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Home › Tools › Financial Education Center › Trading and Investing Basics › Fundamental Analysis
By Tillie Allison | Updated: April 4, 2019
One of the tools that investors use to manage their portfolios is fundamental analysis. It is helpful in gathering the right information to make reasoned decisions about how and where to invest. Successful fundamental analysis can build a path to profits by allowing traders to separate companies that are fundamentally strong from those that are fundamentally weak. Fundamental analysis is different than technical analysis, which focuses more on price moves and technical features of a particular stock's historical performance.
What is Fundamental Analysis?
Fundamental analysis refers to a method of analyzing and evaluating equities, though it may also apply to other types of securities. With fundamental analysis, income statements, balance sheets, cash flow and other publicly available documents are used to analyze the financial health of a company. Economic data such as unemployment numbers and interest rates may also be considered. The goal with fundamental analysis is to find companies that are trading at a discount from their true (or "intrinsic") value and thus may increase in share price when the market recognizes their quality.
The Basics of Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is an important component of almost any successful trading or investing strategy. All traders should have a basic understanding of how fundamental analysis works.
These are the primary factors to consider when conducting fundamental analysis:
What is the company's revenue?
Is it growing?
Are they making a profit?
Are they increasing indebtedness or paying off debt?
What are their turnover rates?
Does management take care of employees?
All of this helps define a numerical intrinsic value for the security that can be compared with its current price so as to determine whether or not it is overvalued or undervalued.
What is the Difference Between Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis?
Fundamental Analysis is often (mistakenly) directly contrasted with Technical Analysis.
Technical analysts say there is no need to mine corporate and economic data to determine a company's value, because everything they need to know is already reflected in the price. Instead, they use a variety of methods to predict where price will go in the future. They may look at price volatility as measured by the strength and duration of a movement away from a previous level. They might apply a formula such as MACD, Bollinger Bands, or simply analysis of the moving average price over time. Online Trading Academy's patented Core Strategy is a type of technical analysis that identifies supply and demand levels and then predicts turning points which offer significant profit potential.
Another common misconception is that fundamental and technical analysis are in competition and an investor must make a choice between them. In fact, when used properly, both can be useful tools for the investor looking for opportunity.
How to Use Fundamental Analysis for Trading Stocks
Watch this video to see how smart traders use fundamental analysis when looking at stocks.
Fundamental data: Beta
Price to Earnings in Fundamental Analysis
This measure is a very popular method of fundamental analysis. It consists of finding a company whose price-earnings (P/E) ratio is low compared to others of its kind. To find the price-earnings ratio, divide the stock's current price by its earnings per share.
If a stock is selling for $35 now and its earnings last year were $7 a share, the P/E ratio would be 5 (35/7=5). That means for every $1 the stock earns, investors are currently willing to pay $5. However, investors also pay for future earnings. If the same $35 stock is expected to earn $9 a share next year, then the P/E ratio would be 3.89 ($35/$9 = 3.89). The idea is to find stocks with a significantly lower P/E ratio than others in its category. That category could be almost anything, from an industry group (i.e.; financial stocks) to high-yield securities, or many others.
A refinement of P/E is the PEG ratio. PEG refers to P/E divided by growth rate; if a stock is priced at $80 and has earnings of $5, then it has a 16 P/E ratio. If that stock has a 20% annual growth rate then its PEG is 0.8. The higher the growth rate the lower the PEG will be, so a stock with a very low PEG has potentially attractive fundamentals.
The following video shows the difference between PE vs PEG:
PE vs PEG
In the following Screens, ABC's P/E Ratio is 43.60 whereas XYZ's P/E Ratio is much lower.
The P/E model is not applicable in all cases. If the company has losses or breaks even, then there are no earnings to compute. Also, companies in a cyclical industry, or which have a small capitalization, are likely to be less stable which cause their values to fluctuate too much from day to day, week to week or month to month, for P/E values to be a reliable measure. Highly volatile equities, such as companies focused on new technologies, are a breed apart. Many lose money, so it is impossible to compute a P/E ratio. Yet popular expectations are so high that their prices may be well above profitable companies.
Earnings Per Share in Fundamental Analysis
Earnings per Share (EPS) is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding. It is used in fundamental analysis for valuation purposes. This calculation works well when looking at the past, but if an analyst wants to look at the future, they need to calculate EPS based on the expected outstanding shares in the future.
At times financial statements will present two types of EPS calculations.: one for primary earnings and the other for fully diluted earnings. Fully diluted EPS includes all common-stock equivalents, such as warrants and options, and assumes full exercise and conversion. This calculation provides the maximum dilution. When comparing EPS between companies and within sectors, be sure to use the same EPS calculation, otherwise you will be making comparisons between apples and oranges. The same is true when calculating the Price/Earnings Ratio (P/E). The P/E includes an EPS number in its calculation. The P/E is one of the most widely used valuation tools for the price of a stock. Therefore, when doing your own analysis, make sure you are using the same EPS numbers for each company in your P/E calculations.
Cashflow in Fundamental Analysis
Cashflow is an important measure of a business for investors because it is a way of determining a company's ability to pay dividends and more. Generally, cashflow is defined as the net income (the difference between how much the company sold and how much it spent during a particular time frame, typically one quarter) of a business, plus depreciation (an accounting method which spreads out the cost of a fixed asset over several years) plus the value of other non-cash assets such as intangible assets, including copyright patents, trademarks, licenses, goodwill and franchises.
Companies, like people, need cash to keep going. Corporations need money to pay dividends, of course. But they also need it to pay for all the goods and services they use, as well as making capital improvements (things you can touch or feel, like buildings, machinery and computers), and paying operating costs (wages, raw materials, gas for company cars, and electricity).
Companies with a high level of debt have to pay a significant amount in interest to service that debt. If an opportunity suddenly appears, perhaps to buy a strategically located piece of land or a company that would help the company in some way, cash-poor companies may not have the money to make the deal. Most important, perhaps, is that during "hard times", companies with a cash cushion are more likely to survive. Companies which have cash to make it through the down periods are in a good position to make clear-headed judgments, keep their enterprise afloat and emerge in a stronger competitive position.
One proponent of Cashflow Analysis is Robert L. Renck, Jr., managing director of R.L. Renck & Co., who uses a surplus cashflow analysis. That approach adds together pretax income (how much money the company takes in before it starts paying taxes) and depreciation. Then it subtracts capital expenditures, which is the money companies spend to buy or improve capital assets, which again are those things you can lay your hands on such as computers, machinery or buildings.
Kenneth Hackel, founder of Systematic Financial Management, New Jersey, scours stocks for companies that can pay off their entire debt entirely from free cashflow. That figure is arrived at by taking, for the current year, the amount of cash left over after taxes, then adding the sum of all the fixed assets - the company's property used in running the business but which won't be sold off, such as furniture, machinery, computers - which have depreciated for that year, plus other non-cash expenses such as amortization and depreciation. Then subtract all capital expenditures and any increase in working capital, which is the money left over, by subtracting the liabilities from the assets.
As you begin to develop a picture of what you want in a stock, information obtained from technical and fundamental analysis could be used as benchmarks to measure the worth of potential investments. Since the most popular fundamental analysis focus on specific company's earnings, growth and value in the market, consider the market evaluation of the entire sector and overall market conditions rather than just that of the individual stock. Performance of one company is greatly influenced by the sector and overall market conditions.
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text:
package org.influxdb.querybuilder;

import org.influxdb.querybuilder.clauses.OperationClause;
import org.influxdb.querybuilder.clauses.SimpleClause;

public interface Selection {

  Selection distinct();

  Selection as(final String aliasName);

  Selection all();

  Selection countAll();

  Selection regex(final String clause);

  Selection column(final String name);

  Selection function(final String name, final Object... parameters);

  Selection raw(final String text);

  Selection count(final Object column);

  Selection max(final Object column);

  Selection min(final Object column);

  Selection sum(final Object column);

  Selection mean(final Object column);

  Selection op(final OperationClause operationClause);

  Selection op(final Object arg1, final String op, final Object arg2);

  Selection cop(final SimpleClause simpleClause);

  Selection cop(final String column, final String op, final Object arg2);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The purpose of the exit interview is to provide feedback on why employees are leaving, what they liked or did not like about their employment and what areas of the organization they feel need improvement.
Exit interviews are one of the most widely used methods of gathering employee feedback, along with employee satisfaction or exit surveys. Furthermore, exit interviews can result in the leaver having a more positive view of the organization.


