Ilya Bolotowsky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 1, 1907. His father was a lawyer in Russia and continued to practice law in the United States until he died in 1957. His mother studied natural sciences but became a self-taught painter. Bolotowsky was home-schooled by a private tutor starting at a fairly early age which helped spark his interest in the arts, allowing him to practice painting and drawing. However, after the Russian Revolution, Bolotowsky and his family fled to Istanbul, where Bolotowsky attended the College of St. Joseph from 1921 until 1923. In 1923 they immigrated to the United States, settling in New York. Bolotowsky soon enrolled at the National Academy of Design in New York City, attending school from 1923 until 1930 with Ivan Olinsky (1878-1962).
During the 1930s, Bolotowsky became associated with a group called "The Ten," which included artists Mark Rothko (1903-1970) and Adolph Gottlieb (1903-1974), who rebelled against the strictures of the Academy and held independent exhibitions and explored the use of abstraction for expressive purposes. Bolotowsky explored unusual and abstract art as a young artist, interested in unconventional styles for his time. He began to work as an art teacher and textile designer to afford his interest in painting. In 1930, Bolotowsky had his first independent show at New York's G.R.D. studios. He soon received a small scholarship which funded his excursion to Europe. In 1932, Bolotowsky traveled throughout Europe for ten months, making brief stops in Italy, Germany, Denmark, England, and Paris. Returning to the United States, Bolotowsky experimented with several different styles, such as constructivism and biomorphic abstraction, focusing on the work of artists like Chaim Soutine (1893-1943) and the work of expressionists. Upon his return from Europe in 1933, Bolotowsky went on an artist retreat to the artist's colony Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York.
After Yaddo, Bolotowsky returned to New York City and toyed with several stylistic approaches, deeply influenced by two artists he experienced while abroad: Spanish artist Joan Miró (1893-1983) and Dutch artist Piet Mondrian (1872-1944). Bolotowsky adopted Mondrian's use of horizontal and vertical geometric pattern and a palette restricted to primary and neutral colors. In 1936 he painted one of the first abstract murals of the Works Progress Administration, the Williamsburg Housing Project in Brooklyn, New York. This program aimed to provide work for artists during the Depression and this mural was one of the first abstract murals to be completed under the Federal Art Project. Although Bolotowsky demonstrated clear control of his images, he was less concerned with the method of creation when determining his subject and focused on the importance of how the painting would impact the viewer. In the same year, Bolotowsky acted as one of the founders of the American Abstract Artists Group, an organization of painters who were dedicated to abstraction with the purpose to increase the acceptance and understanding of the style. These artists worked within several abstract styles, including cubism, neo-plasticism and biomorphic expressionism. He also co-founded the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors.
Also during the 1930s, Bolotowsky was married for several years to artist Esphyr Slobodkina (1908-2002). She was a versatile painter, sculptor, and illustrator, most widely known for the children's books that she illustrated and sometimes wrote. Her art displayed elements of cubism, constructivism, and abstract surrealism in clever and vigorous works, very similar to the early work of Bolotowsky.
During the 1940s, Bolotowsky developed his art within the neo-plastic style, completely eliminating his art of biomorphic elements and working solely with horizontal and vertical divisions. During this time, he also experimented with the shape of the canvas, well-known for the diamond, oval and rectangle. After completing the Williamsburg Housing Project in 1939, he began to work on his next project, the New York World's Fair mural. This mural was located in the Hall of Medical Science, where Louis Scanker (1903-1981) also had a mural. These murals had a combination of biomorphic and geometric shapes. In 1941, he completed another federal arts project in the Hospital of Chronic Disease on Welfare Island. It was the largest abstract mural in the hospital measuring nine or ten feet high by fifty feet.
Around the completion of this mural, World War II was getting bad and Bolotowsky took a test to become a technical translator of Russian for the War Department. Without preliminary training, he became a technical translator and began writing a military dictionary. Bolotowsky was then sent to do liaison work in languages at Nome, Alaska, with the Soviet Air Force.
After serving in World War II, Bolotowsky returned to his family's apartment in New York City and began painting again, beginning exactly where he left off like there was no time lapse. He met J.B. Neumann, who became a dealer for the Peggy Guggenheim Gallery and set up Bolotowsky's first real one-man show in 1946 at the New Art Circle. Continuing in the same year, Bolotowsky soon began teaching, starting with a two year appointment at the Black Mountain College from 1946 until 1948. After, Bolotowsky moved to the University of Wyoming, teaching as an associate professor of art until 1957. While in Wyoming he started making experimental films, receiving a grant for filming from the graduate school.
Starting in the 1950s until around 1970, Bolotowsky produced many films, winning first prize for Metanoia at the Midwest Film Festival at the University of Chicago in 1963. Although Bolotowsky produced various films, he still taught at numerous locations throughout the United States. From 1957 to 1965, Bolotowsky was a professor of art at State Teachers' College in New Paltz, New York and then from 1965 to 1971 he taught at the University of Wisconsin in Whitewater. Although committed to his long-term teaching jobs, Bolotowsky was also had short-term and adjunct positions at Brooklyn College (1954-56), Hunter College (1963-64), University of New Mexico (1969), and Queen's College (1973); officially retiring from teaching in 1976. He returned to New York City and died at the age of 74 in 1981.
While growing up in Russia, Bolotowsky was able to develop his interest in art through private teaching and tutoring, either from his professional tutor or his mother (a self-taught artist). However, he soon received an education in Istanbul and New York City. His beginning paintings were created through a combination of biomorphic and geometric shapes on the flat picture plane. Consisting of timid arrangements of small rectangles on rectangular and diamond-shaped grounds with muted, mixed colors he employed by combining melancholy minor colors, as well as painting with primary colors. His beginning paintings are typical of many sober, unresolved, but serviceable cubist compositions, based on synthetic cubism and Russian constructivism and suprematism. An example of this early style is Abstraction (1934), an oil on canvas, depicting a combination of biomorphic and geometric shapes in contrasting colors.
Bolotowsky's style was soon influenced by Piet Mondrian and Joan Miró and their abstract art. Bolotowsky first saw Piet Mondrian's paintings in 1933 at the Gallatin Collection at New York University. Mondrian's art fell under the De Stijl style of modernism, a form of nonobjective art that emphasized the need for abstraction and simplification and for clarity, certainty, and order. After this first confrontation with the style of De Stijl, Bolotowsky's art evolved from his earlier figurative and semi-abstraction to an even more abstract style that he called neo-plasticism.
Over time, Bolotowsky discarded all illusion of space and banished biomorphic forms from his paintings, developing his own style from the true neo-plasticism discipline. He limited the right angle relationships between forms and decided to banish the diagonal because it disturbed the balanced spatial tension and harmony he was aiming to achieve. Bolotowsky explains, "I work in the neo-plastic style because for me it is the most meaningful and exciting direction of art. As a neo-plasticist, I strive after an ideal of harmony; neoplasticism can achieve unequaled tension, equilibrium, and harmony through the relationship of the vertical and horizontal elements." (Utah Museum of Fine Arts). Mondrian's clear style aided Bolotowsky in achieving balance throughout his paintings by using right angles, eliminating the diagonal, and creating a sense of order (American Art at the Phillips Collection). However, unlike Mondrian, Bolotowsky did not restrict himself to the traditional style of De Stijl, expanding his palette and not restricting it to the primary colors of yellow, red and blue (although he did generally use these colors in the larger areas of his canvas). Bolotowsky preferred to emphasize a variety of colors that were muted, earthy, unorthodox in variety and totally un-European in feeling. Starting around 1947, he also experienced with shaped canvases, starting with a diamond-shape, followed by ovals, tondos (round), ellipse, and odd rectangles. These complicated shapes display the high degree of control Bolotowsky had in his later work.
Continuing to change in style, Bolotowsky was influenced by the Abstract Expressionist movement in the 1950s. His colors became tuned up and saturated and his shapes became larger and fewer. His paintings stand out with moreclashes in colors and resolutions of bright rectangular shapes. Bolotowsky's sophisticated geometric abstractions were based on a balance between linear spatial divisions and striking color tonalities. His paintings are said to have a "particular aliveness that distinguishes art from decoration" (Herrera). An example of these later images is Large Cobalt Diamond (1957). It has fewer and larger colors and shapes, and the edge of the canvas balances the linear movements of the image.
In 1961, Bolotowsky began applying his favored primary colors to column-like three dimensional forms. The painted imagery on the surface of these columns and sculpture reflect his paintings. These three-dimensional sculptures allowed Bolotowsky to create an "ideal, balanced harmony" through the interaction of building blocks: line, color, and plane (Biographical Resource Center). His paintings within the 1970s use primary colors mixed with black and white, emphasizing the vivid contrasts between colors. He uses geometric shapes that are more rigid with straight edges, becoming more like decorative art (Raynor). In addition to painting, Bolotowsky created films and plays. He expressed various kinds of subjective and emotional issue within them, which he consciously eliminated from his neo-plastic pictorial images.


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Бедярыш — село в Катав-Ивановском районе Челябинской области России. Административный центр  Бедярышского сельского поселения. Расположено рядом с границей с Башкортостаном, в 42 километрах от районного центра города Катав-Ивановска.

Через село протекает река Бедярыш.

Население

По данным Всероссийской переписи, в 2010 году численность населения села составляла 39 человек (18 мужчин и 21 женщина).

