text:
L'Unterseeboot 717 ou U-717 est un sous-marin allemand (U-Boot) de type VIIC utilisé par la Kriegsmarine pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Le sous-marin fut commandé le  à Hambourg (H. C. Stülcken Sohn), sa quille fut posée le , il fut lancé le  et mis en service le  de l'Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried von Rothkirch und Panthen.

L'U-717 n'endommagea ou ne coula aucun navire au cours des 5 patrouilles (52 jours en mer) qu'il effectua.

Il fut sabordé en  à Flensburg puis démoli.

Conception
Unterseeboot type VII, lU-717 avait un déplacement de  en surface et  en plongée. Il avait une longueur totale de , un maître-bau de , une hauteur de  et un tirant d'eau de . Le sous-marin était propulsé par deux hélices de , deux moteurs diesel Germaniawerft M6V 40/46 de 6 cylindres en ligne de 1400 cv à 470 tr/min, produisant un total de  à  en surface et de deux moteurs électriques Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c de 375 cv à 295 tr/min, produisant un total , en plongée. Le sous-marin avait une vitesse en surface de 17,7 nœuds () et une vitesse de 7,6 nœuds () en plongée. Immergé, il avait un rayon d'action de 80 milles marins () à 4 nœuds (; 4,6 milles par heure) et pouvait atteindre une profondeur de . En surface son rayon d'action était de  milles nautiques (soit ) à 10 nœuds ().
L'''U-717 était équipé de cinq tubes lance-torpilles de  (quatre montés à l'avant et un à l'arrière) qui contenait quatorze torpilles. Il était équipé d'un canon de 8,8 cm SK C/35 (220 coups) et d'un canon antiaérien de  Flak. Il pouvait transporter 26 mines TMA ou 39 mines TMB. Son équipage comprenait 4 officiers et 40 à 56 sous-mariniers.

 Historique
Il reçut sa formation de base au sein de la 5. Unterseebootsflottille jusqu'au , puis il est affecté comme navire école dans la 22. Unterseebootsflottille. À partir du , il rejoint une unité de combat dans la 8. Unterseebootsflottille. À partir du , il est transféré dans la 8. Unterseebootsflotille comme navire d'instruction et d'exercice ; il retourne dans la 5. Unterseebootsflottille.

Lors de ses cinq patrouilles de guerre, lU-717 navigue en Mer Baltique, il ne rencontre aucun succès.

Il est retiré du service actif le  et sert de sous-marin d'entraînement pour les équipages de sous-mariniers, jusqu'à l'armistice.

Le , deux membres d'équipage sont tués (le Matrosenobergefreiter Walter Steube et le Maschinenobergefreiter August Großdonk) et trois autres blessés lors d'un assaut aérien allié contre Liepāja, en Lettonie.

Il est sabordé le  à Flensburg Firth à la position , suivant les ordres de l'amiral Karl Dönitz (Opération Regenbogen).

Son épave est renflouée et démolie après la guerre.

 Affectations
 5. Unterseebootsflottille du  au  (Période de formation).
 22. Unterseebootsflottille du  au  (Navire-école).
 8. Unterseebootsflottille du  au  (Unité combattante).
 8. Unterseebootsflottille du  au  (Période de formation).
 5. Unterseebootsflottille du  au  (Période de formation).

 Commandement
 Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried von Rothkirch und Panthen'' du  au .

Patrouilles

Note : Oblt. = Oberleutnant zur See

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste des U-Boote de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Liens externes

Unterseeboot 717
Unterseeboot type VII
Bateau lancé en 1943
Navire construit à Hambourg
Sous-marin allemand de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Navire démoli en 1945


text:
Nvidia CEO says Moore's Law is dead and GPUs will replace CPUs
By Paul Lilly 2017-09-27T17:16:24.269Z
Breaking the law.
In case you were unaware, Moore's Law is no longer relevant, as GPUs are advancing at a much faster pace than CPUs. That was the message from Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, who stated at the GPU Technology Conference (GTC) 2017 in Beijing, China that graphics processors are on track to replace CPUs, SegmentNext reports.
Moore's Law is the name given to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. Moore noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year, and he predicted that would be the case for the next decade. He later revised his prediction to every two years.
Usually when people talk about Moore's Law coming to an end, they're referring to technical roadblocks that stand in the way of cramming more transistors into smaller spaces, while maintaining the same leaps in performance. Huang partially agrees with that, at least as it pertains to CPU performance—he said that while CPU transistors have grown at a pace of 50 percent annually, performance only jumps by 10 percent.
The other reason Huang says Moore's Law is dead is because it can't keep pace with advancements in GPU design. Huang talked about GPUs growing in computational capacity over the years, and how they're the better suited for advancements in artificial intelligence.
Huang also said that GPUs will replace CPUs soon, adding that at this point, designers can hardly work out advanced parallel instruction architectures for CPUs.
Intel would obviously disagree with Nvidia's assessment, and has on occasion. Around a year ago, Intel CEO Brian Krzanich downplayed reports of Moore's Law coming to an end.
"In my 34 years in the semiconductor industry, I have witnessed the advertised death of Moore's Law no less than four times. As we progress from 14 nanometer technology to 10 nanometer and plan for 7 nanometer and 5 nanometer and even beyond, our plans are proof that Moore's Law is alive and well," Krzanich stated in a blog post outlining Intel's plans. "Intel's industry leadership of Moore's Law remains intact, and you will see continued investment in capacity and R&D to ensure so."
More recently, Intel brought up Moore's Law when showcasing for the first time a 10nm Cannon Lake wafer at its Technology and Manufacturing Day in Beijing.
"Intel manufacturing processes advance according to Moore's Law, delivering ever more functionality and performance, improved energy efficiency and lower cost-per-transistor with each generation," said Stacy Smith, group president of Manufacturing, Operations and Sales. "We are pleased to share in China for the first time important milestones in our process technology roadmap that demonstrate the continued benefits of driving down the Moore's Law curve."
This all amounts to chest thumping on both sides, though there is more at stake than bragging rights. While Huang isn't necessarily asserting that GPUs will power consumer desktops while kicking CPUs to the curb, he does anticipate GPUs playing a larger role in supercomputers and specialized categories, such as AI, machine learning, cloud computing, and so forth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The discussion was lively, and touched on whether we have a right to be happy or to pursue happiness, on whether anyone ever does anything that's not ultimately motivated by the desire to be happy (Ballou believed we do not), and whether happiness is a state of frequent euphoria or more a pervasive feeling of contentment.
A few people objected to the phrase "God-given," and that got me to thinking. A good number of UUs are atheists or agnostics, I know, but I'm not. Not anymore.
On the other hand, I don't conceive of God in the way that most traditional religious systems posit God either.
Some people believe in a God who manipulates everything about the world, and they tend to try to scry the will of God out of every event. Something as momentous as an earthquake or as trivial as their finding a good parking space, they'll chalk up to God's will. I don't agree with that.
On the other hand, some people believe God is an entirely human imagining, made up and not real in any objective or important way. I don't agree with that either.
Some people believe God created heaven and hell and sujects us to a final judgment. Various religions have various schemes for staying out of hell, but I don't believe in hell. Others believe God wound up the universe and then went away somewhere, perhaps to a summer home. I don't buy that either.
The most useful way I've found to think of God in my recent years is, as Paul Tillich and then John Shelby Spong more recently put it, as the Ground of Being. This is not the personalized, anthropomorhic God of the Bible, with his giant-sized emotional reactions and sometimes schizophrenic tendencies. It's a less personal fundamental essence undergirding all of existence. The Source of Love in Spong's formulation, but not a cosmic puppetmaster. This is, at this point, where I am. Which means I am comfortable with Ballou's God-language, and don't need to reformulate "God-given right" into "human right" as some of the group tonight suggested, but also means I do not have an especially concrete idea of God that I feel a need to talk others into sharing.
There is one philosophical point that I considered mentioning tonight but ultimately didn't. The presence of "God-given" in Ballou's phrase (and more broadly) establishes an objectivity for the existence of rights, and a foundation for considering things to be inherently right or wrong. The Founding Fathers attributed our "inalienable rights" to our Creator, the specific identity of which they left amorphous, but which they did deliberately invoke. I think they were wise to do so.


