text:
Q: How to shift the data in a list I have the following case and I want to get a general solution without heavy looping and slicing .
Firstly :
I initialize N which through it I calculate the list size (initial size) :
Through this Equation N(N-1)/2..
let's say I set N = 5 so  the initial size will be 10 .
After that I fill the list with one's and zeroes with some method .
Like this :

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

This list segmented according to N where the segments are (N-1).
So

*

*The First Segment is : 0 1 0 1

*The Second Segment is : 1 1 0

*The Third Segment is : 1 0

*and The Forth Segment is : 1

[0 1 0 1] [1 1 0] [1 0] [1]

What I wanna to do is if I enter any number as input N again:
Maintain the previous data with the proper shifting
According to the new size .for example if N=6 so  the size will be 15
So I will have 5 segments in stead of 4
I want it like this :

[0 1 0 1 0] [1 1 0 0] [1 0 0] [1 0] [0]

And vice verse If i enter N = 7 firstly and fill it .then i enter N = 4
I wanna to make the proper shifting

A: It seems that LinkedList is the most appropriate collection class for you. It enables you to insert and remove elements in constant time from anywhere in the list.
Given below are algorithms for increasing and decresing N by one. Both operations are O(N).
// the whole list of integers
var data = new LinkedList<int>();

// stores the final node of each segment
var segmentEnds = new LinkedList<LinkedListNode<int>>();

/* INCREASING */
// increase all existing segments by one
var node = segmentEnds.First;
while (node != null)
{
    node.Value = data.AddAfter(node.Value, 0);
    node = node.Next;
}

// add the last segment of size 1
segmentEnds.AddLast(data.AddLast(0));

/* DECREASING */
if (data.Count > 0)
{
    // remove the last element from each segment
    node = segmentEnds.First;
    while (node != null)
    {
        var temp = node.Value.Previous;
        data.Remove(node.Value);
        node.Value = temp;
        node = node.Next;
    }

    // remove the last (now empty) segment
    segmentEnds.RemoveLast();
}

A: Any reason that you have to have these in a single list? It seems that what you have is a list of n lists here so creating one list of size N whcih holds lists of size 1 to N inside. This way when if you increase N you just add the appropriate number of 0s to each list and create your new lists with just 0 in. If you decrease N I'm not sure what the rule is but I suspect by comparison you will just remove the appropciate number of short lists and then remove the last however many elements from the other lists.
It doesn't work in terms of having a single arraylist but it is a better way to store the data you described, I'd say. You can always get from the model I've described to the flattened list pretty easily anyway...

A: Maybe you should start to think in two dimensions and use a List<Segment> whereas a Segment is a List<bool>. By using this you should be able to easily add/remove a segment or to change all segments the way you like. But this would lead to heavy looping in some way, but i don't think you can't solve this without looping on any level.

A: int N = 5;
var array = Enumerable.Range(1, N - 1).Select(i => Fill(i))
                      .SelectMany(x => x)
                      .ToArray();

int[] Fill(int len)
{
    int[] arr = new int[len];
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) arr[i] = 1; //Fill
    return arr;
}

A: Essentially, you are modeling a 2D data structure with a one-dimension list. Although it is somewhat unorthodox, it is commonly done to save on memory.
The easiest solution is to make copies on extending or contracting your list. When you need to shorten or to extend your list, create a new list of the target size, and then use two nested loops to do the copying, as if the original list were a 2D data structure. Making a mapping function that takes a row, a column, and an N, and returns an index into a plain list that corresponds to the {row, column} pair may be very helpful:
private static int MakeIndex(int r, int c, int N) {
    return (N*(N+1)-(N-r)*(N+1-r))/2+c;
}

Now you can translate an index of a pair {r, c} in the list of size N1 to the index of the same pair in a list of size N2.
You can improve upon this solution by expanding and shrinking in place. The key issue is the direction in which you go: when shrinking, go front-to-back; when expanding, go back-to-front.