Улицы
Уличная сеть села состоит из 3 улиц и 1 переулка.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Катав-Ивановского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When looking at socks, you will find that it is some of the clothes that people use to accessorize or to make a fashion statement thus very essential. In this piece, you will get to have a better understanding of the aspects that you need to have in mind when selecting the right socks for you.
One of the aspects that you need to put into account is the kind of activity or rather the purpose of the socks. It is advisable for you to have the socks that have an awesome print and design to fit in your official outfit, especially for those who have to be in the office everyday.
The other aspect that you need to consider is the fabric that is used to make the socks so that you are sure that they are comfortable and ideal for you. When you look at some of the fabrics that there are in the market, you will find that they do not have the winking space, thus causing your feet to smell in the long run; you surely do not want that.
Depending on t eh color of socks that you choose, you may find yourself with a masculine color or the feminine ones. While the bright colors strike out as girly and feminine, the dark ones give away the masculine feel.
When buying the socks, be sure to check the patterns so that you can tell what blends in with your outfit as well as your lifestyle. When looking at the funky socks, you will get to see that most of them come in attractive and flashy patterns which actually is what they are meant to be; check out what looks best on you.
When looking at the socks, you will need to consider the different types and sizes of socks that are available in the market. As you choose the socks to wear, consider the activity that you have ahead as well as the outfit so that you can know the best size for the socks; it is not always that you have to show your socks.
If you are the kind of person who loves to be in socks on an everyday basis, it is critical for you to at least have a few pairs for a spiced up sock life. With different socks, you will always have a new chance to shine and show the world what you stand for.
In most cases, you will find that the socks sold in bunches or rather say dozen will cost you less as opposed to buying one pair at a time, thus the need for you to consider doing so.


Discussion in 'Mac Basics and Help' started by meg.w.stev, Mar 20, 2012.
Hi, sometimes when I try to get to certain websites I get redirected to mediaplex.com I can't seem to get past it to get to my website. I did some research and what I could find is apparently there is DNS confusion with my router?
Mediaplex.com gives instructions on why I get redirected but the DNS codes I was supposed to change in network settings didn't work. It wouldn't load up any page when i changed it. So I changed it back to what it was... .
Check your DNS settings by reading: Why am I being redirected to other sites?
Be sure to reset your router and check DNS settings on that, as well as your computer.


Apple says it will appeal a ruling from Italy's antitrust regulating body that claims the company hasn't fully complied with an earlier order to offer a free two-year warranty with every product as mandated by EU law, reports "Appleinsider" (http://www.appleinsider.com).
In December 2011, Italy's Antitrust Authority fined Apple 900,000 euros (approximately US$1.2 million) for its handling of customer guarantees. The watchdog group said Apple had failed to inform shoppers of their legal right to two years' technical support, recognizing instead only a one-year standard warranty.
The Antitrust Authority said the firm's action had led people to pay extra for Apple's own support service, which overlapped in part with the free guarantee.
However, months after the earlier fine, Apple has failed to comply with warranty request, says the AGCM.


The Herle knit has been lovingly knitted in the softest wool and alpaca. She is great for chilly spring days when the sun is just starting to shine. Wear with the Ida trouser or pair with the Moe skirt and a Maruti trainer.
Also available in Lavender Frost, pictuted.


The latest generation of AirCoat guns from WAGNER, the GM 4100AC and GM 4700AC feature the latest technological innovations. This light weight and user friendly gun is simple and practical, and requires less force to power up. The series also features the new WAGNER manual AirCoat gun technology and the latest atomization sequence as well as a sleek finish. Its material filter can easily be replaced by the operator without using special tools.
The GM 4100AC and GM 4700AC are equipped with the Cage Filter (patend pending), a filter with a longer life span with 53% more capacity for dirt and dregs. Not much experience is required to be able to utilize this machine with its ergonomical and compact build.


45 minutes. Is an indoor cycling program for developing cardiovascular capacity. Burning up to 500 calories in a single class. Spinning is about high energy, having fun, and reducing body fat. This class provides fast improvement in general endurance and an increase in lower body strength. Try this 'rock concert on wheels' ... you will love it!
I have been certified and teaching Spinning at Impact Athletic since 2001 where I have enjoyed getting to know the members.
I teach Spinning, and Strength-N- Tone. I am also a TRX trainer and Tabata Bootcamp trainer.


text:
// Copyright (C) 2014 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
// This code is governed by the BSD license found in the LICENSE file.
/*---
es6id: 13.1
description: >
    Redeclaration error within strict mode function inside non-strict code.
negative: SyntaxError
flags: [noStrict]
---*/
(function() { 'use strict'; { const f = 1; var f; } })

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


2019 Lexus LX Hybrid Colors, Release Date, Redesign, Price – Thanks to its unique visual appeal, high-class interior, highly effective engine and comfort, the new 2019 Lexus LX Hybrid is one of the finest SUVs in the forthcoming year. When compared with other SUVs, the new Lexus could have several new stability features that very last year's model. This car is perfect for driving out and about and also for lengthier travels out of the city. In any event, it is comfy, dependable and risk-free. This car may be at par with the Range Rover for its durability, sturdiness, and sweetness. So, the price has not yet available. If you are enthusiastic about contemporary 3-row SUV, then you must read through the written text that is listed below. So, then you know that the very last 2019 Lexus LX Hybrid model for you.
Exterior and that time will probably be at the very least amended. It can keep having an exclusive vintage appearance, like its forerunners. The new model could have an adequate sizeable space to cargo, that will have the capability to close and open on the option. However, not a major car like a Cadillac Escalade, it must bear in mind even though that whenever you playground.
The model has 3-series of car seats, i.e 7 passenger chairs, which are upholstered great-quality natural leather. The new 2019 Lexus LX Hybrid has a sizeable key solar panel with a 12.3-in. monitor, which displays the numerous audio and navigation functions. There are some features that absolutely is not going to, or can they use the lousy. The air cooling, leather material seating, navigation, touch-screen, AM/FM/Disc audio system with HD Radio, Bluetooth, and USB and iPod inputs participate in the regular equipment. This car retains 10 safety bags. Furthermore, it has the alternative that it could immediately give a meaning to assist right after a crash on the road.
Less than the hood, the most up-to-date model 2019 Lexus LX Hybrid, you are only able to see one type of engine. This car releases 5.7-liter V8 engine. This engine has the capacity to generate 383 hp and 403 lb-ft of torque. This type of engine which allows a pull status of up to 7,000 pounds. The engine is linked to 8-speed automatic transmission. Fuel economy of this engine will probably be 13 mpg in the city, and 18 mpg on the highway.
As mentioned above at the start of the written text, the price of this model will never be modest. The commencing price is going to be $ 90,000. The price, as properly as for every single model, variable. If you choose more packages and features, you must spend a lot more a couple of thousands of bucks. This model is going to be unveiled most likely at the end of 2018 or earlier following 2019 in American and European showrooms. Facts about the specific time not can be found.


platforms in late fall 1998.
throughout the world and headquarters in Mountain View, California.
a registered trademark of IBM Corporation. BeOS is a trademark of Be, Inc.
All other trademarks mentioned are property of their respective owners.
that this new specification will bring to users of OpenGL applications.
the industry's only true multi-threaded OpenGL implementation.
1.2," said Don Harris, director of market development at Raycer Graphics.


-Operate forklift/reach truck to unload any incoming materials to the factory for production material. Perform goods receipts in system (SAP and NTM Warehouse). Paste sticker on pallet for assigned storage location for incoming material.-Perform system receipts on finished goods transfer from production to staging. Do physical count to ensure the stock is correct.
❖Responsible to prepare and process purchase orders and all related documents according to the order request.❖To perform day to day procurement activities including purchasing and delivery follow up.❖Liaise with suppliers on all quotation.
❖Responsible to prepare and process purchase orders and all related documents according to the order request.❖To perform day to day procurement activities including purchasing and delivery follow up.❖Liaise with suppliers on all quotation.❖On-going review inventories availability and orders & material planning.
· Ensure smooth flow of raw material & FGs in factory, as well as accomplishment of all shipping activities through managing of logistic operation. Ensure the logistic operation staffs provide full support to production in line with company mission by producing quality cigarettes and deliver to customer on time with minimum operation cost.