Plot Summary: A prelude to Marmalade Boy the TV series. Yuu remembers the day when his parents decided to divorce each other and remarry with another married couple. Toubled by the news, Yuu decides to take a walk, on which he spots a girl he falls in love with at first sight. He decides to follow this unaware girl and falls more in love with her. However he discovers who the girl really is…she's the daughter of his parents' new lovers.
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text:
'Hail, Caesar!' Trailer: The Coen Brothers Go Back to Hollywood's Golden Age
Matt Singer Published: October 27, 2015
Can I buy tickets to Hail, Caesar! yet? Can I preorder the Blu-ray? Too early to add it to my top ten list of the year?
Forgive me, I'm just a little excited. It's almost time for a new Coen brothers movie and it looks incredible.
First, just dig that cast: Josh Brolin, George Clooney, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, Scarlett Johansson, Frances McDormand, Tilda Swinton, and Channing Tatum. Then you've got to love the setting: Classic Hollywood, where the Coens' set one of their best movies, Barton Fink. (Also, am I nuts, or is Jonah Hill cosplaying as Barton Fink in this trailer?) Plus, it's got that great Coens comedy vibe, with kidnappings and broad accents and sarcastic wisecracks and George Clooney as a movie star who can't remember his lines. The whole film looks amazing, with longtime Coens cinematographer Roger Deakins recreating the style and feel of old Hollywood musicals and ancient epics.
The only thing that makes me nervous is the punctuation; a comma and an exclamation point in a two-word title? It's a copy editor's nightmare. Otherwise, I can't figure out why this is opening in February instead of at the end of the year for awards consideration. Granted, comedies tend to fare poorly at the Oscars, but when you factor in that incredible cast and that subject matter (Hollywood looooooves a movie about Hollywood), it seems like a slam dunk.
Whenever this movie comes out, it's basically my most anticipated film of that year. Is it too soon to get the title tattooed across my chest? Just checking Hail, Caesar! opens in theaters on February 5, 2016.
Source: 'Hail, Caesar!' Trailer: The Coen Brothers Go Back to Hollywood's Golden Age
Filed Under: channing tatum, coen brothers, george clooney, jonah hill, movies, scarlett johansson
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London, UK. Colin Salmon at the UK Premiere of 'Over the Hedge' held at the V...
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Premier Magnetics offers replacement components for more than 36 part numbers in the PLA10ANxxx and PLA10ASxxx EMIFIL series of AC line filters discontinued by Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The expanded PMCU series of common mode line filters are a direct cross for Murata's parts and are available from stock. Designed for switching power supply applications, the line filters are available in standard winding for higher efficiency and sectional winding for improved high-frequency performance.
The product lines discontinued by Murata include the PLA10, PLH10, PLY10 and PLY17 series of line filters. The last production date for the parts is November 30, 2017 with last shipments on December 29, 2017.
The complete cross reference list is available at http://www.premiermag.com/pdf/pmcu.pdf.
Pricing for the Premier Magnetics parts are expected to remain at current levels or below thanks to a new automated manufacturing process.
Murata dropped the lines due to decreasing sales for the AC line filter products. The company transferred the product lines to Tokyo Parts Industrial CO., Ltd., which is said to have the leading share of the AC line filter market in Japan. The transfer is expected to be completed in January 2018. Tokyo Parts Industrial has not yet responded to questions about component availability.
The Japanese vendor's parts are not being stocked and they do not have standard agency approvals, according to Premier Magnetics.
There may be limited or no supply in stock for specific Murata part numbers through the distribution channel. Some distributor websites report manufacturing delays for some part numbers, with factory lead times of up to 51 weeks.