What are some of your favorite things bought or gifted this year? Below are a few of our favorite things for the home, wearables, scents, food and drink.
– Tanya – Indoor plants. We moved a few months ago and my mission is to get a plant in every room – mostly rescue plants. You know, those sad looking plants in a big box store that need a new home and someone who will talk to them everyday – pictured below is my dining room table with 2 cacti – Barack and Obama … I also name all my plants.
– Kim – Music. I always have to have music playing at home. 2018 is going to be the year I change things up and add a bit more color to our house. I love gray everything, but I realized lately that my house desperately needs some personality.
– Kim – I recently bought these Rose Gold Stud Earrings. They're so sparkly but I can dress them up or down and the price can't be beat. I also bought these Arizona Chios in Cognac and I love them!
– Tanya -Going back to last Christmas (cheating a little) – my hubby got me a beautiful gold necklace with a diamond pendant. It's probably the fanciest jewelry I own. For what I bought myself – my big silver hoop earrings. I wear them all the time and it's basically my "signature." My fave "carry" is my gold studded purse. It's big enough to hold my cell phone – and so it's all I need when I leave the house sometimes.
Tanya – I have a thing for scented lotions and lately I've been using and loving C.O. Bigelow Freshwater Lavendar Lotion from Bath & Body Works. It has a light, perfumy smell that's not too overpowering. Also loving the Arctic Berry Fomaing Hand Soap from B&B – it's seriously the only place we buy hand soap from because they're not watery and smell great.
– Tanya – Spicy Cheetos and Kevita Lemon Ginger Sparkling Probiotic Drink. It's fizzy and tart – just the way I like my drinks.
– Kim – My son will always go for a granola bar as long as it has chocolate in it. For me it's a bowl of cereal- top pick is Cinnamon Toast Crunch. For drinks – GT's Enlightened Synergy Kombucha. I haven't really tried that many kombucha's but I do like this one quite a bit.
Do you have any favorites in these categories – tell us below! And if you're participating in #AMonthofFaves – add your blog post (or social media link) to the linky below.
Cancun real estate property now offers comfortable access to any or all from the modern conveniences retirees from the U.
I love the "rescue plants," and I need to have music on more often in my apartment. I should have it on right now!
I'm crazy for Bath and Body Works hand soaps. I thought I was more of a summer scent girl, but I'm wild about the Winter Cypress and Snowkissed Citrus ones I just bought. I didn't even see Arctic Berry on my latest pillaging of B&BW. I'll have to sample that one some time, too!
Kim- I checked those earrings out- they are GORGEOUS!
Tanya- I need that Gold studded clutch!


text:
Posted inBeer & Breweries
Modus Operandi celebrates third birthday with three new beers
by Tam Allenby July 20, 2017 December 20, 2021
Modus Operandi is celebrating its third birthday this weekend with three special release beers and a birthday shindig at the Mona Vale brewery.
Yeast Coast IPA
Two of the three beers celebrate the hop forward style that has garnered Modus such acclaim over just a few short years: a 'Yeast Coast IPA' and 'Triple Deity IPA', the third beer being a 'Black Lab Milk Stout' named after their much loved brewery dog, Stout.
The Yeast Coast IPA (6.6% ABV) is a collaboration between Wheaty Brewing Corps, Fixation and Modus, this time brewed at the Modus brewery and put into limited edition cans with a collaboration label.
Brewed with oats, torrified wheat and Amarillo, Citra, El Dorado and Simcoe hops, Founder of Modus Operandi Grant Wearin told Beer & Brewer that the resulting beer is a "hazy breakfast juice".
"We think it's the best East Coast style IPA that we can brew," Wearin said. "It's gone through a number of iterations: yeast changes, grist changes, hop changes, the whole works, but we arrived at this recipe which we up-scaled to the Modus brewery from the Wheaty's and that enabled us to put it in cans."
Triple Deity IPA
The Triple Deity IPA (6.4% ABV) has been brewed especially for the Modus birthday party, and is bursting with tropical fruit and pineapple aromas thanks to a massive (and rather pricey) dry hop.
"It's an IPA that you'd only ever brew for your birthday, because it's basically dry hopped with $100 notes! I tasted it this morning actually and it's going to be literally kegged on the morning of our birthday – there wouldn't be many times in a beer drinker's life where they actually drink a beer that's literally kegged that morning, it's literally as fresh as it gets."
Wearin remained tight lipped on the exact hops that have gone into the Triple Deity, saying: "We're not really coming clean on what they are but if you look at a price list, pick the two most expensive ones and chances are that's what's in there – well there's more than two but the predominant dry hop are two really expensive ones."
Finally, the Black Lab Milk Stout (5.0% ABV) is not only a celebration of the brewery's third birthday, but also the birthday of its resident black Labrador.
"Our Lab, who's also a mainstay of our brewery next to Jaz and I, was born on the exact same day that we opened the brewery, and of all the hundreds of beers that we've brewed here over the years, he gets offered to try all of them and it's the only beer he's ever drunk so we decided to name it after him," explained Wearin.
"It happens to be a really easy drinking, middle of winter milk stout that's got a fair bit of decadence behind it so it will sell to the public as well, not just our dog! We did the Milk Stout last year and this year, and obviously we've put it in cans again so it will be available in our 500ml tinnies throughout our network."
Black Lab Milk Stout and its namesake
The birthday party this Saturday also includes live music, an 80's Run DMC costume competition, a 'side show game' with prizes, a limited third birthday tee and finger licking grub in addition to three special release beers.
The beers will all be available to take away from the brewery on the day, and after that, will enter wider distribution. The Black Lab Milk Stout will be distributed nationally, while the two IPAs will have a much more limited release.
For a full list of stockists, keep an eye on the Modus Operandi blog– which should be live this afternoon (20 July) at around 4:30 PM.
Previous "Underfunded toothless tigers": brewers react to ACCC taps ruling
Next The Challenges of Homebrewing in Darwin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


CONTINENTAL — During its regular meeting on March 26, the Continental Village Council hired a new street/water/wastewater department employee and heard the Neighborhood Revitalization Grant projects are close to completion.
Council approved employing Tyler Thompson, who will begin work April 1, at a starting wage of $18/hour. After a 90-day probation period, he will be granted a $1/hour increase. Further raises will be tied to Thompson obtaining various licenses. Mike Leis, the village's operator on record, recommended Thompson for employment. Mayor Matt Miller clarified one of the maintenance employees must acquire a mosquito license, while the other must secure a noxious weed license.
Mayor Miller did a walk-through last week with representatives from Schimmoeller Construction and Poggemeyer Design Group to inspect the various Neighborhood Revitalization Grant projects. Miller reported there are a few activities that need to be completed, including finishing the restroom facilities in Sparling Park, putting down pea gravel, and reseeding the areas around the sidewalks. Schimmoeller Construction will return in the next couple weeks to finish the tasks. "It will be fun and exciting once the weather turns to see people taking advantage of the new infrastructure," Miller commented.
Two building permit applications were presented to council. One, for an in-ground pool at 203 North Third Street, was forwarded to the Zoning and Review Board to obtain more information from the property owner. The other permit, for home renovations at 403 South Fifth Street, was approved, pending it meets all zoning requirements.
Village Administrator Kathy Prowant reported that the state fire marshal is continuing to investigate the cause of a house fire that occured at the end of February. Although the fire marshal's probe is close to conclusion, Mayor Miller reminded council the condemnation process for the house cannot begin until the investigation is complete.
• learned the water meter replacement project should be starting in April.
• heard the maintenance department repaired a leak on Forrest Street that made its way to the surface.
As scheduled at 8 p.m., following the council meeting, council held a public hearing regarding an "Application for Placement in an Agricultural District" it had received, concerning 42 acres (two parcels of land). The Troyer family filed the application, as a portion of their farmland is located within the municipality. Benefits of enrolling in an ag district include nuisance suits protection, deferring assessments, and scrutiny of eminent domain acquisitions. Although council waited until 8:15 p.m., no one appeared for the hearing. Had anyone been present, they would have been provided the opportunity to ask questions of council and have a dialogue with council members and village officials.
Council now has 30 days from the date of the meeting to take one of three actions: approve the application; modify the application and approve it; or reject the application.
Continental Village Council's next regular meeting will be held on Tuesday, April 9, at 7 p.m. at the town hall.


Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by bearhtr2, Jun 3, 2018.
Wanted feedback on bullet performance. Anybodybused both the Nosler accubond and long range version???? Pics of results?
At 24hourcampfire in the rifle section way down the page there is a thread including those.
7mm RUM at 300yds 140gr AB 3200ish fps....quartering away...just a little.
6.5-06 130gr AB DRT 307yds a nice buck last season...nice wound channel with golf ball size exit. Sorry no pics.
Yes sir. I have the 129 6.5 LRAB's but have not put a bullet on bone yet.
Shot two cow elk and 1 antelope last year with 129's LRAB out of 6.5 at 3000fps. All one shot kills. Both elk were broadside heart/lung area shots, bullets stop on just under off side hide on both. I didn't weigh the bullets but they were around 60-70%. Antelope was high shoulder and it passed through. I posted a picture on another thread about BT and LRABS.
I did a test with my 6.5-06 with 142 grain lrab started at 2950fps. I wrapped an elk femur in a couple layers of cardboard and then taped the femur to a water jug and stacked two more jugs behind it and shot it from 40 yards.
Here's the pass through of femur.
great test. I agree. I think it will work. I have heard the LRAB will mushroom easier and not retain as much weight. That was why I was curious if anyone had used both and what difference in bullets they observed.
I load for a number of my deer hunter friends and the bullet I use most of the time is the regular Nosler Accubond, so I have shot or have seen over 20 deer shot with this bullet. I say it is our favorite deer bullet from 30 yards to 400.
Last year I decide to try the 150 LR Accubond in my 280 Rem.. I took a small doe, about (100 lbs) at 104 yards. I found there to be quite a bit of difference between the two bullets. The regular accubond does retain more weight and it also seem to penetrate more. The LR destroyed the shoulder of this small deer. I think the regular accubond would have done less damage because it would not have expanded as quickly and as much. Both would have killed the deer.
I have concluded that for deer up to 300-400 yds I will use the regular accubond. For longer shots the LR should work fine.
Great feedback. Exactly what we needed. Thanks so much.