text:
Colin McCahon
On going out with the tide
Colin McCahon: On Going Out with the Tide, held at City Gallery Wellington, is the first major exhibition of the artist's work since the Stedelijk Museum's Colin McCahon: A Question of Faith in 2002. Whereas A Question of Faith sought to position McCahon as a significant modernist artist worthy of attention in an international sphere,1 On Going Out with the Tide locates him squarely within the New Zealand context—these works could not have been made anywhere else. However, this is not the 'regionalist' McCahon of the early landscape paintings or religious subjects placed in what are seen as identifiably New Zealand settings. Instead, On Going Out with the Tide shows us McCahon coming to terms with imagery, histories and concepts of significance to Māori.
The exhibition is organised in five sections which guide visitors on a path through time, place and the artist's growing understanding of Maoritanga. There is also an introductory 'documents gallery'. Let us pause there for a moment and take in a large photograph of two young Māori men, Lionel and Ray Skipper, in work gear and muddy gumboots, hesitating in the doorway of Peter McLeavey's dealer gallery in 1975, with McCahon's painting A Poster for the Urewera No. 2 on the wall beside them. In an exhibition that seeks to interrogate McCahon's work in the context of 'a tectonic shift in New Zealand culture—emerging biculturalism',2 this image remains revealing and pertinent.
In the first of the exhibition's five sections, the painting Io, in which the letters I and O are positioned above a cave-like black void, and the all-black Journey into a Dark Landscape No. 2 (both 1965) bespeak an artist exploring something only half seen and half understood. We also see him experimenting with the koru form,3 often in relation to letters or numerals. McCahon seems to have comprehended the life-force with which Māori imbued the koru, yet his use of the motif addresses that only occasionally. One particularly jarring instance is to be found in some of his studies for an unrealised mural in the foyer of the Caltex Oil building in Auckland, in which the letters of 'Caltex' are elaborated with the familiar curliques of the koru. Today, given Māori involvement in environmental activism against offshore oil drilling, fracking and the like, using the koru in association with a multinational oil company name seems inconceivable; but this was the 1960s and the political landscape in respect of Māori-Pākehā relations has changed dramatically.
Since then the appropriation of Māori content by non-Māori (Pākehā) artists has been the subject of much debate. The use of the koru was something of a touch-paper in this argument. Gordon Walters's hard-edge koru paintings, in particular, came in for strenuous criticism from commentators like Ngahuia te Awekotuku and Rangihiroa Panoho. Panoho, however, embraced McCahon as an artist 'who put … uniquely Māori qualities at the centre of his vision of this country', with 'an empathy for Māori concepts and approaches'.4
Te Awekotuku also challenged McCahon's appropriation of Māori language (te reo) and genealogy. At the 1986 National Criticism Symposium and in a subsequent interview, she spoke specifically about his painting The Canoe Tainui (1969), which details the whakapapa (genealogy) stemming from the waka (canoe) that brought the Tainui people from Hawaiki to Aotearoa. Te Awekotuku acknowledged that the text McCahon used was readily available in various publications but contrasted that with 'the immediate, visual, strong, forceful, right-across-the-wall impact of a huge painting … we're looking at that point, too, at the difference … between the literary art form and the visual … And a painting is a hell of a lot more powerful!'5 It seems that te Awekotuku was unaware (as were her interviewers) that McCahon's motivation for writing Tainui whakapapa so large was the birth in 1968 of a grandchild who was, through his father, Ken Carr, of Tainui descent. At this distance it is unclear whether or not this would have affected her judgement of the work. What is clear is that McCahon viewed the work as personal and familial, one of several he made 'for Matiu Carr, our grandson …'.6
The Canoe Tainui and a second whakapapa painting, The Canoe Mamari, are included in the second section of On Going Out with the Tide. McCahon took the texts from a small, recently published book by Matire Kereama, titled The Tail of the Fish: Maori Memories of the Far North, given to him by his older daughter Catherine.7 The publication also includes historical accounts and personal reminiscences and was the wellspring for a significant group of word paintings made in 1969, in which we see McCahon grappling with questions of mortality, immortality and regeneration, as he had in the 'Elias' paintings of 1959 and would continue to do. Here, drawing on Kereama's writing, he approaches those questions through Māori beliefs in the afterlife.
O Let Us Weep sets a Māori proverb lamenting the finality of death ('Me tangi kapa ko te mate e te marama'; 'O let us weep for ours is not the death of the moon') against the possibility of—and doubt about—resurrection: 'and he said I am the resurrection and I am the life if a man has faith in me, even though he die he shall come to life … Do you believe this?' In contrast, the painting On Going out with the Tide draws on the Māori belief that the spirit of the departed journeys to the far north, where it will leap into the afterlife: 'When I was a child no person died without first asking about the state of the tide, whether it was full or low. People always liked to die at low tide because the tide had to be completely out to enable them to reach Te Rerenga Wairua, "The Leaping Place of Spirits", in the Far North. This is a large hole at the bottom of the sea which is exposed at low tide, permitting the spirits to go inside.'8 In his painting McCahon includes the proverb 'Einga atu ana he tetekura. E ara mai ana he tetekura' ('When one generation falls, another rises'), which connects the work to the two whakapapa paintings and to later works in the exhibition.
The third section focuses on a specific place—Muriwai Beach, north of Auckland, where McCahon built a large studio in 1969. The subject of the soul's passage north is further explored in The Days and Nights in the Wilderness showing the Constant Flow of Light Passing into a Dark Landscape (1971), which McCahon inscribes: 'NINETY MILE BEACH WITH HAUMU HILL', both places being waypoints on the route taken by the journeying spirit. It is there too in the four 'Jet Out' drawings (1973) in which a jet plane taking off is also a cross, symbol of death and resurrection. Christian teaching and Māori cosmology also unite, along with references to the natural world, in The Song of the Shining Cuckoo (1974) in which McCahon represents the flight of the bird and the soul by a wavering horizontal line of dots that traverses five canvases divided into fourteen 'views', referencing the Fourteen Stations of the Cross. The work, like the accompanying Series D (Ahipara) (1973), is an example of McCahon's concept of a painting as a walk through—or along—a landscape. It is in landscape that this third gallery is anchored, be it in the artist's concern for the fragility of the coastline and the birds that nest on the cliffs or in his second grandson's response to Muriwai, in the uncharacteristically playful Tui Carr Celebrates Muriwai Beach (1972).
In the final two galleries there is a noticeable shift in tone. As a result of two major commissions McCahon moves from his largely subjective exploration of Maoritanga into the political and historical realm, from a personal response to the natural environment to the Māori concept of whenua or land.
In 1972 he was invited to produce a work for an exhibition titled Taranaki Saw it All: the Story of Te Whiti o Rongomai of Parihaka, held at the Waikato Museum and Art Gallery. One of the more fruitful outcomes of Māori interaction with the Christian missionaries who arrived in the nineteenth century was the way in which certain Māori leaders adapted the teachings of the Bible to prophesy deliverance for their own people in the face of colonisation and the resulting loss of land, sovereignty and mana. Two of these spiritual leaders were Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, the great prophets of Parihaka Pā near the coast of Taranaki, who preached a message of active but peaceful resistance to the British forces who attempted to take over their lands. After years of deliberate provocation on the part of the British and measured defiance by Te Whiti's and Tohu's followers, Parihaka was invaded on 5 November 1881. Te Whiti and Tohu were arrested along with many others and, as one Māori Member of Parliament, Hori Kerei Taiaroa, scathingly described, Te Whiti was to be taken around the South Island 'and have exhibited to him all the ornaments of the Europeans and the wonders to be seen there, with the object of enlarging his mind'.9
In the two Parihaka works included here, McCahon enigmatically reworks this phrase as 'an ornament for the Pākehā'. He places it in conjunction with a fallen cross, one of its arms plunged into the ground or into darkness. It seems a cross too heavy to bear, and Jonathan Mané-Wheoki has persuasively proposed that it stands 'ominously for war and violence.'10 Some years later McCahon wrote 'I hope my cross for the [Pākehā] … annoyes [sic] some people & could restore faith to some others.'11
In its upright form, the cross at the centre of the Parihaka Triptych (1972) is a symbol of hope and salvation, as well as 'a monument to Te Whiti'. In some of the studies for the Triptych McCahon experimented with the image of Mount Taranaki, but in the finished work he uses the same armoury as Te Whiti—words, including Te Whiti's own, and the Christian message—to produce one of his most compelling and moving paintings.12
The final section of the exhibition is devoted to the Tūhoe people and their land, Te Urewera, a place of dense forest, waterfalls, lakes and mist. In 1974 McCahon was commissioned to paint a mural for the Urewera National Park Board's new visitor centre. Like Parihaka, Te Urewera had its spiritual leaders. Te Kooti Arikirangi was a complex figure, a wily and determined warrior who founded the Ringatū church, based on Christian scripture. Rua Kenana claimed to be his successor and created a community close to the sacred mountain of Maungapōhatu, deep in Te Urewera. Both these visionaries are honoured in the Urewera Mural and in the markedly different full-size 'painted drawing' for the work, the Urewera Triptych (both 1975); and Rua is also acknowledged here in A Song for Rua, Prophet (Dreaming of Moses) (1979).
The Urewera Triptych, a powerful and monumental black and white composition of abstract forms and words, dominates this gallery. In contrast to the Urewera Mural, with its flat-topped mountains and deep green ground from which barely visible text emerges, landscape is represented in the Triptych only by lightly brushed bands of intense viridian. The Urewera Mural is not on show, and with good reason. The Mural was known in the art world, albeit largely through reproductions and critical analysis, as one of McCahon's greatest paintings, a profoundly sacramental response to the mystery of Te Urewera. It achieved a very different status and made headline news in June 1997 when Tūhoe activists removed it from the visitor centre in the dead of night. They described their actions as a 'confiscation', a lesson in how it feels to have one's taonga (cultural treasures) stolen.13 The work was returned more than a year later. Tūhoe have now claimed the Urewera Mural as their own. The painting was part of their Treaty of Waitangi negotiations with the Crown and in 2015 it was installed at Tūhoe's new cultural centre, Te Kura Whare at Tāneatua. They chose not to part with it for the exhibition where it is represented only by a small colour photograph. Its absence is both telling and fitting.
Other works in this section include A Poster for the Urewera No.1 and No. 2 (both 1975) as well as McCahon's response to the photograph of Lionel and Ray Skipper we saw earlier: Am I Scared (1976). The colloquialism of the text: 'AM I Scared Boy (EH)' might seem somewhat patronising, but it is countermanded by the words 'Cry for me' at the bottom of the work. And who is scared here? McCahon increasingly knew he was taking risks in delving into Maoritanga. He wrote to Peter McLeavey about showing the Urewera Mural to the National Park Board and Māori elders, 'I got scared';14 and Geoff Park notes: 'The paint on Urewera Mural was barely dry when he was observing how "everyone is getting scared about it."'15 Today, despite many major advances, New Zealand's bicultural model remains fraught, the road to 'cultural safety' an uncertain and shifting one. And that photograph—well, it could have been taken yesterday.
The exhibition curators describe McCahon's 'knowledge and understanding of Māori culture [as] partial and piecemeal.'16 Yet On Going Out with the Tide shows the artist's growing grasp of Maoritanga both through personal connections and genuine attempts at comprehending a culture he acknowledged he was not part of. From the Caltex works with their decorative and inapposite use of the koru to the emotional and spiritual depth of the Parihaka Triptych and the Urewera Mural is a significant journey; and that those two 'history paintings' are 'owned' in every sense by the communities to and about whom they speak17 is a testament to the degree to which McCahon achieved the insight for which he strove.
Lionel and Ray Skipper with Colin McCahon's A Poster for the Urewera No. 2, 1975 at Peter McLeavey Gallery, Wellington, December 1975. Photograph Don Roy. Fairfax Media NZ/Dominion Post
The Days and Nights in the Wilderness Showing the Constant Flow of Light Passing into a Dark Landscape, 1971. Acrylic on unstretched canvas, 2360 x 1840mm. Collection Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth. Images courtesy Colin McCahon Research and Publication Trust
Urewera Triptych, 1975. Also known as A Painted Drawing for the Mural. Acrylic on three unstretched canvases, 2520 x 5370mm. Courtesy Gow Langsford Gallery, Auckland;
The Song of the Shining Cuckoo, 1974. Acrylic on five unstretched canvases, 1770 x 4511mm. Hocken Collections, Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago, Dunedin;
1. A Question of Faith subsequently toured to City Gallery Wellington, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tamaki, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
2. Wystan Curnow and Robert Leonard, Colin McCahon: On Going Out with the Tide, City Gallery Wellington, 2017, unpaginated.
3. The koru represents the unfurling fern frond and is extensively used in traditional Māori art including carving, kowhaiwhai or rafter painting, and tā moko or facial tattooing. The Air New Zealand logo is based on the koru, which has also been widely used by other organisations as well as by contemporary Māori and non- Māori artists.
4. Rangihiroa Panoho, 'Māori: At the centre, on the margins', Headlands: Thinking Through New Zealand Art, Mary Barr (ed), Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, 1992, pp.123-134 [127]. Panoho offered a similar view of Theo Schoon's use of Māori imagery. Perhaps it was the precise, inexpressive, even mechanical appearance of Walters's koru paintings that contributed to the view that he was unsympathetic to Māori values.
5. 'Ngahuia te Awekotuku in conversation with Elizabeth Eastmond and Priscilla Pitts', Antic 1, June 1986, pp.44-55 [49]. It seems no transcript of her paper for the National Criticism Symposium exists. The symposium was organised by the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council of New Zealand in association with the National Art Gallery of New Zealand.
6. Colin McCahon, letter to Peter McLeavey, July 1969.
7. Matire Kereama, The Tail of the Fish: Maori Memories of the Far North, Oswald-Sealy (N.Z.) Ltd, 1968. City Gallery Wellington in association with Ilam Press has published a facsimile edition to accompany the exhibition. In Māori legend the North Island of New Zealand is the fish hauled up by the great ancestor Maui (the South Island is his canoe). The far north forms the tail of the fish.
8. Matire Kereama, ibid, p.74.
9. Cited in John Caselberg (ed), Maori is my Name: Historical Maori Writings in Translation, John McIndoe Limited, 1975, p.130. James Mack, who organised Taranaki Saw it All, sent McCahon a copy of the text before the book was published.
10. Jonathan Mané-Wheoki, 'An Ornament for the Pākehā: Colin McCahon's Parihaka Triptych', Parihaka: The Art of Passive Resistance, Te Miringa Hohaia, Gregory O'Brien and Lara Strongman (eds), City Gallery Wellington, Victoria University Press, Parihaka Pā Trustees, 2001, pp.129-137 [134].
11. Colin McCahon to Ron O'Reilly, 18 July 1977. Cited in Mané-Wheoki, ibid, p.136.
12. 'Te Whiti has always said that he did not care to fight … He has no arms at all, no powder. His tongue and his voice are the only weapons he uses …'. Hemare Tomoana speaking in Parliament, 16 July 1880, cited in John Caselberg, (ed), op. cit., p.132.
13. Tūhoe lost large areas of their land to the Crown in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As part of their Treaty of Waitangi settlement, Te Urewera's National Park status was disestablished and it is now jointly managed by Tūhoe and the New Zealand Government.
14. Colin McCahon, cited in Curnow and Leonard, ibid.
15. Geoff Park, 'After the Scene, After the Fever', Theatre Country: Essays on Landscape and Whenua, Victoria University Press, 2006, pp.96-112 [111].
16. Curnow and Leonard, ibid.
17. McCahon gifted the Parihaka Triptych to the people of Parihaka; but, he insisted, only if they wanted it. It is housed at the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth.
Colin McCahon: On Going Out with the Tide was shown at City Gallery Wellington, 8 April to 30 July 2017.
Priscilla Pitts is a Wellington-based writer and curator. She was formerly director of the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery and the Dunedin Public Art Gallery.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2003. Personal Cars and China. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10491.
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D vl m n Scryad opr i ee p et eui,n C oe t n o , t ao P ly n GoaA f r o c ad l l f i i b as
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by grants from the Ford Motor Company, DaimlerChrysler, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. National Research Council, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, China FAW Group Corporation, Dongfeng Motor Corporation, and Chinese Academy of Engineering. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08492-X Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (1-202) 334- 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is China's foremost academic and advisory institution in engineering and technological sciences. It was founded in June 1994 and now has 611 members. As a national institution, CAE has the following missions: to promote the progress of engineering and technological sciences, foster the growth of outstanding talents in close collaboration with the engineering and technological community, and enhance international cooperation in order to facilitate sustainable economic and social development in China. Prof. Xu Kuangdi is president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Dr. Song Jian is the former president (June 1998–June 2002). THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Feinberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org
COMMITTEE ON THE FUTURE OF PERSONAL TRANSPORT VEHICLES IN CHINA Dale COMPTON, Cochairman Ralph GAKENHEIMER (NAE) Professor of Urban Planning Lillian M. Gilbreth Distinguished (retired) Professor of Industrial Department of Urban Studies and Engineering Planning School of Industrial Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Purdue University Technology GUO Konghui, Cochairman Gregory K. INGRAM (CAE) Director Director, State Key Lab for Operations Evaluation Automobile Dynamic Department Simulation World Bank Professor, Jilin University LI Gang Feng AN Former President, Chinese Consultant National Automotive Center for Transportation Industry Corporation Research Senior Project Adviser, Chinese Argonne National Laboratory Academy of Engineering CHENG Zhenbiao LU Ximing Chief Engineer Director Science and Technology Shanghai City Comprehensive Information Research Transportation Planning Institute Institute Dongfeng Motor Corporation QIU Yansheng Elisabeth DRAKE Deputy Chief Engineer, Professor Associate Director for New Research Institute of Petroleum Energy Technology (retired) Processing (RIPP) Energy Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of SHAO Min Technology Deputy Director, Associate Professor Patrick F. FLYNN Center for Environmental Vice President, Research (retired) Sciences Cummins Engine Company Peking University v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Daniel SPERLING Harold FORSEN Professor of Civil and Foreign Secretary Environmental Engineering National Academy of Engineering and Environmental Studies Director, Institute of Staff Transportation Studies University of California, Davis Michael GREENE, Study Director (NRC) SUN Zhenhua Division of Policy and Global Senior Engineer Affairs Technique and Quality National Research Council Department Shanghai Automotive Industry LI Renhan, Study Director (CAE) Corporation (SAIC) Director Division Office of Mechanical and Michael P. WALSH Vehicle Engineering Consultant Chinese Academy of Engineering Arlington, Virginia ZHENG Xiaoguang ZHAO Junming Director Senior Engineer Department of International Changchun Automotive Research Cooperation Institute (CARI) Division of International Organization Ex officio Members Chinese Academy of Engineering ZHU Gaofeng Vivienne CHIN Vice President (June 1994–June Program Office 2002) National Academy of Engineering Chinese Academy of Engineering vi
