Woods, Hybrids and Long Irons – What Combination Is Best For You?
Bag makeup is personal – there are no rules that say you have to carry a certain combination of clubs. The selection of 14 clubs is one of the few things over which golfers actually have total control. So how can amateur players make the most informed decisions?
Our last data collaboration with Arccos pitted the 4-iron against the 4-hybrid. Using the Arccos database of 100+ million shots taken during 1.6+ million rounds, we expanded our analysis to include all long clubs: 3-wood, 5-wood, 2-hybrid, 3-hybrid, and 3-iron. The information below is grouped by handicap bracket. In each section, you'll see how each club performs on average in five categories for golfers of different skill sets: drive shot distance, approach shot distance, fairway hit percentage, greens in regulation percentage and average score when using as tee club.
With clubs ranging from 3-wood to 3-iron, even the best players in our study have trouble achieving the same distance totals on approach shots compared to tee shots. There's a large gap for all five clubs. On approach shots, the 5-wood, 3-hybrid, and 3-iron all travel almost identical distances (~175 yards) for the players in this group, but off the tee, the 3-iron has a distinct advantage among those three clubs. The data also shows an increase in fairway hit percentage with the 3-iron when compared to the 5-wood and 3-hybrid. (Yes, there are people out there that actually can find the sweet spot on a 3-iron!) If you're one of these better players, consider dusting off the 3-iron and putting it in the bag.
Players in the 6-10 handicap bracket show relatively minimal differences between tee and approach distances for both the 2 and 3-hybrids. Focusing on the 3-hybrid, it's interesting that this club has the lowest fairway hit percentage for this group of players. Several comments in the 4-iron vs. 4-hybrid piece noted that as single-digit players, hybrids are often too easy to hook off the tee. That holds true here as the 3-hybrid sits five percentage points behind the 3-iron for fairways hit. This group features players who most likely are trying to break 80 more often – being smart about hybrid usage could make that goal a reality.
As with our previous group, this group also hits hybrids close to the same distance off the tee and on approach shots. For both the 2 and 3-hybrids, distance differences are only about three yards between tee shot and approach shots. The most significant gap between tee shots and approach shots is found with the 3-wood, while, not surprisingly, the 3-iron is the shortest club for approach shots overall.
Armed with this knowledge, golfers in this handicap bracket can focus on improving these shots during practice sessions or avoid them on the course. Overall, when you factor in distance and accuracy, the 2-hybrid is a solid play for this group. It has a steady fairway hit percentage combined with consistent distances off the tee and on approaches, with the added kicker of the lowest average score when used as a tee club.
For the first time, this group sees several clubs with longer distances on approach shots compared to tee shots. The 2-hybrid and 3-hybrid gain five and six yards, respectively, on approaches. In general, the 2-hybrid through 3-iron clubs perform very similarly. For the most part, they are only separated by a few yards off the tee and a few percentage points for fairway percentage. This runs counter-intuitive to the thought that higher handicap players should ditch the 3-wood in favor of hybrids. As a fairway finder, the 3-wood is the clear champ.
For these players, the 2-hybrid and 3-hybrid gain about 5 and 9 yards on approaches compared with shots taken off the tee. For every other handicap bracket, the 3-wood is the clear winner in fairway hit percentage, but in the 20+ bracket, the 2-hybrid is close to surpassing the 3-wood. It only falls about 2.5% behind. For approach shots, the 2-hybrid travels one yard farther and hits the green about 2.5% more often.
Finding the right bag makeup for your game is simple: The more you play with Arccos, the more data you have at your disposal, the more informed decisions you can make. The answer, as always, lies in the data.
This doesn't appear to take lie into consideration. It may very well be that the 3 iron worked better than a hybrid because the lie and the shot angle were very inviting and allowed for a 3 iron. Conversely, it may be that the hybrids were used when the lie was terrible, which would skew the results (at least for GIR stats).
As a "Golf Statistic Tracker" user (albeit not Arccos), be warned, that all shots are not treated equal. Shot Tracking products do not take into consideration wind, nor elevation changes. With that in mind, I make my club selections based on distances obtained in a simulator with the wind turned off.
I use a Touredge HL3 #2 Ironwood off the tee on tight fairways and I can hit it as long as any of the 3 woods I own (all shortened 1″ and re-swingweighted accordingly). I can hit this TE HL3 #2 straight as an arrow, never failing to find the center of the fairway or the par 3 greens. I don't use it for approach shots as I have a Big Bertha Fusion 7 Wood (-1″) that can get me the rest of the way to the cup.
Interesting. I'm in the first group. I own a 3w, 5w, 3h, and a 3i. Admittedly, the 3i is a graphite shafted Hybrid style but it's tagged in Arccos as 3i. I use all of these clubs frequently and for very different purposes. They have very different ball flights and very different carry/roll distances. Rarely would more than two be in my bag at any given time. Data without context isn't very helpful.
Great article! This clearly demonstrates knowing what clubs, distances and club accuracy you need to have in your bag.