text:
"Thinking about Not-Thinking": Neural Correlates of Conceptual Processing during Zen Meditation
Giuseppe Pagnoni ,
* E-mail: gpagnon@emory.edu
Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, Untied States of America
Milos Cekic,
Affiliation Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, Untied States of America
Ying Guo
Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, Untied States of America
Giuseppe Pagnoni,
Giuseppe Pagnoni Milos Cekic Ying Guo
Recent neuroimaging studies have identified a set of brain regions that are metabolically active during wakeful rest and consistently deactivate in a variety the performance of demanding tasks. This "default network" has been functionally linked to the stream of thoughts occurring automatically in the absence of goal-directed activity and which constitutes an aspect of mental behavior specifically addressed by many meditative practices. Zen meditation, in particular, is traditionally associated with a mental state of full awareness but reduced conceptual content, to be attained via a disciplined regulation of attention and bodily posture. Using fMRI and a simplified meditative condition interspersed with a lexical decision task, we investigated the neural correlates of conceptual processing during meditation in regular Zen practitioners and matched control subjects. While behavioral performance did not differ between groups, Zen practitioners displayed a reduced duration of the neural response linked to conceptual processing in regions of the default network, suggesting that meditative training may foster the ability to control the automatic cascade of semantic associations triggered by a stimulus and, by extension, to voluntarily regulate the flow of spontaneous mentation.
Citation: Pagnoni G, Cekic M, Guo Y (2008) "Thinking about Not-Thinking": Neural Correlates of Conceptual Processing during Zen Meditation. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003083
Editor: Sheng He, University of Minnesota, United States of America
Received: February 28, 2008; Accepted: August 8, 2008; Published: September 3, 2008
Copyright: © 2008 Pagnoni et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the Emory Center for Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases (National Institute of Health Grant P30-AT00609).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
There has been a resurgence of scientific interest in the neurophysiological bases of meditation in recent years [1], [2], owing in part to the wide availability and increasing sophistication of in vivo brain imaging techniques. An important aspect of these practices that has not been directly investigated, and the subject of the present work, is the relationship between meditation and conceptual processing. The Buddhist meditative exercise has its roots in the metaphysical tenet of "emptiness," particularly emphasized by the Zen schools [3]. According to this view, reality is originally devoid of ontological properties and it is only via an incessant and largely unconscious habit of emotional self-reference and categorization that a conceptual structure is created and ultimately reified; a process necessary for daily life, but that also tends to condition the individual into predefined patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Meditation is believed to counteract this tendency in favor of a condition of equanimity where the provisional nature of one's own conceptual structure is realized, bringing about a greater freedom of thought and action as well as a decreased sense of self-attachment.
The classical instructions for the practice of zazen ("seated meditation") can be found in the XII century text Fukan Zazengi by Dōgen Kigen, the patriarch of the Japanese Sōto Zen school:
"Think of neither good nor evil and judge not right or wrong. Stop the operation of the mind, and consciousness; bring to an end all desires, all concepts and judgments […] After the bodily position is in order, regulate your breathing. If a thought arises, take note of it and then dismiss it. When you forget all attachments steadfastly, you will naturally become zazen itself." [4].
In cognitive terms, the attempt at mental regulation through meditation involves developing a progressive familiarity with the interplay of voluntary attention (often directed to the breath and/or the posture) and the spontaneous conceptual processing that appears in its fractures, a process facilitated by the adoption of a stable seated posture and a quiet environment. It should also be noted that while particular meditative practices attempt to promote absorption and sensory withdrawal from the environment (see [5], [6], for a classification of meditative techniques), Zen meditation, quite to the contrary, prescribes a vigilant attitude that is pragmatically implemented by the adoption of a seated posture with a certain degree of active tension and by keeping the eyes open; mental withdrawal from the environment is considered as promoting a state of dreaminess and lack of clarity counterproductive to the meditative pursuit and is therefore vigorously discouraged [7].
The study of spontaneous cognitive processes in the resting state has recently acquired some momentum due to the neuroimaging finding of a consistent set of brain regions displaying higher activity during wakeful rest than during a variety of demanding tasks. Such a "default mode of brain function" [8], [9] has in fact been implicated in the spontaneous stream of thoughts, episodic memories, and conceptual processing that normally occurs in the absence of goal-directed activity [10], [11], [12], [13], and which appears to be integral to our sense of self [14], [15], [16], [17]. The default network includes regions in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, angular gyrus, and the left superior and middle frontal gyri [8], [9], [18], [19], while typical subcortical components are the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus [14], [20], [21].
In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the habitual practice of being heedful to distraction from spontaneous thoughts during meditation renders regular meditators, as compared to control subjects, more able to voluntarily contain the automatic cascade of conceptual associations triggered by semantic stimuli. To this purpose, we adapted a simple lexical decision task [11] that required the subjects to decide whether the visually presented stimuli were real English words or strings of letters with plausible readings but no semantic content ("nonwords") by pressing a button on an MRI-compatible response device. The stimuli were delivered on a temporally sparse schedule within an ongoing meditative condition: subjects were instructed to attend to their breathing throughout the scan, perform the lexical decision task when a stimulus appeared on the screen, and promptly re-focus their attention to their breathing. We hypothesized that the default network in meditators would display a response associated with semantic processing characterized by a reduced duration compared to control subjects, for whom the cascade of conceptual associations triggered by semantic stimuli would be less effectively terminated by the experimental prescription of redirecting attention to the breathing.
Behavioral data
A repeated-measure ANOVA with group (CTRL, MEDT) as a between-subject factor and stimulus type (word, nonword) as a within-subject factor, yielded a significant effect of stimulus type on the response times to the lexical decision task (F(1,22) = 13.23, p = 0.0015), but no effect of group (F(1,22) = 0.26, p = 0.62) and no interaction of group by stimulus type (F(1,22) = 2.84, p = 0.11). The number of omissions and errors was very small and similar across groups and stimulus types (Table 1).
Table 1. Behavioral data for the lexical decision task: mean response times (in ms, st. dev. in parentheses), mean number of errors, and omissions (st. dev. in parentheses).
Imaging data
The contrast words-nonwords in the random-effects analysis on the pooled data (CTRL+MEDT) identified a collection of areas in the left hemisphere largely overlapping with the default mode network [8] (Table 2 and Figure 1). In order to examine the results in more detail within the regions detected by the pooled analysis, we extracted the ROI-based average values of the estimation coefficients ("betas") for the word and nonword regressors (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Activated clusters for the contrast words-nonwords on the pooled data (CTRL+MEDT).
The t-map is thresholded at p<0.001, k>27 voxels (α<0.05).
Figure 2. ROI-based averages of the Gamma model beta coefficients for words ("wo") and nonwords ("nw") in controls (CTRL) and meditators (MEDT).
Abbreviations for ROI names are the same as in Table 2, where the index 1 and 2 for clusters with the same anatomical label follows the order in the table.
Table 2. Clusters of activation for the contrast words-nonwords on the pooled data (CTRL+MEDT), thresholded at p<0.001 and k>27 voxels (α<0.05).