Preface In mid-1999 representatives of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) visited the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) to explore the prospects for collaboration between the two institutions on a study of the future of the personal car in China. This is the second instance of formal collaboration between the CAE and the NRC. The outcome of the first was a study entitled Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States, published in 2001, in which the Chinese Academy of Sci- ences also participated. The National Research Council, the operating arm of the three Na- tional Academies—the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine—has been producing indepen- dent advisory reports at the request of the U.S. government and other government and donor organizations since 1916 (the parent organization, the National Academy of Sciences, received its congressional charter in 1863). The Chinese Academy of Engineering has been in existence since 1994, and is developing a role as adviser to its government that parallels that of the NRC. Although the nominal topic of this report—the Chinese automotive industry and the future of personal cars in China—is specific to China, many of the issues examined also are relevant to the United States and other countries. For example, the higher polluting emissions that will accompany the proliferation of cars in China are predicted to have global implications for climate change. Moreover, an expanding Chinese auto- motive fleet will increase the world demand for petroleum, and raises the vii
viii PREFACE possibility of higher international prices as China becomes a major petro- leum importer. Those and the other problems that will confront China as it continues to develop its transportation system—such as congestion, more accidents, undesirable changes in land use, and urban decentraliza- tion—must be addressed by any nation that expects to see its motor ve- hicle population grow significantly. This study could not examine the extent of global problems that may ensue from a large increase in motorization worldwide, but the commit- tee felt very strongly that the impacts, both positive and negative, of any such increase should be thoroughly explored. Essentially all of the issues identified in this report as being critical to China will arise on a global scale and will be that much more difficult to manage. We urge that such a study be undertaken at the earliest possible moment. Some important issues identified that are specific to China could not be explored in detail within the present study. These include the impact of motorization on inequity among various segments of the population and the cost and financing of the new infrastructure that will accompany increased motorization in China. An in-depth study of these issues, how- ever, would require an examination of regional and national economic and social development, and the committee was not prepared to examine the many ramifications of this subject. Similarly, the report devotes less space to social change and changes in urban form than to automotive and fuel-related technologies. Although the report does observe that increases in motorization will lead to decen- tralization of both jobs and residences in Chinese cities, with some illus- trative calculations for Shanghai, answering important questions about the economic impacts and how the transportation infrastructure is to be financed involves issues of public revenues and expenditures that were well beyond the charge to the committee. Nevertheless, these issues are of immense importance to China and deserve further study. As the goals and priorities of the Chinese automotive industry and the Chinese government evolve, it is clear that the many ways to achieve them will come to light, but none certain of success and all with palpable risks. Naturally, these conflicts were reflected in differences of opinion among members of the committee; however, the line of advocacy on each side of these issues rarely coincided with the nationalities of the commit- tee members. It was a committee of individual experts who, taken to- gether, represented all points of view. Each side learned from the other, and the collaboration has strengthened both of the collaborating institu- tions. We hope that this report will be viewed as a useful contribution to policy making by the automotive industries and governments of all coun- tries and will serve as an important addition to the literature of science and technology policy. We were honored to serve as cochairmen of this
PREFACE ix distinguished committee. And we compliment the members of the com- mittee for their diligence and efforts throughout this study to ensure that it properly reflected the challenges and opportunities of this period of dynamic change for the Chinese automotive industry and the people and government of China. W. Dale Compton U.S. National Research Council Guo Konghui Chinese Academy of Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi Acknowledgments The committee would like to thank the Ford Motor Company, DaimlerChrysler, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. National Research Council (NRC), U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Shanghai Auto- motive Industry Corporation, China FAW Group Corporation, Dongfeng Motor Corporation, and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) for fi- nancial and other support for the study. Staff of the National Research Council's Transportation Research Board and Board on Energy and Envi- ronmental Systems, particularly Stephen Godwin and James Zucchetto, helped to launch the study, and Lester Hoel and Harold Forsen of the National Academy of Engineering traveled to Shanghai to help formulate the memorandum of understanding. Zhu Gaofeng of the Chinese Acad- emy of Engineering made many valuable contributions during the delib- erations. The study directors—Michael Greene, Zheng Xiaoguang, and Li Renhan—provided essential logistical support for the committee and valuable contributions during the deliberations and the drafting of the report. Project consultant Sabra Bissette Ledent ably edited the report. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee and the CAE's Committee for Consultative Projects. The purpose of these inde- pendent reviews is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institutions in making their published report as sound as pos- sible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for ob- jectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review xi
xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the in- tegrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their review of this report for the NRC: William Agnew, General Motors (retired); Scott Elliott, Los Alamos National Laboratory; D. Gale Johnson, University of Chicago; He Kebin, Tsinghua University; Zhi Liu, World Bank; Michael Meyer, Georgia Insti- tute of Technology; Roberta Nichols, Ford Motor Company (retired); Jo- seph Norbeck, University of California, Riverside; Jerrold Voss, Ohio State University; and Martin Wachs, University of California, Berkeley. We also wish to thank the reviewers for the Chinese Academy of Engineering: Hu Xinmin, China National Automotive Industrial Corporation; Li Jingsheng, Department of International Cooperation, China Machinery Industry Federation; Lu Zhiqiang, Development Research Center of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China; Quan Yongshen, Beijing Transportation Research Institute; Tang Xiaoyan, Center for Environmen- tal Sciences of Peking University; Xu Shoubo, Scientific Committee of State Planning Commission of the Peoples Republic of China; and Zhang Xingye, Automotive Society of China. Although the reviewers just listed provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of the report, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The NRC review of this report was overseen by Lester Hoel, University of Virginia, and Morris Tannenbaum, AT&T Cor- poration (retired), who were appointed by the National Research Council to make certain that an independent examination of this report was car- ried out in accordance with NRC and CAE procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. For the Chinese Academy of Engi- neering, the Committee for Consultative Projects carried out this respon- sibility. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee, the CAE, and the NRC. Finally, we owe thanks to those who have translated the English ver- sion of the report into Chinese.
Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations xix Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 7 China's Five-year Plan, 8 Interacademy Collaboration, 10 Appendix: China's Five-Year Plan for the Automotive Industry—Achievements and Problems, 12 2 Motorization from a Global Perspective 14 Global Comparisons of National Motorization, 14 The Automobile Share of the Fleet, 17 Global Comparisons of Road Availability, 18 Motorization in Urban Areas: A Challenge, 18 Other Motorization Policy Lessons from Market Economics, 20 Projections of China's Motor Vehicle Fleet, 23 Changes in International Trade Policies, 24 Conclusion, 28 Appendix Table: National Data, 50 Countries, 30 References, 36 3 Structure and Capability of China's Automotive Industry 37 Evolution of the Chinese Automotive Industry, 37 xiii
xiv CONTENTS China's Automotive Industry Today, 39 The Current State of Vehicle Technology, 40 Strategies Pursued by Other Countries to Develop Their Automotive Industries, 42 The Future Development of China's Automotive Industry, 44 Building an R&D Capability, 48 Conclusion, 51 Appendix 3A: The Major Automotive Enterprises in China, 52 Appendix 3B: China's Five-year Plan for the Automotive Industry—Goals and Strategies, 58 References, 60 4 Present and Future Automotive Technologies 61 Fleet Issues for Vehicle Technologies, 63 Vehicle Component Technologies, 73 Hybrid Vehicle Technologies, 96 System Integration and Manufacturing, 105 Appendix: Other Types of Fuel Cells, 107 References, 110 5 Energy and Fuels 113 China's Fuel Industry, 117 Alternative Fuel Possibilities for the Future, 126 References, 129 6 Societal Effects of Potential Motorization Pathways 131 Effects of the Motorization Process, 132 Construction of Transport Facilities in Chinese Cities: The Case of Shanghai, 140 Impact of Motorization on Urban Traffic Management Requirements, 142 The Social Impacts of Rapid Motorization, 146 Conclusion, 148 References, 148 7 Environment and Health 150 Emissions, 150 Health Effects, 151 Climate Change, 158 Air Quality, 160 Implications of China's Vehicle Growth for Future Emissions and Fuel Consumption, 162 References, 166
CONTENTS xv 8 The Role of Government 169 Strategic Framework, 169 Summary of Worldwide Government Emissions Standards, 171 Summary of Worldwide Government Fuel Economy Standards, 180 Inspection and Maintenance Programs, 186 Industry-Government Partnerships, 186 Conclusion, 197 Appendix: Inspection and Maintenance Programs, 197 References, 201 9 Findings and Recommendations 203 Patterns of Motorization, 203 The Future of the Chinese Automotive Industry, 204 Technology Research and Development, 207 Urban Issues, 209 Environmental and Health Issues, 211 The Role of Government, 212 Reference, 215 Appendixes A Memorandum of Understanding 219 B Case Study: Shanghai, China 223 Daniel Sperling, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Lu Ximing, Shanghai City Comprehensive Transportation Planning Institute Zhou Hongchang, Tongji University, Shanghai
xvi CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES Figures 2-1 Motor vehicle fleets in relation to income, selected countries, 1970 and 1996, 15 2-2 Automobile share of motor vehicle fleet in relation to income, selected countries, 1970 and 1996, 17 2-3 Paved road length in relation to income, selected countries, 1970 and 1996, 19 2-4 Motor vehicle death rates in relation to per capita income, selected countries, 1996, 22 4-1 Driving cycles for measuring emissions, 64 4-2 Steps in the life cycle of automotive technology, 67 4-3 Comparisons of life cycle energy use, 69 4-4 Life cycle comparisons of costs and carbon emissions, 70 4-5 Typical fuel economy improvements in new vehicle options resulting from vehicle weight reduction for a typical power train efficiency, 74 4-6 Comparisons of power train efficiency of combustion engine and fuel cell systems, 78 4-7 Typical performance map for a spark ignition engine, 79 4-8 Typical engine efficiency and average driving cycle operating modes for U.S. cars, 83 4-9 Three-way catalyst system behavior versus fuel/air ratio, 86 4-10 Limits of diesel combustion at 1,500 revolutions per minute, 88 4-11 Fuel-specific nitrogen oxide emission standards versus capability, 90 4-12 Fraction of electric power of selected hybrid electric vehicles, 101 4-13 U.S. fuel economy (gasoline equivalent) through elements of dieselization, load reduction, engine downsizing, and hybrid optimization, 104 4-14 Estimated energy versus cost ranges for selected technologies per kilometer, 108 5-1 China's annual crude oil production, consumption, and imports, 1991–2000, 118 5-2 China's production of gasoline and diesel fuel, 1991–2000, 118 6-1 Distribution of land use changes outward from city center of Guangzhou, before and after land reform of 1987, 137
CONTENTS xvii 7-1 Motor vehicle emissions in China, 2000–2020, 163 7-2 Motor vehicle emissions in China—European standards in 2010, light-duty fuel economy improvements starting in 2005, 164 7-3 Light-duty carbon dioxide emissions, alternative scenarios, 165 8-1 Elements of a comprehensive vehicle pollution control strategy, 170 8-2 Miles per gallon of trucks and cars by model year, United States, 181 B-1 Shanghai, 225 B-2 Travel by mode, Shanghai, 233 B-3 Mode of travel in passenger-kilometers, high motorization scenario, 2020, 250 B-4 Mode of travel in passenger-kilometers, low motorization scenario, 2020, 252 Tables 2-1 National Vehicle Fleet Projections for Three GDP Growth Rates, China, 24 3-1 Motor Vehicle Production, China, 2000, 40 4-1 Examples of Emissions Standards in the United States, Japan, and Europe, 65 4-2 Vehicle Costs per kilometer for Selected New Vehicle Options, 2020, 71 4-3 Typical Energy Content and Storage Requirements for Automotive Energy Sources, 84 4-4 Percentage of Time Spent and Fuel Consumed by a Typical U.S. Car during Vehicle Stops and Braking in Different Urban Driving Cycles, 97 4-5 Characteristics of Commercial and Prototype Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 102 4-6 Trade-offs for Hybridizing Fuel Cell Vehicles, 104 5-1 Average Per Capita Energy Use for Selected Countries, 1999, 114 5-2 European Union Fuel Specification Limits, 115 5-3 Influences of Vehicle Efficiency Improvements on Future Fuel Consumption in China, 116 5-4 China's Refining Capacities, 119
xviii CONTENTS 5-5 Consumption Patterns for Diesel Fuels in China, 1995–2000, 120 5-6 Unleaded Petrol Specification for Motor Vehicles, July 2000, 121 5-7 Sulfur Content of Chinese Diesel Fuels, 122 5-8 China's Diesel Fuel Specifications, 124 5-9 Planned Sulfur Standards, China, 126 5-10 Energy Consumption of China, 1997 and 2000, 126 5-11 Chinese Energy Reserves, 127 7-1 IPCC's Global Warming Potential for Carbon Monoxide, Methane, Nonmethane Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide, 160 7-2 Ozone Concentration in Beijing, 1997–1999, 161 7-3 Light-duty Vehicle Emissions Trends in China, 2002–2020, 164 8-1 Passenger Car Emissions Standards, Nitrogen Oxides (Gasoline and Diesel) and Particulate Matter (Diesel), United States, European Union, and Japan, 174 8-2 Heavy-duty Diesel Nitrogen Oxide Standards, United States, European Union, Japan, 1990–2010, 176 8-3 Heavy-duty Diesel Particulate Matter Standards, United States, European, Japan, 1993–2010, 177 B-1 Cars per 1,000 Inhabitants, Seven Cities, 236 B-2 Energy Use for Vehicles and Fuels, Shanghai, 2000 and 2020, 247 B-3 Key Travel and Population Parameters for Scenarios, 2000 and 2020, 248 Boxes 2-1 Main Obligations of WTO Members, 25 8-1 Transportation Planning and Traffic Management, 172 8-2 Diesel Cars, 175 B-1 Comprehensive Transportation Planning for Shanghai City, 227
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVATIONS A5 Automotive five gear AB advanced body ABS antilock braking system AC alternating current ACEA European Automobile Manufacturers Association A/F air and fuel ASM acceleration simulation mode (test) atm atmosphere bbl barrel, barrels bhp brake horsepower BMEP brake mean effective pressure BSFC brake-specific fuel consumption Btu British thermal unit CAE Chinese Academy of Engineering CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy CARB California Air Resources Board CBM coal-bed methane CDH Colorado Department of Health CFC chlorofluorocarbon CFPP cold filter plugging point CH4 methane CI compression ignition CIDI compression ignition direct injection CNG compressed natural gas CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide CV conventional vehicle CVCC compound vortex-controlled combustion CVS constant volume sampler CVT continuously variable transmission DC direct current DMC Dongfeng Motor Corporation DME dimethyl ether DPI direct public investment ECD Energy Conversion Devices Inc. EGR exhaust gas recirculation
xx ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS EMAT electro-mechanical automatic transmission EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) EU European Union EUCAR European Council for Automotive R&D FAW First Auto Works FC fuel cell FP fine particles F-T Fischer-Tropsch FTP Federal Test Procedure (U.S.) g gram GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCP Gross City Product GDI gasoline direct injection GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GIS geographic information system GJ gigajoule GM General Motors GPS global positioning system GWP global warming potential H2 hydrogen HC hydrocarbon HCCI homogeneous charge compression ignition HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon HEV hybrid electric vehicle HFC hydrofluorocarbon hp horsepower HVAC heating, ventilating, air-conditioning I iodine IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICE internal combustion engine I/M inspection and maintenance IPCC International Panel on Climate Change IRF International Road Federation ITS intelligent transportation system J joule JAMA Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxi KAMA Korean Automobile Manufacturers Association kg kilogram kl kiloliter km kilometer KOH potassium hydroxide kPa kilopascal kph kilometers per hour kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt-hour lb pound lb/hp-hr pounds mass per horsepower-hour LEV low-emission vehicle LHV lower heating value LNG liquefied natural gas LPG liquefied petroleum gas m3 cubic meter M5 manual five gear mbd million barrels per day MeOH methanol Mg magnesium MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) MJ megajoule MMT methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl MMT million metric tons MON Motor Octane Number mpg miles per gallon mph miles per hour MPV multipurpose vehicle MTBE methyl tertiary-butyl ether MW megawatts µg microgram µm micron, micrometer MWh megawatt-hour NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NDIR nondispersive infrared NH3 ammonia NHDTG National Heavy-duty Truck Group (China) NiMH nickel metal hydride NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbon
xxii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS NMVOC nonmethane volatile organic compound NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOx nitrogen oxides N2 O nitrous oxide NRC National Research Council O3 ozone ODS ozone-depleting substance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEM original equipment manufacturer PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PEM proton exchange membrane PFC perfluorocarbon PM particulate matter PNGV Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (U.S.) ppm parts per million R&D research and development RMB renminbi RON Research Octane Number rpm revolutions per minute RVP Reid vapor pressure s second SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAIC Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation SCR selective catalytic reduction SF6 sulfur hexafluoride SI spark ignition SINOPEC China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation SOFC solid oxide fuel cell SPS sanitary and phytosanitary SUV sport-utility vehicle TAIC Tianjin Automotive Industry Group Corporation TBT Technical Barrier to Trade [Agreement] TOE tons of oil equivalent TRIMS [Agreement on] Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxiii UHC unburned hydrocarbons USABC U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium USCAR U.S. Council for Automotive Research USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency V volt VMT vehicles miles traveled VOC volatile organic compound W watt WTO World Trade Organization


