, Азербайджан, Бахрейн, Джибути, Египет, Еритрея, Етиопия, Иран, Ирак, Йордания, Йемен, Казахстан, Кувейт, Катар, Ливан, Оман, Обединените арабски емирства, Русия, Саудитска Арабия, Сомалия, Судан, Сирия, Таджикистан, Турция, Туркменистан и Узбекистан.

Източници

Коприварчета

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
by Rob Williams — Monday, August 03, 2015
Windows 10 Draws Negative Attention Over Data Collection, Privacy Concerns
There's a lot to love about Windows 10, but as it happens, there are a bunch of caveats to be aware of, as well. In fact, as soon as the OS released last week, security experts the world over began to raise a stink about how this is the OS that basically throws away your privacy, and in some cases, even your control.
One example of the lack of control relates to Windows Update, something we've covered multiple times in the past. In effect, even those using the Pro version of the OS have less control over how updates are handled versus previous versions, and while an add-on tool has been released by Microsoft itself, it's not ideal. It's not just with Windows Update that we're losing control over; Windows Defender can only be disabled for a time. If you don't reenable it yourself after a while, the OS will "take care of that" for you.
From the privacy standpoint, there are many different features of Windows 10 that continually fetch data and Cortana is a big one. In the Settings menu, it explicitly states what's going to be captured: "We'll collect info like contacts, recent calendar events, speed and handwriting patterns, and typing history." That is a lot of stuff.
The flip-side of this kind of information gathering is that it will result in making the overall experience better. It's a matter of giving up some of our privacy for the sake of convenience, which is never ideal. Some might be fine with it, while those who are not are rightly miffed at the fact that so many of these tracking options are turned on my default.
As if the privacy and control situation couldn't be any crazier with Windows 10, there's also been a discovery that shows that your PC can be used to help distribute updates to other people without your knowledge. That means that your Internet bandwidth will be used to help Microsoft out, which is hardly ideal for those with either slow or bandwidth capped connections. To disable this, you merely have to enter the advanced options of the Windows Update screen and click on "Choose how updates are delivered."
Yes, Windows 10 is excellent. Yes, Windows 10 is "free". But boy, does Windows 10 give us a lot to think about and fuss over.
Tags: Microsoft, security, Privacy, NASDAQ: MSFT, Windows 10
Via: HotHardware


In order to enjoy and be successful at blackjack games, you should familiarize yourself with their rules. The rules of blackjack games are simple to learn.
Blackjack is the most popular table game in a casino. It is simple to learn and by following the rules and strategy for the game, you can improve your odds tremendously. Blackjack games are enjoyed by professional and amateur players alike.
Blackjack is also known as 21. The aim of blackjack games is to achieve a hand in which the cards total 21 or as close to 21 as possible without going over. Blackjack is a game that is played against the dealer which makes it most important to base your moves on what cards the dealer is holding.
Each card in blackjack games has a specific numerical value. All face cards are worth a value of 10. Ace is worth 1 or 11, depending on the other cards in your hand and the cards 1 through 10 are worth their face value.
Before blackjack games start, each player must place a bet. Once all the bets are made, the dealer will deal two cards to each player, including himself. Once the dealing starts, the players may not touch their bets. Once each player has their cards, play begins. Each player, in turn, must make a choice as to how to play their hand. When one player finishes his turn, play moves on to the next player. Once all of the players have completed their hands, the dealer will complete his hand and then collect chips or pay out winnings to the players accordingly.
The player is faced with a number of choices in blackjack games. The most common decision that a player will have to make is whether to hit (draw another card) or to stand (stop play with his current hand). The player will continue to be faced with the decision to hit or to stand until he goes over a total of 21 (goes bust) or chooses to stand. In both of these cases, play will then move on to the next player.
An uncommon option in blackjack games is to surrender. If a player chooses to surrender his cards, he must fold his cards at the cost of half of his original bet. This decision can only be made at the beginning of the game before any other actions have been taken. Not all blackjack games will offer the option of surrender.
While the player is still holding two cards, he can choose to double down. This means that he doubles his bet and is then dealt one more card before his turn ends.
If the dealer's up-card is an Ace, he will offer insurance to the players. To place insurance, you can bet up to half of your original bet. If the dealer has blackjack (21), you will lose your original bet, but the insurance will pay out at 2:1 so that in effect, you break even.