An aspect of the results portrayed in Figure 2 that may appear puzzling at first is that the observed response to the stimuli was generally a deactivation compared to baseline, for both words and nonwords. This is perhaps unexpected, given the amount of existing data implicating regions of the default mode network in semantic processing, especially on the left side [10], [11], [13], [22], [23], [24]. It can be explained, however, by considering that (1) some activity related to spontaneous thoughts is likely to be present during the meditative baseline condition, and (2) the response to the stimuli in our task always included the interruption of an ongoing state of introspectively oriented attention to require visual processing and a motor response (see Methods). While this task-switching component is likely to be responsible for the general deactivation induced by both words and nonwords [25], it was important to verify that the observed differential activity induced by words and nonwords in regions of the default mode network was not due to a simple difference in processing difficulty [26], as suggested by slower reaction times for nonwords compared to words (Table 1), rather than to semantic processing. We therefore performed a Pearson correlation analysis across subjects between the values of the words-nonwords contrast in each ROI and the average difference in response times between word and nonword stimuli. All correlations were non-significant, even when omitting the correction for multiple testing, with very low values for the correlation coefficient (all p>0.05, uncorrected; median r = 0.04).
Notably, the contrast words-nonwords, when the hemodynamic response was modeled as a simple Gamma function, was not significantly different between controls and meditators in any ROI (all t-tests, p>0.2). It is important to recognize, however, that this corresponds to a real lack of difference in the response properties of meditators and control only insofar as the Gamma function models the full extent of the hemodynamic time course satisfactorily. In particular, since we were interested in the residual semantic processing occurring after the subjects responded to the stimulus, we examined the ROIs' activation profile in more detail by modeling the hemodynamic time course with a more general basis set of spline functions. The estimated event-related time courses for the stimulus response component associated with conceptual processing (see Methods), obtained by subtracting the estimated waveform for nonword stimuli from the estimated waveform for word stimuli, showed a clear difference between meditators and controls in the peri-stimulus interval following the peak of the Gamma model (Figure 3). The event-related time course of this difference is plotted explicitly in Figure 4. A repeated-measure ANOVA on the cumulative measure of the BOLD activity associated with semantic processing in the 6–14 s post-stimulus period, with group as a between-subject factor and ROI as a within-subject factor (see Methods), showed significant main effects of group (CTRL>MEDT, F(1,22) = 12.3, p = 0.002) and ROI (F(7,154) = 3.5, p = 0.001), and no interaction (F(7,154) = 1.3, p = 0.2). Post-hoc tests of group differences within each ROI revealed that this effect was common across all ROIs, with the exception of the middle and posterior cingulate areas (Table 3).
Figure 3. Estimates of the BOLD response associated with semantic processing in the ROI set, obtained by fitting a spline basis set model for the hemodynamic function and subtracting the average response to nonwords ("nw") from the average response to words ("wo") in meditators and controls.
The Gamma function model for a standard hemodynamic response is plotted as a black dotted line for reference.
Figure 4. Difference between controls and meditators (CTRL-MEDT) in the estimated profile of the BOLD response related to conceptual activity.
Error bars represent standard errors and a reference Gamma function model for the BOLD response to a single brief stimulus is plotted as a black line for reference.
Table 3. Tests of group differences in the cumulative measure of the BOLD signal related to semantic processing in the 6–14 s post-stimulus period within each ROI.
In this study, we employed a simple lexical decision paradigm to investigate whether the regular practice of meditation can affect the dynamics of implicit conceptual processing and, more specifically, to test whether experienced meditators would display the ability to abbreviate the duration of neural processing triggered by semantic stimuli during meditation. To this end, we first identified the brain regions associated with conceptual processing across the two groups of subjects, and then estimated the temporal course of the stimulus-evoked response in these regions. The results support the hypothesis that the regular practice of Zen meditation enhances the capacity for voluntary regulation of spontaneous mental activity. In regions of the default network, meditators displayed a BOLD response related to semantic processing that was characterized by a reduced post-stimulus tail compared to control subjects. A possible explanation for this finding is that meditators, given their practice history, had an advantage over control subjects in the experimental meditative task of re-focusing attention on the breath after having processed and responded to the presented stimuli. It is interesting to note that in a few ROIs and especially in the L.angular.g.1 (Figure 3), a key region in conceptual elaboration [27], [28], [29], the BOLD signal related to semantic processing drops to a level below baseline in the post-stimulus period in meditators. This finding may indicate that the active process of regulating the stimulus-triggered conceptual processing by re-focusing on the breath, is in meditators so effective as to bring the level of semantic processing temporarily below the level of the normal baseline. During the baseline periods, i.e. the intervals where no stimuli are presented, a certain amount of spontaneous thinking is likely to occur in both groups of subjects (although perhaps less so in meditators), but in the period immediately following a stimulus response, the strong engagement of the executive function involved in re-focusing attention on the breath may cause the level of conceptual processing to drop below the normal baseline level; this is usually the case for deactivations in the default mode network, which increase in amplitude as executive demands increase [26].
Notably, the conceptual processing evoked by the word stimuli in the lexical decision task was completely implicit, in the sense that no explicit conceptual elaboration of the stimuli was required in order to perform the task correctly. The task relied on the assumption that the visual presentation of a lexical stimulus with semantic content, insofar as it was recognized as a "real English word", would automatically activate a cluster of semantic associations whose neural correlates could be identified by the contrast words-nonwords. The choice of implicit rather than explicit conceptual processing was motivated by the desire to mimic, to a certain extent, the properties of spontaneous, task-unrelated thoughts. In this sense, the snippets of semantic content delivered at random times within the baseline meditative condition were employed as "seeds" for triggering from the outside, and in an experimentally controlled fashion, the automatic activation of at least a subset of the conceptual cluster linked to the presented word.
We did not observe any difference in reaction times or errors between controls and meditators. It could have been expected that meditators would exhibit a prompter response to the stimuli, by virtue of their training in being less distracted by spontaneous thoughts. We note, however, that subjects in our study were instructed to concentrate on their breathing and that, therefore, responding to the stimulus required a switching from an internally to an externally oriented attentional modality, a process with a significant cost in terms of reaction times that may have masked such an effect. In the actual practice of zazen, on the other hand, a great importance is placed on a regulated sitting posture and a mental attitude of openness to the arising of perceptions without allowing one's attention to be sequestered by them. While both of these components are thought to promote a state of mental readiness that may decrease reaction times to an external stimulus, they were not included in our protocol for pragmatic reasons, i.e., that the simplified meditative technique of breath concentration could be easily adopted by the non-meditators, as well as the impossibility of assuming a seated posture in the scanner. These factors may explain the observed lack of differences in the behavioral results between meditators and controls.