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text:
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        renderGBufferMaterialPtr.setNull();
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    Ogre::Technique* GBufferView::handleSchemeNotFound(unsigned short schemeIndex,
            const Ogre::String& schemeName, Ogre::Material* originalMaterial,
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Constructing an eye holding eatable bloom back garden is without a doubt profitable so that you can the many senses. Plants being a edible plus, take vibrant flavors, shades, along with finishes in order to salads, soups, casseroles, together with other dishes. Eating a flower bouquet isn't as tropical as it can sound. Using blooms when food stuff goes back to your Pure stone Grow older by way of historical evidence in which original male had this type of plants because roses. You won't desire you can eat blossoms you probably have about asthma, hypersensitivity, or perhaps crecen fever. You'll be wanting to be certain to simply have a bouquet of flowers which are increased organically so they really do not have way to kill pests residue. My partner and i realize i suggest you get hold of blooms during the frostier element in the course of including during the early day time following dew offers evaporated, or perhaps tardy afternoon. Several typical pabulum, annual blooms which are easy to increase not to mention appetizing, encompass a number of natural remedies as well as vegetables and fruits which use comestible a flower bouquet and other delicious parts. Calendula/pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) can be chosen in orange, gold, as well as orange flora using a lemony, peppery taste. Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) comes with roses on gradations from white wine for you to purple, along with a cresson plus peppery flavor. These types of plants are usually intended for their very own ability to help look after alternative herbs with your garden by pests. Tuberous begonias (Begonia y tuberhybrida) possess white colored, pink coloured, yellow-colored, purple, vodafone or multicolor bouquets along with a citrus flavor. Radish (Raphanus sativus) has got discolored, spicy-hot flowers almost identical to all the green roses about bolted mustard greens. Job these thorniness for arugula now You might want to try out these flora of which take off in the end from the building season. These light in addition to red flowers is a wonderful companion to be able to salads. probably the best works by using is usually scattered by way of contemporary parsley finished roasted mushrooms. Flora regarding perennials in addition to plant based treatments give a broad variety tastes too. Chive (Allium schoenoprasum) include bright, lilac-colored, or perhaps crimson flora by means of a substantial onion zest great for hanging on the subject of soups. White trefoil (Trifolium pretense) features sweet-tasting, white or maybe inflammed flowers.
Inside of a toilet, overcome a couple egg whites using a electrify take only until eventually frothy. Spot carbohydrates throughout an additional bowl. Choosing single purplish at the moment, pick it up with the stem turn and additionally magnetic inclination into egg whites, covering all of surfaces. Carefully pickpocket within the sugars, ever again being sure the entire petals, bottom and top, happen to be covered. Put on wax paper-lined preparing sheets; snipping incorrect stems. Getting a toothpick, wide open petals and leaves to be able to first shape. Sprinkle glucose on almost any uncoated areas. Dry from a 200° your oven just for 30-40 a matter of minutes as well as right until carbs crystallizes. Casually take off violets so that you can insert shelf which includes a spatula. I love to readily extremely slender fish spatula pertaining to this. Splash repeatedly with sweetener in cases where violets glance syrupy. Cool. Stash for airtight pots utilizing waxed report between layers.
Possibly even trees and shrubs deliver pabulum flowers. In the year like atmosphere starts to build milder I love to opened my personal window plus occupy my best room or space together with the pleasant odour associated with apple blossoms. This approach citrus fruit dear odour is usually contained simply by throwing various recent rose pals in a very jolt associated with sugar. The particular more the actual a bouquet of flowers lay while in the glucose the higher quality tang you'll get. Mac products trees and shrubs get most of these cute very little vivid white and/or red blossoms that has a floral to make sure you slightly bitter taste. Even though clean trees and shrubs currently have quite same white that will bright white bouquets it's a light style, love plants nectar. A non-public most desired connected with my personal own is undoubtedly Banksia integrifolia (Lonicera spp.) what offers light, yellow-colored, red, and / or red-colored plants accompanied by a honey-like flavor. Simply put i have only truly noticed these products red. Any time I seemed to be ten years younger we tend to resided inside Az for one time. That's the place where I first learned such sweet treats. Even though My spouse and i in most cases weren't allows candy, these kinds of small disguised crimson treasures have been a new lovely strategy worthwhile keeping.


