text:
Year : 2019 | Volume : 11 | Issue : 1 | Page : 7-11
Assessment of child's mental health problems using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Miranda George, Shweta Chandak, Milind Wasnik, Sneha Khekade, Niharika Gahlod, Harshita Shukla
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Date of Submission 13-Jan-2019
Date of Web Publication 6-Mar-2019
Miranda George
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra
DOI: 10.4103/jorr.jorr_2_19
Background: While a number of studies in the Western countries have provided estimates of prevalence for child psychiatric morbidity and associated risk factors, relatively little is known about child psychiatric problems and risk factors in developing countries like India.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the patients' emotional status in an age group of 3–14 years to evaluate children's cooperative potential.
Methodology: The Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assessing the mental health status of the child was distributed to the Vidharbhan population attending the dental hospital. A cross-sectional survey including 168 children aged 3–14 years who were instructed how to fill the questions participated in the study.
Results: Overall 53% of the children belonged to the normal category, whereas 33% and 14% were under abnormal and borderline categories, respectively. The abnormal category was slightly higher in the age groups of 3.1–5 (35%) and 11.1–14 (28%) years. Similar to certain studies, the mental health problems with males (52.9%) were higher than that of females (47.6%).
Conclusion: Identifying the mental health problems of the child seeking dental treatment will help the dentist to formulate an idea of the child's emotional status at the time of treatment and thereby make proper amendments during the treatment procedure. There is a need for developing programs to train, sensitize, and mobilize teachers and parents regarding children's psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems, with special attention to the common population.
Keywords: Hyperactivity, mental health problem, prosocial behavior, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
George M, Chandak S, Wasnik M, Khekade S, Gahlod N, Shukla H. Assessment of child's mental health problems using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Oral Res Rev 2019;11:7-11
George M, Chandak S, Wasnik M, Khekade S, Gahlod N, Shukla H. Assessment of child's mental health problems using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Oral Res Rev [serial online] 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 20];11:7-11. Available from: https://www.jorr.org/text.asp?2019/11/1/7/253427
Anxiety and appraisal is a commonly dealt problem and a major aspect in child management encountered in a dental operatory. A pediatric dentist who treats children should be able to measure the emotional status of the child and the relevant problems associated with them for prompt and efficient treatment.[1]
Child behavior in the dental setting is a multifactorial phenomenon. Among the factors that influence the child's behavior is temperament. Although there is lack of consensus on the definition of the term, most experts refer to it as moods and behavior that originate from the child's biology and are based on the nervous system, manifesting themselves at the early stages of the evolution.[2]
A child's cooperativeness to the clinical procedures helps in setting forth the proper treatment plan. No single assessment method or tool is completely accurate in predicting a patient's behavior, but awareness of the multiple influences on a child's response to care can aid in treatment planning. Disruptive behaviors or behavioral problems are defined as behavioral excesses or deficits that cause harm to individuals themselves, to people relating with them (e.g., parents, relatives, teachers, and classmates), and to the society as a whole when more severe manifestations are present.[3] Initially, information can be gathered from the parent through questions regarding the child's cognitive level and temperament/personality characteristics.[4],[5] Anxiety and fear,[1],[6] reaction to strangers,[5] and behavior at previous medical/dental visits, as well as how the parent anticipates the child, will respond to future dental treatment.
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief behavioral screening questionnaire that inquires 25 attributes, some positive and others negative (Goodman, 1997). The 25 items are divided between five scales of five items each, generating scores for conduct problems, inattention/hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems, and prosocial behavior; all scales but the last are summed to generate a total difficulties score.[7]
The questionnaire can be completed by parents or teachers. Extended versions of SDQ are also available which further inquire about the chronicity, distress, social impairment, and burden for others.
The purpose of this study was to assess the child's emotional status and co-operative potential for screening dental care.
A total of 200 child patients referring to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, between the age group of 3–14 years, who were accompanied by their parents or guardians, on their first dental visit, were selected for the study. A total of 168 parents agreed to participate in the study. Only the children ready to fill the consent forms were included in the survey.
The questionnaires were distributed to the parents who had their first visit at the operatory. Complete instructions as to the pattern of the questions and the manner it had to be answered were explained in detail to the parents. A Hindi version of the questionnaire was provided for the ease of understating among the local public. The instructions given to the parents were as follows: to read the questions carefully and tick on one of the boxes adjacent to each question specifying "not true," "somewhat true," and "certainly true." Confidentiality of the respondents was maintained with respect to questionnaires.
Assessment of children's mental health was conducted using the SDQ which includes questions on behavior-based attributes filled by the parents based on cutoff provided by Goodman.[7]
The questionnaire comprised 25 questions under the headings of conduct disorder (e.g., often fights with other children or bullies them), hyperactivity/inattention (e.g. restless, overactive, and cannot stay still for long), emotional symptoms (e.g., many fears, easily scared), prosocial behavior (e.g., often volunteers to help others such as parents, teachers, and other children), and peer relationship problem (e.g., picked on or bullied by other children). Each of the above-mentioned categories was provided with three options and scored accordingly. A score of 0 was assigned to the answer "not true," a score of 1 to the answer "somewhat true," and a score of 2 to "certainly true."
The frequency distribution for the normal, borderline, and abnormal categories on the total SDQ and subsets was computed. Subscale ratings were tabulated based on the SDQ scores and converted into percentages with respect to gender, age, and the various behaviors shown in each age group.
Based on the results obtained from the study conducted in the Vidharbhan population of Central India, it was found that the mean age of the children in the study sample was 6.67 years [Table 1], with a gender distribution of 52.9% of males and 47.6% of females. Patients from all groups of socioeconomic status attending the dental hospital were included in the study. On analysis of the SDQ data, it was found that 53% of the children belonged to the normal category, whereas 33% and 14% were under abnormal and borderline categories, respectively [Table 2] and [Figure 1].
Table 1: Age and gender distribution of the sample
Table 2: Distribution of children rated normal, borderline, and abnormal on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by parents
Figure 1: Percentage of children rated normal, borderline, and abnormal on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by parents
On individual behavioral subset scores, 21% was rated abnormal under emotional subset, 15% on conduct problems, 12% on hyperactivity, 41% under peer pressure, and 8% on prosocial behavior subset. Furthermore, the percentage values under the normal grading were 28%, 14%, 12%, 17%, and 27% for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behavioral problems, respectively [Table 3].
Table 3: Subscales scores of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the general population
Based on gender predilection, 36% of male children were rated as abnormal, and among females, the abnormal rate was 30. The normal and borderline percentage values for males were 48% and 16%, respectively, and those for females were 58% and 12%, respectively [Table 4], [Figure 2].
Table 4: Distribution of children rated normal, borderline, and abnormal on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by parents based on gender
Figure 2: Male-to-female ratio of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores under normal, borderline, and abnormal categories
Among the various age groups, the abnormal category rate was 25% in 5.1–7 years, 3% in 7.1–9 years, and 7% in 9.1–11 years. The abnormal category was slightly higher in the age groups of 3.1–5 and 11.1–14 years, being 35% and 28%, respectively. In the normal and borderline categories in the age group of 5.1–7 years, 31% and 25% values were noted, respectively. A highest percentage (50%) was observed in the age group of 9.1–11 years in the borderline category [Table 5], [Figure 3].
Table 5: Distribution of children rated normal, borderline, and abnormal on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by parents based on age
Figure 3: Age distribution of children rated normal, borderline, and abnormal on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire by parents
This study aimed at finding the psychiatric morbidity in children in the age group of 3–14 years in the Vidharban population in Central India. Most studies report the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among children from community samples between 10% and 20%.[8] It is also known that, when careful diagnostic criteria are used, studies point out more similarities than differences, such as a Brazilian study using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition to diagnose attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder found a 5.8% prevalence, most similar to the results found in other countries.[9]
In this study, the section of children under normal category was comparatively higher, being 54%, whereas that in the abnormal and borderline categories was 33% and 14%, respectively. In the Malaysian population, the statistics in the abnormal category showed 80% as reported by Pandiyan and Hedge.[10] These values vary depending on the instrument and the study design used. Screening tools yield higher results, whereas diagnostic interviews of the screened population often result in lower estimates.[10] A similar study performed in Karachi, Pakistan, showed 34% of children in the abnormal category, which is slightly similar to our study.[11]
Under the abnormal category subscale, peer problems and emotional problems account maximum values, being 41% and 21%, respectively. A recent study on Sri Lankan schoolchildren using similar method showed significantly higher rates of behavioral problems as compared to the British population.[12] The Malaysian study showed more of peer and conduct problems[10] and Brazilian study showed more of conduct problems.[13] This may be due to samples from economically backward class. It was also noted that the frequencies found in a Brazilian study were 30.8% for emotional symptoms, 17.7% for conduct problems, 16.8% for hyperactivity, and 18.7% for the total punctuation, which were very close to the frequencies obtained at the Gaza Strip.[14]
It was noted in Bangladesh[15] that 8.6% of the children had high punctuations for emotional symptoms, 3.1% for conduct problems, 6.2% for hyperactivity, and 13.0% for the total punctuation and, in the United Kingdom,[16] an abnormal total punctuation was observed in 10.5% of the sample. However, the cutoff punctuations used for the study were slightly different from those of the current study performed in India.
Male gender has been consistently reported in literature as a predictor of psychopathology. Our study also showed a higher male preponderance. A higher prevalence among boys was found in most studies except the one conducted in Alain which found a female preponderance.[17]
Unlike other questionnaires, the SDQ's greater emphasis on positive attributes was designed to increase the questionnaire's acceptability to the respondents.
Limitations of the study
A wide age range of 3–14 years has been selected which is not reliable as the mental status of the child drastically varies as age advances.
School type has not so far been reported in the literature searched by the authors except one study carried out in Brazil, where similar to our findings, the most striking difference by school type was the substantially higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders as a whole among children attending public schools as opposed to private schools.[13] The questionnaire was asked to be filled by the parents only and the analysis was based solely on their response, but this cannot be accepted as the child's behavior is different at different places, assuming that the teacher-filled response of the questionnaire would vary from that of the parents.
The findings of the current study suggest that it is beneficial to identify the mental health problems of the child seeking dental care as it may help the dentist to formulate an idea of the child's emotional status at the time of treatment. Furthermore, keeping in view the limitations of the present study, it is vital to carry out further research with multi-information for a better understanding into insights of the child's co-operative potential.
Baier K, Milgrom P, Russell S, Mancl L, Yoshida T. Children's fear and behavior in private pediatric dentistry practices. Pediatr Dent 2004;26:316-21.
Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Temperament and child dental fear. Pediatr Dent 1998;20:237-43.
Bordin IA, Rocha MM, Paula CS, Teixeira MC, Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, et al. Child behavior checklist (CBCL), youth self-report (YSR) and teacher's report form (TRF): An overview of the development of the original and Brazilian versions. Cad Saúde Pública 2013;29:13-28.
Rud B, Kisling E. The influence of mental development on children's acceptance of dental treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1973;81:343-52.
Arnrup K, Broberg AG, Berggren U, Bodin L. Lack of cooperation in pediatric dentistry – The role of child personality characteristics. Pediatr Dent 2002;24:119-28.
Arnrup K, Broberg AG, Berggren U, Bodin L. Treatment outcome in subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients: An exploratory study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2003;13:304-19.
Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38:581-6.
Verhulst FC, Koot HM. The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
Rohde LA, Biederman J, Busnello EA, Zimmermann H, Schmitz M, Martins S, et al. ADHD in a school sample of Brazilian adolescents: A study of prevalence, comorbid conditions, and impairments. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:716-22.
Pandiyan NJ, Hedge A. Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: A tool as prerequisite to measure child's mental health problems attending dental clinics. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2016;34:354-8.
Syed EU, Hussein SA, Mahmud S. Screening for emotional and behavioural problems amongst 5-11-year-old school children in Karachi, Pakistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:421-7.
Prior M, Virasinghe S, Smart D. Behavioural problems in Sri Lankan schoolchildren: Associations with socio-economic status, age, gender, academic progress, ethnicity and religion. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:654-62.
Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:727-34.
Thabet AA, Stretch D, Vostanis P. Child mental health problems in Arab children: Application of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000;46:266-80.
Mullick MS, Goodman R. Questionnaire screening for mental health problems in Bangladeshi children: A preliminary study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:94-9.
Goodman R, Ford T, Simmons H, Gatward R, Meltzer H. Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:534-9.
Eapen V, Jakka ME, Abou-Saleh MT. Children with psychiatric disorders: The A1 ain community psychiatric survey. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:402-7.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
Chandak S
Wasnik M
Khekade S
Gahlod N
Shukla H
mental health problem
prosocial behavior
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire


According to police, the motorcycle officer was not injured, and was standing beside his motorcycle when a woman came at him with her Honda, police said. The vehicle struck the motorcycle, according to police.
Levine was later arrested near the site of the collision and was in Arlington jail on Wednesday. She faces charges of evading arrest and failure to stop and render aid. Bail was set at $7,500.
Smith, 24, and Kimberly Carter, 29, were killed Dec. 28 by Barnes Samuel Nettles, 38, a man with a long criminal history who turned his weapon on himself after shooting the two women, police said. Carter's 11-year-old daughter, who was present at the apartment during the shooting, ran to a neighbor's apartment and survived.


text:
Paolo Renier (* 21. November 1710 in Venedig; † 13. Februar 1789 ebenda) war der vorletzte Doge von Venedig. Er trat zunächst als Reformer auf, war Botschafter am Hof des Kaisers in Wien und am Hof des Sultans in Konstantinopel. Als Doge regierte von 1779 bis 1789.

Herkunft, Familie
Die Renier gehörten zu denjenigen Familien, die erst während des Chioggia-Krieges zum Großen Rat zugelassen worden waren. Nach der in der Familie überlieferten Tradition waren sie jedoch schon seit 970 in Venedig ansässig. Im 18. Jahrhundert gehörte die Familie zu den ärmeren Patriziern, erst Paolo Renier war es gelungen, durch Getreidehandel mit dem Orient ein beachtliches Vermögen zu erwirtschaften.

Renier wurde als Sohn von Andrea di Daniele und Elisabetta Morosini di Girolamo am 21. November 1710 im Palast der Familie bei S. Stae geboren. Die Morosini hatten sich in der Geschichte Venedigs in wichtigen Ämtern ausgezeichnet, drei Dogen trugen den Namen Morosini.

Er war der fünfte von acht Brüdern. Sein Taufpate war Almorò Grimani di Marino, seinerzeit Savio di Terraferma, der ihn am 2. Dezember aus dem Taufbecken hob. Die Brüder Daniele und Paolo starben schon sehr früh, die anderen Brüder stiegen hingegen in zentrale Machtpositionen auf. Girolamo wurde Provveditore in Zecca, Podestà von Brescia sowie Consigliere für das Sestiere S. Croce, einen der sechs Stadtteile der Kernstadt Venedigs. Antonio wurde Sopracomito, Capitano in Golfo (er führte also eine Flotte in der oberen Adria), Provveditore generale in Dalmatien, Provveditore generale da Mar, dann aber auch Zensor, Capitano in Padua, schließlich Senator. Alvise erhielt das Amt eines Avvogadore di Comun, wurde Consigliere im selben Stadtsechstel wie sein Bruder Girolamo. Daniele avancierte zunächst zum Savio agli Ordini, dann zum Camerlengo di Comun, doch endete seine Karriere bereits früh dadurch, dass er am 2. Juni 1758 eine Nichtadlige heiratete, nämlich Agnese Rota. Der jüngste Bruder, Angelo Maria, wurde gleichfalls Senator.

Leben

Bildung, Ämterlaufbahn
Renier war ein sehr gebildeter Mann, der seine frühe Bildung Pater Pietro Antonio Muazzo verdankte. Er kannte sich bestens in der klassischen Literatur aus – es wurde gar behauptet, er kenne die Ilias und die Odyssee auswendig – und er galt als begabter Redner. Er erhielt zudem eine gute Ausbildung in Geschichte und Philosophie. Von ihm stammt eine venezianische Ausgabe von Werken Platos, die er selbst übersetzt hatte. Er galt darüber hinaus als politisch begabt und als geschickter Taktiker.