The pattern of activation identified by the contrast words-nonwords included the typical nodes of the default mode network, replicating the results obtained by Binder and colleagues [11] in a study employing the same stimuli in a fast event-related design. This is also consistent with several reports implicating regions of the default mode network in semantic processes of either task-related [10], [24], [30], [31] or task-unrelated nature [13], [23], with a complex interaction of the two with respect to memory formation [32], [33], [34]. The activated clusters were restricted to the left hemisphere, which is to be expected given the lexical nature of the task and well-known left-hemisphere dominance in language function. Notably, meditators and controls exhibited no difference for the words-nonwords contrast in these regions when the hemodynamic response was modeled by a simple Gamma function. A whole-brain analysis directly comparing meditators and controls for the same contrast (words-nonwords) also revealed no significant group differences at the statistical threshold of α<0.05, corrected (single-voxel p<0.001, cluster size k>27 voxels). It is important to note that the response model based on the convolution of the stimulus presentation sequence with a simple Gamma function was generally able to detect the initial transient rise in the signal, but could only partially fit a response that was more extended than the canonical hemodynamic response to a brief simple stimulus. Since the duration of the processing triggered by the presentation of the stimuli was a quantity of interest in our study and unknown a priori, we estimated the actual time course of the response in the selected set of ROIs by modeling the stimulus response with a basis set of cubic splines. Using this method, we were able to detect a decreased duration of the BOLD response related to conceptual processing in most regions identified by the initial analysis in meditators versus controls (Table 3, Figure 4). This effect was particularly prominent in the left angular gyrus and the left superior frontal gyrus, regions whose level of activity has been reported to be strongly correlated with the amount of task-independent thoughts in a recent study [23]. The only ROIs that did not display a significant group effect were the middle cingulate cortex, which is not commonly considered part of the default network, and the posterior cingulate cortex, which also displayed a lesser correlation with task-independent thoughts compared to the other regions in the above mentioned study [23]. The medial parietal cortex (including posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and precuneus) has been hypothesized to occupy a rather early stage in processing semantic information [35], which could explain why we did not detect a significant group difference in this region for the post-stimulus semantic activity. From this perspective, an effect of sustained semantic processing is more likely to be observed in areas that occupy later processing stages, in particular higher-order associative areas such as the angular gyrus and regions of the prefrontal cortex, which are optimally suited to maintain an organized pattern of activity for extended durations [36], [37]. There is in fact considerable evidence indicating that the region around the angular gyrus, corresponding roughly to Brodmann areas 39/40 and originally described by Norman Geschwind [38], is a key structure in semantic processing [28], [29] and may have had an evolutionary role in the development of language [39]. The angular gyrus has also been hypothesized to play a specific role in the default network by integrating semantic information into an ongoing context, and has recently been shown to display later-stage responses to semantic material similar to those observed here [40].
The present work contributes novel data to the burgeoning field of meditation studies in the context of modern neuroscience (see [5], [41] for reviews), as well as to the research on mind-wandering and stimulus-independent thoughts [42]. While most of the recent literature has focused on the effect of meditative practices on attentional processes [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], and a substantial effort has been devoted to investigate the processes underlying mind-wandering under non-meditative conditions [13], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], there has not yet been, to our knowledge, any previous attempt to characterize the neural correlates of conceptual processing during meditation. Importantly, this is an area of research with potential clinical relevance for psychiatric conditions characterized by excessive rumination [54], such as obsessive-compulsive disorder [55], anxiety disorder [56], and major depression [57], [58], [59].
In closing, we would like to indicate some limitations of the present study that should be explored by further work. First, the employed cross-sectional experimental design cannot rule out the possibility of a selection bias where the observed effect is not due to the difference in meditative experience between the two groups but to some pre-existing hidden variable; a longitudinal design, with random assignment of subjects to a meditation training group and a group with a control intervention, would be able to detect differences due to training with greater confidence, albeit at the likely price of investigating effects limited to short-term training. Secondly, the study was not designed to assess behavioral correlates of the fMRI finding of a faster post-stimulus renormalization, in meditators compared to controls, of the BOLD signal related to semantic processing; future work should explore the use of behavioral probes that can directly assess the level of conceptual processing in the post-stimulus period without critically interfering with the main paradigm. Thirdly, while the study was sufficiently powered to detect the reported effects, it could clearly benefit from a larger sample size. Finally, for the sake of ecological validity and in view of potential clinical applications, the adopted experimental paradigm could be expanded to include stimuli with strong emotional content [58] and organized in full sentences with richer semantic structure [60].
Twelve Zen meditators (MEDT) with more than 3 years of daily practice were recruited from the local community and meditation centers, along with 12 control subjects (CTRL) who had never practiced meditation. The groups were matched by sex (MEDT = 10 M, CTRL = 9 M), age (mean±SD: MEDT, 37.3±7.2 years; CTRL, 35.3±5.9 years; two-tailed two-sample t-test: p = 0.45), and education level (mean±SD: MEDT, 17.8±2.5 years; CTRL, 17.6±1.6 years; p = 0.85). All participants were native speakers of English and right-handed, except one meditator who was ambidextrous. Subjects gave written informed consent for a protocol approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board.
Experimental task
Subjects of both groups were instructed to pay attention to their breathing throughout the fMRI scan and return to it every time they found themselves distracted by thoughts, memories, or sensations; a fixation cross was kept on the MRI display screen to help concentration and avoid excessive eye movement. The choice of having both meditators and controls engage in a simplified meditative condition, as opposed to having the controls simply "rest" and the meditators meditate, was motivated by the desire to equalize procedurally the two experimental groups as much as possible, so that any observed group difference in brain activation would be more easily attributable to a difference in meditative experience and training. It was explained to the subjects that this "meditative" baseline condition would be interrupted at random times by the appearance of a string of letters on the screen: they should indicate with their left hand, by pressing either the index or the middle finger button of a response box, whether the stimulus was a "real English word" (index finger) or not (middle finger) and promptly return their attention to their breathing. The lexical decision task was adapted from Binder et al. [11] and employed a subset of the same phonologically and orthographically matched words and nonwords (50 items each). Using the routine RSFgen in the software package AFNI [61], the temporal schedule of the stimuli was selected as the one with the greatest statistical efficiency from a Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 randomly generated stimulus sequences. The onset times of half of the stimuli in each category were subsequently jittered by an interval of TR/2 s in order to improve the statistical estimation of the hemodynamic response function. Given the length of the imaging run (≈20 min), the resulting schedule was sparse enough to allow a reasonable establishment of the baseline condition of refocusing attention to the breathing (inter-stimulus interval: range 1.4–72.9 s, median = 8.2 s, IQR = 12.9 s). Stimulus presentation and response collection were implemented using the Cogent 2000 software package (Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Cogent2000.html).
MRI acquisition and preprocessing
Scanning was performed with a 3.0 Tesla Siemens Magnetom Trio scanner. The imaging session consisted of the acquisition of a T1-weighted high-resolution anatomical image (MPRAGE, 176 sagittal slices, voxel size: 1×1×1 mm), followed by the acquisition of a single series of functional images (gradient-echo echo-planar, 520 scans, 35 axial slices, voxel size: 3×3×3 mm, TR = 2.35 s, TE = 30). During the acquisition of the anatomical image, subjects practiced a shorter version of the lexical decision task with word and nonword items from a different set (50 items for each category, inter-stimulus interval = 3 s). During the functional scan, subjects engaged in the simplified meditative condition and phasically responded to the lexical decision task as described in the previous section.
For each subject, the functional scans were corrected for the slice acquisition timing schedule and head movement; the T1-weighted anatomical image was spatially registered with a 6-parameter rigid-body transformation to the average of the motion-corrected functional images and subsequently warped to the Montreal Neurological Institute brain template using a 12-parameter affine transformation followed by non-linear deformations; the estimated warping parameters were applied to the functional scans, which were then spatially smoothed with an 8 mm full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) Gaussian isotropic kernel. Image processing was performed with the freely available software packages AFNI (http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) and SPM5 (http://fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm5).
Statistical analyses on behavioral data and quantities derived from the estimation of fMRI response parameters were performed using the freely available software package R (http://www.r-project.org). All statistical tests were two-sided, unless specified otherwise.