text:
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign
Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Mary 1553-1558
Mary: March 1556
Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Mary 1553-1558. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1861.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying and sponsored by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. All rights reserved.
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March 1.
Florence.
479. Cosmo de Medicis, Duke, and the Councillors of Florence to Queen Mary. Credentials of Alphonsus, Bishop of Burgos, Envoy to her Majesty and King Philip. [Latin. Broadside on vellum. Signed by the Duke, and countersigned by Lælius.]
Venice.
480. Peter Vannes to the Council. As occurrences of any importance depend on proceedings between those two mighty Princes, he must be brief in this letter. Will, however, tell what he hears and perceives by the communication and discourses had with some wise men. First, in these matters of truce the Queen is highly praised as principal author, mediator, and doer between the said Princes; and her praise is the greater on account of the difficulty and impossibility which every man thought there would have been in bringing it to an [end], being so good and so great a matter. The French openly confess that her Majesty's travail taken therein has been a principal [cause of so good] a deed, trusting by her means that this beginning of friendship will prosper, and increase every day better and better. Whatever the conditions of the truce are, the present state of these countries well considered, the truce ought to be commended and nourished, for it will serve many good purposes, and save a great shedding of Christian blood, and keep Christian Princes from ruin, who, for their high degrees appointed by God, ought not to be poor. It is easily conjectured that many kinds of men had put great trust in the strife of those Princes, and the intolerable charges they would have been at, for the advancement of their private devices, and for that end to abuse the mischievousness of war. Thanks be to God, who has illuminated and mollified Princes' hearts with His grace ! Here in Piedmont, Sienna, and elsewhere, at this termination of war, there is like to be some mischief and spoliation committed by the dismissal of soldiers, but it is to be hoped, by the authority of Princes and good ministers, with the helping hand of God, Qui non in æternum irascitur populo suo, all things will be settled. The Duke of Ferrara, having great commodity in all his estates, is making up his 100 men-at-arms, to be distributed all about his dominions, and kept continually in the way he has wittily devised most to his own commodity; this is for his own safety, and not for any innovation of war, though he sees his neighbour armed. He has also discontinued levying the 2,000 footmen before appointed. There is news from Rome that the Pope has caused a muster of 3,500 foot and 100 light horse to be made, and, what with them and the others in his estate, has ready 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse. Whether they are for his safety, or any mistrust, or any other intent, cannot tell. Thinks the truce will accommodate all this matter, to the pleasure of God and the quiet of Christendom, as the Pope shows to be desirous of it. Hear from Constantinople that there is no preparation of any armament by sea, though the report is that the Turk will have much ado this year against Transylvania and Hungary. It is to be trusted in God that, hearing of the truce, his preparation will be slacker. The Queen of Poland, called regina Bona, is looked for within a fortnight at Treviso, a town within seven miles of Venice, and the King of Poland, her son, and others of her children, with all the state of Poland, are miscontented with her, because it is said she has conveyed out of the country, by divers secret ways, an infinite quantity of treasure and [jewels]. The Cavalier Barnardo, who was appointed [secret amba]ssador to the Turk, is dead, and tha[t] . . . . . . he in judgment (by the reason of a g . . . . . . had here) favouring a cause of a banished man . . . . . . ned counsel on the other side, laid to his charg[e], was a reproach that he secretly enjoyed pensions out of E . . . . upon which words, not remembering that in Venice omnibus est licitum impune maledicere, he took such a thought and such a choler inwardly that he went home and cast himself in his bed, daily increasing his sorrow till he died within 10 days. He had become in such favour that no man's death has been so generally lamented here. Understands that the Seigniory, besides the Ambassador that is there already about her Majesty, has chosen another to wait constantly on the King. He is a gentleman of the family of Soriano, well esteemed in Venice. Sends herewith advices from Rome and other places (missing). [Three pages and a quarter.]
March 10.
481. The Ambassadors of the Hanse Towns to Sir William Petre. Concerning the restraints placed upon their exporting and importing of cloths, and other commodities, and inclosing memorial to the Council on same subject. [Latin. Two pages and a quarter. Inclosure, two pages and a half.]
482. Sir John Masone to Queen Mary. Yesterday advertised her of the conclusion of the truce. As Lucas the messenger is dispatched with a letter from the King to her Majesty, has thought good to send three or four words to her, having no manner of occurrents worth writing about other than that his Majesty is in good health. Lucas has been very diligent during his stay here, which the King takes in very good and thankful part. [One page.]
Antwerp.
483. Thomas Gresham to same. Has received her Majesty's letter of the 3d March, by Mr. William Watson. According to her command, paid him on the 11th inst. 1,000l. for the provision of Dantzic, and 500l. for her Majesty's provision in Holland. Mr. Watson has departed towards those parts as expeditiously as he could. He is very careful and mindful of the charge that her Majesty has committed to him, as Gresham has written to the Council of his proceedings. The other 500l. shall be paid at sight of his letter, as her Majesty commands. On the 14th inst. was at Brussels to confer with the Ambassador touching her Majesty's affairs, and saw there the King, who tarries the coming of the French King's Admiral and all his noblemen. Great triumph will be shown upon the conclusion of the truce, which is here much rejoiced at. Very shortly upon the departure of the Admiral the King will make his repair home to her Majesty. As he has advertised the Council, has prolonged the whole sum of 70,000l. for six months, to the full contentation of all her creditors, so that now her Majesty has no more to sorrow for any payment here till October next coming. She will do very well to put the Council in remembrance some time for the better payment of her debts, for which they have provision, though they are not unmindful of the charge. It will redound to her credit, and be no less profitable, for she would avoid the great loss of interest. Has sent the Council a perfect note of all such bonds as must be new made, with advice of all other matters pertaining to her Majesty's affairs in these parts. Prays her to be good to her own mere merchants for their suit of the steel-yard; it is one of the chiefest points she has to look to for the wealth of the realm, wherein he has often before molested her and the Council. [Two pages.]
Amboise.
484. Dr. Wotton to same. Received her Majesty's letter of the 27th ult. on the 5th, while the King was on his journey to Amboise, whither he followed, and had audience of his Majesty on the 12th. The King stated that the truce was chiefly made to the intent that in the mean season communication might be had of a final peace, which he trusted by her Majesty's means might be brought to pass. Was sorry to hear of the Scots' doings in Ireland, and should write to the Queen Dowager, who he was sure would see such order taken in the matter as reason required. The day before the Constable sent word to Wotton that the Emperor and his Majesty had sealed and confirmed the truce as concluded by the Commissioners, and that all things taken since the date of the truce should be restored; whereupon when at Court he congratulated both the King and the Constable, whose inward joy was manifested by their outward countenances, as was perceived by the rest of the Ambassadors. The Constable informed him that it is agreed that the prisoners on both sides shall be straight delivered for the value of one year's income, except the Duke of Arschot, the Duke of Bouillon (so the Marshal de la Marche is now called), and the Constable's son. The King told him that he was content to have let the Duke of Arschot go for M. de Montmorency, but that it was refused, and yet the Duke may spend 100,000 francs per ann. Wotton said to this, that the Duke of Arschot was a great Lord indeed, but that he had a mother-in-law and sister-in-law alive. "Marry," quoth the King, "and Montmorency has a father and a mother yet alive, and four or five brethren, and six or seven sisters; and what can he have then of his own?" Was informed that although these three are not released, yet it is agreed they shall within three months be ransomed and delivered. The Constable mentioned that the delay in sealing and confirming the truce proceeded from the King's refusal to seal till the Commissioners should be agreed also for the delivery of the prisoners, which the other made no haste to go through withal. The Constable further said, that to see the treaty ratified and sworn again by the Princes, there should be notable Ambassadors sent on both sides; and for that purpose the Counts of Lalaing and Megue. Upon Wotton inquiring whether it was the fashion to ratify truces in that manner, the Constable replied that it was not usual, but the Princes thought it good to have this one so ratified. Doubts whether, as under the colour of a communication for the delivery of prisoners, they have concluded a truce, so these Ambassadors may, under colour of a ratification, have commission to treat of a peace. Is informed that the King has annexed Savoy and Piedmont to France, and made a special Government of it, as Picardy, Burgundy, and other provinces; appointing thereto Marshal Brissac, who is expected here shortly. On his arrival it is said he shall be of the Council of Affairs; that is to say, of them who, at the King's rising, enter into his chamber. where all the chief matters of great importance are debated. Of this number are the Cardinals of Lorraine and Chastillon, the Constable, the Duke of Guise, Marshal St. André, the Admiral, and a few more. [Two pages and a half.]
485. Dr. Wotton to the Council. Acknowledges receipt of their letter of 26th ult. As it is probable the Ambassadors for ratification of the truce will come both in the Emperor's and the King's name, supposes it were no great hurt to give them the preeminence. Such he thinks the French Ambassadors will do likewise, whenever they meet with Ambassadors having commission from the Emperor and his Majesty together. But if the French Ambassadors meet with any having commission from the King only (as at Venice he hears his Majesty's Envoy names himself the King of Spain's Ambassador), thinks and believes that the French Ambassador will look to have the upper hand of him. The English merchants of Rouen have obtained letters under the Great Seal for the maintenance of their privileges, and restitution of money garnished by them, if they may be put in execution as they are granted. But strict reciprocity is required on part of England for the French merchants there, and any restrictions on the French will be met with similar restraints upon the English. This was distinctly notified to the merchants on the delivery of their letters to them. [One page.]
486. Sir John Masone to Queen Mary. Thinks that by the bearer Francisco, whom the King has caused stay his return into England till this day, his Majesty has made answer to the things which were the cause of the said Francisco's coming hither and signified to him the conclusion of the truce. Much of the long delay arose because the Commissioners, having full authority to bind both Princes, nevertheless left the conclusion of the treaty to be of effect or not as it should please the Princes to accept or refuse it; as, by the latter end of the capitulations, which he sent lately, her Majesty may perceive. The King doubting how the French would use this liberty, thought it not good to publish the truce until by the subscription and seal of the French King it appeared he was content to accept it. Upon the delivery of the writing to the English Commissioners, and the sending of it hither, it was proclaimed in all places of these dominions, in the form given in his last letters. It will be Saturday before the French Commissioners can be here and their tarrying will not be over five days. The Constable's son, the Duke of Bouillon, and Mons. de Villars are sent for to be here against their coming. The Estates having had proponed upon them the King's demands for a subsidy, are returned to declare the same in both places as appertains, and are appointed to be here again on a certain day to make an answer. Has received by her Majesty's kindness 373l. 6s. 8d. for diets due last February. Thanks her most humbly upon his knees. Prays God he may so demean himself in service as the same may be acceptable to her, wherein no good will shall lack. [One page and a half.]
487. Same to Sir William Petre. Received yesterday a packet of letters from Mr. Vannes. Sends them with a few words. Nothing worth writing about has happened at this Court since his last letter to the Queen. On Thursday they look for the Admiral of France, Renard, the Lieutenant d'Aumont, who goes as Ambassador into France, and Basse Fontaine, who comes with the Admiral, and remains here for the French King: such a couple for likeness in conditions, as a better match would hardly have been found. The King of Bohemia and the Queen also appoint to be here about the 20th prox. Francisco Bernardi who had a good pension of her Majesty, is departed to God; a great cause of his death is thought to have been, "for thought for that he was charged to have received a pension without the knowledge of the Seigniory." Trusts as such pieces fall back into the Queen's hands, she will let them die and not bestow them again, considering the estate she stands in, until she be at least out of debt and able to satisfy her poor servants and answer her ordinary and necessary charges. The Marquis of Villena, a Spanish nobleman rented to the value of 80,000 crowns a year, is dead, as is also the Count of Niebla, son and heir to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Requests he will tell the Lords Treasurer and Privy Seal and the Bishop of Ely that the King's letter of indemnity of Art Van Dalle is dispatched, not without some difficulty made by the officers of Finance. The King's safe-conduct for Mr. Watson stays for word from him what proportion he provides of the things which are to be bought at Amsterdam, the number of pieces of each kind whereof these men will have in any case to be specified. Has written to Watson and looks daily for a bill from him containing the said pieces. Forgot to signify in his last letter that Francisco, on leaving Brussels, had 100 crowns given him for his journey into Spain. Sir Thomas Newenham is here now, about he knows not what suit. It should seem, however, it is touching the stalling of some debt.
P.S.—Requests orders may be given to Mr. Cliff or some other for conveying the inclosed letters to London. [Two pages.]
Ferrara.
488. Francis, Earl of Bedford, to Sir William Cecil. Is glad to find by Cecil's letter of 12th ult. that the Council take his doings in good part. Has written to Mr. Isham, in reference to his suit for a lease in Ibearye [Highbury], that being left with bare houses void of land or ground in all places, he has thought it meet to keep the same in his own hands; otherwise, he assures him, Isham should have it before any other; and though in this, by reason of his great lack, he may not without his extreme discommodity let Isham have it, yet shall he not fail hereafter to do him as good a turn, if ever it lies in his power. Has returned here from Rome and Naples. The latter, to his mind, is one of the fairest cities in Italy, having great commodities by the sea; the buildings are very fair, and the country so fruitful as he has not seen the like. Rome is beautified through the Pope's and Cardinals' palaces, whereof there is a number passing fair; the antiquities are so many and so worthy to be seen, that no small time will suffice to note them all, nor his capacity reach to bear them all away, but such as his wits will serve unto he shall make Cecil partaker of them at his coming home. Sends his hearty commendations to Lady Cecil, and thanks him for his great good will. [One page and a half. Indorsed by Cecil.]
489. Sir John Masone to Queen Mary. Lord Fitzwalter, returning presently to her Majesty, can declare the occurrents of this Court, and the state of the Emperor and the King. Will therefore not trouble her with a long letter, leaving to him the fuller report of these matters. The Admiral of France visited the Emperor yesterday; to-day it is decided he shall take his leave. The King travails to employ the time of the truce in such a manner as that, if the peace he most desires succeed not, he may be ready when the truce expires to meet the enemy. He therefore daily studies to cut off all superfluous expenses, and to set the affairs of the states right; and because in his father's time, by reason of the wars, his debts have grown very great, he has demanded a great subsidy, of the particulars whereof when it is granted her Majesty shall be advertised. The Turk makes very great preparation for the annoyance of Christendom this year by sea and land; if God do not set to His helping hand, the scourge is likely to be great in Hungary and elsewhere. [Two pages.]
[After March 22.]
490. Sermon by an Archbishop and Legate Apostolic in London. [Italian. Forty pages and a half. This discourse is evidently by Cardinal Pole, as the author distinctly says he is Archbishop and Legate, and Pole was the only person who held those two offices at the time; and the words "ultimo arcivescovo che voi avete" as clearly denote Cranmer. Its date, too, may be very nearly fixed. Pole's first sermon, "quando prima come arcivescovo io entrai," &c., was preached in Bow Church (a peculiar in the diocese of Canterbury) on the day of his consecration, March 22, 1556. After that, as we know from Beccatelli, he continued a series of similar discourses, "nella lingua patria," in various churches of his diocese; and this, from the manner in which he refers to the first, was evidently the second. It must have been delivered therefore early in the summer, if not in the spring, of 1556. This discourse, which never appears to have been printed, has manifestly been translated from the English; the subject is mission, apostolic succession, and unity.]
[March.]
491. Reply of the Council, by order of their Majesties, to the memorial submitted to them by the Ambassadors of the Hanse Towns. [Latin. Copy. Three pages.]
Another copy. [Two pages.]
Draft of the preceding. [Three pages.]
Translation of the preceding. [Three pages and a half.]
492. Report to King Philip by Lord Paget, the Bishop of Ely, and Secretary Petre, of their conference with and reply to the Ambassadors of the Confederate Cities of the Hanse. [Draft, Autograph of Petre. Seven pages and a half.]
Jottings in reference to the preceding, autograph of Petre. [One page.]