Want to see that brunnete chick naked? Then you need to win the world championship. Score as many goals as possible. To kick click and hold LEFT MOUSE BUTTON on the player (to stop that red line which determines direction of your shot) and then release it to shoot. Have fun!


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Now reading: 3 things you didn't know about Leonora Christina Skov
3 things you didn't know about Leonora Christina Skov
Leonora Christina Skov is a Danish author and literary critic, but she's also the ultimate shoelover and a style icon. She's a woman who inspires us on a daily basis and who we look up to, so clearly, we know a lot about her work and style. But what didn't we know? See: Inside Leonora's Shoe Closet 1. Sheep love all the way! According to Leonora, sheep are one of the funniest animals ever - they just won her heart with their silliness, the way they act and move. They're cute and fluffy and you just gotta love them! 2. Audrey from Twin Peaks She's fascinated by Audrey from the series called Twin Peaks. Leonora always aimed to be recognised for other things than beauty and that's why in both, her professional and personal life, she went her own way. In some ways, she could relate to Audrey being so bold and doing her own thing so she loves going back to her. 3. Indian food Leonora loves Indian food. Good food makes her happy, just like travelling, when she gets to taste the world through food, scents, cultures. Her number one place to go for a delicious dinner is a restaurant called The South Indian. roccamore ♥
October favourites by roccamore
Meet the three new girls!