The response times from the lexical decision task (Table 1) were submitted to a repeated-measure ANOVA, with group (CTRL, MEDT) as a between-subject factor and stimulus type (word, nonword) as a within-subject factor.
A general linear model (GLM) was fitted to the fMRI time series for each subject. The GLM included two regressors representing the expected fMRI response to word and nonword stimuli, obtained by convolving the stimuli temporal sequence with a Gamma function model of the hemodynamic response [62], an additional regressor modeling the response to error trials, the six motion parameters estimated during the head movement correction phase of the preprocessing, and a basis set of 10 functions representing a Legendre polynomial of the 9th order, modeling low-frequency confounds. The spatial images encoding the parameter estimates ("betas") for word and nonword regressors were then individually scaled to represent a voxel-wise percent signal change with respect to each voxel's temporal mean.
In order to localize the brain regions involved in conceptual processing across the two groups, the data from meditators and controls were pooled together and a random-effects model was implemented as a paired two-sample t-test on the beta images corresponding to the effects of words and nonwords. The resulting statistical t-map was thresholded at the combined single-voxel significance level of p<0.001 with cluster size k>27 voxels. These values were determined by a Monte Carlo simulation of the cluster size distribution under the null hypothesis [63] to yield a family-wise error rate of α<0.05.
The clusters identified in this analysis served as regions of interest (ROIs) for a more detailed investigation of the amplitude of the response to words and nonwords, as well as for the estimation of the temporal dynamics of conceptual processing in the two groups of subjects. To this purpose, a new GLM was fitted to each subject's fMRI data, where the hemodynamic response to words and nonwords was now modeled with a basis set of seven cubic splines spaced one TR (2.35 s) apart and spanning the interval from 0 to 14.1 s post-stimulus. The set of fitted splines was then resampled at a 1 s temporal resolution, to give a reconstructed event-related response on a 1 s temporal grid, and averaged within each ROI.
It is important to note that, in our task, responses to words were composed of at least two components: (1) a generic "circuit-breaker" component also present for nonword stimuli and associated with the momentary interruption of the meditative task, the processing of an external visual stimulus, and the motor response; and (2) a conceptual component related to the automatic cascade of semantic associations generated by the presented word, which was absent for nonword stimuli. In order to obtain an estimate of the time course of the latter component, more specifically linked to conceptual processing, the event-related response relative to nonwords was subtracted from the response relative to words, for each subject and each ROI. Finally, to test the original hypothesis of a reduced "semantic reverberation" in meditators compared to controls following the initial processing of the stimulus, the values of the time course representing the conceptual component were summed across all the time points following the peak of the "canonical" hemodynamic response represented by the Gamma function (6–14 s post-stimulus), and the resulting sums were entered into a repeated-measure ANOVA with group (CTRL, MEDT) as a between-subject factor and ROI as a within-subject factor. Post-hoc tests of group differences within each ROI were performed and Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust for multiple comparisons.
We thank Jeff Binder for the insightful discussions and for providing the set of stimuli, and Fiona Fornwalt for her generous assistance in the initial collection of the data.
Conceived and designed the experiments: GP MC. Performed the experiments: GP MC. Analyzed the data: GP YG. Wrote the paper: GP MC YG.
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Conceptual semantics
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Hemodynamics
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Lexical decision tasks
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging
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text:
Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, the most advanced Bible dictionary.
The first Christian martyr. His life and ministry is recorded in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 6:5, 8–15; 7:1–60; 8:2; 11:19; 22:20).
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The Lexham Bible Dictionary
Stephen (Στέφανος, Stephanos). The first Christian martyr. His life and ministry is recorded in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 6:5, 8–15; 7:1–60; 8:2; 11:19; 22:20).
Seven, the
Seven, the Seven men chosen by the Jerusalem church to distribute food, thereby allowing the apostles to focus on prayer and preaching the gospel (Acts 6:1–6).
The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
Stephen (Person)
STEPHEN (PERSON) [Gk Stephanos (Στεφανος)]. One of the seven chosen by the Twelve to serve tables; he was the first Christian martyr (Acts 6–7). At the time that complaints were formulated by the Hellenists against the Hebrews, about the way in which their widows were treated when they were being assisted
Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible
Stephen. Important figure and first martyr of the apostolic church. For Luke, Stephen represents the growing Hellenistic interest of certain members in the early Jerusalem church. In addition, Stephen's major speech (Acts 7:1–53) serves as a critique of traditional Judaism and suggests evangelization
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised
Stephen [Gk. Stephanos]. The charismatic leader of the seven men elected to attend to the social welfare of the Hellenistic Jewish Christian widows (Acts 6:5), who made his mark through his pathbreaking understanding of the inherent newness of Christianity over against Judaism. Because of his convictions
Seven, The [Gk. hoi heptá] (Acts 21:8). A group of gifted leaders, "of good repute, full of the Spirit and of wisdom," chosen according to Acts 6:1–6 to look after the needs of the Hellenistic Jewish Christian widows, and referred to as "the seven" in 21:8.The Seven themselves appear to have been
Tyndale Bible Dictionary
STEPHEN One of the first deacons and the first martyr of the apostolic church. For Luke, Stephen represents the growing Hellenistic interest of certain members in the early Jerusalem church. In addition, Stephen's major speech (Acts 7:1–53) serves as a critique of traditional Judaism and suggests evangelization
The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary (Revised and Updated)
Stephen (stee´vuhn), a leader in the early Jerusalem church whose story appears in Acts 6:1–8:2. The other references to Stephen in the nt refer to this story (Acts 11:19; 22:20).According to Acts 6:1–6, a dispute had developed in the Jerusalem church between the "Hellenists" (probably Jewish Christians
The Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia
STEPHEN. Hellenist member of the primitive Jerusalem Church. He first appears as one of the seven almoners or deacons appointed to supervise the daily distribution of charity to the widows and other poor members of the church and to ensure that there was no unfairness in the allocation between the Hellenists
The New Bible Dictionary, Third Edition
STEPHEN (Gk. stephanos, 'crown'). Stephen was one of the seven men chosen by the disciples soon after the resurrection to look after the distribution of assistance to the widows of the church, so that the apostles themselves should be free for their spiritual tasks (Acts 6:1–6). All seven had Gk. names,
Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
Stephen (Gk. Stéphanos)A leader in the Jerusalem church and the first Christian martyr. He was one of seven men chosen and approved, by both the Twelve and the community, for the daily distribution of food.The story of Stephen (Acts 6:1–8:2) relates to Jewish-Gentile conflicts in Jerusalem as well
Seven, theA designation for the seven men (Gk. hoi heptá) appointed by the Church and ordained by the apostles to "wait on tables" (NRSV mg "keep accounts") and minister to the widows (Acts 6:1–6; cf. 21:8).See Deacon.
Eerdmans Bible Dictionary
Stephen [stēˊvən] (Gk. Stephanos "crown"). † One of the seven chosen as representatives of the Hellenists (Greek-speaking Jews) in the early Church in Jerusalem after a dispute concerning the daily distribution to the widows in the Church (Acts 6:1–5).As with Philip, another of the seven, the description
Seven, the (Gk. hoi heptá).* A designation for the seven men appointed by the Church and ordained by the apostles to "serve tables" and minister to the widows (Acts 6:1–6). The term appears at 21:8. See Deacon.
Catholic Bible Dictionary
STEPHEN One of the seven men chosen by the apostles to care for the needs of the widows within the community in Jerusalem (Acts 6:1–6). Described as "a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit," he was the first Christian martyr (Acts 6–7). As his name is Greek, it is likely that he was a Hellenist Jew
Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments
StephenStephen, member of the Seven, evangelist and the first known Christian martyr, makes his appearance in the NT solely in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 6:1–8:3). The Jerusalem church, acting at the direction of the Twelve, chose Stephen and six others to administer its charitable distribution