Earth Skinfoods is the best place to buy natural olive leaf cream online. This moisturiser contains cold pressed apricot kernel oil and olive leaf and lemon scented tea tree essential oil! It's a light emollient containing Olive Leaf Extract (alcohol free) which will soothe and nourish irritated, dry skin.
This natural olive leaf cream is perfect for skin that needs some extra TLC. It smells and feels refreshing on the skin! Buy natural olive leaf cream online today with Earth Skinfoods!
Ingredients: purified water, prunus armeniaca (cold pressed apricot kernel oil), vegetable emulsifying wax, oleo europea (olive leaf) glycetract, vegetable glycerine, citrus seed extract and leptospermum spp (lemon scented tea tree) essential oil.


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Colgate-Palmolive Q3 Results: Net profit dips 4% YoY to Rs 243 crore
New Delhi, (India) on Tuesday said its net profit declined by 4 per cent to Rs 243 crore in the third quarter ended December 31, 2022. The company had reported a net profit of Rs 252 crore in the October-December period of the previous fiscal.
Total income, however, increased to Rs 1,302 crore in the period under review as compared with Rs 1,286 crore in the year-ago period, Colgate-Palmolive (India) said in a regulatory filing.
Net profit for the nine months ended December 31, 2022 declined to Rs 731 crore as compared with Rs 755 crore in the year-ago period.
"The company is focussed on its key strategic pillars of building oral care habit in India, driving innovation and renovation through science-led products and premiumisation," Colgate-Palmolive (India) Managing Director Prabha Narasimhan said.
Although oral care consumption continued to be weighed down in the quarter by adverse macro factors, the company is cautiously optimistic going forward, she added.
"The focus remains…
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Recognition for Restructuring, Insolvency and Bankruptcy in Central and Eastern Europe
About Dentons - The Polycentric Law Firm™
News, events, awards
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Showing 1 - 8 of Total Results (8)
Dentons tops Rzeczpospolita's ranking of law firms in Poland for the 10th consecutive year
According to the annual ranking of law firms in Poland released by leading daily newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Dentons is the largest law firm in the country – both in terms of the number of advocates and legal advisors as well as the total number of lawyers. This is the tenth year in a row that Dentons has received this accolade.
Leaders League 2021 rankings recognize Dentons across Europe
Leaders League 2021 rankings have recognized Dentons among the best law firms across Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Russia and Spain. In total, Dentons received ratings in 60 categories, with 67 lawyers highlighted.
Dentons lawyers across Europe and Central Asia recognized in the newest IFLR1000 rankings
We are pleased to announce that the 2021 edition of IFLR1000, the guide to the world's leading financial and corporate law firms and lawyers researching over 120 jurisdictions worldwide, has recognized 122 Dentons lawyers across Europe and Central Asia.
IFLR1000 recognizes two Dentons lawyers as Women Leaders 2020
Two Dentons partners – Aldona Kowalczyk and Natalia Selyakova – were named among IFLR1000 Women Leaders 2020, which recognizes the leading female transactional lawyers in the world. Women Leaders acknowledges these high-profile lawyers for their impressive track records and the quality of their advice and service recommended by clients and peers.
Dentons named "Super Law Firm of the Year" in Poland
For the third year in a row, Dentons was named "Super Law Firm of the Year" in Poland in the Ranking of Rankings published by legal portal Rynek Prawniczy in August 2016.
Dentons Lands Top Rankings in Law360 2015 Largest Practice Groups Report
Dentons ranked No. 4 overall in Law360's 2015 Largest Practice Groups Report, the annual ranking of the largest 100 US firms by global partner head count. The Firm also ranked among the top 25 in 10 practice areas: bankruptcy, competition, environmental, insurance, intellectual property, labor and employment, mergers and acquisitions, product liability, real estate, and securities and white collar litigation.
Dentons ranked as Top 20 bankruptcy firm by The Deal Pipeline
Dentons' Global Restructuring, Insolvency and Bankruptcy (RIB) group was ranked 19th (out of 100 law firms) in The Deal Pipeline's "Top Bankruptcy Law Firms" league table based on the Firm's global matter activity during the first quarter of 2014. This marks the Firm's inaugural appearance on the global bankruptcy league table.
Dentons in Poland the winner of 2013 Book of Lists ranking
Dentons Poland has won the Book of Lists 2013 ranking in the Law Firm category. The honor was formally announced at a gala event on 18 June in Warsaw.