Eintritt in den Großen Rat (1730), 1. Ehe
In den Großen Rat, die Generalversammlung des städtischen Adels, in den die jungen Männer normalerweise mit dem 25. Lebensjahr aufstiegen, gelangte er durch die Balla d'oro bereits am 4. Dezember 1730. Am 28. April 1733 heiratete er Giustina Donà di Leonardo. Das Paar hatte zwei Söhne. Andrea war von 1775 bis 1777 Botschafter in Rom; er heiratete Cecilia Manin am 2. September 1754. Der zweite Sohn hieß Leonardo. Giustina Donà war Nutznießerin eines komplexen Erbganges der Familien Bergonzi und Tasca, auch wenn die Höhe dieses Gesamterbes nicht zu ermitteln ist. Beide Familien hatten sich während des Krieges um Kreta, der im Kern von 1645 bis 1669 dauerte, und der die Adelsrepublik zwang, auf diese Art den Krieg zu finanzieren, für 100.000 Dukaten in den Adel eingekauft.

Savio di Terraferma (1737–1750), Savio del Consiglio (1751–1761), Senator (1746–1764)
Wie viele seiner Standesgenossen, so begann er seine politische Karriere mit der Wahl zum Savio agli Ordini durch den Großen Rat am 28. Juni 1736. Am 16. März 1737 wurde er erneut in dieses Amt gewählt, dann am 12. Mai desselben Jahres wurde er zum Esecutore alle Acque gewählt. Bereits zu dieser frühen Zeit wurde er in das Collegio aufgenommen, zunächst als Savio di Terraferma.

In dieses Amt wurde er nun jedes Jahr gewählt, nämlich von 1737 bis 1750, wobei er fast immer das Amt des Kassierers übernahm. Damit erreichte er endgültig den Zugang zum innersten Machtzirkel, denn er wurde nun von 1751 bis 1761 elf Mal zum Savio del Consiglio gewählt. Folgerichtig wurde er am 27. März 1746 in den Senat aufgenommen, wo er bis 1764 einen Sitz hatte.

Wortführer der Reformer, weitere Ämter, Gesandter in Rom
Bald spielte er eine bedeutende Rolle unter den Männern, die zu Reformen des Staatswesens entschlossen waren, wie die Brüder Memmo, Andrea und Bernardo di Pietro, oder Angelo Querini di Lauro, aus dem Familienzweig von S. Severo. Dabei wurde Renier zum Sprecher der Gruppe, die sich mit Rom anlegte, und die das Ende des Patriarchats von Aquileia bewirkte. Der Sitz der Diözese wurde 1751 nach Udine verlegt, zugleich erhielt es nur noch den Rang eines Erzbistums. Kardinal Daniele Dolfin durfte allerdings persönlich bis an sein Lebensende den Titel eines Patriarchen behalten.

Renier wurde in den nächsten Jahren, nunmehr durch den Senat, in eine Reihe höchst angesehener Ämter gewählt. So wurde er am 8. Juli 1750 Sopra provveditore alla Giustizia nuova, am 8. Januar 1753 Savio alle Acque (erneut am 22. Januar 1757 und am 4. Januar 1758), dann Esecutore sopra la Bestemmia – dieser Gerichtshof war 1537 eingerichtet worden, um gegen Gewalt in kirchlichen Einrichtungen aller Art vorzugehen, aber auch Gotteslästerung fiel in seinen Zuständigkeitsbereich – am 18. Januar 1755 und erneut am 8. Februar 1759. Allerdings war der Gerichtshof in seiner Amtszeit bereits weit weniger aktiv, als in den ersten Jahrzehnten seines Bestehens.

Renier war einer der acht Gesandten, die Papst Clemens XIII. zu seiner Wahl gratulieren sollten, er wurde Deputato alla Provvisione del denaro (19. Januar 1759), dann Provveditore sopra i Monasteri (10. Januar 1761).

Heeresreform (1760), Niederlage der Reformer
Gemeinsam mit Andrea Tron di Nicolò gelang es ihm im September 1760 auf Vorschlag des schottischen Generals William Graham, der das Landheer der Republik kommandierte, eine Heeresreform durchzusetzen. Am 14. Januar 1761 wurde er zum Provveditore alla Sanità gewählt.

Nun jedoch erlitt er einen schweren politischen Rückschlag, der jedoch seinem Aufstieg wenig schadete. Wegen eines relativ unbedeutenden Streites zwischen Orden und Bruderschaften um die bei Beerdigungen fälligen Abgaben kam es zu einem schweren Konflikt um die Befugnisse der Inquisitoren. Im Verlauf dieses Streits bezog sich Renier auf den Avogadore di Comun, auf Angelo Querini, der nach Verona verbannt wurde. Damit wurde Renier geradezu zum Sprecher der Querini-Partei. Er intervenierte mehrfach im Großen Rat zu dessen Gunsten, obwohl er nicht zu den fünf Korrektoren gehörte, die die entsprechenden Gesetze reformieren sollten. Damit richtete er sich vor allem gegen den Staatsanwalt von San Marco di Sopra, gegen den späteren Dogen Marco Foscarini di Nicolò; er beantragte die Freilassung Querinis und zugleich, den von den fünf Korrektoren vorgelegten Text zurückzuziehen. Dieser Vorschlag wurde abgelehnt.

Weiterer Aufstieg, Botschafter an den Höfen in Wien (1765–1769) und Konstantinopel (1771–1775)
Trotz dieses herben Rückschlags nahm sein politischer Einfluss weiter zu: Er wurde zwei Mal nacheinander Correttore della Promissione ducale (25. Mai 1762), nämlich gelegentlich der Wahl seines Gegners Marco Foscarini, ebenso wie bei der Wahl Alvise Mocenigos IV. zum Dogen. Derlei Korrektoren hatten die Aufgabe, den Amtseid des Dogen, die Promissio ducale, jeweils zu überarbeiten.

Am 28. November 1764 wurde er zum Botschafter am kaiserlichen Hof gewählt. Am 28. September des folgenden Jahres erreichte er Wien, wenige Wochen nachdem Kaiser Franz gestorben war. Die Beziehungen zu seiner Witwe, Maria Theresa, zugleich Königin von Böhmen, und zu ihrem Sohn Joseph II. waren von weitgehendem Vertrauen geprägt. Man verhandelte über die Grenzen im Gebiet des Gardasees, zwischen Cadore und Ampezzo, sowie auf Istrien. Hinzu kamen Verhandlungen um die jeweiligen Zölle und Abgaben. Renier bewunderte die Effizienz der kaiserlichen Armee und drängte auf Reformen in seiner Heimatstadt. Auch betonte er die dortigen erfolgreichen Maßnahmen in der Handelspolitik und bei der Errichtung neuer Manufakturen. Auch gelang es ihm, einen diplomatischen Konflikt zu lösen. Am 13. September 1769 wurde er vom neuen Kaiser zum Ritter geschlagen.

Als er am 29. Dezember 1769 seinen Bericht (relazione) vor dem Senat hielt, hatte er bereits Auftrag erhalten, nach Konstantinopel zu reisen (15. Mai 1769), um dort als Bailò Girolamo Ascanio Giustinian abzulösen. Die Commissione erhielt er am 14. März 1771. Er erreichte Pera gut vier Monate später, am 17. Juli. Das Osmanenreich litt erheblich unter den Folgen des russisch-türkischen Krieges. Es herrschte starker Mangel an Lebensmitteln. Paolo Renier gelang es, das Vertrauen Sultan Mustafas III. zu gewinnen, ebenso wie das seines Bruders und auch das ihres Nachfolgers Abdülhamid I. Bei ihm wurde er am 5. Mai 1774 außerordentlicher Botschafter. In dieser Funktion stellte er venezianische Schiffe zur Verfügung, um Lebensmittel in die Metropole zu bringen. Er selbst habe, wie behauptet wurde, erhebliche Gewinne gezogen.

Mit Fürst Alexander Galitzin verhandelte er danach in Wien, um für die venezianischen Schiffe den Handel im Schwarzen Meer zu öffnen. Immerhin durfte die Madonna del Rosario die Krim ansteuern, wenn auch unter russischer Flagge.