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Reconciling the Apparent Absence of a Last Glacial Maximum Alpine Glacial Advance, Yukon Territory, Canada, through Cosmogenic Beryllium-10 and Carbon-14 Measurements
Brent Goehring1, Brian Menounos2, Gerald Osbron3, Adam Hawkins2, and Brent Ward4 Brent Goehring et al. Brent Goehring1, Brian Menounos2, Gerald Osbron3, Adam Hawkins2, and Brent Ward4
1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
2Geography Program and National Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC Canada
3University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
4Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
Received: 07 Dec 2021 – Accepted for review: 09 Dec 2021 – Discussion started: 13 Dec 2021
Abstract. We present a new in situ produced cosmogenic beryllium-10 and carbon-14 nuclide chronology from two sets (outer and inner) of alpine glacier moraines from the Grey Hunter massif of southern Yukon Territory, Canada. The chronology potential of moraines deposited by alpine glaciers outside the limits of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice sheets potentially provide a less-ambiguous archive of mass balance, and hence climate than can be inferred from the extents of ice sheets themselves. Results for both nuclides are inconclusive for the outer moraines, with evidence for pre-LGM deposition (beryllium-10) and Holocene deposition (carbon-14). Beryllium-10 results from the inner moraine are suggestive of canonical LGM deposition, but with relatively high scatter. Conversely, in situ carbon-14 results from the inner moraines are tightly clustered and suggestive of terminal Younger Dryas deposition. We explore plausible scenarios leading to the observed differences between nuclides and find that the most parsimonious explanation for the outer moraines is that of pre-LGM deposition, but many of the sampled boulder surfaces were not exhumed from within the moraine until the Holocene. Our results thus imply that the inner and outer moraines sampled pre- and post-date the canonical LGM and that moraines dating to the LGM are lacking likely due to overriding by the subsequent Late Glacial/earliest Holocene advance.
How to cite. Goehring, B., Menounos, B., Osbron, G., Hawkins, A., and Ward, B.: Reconciling the Apparent Absence of a Last Glacial Maximum Alpine Glacial Advance, Yukon Territory, Canada, through Cosmogenic Beryllium-10 and Carbon-14 Measurements, Geochronology Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-43, in review, 2021.
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Brent Goehring et al.
Status: open (until 24 Jan 2022)
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RC1: 'Comment on gchron-2021-43', Jennifer Lamp, 15 Jan 2022 reply
Goehring et al. present in situ 14C and 10Be data from two groupings of alpine moraines located in the Grey Hunter massif in the Yukon territory. They use the resulting apparent exposure ages coupled with models of potential nuclide inheritance and sample exhumation to conclude that the outer set of moraines likely pre-dates the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (~35 ka) with evidence of sample exhumation after deposition, while the inner set of moraines likely post-dates the LGM (~11 ka). They attribute the absence of LGM moraines to a local reduction in precipitation due to atmospheric circulation changes induced by the LGM expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) and Cordilleran ice sheet (CIS).
The paper is well-written, and provides a good example of (1) the advantages of measuring multiple cosmogenic nuclides on moraine samples, and (2) how one should investigate the effect of post-depositional surface processes on apparent cosmogenic surface exposure durations. They present a strong case for their conclusions, and I support acceptance of the manuscript with minor revisions. Most of my comments are in regards to providing further explanations for statements made in the manuscript, and improving the clarity of figures and text.
General Comments:
A table with (at least) the sample names, exposure ages, and 14C/10Be ratios should be included in the main text instead of the supplement. It would be helpful to see this information in a table near Figure 4, which would be easier to read and refer to than going through the text for individual exposure ages.
Can you comment on the likely source of the moraine boulders? If known, does this affect the applicability of your nuclide inheritance models?
Expand on the evidence supporting the division of moraines into two groups (inner vs outer). How do you know one or some of the moraines don't represent a different third advance?
In order for readers to recreate the analyses, a table of the CRONUS-A data used to calibrate the 14C production rate is required (can go in the supplement).
Near the end of the methods section where you describe how cosmogenic exposure ages were calculated, add that the ages are based on 0-erosion. How appropriate of an assumption is 0-erosion for these samples?
In the conclusion, local cold-based glaciation is mentioned; can you introduce that information into the text earlier on and expand on how that may or may not affect your measured exposure ages?
Figure 1: Add approx. dates for the 3 shaded glacial limits in the figure (either on the figure or in the caption). Add labels on the figure for some of the surrounding features/locations mentioned in section 1.2.1. Add north arrow + scale bar. In the caption: add a mention of the red box, e.g., "…delineating the Grey Hunter Massif (red box) as shown in Figure 2…". "Massif" is capitalized in the figure caption but is lower case throughout the text.
Figure 2: Indicate which moraines equate to which site numbers used in Figure 4 and throughout the rest of the text. Indicate which samples were analyzed for both nuclides. Needs north arrow. "Massif" capitalized again.
Figure 3: Add the names of the two samples in the images.
Figure 4: Again, add the site numbers used in this plot to Figure 2. Add the number of samples in each site group (n=X), perhaps above each box and whisker plot. In the caption, describe the components of the box and whisker plots (e.g., what do the triangles represent? What are those non-bolded thin vertical lines visible in some plots?, etc.)
Figure 5: Specify what the error bars represent in figure caption.
Figure 6: Specify what the error ellipses represent in the figure caption. For the 3 inner moraine samples to be affected by 10Be inheritance, as mentioned in the caption, the amount of inheritance would have to minor for them to still overlap the simple exposure region, correct?
Figure 7: Caption: Change "older moraine" to "outer moraine". What elevation did you assume for the headwall-derived saturated rock for scenario 2? See comment below for lines 216-217.
Figure 8: Caption: add "(35 ka)" after "…minimum age of the outer moraines" in line 266. For clarity, in the next sentence ("Orange shading represents the range of exhumation-exposure duration pairs compatible with saturated 14C concentration"), specify that the range of compatible exhumation-exposure duration pairs are those that sum to >= 35 ka.
Line by line comments:
14: Remove "potential" (since you use potentially later in the statement)
15: Change "provide" to "provides"
65: "overtopped it" sounds a bit awkward. Maybe just "over"?
71: Add "likely around" or "approximately" in front of -10.8C since it's an estimate
81: "dividing" instead of "breaking"?
107: If applicable: after mentioning the calibration data set add "….(sourced from http://calibration.ice-d.org/, accessed XX-XX-XXXX)"
115: LIA has not been defined yet; change to "Little Ice Age (LIA)"
159: You write: "Samples from the inner moraine set are consistent with continuous exposure and steady state erosion or fall below the continuous exposure curve because of 10Be inheritance." The way this is written makes it sound like at least 1 sample falls below the curve. However, error ellipses for all 3 samples fall within the continuous exposure region (and in the figure 6 caption it says "…the three inner moraines samples are consistent with continuous exposure"). Perhaps change to "…consistent with continuous exposure and steady state erosion with the possibility of minor amounts of 10Be inheritance."
184-186: "…; however, because of the wide range in apparent 10Be exposure age for a given moraine rather than consistently too young, we discount boulder surface erosion as the cause for too young exposure ages and do not discuss further." The first half of this sentence reads as if you already concluded that the 10Be ages are not too young, while the second half reads as if you have already concluded that the 10Be exposure ages are too young. Replace with something along the lines of "…; however, due to the wide range in apparent 10Be exposure age for a given lithologically-homogenous moraine and no evidence for systematic underestimation of exposure ages, we discount rock surface erosion as a significant post-depositional process affecting apparent exposure ages."
188: "…10Be exposure age distributions are predominantly old-biased…" based on what? The 14C data? Specify.
194: After "…within a single valley." specify the site with where the morphostratigraphic requirement isn't met. E.g., "…within a single valley (e.g., site X)."
216-217: The text says: "The second scenario envisions delivery of a pre-exposed paraglacial boulder to a supraglacial setting prior to burial and englacial transport to a moraine" whereas in the caption for Figure 7 it says the boulder is just transported supraglacially. Which is correct?
231-232: Add text in italics for clarity: "…deposition, and, due to the short half-life of 14C, only the youngest moraines (<10 ka) would have any memory of pre-exposure."
233: Insert the "plausible age ranges" in parentheses for the inner and outer moraines.
262-263: "For a given depositional age (exhumation duration plus exposure duration), the deeper the exhumation depth, the faster the exhumation rate, and thus the less time spent at low production rates; the concentration is then more dependent on the duration of surface exposure." I would rephrase this; even though the total time spent in the subsurface is less for the deeper samples, the deep samples spend some amount of time at lower production rates than shallower samples. Something along the lines of "For a given depositional age (exhumation duration plus surface exposure duration) the deeper the exhumation depth, the lower the effective or average nuclide production rate during exhumation largely due to the exponential decrease in spallation with depth. Therefore, for deeper samples a longer exposure duration is required at the surface (where production rates are highest) to accumulate the measured amount of 14C, and as a consequence exhumation rates are faster."
273: Specify in parentheses the name of the "one sample" being referred to.
280: Is the 32 +/- 8.2 ka value based on the "grand group median" referenced earlier in the paper? State as such. In section 5.1, this value is quoted as 31.3 +/- 8 ka. Check and keep them consistent.
280: Move "regardless of the depth of sample exhumation" to between "western-Cordillera sense" and "and is 32 +/- ka." Otherwise it reads as if the date of moraine deposition is 32 ka regardless of the whether or not samples were exhumed.
281: Define the age range of the McConnell glaciation and add a reference.
282: Is 11.2 +/- 0.1 ka the group median again? Similarly to line 280, this value is written as 11.4 +/- 0.1 ka earlier in the text.
290-291: Add a reference for the statement: "In contrast, the northern margin of the CIS appears to have classical LGM maxima ages…"
294: Should "precipitation" be "moisture" instead?
298: Is a "the" missing in front of "Yukon"?
318: Move "not only" to be between "are" and "informative"
322: Change "positive mass balance" to "glacier expansion"
322-323: Expand on the statement: "The cold-dry climate likely operating at Grey Hunter also means that glaciers were cold-based and resulted in the complicated exposure age distribution observed…" Specify in what way cold-based glaciation at the site would have led to the exposure age observations. Also discuss this earlier in the text when first interpreting the data.
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We explored surface exposure dating with two nuclides, to date two sets of moraines from the Yukon Territory and explain the reasoning for the observed ages. Results suggest multiple processes, including preservation of nuclides from a prior exposure period, and later erosion of the moraines is required to explain the data. Our results only allow for the older moraines to date to marine isotope stages three or four, and the younger moraines to date to the very earliest Holocene.
We explored surface exposure dating with two nuclides, to date two sets of moraines from the...