text:
GNI Welcomes the Institute for Technology and Society of Rio de Janeiro as a Civil Society Member
"ITS Rio has been doing incredible work at the intersection of technology and society for many years, and we are very excited about the expertise, insights, and perspectives that they will bring to GNI," said GNI Executive Director Jason Pielemeier.
Ariana Nikmanesh2022-08-22T17:54:59+00:00August 22, 2022|Categories: feature, media releases, New Members|Tags: brazil, Digital Rights, Freedom of Expression, Global South, Institute for Technology and Society of Rio de Janeiro, ITS Rio, Technology|
New Report! Technologies Used in the Fight Against the Pandemic: Personal Data in Latin America
This report looks at the development of technologies to fight the pandemic under different legal frameworks in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador. It analyzes the impacts of governments' responses on users' privacy rights and makes recommendations.
Rocio Campos2022-01-22T22:50:42+00:00November 7, 2021|Categories: feature, media releases, Publication, surveillance|Tags: Argentina, Bolivia, brazil, Colomboa, COVID-19, Ecuador, El Salvador, latin america, privacy rights|
Concerning Draft Decree in Brazil Threatens the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet
Given the significant constitutional, due process, human rights, and jurisdictional concerns that the draft presidential decree on freedom of expression and the Internet has generated, the undersigned organizations collectively call for it to be formally withdrawn.
Chris Sheehy2021-09-29T14:53:51+00:00August 2, 2021|Categories: feature, intermediary liability, Issues, issues highlight, media releases|Tags: brazil, Marco Civil|
GNI Expresses Concern About Proposed 'Fake News' Law in Brazil
Several provisions of the proposed "Law of Freedom, Responsibility, and Transparency on the Internet" in Brazil would be counterproductive to the stated intent of the bill and pose risks for freedom of expression and privacy. Brazil's legislature should heed calls from international experts and civil society and take care to respect the rights enshrined in Marco Civil by rejecting the bill and engaging in meaningful and transparent multi-stakeholder consultation to find a truly rights-respecting way forward.
Chris Sheehy2020-07-01T20:38:44+00:00June 29, 2020|Categories: feature, intermediary liability, Issues, issues highlight, surveillance|Tags: brazil, Traceability|
Once Again, Brazilian Judge Orders WhatsApp Block
The Global Network Initiative is alarmed by yet another order by a Brazilian judge to block the WhatsApp messaging service across the entire country.
2018-03-08T18:12:37+00:00July 19, 2016|Categories: Issues, media releases, network disruptions|Tags: brazil, latin america, Mark Stephens, Network Shutdowns, reuters, whatsapp|
Global Network Initiative Concerned by the Shutdown of WhatsApp in Brazil
The GNI continues to urge the Brazilian government to adhere to international human rights standards on free expression and privacy and to refrain from blocking access to communications platforms.
2019-01-13T21:12:33+00:00May 2, 2016|Categories: Issues, media releases, network disruptions, surveillance|Tags: brazil, Facebook, latin america, Network Shutdowns, whatsapp|
GNI Expresses Concern Over the Arrest of a Facebook Executive in Brazil
Local staff working in many countries may be increasingly targeted for arrest or intimidation in cases where they are involved in the provision of encrypted services.
2019-08-27T17:57:55+00:00March 8, 2016|Categories: Issues, Jurisdictional Assertions & Limits, media releases, network disruptions, surveillance|Tags: brazil, encryption, Facebook, Human Rights, Judith Lichtenberg, Mark Stephens, surveillance, whatsapp|
The Global Network Initiative and the Telecommunications Industry Dialogue Join Forces to Advance Freedom of Expression and Privacy
From February 1st, Millicom, Nokia, Orange, Telefónica, Telenor Group, TeliaSonera, and Vodafone Group will have official observer status within the GNI.
2019-01-16T19:57:39+00:00February 1, 2016|Categories: media releases|Tags: brazil, Facebook, latin america, Network Shutdowns, whatsapp|
The GNI Expresses Concern over Suspension of Messaging Service in Brazil
A Brazilian court's decision instituted a nationwide blocking of the WhatsApp messaging service on December 17. The GNI urges the Brazilian government to adhere to international human rights standards on free expression and privacy and to refrain from blocking access to communications platforms.
2019-01-13T21:19:55+00:00December 18, 2015|Categories: Issues, media releases, network disruptions, surveillance|Tags: brazil, Facebook, south america, twitter, whatsapp, youtube|

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Happy Monday my loves! I can't believe how many days flew by without me posting here. Sometimes it's a bit tricky to get time to sit down and write with the full time job and other commitments I have outside the blog and social media. And many times I just like to hang out with my boyfriend a simply enjoy life without sharing much to others. Today, however, I felt like posting an outfit. So that's what I did.
The past weekend, we had the most amazing time. I started the weekend off by office summer party, which was fun and I was on the team that won the quiz of the night. I feel quite proud about that. Then on Saturday, my boyfriend took me to brunch since my birthday is coming up tomorrow and we don't get the chance to celebrate properly on the actual day. We also did a little day trip to a nearby town to play Pokemon Go in a new place, which was a ton of fun. Yesterday, we went to the amusement park in the city, and also the petting zoo in it. We didn't exactly go to the rides, but enjoyed the free entrance to the park and played Pokemon, enjoyed the sunny day and had fun. I also got the first cotton candy of the summer and that was probably the best thing whole weekend.
So all in all my boyfriend arranged the best birthday weekend I've probably ever had so far. I'm so thankful for that.
About the outfit in this post; I wore this a couple of weeks ago on the weekend, I don't recall if we were going somewhere to eat then or what we did, but nevertheless I really wanted to share the look because it has so many elements I love. The skirt is secondhand one from Zadaa app, which I love for hunting unique pieces as well as basic items, as well as the top. Shoes might be from Boohoo or if not there, they might also be from any Finnish/Nordic shoe shop we have here in the malls. They're not exactly new so I don't remember properly. The peplum harness is actually an Etsy find, which I will be talking a bit more about in a separate post later this month.
When I was editing these pics, I noticed several things I didn't like too much about myself. Like the bags under my eyes, my not-so-much-in-shape arms and the fact my leg hairs show in the shoe pic. But, I figured not to photoshop all that because if being real is not good enough for some, I really don't need to be their cup of tea. There are picture perfect blogs for you to read. I'm 28 tomorrow, so I need to be able to see and show the real me without being insecure about it. Also, I've set myself some goals I want to achieve by the time I'm 30, which will give me solid two years to achieve them starting tomorrow. I might share those things later on, but so far I'm focusing more on the 2018 bucket list (see it here if you haven't already).
What do you think about this outfit? Let me know in the comments below!
That's all for today, and I'm hoping to schedule few more posts during this week for the rest of the month. It's supposed to be a bit more gloomy week now (weather-wise), so I hope that will inspire me to write this month's pieces ready for you so I can focus on going outside once the weather gets warmer again. But I also want to have content for you since I have many photos already waiting, I only need to type posts to support the pics. If you don't already, I encourage you to follow me on Instagram, where I'm actually active daily. And I'm hoping to reach 5000 followers before the end of the year so all your support is welcome (you can find me as @silvertigo there). See you all in my next post!


Alumni and current parents in the Sarasota area are invited to join us for a relaxed luncheon including a campus update by President Merriman. Business casual attire. Your RSVP requested by February 13 to plan appropriately. Fill out the form below or contact alumni@mountunion.edu.
Add to Calendar Friday, February 22, 2019 11:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.


Create a character for yourself in a Roy Grace novel in 100 words or less and email it to authorpeterjames@gmail.com. If you were in a Roy Grace novel who would you be and what part would you play? I will pick the best three answers and award the FanFest tickets, and you may see yourself in my next novel. You must email your entries to authorpeterjames@gmail.com by May 1, 2013. I'll announce the winner on my Facebook page shortly thereafter. Best of luck!


text:
Q: Why Not Provide Points On Own Question's Answer I have personally feel that there should be change in points system against own question's answer. My base on SO question and answer.  There is system to provide points on peer's answer it's good. I agree with as their answer is valuable and useful to others. So my question is  the answer provide by questioner is not valuable or is not useful to others?. If so than there is no need to submit answer on own's question.
As per my point of view questioner's answer is as important as others peers answer. The points is the medium to encourage peers as well as questioners and I think it's the main base of our community. So Why not it's leave up to mediator to provide points on own question's  answer by rectifying correct or incorrect?.  It should be encourages both.
I wants to being understand well about it.
Bottam Line Question is :
Questioners' answer to his own question is useful or not?

A: That is likely by design to prevent gaming of the system. You should still provide a good answer because once others see it and find it useful they will vote your answer up and you'll gain reputation points for your effort that way.

A: Other people can upvote the answer of the person who asked the question and he will get 10 reputation points for each upvote.
I am concerned that giving the 15 rep for accepting an answer from the same person who asked the question would be a motivation to just post a summary. So the people who provided the real answer are not rewarded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I have to write a book report on the book \\\"how to lie with maps\\\" and I have to include why I liked the book.The author is Mark Monmonier.I payed for single spaced to get the 550 words,Thank you source..
This book explains that maps have to lie because it represents a piece of earth scaled down into a two-dimensional projection of a spherical surface and omit details and distort the territory. The book explains that competing principles are used to choose simplification.
Cartography, on the contrary has gone frequently black and white to always color as has been completely revolutionized by computers.


text:
Le fonti d'acqua tradizionali dell'antichità persiana erano opere idrauliche artificiali costruite per far fronte all'approvvigionamento idrico poiché la maggior parte dei fiumi in Iran erano e sono stagionali e tradizionalmente non sono stati in grado di soddisfare le esigenze degli insediamenti urbani. I fiumi principali come lo Shatt al-'Arab, l'Aras, lo Zaiandè, il Sefid e l'Atrek erano pochi e rari in Persia.

Con la crescita degli insediamenti urbani, nel corso dei secoli, anche pozzi profondi scavati localmente (fino a 100 metri di profondità) non erano in grado di soddisfare la domanda, cosa che portò allo scavo sistematico di una rete specializzata di canali nota come qanat.

Qanat e kariz

Il sistema dei qanat della Persia risale a molti secoli fa e ha migliaia di anni alle spalle. La città di Zarch nell'Iran centrale ha il qanat più antico e più lungo (oltre 3000 anni e 71 km) e altri qanat di 3000 anni fa sono stati trovati nell'Iran settentrionale.
I qanat provenivano principalmente da quote più elevate e quando raggiungevano la città venivano divisi in una rete di distribuzione di canali sotterranei più piccoli chiamati kariz. Come i qanat, questi canali più piccoli erano sotterranei (~ 20 gradini sotto terra) e venivano costruiti in modo tale da essere molto difficili da contaminare. Questi acquedotti sotterranei, costruiti migliaia di anni fa, non subivano perdite per evaporazione ed erano ideali per l'acqua potabile poiché non c'era pericolo di inquinamento.