Ehe mit Giovanna Margherita Dalmet (1776), Vertreter der Konservativen

Während seiner Zeit in Konstantinopel hatte er die Bekanntschaft einer jungen Tänzerin namens Giovanna Margherita Dalmet gemacht, die er am 7. Oktober 1776 heiratete. Nachdem er Konstantinopel am 27. September 1775 verlassen hatte, brachte er dafür 50.000 Dukaten auf. Doch fand die Ehe keine Aufnahme ins Goldene Buch, da sie nicht zum Adel gehörte. Dalmet, geboren am 21. November 1745, war die Witwe des Lorenzo Bassi, die auch Goethe in seiner Italienreise erwähnt. Sie überlebte Renier und starb am 12. Januar 1817. Als Doge ließ sich Renier bei offiziellen Veranstaltungen von seiner Enkelin Giustina Renier Michiel begleiten.

Er distanzierte sich nun von den Reformern und betrieb als "Konservativer" seine Wahl zum Dogen. Am 20. März 1776 wurde er zum Consigliere für das Sestiere Dorsoduro gewählt, am 31. Dezember 1778 zum Savio del Consiglio.

Das Dogenamt

Vor der Dogenwahl machten seine Gegner Stimmung gegen Renier, und es gab Gerüchte über einen geplanten Mordanschlag. Um Unruhen in der Stadt zu verhindern, verteilte er großzügig Spenden an das Volk und Stiftungen an die Kirche und die Bruderschaften. Renier wurde gegen den Wunsch der meisten Venezianer am 14. Januar 1779 zum Dogen gewählt. Sein Amt soll er nur unter massivem Einsatz von Korruption der Wahlmänner, was offensichtlich durch die Inquisitori di Stato geduldet wurde, erlangt haben. Wie schon vor seiner Wahl kursierten in der Stadt weiterhin die bissigen Pasquinate über die Korruptheit Reniers.

Renier trat das Amt an, als die Republik wieder einmal hoch verschuldet war. Trotzdem begann während seiner Regierung der Bau der Deiche, der Murazzi, die Venedig besser gegen Hochwasser schützen sollten.

Die Feste und Empfänge hochrangiger Besucher wurden mit gewohntem Pomp gefeiert. Während seiner Amtszeit besuchten Papst Pius VI., der Großfürst von Russland und spätere Zar Paul I. (1782), und König Gustav III. von Schweden die Stadt. Beim Besuch des russischen Thronfolgers erschien auch seine Ehefrau Sophia Dorothea von Württemberg; sie traten inkognito auf, nämlich als Grafen von Nord.

Innenpolitisch von erheblicher Bedeutung war Reniers Intervention im Großen Rat vom 9. Mai 1780, was die Dogen ansonsten selten taten. Er beruhigte die Gemüter während der anti-oligarchischen Aktivitäten des Giorgio Pisani und des Carlo Contarini.

Goethe, der Venedig im Jahre 1786 besuchte, beschreibt am 6. Oktober seine Eindrücke von Paolo Renier wie folgt:

Am 8. Oktober 1788 setzte Renier sein Testament auf. Erbe und Nachlassverwalter wurde sein Sohn Andrea. Der Doge starb am 14. Februar des nächsten Jahres nach 37 Tagen "rheumatischen Fiebers". Beigesetzt wurde er in der Kirche San Nicola da Tolentino. Sein Grab ist ein einfaches Bodengrabmal. Es ist mit einer Marmorplatte bedeckt.

Literatur
 Vittorio Mandelli: Renier, Paolo, in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 86 (2016).
 Sonia Pellizzer: Dalmet, Margherita, in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 32 (1986).
 Federico Seneca: L'affare delle gondolw e le relazioni austro-venete intorno al 1770, in: Archivio veneto, s. 5, LXXII (1963) 51–72.
 Teresa Maria Marcellino: Una forte personalità nel patriziato veneziano del Settecento. Paolo Renier, Arte grafiche Smolars, Triest 1959.
 Antonio Pilot (Hrsg.): Versi satirici per l'elezione e la morte del doge Paolo Renier, Rom 1911.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Doge (Venedig)
Herrscher (18. Jahrhundert)
Venezianischer Diplomat
Botschafter in Österreich
Literatur (18. Jahrhundert)
Übersetzer aus dem Altgriechischen
Übersetzer ins Italienische
Geboren 1710
Gestorben 1789
Mann

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text:
Q: Get around whitespace requirement for Mixfix operators in Agda? Is there a way to tell Agda that a certain character marks the beginning of a new token? For example, I have the following (with fancy unicode brackets):
data Term where
  _(_) : Term -> Term -> Term

which I can use as
f ( e⃗ )

But what I'd really like is to use it as
f(e⃗)

If I do that, Agda thinks that it's a single identifier, and gives a not-in-scope error. Is there a way around this?

A: Agda parses any sequence of consecutive alphanumeric and operator characters as a single identifier. There is no way around this without changing the Agda lexer. This all happens way before names are resolved, so there would be no way to declare that spaces are not needed for certain names.
You could try using other unicode space characters to make your code look more compact, but I haven't found any that work well. Zero width spaces are apparently not actually a space character, and emacs renders other spaces the same as ' '.