The Legendary Jukebox Musical on Sunday 7/31!
From the people who brought you the Whitney Houston musical "Houston: We Have a Whitney", and the July 4th Miley Cyrus extravaganza, "Party In The USA", and the Beyonce smash "When Life Gives U Lemons" comes the newest summer time tribute to pop darling TAYLOR SWIFT in a thrilling spy jukebox musical entitled TINKER TAYLOR SWIFTER SPY.
If you've ever dreamed of starring in a musical entirely made up of Taylor Swift's hits, this will be the best night of your life. This show strings together the best of Swifts songs with a horrible, hastily-written plot penned by three comedians. Audience members may opt to be cast in various singing and non-singing roles, but spectators are also appreciated. Created by Jo Firestone (Punderdome 3000, Broad City), Josh Sharp (Vulture's 'Comics You Should Know', IFC.com), and Aaron Jackson (UCB, Broad City). The Hastily Written Masterpiece Starring the Audience is a delightful send-up of your favorite musical icons, blending karaoke, comedy, and the best kind of dance party.
Doors at 830/Show at 9.
Punk, Garage, and Psychobilly on Saturday 7/30!
The Rock Report NYC and Oscar Present Michael Stewart's Unofficial birthday show feat. The Nuclears, The Omega Men and The Rats making love to our earholes.
Dj Ms Cal will be spinning the hits, Melody Lee does the door, Xandra and Keith serve the poison while Tracy makes sure we don't get too crazy.
Come celebrate one of our favorite people…Happy Birthday Michael Stewart!!
Rock 'n' Roll on Thursday 7/28!!
Bands in the back room on Wednesday 7/27!
Bands from Aqualamb Records in the back room on Saturday 7/23!
Come celebrate the release of MURDEREDMAN's S/T record with a riotus night of Cleveland-meets-Brooklyn noise.
Pre-order the MURDEREDMAN vinyl record or 100 page printed book w/ download code at http://aqualamb.org/ OR pick them up at the show!
Church Night: music & comedy on Saturday 7/16!
Blessings and Light! Church Night returns to Brooklyn for a night of technology, spiritual innovation, communications systems, and startup culture. GIMME AN AMEN!
Adam Friedland & Katie McVay!
Lisp on Wednesday 7/13 for Larry's birthday!
Wednesday July 13, doors at 9pm.
Up front pouring your drinks the one and only T Cross!!!
T. Cross presents Noise, Bday Show, on Thursday 7/21!
July 21, doors at 9pm. $5 suggested.
Shoegaze/Post-punk Bands on Saturday 7/14!
Hailing from Mar del Plata, Argentina, Altocamet combines pop,rock and electronica.
Formed in 1995, they have released six LPs, several EPs and remixes on CD and vinyl format.
In 2002 they were nominated for the Carlos Gardel Awards for best pop artist "Manzana de Metal " EP produced by Gustavo Cerati. In 2008 and 2009 he won two Awards Altocamet Carlos Gardel in as the best electronic album.
They have shared the stage with Andy Rourke , Robin Guthrie, Asobi Seksu , Ratatat , MGMT , Wild Nothing, DIIV , Sonic Youth , Gustavo Cerati, Babasónicos and have played live in Argentina , Uruguay , Chile, Peru , Colombia and Mexico.
Autodrone is an NYC-based band that formed in the early 2000s. They combine songwriting that draws upon the five members' psychological damage, morbid interests, and broken hearts with influences drawn equally from 70s psych rock, 80s post-punk, and 90s shoegaze. From this miasma, they have forged a sound which is uniquely their own.
Philadelphia's Stellarscope are a staple of the indie rock scene with their unique brand of post-punk indie rock. Their music is dark and emotive yet it still has a pop sensibility to it. Stellarscope's energetic live performances has garnered the band accolades from their peers as well as their fans. With multiple releases under their belts they continue to march forward and evolve with the times.
Their music has appeared in many compilations and tribute albums, documentaries as well as on MTV, A&E, Discovery Channel, Alli Sports TV, and more.
For fans of wavves, a place to bury strangers, the jesus and mary chain, the ramones, manhattan love suicides, etc.
Saturday night party times at The Cobra Club followed by karaoke!