Ma con l'ulteriore crescita delle città nelle terre persiane, anche i qanat non poterono rispondere ai fabbisogni dei residenti. Fu allora che alcuni ricchi abitanti iniziarono a costruire bacini idrici privati chiamati ab anbar (persiano آب انبار).

A metà del XX secolo, si stima che in Iran fossero in uso circa 50.000 qanat, ciascuno commissionato e mantenuto da utenti locali. Di questi solo 25.000 rimanevano in uso nel 1980.

Uno dei qanat più antichi e più grandi conosciuti si trova nella città iraniana di Gonabad e dopo 2700 anni fornisce ancora acqua potabile e agricola a quasi 40.000 persone. Il suo pozzo principale è profondo più di 360 metri e il qanat è lungo 45 chilometri. Yazd, Khorasan e Kerman sono le zone conosciute per la loro dipendenza da un vasto sistema di qanat.

Nell'architettura persiana tradizionale, un kariz (کاریز) è un piccolo qanat, solitamente all'interno di una rete di un ambiente urbano. Il kariz è il sistema che distribuisce l'acqua del qanat nelle sue destinazioni finali.

Kariz in Persia
Il qanat di Gonabad, anche chiamato kariz Kai Khosrow, è uno dei qanat più antichi e più grandi del mondo costruito tra il 700 a.C. e il 500 a.C. Si trova a Gonabad, provincia di Razavi Khorasan in Iran. Questo sistema contiene 427 pozzi ed ha una lunghezza totale di 33,113 chilometri. Questo sito è stato aggiunto per la prima volta all'elenco dei siti del patrimonio dell'umanità dell'UNESCO nel 2007 assieme a molti altri qanat sotto il nome di "Il qanat persiano".

Secondo Callistene, i persiani usavano l'orologio ad acqua, già nel 328 a.C., per garantire una distribuzione giusta ed esatta dell'acqua dai qanat ai loro clienti per l'irrigazione agricola. L'uso degli orologi ad acqua in Iran, specialmente nel qanat di Gonabad e nel kariz Zibad, risale al 500 a.C. Successivamente furono usati anche per determinare i giorni festivi delle religioni preislamiche, come il Nowruz, il Chelah o lo Yaldā, i giorni e le notti degli anni più corti, più lunghi e di uguale lunghezza. L'orologio ad acqua, o Fenjaan, era il dispositivo di misurazione del tempo più accurato e comunemente usato per calcolare la quantità o il tempo che un contadino doveva prendere l'acqua dal qanat di Gonabad fino a quando non è stato sostituito dagli orologi attuali più accurati. Molti dei qanat iraniani hanno alcune caratteristiche che ci consentono di chiamarli prodezza di ingegneria, considerando le intricate tecniche utilizzate nella loro costruzione. Le regioni orientali e centrali dell'Iran detengono la maggior parte dei qanat a causa delle scarse precipitazioni annuali e della mancanza di corsi d'acqua permanenti di superficie, mentre un piccolo numero di qanat si trova nelle parti settentrionale e occidentale che ricevono più precipitazioni e godono di alcuni fiumi permanenti. Le province di Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan meridionale, Isfahan e Yazd ospitano la maggior parte dei qanat, ma dal punto di vista dello scarico dell'acqua le province di Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars e Kerman, in ordine di quantità di approvvigionamento, sono le più rifornite dai qanat.

Fu Henry Goblot che esplorò per la prima volta la genesi del qanat. Nel suo libro intitolato "Qanats; a Technique for Obtaining Water" dice che gli antichi iraniani utilizzavano l'acqua della quale i minatori desideravano sbarazzarsi e fondarono un sistema di base chiamato qanat o kariz per fornire l'acqua necessaria alle terre coltivate. Secondo Goblot, questa innovazione è avvenuta nel nord-ovest dell'attuale Iran da qualche parte al confine con la Turchia e in seguito è stata introdotta nei vicini monti Zagros.

Secondo un'iscrizione lasciata da Sargon II, nel 714 a.C., il re d'Assiria invase la città di Uhlu, situata a nord-ovest del lago Uroomiye, che si trovava nel territorio dell'impero Urartu, e poi notò che l'area occupata godeva di una ricchissima vegetazione anche se non c'era un fiume che l'attraversava. Così riuscì a scoprire il motivo per cui l'area poteva rimanere verde e si rese conto che c'erano alcuni qanat che provvedevano al rifornimento d'acqua. Infatti era stato Ursa, il re della regione, ad aver salvato il popolo dalla sete e trasformato Uhlu in una terra prospera e verdeggiante. Goblot crede che l'influenza dei Medi e degli Achemenidi abbia fatto sì che la tecnologia del qanat si diffondesse da Urartu (nel nord occidentale dell'Iran e vicino all'attuale confine tra Iran e Turchia) a tutto l'altopiano iranico. C'era una legge achemenide che prevedeva per chi fosse riuscito a costruire un qanat e a portare in superficie le acque sotterranee per coltivare la terra, o a ristrutturare un qanat abbandonato, l'esonero dal pagamento della tassa, che avrebbe dovuto pagare al governo, non solo per lui ma anche per i suoi successori fino alla quinta generazione. Durante questo periodo, la tecnologia del qanat era al suo apice e si diffuse persino in altri paesi. Ad esempio, su ordine di Dario, Silaks, comandante navale dell'esercito persiano, e Khenombiz, l'architetto reale, riuscirono a costruire un qanat nell'oasi di Kharagha in Egitto. Beadnell ritiene che la costruzione dei qanat risalga a due periodi distinti: furono costruiti per la prima volta dai persiani e successivamente i romani scavarono altri qanat durante il loro regno in Egitto dal 30 a.C. al 395. Il magnifico tempio costruito in questa zona, durante il regno di Dario, mostra che c'era una popolazione considerevole che dipendeva dall'acqua dei qanat. Ragerz ha stimato che questa popolazione fosse di 10.000 persone. Il documento più attendibile che conferma l'esistenza dei qanat in quel momento è stato scritto da Polibio che affermava: "i ruscelli scendono da ogni parte alla base del monte Alborz e le persone hanno trasferito molta acqua da una lunga distanza attraverso alcuni canali sotterranei spendendo molto denaro e manodopera".

Durante l'era seleucide, iniziata dopo l'occupazione dell'Iran da parte di Alessandro Magno, sembra che i qanat fossero stati abbandonati.

In termini di situazione dei qanat durante quell'epoca, sono stati trovati alcuni documenti storici. In uno studio di orientalisti russi è stato detto che i persiani usavano i rami laterali dei fiumi, le sorgenti di montagna, i pozzi e i qanat per rifornirsi d'acqua. Le gallerie sotterranee scavate per ottenere le acque sotterranee vennero chiamate qanat. Queste gallerie erano collegate alla superficie attraverso dei pozzi verticali che venivano scavati per accedere alla galleria per ripararla se necessario.

Secondo i documenti storici, i re dei Parti non si preoccupavano dei qanat come facevano i re achemenidi e persino i re sasanidi. Ad esempio, Arsac III, uno dei re dei Parti, distrusse alcuni qanat per impedire al seleucide Antioco di avanzare ulteriormente mentre lo combatteva. I documenti storici di questo periodo indicano una perfetta regolamentazione sia della distribuzione dell'acqua che dei terreni agricoli. Tutti i diritti sull'acqua erano registrati in un apposito documento a cui si faceva riferimento in caso di qualsiasi transazione. Gli elenchi dei terreni agricoli, privati o governativi, erano conservati presso l'ufficio delle imposte. Durante questo periodo ci furono alcune decisioni ufficiali su qanat, ruscelli, costruzione di dighe, funzionamento e manutenzione dei qanat, ecc. Il governo si occupava di riparare o dragare i qanat che erano stati abbandonati o distrutti per qualsiasi motivo e, se necessario, a costruire nuovi qanat. Un documento scritto in lingua pahlavi ha sottolineato l'importante ruolo dei qanat nello sviluppo delle città in quel periodo. In Iran, l'avvento dell'Islam, che coincise con il rovesciamento della dinastia sasanide, determinò un profondo cambiamento nelle strutture religiose, politiche, sociali e culturali. Ma i qanat rimasero intatti, perché l'infrastruttura economica, compresi i qanat, era di grande importanza per gli arabi. A titolo di esempio, M. Lombard riferisce che i chierici musulmani vissuti durante il periodo abbaside, come Abooyoosef Ya'qoob (morto nel 798) stabilivano che chiunque potesse portare acqua nelle terre inattive per la coltivazione, sarebbe stato esentato dalla tassa e avrebbe avuto diritto alle terre coltivate. Pertanto, questa politica non differiva da quella degli Achemenidi. La politica di sostegno degli arabi ai qanat ebbe un tale successo che anche la città santa de La Mecca ottenne un qanat. Lo storico persiano Hamdollah Mostowfi scrisse: "Zobeyde Khatoon (la moglie di Haroon al-Rashid) costruì un qanat a La Mecca. Dopo il tempo di Haroon al-Rashid, durante il regno del califfo Moghtader, questo qanat divenne inutilizzabile, ma lui lo ristrutturò e il qanat tornò a funzionare dopo che era crollato durante il regno di altri due califfi chiamati Ghaem e Naser. Dopo l'era dei califfi questo qanat cadde completamente in rovina perché la sabbia del deserto lo riempì, ma in seguito Amir Choopan riparò il qanat e lo fece scorrere di nuovo fino a La Mecca.