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text:
Patterns of olfactory dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson disease
Khaled Hussein Rashed1,
Wafik Said Bahnasy ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5544-39581,
Yasser Abo Elfotoh El-Heneedy1,
Ehab Ahmed Shawky El-Seidy1,
Mohamed Osama Tomoum2,
Mohamed Adel Eltomey3 &
Shereen Ahmed ELAhwal1
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a well-established nonmotor manifestations (NMM) of Parkinson disease (PD) which needs objective assessment for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this work was quantitative and qualitative assessment of olfactory performance in newly diagnosed PD patients.
This study was performed on 32 recently diagnosed PD patients and 24 healthy controls subjects (HCS) submitted to unified Parkinson's disease rating scale–III (UPDRS–III), extended n-butanol Sniffin' Sticks test (SST) and olfactory bulbs volumetry (OBV).
There were significant decreases in SST threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI variables as well as OBV in PD patients compared to HCS. The olfactory performance was negatively correlated with disease duration but had no relation with PD severity as well as motor subtype.
OD is highly prevalent during the early stages of PD which is both measurable and specific with identification and discrimination impairments to certain odors which makes smell performance testing an important step in PD patients' evaluation.
Parkinson disease (PD) is the 2nd most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of elderly affecting 1–2% of the people > 65 years and 0.3% of the general population [1]. The disease is now well known by its non-motor manifestations (NMM) which often start very early in the prodromal premotor phase while their absence is now considered as a red flag of PD diagnosis [2]. The NMM represents extra-nigral α-synucleinopathies which have their own routes and rates of progression. PD could be divided to several NMM variants: brainstem dominant phenotype (Park. sleep and Park. autonomic variants), limbic dominant phenotype (Park. fatigue, Park. pain/allodynia, and Park. depression/anxiety variants), and cortical dominant phenotype (Park. cognition/fall and Park. apathy variants) [3].
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) due to PD is defined as unequivocal hyposmia, after adjustment for age. The classic Braak staging of PD included OD within the brainstem dominant phenotype, but it is highly frequent that could be found in other NMM variants. He supposed that Lewy bodies deposition starts in the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus then progresses to the limbic system several years before substantia nigra (SN) involvement [4]. OD is now considered as a supportive criterion for PD diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and specificity (> 80%) [5]. Olfactory performance in PD patients is often studied in holistic all or none method with little attention to the peculiarities as well as the prognostic value of OD. This subjective assessment is often inaccurate with limited capabilities in characterization of the specific nature of such neurodegenerative disorder [6].
Aim of the work
Aim of the work was to assess the olfactory dysfunctions in recently diagnosed PD patients in quantitative and qualitative manner as well as their correlation with the disease severity, duration, and the dominating motor variant.
The study was an observational cross-sectional case-control study conducted on 32 consecutives recently diagnosed PD patients (within 1-year of motor manifestations onset) recruited from the movement disorder clinic, Neuropsychiatry Department, Tanta University Hospitals in the period from 1 October 2017 to the end of January 2019. The inclusion criteria encompassed PD patients within 3-years of their MM onset and aged 50–65 years (to avoid the age-related effect on olfactory functions). PD was diagnosed according to the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) clinical diagnostic criteria for PD, 2015 [7]. Twenty-four age, sex, smoking index, and residence matched healthy control subjects (HCS) lacked any family history of neurodegenerative disorders were also included.
Exclusion criteria comprised PD patients with motor complications, secondary or heredodegenerative parkinsonism, and non-cooperative patients as well as those with comorbid medical/neurological illness, MRI contraindication, or sino-nasal disorders affecting smell. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and Quality Assurance Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, participation was voluntary, and informed consents were obtained from all participants before engagement in the study.
Included patients were told to stop PD therapy (l-dopa, dopaminergic, and anticholinergic drugs), after which the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale–III (UPDRS–III) was done to assess disease severity as well as determination of the motor variants by the estimating the ratio of the 11 tremor score items sum by the 5 postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) sum [8]. Patients had ratios ≥ 1.15 were considered tremor dominant (TD) variant while patients with ratios ≤ 0.9 were considered PIGD variants. Patients had ratios > 0.9 and < 1.15 were identified as mixed intermediate variants [9]. The studied patients' sample included 22 TD (group Ia) and 10 PIGD (group Ib) dominant PD variants.
Olfactory performance was assessed using extended n-butanol, Burghart Sniffin' Sticks test (SST), LA-13-00134, Wedel, Germany, by mean of the 3 smell subtests; threshold, discrimination, and identification regarding to Rumeau and colleagues, 2016 [10]. The sum of the previous 3-scores; TDI (threshold, discrimination, and identification) could quantify the olfactory performance as follow: ≥ 31 normosmia, 16-30 hyposmia, and ≤ 15 functional anosmia [10] (Additional file 1).
Brain MRI was performed by 1.5 T Toshiba Titan Vantage MRI machine (Toshiba Medical Systems, Japan) using the Atlas head coil. Imaging protocol included 3D coronal T2-weighted steady state free precession (SSFP) sequence TR 10/TE 5, slice thickness 0.5 mm, and slice spacing 0.5 mm. Olfactory bulb volumes (OBV) were measured using the 3D slicer software for segmentation of the olfactory bulb and volume calculation using manual tracing of the right and left bulbs in cuts (Fig. 1).
Coronal T2-WI showing segmentation of the olfactory bulb for volumetric assessment
For each parameter of SST as well as the OBV, every subject was represented by the mean value of each bilaterally assessed parameters. Olfactory performances in PD patients were considered asymmetrical if the side to side difference exceeds 3-points in TDI and/or 3.5 mm3 for OBV (1.5 times the standard deviation of normal).
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Prism, version 20, 2013, created by IBM, Illinois, Chicago, USA. Chi-square was used for categorical variables statistical differences and student t test for numerical ones. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The studied PD patients' mean ± SD of the age was 57.7 ± 3.5 years, 19 males (59.4%), 13 females (40.6%); the disease duration was 2.1 ± 0.6 years and the mean UPDRS-III was 48.4 ± 20.9; 22 (68.75%) were TD- and 10 (31.25%) were PIGD-PD variants.
The results showed that only 10 (31.25%) of patients were aware of their OD while the remaining were not certain about their smelling problem. Quantitative olfactory performance measured by the SST total score (TDI) showed that none of the PD patients had normal olfactory performance (TDI ≥ 31), 13 (40.6%) were hyposmic, and 19 (59.4%) had functional anosmia.
The study showed a significant decrease in each of SST threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI in PD patients compared to HCS with p values ≤ 0.001. At the same time, the threshold was the most affected subtest (t value = 13.6) compared to identification and discrimination subtests (t value = 11.878 and 11.047 respectively). Regarding OBV, there was a significant decrease in PD patients compared to HCS with p value ≤ 0.001 (Table 1 and Fig. 2).
Table 1 Statistical analysis of olfactory performance among Parkinson disease patients (group I) and healthy control subjects (group II)
Three-dimension T2-weighted steady state free precession olfactory bulb volumetry showing right and left olfactory bulbs volumes of 27.1 and 29.8 mm3 respectively
The results also showed that 5 (15.6%) PD patients had asymmetrical OD with smell deficit was higher ipsilateral to the more affected side of motor manifestations. This asymmetrical affection could be identified in patients with mild hyposmia and very short disease duration while patients with functional anosmia revealed nearly symmetrically olfactory impairment. At the same time, SST parameters (threshold, identification, discrimination, and TDI), and OBV showed nonsignificant differences between TD and PIGD variants of PD with p value > 0.05 (Table 2).
Table 2 Statistical analysis of Sniffin Stick test and olfactory bulb volumetry among tremor dominant (group Ia) and postural instability gait difficulty (group Ib) variants of Parkinson disease patients
Regarding the Sniffin' Sticks identification subtest, there were highly significant decreases in items 2, 3, 7, 14, 15, and 16 correct responses (leather, cinnamon, licorice, rose, aniseed, and fish) by PD patients compared to HCS with p values < 0.001. At the same time, items 1, 5, 10, and 13 (orange, banana, coffee, and pineapple) identification revealed mildly significant impairment in PD patients compared to HCS with p values: 0.018, 0.013, 0.037, and 0.01 respectively. On the other hand, PD patients showed non-significant differences in items 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12 identification (peppermint, lemon, turpentine, garlic, apple, and clove odors) compared to with p values > 0.05 (Table 3).
Table 3 Percent of correct responses in the identification Sniffin' Sticks subtest among Parkinson disease patients (group I) and healthy control subjects (group II)
The results of the present study also showed significant negative correlations between disease duration and SST parameters (threshold, identification, discrimination, and TDI) as well as OBV with p value < 0.001 for each. On the other hand, the UPDRS-III showed a non-significant correlation with the same variables (Table 4, Fig. 3).
Table 4 Correlations between each of Sniffin Stick test and olfactory bulb volumetry with disease duration and severity among Parkinson disease patients' group
Negative correlation between Parkinson's disease duration and each of threshold, discrimination, identification global score (left), and the olfactory bulb volumetry (right)
Olfactory dysfunction had described as one of the most important and pathognomonic NMM of PD. The present work showed that all included PD patients suffered of severe quantitative olfactory impairment with their TDI score located within the categories of hyposmia or functional anosmia. These results are in agreement with that of Fullard and colleagues [11] as well as Oh and colleagues [12] who stated that smell dysfunction is consistent NMM of PD affecting > 90% of cases even in their early disease stages.
The results of the present work also showed profound smell dysfunction in PD patients with very short disease duration (< 1 year) and it was positively correlated with the disease duration pointing to the premotor onset of OD as well as its faster rate of progression than the MM. These findings are in accordance with that of Tremblay and colleagues [13] as well as Wen and colleagues [14] who stated that OD is a consistent NMM of PD which is evident in de novo cases as well as during the premotor phase. At the same time, abnormal network connectivity (small worldness and clustering coefficient) among areas involved in olfaction could be determined very early during the prodromal phase of PD.
The study showed that a big sector of PD patients lack self-reported olfactory dysfunction and was much preoccupied by the motor symptoms and supposed that the olfactory problem is not part of PD manifestations. This result is passing with the work of Seppi and colleagues [15] who stated that despite the marked in smelling performance, most PD patients are not mindful about their OD problem except with objective testing and they become only symptomatic with the beginning of MM. This observation could be explained by the lack of awareness, the non-neurological consultations, and the limited tools of its management. On the other hand, García and colleagues [16] revealed that most PD patients are aware of their anosmia which is highly troublesome and impairs their quality of life. This discrepancy is most probably related to different cultural knowledge and possibly due to their dealing with the NMM in a collective manner used the non-motor symptom total score.