text:
Graham Evans
Conservative Campaigner for Weaver Vale
About Graham
Jobs Fair
Halton Curve Campaign Update!
Local MP, Graham Evans, is delighted that his Halton Curve Campaign has moved one step closer to fruition. The case for the Halton Curve is set to be examined by the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority in April.
"I have been campaigning for the re-opening of the Halton Curve line for many years now," explained Graham. "The re-opening of this line is a cost effective way of connecting Halton, Cheshire, and North Wales together. It'll provide a huge boost to the local economy and will make Weaver Vale an even better place to live, work and invest in."
When I launched this campaign, my petition attracted mass support from local residents who all felt the same, and since then I have been working closely with the Chancellor, the Department for Transport, Merseytravel, Cheshire West and Chester Council, Halton Council and North Cheshire Rail Users Group and North Cheshire Rail Users on this very important transport link. It was great news in July 2014 when The Chancellor confirmed the £10.4million of funding needed to modernise the signals on the line and re-open the track."
"If the meeting in April gives the plans the go ahead then we could see direct trains from Frodsham and Helsby to Liverpool as soon as May 2018. This will connect the whole region helping it to continue to prosper, and making life easier for commuters. This is ultimately what I've been campaigning for and I shall keep banging on departmental doors until we get there!"
Graham Evans Conservative Campaigner for Weaver Vale
Help and Advice Surgeries
Promoted by Graham Evans of Vale House, Preston Brook, Runcorn WA7 3PE
Copyright 2020 Graham Evans Conservative Campaigner for Weaver Vale. All rights reserved.


text:
using Voodoo.Messages;