Ci sono anche altri testi storici che dimostrano che gli Abbasidi erano preoccupati per i qanat. Ad esempio, secondo gli "Incidenti del tempo di Abdollah bin Tahir" scritti da Gardizi, nell'anno 830 un terribile terremoto colpì la città di Forghaneh e ridusse in macerie molte case. Gli abitanti di Neyshaboor erano soliti venire da Abdollah bin Tahir per chiedergli di intervenire, poiché litigavano per i loro qanat e non trovavano le relative istruzioni o leggi sui qanat né nelle citazioni del Profeta né negli scritti dei chierici. Così Abdollah bin Tahir riuscì a riunire tutti i sacerdoti di tutto il Khorasan e l'Iraq per compilare un libro intitolato "Alghani" (Il Libro dei qanat). Questo libro raccoglieva tutte le sentenze sui qanat che potevano essere utili a chiunque volesse giudicare una controversia su questo tema. Gardizi aggiunse che questo libro era ancora applicabile al suo tempo e tutti vi facevano riferimento.

Da questi fatti si può dedurre che durante il suddetto periodo il numero dei qanat era così considerevole che le autorità furono sollecitate a mettere insieme alcune istruzioni legali al riguardo. Inoltre mostra che dal IX all'XI secolo i qanat, che erano il fulcro dei sistemi agricoli, erano di interesse anche per il governo. Oltre al "Libro di Alghani", che è considerato un opuscolo di legge incentrato sulle sentenze relative al qanat basate sui principi islamici, c'è un altro libro sulle acque sotterranee scritto da Karaji nel 1010. Questo libro, intitolato "Estrazione delle acque nascoste", esaminava solo le questioni tecniche associate ai qanat e cercava di rispondere alle domande più comuni su come costruire e riparare un qanat, come trovare un approvvigionamento idrico sotterraneo, come eseguire il livellamento, ecc. Alcune delle innovazioni descritte in questo libro sono state introdotte per la prima volta nella storia dell'idrogeologia e alcuni dei suoi metodi tecnici sono ancora validi e possono essere applicati nella costruzione di qanat. Il contenuto di questo libro dimostra che il suo scrittore (Karaji) non avesse idea che ci fosse un altro libro sui qanat compilato dai sacerdoti.

Ci sono alcuni documenti risalenti a quel periodo, a significare la loro preoccupazione per la vicinanza legale dei qanat. Ad esempio, Mohammad bin Hasan cita Aboo-Hanifeh il quale scriveva che se qualcuno costruiva un qanat in un terreno abbandonato, qualcun altro poteva scavarne un altro nella stessa terra a condizione che il secondo fosse a 500 zera' (375 metri) dal primo. La signora Lambton cita Moeen al-din Esfarzi che scrisse il libro Rowzat al-Jannat (il giardino del paradiso) nel quale si dice che Abdollah bin Tahir (della dinastia Taheriana) e Ismaeel Ahmed Samani (della dinastia Samani) fecero costruire diversi qanat a Neyshaboor. Più tardi, nell'XI secolo, uno scrittore di nome Nasir Khosrow riconobbe tutti quei qanat con le seguenti parole: "Neyshaboor si trova in una vasta pianura a una distanza di 40 Farsang (~240 km) da Serakhs e 70 Farsang (~420 km) da Mary (Marv) … tutti i qanat di questa città corrono sottoterra, e si dice che un arabo che è stato offeso dalla gente di Neyshaboor se ne sia lamentato; "che bella città sarebbe potuta diventare Neyshaboor se i suoi qanat fossero fluiti sulla superficie del suolo e invece la sua gente fosse stata sotto terra". Tutti questi documenti certificano l'importanza dei qanat durante la storia islamica all'interno dei territori culturali dell'Iran.

Nel XIII secolo, l'invasione dell'Iran da parte delle tribù mongole ridusse in rovina molti qanat e sistemi di irrigazione e molti di essi furono abbandonati e prosciugati. Successivamente, nell'era della dinastia ilkhanide, specialmente al tempo di Ghazan Khan e del suo ministro persiano Rashid al-Din Fazl-Allah, furono prese alcune misure per far rivivere i qanat e i sistemi di irrigazione. Esiste un libro del XIV secolo intitolato "Al-Vaghfiya Al-Rashidiya" (Gli atti di dotazione di Rashid) che nomina tutte le proprietà situate a Yazd, Shiraz, Maraghe, Tabriz, Isfahan e Mowsel che Rashid Fazl-Allah aveva donato al pubblico o a religiosi. Questo libro menziona molti qanat che funzionavano in quel momento e irrigavano una considerevole area di terreno agricolo. Allo stesso tempo Seyyed Rokn al-Din scrisse un altro libro intitolato Jame' al-Kheyrat sullo stesso argomento. In questo libro, Seyyed Rokn al-Din nomina le proprietà che ha donato nella regione di Yazd. Questi atti di dotazione indicano che veniva data molta attenzione ai qanat durante il regno degli Ilkhanidi, ma la cosa è attribuibile ai loro ministri persiani, che li influenzarono.

In epoca safavide (XV e XVI secolo), il problema della scarsità d'acqua si intensificò e portò alla costruzione di numerosi bacini idrici e qanat. Jean Chardin, l'esploratore francese che in quel periodo fece due lunghi viaggi in Iran, riferisce che: "gli iraniani squarciano i piedi delle colline in cerca di acqua, e quando ne trovano, la trasferiscono, per mezzo di qanat, a una distanza di 50 o 60 chilometri o talvolta più a valle. Nessuna nazione al mondo può competere con gli iraniani nel recupero e nel trasferimento delle acque sotterranee. Usano le falde acquifere per irrigare i loro terreni agricoli, costruiscono qanat quasi ovunque e riescono sempre a estrarre le falde acquifere".

La dinastia dei Qajar governò l'Iran dal XVI secolo all'inizio del XVIII. Secondo Goblot, il periodo Qajar può essere considerato il periodo di massimo splendore dei qanat, poiché poterono fiorire. Agha Mohammad Khan, il fondatore della dinastia Qajar, scelse Teheran come sua capitale, una città dove non c'era accesso a un flusso affidabile di acque superficiali e doveva fare affidamento sulle acque sotterranee. La ricca offerta di acque sotterranee e le adeguate condizioni geologico-topografiche di Teheran permisero a questa città di ospitare molti qanat la cui portata totale ammontava a 2000 litri al secondo. Haj Mirza Aghasi (reggente tra il 1834 e il 1848), primo ministro del terzo re della dinastia Qajar, incoraggiò e sostenne la costruzione di qanat in tutto il paese. Jaubert de Passa che ha esaminato la situazione dell'irrigazione in Iran ha riferito di una popolazione di 50.000 abitanti ad Hamadan, 200.000 a Isfahan e 130.000 a Teheran nel 1840. Poi afferma che in queste città la vita è debitrice ai qanat che vengono costruiti in modo semplice ma potente. In poche parole, il periodo Qajar che durò circa 1,5 secoli vide notevoli sforzi per far rivivere e costruire nuovi qanat.

Durante il periodo Pahlavi, continuò il processo di costruzione e manutenzione del qanat. Il governo istituì un consiglio responsabile dei qanat. A quel tempo la maggior parte dei qanat apparteneva ai proprietari terrieri. In effetti, il feudalesimo era il sistema prevalente nelle regioni rurali. I contadini non avevano diritto alle terre su cui lavoravano, ma erano considerati solo come fruitori delle stesse. Dovevano pagare l'affitto per la terra e l'acqua ai proprietari terrieri che potevano permettersi di finanziare tutti i procedimenti necessari per mantenere i qanat, poiché erano relativamente ricchi. Secondo il rapporto di Safi Asfiya, che era incaricato della supervisione dei qanat dell'Iran nel precedente regime, nell'anno 1942 l'Iran aveva 40.000 qanat con uno scarico totale di 600.000 litri al secondo o 18,2 miliardi di metri cubi all'anno. Nel 1961 fu pubblicato un altro rapporto che rivelava che in Iran c'erano 30.000 qanat di cui solo 20.000 erano ancora in uso, con una produzione totale di 560.000 litri al secondo o 17,3 miliardi di metri cubi all'anno. Nel 1959 l'ex Scià proclamò un programma di riforma chiamato "Rivoluzione bianca". Uno degli articoli di questo programma riguardava la riforma agraria che permetteva ai contadini di ottenere la proprietà di parte delle terre dei proprietari terrieri. La riforma agraria fece sì che i proprietari terrieri persero la motivazione ad investire più denaro nella costruzione o riparazione dei qanat che erano soggetti alla "Legge di riforma terriera". D'altra parte, i contadini non riuscivano a trovare i soldi per mantenere i qanat, quindi molti di essi vennero gradualmente abbandonati. L'introduzione di dispositivi moderni, che hanno permesso di perforare molti pozzi profondi ed estrarre le acque sotterranee molto più rapidamente, ha accelerato la distruzione dei qanat. L'acqua pompata dai pozzi ebbe un impatto negativo sui qanat a causa del loro eccessivo sfruttamento delle acque sotterranee. Questi cambiamenti, avvenuti durante il regno di Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, inflissero gravi danni ai qanat del paese tanto che molti scomparvero per sempre. Le statistiche relative a 14.778 qanat stimano che lo scarico complessivo di questi qanat fosse di 6,2 miliardi di metri cubi all'anno tra gli anni 1972 e 1973. Se assumiamo che il numero totale dei qanat in quel momento potesse essere di 32.000 unità, la loro portata annuale sarebbe stata di 12 miliardi di metri cubi. Nel 1963 venne istituito il Ministero dell'acqua e dell'elettricità per fornire alle aree rurali e urbane del paese acqua ed elettricità sufficienti. Successivamente, questo ministero venne ribattezzato Ministero dell'energia. Tre anni dopo, nel 1966, il parlamento approvò una legge sulla protezione delle risorse idriche sotterranee. In base a questa legge, il Ministero dell'acqua e dell'elettricità era autorizzato a vietare la perforazione di pozzi profondi o semi-profondi ovunque i sondaggi mostrassero che la falda freatica stava scendendo a causa del sovrapompaggio. In effetti, questa legge venne approvata solo dopo che il numero crescente di pozzi muniti di pompa lanciò l'allarme per il pompaggio eccessivo e l'esaurimento delle acque sotterranee che avevano portato al calo del flusso dei qanat in tutto il paese. Questa legge, così come la legge sulla nazionalizzazione dell'acqua che venne approvata nel 1968, e infine la legge sull'equa distribuzione dell'acqua che venne approvata nel 1981, dopo che la rivoluzione islamica aveva sottolineato la definizione di aree riservate e libere per la perforazione. Nelle aree riservate era vietata la perforazione di pozzi (tranne quelli potabili e industriali) al fine di prevenire il continuo impoverimento delle acque sotterranee. Quindi il resto dei qanat aveva maggiori possibilità di sopravvivere. Dopo la rivoluzione islamica, venne data un'attenzione particolare ai qanat. Nel 1981, per la prima volta si tenne a Mashhad una conferenza sui qanat durante la quale furono esplorate le diverse opzioni per mitigare il problema. L'organizzazione di Jahad Sazandegi si prese la responsabilità della riabilitazione dei qanat e sovvenzionò i loro azionisti. Ora la stessa organizzazione che è stata ribattezzata "Ministero dell'agricoltura della Jihad" è responsabile dei qanat e continua a concedere fondi alle parti interessate per mantenere i loro qanat. Negli ultimi anni, il parlamento ha stanziato un finanziamento annuale di 13 milioni di dollari a questo ministero per la costruzione e la manutenzione dei qanat. Molti altri qanat potrebbero esaurirsi senza questo budget, perché i proprietari non possono permettersi di pagare tutte le spese.