The results showed that few included patients, with short disease duration and mild hyposmia, had asymmetrical olfactory performance with more deficit ipsilateral to the more affected motoric side. This notice points to the expansion of PD asymmetry to the non-motor manifestations including smelling, but this asymmetrical OD tends to be short lived and quickly gets symmetrical with the progression of the disease. These results are in accordance with the work of Hobson and colleagues [17] as well as Riederer and colleagues [18] who stated that asymmetry is a distinctive feature of PD disease which does not only involve the MM but also extend to the non-motor ones including OD. They also demonstrated that olfactory performance is usually more affected ipsilateral to the more affected limb and contralateral to the SN pars compacta neuronal loss as well as putamenal hypofunction evidenced by high field strength MRI (swallow tail sign) as well as functional DAT – SPECT and 18 F-DOPA – PET assessments.
The lack of a significant correlation between SST variables with disease severity (UPDRS-III) as well as the non-significant difference between TD and PIGD motor variants regarding their smelling performance signifies that OD has an extranigral route of progression. These data are in harmony with the studies of Halliday and colleagues [19] as well as Gunzler and colleagues [20] who declared that PD is a multiorgan and multi-peptide related disorder with the non-dopaminergic extranigral involvement sponsored for its NMM including OD.
The study showed that PD had selective qualitative hyposmia to certain odors in the identification subtest (leather, cinnamon, licorice, rose, aniseed, and fish) pointing to the possible vulnerability of certain olfactory bulb receptor neurons to PD-related synucleinopathies. These results are in accordance with that of Boesveldt and colleagues [21] as well as Leonhardt and colleagues [22] who stated that hyposmia to specific odors could be noticed in PD including pizza and wintergreen in daily life as well as aniseed, cinnamon, and licorice in the SST. They also presumed that such olfactory identification problems could be used as a biomarker distinguishing PD from other neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, Mantri and colleagues [23] supposed that the different performance of PD patients in the identification of certain odors could be related to cultural disparities rather than specific predilection of α-synucleinopathy to specific olfactory receptors. However, the results of this study contravene with the later possibility because the identification test was performed on PD and HCS of the same culture while the SST rater was blind regarding the results of other studies which are matching with this study in weak aniseed, cinnamon, and licorice odor identification by PD patients who could identify peppermint, lemon, turpentine, garlic, and clove odors more easily.
The results of the present work showed reduced OBV in PD patients which is sometimes asymmetrical especially in PD cases with hyposmia. These data are in agreement with that of Sengoku and colleagues [24] as well as Park and colleagues [25] who declared that olfactory bulb morphological abnormalities could be distinguished during the early prodromal premotor phase of PD. At the same time, Hwang and colleagues [26] identified that the presence of asymmetry in the primary olfactory structures including the olfactory bulb or its input to the primary olfactory cortex or the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus could be a valuable biomarker differentiating PD from other PD-related neurodegenerative disorders
Olfactory impairment as well as OBV are valuable diagnostic biomarker of PD. Olfactory performance in PD patients had its own specificities including tendency to asymmetrical affection and more involvement of leather, cinnamon, licorice, rose, aniseed, and fish odors.
Validated, inexpensive, and easily applicable olfactory tests are needed as a screening tool for identifying prodromal, pre-motor PD cases to prepare the floor for the introduction of disease-modifying therapy. At the same time, further studying of the mode of α-synucleinopathy spread among the olfactory bulb and tracts may improve our understanding of the physiology of olfaction as well as the pathogenesis of PD including the miracle of asymmetry.
Higher field strength MRI machine with better OBV assessment using 3-D automated techniques as well as diffusion tensor imaging could provide more details about the characters olfactory bulb degeneration in PD. Longitudinal study of patients is further needed to determine the value of early OD as a prognostic biomarker of PD as well as diagnosis of HCS who may be in a prodromal stage of PD or any other neurodegenerative disorder affecting smell. This issue will be covered in the 2nd phase of this work.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
HCS:
Healthy control subjects
MDS:
Movement disorder society
Motor manifestations
NMM:
Nonmotor manifestations
OBV:
Olfactory bulb volumetry
Olfactory dysfunction
PIGD:
Postural instability gait dominant
SN:
Substantia nigra
SST:
Sniffin' Sticks test
TDI:
Threshold, discrimination, and identification
TD:
Tremor dominant
UPDRS-III:
Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale–III
Di Battista ME, Cova I, Rubino A, Papi CP, Alampi G, Purcaro C, et al. Intercepting Parkinson disease non-motor subtypes: a proof-of-principle study in a clinical setting. J Neurol Sci. 2018;388:186–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2018.03.024.
Ragab OA, Elheneedy YA, Bahnasy WS, . Ragab et al. Non-motor symptoms in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients. Egyptian J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2019; 55:24. doi: 10.1186/s41983-019-0070-2.
Sauerbier A, Jenner P, Todorova A, Chaudhuri KR. Non motor subtypes and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;22:S41–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.027.
Mantri S, Morley JF, Siderowf AD. The importance of preclinical diagnostics in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.09.011.
Versace V, Langthaler PB, Sebastianelli L, Höller Y, Brigo F, Orioli A, et al. Impaired cholinergic transmission in patients with Parkinson's disease and olfactory dysfunction. J Neurol Sci. 2017;377:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.049.
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Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26424.
Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinometric testing plan. Mov Disord. 2008;23(15):2129–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340.
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Mantri S, Morley JF, Siderowf AD. The importance of preclinical diagnostics in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;64:20–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.09.010.
Sengoku R, Matsushima S, Bono K, Sakuta K, Yamazaki M, Miyagawa S, et al. Olfactory function combined with morphology distinguishes Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:771–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.001.
Park JW, Kwon DY, Choi JH, Park MH, Yoon HK. Olfactory dysfunctions in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;46:69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.11.334.
Hwang EJ, Ryu DW, Lee JE, Park SH, Choi HS, Kim JS. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the substrate for hyposmia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Radiol. 2019; 74(6): 489.e9–489.15. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.02.003.
We would like to thank the neurology and otolaryngology medical and para-medical staff, Tanta University Hospitals for their great help in patients' selection and evaluation.
Consent of publication
No funding had been received.
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
Khaled Hussein Rashed, Wafik Said Bahnasy, Yasser Abo Elfotoh El-Heneedy, Ehab Ahmed Shawky El-Seidy & Shereen Ahmed ELAhwal
Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
Mohamed Osama Tomoum
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Mohamed Adel Eltomey
Khaled Hussein Rashed
Wafik Said Bahnasy
Yasser Abo Elfotoh El-Heneedy
Ehab Ahmed Shawky El-Seidy
Shereen Ahmed ELAhwal
KHR participated in the study's design, patients' selection, statistical analysis, data analysis, references collection, manuscript writing and revision, and final approval. WSB participated in the study's idea, design, patients' selection, neurological examination, statistical analysis, data analysis, references collection, manuscript writing, revision, and final approval. YAE participated in the study's idea and design, patients' assessment and inclusion, data analysis, statistical analysis, references collection, manuscript writing, revision, and final approval. EASE participated in the study's idea, design, patients' selection, and evaluation, data analysis, references collection, manuscript revision, and final approval. MOT participated in the study's idea and design, patients' assessment and inclusion, Sniffin' Sticks test performance, data analysis, references collection, manuscript writing, revision, and final approval. MAE participated in the study's design, patients' assessment, olfactory bulb volumetry performance, manuscript revision, and final approval. SAE participated in the study's design, patients' selection, statistical analysis, data analysis, references collection, manuscript writing and revision, and final approval.
Correspondence to Wafik Said Bahnasy.
The manuscript was approved from The Research Ethics Committee and Quality Assurance Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University.
The URL: http://tqac.tanta.edu.eg/new-tqac/
QualityAssuranceUnit@hotmail.com
Approval Code: 31277/12/16
Name of the PI: Yasser Abo Elfotoh El-Heneedy.
Name of the department: Neuropsychiatry.
Type of the research: Promotion research.
Date of approval: November 2016.
The study's protocol had approved by The Research Ethics Committee and Quality Assurance Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Participation was voluntary; informed consents were approved by all participants and any possible risks were clarified.
All authors disclose that they have no competing interests related to the study.
Sniffin' Sticks test.
Rashed, K.H., Bahnasy, W.S., El-Heneedy, Y.A.E. et al. Patterns of olfactory dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson disease. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 56, 73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00205-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00205-z
Non-motor manifestations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home / Team Ghana /Roll of Honor / Wiyaala to perform at Commonwealth Games 2018
Wiyaala to perform at Commonwealth Games 2018
Updated by GOC March ,12, 2018
Ghana's Wiyaala will perform with all female international group GRRRL on the Main Stage at the 2018 Commonwealth Games at The Gold Coast in Australia on the 15th April, 2018.
The headline performance will run from 7 pm to 8.30 pm and will introduce the formal closing ceremony to 21st edition of the games.
The biggest sporting event to be staged in Australia this decade, The Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games (GC2018) will feature the largest integrated sports program in Commonwealth Games history, comprising 18 sports and seven para-sports and will welcome more than 6,600 athletes and team officials from 70 Commonwealth nations and territories to the Gold Coast and event cities Brisbane, Cairns and Townsville, to share in the celebration of sport, entertainment and culture.
A thrilled Wiyaala said, "working with GRRRL the last two years has been a real journey for me; we are a fusion of international cultures and have created a very unique and dynamic energy. The crowd is going to be international and massive. I used to dream of such things in the village. And now it's really happening!"
GRRRL is a bespoke electronic music collaboration between independent, revolutionary women artists from around the world, coming together to tell their collective stories of life, conflict, inequality and change through music.
Fusing together sounds of dark techno, ghetto bass, hip hop, dancehall, reggae, soul and electronica and directed by Brazil's Laima Leyton (Mixhell/Soulwax), GRRRL features an eclectic mix of influential artists including Mercury Prize winning rapper Speech Debelle, Queen of Brazilian Dancehall Lei Di Dai, Zimbabwe's Rap Queen AWA African Women Arise, The Young Lioness of Africa Wiyaala, Original Nu-Jazz and folk singer from Cape Town Nono Nkoane, British Bangladeshi singer Sohini Alam and electronic artist/synth player from UK/Ghana Afrodeutsche.
Ghana will be represented by a total of 72 athletes from 12 disciplines at GC2018 which is slated for Gold Coast, Australia, from April 4 to 15 this year.
…Ghana finished...[+]
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Music Matters | Because it does. Doesn't it ?
Tag Archives: Orchestra
Keeping It Real: reviews.