Fairway woods , hybrids or long irons , what works best for your game.
Ok so tracking shots thru Arrcos or old fashioned pencil and pad (now very accurate when paired with a range finder) we can/should know which clubs to put in our bags. I have worked very hard on this for years and finally looked at my irons gapping of 4 degrees and continued that theme above and below the irons. My gaps are about 12 yards and I can choke down one wrap on my Winn Dri Tec wraps grips and trim 6 yards. I play the 3 and 4 hybrids because I find my miss hits go much longer than if I hit a 3 or 4 iron off the toe. I love my KZG irons but they are not very forgiving on mishits. I carry a 16.5 degree wood but that is the only club not at 4 degrees and I am shopping for a 15 degree three wood to fill that spot. Knowing how farr I hit each club is the key to my game, I may be left or right but I will be pin high most of the time. That is so empowering over the ball and creates a much more relaxed stroke.
1. Players are using the 3 wood more on longer holes and less on shorter holes.
2. The shorter holes tend to have tighter fairways (leading to more missed fairways with shorter tee clubs), but the misses with shorter tee clubs are staying in play, leading to legitimate approach shots.
The fairways hit number is interesting, but I'd be really interested to see the side-to-side dispersion number.
For the record, Arccos says I hit the fairway 49.1% of the time with a 3 wood and 58.8% of the time with a 4 iron (I don't carry a 3 iron). And the 3 wood is 31 yards longer comparing Smart Distance for both.
My 3 hybrid only hits the fairway 40% of the time and is 10 yards longer than the 4 iron. I've basically given up on it.
Firstly, there are many 20+ handicappers who can hit the ball as far or further than the "average" 0-5 handicapper shown in this analysis. Some of those high handicappers can also hit their 3 iron much better than a 5 wood or hybrid, and some can hit a hybrid further and more accurate than a 5 wood or iron. Secondly, there are many 0-5 handicappers who hit it the distances shown for 20+ handicappers, but are consistent, dead accurate and have excellent short games. These players are generally experienced, but older players, women or juniors.. Although these players may be able to hit a 3 iron just fine, they can't afford to give up any distance so may use a 5 wood or 3 wood most of the time for those shots.
That is the general problem with aggregating data, it can often make the analysis of that data quite misleading. Perhaps if it were broken up not only into handicap, but age or gender it might be more relevant. As it is, this data merely catches the readers attention, but leaves them with nothing much substantial for their own game than the need for them to collect their own data on their golf game and make some rational decisions about the clubs they have in the bag.
Folks, please don't go and ditch your 5 wood in favour of a 2 hybrid or vice versa just based on the data in this article – you might find you can't hit the 5 wood or 2 hybrid worth a darn if you do…but do collect your own data so you can make the right decisions.
All the distances seem pretty short to me. In my experience penalty strokes and poor short games are what lead to high handicaps, much more so than the few times a round where one needs to hit a long iron or a similar club.
I think the distances are spot on. The distance is based on averages, which include good and bad shots. There's no formula to remove outliners here, so the data is more real and truthful (which is the biggest arguement against launch monitor testing).
I agree with Brad about some players being able to get more distance out of clubs than there handicap suggest. When you tack on the strokes gained system you can better evaluate your game. For example, let say you are that 20 handicaper that hits his 3w as far as a 0-5 handicap. Well if that is the case, you don't need to practice with the 3w as much and you can better focus your practice on other areas.
With your own data you can see where you stack up with your long clubs and see what is maybe a better fit. Ignore putting yourself into your actual handicap bracket, instead where does your data suggest your handicap is. That is really where the value is at in this article.
If your data doesn't match your actual handicap that means you are either better or worse than your handicap in that area of play, and you can use this to see where you are actually at.
I think the distances are pretty spot on, and statistically they are. I've been teaching for 17 years and one thing I am sure of is the majority golfers drastically over estimate their distances.
Interesting look at things. I play to a 3 handicap right now and just dumped my bladed 1-3-4 irons in favor of softer landing hybrids last winter. The 17° is amazing off the tee – the 20° is perfect from the fairway and the 23° looks nice in the bag next to them. I'm pretty well set from 225 in now and can take the 17° about 265 off the tee. Not a bad deal for me. I think the lesson here though is to do your homework before you buy anything that may help you game.
Great write up! I think it would be interesting too for a breakdown of handicap, accuracy, distance and scoring for 3 wood vs 4 wood.
I cannot truly understand the big argument over technology and how much it has helped golfers. According to this data, someone that typically scores in the low 90's hits their 3 iron 129.2 yards? I play a lot, and I have never seen anyone that is consistently in the low 90s hit that short. Further, this means the average golfer would have only hit a 3 iron 110 yards before the advancement of technology? I know par 3's have always been over 130 yards on average. Does this mean every 20 handicap golfer hit 3 wood or driver into par 3s?
I'm sorry, but something doesn't make sense….