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~ Guest Opinion We Are Not Bruce Lee
By | on December 15, 2016
By RICK ELKIN
If you have ever watched a Bruce Lee movie, I bet you have also fantasized about learning karate and becoming a Grandmaster. It looks like fun to banish the bad guys with a few swift kicks. If you are a woman, and watched the film "Thelma and Louise," I bet you have considered buying a small pistol and learning how to use it.
It is only natural to hope to be ready to effectively defend ourselves should we be attacked in our home or if someone tries to hijack our car. We all have our insecurities.
On a larger scale, our homeland has nuclear weapons, vast armies and navies, we employ thousands of intelligence agents and we use the most sophisticated surveillance and communications systems available. We spend billions to train and arm our security services so we can deal with any sort of threat to our security. But it is still not always enough.
Tuesday morning, September 11, 2001 proved that even the most ambitious and advanced security systems and military organizations cannot entirely prevent schemes to render them useless.
Standing in front of the TV and watching American citizens jump 100 stories or more to their deaths to avoid incineration broke my heart. It haunts me to this day. With a mix of anger and frustration, I watched Goliath being dragged down by tiny, evil David's, seemingly using kite string. As I note in my book, "Turn Right At Lost: Recalculating America," it was a transformational moment for me, my children, and most Americans.
Especially young children, who up until that moment, had never experienced such naked evil or destruction of the image they held of America's invulnerability.
Fifteen years after President Bush declared all-out war on Iraq, and later turned the fierce destructive power of our military on Pakistan and Afghanistan we appear to be stymied. ISIS regularly releases hideous videos of decapitations, young men being burned alive or executed in mass. There are millions of Syrian refugees flooding borders across the globe, and more often than ever, lone wolf attacks are happening within our borders.
Creating fear by wreaking havoc in cities across the globe seems to serve ISIS well. They are content to stir fear while our leaders appear emasculated and reluctantly accept isolated attacks, what some call "the new normal."
Our current President tried the opposite approach to Bush's Cowboy Mentality, dramatically downsizing our physical presence and essentially fighting the enemy by proxy with a hybrid coalition of underfunded, uncoordinated and mostly poorly trained surrogates. The stunning truth is, we have lost ground. Everything we have done appears to have scattered the enemy into fragments, sending them into nooks and crannies across the globe, into soft target urban enclaves, where massive military force is ineffective.
The Little Davids that brought down the Twin Towers have morphed into cockroaches, hiding in dark places, seemingly impervious to any coalition of freedom loving armies and their high tech weapons.
Our citizenry has never been fully engaged or committed to the cause. For many Americans, taking out Bin Laden exacted the best measure of revenge.
Like a broken family, we are divided about whether or not there is an existential threat to our country and our way of life. One sibling wants more attention, the other wants to turn up the testosterone. Americans are evenly split between the Yin and the Yang.
Our attention has become diluted by social conflicts amongst ourselves over civil rights issues and poverty, over political correctness and government spending priorities and whether the whole terrorist threat is just a creation of conservatives to serve the military industrial complex. Some think we are the driving force for recruiting terrorists, and that if America would just calm down, the violent Jihadi radicals would be chastised by the moderates and eventually go away.
Our American family has become dysfunctional, and the wolves are approaching the gate, but we are too distracted to care. We continue to scream at each other, while our children shake with anxiety, seemingly alone to deal with their own youthful insecurities.
Fifteen years after the rape of America by a ragtag gang of Islamic fundamentalist criminals, our national psyche is still in denial. As senseless attacks continue around the world, and people are beheaded, drown, set on fire and slaughtered, and as our efforts to reign in these packs of mad dogs are handcuffed by political expediency, it is becoming more and more apparent that we are still not prepared to deal with an irrational and asymmetrical war on civilization.
So we keep stumbling along, suppressing the disease we feel inside, focusing our collective attention on any entertaining distraction we can find because we know down deep inside, we are not Bruce Lee.
Rick Elkin is a media observer, blogger and author. He lives in Escondido with his wife Cathy.
*Note: Opinions expressed by columnists and letter writers are those of the writers and not necessarily those of the newspaper.
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A grandmother who threw out a plastic plant pot was told by council officials that binmen could not collect it because it was deemed "too dangerous".
Diana Angel said she left two half-empty rubbish sacks outside her home in Colchester, Essex, only to find they had been ripped open and ignored by dustmen who classed the waste as unsuitable.
The grandmother-of-seven, who is in her late 60s and has had three hip replacement operations, called the council to report the problem, but was told that she would have to take the items to a tip, or pay £30 to have them collected.
"It was a plastic plant pot and a short-handled dustpan and brush which had broken, it was about two and half foot tall, I don't see how it could be classed as dangerous," she said.
"They sent me a letter saying they do not accept garden waste - but it was just a plant pot with a weed attached to it. I thought as long as it fitted in a black bag that was OK.
"They sent me a letter that said although these items can be found in the home they are not classed as household waste.
"I thought it was completely over the top and I think it is wrong when they rip open the bags and look through all the stuff."
Tim Young, the councillor responsible for waste, said that dustmen were encouraged to check bags where items were sticking out, to reduce the risk of health and safety hazards and to increase recycling rates.
"The items were not considered suitable for the normal weekly collection, they were considered to be a hazard," he said. "It might have been dangerous for the refuse collectors to take it away.
"I dispute the fact that bin men are ripping open bags - if there is stuff poking out they check and look what is inside, they are not just ripping them open.
Mr Young said Mrs Angel's plant pot and dust pan and brush could not be recycled, but as they were classed as 'bulky waste', needed to be taken to the tip.


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Pendant lights are the perfect way to add a stylish statement to your home, with a wide range of designs and aesthetics. These hanging "pendant" like lights can be placed in nearly every room of then home - choose from glass pendants, bold black or brass, and unique wave wire pendants.
Whether it's a single light in the entrance hall or a row above the kitchen island bench - these eye-catching designs are sure to add the perfect modern touch to your home! We stock a range of affordable and designer pendant lights, perfect for every application.


Alexander Street Press doesn't act as if it's a company struggling in a tough content market and dealing with library budget cuts. At the recent ALA Midwinter meeting, the company held its annual customer breakfast for an overflowing room of about 500 people—its largest turnout ever. Stephen Rhind-Tutt, founder and president, told me the company had a "pretty good 2010 despite the recession." Much of its success is due to its rapidly growing streaming media collections. It plans to release three major new video products for libraries in early 2011.
SAGE announced the successful launch of SAGE Research Methods Online (SRMO): the essential tool for researchers. SRMO provides advanced search and discovery tools to support researchers and students as they explore relevant content across the social and behavioral sciences, covering quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.
OCLC and The Combined Regions (TCR) announced plans to launch Britain's first freely accessible national public library union catalog. Containing the bibliographic data from 80% of the U.K.'s public libraries, the service will make it possible for web users to simultaneously search 9 million bibliographic records and 50 million holdings.
Primary Research Group published "The Survey of Library Database Licensing Practices," ISBN 157440-160-2. The 115-page report looks closely at how 70 academic, special, and public libraries in the U.S., the U.K., continental Europe, Canada, and Australia plan their database licensing practices. The report also covers the impact of digital repositories and open access publishing on database licensing.