Image Gallery: A Christmas Cornucopia
January 5, 2023 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
Congratulations to the members of the University Chorus and Symphony Orchestra, on a splendidly seasonal concert last month. Part of the Anniversary Weekend celebrating ten years since Colyer-Fergusson first opened its doors, A Christmas Cornucopia brought the choir and orchestra together (including many musical alumni) in music by Tchaikovsky, Handel, Buxtehude and Malcolm Arnold.
Pictured are the musicians in rehearsal and performance, including the post-concert reception in the foyer afterwards with guests, Music donors and alumni.
Photos © University of Kent / Nathan Eaton-Baudains
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Keeping It Real: reviews., Notes on Music, Summer Music
Image Gallery: Summer Music Week: Part Five: Saturday Gala
June 16, 2022 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
The closing rehearsals and concert to bring both Summer Music Week and the musical year at the University to a rousing conclusion, featuring the Symphony Orchestra, Chorus, Minerva Voices, and soloists Will Morgan (Economics) and Ridima Sur (Physics), together with a closing speech from the outgoing President of this year's Music Society, final-year Psychology student Felicity Bourdillon.
Images © Chris Wenham / University of Kent
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Image Gallery: Colyer-Fergusson Cathedral Concert: in rehearsal
March 15, 2022 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
Congratulations to all the members of the University Chorus and Symphony Orchestra on Saturday's electrifying return to Canterbury Cathedral. For the first time since 2019, the annual Colyer-Fergusson concert resounded in the Cathedral Nave, and we were delighted to welcome back several alumni to take part.
Thank you also to our fantastic soloists: soprano Rachel Nicholls, mezzo Emma Stannard, and two Kent alumni, tenor Andrew Macnair and bass-baritone Piran Legg.
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Notes on Music
Image gallery: University Symphony Orchestra in rehearsal
March 3, 2022 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
It's a busy time for the Music department, and for the Symphony Orchestra in particular; not only is the annual Colyer-Fergusson Cathedral concert looming, for which the Orchestra is preparing works by Haydn and Mendelssohn – but the musicians are also performing as part of next month's Composer in Focus event featuring John Woolrich.
Pictured here at a recent weekend rehearsal are the musicians working on Woolrich's Gesänge der Frühe, which the Orchestra will perform as part of the event on 2nd April, alongside the String Sinfonia and several Music Scholarship pianists, exploring John Woolrich's music and approaches to composition.
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International Impact, Notes on Music
Supporting an international student musician: Aline Kellenberger
January 28, 2022 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
One of the excellent facilities the Music department is able to offer is particular support for international students involved in extra-curricular music at the University, thanks to the Barry Wright Legacy fund. Here, woodwind player Aline Kellenberger reflects on her experience with the University Symphony Orchestra and Concert Band this year.
One year ago I started to plan my Study Abroad at the University of Kent. As I was looking into all the different societies the university offered, I saw the music society with the Orchestra and the Concert
band. That day I decided not to join as it would be complicated to bring my oboe with me, both in luggage space and out of fear of something happening to my instrument.
I arrived in England last September for the autumn term, I joined different societies, met new people and overall enjoyed my time abroad. But two weeks into the term I already missed playing music. So I decided to get into contact with the Music Administrator of Kent, Sophie Meikle, and asked if I could rent an oboe for myself. She immediately answered me and told me that the music department would like to rent it for me. A few weeks later they also offered to rent the cor anglais!
One of the greatest things here at Uni has definitely been being able to practice together with so many people. Due to Covid all group rehearsals and concerts over the last years were cancelled, so it felt
really great to play with other people again. Especially being able to perform the Christmas Concert at the end of last year's term together with the choir in front of an audience! I have now started my second term here at Kent and have another three months to look forward to playing with the Orchestra as well as the Concert band. If somebody had told me one year ago that I would get to play in the
Cathedral of Canterbury I would have not believed them.
The Symphony Orchestra rehearsing before the concert, conducted by Dan Harding. Photo: Jeni Martin
I am extremely grateful for the warm welcome I got from everyone in the music society and especially for this opportunity. Since I am an exchange student I was not able to bring my own instrument with me, this was due to the amount of luggage I could bring with me. The University of Kent gives me the chance to not only study abroad and improve my English, but also allows me to continue my hobby of 17 years. Playing with the Orchestra as well as the Big Band gives me new experiences, helps me keep up with practice and helps me improve my English. It is also a very good opportunity to improve my own skills by playing with so many different people.
Members of the Symphony Orchestra backstage before the performance
I decided to come to the University of Kent specifically for its language department and now I am so happy that I got the
opportunity to also join the music department.
Aline Kellenberger, University of Bern
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Nice to see you again: welcoming two University alumni as soloists for the Cathedral Concert in March
For the first time since 2019, the University Chorus and Symphony Orchestra return to the magnificence of Canterbury Cathedral in March, for the annual Colyer-Fergusson Concert.
Named in honour of Sir James Colyer-Fergusson, the yearly event has been sorely missed; the Music department is very excited at the prospect of returning to the heart of the cathedral city once more this March, and to add to the occasion we're looking forward to welcoming two alumni and former Music Scholars as soloists.
Haydn's dramatic Nelson Mass, written in the shadow of Napoleon's advancing army, will feature tenor Andrew Macnair and bass-baritone Piran Legg.
Andrew Macnair: Image credit Edmond Choo
Andrew arrived at the University of Kent in 1987 to read Physics, and was a Music SCholars as well as President of Music Society and Chamber Music Society. Numerous concerts, several operas, eight years and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance later, he took up a career in singing after Kent, and has been singing with the Royal Opera Chorus, Covent Garden, since 2006.
Piran Legg. Image credit Clive Barda / ArenaPAL;
Hailing from the seaside town of Whitstable, Piran studied History at Kent; he moved onto the Opera School at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He has since performed extensively in opera
around the UK and abroad, working as a soloist with companies such as Wexford Festival Opera, Garsington Opera, Scottish Opera and the LSO.
Bringing together musicians amongst the University community of staff and students, as well as members of the local community and alumni, the concert in March will be something to remember, as we pass through the doors of the Cathedral for the first time in three years to fill the space with Haydn's epic mass setting, coupled with the youthful vigour of Mendelssohn's first symphony.
Tickets and details online here.
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Keeping It Real: reviews., Notes on Music
Tidings of Comfort and Joy:Chorus and Orchestra back for the first time since December 2019
December 13, 2021 Daniel Harding Leave a comment
Congratulations to the University Chorus and Symphony Orchestra, together again for the first time in two years on Saturday for a sparklingly seasonal concert.
Photo: Charlotte Allioux
A sold-out house and an enthusiastic audience greeted the combined musical forces, embracing students, staff, alumni, and members of the local community in a programme including Vaughan Williams' Fantasia on Christmas Carols with baritone Simon Thorpe, and Tchaikovsky's glittering Nutcracker Suite.
Thank you to everyone involved; a delight to be back making music together! We're back next term with Haydn and Mendelssohn in Canterbury Cathedral…
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In pictures: Summer Music Week 2021
It was marvellous to get back to music-making at the end of term, to bring musicians and audiences together for the annual musical farewell to the University's academic year. Many thanks to the University photographer, Matt Wilson, for capturing the events throughout the course of the week.
Big Band: Sunday Swing
Music Scholars' Lunchtime Recital
(read the programme here)
Music Scholars' Evening Recital: Canterbury Cathedral
Closing concert: Music for a Summer's Day
With thanks to all the performers, audiences, staff and technicians who made this all possible. An especial farewell and thanks to all those who were performing for the final time.
Images: © Matt Wilson / University of Kent
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Musical life at the University of Kent
Image Gallery: Anniversary Weekend: String Sinfonia and Concert Band
Drumming up business: third-year Music Performance Scholar Nathan Sharp
A night (and afternoon) at the opera: Lois Cocker reviews the Glyndebourne visit to Colyer-Fergusson and beyond
Emotional and transformative: review of the Chan-Jack Duo at Colyer-Fergusson Hall
Exciting new choral commission to mark ten-year anniversary
A year in Bloomington: Music Scholar David Curtiss reflects
A musical tribute to the late Queen Elizabeth II: Farewell to Stromness
Was It Good For You: international student Charlotte Jeanneret reflects
Was It Good For You: Felicity Bourdillon reflects
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Lynne-Marie on A musical tribute to the late Queen Elizabeth II: Farewell to Stromness
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Gilda Bourdillon on A musical tribute to the late Queen Elizabeth II: Farewell to Stromness
Daniel Harding on Tears at breakfast: leaving yourself emotionally susceptible to music
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Because it does. Doesn't it ? Blogging about extra-curricular musical life at the University of Kent.
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Pictures illustrated instructions for how to replace a burnt out # 9006 fog light bulb in a 2003 to 2008 Toyota Corolla.
This automotive how-to guide was specifically written to assist owners of the ninth generation (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) Toyota Corolla in replacing a burnt out fog light bulb.
Owners of other Toyota vehicles such as the Camry, Prius, Matrix, Venza, Yaris, and Avalon with similar fog light bulb replacement procedures may also find this guide to be useful.
Replacement fog light bulbs for the '03-'08 Toyota Corolla from Sylvania and other manufacturers are part # 9006.
If you plan on keeping your car for a long time, I'd recommend the buying the long life bulbs with "LL" in the part number.
Or you could some brighter and even longer lasting 9006 LED bulbs.
No tools are necessary to remove the old fog light bulb and replace it with a new one.
The fog light bulb's socket is located on the rear side of the lower front bumper.
Rotate the base of the old bulb 1/4 turn counterclockwise before pulling it straight out of the socket.
Gently pull back the black plastic retaining clips on the electrical connector before pulling it straight off the old bulb.
Push the power plug on to the base of the new bulb.
Insert the new 9006 bulb in to the socket and rotate it 1/4 turn clockwise to secure it in place.
Test the new light bulbs by turning on the headlights and activating the fog light switch.
For more of my automotive how-to guides and product reviews, click on the following links: Toyota Corolla Engine Oil Change, Toyota Corolla Front Brake Pads Replacement Guide, Toyota Corolla Cabin Air Filter Replacement Guide, Toyota Corolla Headlight Bulbs Replacement Guide, Toyota Corolla Tail Light Bulbs Replacement Guide, Toyota Corolla Dome Light Bulb Replacement Guide, Toyota Corolla Overhead Map Light Bulbs Replacement Guide, Meguiar's Headlight Buffing & Restoration Kit Review, K&N Air Filter Cleaning Guide, WeatherTech FloorLiner Interior Mats Review, Tail Light & Headlight Condensation Repair Guide, Garmin Nuvi 260W GPS Review, Buffing Old Faded Headlights, and Interior Carpet Replacement Guide.