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text:
Q: Crash reports in redesigned iTunes Connect I have a few questions:

*

*Where is the crash report tab now in the redesigned itunesconnect.apple.com? Previously it used to be below "Additional Information"?

*Does the crash report (crash report in iTunes) contain a UDID? I am asking because I'm wondering how I can identify which UDID a particular crash happened for?

Thanks.

A: If you open iTunes connect in a web browser, click on "App Analytics" and select the app you are interested in, then a graph of crash reports will be shown at the bottom right. The title of this graph "Crashes" is a hyperlink and will take you to a more detailed crash report graph. However, to see the actual call stack for any individual crash, you will need to do this from the XCode Organizer tool.
The Google Developer console provides much more detail for reported app crashes in the browser as well as making it much easier to view user reviews. So Apple certainly has room for improvement here.

A: *

*The menu doesn't seem to be available any more. (Besides that you mostly did not see any crashes in there anyway, so it wasn't useful)
Correction As @yeahdixon notes the crash reports link is now available below Additional Information.

*Crash reports never contain the device UDID and are always anonymous.

A: The crashreports are now in XCode.
In XCode, open the "Organizer" Window.
In the Organizer, select an app, and click on the "Crashes" tab.

A: in iTunes connect, you can go to versions and scroll to: Additional Information at the  bottom and click crash reports

A: @Kerni Looks like with new update the above described options are not available any more. Please follow the below steps to retrieve crash logs

*

*Add iTunes connect detail in account section of Xcode preferences.

*Then go to Window-> Organiser. You will get screen like https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/recipes/xcode_help-crashes_organizer/AboutCrashesOrganizer/AboutCrashesOrganizer.html where crashes are listed.

A: My app was released yesterday, but there is no option for viewing crash reports in iTunes Connect for me at this point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Pakistan submits answers on remaining 22 question posed by FATF, details actions taken by govt to curb terrorism, money laundering
Islamabad: Pakistan has submitted answers to the remaining 22 questions posed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), detailing the actions taken by the government to curb terrorism and money laundering after it put Islamabad on notice, a media report said on Friday.
The Paris-based international terror financing watchdog which kept Pakistan on the Grey List for an extended period till February 2020, had warned in October that Islamabad would be put on the Black List if it did not comply with the remaining 22 points in a list of 27.
Pakistan submitted a report comprising answers to 22 questions to the FATF, Geo News quoted officials as saying.
The report details Pakistan's actions against the groups the United Nations has listed as terrorist organisations as well as sentences handed to them by the courts.
Prepared by the representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, interior and finance, the Pakistan Army and other departments, the report said that "common people who worked in groups the UN listed as terrorist organisations were provided alternative employment."
It also said that the control of some 113 madrassas in Pakistan has been handed over to the federal government. These religious schools were now working under the relevant assistant commissioners, while the teachers and students in those institutions were provided a two-year budget, the report said.
According to the report, investigations into the sponsors and facilitators funding the terrorist activities, as well as methodologies of the State Bank of Pakistan and the Federal Investigation Agency to stop terrorism-financing in future, have been explained. A process to halt hundi-hawala and currency smuggling has been set up as well.
However, a system to regulate jewellery and real estate businesses, as well as lawyers' fees from petitioners, could not be set up, the report said.
The FATF, consequent to Pakistan's responses, would schedule a meeting in Beijing, China, on 21 January to prepare follow-up conditions.
However, a categorical decision to remove Pakistan from the FATF's Grey List would be taken during a February 2020 plenary review meeting in Paris, France, the report said.
Earlier, the FATF had asked 27 questions pertaining to Pakistan's efforts to stop terrorism financing. But Islamabad managed to satisfy the FATF over just five of them.
Pakistan was placed on the Grey List by the FATF in June last year and was given a plan of action to complete it by October 2019, or face the risk of being placed on the blacklist with Iran and North Korea.
The FATF said Pakistan must demonstrate effective implementation of targeted financial sanctions against all UN 1267 and 1373 designated terrorists like Lashkar-e-Taiba founder Hafiz Saeed, Jaish-e-Mohammad founder Maulana Masood Azhar, and those acting for or on their behalf.
The FATF is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 to combat money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.