text:
Thousands fearfully wait in Kabul for US to deliver on evacuation promise
Updated: 9:27 AM EDT Aug 21, 2021
By AHMAD SEIR, RAHIM FAIEZ, KATHY GANNON and CARA ANNA, Associated Press
Mhm. Yeah. Get the Big four. Yeah. Oh the main shield walls, was it? Yes. You have to get the thing. You ever did you? What? That's it. We've been in contact with the crowd is just crazy. No one is helping and I don't know if this keeps going. No one will get help. We are requesting the government to fix this. Are you going to America or America? I've been working with him for five years. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Thank you interest.
Tens of thousands of people in Afghanistan waited nervously on Saturday to see whether the United States would deliver on President Joe Biden's new pledge to evacuate all Americans and all Afghans who aided the war effort. Meanwhile, the Taliban leader arrived in Kabul for talks with the group's leadership on forming a new government.Time is running out ahead of Biden's Aug. 31 deadline to withdraw most remaining U.S. troops, and the president on Friday night did not commit to extending it. He faces growing criticism as videos depict pandemonium and occasional violence outside the airport, and as vulnerable Afghans who fear the Taliban's retaliation send desperate pleas not to be left behind.In a new security warning, the U.S. Embassy on Saturday told citizens not to travel to the Kabul airport without "individual instructions from a U.S. government representative," citing potential security threats outside its gates. And yet crowds remained outside its concrete barriers, clutching documents and sometimes stunned-looking children, blocked from flight by coils of razor wire.Tens of thousands of Afghan translators and others, and their close family members, seek evacuation after the Taliban's shockingly swift takeover of Afghanistan in a little over a week's time. The fall of Kabul marked the final chapter of America's longest war, which began after the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks. Taliban leader Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, who negotiated the religious movement's 2020 peace deal with the U.S., was in Kabul for meetings with the group's leadership, a Taliban official said, speaking on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media. Baradar's presence is significant because he has often held talks with former Afghan leaders like ex-president Hamid Karzai.Afghan officials familiar with talks held in the capital say the Taliban have said they will not make announcements on their government until the Aug. 31 deadline for the troop withdrawal passes.Abdullah Abdullah, a senior official in the ousted government, tweeted that he and Karzai met Saturday with Taliban's acting governor for Kabul, who "assured us that he would do everything possible for the security of the people" of the city.Evacuations continued, though some outgoing flights were far from full because of the airport chaos, Taliban checkpoints and bureaucratic challenges. A German flight on Friday night carried 172 evacuees, but two subsequent flights carried out just seven and eight people.After a backlog at a transit facility in Qatar forced flights from the Kabul international airport to stop for several hours on Friday, the Gulf nation of Bahrain on Saturday announced it was allowing flights to use its transit facilities for the evacuation. The United Arab Emirates, meanwhile, said it would host up to 5,000 Afghans "prior to their departure to other countries."On Friday, a defense official said about 5,700 people, including about 250 Americans, were flown out of Kabul aboard 16 C-17 transport planes, guarded by a temporary U.S. military deployment that's building to 6,000 troops. On each of the previous two days, about 2,000 people were airlifted.Officials also confirmed that U.S. military helicopters flew beyond the Kabul airport to scoop up 169 Americans seeking to evacuate. No one knows how many U.S. citizens remain in Afghanistan, but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000.So far, 13 countries have agreed to host at-risk Afghans at least temporarily, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said. Another 12 have agreed to serve as transit points for evacuees, including Americans and others. About 300 evacuees arrived Friday night from Qatar at the U.S. Ramstein Air Base in Germany, one transit point for people being taken to the U.S., the American military said."We are tired. We are happy. We are now in a safe country," one Afghan man said upon arrival in Italy with 79 fellow citizens, speaking in a video distributed by that country's defense ministry.But the growing question for many other Afghans is, where will they finally call home? Already, European leaders who fear a repeat of the 2015 migration crisis are signaling that fleeing Afghans who didn't help Western forces during the war should stay in neighboring countries instead. The desperate scenes of people clinging to aircraft taking off from Kabul's airport have only deepened Europe's anxiety.Remaining in Afghanistan means adapting to life under the Taliban, who say they seek an "inclusive, Islamic" government, offer full amnesty to those who worked for the U.S. and the Western-backed government and claim they have become more moderate since they last held power from 1996 to 2001. They say they'll honor women's rights within the norms of Islamic law, without elaborating.But many Afghans fear a return to the Taliban's harsh rule in the late 1990s, when the group barred women from attending school or working outside the home, banned television and music, chopped off the hands of suspected thieves and held public executions."Today some of my friends went to work at the court and the Taliban didn't let them into their offices. They showed their guns and said, 'You're not eligible to work in this government if you worked in the past one,'" one women's activist in Kabul told The Associated Press on Saturday. She spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of retaliation.With a Turkish visa but no way to safely reach the airport, the activist described the gap between the Taliban's words and actions "very alarming." She said she was holed up in the city with a colleague, eating food delivered by a friend.Taliban now operate in a very different Afghanistan, facing far closer scrutiny this time around as Afghans share updates on social media. Some Afghans however fear retaliation, and are hurriedly wiping out their online presence instead.___Faiez reported from Istanbul, Gannon from Islamabad, and Anna from Nairobi, Kenya. Associated Press writer Jon Gambrell in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Colleen Barry in Milan, Italy, Matt Lee in Washington and Geir Moulson in Berlin contributed.
Tens of thousands of people in Afghanistan waited nervously on Saturday to see whether the United States would deliver on President Joe Biden's new pledge to evacuate all Americans and all Afghans who aided the war effort. Meanwhile, the Taliban leader arrived in Kabul for talks with the group's leadership on forming a new government.
Time is running out ahead of Biden's Aug. 31 deadline to withdraw most remaining U.S. troops, and the president on Friday night did not commit to extending it. He faces growing criticism as videos depict pandemonium and occasional violence outside the airport, and as vulnerable Afghans who fear the Taliban's retaliation send desperate pleas not to be left behind.
In a new security warning, the U.S. Embassy on Saturday told citizens not to travel to the Kabul airport without "individual instructions from a U.S. government representative," citing potential security threats outside its gates. And yet crowds remained outside its concrete barriers, clutching documents and sometimes stunned-looking children, blocked from flight by coils of razor wire.
Tens of thousands of Afghan translators and others, and their close family members, seek evacuation after the Taliban's shockingly swift takeover of Afghanistan in a little over a week's time. The fall of Kabul marked the final chapter of America's longest war, which began after the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks.
Biden vows to evacuate all Americans — and Afghan helpers
Taliban leader Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, who negotiated the religious movement's 2020 peace deal with the U.S., was in Kabul for meetings with the group's leadership, a Taliban official said, speaking on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media. Baradar's presence is significant because he has often held talks with former Afghan leaders like ex-president Hamid Karzai.
Afghan officials familiar with talks held in the capital say the Taliban have said they will not make announcements on their government until the Aug. 31 deadline for the troop withdrawal passes.
Abdullah Abdullah, a senior official in the ousted government, tweeted that he and Karzai met Saturday with Taliban's acting governor for Kabul, who "assured us that he would do everything possible for the security of the people" of the city.
Evacuations continued, though some outgoing flights were far from full because of the airport chaos, Taliban checkpoints and bureaucratic challenges. A German flight on Friday night carried 172 evacuees, but two subsequent flights carried out just seven and eight people.
After a backlog at a transit facility in Qatar forced flights from the Kabul international airport to stop for several hours on Friday, the Gulf nation of Bahrain on Saturday announced it was allowing flights to use its transit facilities for the evacuation. The United Arab Emirates, meanwhile, said it would host up to 5,000 Afghans "prior to their departure to other countries."
Biden defends withdrawal, says there are greater threats than Taliban-controlled Afghanistan
On Friday, a defense official said about 5,700 people, including about 250 Americans, were flown out of Kabul aboard 16 C-17 transport planes, guarded by a temporary U.S. military deployment that's building to 6,000 troops. On each of the previous two days, about 2,000 people were airlifted.
Officials also confirmed that U.S. military helicopters flew beyond the Kabul airport to scoop up 169 Americans seeking to evacuate. No one knows how many U.S. citizens remain in Afghanistan, but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000.
So far, 13 countries have agreed to host at-risk Afghans at least temporarily, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said. Another 12 have agreed to serve as transit points for evacuees, including Americans and others. About 300 evacuees arrived Friday night from Qatar at the U.S. Ramstein Air Base in Germany, one transit point for people being taken to the U.S., the American military said.
"We are tired. We are happy. We are now in a safe country," one Afghan man said upon arrival in Italy with 79 fellow citizens, speaking in a video distributed by that country's defense ministry.
Afghans plead for faster US evacuation from Taliban rule
But the growing question for many other Afghans is, where will they finally call home? Already, European leaders who fear a repeat of the 2015 migration crisis are signaling that fleeing Afghans who didn't help Western forces during the war should stay in neighboring countries instead. The desperate scenes of people clinging to aircraft taking off from Kabul's airport have only deepened Europe's anxiety.
Remaining in Afghanistan means adapting to life under the Taliban, who say they seek an "inclusive, Islamic" government, offer full amnesty to those who worked for the U.S. and the Western-backed government and claim they have become more moderate since they last held power from 1996 to 2001. They say they'll honor women's rights within the norms of Islamic law, without elaborating.
But many Afghans fear a return to the Taliban's harsh rule in the late 1990s, when the group barred women from attending school or working outside the home, banned television and music, chopped off the hands of suspected thieves and held public executions.
"Today some of my friends went to work at the court and the Taliban didn't let them into their offices. They showed their guns and said, 'You're not eligible to work in this government if you worked in the past one,'" one women's activist in Kabul told The Associated Press on Saturday. She spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of retaliation.
The Taliban are telling the world they've changed. Do early signs suggest otherwise?
With a Turkish visa but no way to safely reach the airport, the activist described the gap between the Taliban's words and actions "very alarming." She said she was holed up in the city with a colleague, eating food delivered by a friend.
Taliban now operate in a very different Afghanistan, facing far closer scrutiny this time around as Afghans share updates on social media. Some Afghans however fear retaliation, and are hurriedly wiping out their online presence instead.
Faiez reported from Istanbul, Gannon from Islamabad, and Anna from Nairobi, Kenya. Associated Press writer Jon Gambrell in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Colleen Barry in Milan, Italy, Matt Lee in Washington and Geir Moulson in Berlin contributed.