namespace Voodoo.Tests.TestClasses
{
    public class TestResponse : Response
    {
        public bool ExecuteFinished { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Comedian Michael Ian Black on Being Dead Inside But Still Funny
by John Surico
Comedian Michael Ian Black describes himself as a suburban douchebag from Connecticut. In his new (and second) book, "You're Not Doing It Right: Tales of Marriage, Sex, Death and Other Humiliations, which comes out Feb. 28, the star of the cult-classic Wet Hot American Summer and writer/director of Wedding Daze puts it all out on the table. He confesses his flirtation with sperm donation and fumes over an Easy Bake Oven.
The hilarious, self-deprecating autobiography tries to answer the lingering question (and the book's foreword) of "How did I get here?" from the Talking Heads' song, "Once in a Lifetime." Michael took the time to talk to Runnin' Scared about writing this book, living in New York, and hating high school. He'll speak about more humiliations at the WORD bookstore in Brooklyn on Feb. 29 and Strand on March 1st.
Runnin' Scared: In your book, you talk about taking a career test, which told you to become a paralegal and/or novelist. Did this prompt you to write a book?
Michael Ian Black: I've written another book, which featured a collection of dumb essays that are just silly. I like that stuff but I felt, to move myself forward creatively, I needed to do something that kind of broke out of what I've been doing. It's something more personal and a little more revealing than my previous work so this was a decision to move more in that direction.
Runnin' Scared: After writing several books, you said you describe yourself now as "New York Times best-selling author Michael Ian Black." How is that different for you now as opposed to what fans know you from Stella, Michael and Michael Have Issues, Wet Hot American Summer, etc.?
Black: It hasn't changed me other than the way I prefer to introduce myself to other people. To me, it's like gaining tutelage — now I have a title. I am more casual; you don't need to refer to me as a 'New York Times best-selling author.' It's just something that's true about me and needs to be interjected into most conversations. For example, when I go to the doctor's office and they ask for patient's name, I say 'New York Times best-selling author Michael Ian Black.'
Runnin' Scared: You talk a lot about sexual self discovery in your book. What did your wife, Martha, say about your self-proclaimed "Great Year of Sexual Liberation" before meeting her?
Black: She didn't care about that. I think she would have if she discovered some extended homosexual layers of my past. For her, the more heterosexual sex I had in the past, the better she feels about our relationship. If I didn't out myself until the book about homosexual endeavors, and then she read it, that would've prompted some difficultly awkward conversations in our household.
Runnin' Scared: In a review of the book, A. J. Jacobs said he could not believe that you had any emotions. How did that make you feel as a comedian — is sentimentality uncharted territory in your field?
Black: Oh, I didn't feel anything because I'm dead inside. I don't think being emotional is uncharted territory. A lot of comedy is coming from a fairly deep emotional well and, for me, the stuff that I do is more based on the lack of having emotions and knowing how to respond to them. This book is an attempt to call them out and the reason why I'm still unemotional as an adult is because I was so hyper-emotional as a child. It's like I'm killing my inner child. I think the ability to access emotions is a good thing and I'm working towards that.
Runnin' Scared: Towards the end of the book, you're in high school and you try to avoid getting your ass kicked by this "burnout" named Dale. Besides that event, how did high school in Jersey during the 1980s affect your comedic material later on?
Black: Well I left immediately. I had a very clear thought as I was leaving high school for the final time that burned into my memory and that was that I will never romanticize high school and I haven't because it was a rough time for me. I think it is for a lot of people. It's a rough time and I hated pretty much every moment of it. It's a pretty universal feeling; if you loved high school, chances are you don't love your adult life. Maybe it should be because it ends up forming your adult character that you wouldn't have had if you didn't fail through high school. Then again, I don't know any comedians that were really popular. There must be one but I can't think of any right now.
Runnin' Scared : The book has a lot of emotional highs and lows — from death to meeting the love of your life. Was it tricky balancing lightness and darkness?
Black: It was more about trusting myself to write honestly, which is hard, as opposed to not writing any jokes at all and that it was okay to layer those things with humor. Once I got over the hump of trusting myself to do that, it wasn't that hard.
Runnin' Scared : With your BMW and Connecticut home, you wrote that you feel like you're now more of a douchebag than your neighbor in New Jersey named Bill. Do you think you're now less cool now?
Black: Oh, there's no question! I have eclipsed my old neighbor's douchey-ness by a factor of a hundred. He had a yellow lab; I have a golden retriever, a kitty cat, I wear a robe sometimes and I wear slippers. I am as douchey as they come and proud of it, loving it, loving my own douchey-ness and hating it. Ladling douchey-ness over me with the hate of my own spoon.
Runnin' Scared: You went to NYU for acting and then left before graduation. Why did you drop out?
Black: I got a job offer with a friend of mine to tour the country as a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle and I thought it'd be fun. I don't regret dropping out at all. I was studying acting so it was like, 'Do I really need to get an acting degree to become an actor?' and it turned out obviously well. Rather than incurring more debt, it made more sense to save the money I would have spent on tuition than try to get a job and live and do what I had to do. I'm fortunate it worked out.
Runnin' Scared: How did living in New York City affect your career?
BlackI think, to live in New York, you have to have a certain kind of personality. You need to have a little bit of arrogance and a huge capacity for either dreams or self-delusion or maybe for both. And I liked that. I was just naive enough about myself to think that New York might be an advantage for me and it was. All the people I continue to work with were from New York, I learned about the world from New York and it was just a better fit for me than somewhere like Los Angeles, where I think I would've withered and died. For me, living in a shitty small apartment in New York was incredibly great for me at a certain time in my life but it's not what I want to be doing when I'm forty, married and have two kids. I love New York but I didn't want to spend my life there.
Runnin' Scared: Paul Rudd was on The Daily Show last night and he mentioned that another Wet Hot American Summer is in the works. Are you part of this?
Black: I will be involved in it but I'm always hesitant to discuss any project until it's actually happening because things come together and fall apart so fast that I'm reluctant to talk about anything until it's actually being made. To my knowledge, there's no company involved at this point; no one has ponied up a budget. It's worth remembering that the original movie made only $300,000 at the box office; it made zero money. Although the film's reputation has grown in time and the cast has become more established, until someone says, 'Yes, we believe in this,' I will remain skeptical.
This article from the Village Voice Archive was posted on February 24, 2012
More:BooksComedyMichael Ian BlackYou're Not Doing It Right