Negli anni 1984-1985 il ministero dell'energia aveva censito 28038 qanat la cui portata totale era di 9 miliardi di metri cubi. Negli anni 1992-1993 il censimento di 28054 qanat ha mostrato una portata totale di 10 miliardi di metri cubi. 10 anni dopo, nel 2002-2003, il numero dei qanat è stato segnalato in 33691 con uno scarico totale di 8 miliardi di metri cubi.

Nell'anno 2000, lo svolgimento della Conferenza internazionale sui qanat a Yazd ha attirato molta attenzione su queste strutture. Nel 2005 il governo iraniano e l'UNESCO hanno firmato un accordo per istituire il Centro internazionale sui qanat e le strutture idrauliche storiche (ICQHS) sotto gli auspici dell'UNESCO. La missione principale di questo centro è il riconoscimento, il trasferimento di conoscenze ed esperienze, la promozione di informazioni e capacità riguardo a tutti gli aspetti della tecnologia qanat e delle relative strutture idrauliche storiche. Questa missione mira a realizzare lo sviluppo sostenibile delle risorse idriche e l'applicazione dei risultati delle attività al fine di preservare i valori storici e culturali nonché la promozione del benessere pubblico all'interno delle comunità la cui esistenza dipende dallo sfruttamento razionale delle risorse e conservazione di tali strutture storiche. Un'altra missione è promuovere la ricerca e lo sviluppo per ripristinare i qanat e altre strutture idrauliche storiche tradizionali per obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile attraverso la cooperazione internazionale e il trasferimento globale di conoscenza e tecnologia. Secondo un rapporto pubblicato nel 2005 dal Dipartimento studi di base delle risorse idriche, affiliato al Ministero dell'energia, sono 15 le autorità idriche regionali sparse su tutto il territorio nazionale, con sede in 30 province, che conducono progetti di ricerca sulle risorse idriche in 609 siti di studio. Ogni sito di studio è l'unità di ricerca più piccola, contenente uno o più bacini. Su 609 siti di studio, 214 siti con un'area complessiva di 991.256 chilometri quadrati sono stati dichiarati come regioni ristrette e 395 siti con un'area di 630.648 chilometri quadrati sono considerati liberi. Nelle regioni ristrette sono presenti 317.225 pozzi, qanat e sorgenti che scaricano 36.719 milioni di metri cubi di acqua all'anno, di cui 3409 milioni di metri cubi in eccedenza alla capacità della falda. Questo deficit nel volume delle riserve acquifere ha portato a un calo medio a lungo termine del livello delle acque sotterranee di 41 centimetri all'anno. Nelle regioni libere il numero di pozzi, qanat e sorgenti ammonta a 241.091 con una produzione di 37.527 milioni di metri cubi l'anno. Pertanto, nel 2005, nel Paese nel suo complesso, erano presenti 130.008 pozzi profondi con uno scarico di 31.403 milioni di metri cubi, 33.8041 pozzi semiprofondi con uno scarico di 13.491 milioni di metri cubi, 34.355 qanat con uno scarico di 8.212 milioni di metri cubi e 55.912 sorgenti naturali con una portata di 21.240 milioni di metri cubi.

Ab anbar
Gli ab anbar hanno una lunga storia in Iran e ce ne sono ancora alcuni rimasti dal XIII secolo. Questi serbatoi sono spazi sotterranei collegati alla rete di kariz nelle città. Un tipico ab anbar residenziale è situato nel giardino recintato, ha una capacità di 50 metri cubi, viene riempito una volta ogni due settimane e le sue superfici interne vengono pulite dai sedimenti una volta all'anno (chiamata layeh-rubi).

Presto vennero costruiti ab anbar pubblici in tutte le città della Persia come Qazvin, Yazd, Na'in, Kashan, Zavareh, Ray, Shiraz, Herat, Balkh e altre. All'inizio del XX secolo, il numero di ab anbar pubblici a Qazvin, ad esempio, era di 151. Eppure l'Iran ha ancora 30.000 sistemi qanat attivi oggi.

I conti erano diversi, ma la qualità dell'acqua in generale sembrava essere soddisfacente. La temperatura dell'acqua del famoso qanat di Chashmeh-i Soleiman di Kashan, in mezzo al caldo di luglio, è in genere di circa 25 gradi Celsius. Inoltre, gli ab anbars tendono ad abbassare ulteriormente la temperatura dell'acqua a causa delle affascinanti proprietà di resistenza al calore del materiale da costruzione utilizzato. Temperature prossime allo zero dell'acqua possono essere facilmente osservate nella città desertica di Na'in, nel centro di Na'in durante l'estate, all'interno di un ab anbar che impiega più torri del vento. Così il sistema qanat/ab anbar è stato facilmente in grado di soddisfare i bisogni di molte città in crescita (come la medievale Qazvin) per tutto l'anno.

Posizione
Gli ab anbar pubblici venivano spesso costruiti ovunque ci fosse la domanda. Ma fattori come l'accessibilità degli ab anbars ai kariz, la facilità di accessibilità del pubblico agli ab anbars e una densità omogenea degli ab anbars in ciascuna area hanno determinato le dimensioni e l'ubicazione di ogni ab anbar.

Ad esempio, in termini di copertura di rete, si potrebbero classificare i kariz di Qazvin in tre gruppi:

 Karize nord-ovest. I maggiori erano:
 Kariz di Khomar e Tashi (un famoso visir).
 Kariz di Akhund
 Kariz di Shah
 Karize del Nord. I principali sono:
 Kariz di Halal Abad
 Kariz di Asghar Khani
 Kariz di Teifuri
 Kariz di Khiyaban
 Karize nord-est. I principali sono:
 Kariz di Hatambeig Khatuni
 Kariz di Mirza Rasuli
 Kariz di Agha Jalali
 Kariz dello sceicco Ahmadi

Ciascuno di questi kariz copriva un quartiere specifico e spesso si ramificava ulteriormente in sotto-kariz mentre andavano al servizio di ab anbar pubblici e privati.

Tuttavia, la maggior parte degli ab anbar finì per essere situata in prossimità o adiacente di luoghi di interesse commerciale, religioso o di altro tipo. Molti ab anbar sarebbero situati in incroci trafficati. Sfortunatamente il tessuto urbano di molte città, all'inizio del XX secolo, è cambiato radicalmente nel corso degli anni. Quindi gli ab anbars di oggi sembrano essere situati fuori posto.

Conservazione
A Qazvin, che un tempo era soprannominata la città degli ab anbars, oggi rimangono intatti meno di 10 ab anbar sfuggiti alle forze distruttive del frettoloso sviluppo urbano moderno. Degli altri circa 100 ab anbar che erano sparsi a Qazvin, rimangono solo parti (come i gradini, l'ingresso o il deposito). La maggior parte è stata distrutta da progetti abitativi e da sviluppatori privati.

Ab anbars di Qazvin sopravvissuti completamente intatti in ordine di capacità

A Qazvin nessuno è più funzionante. Tuttavia gli ab anbar continuano ad essere utilizzati in alcune aree delle zone rurali di Yazd e delle città di Naeen. I qanat sono usati principalmente nelle aree rurali e/o per l'agricoltura. Le tendenze migratorie esplosive in Iran negli ultimi 30 anni hanno portato a un'ondata di urbanizzazione frettolosa all'interno dei vecchi quartieri delle città antiche, distruggendone il tessuto originario. Alcuni però se la cavano meglio di altri. Così, ad esempio, quando si confronta Qazvin con Yazd, Qazvin ha meno ab anbar sopravvissuti nonostante il fatto che gli ab anbar di Yazd siano stati messi fuori servizio per periodi di tempo molto più lunghi.