text:
Dub Meltdown is a collaborative album by Bill Laswell and Style Scott, released on August 12, 1997 by WordSound.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the Dub Meltdown liner notes.
Musicians
Capt. Kowatchi – percussion
The Eye – effects, mixing (1, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Bill Laswell – bass guitar, loops, effects, producer, mixing (2, 6)
Style Scott – drums
Professor Shehab – sampler, mixing (3)
Technical personnel
Robert Musso – engineering

Release history

References

External links
 Dub Meltdown at Bandcamp

1997 albums
Collaborative albums
Bill Laswell albums
Albums produced by Bill Laswell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm right at the cutting edge here. I just started listening to Operation Ivy, a punk ska band who were together from 1987–1989.
I heard the name a lot, and it stuck in my head when it was included in the lyrics to The King Blues' ode to punk 'What if Punk Never Happened?'.
I recommended the song 'Soundsystem' to Luke because he likes punky stuff. He's a big fan of Green Day, and Operation Ivy's last official live performance was on May 28, 1989, the very same gig where Green Day first performed under that name. Green Day were also on the same record label and recorded a cover of Operation Ivy's song 'Knowledge'.


text:
Q: Background image hide the toolbar in reactjs Hello i want to build a toolbar that has an image in the background. I have build two different components. The first is the image component:
import React from 'react';
import thepic from '../mypic.jpg'; // with import
import '../App.css';

const Image = () => {
  return (
    <img src={thepic} className='the-pic' />
  )
}

export default Image;

The second component is the toolbar, i am using react-bootstrap toolbar and i wrap the previous component in the toolbar:
<Image>
  <Navbar>
    <Container>
      <Navbar.Brand href="#home">
        React-Bootstrap
      </Navbar.Brand>
      <Navbar.Toggle aria-controls="basic-navbar-nav" />
      <Navbar.Collapse id="basic-navbar-nav">
        <Nav className="me-auto">
          <Nav.Link href="#home">
            Home
          </Nav.Link>
          <Nav.Link href="#link">
            Link
          </Nav.Link>
        </Nav>
      </Navbar.Collapse>
    </Container>
  </Navbar>
</Image>

I have manage to display the image in the screen but the toolbar is not shown up. It's like the image override the toolbar.
Can anyone help with this ?