With autumn comes the planting of spring flowering bulbs; daffodils, crocuses, snowdrops and bluebells are just some of the flowers that will bring colour to your garden early next year.
Buying spring bulbs online is very similar to buying spring bulbs by mail order and can provide extra benefits including a greater choice. We've reviewed three sites that we think can make buying spring bulbs easier for you.
There are many reasons why you might want to buy online, such as easily comparing several products and prices. Some of the retailers are encouraging people to shop online, too. Unwins have announced a range of bulbs that are exclusive to their website and won't be found in their catalogue.
Crocus (a website, not just a flower) have done an excellent job of putting each bulb they sell into categories; they have 145 bulbs in total and you can sort by colour, flowering month, light requirements and several other characteristics.
Crocus' pictures are nice and bright and each plant provides you with detailed information. The high quality pictures really help give you a feel for the spring bulbs you're buying. Bulbs are in the 'plants' section or you can go straight to Crocus' spring bulbs section.
Gardening Direct have also categorized their spring bulbs nicely with options down the left hand side of the main bulbs page. Like Crocus, you can choose by colour, sun requirements and other criteria including price.
The individual page for each spring bulb has two sections (product info, and more details). Click on 'more details' to see information such as where to plant, the flower colour, and flowering period. There's a 'bulbs' link at the top of each page or you can go straight to Gardening Direct's spring bulb section.
Suttons Seeds is a very well known and established brand. The website is a bit older and doesn't have the same niceties as the other two to help you choose. However, if you already know what you're looking for Suttons is a bit simpler to use as there are fewer options. There's a 'bulbs' link at the top of each page or you can go straight to Sutton's spring bulbs.
If you want to buy a particular bulb online or are missing that 'must have' variety, try using our product search at the top right of this page. We list all the bulbs for sale from many websites, so you can see what's available in one place.
The quality of the spring bulbs you buy online is vital to their success and needs to be considered when deciding where to buy from. To help you choose where to shop you can read reviews of the three websites we've featured, and other sites in our customer reviews section.
When buying spring bulbs, buying from reputable nurseries is also important to help conserve endangered species. Over collection of bluebells, cyclamen and daffodils from the wild has put them at danger of being lost forever and it is now illegal to collect these from the wild without a CITES license.
Buying bulbs from reputable growers of cultivated stocks helps conserve endangered species and ensure that they'll be around for future generations of gardeners to enjoy.
Where you live may affect the bulbs you can buy online so it's worth checking where a website delivers to before spending your time browsing their products.
Suttons are able to deliver anywhere in the EU and Gardening Direct have the second furthest reach, delivering to the whole of the UK including the Highlands and islands, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands.
Crocus only deliver to mainland addresses within England, Wales, and parts of Scotland; the very north of Scoltand is excluded, as are the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man, the Scottish Isles, Ireland and the Channel Isles. If you're not sure, they have a map and postcode selector to check your address.
Delivery charges also vary and the three we've mentioned all charge a flat rate. Gardening Direct charge £2.95, Suttons charge £3.95 and Crocus charge £5.95. These charges are the same regardless of your order size and value.
Gardening Direct's delivery time is within 10 days, Suttons is 7-10 days and Crocus delivery times are specified on each product, though most spring bulbs have a delivery time of one week.
If you want to compare the prices of spring bulbs from many different retailers, simply type the name of the bulb you want to buy in the product search at the top right of this page. We list products from many different retailers and we'll show you all the prices in one place.
We list offers and discounts from many retailers on our garden discounts page so it's worth checking there before you buy.