Note

Bibliografia
 Memari e Islami e Iran . MK Pirnia .
 Minudar o Babuljanne . Gulriz, Mohammad Alì. pubblicazioni Taha. 3a stampa. Qazvin. 1381 (2002).
 Qazvin: ayinah-yi tarikh va tabi'at-i Iran . Hazrati, Mohammad Alì. Pubblicazioni Sazeman e Irangardi va Jahangardi. Qazvin. 1382 (2003).
 Saimaa-yi ustaan-I Qazvain . Haji aqa Mohammadi, Abbas. Pubblicazioni Taha. Qazvin. 1378 (1998).
 Memari-ye ab anbar haye shahr e Qazvin . Memarian, Gholamhosein. Asar. Vol 35. Pubblicazioni dell'Iran Cultural Heritage Organization . Teheran. (pag.187-197).
 Sair e Tarikhi e banaayi Shahr e Qazvin va Banaha-yi an . Siyaghi, il dottor Seyd Mohammad Dabir. Pubblicazioni dell'Iran Cultural Heritage Organization . Qazvin. 2002.
 I vecchi metodi di gestione dell'acqua riaffiorano nelle regioni aride . MJ Strauss. Tribuna dell'araldo internazionale . 20 agosto 2005.

Voci correlate
 Ab anbar
 Howz
 Kariz
 Qanat
 Yakhchal
 Architettura iraniana

Archeologia in Iran


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CD Review: Indigo Girls, "Poseidon and the Bitter Bug"
Indigo Girls – Poseidon and the Bitter Bug (2009, Vanguard)
Purchase this album (Amazon)
To a 19-year-old roiling with existential crises, the Indigo Girls' major label debut was the perfect soundtrack for indulgent hours of delicious angst and sweet inner torment. "Love's Recovery," "Kid Fears," "History of Us"—I can't hear any of them without recalling long, depressing walks around the small town I lived in at the time, thinking about how depressed I was and how long I'd been walking, and Jesus Christ this town is small. They were the musical rain puddles I could sit in seemingly forever, emerging after repeated plays, shivering and soggy-bottomed, but knowing I had heard in the poetry and harmony and playing a sound and sentiment that perfectly complimented my prematurely bleak outlook on life.
Not much later, I discovered vodka, which more or less took care of my existential crises, but I nevertheless kept up with the Indigo Girls for a number of years and albums, enjoying their triumphs (all of Rites of Passage and most of Swamp Ophelia) and shaking my head at their failures ("Touch Me Fall" the most notable). They fell off my radar, but have reappeared on it with a fine new album, Poseidon and the Bitter Bug. Odd as it seems, 20 years after I discovered them, they have made an album that genuinely speaks to me, whose sentiments I understand without giving into the embarrassingly dour mindset that once plagued me.
Loathe though I am to admit this, as I approach 40, I find myself looking back on good times and unholy humiliations alike with a modicum of nostalgia, in spite of myself. Several of Amy Ray's tracks take that look back to childhood and adolescence with equal parts wistfulness and regret. "Driver Education" (originally recorded on her solo album Prom) attaches a coming of age romances to a collection of sensory details:
I fell for guys who tried to commit suicide
With soft rock hair and blood shot eyes
He tastes like Marlboro cigarettes, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
A Pepsi in his hand, getting off the school bus
She progresses through lovers of the more recent past ("tattooed girls with a past they can't remember") circling back around to growing up:
I ran for miles through the suburbs of the seventies
Pollen dust and Pixie sticks, kissing in the deep end
Of swimming pools before I knew what's in there
We come into this life waterlogged and tender
"Ghost of the Gang" picks up the thread from the other end of life, a present littered with lost friends and a reticence to reconnect after too many years separated and silent. Word of a friend's nephew's death—a "mid-day suicide after a losing streak"—brings the protagonist to the brink of that reconnection, but she can't bring herself to do it:
And I never called her to say I'm sorry
And my friend it's been years
But I'm thinking about you and all of the tears
And I'm sitting here in the dark afraid to make a stupid call
This isn't The Big Chill, where bad news brings you together again in cloying and sentimental fashion; it's something akin to reality, where bad news leads to regret over letting good friends slip away.
If Ray focuses on looking back, Emily Saliers is more content to look around. The gorgeous "Fleet of Hope" nestles within its shimmering acoustic setting a deceptively profound scene:
The fisherman comes up, puts his two poles in the sand
He stares out at the sea, just exactly like me
But I've got a book in my hand
We will have caught on to something by the end of the day
But mostly we think about the one that got away
It's a simple image – beach at sunup, two people ruminating. That final line, though, when delivered in Saliers' buttery voice, is absolutely devastating, enabling the song to set sail with its central symbolic note, of water simultaneously representing impermanence and strength. Elsewhere, she conjures a chill autumn scene for "I'll Change," punctuating an acknowledgement of her failures with a pledge to get better: "One day I'll change," she sings, "You'll be the first one that I call … I've been running long before I learned to crawl."
Of course, Ray has no trouble wading into the bloody waters of relationships gone sideways. "Second Time Around" lifts its guitar signature from Dylan's "Tangled Up in Blue," and its weary bitterness from "If You See Her Say Hello." Over the languid pace of the music, she instructs her lover to avoid compromise: "Don't do it if it hurts inside / Cuz either way you're screwed." By song's end, she's up for anything that will make her feel better, imploring her beloved to join her to see Loretta Lynn sing, to "kick up our heels and join in." There is life after disappointment, comfort to be felt, and fun to be had.
The music is typical of the duo's modus operandi—acoustic guitars spiked with electric flourishes and real, live percussion. A special edition of Poseidon contains a bonus acoustic disc, which is pleasant but inessential (as is the extra track on the disc, a rambling fireside tune called "Salty South").
I might not feel these songs as deeply as I felt their work in 1989 (I'm a good 20 years past my last bout with teenage angst), but I recognize and appreciate their depth and tone, the beauty of their words and wisdom of their sentiments. It's good to have these voices back in my head again.
CD Reviews, Music
Amy Ray, Bob Dylan, Emily Saliers, Indigo Girls, Loretta Lynn, Rob Smith
Rob Smith is a writer, teacher, wage earner, and all-around evil genius who spends most of his time holed up in his cluttered compound in central PA. His favorite color is ultramarine blue. His imaginary band Mr. Vertigo tours every summer. You can follow Rob on Twitter, if you desire.
CD Review: Neko Case, "Middle Cyclone"
CD Review: Paul Steel, "Moon Rock"