A: The approach is wrong, you shouldn't make a component for a background image and use it like a "slot" for other components. What you can do is siply give a background image to your navbar component as prop, so it will be dynamic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/ Earth Sciences
Sedimentology Commons™
Search Sedimentology
1,877 Full-Text Articles 2,139 Authors 228,874 Downloads 83 Institutions
A Graphic Résumé Of The Pleistocene Of Nebraska (With Notes On The Fossil Mammalian Remains), C. Bertrand Schultz, Gilbert C. Lueninghoener, W. D. Frankforter University of Nebraska
A Graphic Résumé Of The Pleistocene Of Nebraska (With Notes On The Fossil Mammalian Remains), C. Bertrand Schultz, Gilbert C. Lueninghoener, W. D. Frankforter
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum
I T SEEMS desirable at this time to present a graphic resume of the Nebraska Pleistocene, together with a summary of the stratigraphic sequences of the fossil vertebrates. This report is based on data taken from various publications' in addition to information gathered by the present writers during the past fifteen or more field seasons. Intensive work has been done in the past five years in connection with recovery of paleontological material in the areas where government dams are under construction (Schultz, Lueninghoener, and Frankforter, 1948; Schultz and Frankforter, 1948; Holder and Wike, 1949). The information in the present paper …
Flow Regime Evolution Of A Major Cave System In The Eastern Alps (Hirlatzhöhle, Dachstein), Lukas Plan, Gottfried Buchegger, Eva Kaminsky, Gabriella Koltai, Tanguy Racine, Jacek Szczygieł Karst- and Cave Group, Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria
Flow Regime Evolution Of A Major Cave System In The Eastern Alps (Hirlatzhöhle, Dachstein), Lukas Plan, Gottfried Buchegger, Eva Kaminsky, Gabriella Koltai, Tanguy Racine, Jacek Szczygieł
International Journal of Speleology
The 116 km-long and 1560 m-deep Hirlatzhöhle is one of the major cave systems in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA; Austria). It is located in the NW part of the Dachstein, an extensive karst massif encompassing 576 km² with its highest point at 2995 m a.s.l. In contrast to most other caves in the NCA, Hirlatzhöhle comprises old (epi)phreatic passages located up to 1 km above the base level as well as two modern major drainage systems. The aim of this study is to define the palaeo- and the active flow conditions in combination with speleogenesis, and the age of …
Water Resources Data For Nebraska Water Year 1976, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Water Resources Data For Nebraska Water Year 1976
Conservation and Survey Division
Water resources data for the 1976 water year for Nebraska consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells and springs. This report contains discharge records for 146 gaging stations; stage and contents for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 40 gaging stations, 18 ungaged stations, 27 partial-record flow stations, and 96 wells; and water levels for 66 observation wells. Also included are 114 crest-stage partial-record stations and 12 low-flow partialrecord stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part …
The Occurrence Of The Greta Sandstone, Frio Formation (Late Oligocene), Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, Sean C. Kincade University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
The Occurrence Of The Greta Sandstone, Frio Formation (Late Oligocene), Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, Sean C. Kincade
The Greta sandstone is an informal lithostratigraphic unit of the upper Frio Formation (Oligocene) that occurs across the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. The Greta sandstone has been known to geologists since it was first drilled in the 1930's, yet there has been very little research into this un-depleted and overlooked reservoir. This study provides insights into the lateral distribution and reservoir facies of the Greta sandstone. The unit represents an aggradational to transgressive barrier sandstone package grading up to mud-rich open marine inner shelf deposits. The interval is easily recognizable in well logs based on its strong SP and Gamma-ray …
Impact Of Erosion, Mass Wasting, And Sedimentation On Human Activities In The Río Grande Basin, Jujuy Province, Argentina, Waldo Chayle, William J. Wayne Universidad Nacional de Jujuy
Impact Of Erosion, Mass Wasting, And Sedimentation On Human Activities In The Río Grande Basin, Jujuy Province, Argentina, Waldo Chayle, William J. Wayne
Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Nearly all dry mountainous regions are affected by severe erosion, floods, and debris flows during times of intense precipitation. The lithology, geologic structure, and climate in Jujuy Province, Argentina combine to place at serious risk the people who live along the Río Grande, the major river that drains the east side of the Cordillera Oriental and the west side of the Sierras Subandinas. Nearly all precipitation falls during summer (January–March) with little during the remainder of the year; most of the basin is semiarid to arid, although the southern end has a humid subtropical climate. Relief is great, as much …
Structural Cross Sections And Subsurface Maps Of The Atoka Formation In The Northern Arkoma Basin, Western And Northwestern Arkansas, David Nance University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Structural Cross Sections And Subsurface Maps Of The Atoka Formation In The Northern Arkoma Basin, Western And Northwestern Arkansas, David Nance
The Arkoma Basin is one of several peripheral foreland basins situated on the front of the Ouachita orogenic fold and thrust belt. The transition from the foredeep to the Ozark Plateaus is a short one in terms of latitude. The Atoka Formation in Arkansas comprises the bulk of the sediments in the Arkoma Basin. Three divisions of the Atoka Formation have been informally assigned as the Upper, Middle, and Lower based on differences in sedimentary response to tectonic processes that occurred during the formation and subsidence of the Arkoma Basin. In the Arkansas portion of the Arkoma Basin, the lower …
The Jabal Qarah Caves Of The Hofuf Area, Northeastern Saudi Arabia: A Geological Investigation, Nazrul I. Khandaker, Mahbub Hussain, Fadhel Al-Khalifah CUNY York College
The Jabal Qarah Caves Of The Hofuf Area, Northeastern Saudi Arabia: A Geological Investigation, Nazrul I. Khandaker, Mahbub Hussain, Fadhel Al-Khalifah
The Jabal Al Qarah Caves, located approximately 13 km east of Al Hofuf, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, are an intricate cave system developed in the calcareous sandstone, marl and clay of the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene Hofuf Formation. Physiographically, the hill of Jabal Al Qarah is an outlier mesa that is located at the eastern edge of the Shedgum Plateau, the southern extension of the As Summan Plateau, and the larger Syrian Plateau to the north. Based on cave morphology and interpreted evolutionary histoty, the Jabal Al Qarah caves appear to be significantly different from other limestone caves …
Tourmaline - A Prospecting Guide For Massive Base-Metal Sulfide Deposits In The Penobscot Bay Area, Maine, John F. Slack University of Southern Maine
Tourmaline - A Prospecting Guide For Massive Base-Metal Sulfide Deposits In The Penobscot Bay Area, Maine, John F. Slack
Maine Collection
Tourmaline - A Prospecting Guide for Massive Base-Metal Sulfide Deposits in the Penobscot Bay Area, Maine
by John F. Slack, U.S. Geological Survey
Special Economic Studies Series No.8
Maine Geological Survey, Department of Conservation, Augusta, Maine (June, 1980).
Contents: Abstract / Introduction / Geologic Setting / Massive Sulfide Deposits / Tourmaline Occurrences / Tourmaline: A Guide to Ore / Acknowledgements / References Cited
The Thiem Method For Determining Permeability Of Water-Bearing Materials, L. K. Wenzel University of Nebraska-Lincoln
The Thiem Method For Determining Permeability Of Water-Bearing Materials, L. K. Wenzel
All Articles in Sedimentology
1,877 full-text articles. Page 1 of 38.
Mid-20th Century Land-Use Change Greatly Reduced Flood Intensity In The Southeastern Us Dataset, Zhixiong Shen, Nicholas William Conway 2023 Coastal Carolina University
Mid-20th Century Land-Use Change Greatly Reduced Flood Intensity In The Southeastern Us Dataset, Zhixiong Shen, Nicholas William Conway
Marine Science Faculty Publications
This dataset presents laser-diffraction grain-size distribution data of the sediment core, SBL2, taken from an oxbow lake in the Pee Dee River floodplain South Carolina, USA (33.8453 °N, 79.3507°W).
Using Xbeach To Describe The Performance Of An Intertidal Vegetation Shoreline Stabilization Treatment, Elizabeth Winter 2022 University of South Alabama
Using Xbeach To Describe The Performance Of An Intertidal Vegetation Shoreline Stabilization Treatment, Elizabeth Winter
The purpose of this project is to predict the hydrodynamic and morphodynamics of an engineered vegetation-only shoreline restoration project in Little Lagoon, Alabama under different storm and sea level rise scenarios. Little Lagoon is a shallow, single-inlet lagoon located in Baldwin County, Alabama that has been experiencing shoreline erosion for the past 28 years. A living shoreline using vegetation only (Spartina alterniflora) was implemented in the southwest corner of the lagoon, located within Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, to create habitat, improve water quality, and prevent future erosion. This research compares "with-project" and "without-project" hydrodynamics and morphodynamics using XBeach in …
Sub-Recent Microfauna Within Allogenic Sediments At The Bottom Of A Deep Cave, Njemica (Biokovo Mt., Croatia), Tomislav Kurečić, Valentina Hajek Tadesse, Lara Wacha, Marija Horvat, Nina Trinajstić, Ivan Mišur 2022 Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Geology, Milana Sachsa 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Sub-Recent Microfauna Within Allogenic Sediments At The Bottom Of A Deep Cave, Njemica (Biokovo Mt., Croatia), Tomislav Kurečić, Valentina Hajek Tadesse, Lara Wacha, Marija Horvat, Nina Trinajstić, Ivan Mišur
Clastic sediments deposited at the bottom of the vertical, nearly 1000 m deep Njemica Cave (Biokovo Mountain, Croatia) were analysed. Owing to the vertical morphology of the cave, the occurrences of clastic sediments are sparse. Small, up to decimetre-thick, undisturbed sediment accumulations situated near the siphon lake revealed interesting palaeontological and mineralogical data. These data are used as a useful proxy for discussing depositional processes, the provenance of the sediments and paleo-habitats of the subterranean fauna.
The sub-recent assemblages of ostracods were discovered within the sediment, and they were shown to be correlative to the known endemic species in the …
Inverting Passive Margin Stratigraphy For Marine Sediment Transport Dynamics Over Geologic Time, Charles Shobe, Jean Braun, Xiaoping Yuan, Benjamin Campforts, Boris Gailleton, Guillaume Baby, François Guillocheau, Cécile Robin 2022 West Virginia University
Inverting Passive Margin Stratigraphy For Marine Sediment Transport Dynamics Over Geologic Time, Charles Shobe, Jean Braun, Xiaoping Yuan, Benjamin Campforts, Boris Gailleton, Guillaume Baby, François Guillocheau, Cécile Robin
Passive margin stratigraphy contains time-integrated records of landscapes that have long since vanished. Quantitatively reading the stratigraphic record using coupled landscape evolution and stratigraphic forward models (SFMs) is a promising approach to extracting information about landscape history. However, there is no consensus about the optimal form of simple SFMs because there has been a lack of direct tests against observed stratigraphy in well-constrained test cases. Specifically, the extent to which SFM behaviour over geologic space and timescales should be governed by local (downslope sediment flux depends only on local slope) versus nonlocal (sediment flux depends on factors other than local …
Flow Regime Evolution Of A Major Cave System In The Eastern Alps (Hirlatzhöhle, Dachstein), Lukas Plan, Gottfried Buchegger, Eva Kaminsky, Gabriella Koltai, Tanguy Racine, Jacek Szczygieł 2022 Karst- and Cave Group, Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria
Observations On Late Cretaceous Micrampulla (Corethrales, Bacillariophyceae) From The Campbell Plateau (Zealandia), Southwest Pacific Ocean, Kenta Abe, David M. Harwood, Richard W. Jordan 2022 Kochi University
Observations On Late Cretaceous Micrampulla (Corethrales, Bacillariophyceae) From The Campbell Plateau (Zealandia), Southwest Pacific Ocean, Kenta Abe, David M. Harwood, Richard W. Jordan
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) diatom assemblages from the Campbell Plateau (Zealandia), southwest Pacific Ocean, obtained from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 29 Site 275, contain well-preserved specimens of two enigmatic diatom species currently assigned to the genus Ktenodiscus; Micrampulla parvula originally described from the Maastrichtian-age Moreno Shale, California, and Pterotheca cretacea from DSDP Site 275. In general, the two species share a number of common features with modern Corethron (domed valves, probable heterovalvate frustules, T-shaped serrated articulated spines, marginal sockets), but differ in the location of the sockets (i.e. vertically at the base of the valve dome and …
Uncovering The Mysteries Of Retention Ponds: Comparing The Abundance And Type Of Microplastics In Storm Water Ponds In London Ontario, Natalie Rose Minda 2022 Western University
Uncovering The Mysteries Of Retention Ponds: Comparing The Abundance And Type Of Microplastics In Storm Water Ponds In London Ontario, Natalie Rose Minda