Portrait of famous pianist Maria-Joao Pires in her village of Belgaïs, in Portugal, where she created a foundation, a meeting place for artists, musicians and locals.
Born in Lisbon in 1944, Maria Joao Pires studied piano in the conservatory of her birth town. She gave her first concert at four years old and in 1970 won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Brussels, making her famous overnight. Since then, she has performed in Europe, Japan, Israel, the United States and in Canada, as a soloist, in chamber formation or with the biggest orchestras despite her repugnance for the life of the international artist. What she prefers is the simple country life, that's also where she adds pieces to her repertoire.
Numerous recordings bear witness to her talent: the piano sonatas of Mozart and Beethoven, recordings of Bach, Schubert, Chopin and Grieg... and chamber music by Mozart, Brahms, Debussy, Ravel... She's a very active star in Portugal where she promotes generous causes. For example, she founded the centre of studies for Belgais Arts on an isolated farm where young artists meet and work.
A colourful person, she performs very few concerts, she prefers to devote herself to her foundation, which is located in her small Portuguese village, a place where artists and musicians and locals meet. Pianist Maria Joao Pires will be in Paris tomorrow night for a rare concert. She was willing to meet us in her home, in the village of Belgais, near Castello Branco. Michel Mompontet, Jean-Louis Melin.
Forty minutes of trails, sand, gravel, the least populated place in Europe, here is where Maria Joao Pires, the piano star, has been living for the last sixteen year, far from concert halls. This is where we expect to meet her, this legendary pianist, and all we find is a busy and happy woman in the middle of her fields. At first, it's hard to believe that this woman is the same as this one.
My role isn't to have a career, of course not. I've had a career to earn money, to do this.
This is the cultural centre of Belgais, its work. All of the money I've raked in during twenty years of triumphant tours has been swallowed up by this dream. Here, artists can come spend time meeting and listening to each other if they wish, far from the demands and the urgency of show business, coupled with a sort of idea of musical joy. You really like to laugh, and I meet many pianists who don't like to laugh.
Do you want the list?
I think that I know it. Maybe they don't have many reasons to laugh, but I have a few more. I live here freely.
The freedom to have stayed here alone each night for six months, alone with Beethoven's thirty-two sonatas, recorded here, at her home. And now, at the height of the history of piano, more than a version, a new intimacy.


I have, over the years, become an avid fan of architecture. If I had it to do all over again, I would study architecture. Not because of the natural reason why people choose a profession, which is to earn a living, but because of the act of creating art that changes the way people live and see the world. The poet, Goethe once called architecture "frozen music".
Belize City is in the throes of a renaissance. A renewal of its core, which is changing people's movements, and the way they live, work, and recreate. I recall growing up in Belize City in the 1970s and 80s when most of our houses were built of clapboard, and everyone I knew lived within walking distance. There were no bad neighborhoods, though King's Park was considered to be where the elites lived. Places like Hone Park were only just being reclaimed from the sea, and we all shared our space with crocodiles, john crows and a host of snakes and other critters, now banished; their habitats; mangroves filled in and replaced by quarry waste from Rockville.
As the city grew, stretching its arms northwards, southward and westward, and even to the east as developers recognized the value of seafront lands, new areas were created like Buttonwood Bay, Bella Vista, and West Landivar. With this expansion, came the advent of construction using ferroconcrete. Slowly, as a young teen, I watched as wooden houses on stilts gave way to concrete houses in newly opened areas of the old capital and I recall yearning for the day when my family could afford to live in a concrete house, because in those days; that was a sure sign of success. It was not until my father built our first family home in Buttonwood Bay, after I returned from college in 1988, that I felt what it was like to live in a structure void of the creaks and sounds of nailed clapboard siding, noisy zinc roofing, and creaky floors. Those living sounds of my youth still bring me nostalgia of a time lost, never to return.
Along with new construction came the explosion of land-filling. As government expanded road networks and the mass granting of house lots in previously inaccessible areas so expanded the number of dump trucks and loaders traversing the 16-mile trek to Rockville to fetch loads of clay-based quarry waste to fill lots for construction. The pile driving industry also boomed. Dilapidated cranes, imported from North America for a new life in the tropics hammered wooden piles to create a sturdy footing for these new, heavier structures built on a crust of clay atop rotting mangrove roots.
For many years, these little boxes multiplied. Few venturing higher than two stories or out of the design comfort zone, mostly for fear that the ground would hold no more, and perhaps through a subconscious acknowledgement scarred by the memories of devastating city fires. Taller buildings were impractical, as elevators were few and far between and fire engines were incapable of managing a blaze higher than 30 feet, and god forbid using a color palette other than cream with brown trim, or plain white, and who the heck needed design anyways?
The renaissance I speak about, however; fresh on our landscape over the past 8 to 10 years or so; tells a different story. Young architects and engineers have chosen to push the envelope and to dare to design structures with aesthetic appeal, and that defy that height limit that previously daunted their predecessors. Perhaps it is the new blood of immigrant business owners, or perhaps it is through an exposure by the general populace, in the spirit of astronauts that dared venture beyond our atmosphere to reach for higher places. With this bold new approach, areas like Coney Drive and the Northern Highway has become a display of glass, concrete, and paved parking lots. Buildings are being built to purpose and the fear of having a ground floor, or floors above three, is fast diminishing. Single family structures are giving way to apartment buildings and louvers have all but disappeared, replaced by impact glass and décor elements never before used. Hardboard casings are no more, with sheetrock becoming the material of choice, and the colors are bold. This revolution in structure and style in commercial and residential construction has spawned an unprecedented growth in the supply of building materials, landscaping, home décor, services in the skilled trades, and in the real estate industry.
Missing in all this, though, seems to be a true sense of standards and norms that builders should adhere to. While there is a process for building permitting, even this process is warped in that the Central Building Authority is often either in conflict with, or duplicates the work of the Local Building Authorities. Many of these structures, for example the prominent new Golden Tree nine story structure; apparently destined to service the seemingly growing market for "hourly rented" hotel rooms seem to have missed many of the requirements in structural soundness, aesthetics and amenities such as parking or common areas, yet continues to be constructed unabated. This seems to be true for a number of commercial buildings built by immigrant merchants; leading one to wonder how it is that this demographic is able to thwart the rules with hardly a glance from those that regulate construction or issue trade licenses.
Notwithstanding the violators, however, I have become very enthused by the proliferation of well-designed, aesthetically pleasing new buildings. A friend recently commented that this renewal of the city is bringing with it a new consciousness by Belize residents to demand and expect better quality from vendors and service providers. Restaurants are becoming more attractive in respect to their décor and menus, and retail establishments are spending more on shopper experience; evidenced by recent and ongoing upgrades to Benny's, Mirab, and those at the Northen Shops mini mall. The Mennonite merchants, not to be outdone, have raised their game with steel and glass structures; the most recent being a massive air-conditioned auto dealership soon to be completed by Caribbean Motors. Along Coney Drive the beautiful and modern Matalon Business Center, the Roe Insurance offices, and the Whitfield Towers all compete in a beauty contest for the city's best in design.
While many may notice this renaissance only in passing; it is without a doubt that the economic growth suggested by this construction boom is fueled by a demand for better quality and by a consciousness of growing competition for a more discerning customer among the business community. Architecture is an art form that follows prosperity. Unlike other forms of art that have little practical applications or utility, this medium of expression lives far beyond its creator, and presents itself as a usable monument for the lives of future generation. The real estate nature of buildings makes it a store of value, a savings account for the owner, and a collateral that establishes his worth in society.
This form of wealth expansion can only grow upon an infrastructural base that will support the side benefits of its existence. There has to be economic flows for citizens to be able to afford to spend in sufficient quantities to generate a profit to pay for the art. There has to be roadways and arteries to connect people, goods and services. For this infrastructure, it is incumbent on the society, through its government to make this happen.
In light of the budget to be presented, and the consolidation that it will bring in respect to managing the deficit, much has been said about the wisdom of the infrastructural spending of the past 9 years by this administration on roads, bridges, sporting facilities and public utilities. It is without a doubt, however, that without that stimulation, much of the expansion in construction, leisure, public spaces, public sporting facilities that is now fueling the renaissance would not have happened. Often, we react to the present rhetoric of the day, and we fail to see the economic growth right before our very eyes, in plain sight.
The closet architect in me is ecstatic about the new Belize City, and in fact throughout the country, that is unfolding before our eyes. The citizens of Belize deserve to be respected and the best way to do so is to give them the best of the best. I am enthusiastic that the Marion Jones Stadium, the soon to be completed new Civic Center and the countless new sporting facilities countrywide will help to create the next Usain Bolt, or Steph Curry. I am sure that the new state of the art and safe Barry Bowen Municipal Airport will save countless lives while moving an exponential number of locals and tourists throughout our country. I am sure that the designated special development area along the new Lake Independence Boulevard will represent a fundamental shift in upgrading services and quality to Belizeans.
To the daring young architects, urban planners, and the property owners and leaders that believe in them, I give you my kudos. To the poor designers and shoddy builders, and the facilitators that allow them to disrespect us, I condemn you. To the deserving Belizeans, I say congratulations, it's about time.