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Witness to Spirit My Life with Cowboys, Mozart and Indians
Review of Robert Staffanson's New Memior
Tuesday Dec. 1st, 2015
Bozeman author Robert Staffanson has penned an extraordinary memoir you must read to believe. It is courageous: Staffanson today is a civil rights activist battling racism against Native Americans in Montana and around the world. The book is jaw-dropping: unbeknownst to most of Staffanson's suburban neighbors, he was once a nationally-known symphony music conductor who rubbed shoulders with many of the greats such as Eugene Ormandy, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Fiedler and Aaron Copland.
All of this and yet Witness to Spirit: My Life with Cowboys, Mozart & Indians is deeply rooted in the very heart of Western cowboy culture, for Staffanson's unlikely journey begins on a hardscrabble ranch outside of Sidney and continues into the Deer Lodge Valley between Butte and Missoula. The name of his first horse: Injun.
But what truly makes Staffanson's debut momentous and inspiring is that it's now arriving at Country Bookshelf and Vargo's in downtown Bozeman with the author being a spry 93. Yes, Staffanson has written his first great book of his life as a nonagenarian and it makes me want more.
No one I know—or ever met—has undergone radical reinvention the way Staffanson has. But he actually did it twice.
As a Montana native son—not in the most profound sense of being native—he grew up on the backs of horses. Staffanson is a product of the cowboy culture of myth and lore, defined by its brawny mystique, masculine physicality, and quiet, hard-nosed stoicism that fits the stereotype most of us carry in our minds.
He wore denim, leather boots with spurs on the heels, chaps on thighs, riding with hands calloused by rope, tack adorning saddle and yes, a sweat-stained vaquero hat brimmed just over the brow.
During his coming of age, first along the lonesome flanks of the Yellowstone River near the badlands of Sidney, and subsequently near Deer Lodge, he clearly was headed toward just another bucolic cowboy existence.
But along this journey, the rawhide man was summoned to another calling, his ear finely tuned in childhood to an ambient, open-air soundtrack playing in his head. Imprinted on his psyche were the melodies of his father's fiddle and mother's singing of prairie church hymns.
From his earliest sanguine memories of childhood—in the 1920s and 1930s— Staffanson recalls a close relationship with the violin that he came to know as intimately as a lariat.
This love affair led the sensitive wrangler to attain a college degree in music at the University of Montana. Against long odds and doubts expressed by others, Staffanson founded the first symphony orchestra in Montana's largest city and, by fluke of fate, attended a national, invitation-only conductor's workshop in Philadelphia where the great maestro Eugene Ormandy was presiding.
Totally unexpected, Ormandy took a liking to the young unassuming "cowboy conductor" and opened a proverbial door, seeing in him promise and spirit.
Through that threshold of kismet, Staffanson landed a prestigious conducting post with a renowned regional symphony in Massachusetts. The Springfield Symphony, in fact, commanded a reputation surpassed only by the Boston Symphony.
Under his direction, Staffanson harnessed the talents of an extraordinary assemblage of classical musicians and he met legends like Aaron Copeland and Leonard Bernstein, in addition to other prominent contemporaries in Europe. The kid from the Old Wild West was, in a tuxedo and directing a baton, putting his interpretation on Old World masterworks such as Mozart's Requiem, Beethoven's 9th, and Puccini's La Boheme.
This improbable chain of events alone would make for a colorful story, but it merely sets the stage for Staffanson's third and final act.
Something inexplicable summoned him homeward from the Berkshires. While on summer breaks from Springfield in Montana, where he savored the return to cattle roundups and riding with his wife, Ann, he forged friendships with Native Americans. Staffanson, in ways he hadn't before, saw for the first time, intense racism directed at indigenous people by his own culture. And he became ashamed.
As he spent more time in the company of Indians from various tribes, often on reservations, he realized his own life wasn't complete. Rising consciousness about the abuses of native people and the suffering they had endured as a result of European conquest left him rattled and unable to feign ignorance any longer.
He told his wife he wanted to quit his conducting career and move back West. In the wake of that life-altering decision, he was beset by sudden tragedy. Complications of an illness would, over time, rob Staffanson of most of his hearing, the most valuable sensual asset he had. Paradoxically, he says, it forced him to become a better listener.
Again, his life would take another dramatic turn. It was only while attending a gathering of Blood Indians at a remote camp in Canada, that Staffanson heeded a yearning for meaning that had been percolating inside him his entire life. He emerged, vowing to devote himself to being an ally to indigenous peoples.
Quickly, he discovered the decision would be met with incredulity and suspicion by distrusting Indians and equal astonishment and animosity from close acquaintances in Bozeman's white society who accused him of betraying his race.
Oren Lyons, a renowned leader, activist and elder in the Onondaga Nation (one of the six tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy) and who today has a close bond with Staffanson, told me. "At first, we didn't know what to make of Bob. An indication of his character is not that he sought to somehow gain or establish himself as a self-righteous do-gooder, but it is what Bob gave up that demonstrated his intention was sincere. This is what earned him trust and credibility. What he gave up was everything—his career; his power; his prestige and standing, and having to explain it all to his dear partner, Ann."
In the quest to confront 500 years of genocide committed against the oldest people on the continent, Staffanson and traditional indigenous leaders founded the American Indian Institute and originated an unprecedented concept called the "Traditional Circle of Indian Elders and Youth." It has opened lines of communication between indigenous cultures globally in ways that never before existed.
Worldwide, native languages are vanishing rapidly, and with them, Lyons and Staffanson say, is a profound understanding and orientation, perfected across thousands of human generations, that offers insight to the secrets of existence—for all beings on sacred earth. Today, at a time of climate change (which was prophesied by native shamans centuries ago), rising unsustainable growth in human population, loss of species, nuclear dangers, and culture clashes born by the destruction of natural systems, heeding native wisdom to avert calamity isn't a mandate; it is a choice.
Now you, reader, like me, may not have ever heard previously of Staffanson or the American Indian Institute, but I subsequently learned he has interacted with political, business, and spiritual leaders around the world who have been in positions to make a difference for people who have lived closest to the Earth longest.
"Native people from this continent are beloved around the world and it's something most Americans don't realize or bother to wonder why?" Staffanson said. "I have seen the interactions in Japan, Russia, European countries, and Africa. There is also a mutual recognition of indigenous peoples."
With Witness to Spirit, Staffanson proves to be an insightful, articulate and thoughtful author. This is an important, unforgettable book full of wisdom that, once read, will leave you changed in the way you think about America, Montana, the West, native people and potential courses of action in these troubling times.
The book delivers this message to people of the Baby Boom generation and older: It is never too late to make a valuable contribution to humankind.
It imparts this lesson to those in their thirties and forties: If you feel stuck, don't continue following the same script. Write a new one for yourself.
Finally and most importantly, Staffanson leads by example in giving this hopeful message to young people: Never be afraid of reinvention or taking a stand on behalf of what you believe in.
Witness to Spirit is a reminder for us all of the spiritual transformation that can only happen when we have the courage and moral conviction to open our minds, ears and hearts.
Todd Wilkinson is an American environmental writer who lives in Bozeman. He is author of the new book "Grizzlies of Pilgrim Creek, An Intimate Portrait of 399, the Most Famous Bear of Greater Yellowstone" and "Last Stand: Ted Turner' Quest to Save a Troubled Planet."
Exclusive: Ted Turner Talks Montana, Bison, Capitalism & The Book Last Stand
Now I feel like I've had a long conversation with Montana's most famous and controversial billionaire "bison baron."
Fri. Oct. 31st, 2014
8th Annual Children's Festival of the Book
Thu. Oct. 1st, 2015


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LATIMER, Richard Maxwell (Dick)
Born: 1946 08 25
Richard Maxwell LATIMER was born on 25 August 1946 and attended King Edward VII High School in Johannesburg. Qualified at the University of the Witwatersrand with a Bachelor of Architecture degree in 1969. Began his professional career in Johannesburg in 1970 with FABEL & SCHWELLNUS ARCHITECTS dealing with design, documentation and contract management. In 1973 joined ASSOCIATED ARCHITECTS FOR THE JOHANNESBURG CIVIC CENTRE and assisted with drawing production and site administration of the Civic Centre building in Braamfontein. In 1977 joined MONTE BRYER & RODD ARCHITECTS, in 1980 joined CRAWFORD ARCHITECTS and in 1981 joined OSMOND LANGE ARCHITECTS & PLANNERS at their East London practice.
Work in East London included medium-rise office blocks, university and technikon campus development, state, commercial and industrial work including extensive development for DaimlerChrysler of South Africa (Pty) Ltd and the East London Industrial Development Zone. Colour consulting and urban sculpture were additional services rendered. Retired as a director of OSMOND LANGE in 2009.
2012, He now spends most of his time as an artist doing painting, drawings, sculpture and photography. He has also produced a picture-driven children's book. To see his artwork visit his website.
Books by LATIMER
Latimer, Dick. 1982. The expedition to the rainbow's heart : a story. Johannesburg (English) : Cape Town (Afrikaans): Jonathan Ball (English) : Human & Rousseau (Afrikaans)
Latimer, Dick. 2012. Ocean Road. :
Latimer, Dick. 2013. The Impossible Garden. :
- '>


text:
Robert Hista, dit Robert Hasti, né le  à Paris et mort le  à Issy-les-Moulineaux, est un acteur français.

Biographie

Robert Jean Hista est le fils de Louis Hista, artiste peintre, et de Marie Crégut.

Il épouse en 1926 Charlotte Mélanie Augustine Martin (1881-1926), puis en secondes noces, Anne Marie Wetzler, en 1937. Marcel Loche est témoin de la seconde union.

Il meurt le  à l'âge de 82 ans.

Filmographie partielle
 1906 : Un monsieur qui suit les dames
 1912 : La Dernière Aventure du prince Curaçao de Georges Denola
 1919 : L'Œil de Saint Yves
 1919 : Les Deux Jarretières : Jacques de Tourville
 1920 : Rien à louer
 1930 : Fausse Alerte
 1931 : Soirée dansante
 1933 : Un rêve blond : Merryman
 1933 : Les Vingt-huit Jours de Clairette : Le capitaine
 1933 : Champignol malgré lui : Le capitaine Camaret
 1950 : Tire au flanc

Notes et références

Liens externes

]
Acteur français de cinéma
Acteur français de théâtre
Nom de scène
Naissance en mars 1880
Naissance dans le 7e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en avril 1962
Décès à Issy-les-Moulineaux
Décès à 82 ans


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SoCal IP Law Institute – SoCal IP Institute MCLE March 25; Ethics in attorney client relationship; 101 issues; trademark infringement.
SoCal IP Institute MCLE March 25; Ethics in attorney client relationship; 101 issues; trademark infringement.
Falk Pharma Gmbh v. Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (CAFC February 8 2019)(Available Here). Falk Pharma sued Salix Pharmaceuticals for trademark infringement. The litigation resulted in three appeals, defendant motioned to disqualify plaintiff's law firm in all three appeals. The CAFC found that an engagement letter with a competitor's corporate affiliate that incorporated by reference the competitor's outside counsel guidelines created an attorney client relationship with the affiliate. The CAFC also found that though additional considerations may be necessary to disqualify the firm, the client did not face undue hardship or prejudice.
Night Owl v. Dongguan Auhua Electronics Co. (M.D Fla. )(Available Here) Plaintiff alleged that Defendant sold infringing goods in both China, and had plans to begin selling in the US. Defendant filed a trademark application in the USPTO, and plaintiff tried to get an injunction to stop the registration but could not find an address to serve defendant. Plaintiff then applied for an order authorizing alternative service. The court denied the motion in part (denied that service be allowed through email) but allowed service to be made under the secretary of commerce for intellectual property and director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Ex Parte Smith (PTAB February 2, 2019) (Available Here) An Examiner at the USPTO rejected application 13/715,476, which had claims directed to a method of trading securities. The PTAB reversed the Examiner's refusal. Specifically, the PTAB found that though the application's claims were directed to a judicial exception, the claims disclosed a practical application of derivative trading. The PTAB also found the application disclosed specific technical improvements that were patent eligible.
All are invited to join us on Monday March 25th, 2019, at noon in our Westlake Village office. This activity is approved for 1 hour of MCLE credit. If you will be joining us, please RSVP to Elisha Manzur by 9 am Monday morning.