Microplastics are plastics <5 mm (Liu, 2019; Arthur et al., 2009). They are created in two ways: Intentionally or from the fragmentation of larger pieces of plastic (National Ocean Service, 2021). They can negatively impact human, wildlife and ecosystem health in many ways depending on the exposure, type, size, and shape of the microplastic (Campanale, 2020). Retention ponds are often created in neighborhoods to collect water in order to prevent flooding. They also often serve as habitat for wildlife. Sediment samples were collected in two ponds in London Ontario both dredged in 2016. Samples were processed in the lab and further analyzed under the microscope to isolate the microplastics. Results have not been determined yet, but the abundance and type of microplastic varies in both ponds. Plastic pollution in retention ponds should be considered more, as it poses a threat to human and ecosystem health.
Precambrian Molar-Tooth Structure: Unraveling The Diagenesis Of Ancient Carbonates, Agustin Kriscautzky 2022 University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Precambrian Molar-Tooth Structure: Unraveling The Diagenesis Of Ancient Carbonates, Agustin Kriscautzky
Molar-tooth structure (MTS) is an enigmatic carbonate fabric that occurs mainly within Proterozoic carbonate host rocks. It is composed of two distinct features: cracks of various morphologies and crack-filling calcite microspar. Although the origins of MTS remain unknown, most previous investigation has focused on the formation of the cracks and mechanisms involved in the void space generation, with less emphasis on the intriguing carbonate fill. In this study I have investigated molar-tooth bearing carbonates from regions that span both paleogeography and geologic time. Analysis at the microscopic scale, including traditional petrography, cathodoluminescence petrography, scanning electron microscopy, and micrometer-scale geochemical analyses …
Arkansas Corn And Grain Sorghum Research Studies 2021, Victor Ford, Jason Kelley, Nathan McKinney II 2022 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Arkansas Corn And Grain Sorghum Research Studies 2021, Victor Ford, Jason Kelley, Nathan Mckinney Ii
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series
The 2021 edition of the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Research Studies Series includes research results on topics pertaining to corn and grain sorghum production, including weed, disease, and insect management; economics; sustainability; irrigation; post-harvest drying; soil fertility; mycotoxins; cover crop management; and research verification program results. Our objective is to capture and broadly distribute the results of research projects funded by the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Board. The intended audience includes producers and their advisors, current investigators, and future researchers. The Series serves as a citable archive of research results.
Sedimentary Characteristics And Associated Carbon And Nutrients Of Overbank Sediments Deposited During The 2018, 2019, And 2020 Floods In Embanked Floodplains Along The Lower Mississippi River Near Natchez, Mississippi, Rachel Kelk 2022 The University of Southern Mississippi
Sedimentary Characteristics And Associated Carbon And Nutrients Of Overbank Sediments Deposited During The 2018, 2019, And 2020 Floods In Embanked Floodplains Along The Lower Mississippi River Near Natchez, Mississippi, Rachel Kelk
The Lower Mississippi River (LMR) experienced major floods in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Sediment deposition in the embanked floodplains during floods represent important storage and sequestration opportunities for carbon and nutrients from ~40% of the continental USA. This research aims to compare depositional thicknesses, organic matter (OM), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) concentrations, and grain sizes in floodplain sediments deposited by the combined 2018-19 floods to the 2020 flood along the LMR near Natchez, Mississippi. Greater depositional thicknesses in 2018-19 are best explained by their combined flood durations; the 2019 flood was the longest in recorded history. Slightly higher …
Sand Microtextures As Indicators Of Depositional Environment – A Comparison Of Fluvial, Marine And Aeolian Sediments, Brian Hanson, Diane M. Burns 2022 Eastern Illinois University
Sand Microtextures As Indicators Of Depositional Environment – A Comparison Of Fluvial, Marine And Aeolian Sediments, Brian Hanson, Diane M. Burns
The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been used to examine sediment surfaces since the late 1960's. More recently, results of SEM analyses of grains have been used to link depositional environments and modes of transport for sediments and sandstones (Krinsely and Trusty, 1986; Mahaney and Kalm 2000; Mahaney et al., 2001). This technique has been considered to be a viable, though time consuming, option for researchers interpreting depositional environments. V-pits are a microfeature which is claimed to indicate a littoral deposition environment (Krinsley and Trusty, 1986; Middleton and Kassera, 1987), while others claim it is a result of fluvial processes …
Echoed Sites And The Unknowable Object, Joseph Canizales 2022 Washington University in St. Louis
Echoed Sites And The Unknowable Object, Joseph Canizales
MFA in Visual Art
This thesis will discuss the expanded field of sculpture, simulacra, digital technology, and two terms I've devised: the unknowable object, and echoed sites. Within these two terms, I'm concerned with the complicated relationship between humans and geology and how we extract material from the ground without reflecting on the geologic history of the site. In echoed sites I create sculptures with and without a geologic site or object, by way of digital technology. These forms display two states paradoxically in balance, where what's presented leaves more questions than answers. Thus, as part of echoed sites, exists the unknowable object. …
A New Model For Predicting The Drag And Lift Forces Of Turbulent Newtonian Flow On Arbitrarily Shaped Shells On The Seafloor, Carley R. Walker, James V. Lambers, Julian Simeonov 2022 University of Southern Mississippi
A New Model For Predicting The Drag And Lift Forces Of Turbulent Newtonian Flow On Arbitrarily Shaped Shells On The Seafloor, Carley R. Walker, James V. Lambers, Julian Simeonov
Currently, all forecasts of currents, waves, and seafloor evolution are limited by a lack of fundamental knowledge and the parameterization of small-scale processes at the seafloor-ocean interface. Commonly used Euler-Lagrange models for sediment transport require parameterizations of the drag and lift forces acting on the particles. However, current parameterizations for these forces only work for spherical particles. In this dissertation we propose a new method for predicting the drag and lift forces on arbitrarily shaped objects at arbitrary orientations with respect to the direction of flow that will ultimately provide models for predicting the sediment sorting processes that lead to …
Texture And Composition Of An Arid-Climate Weathering Profile And The Link Between Bedrock And Derived Sediment Composition, Kristan Leigh Watkins 2022 University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Texture And Composition Of An Arid-Climate Weathering Profile And The Link Between Bedrock And Derived Sediment Composition, Kristan Leigh Watkins
Multiple compositional aspects of Holocene, terrigenous-clastic sediment differ from its source, the underlying Cretaceous Stepladder granodiorite (Mojave Desert, California). Different processes can cause sediments to change in composition from source, including chemical weathering, hydrodynamic sorting during transport, and diagenesis. Sorting and physical processes have previously suggested. To assess the relative contributions of these processes to understand provenance reconstruction, the textures and compositions of an exposed Holocene saprolite weathering profile, grus, and granodiorite bedrock were studied. Fracture density in the weathering profile decreased from ~10% at the top to ~2% at the bottom of the profile in contact with the bedrock. …
Sediment Buffering And Recycling On An Annual To Centennial Scale Along The Mississippi River, Nikki E. Neubeck 2022 Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Sediment Buffering And Recycling On An Annual To Centennial Scale Along The Mississippi River, Nikki E. Neubeck
LSU Master's Theses
Although the Mississippi River and its tributaries have been investigated for many years, the alteration of the river through dams, levees, and diversions has affected how sediment is transported from source to sink (>103 y). Previous provenance research using detrital zircon U-Pb dating indicates a slow transport time from source-to-sink, but recent anthropogenic alterations of the river may potentially diminish the transportation time of heavy minerals due to an increase in flow efficiency. The objective of this study is to analyze the degree of buffering and recycling of Mississippi River sediment over a range of short time scales, …
Thickness Of Fluvial Deposits Records Climate Oscillations, Xiaoping Yuan, Laure Guerit, Jean Braun, Delphine Rouby, Charles Shobe 2022 China University of Geosciences Wuhan
Thickness Of Fluvial Deposits Records Climate Oscillations, Xiaoping Yuan, Laure Guerit, Jean Braun, Delphine Rouby, Charles Shobe
Fluvial deposits offer Earth's best-preserved geomorphic record of past climate change over geological timescales. However, quantitatively extracting this information remains challenging in part due to the complexity of erosion, sediment transport and deposition processes and how each of them responds to climate. Furthermore, sedimentary basins have the potential to temporarily store sediments, and rivers subsequently rework those sediments. This may introduce time lags into sedimentary signals and obscure any direct correlation with climate forcing. Here, using a numerical model that combines all three processes—and a new analytical solution—we show that the thickness of fluvial deposits at the outlet of a …
Groundwater Modeling Of The West Plains, Wa, Erin L. Toulou, Chad Pritchard PhD, Lauren Stachowiak PhD 2022 Eastern Washington University
Groundwater Modeling Of The West Plains, Wa, Erin L. Toulou, Chad Pritchard Phd, Lauren Stachowiak Phd
Located in Eastern Washington in the West Plains Region sits a plateau of Columbia River Basalts between Deep Creek, Hangman Creek, and south of the Spokane River. Primarily in Airway Heights, the amount of drinking water as well as the quality of the water has affected residents in the area. The most recent issue is PFAS contamination, which is thought to negatively affect human health and is found in drinking water wells across the West Plains. We can interpret subsurface geology using new well logs from Fairchild Air Force Base and in the Palisades area. When using ArcGIS PRO, well …
New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geospatial Database: Surficial Geology Maps And Sediment Grain Size Data, Larry G. Ward, Zachary S. McAvoy, Rachel C. Morrison 2022 UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping
New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geospatial Database: Surficial Geology Maps And Sediment Grain Size Data, Larry G. Ward, Zachary S. Mcavoy, Rachel C. Morrison
The "New Hampshire Continental Shelf Geospatial Database: Surficial Geology Maps and Sediment Grain Size Data" consists of high-resolution surficial geology maps of the continental shelf off New Hampshire to Jeffreys Ledge in the Western Guff of Maine (WGOM) and supporting sediment grain size information. The surficial geology maps cover ~3,250 km2 (Figure 1). The maps depict three different classifications based on the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standards (CMECS; FGDC, 2012): Geoforms (major morphologic or physiographic features; Figure 2; Table 1), Geologic Substrate Subclass (Figure 3; Table 2), and Geologic Substrate Group (Figure 4; Table 2). The maps are …
Pixe Analysis Of Heavy Metals In Soil Along The East River, Mia Villeneuve 2022 Union College - Schenectady, NY
Pixe Analysis Of Heavy Metals In Soil Along The East River, Mia Villeneuve
Honors Theses
We collected samples of soil from along the East River in Queens, New York, near the Hell Gate Bridge, on the Astoria Park side of the bridge in 2019 and on the Randall's Island Park side in 2021. We performed proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis on the samples and found that soil closer to the Hell Gate Bridge contained higher concentrations of heavy metals, specifically lead and zinc. Many of the soil samples contained lead concentrations greater than the EPA standard of 400 ppm. We also performed PIXE analysis on a sample of the paint used on the bridge and …
Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2021, Aaron R. Young, Mark E. Burbach, Leslie M. Howard, Sue Olafsen Lackey, Robert Matthew Joeckel 2022 University of Nebraska at Lincoln
Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2021, Aaron R. Young, Mark E. Burbach, Leslie M. Howard, Sue Olafsen Lackey, Robert Matthew Joeckel
This report is a synthesis of groundwater-level monitoring programs in Nebraska. It is a continuation of the series of annual reports and maps produced by the Conservation and Survey Division (CSD) of the University of Nebraska in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since the 1950s. Groundwater-level monitoring began in Nebraska in 1930 in an effort to survey the state's groundwater resources and to observe changes in its availability on a continuing basis. The CSD and USGS cooperatively developed, maintained, and operated an observation-well network throughout the state. These two agencies were responsible for collecting and archiving this information, …
Loma Linda University
The University of Maine
C. Schultz University of Nebraska State Museum
Larry Ward University of New Hampshire
Gabriella Koltai Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Gottfried Buchegger Verein für Höhlenkunde Hallstatt-Obertraun, Austria
Tanguy Racine Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Jacek Szczygieł Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Poland
Eva Kaminsky Karst- and Cave Group, Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria
Lukas Plan Natural History Museum Vienna
R. Joeckel University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Cosmochemistry
Geophysics and Seismology
Mineral Physics
Tectonics and Structure