BAT is a utility token not an investment. We don't get investment advice.
I understand, do i need a Uphold account for this?
Totally agree with that. Uphold can be an option, not should not be the only option. Brave Payments should allow users to input a address and simply transfer fund to that address.
So i read it and there were some talks about sending the Funds to a different adress, i made a Coinbase account and i want to transfer my earned BAT Tokens to Coinbase, is that not an option currently?
There is no withdraw option for BAT in Brave Rewards wallet yet. Hopefully, with BAT being added to various exchanges, there will be a withdrawal option soon.
As far as I can tell Uphold is currently used for Brave Rewards Creators. This is not the same as the Brave Rewards wallet in the browser.


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The Crossroads Business Improvement Association is hosting a free family event every Friday at Westmount Centre! Art walk, live entertainment, and family movie on big screen TV's!


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Lakeside Garden is situated near to the 3rd ring road giving it easy access to some of Beijing's main destinations like city airport, as well as being next to a major embassy district, the famous Agricultural Exhibition centre and a golf course. It is just by the west gate to Chaoyang Park and close to three big expat areas Lufthansa, CBD and Sanlitun, where residents have access to a vast range of restaurants, shopping malls, supermarkets, health centers and a buzzing night life.


Whatever form of composition you choose, (descriptive, narrative, reflective or mixed form), the leading guide to the distribution of the material of the essay will be its main idea, which should not simply be called, but disclosed. Hence there is the three-part structure of the composition, the first part of which is an introduction, the second part is the main part, and the third part is the conclusion.
The main content load falls on the main part, because in it the problem, concluded in the theme of the work, is revealed with a logical sequence. An introduction is perceived by students as the most difficult part of the composition. Often, writers sit for quite some time over a clean page, being confident that all their anguish is caused only by one thing: it is very difficult to find the beginning, the first few phrases. This is not quite true. Although it is natural, it is psychologically more difficult to begin than to continue.
We know how long writers pondered the first phrase from literature. But students are having difficulty, as a rule, because they do not know that the introduction is not the first stage of work on writing, but the second, after the thinking over the first part is completed. Deeply, consistently conducted work on the main part suggests where to start, that is, what to write in the introduction.
The conclusion also follows from the content of the main part. With reference to this topic, the conclusion must contain an answer to the question posed in the theme of the work. The conclusion is an outcome on a theme, a result of its main idea. There is another type of conclusion, which can be called a conclusion-perspective, where not only the summary is given, but this result is "deduced" into the present.
It is important not only to observe the correct structure of the work, but also the structure of each paragraph. If we are talking about different parts of the work, then the answer to the question how many sentences in a paragraph should be used will be different.
It is also possible to do with the same amount of sentences in the conclusion.
Remembering that the introduction and conclusion are dictated by the main part of the work, you can avoid another frequent mistake in the composition, consisting in a disproportionate correlation between the material of the introduction, the main part and the conclusion. The volume of the introduction (and also the conclusion) directly depends on the content of the essay. The introduction and conclusion should together make up about 1/3 of all work.
Thus, each body paragraph repeats the structure of an essay as a whole, and the 5 paragraph essay outline worksheet will also repeat it.
Every people have their own books, taking their origins from distant and ancient folklore. National literature reflects the specificity of life – the way people think in different countries, their culture, the way of life and traditions. The art of the word of each people is original and distinctive. But there are problems that concern all people at all times, regardless of their nationality, living conditions, social status. Each generation, again and again, poses deep philosophical questions: what is life and death, what is love, what is the meaning of life, what values stand above everything, what is God. These questions are reflected in literature in particular and are called eternal motives.
One of the universally recognized geniuses of world literature, who revealed the depths of the human soul, is W. Shakespeare. His deeply philosophical works touch important questions of being. Thus, the tragedy of Shakespeare "Hamlet" depicts an eternal conflict, the confrontation between man and the world around him.
In another Shakespeare tragedy «Romeo and Juliet» the author decides the question of what is love, what is its power and significance in life. On the example of his heroes, the great Englishman shows that this feeling is beautiful in all its manifestations. Shakespeare, in the spirit of the Renaissance traditions, says that all manifestations of love, both spiritual and physical, are beautiful. Denying some of these components, people deliberately impoverish themselves. On the example of the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, we understand that love is a powerful force capable of reconciling irreconcilable enemies and overcoming any intrigues, even death itself.
Thus, the eternal motives in the world literature help illuminate the important aspects of human existence associated with profound philosophical problems. It was always important for a person to understand who he is, where he is and where he is going. The world classic answers these questions, helps the reader find his place in life, understand and assimilate the eternal values, set his priorities.