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Valerie Jarrett
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How Oscar Wilde's life imitates his art
By Michèle Mendelssohn
The idea that life imitates art is one of Oscar's best yet most often misunderstood. It is central to his philosophy and to his own life. Take The Decay of Lying, for example, an essay in the form of a dialogue that he wrote in the late 1880s. What did he call the interlocutors? Why Cyril and Vyvyan, the names of his two young sons, of course. But the piece's intellectual party really gets started when Wilde has his learned young gentlemen interview each other. Naturally, what is uppermost in their minds is the relationship between life and art. Just like their clever father, Cyril and Vyvyan are curious about how the real world and the imaginary world mirror each other.
Doublings such as these are usually a clue in Wilde that he is working through some element of autobiography. By the time he penned the essay, he was in his mid-30s, and on the verge of hitting it big. He also had a wife and family to support. He hadn't yet written The Importance of Being Earnest or any of the mischievous society comedies that would make his name throughout the world. But he had taken a double first from Oxford, accessorized it with the Newdigate Prize for poetry, cut a dash as a London dandy and gained a reputation as a heartthrob in the United States where "Oscar Dear" became the name of one of the many songs immortalizing his charms. When he wasn't flirting, he was lecturing Americans and Canadians about art and interior decoration, editing a feminist women's magazine, reviewing books, and writing essays.
All the world seemed to be a stage to him, and life itself a kind of performance. And that became the subject of one of his most memorable pieces, The Decay of Lying.
Photograph of Oscar Wilde by Napoleon Sarony. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons.
"Life imitates art," he argued, illustrating his lesson by pointing to children's tendency to imitate what they read in books and stories. To prove his point, he turned to the phenomenon of "the silly boys who, after reading the adventures of Jack Sheppard or Dick Turpin", 18th century criminals, wreak havoc on unsuspecting citizens "by leaping out on them in suburban lanes, with black masks and unloaded revolvers." Today, you still hear a version of this idea when people talk about violent video games causing tweens to lash out.
Wilde's goal wasn't to save the children. His real target was adults – those who pretend they aren't influenced by art or, worse, that art doesn't matter. That's obviously untrue. I've met enough adult Harry Potter readers to know. Because of what they've read, they look at Oxford subfusc with a reverence that black polyester hardly deserves. Wilde thought that adults were hypocrites. They were more influenced by art but better at hiding it than kids. Growing up involves lying low.
"What is interesting about people in good society," he wrote, "is the mask that each one of them wears, not the reality that lies behind the mask. It is a humiliating confession, but we are all of us made out of the same stuff." He didn't think of himself as an exception to this rule. He told the poet Violet Fane that his essay was "meant to bewilder the masses" but was "of course serious." The daily show in which we all star, he argued, is called being polite and it requires that adults wear a mask.
This may seem like old news now, but it was revolutionary to the Victorians. In an era when sociology was still in its infancy, psychology wasn't yet a discipline, and theories of performativity were still a long way off, Wilde touched on a profound truth about human behaviour in social situations. The laws of etiquette governing polite society were, in fact, a mask. Tact was merely an elaborate art of impression management.
Wilde made his own life into a tragic, exquisite, grotesquely gorgeous work of art. That was his legacy to the 21st century. Nowadays Wilde's queerness is being embraced with open arms. In 2017, he was among 50,000 gay men posthumously pardoned by the Ministry of Justice for sexual acts that are no longer illegal. Everywhere you turn these days, there seems to be another shrine to Oscar going up somewhere, whether it's the Oscar Wilde Bar and Oscar Wilde Temple in New York, or the Irish hotels set to open in London and Edinburgh. Wilde's works, once considered to have a corrupting influence, are now taught in schools around the globe. He has become gay history's Christ figure. The relics of his martyrdom have become attractions, sites of pilgrimage.
On his 163rd birthday, he's having the time of his life. The 21st century's most curious gift of all is that his extraordinariness now passes for ordinary. It was a long time coming, but that's one hell of a good birthday present.
Featured image credit: Photograph of Oscar Wilde mural by thierry ehrmann. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Michèle Mendelssohn is a literary critic, cultural historian and the author of Making Oscar Wilde, which will be published by OUP in summer 2018. Mendelssohn is Associate Professor of English Literature at Oxford University. She earned her doctorate from Cambridge University and was a Fulbright Scholar at Harvard University. Her previous books include Henry James, Oscar Wilde, and Aesthetic Culture and two co-edited collections of literary criticism, Alan Hollinghurst and Late Victorian Into Modern (shortlisted for the 2017 Modernist Studies Association Book Prize). She has published in The New York Times, The Guardian, African American Review, Journal of American Studies, Nineteenth Century Literature, and Victorian Literature and Culture.
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