I too was struck by this, but I'm assuming they did not filter out the duffs / mishits, etc. that could easily drag the average down significantly. As with most of these analyses, they raise as many questions as they answer. My hypothesis is that the full distribution for shots among high handicappers is pretty bi-modal with a mass of shots around 170 – 180 yards (good hits) and a mass of shots around 40 – 60 yards (duffs, shanks, etc). Depending on how those two shot clusters mix could easily give you a 130 yard average. Showing box plots, histograms, or densities of the shot data would answer this empirically, but that's my .02.
I think what doesn't make sense is how you are trying to tie distance into things. I'm going to go on a limb and say that the distances you see are averages, not typicals, and it does include all bad shots. So based on that, yes I fully believe the average distance is accurate. The higher the handicap the more clear it is that there is a struggle with long clubs in general, not just irons.
Now if you were to throw in typical yardage the picture would look different. I think Accros calculates typical yardage by taking the top and bottom 5% of the shots out of the equation, which should give you what you "should" expect to see.
I use gamegolf, and the stats show the same thing. Every game I get an average distance and a typical distance. Last game my average driving distance was 232, with my shortest being 195. A week before that my average was 212 with my shortest being 150. However; my typical yards for both weeks stayed at 235. With that information I can tell I had a bad week of drives, and a really damn good week of drives.
Going back to your point on distance, hopefully that clears up why the distance looks the way it does.
Thanks for this. I found it rather interesting.
It is if you aren't hitting your driver correctly. The driver should be going further on carry and total distance.
How does arcoss differentiate a lay up vs a deliberate attempt to hit the green? The GIR %'s above are only from shots were the player attempted to hit the green?
The GIR % seems low for all categories, I record my stats manually on an old software program and my GIR %'s are better than the 0-5 handicap group, which surprises me because I always felt my GIR numbers to be poor.
Bag make up is determined by swing speed (ball speed) plus player preference.
Unfortunately it doesn't. Same goes for punch shots used with the clubs and all that. So your 50 yard shot to get back into the fairway with the 3 iron or wood goes against your average club distance.
If they're using Arccos data, they *should* be using Smart Distance (which omits both long and short outliers) and not average distance. That should filter out the punch shots from trouble.


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Inner clip: Packs contain a mix of Inner and Outer Clips. Suitable for Austral FoldAway 45 and 51 Rotaries manufactured after 1997. Some modification may be required to fit earlier models.
A replacement Pack of 14 Retainers Clips consists of 2 x Outer Clips and 12 x Inner Clips.


Discussion in 'Humour and Debate' started by Sky, Jul 9, 2013.
I noticed there was only one thread here, and decided to make another.
Here's one to start you all off.
What do you call a deer with no eyes? What do you call a dead deer with no eyes?
How do you make a snooker table laugh?
Two cannibals are eating a clown. One turns to the other and says, "Does this taste funny to you?".
Lol, I think we had a joke thread a little while back, which I shall link for continuity. Here it is. Although it's fine to start a new one, as the last one is 2 years old.
Anyway, here's my joke given to me by my 8-year-old niece.
Two muffins are baking in the oven.
"Phew, it's hot in here."
First I'd like to say thank you to HappyHippo for helping me narrow it down, and a thank you to db for helping out with the spoilers!!
1. Why was the elephant wearing a green hat?
So he could walk across the pool table without being seen.
2. Did you hear about the Italian chef who died?
3. What's upside down and one hundred feet in the air?
4. A neutron walks into a bar and orders a drink. The bartender, a proton, gives him the drink and the neutron asks, "How much?" The bartender replies, "For you? No charge." The neutron says, "Are you sure?" and the bartender says, "I'm positive."
This sentence is not in a spoiler.
This sentence is in a spoiler.
Alternatively, if you click the Go Advanced button from the Quick Reply menu you can highlight the text you wish to put in a spoiler and click the Spoiler button from the toolbar.
Barman: I've just thrown a Bond villain out of the pub!
Barman: No, he can come back when he's sober.
I love the science-y bar jokes, molly!
Helium walks into a bar and orders a drink. Bartender says, "We don't serve your kind here."
Bartender says, "We don't serve your kind here." A tachyon walks into a bar and orders a drink.
God, being under pressure make it very hard to think of a joke... Now, I revided my joke like 10 time and hate it :embarrassed: I give up!
What have The Sixth Sense and Titanic got in common?
A rabbit, a Jew, and a pony walks into a bar, and the Bar tender says "what is this some kind of joke?"


text:
704.2.2 Groups A, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2
2010 Existing Building Code of NY > 7 Alterations - Level 2 > 704 Fire Protection > 704.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems > 704.2.2 Groups A, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2
In buildings with occupancies in Groups A, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2, work areas that include exits or corridors shared by more than one tenant that serve an occupant load greater than 30 shall be provided with automatic sprinkler protection where all of the following conditions occur:
Exception: Work areas in Group R-1, R-2 and R-4 occupancies three stories or less in height.
The work area is required to be provided with automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with the Building Code of New York State as applicable to new construction;
The work area exceeds 50 percent of the floor area; and
The building has sufficient municipal water supply for design of a fire sprinkler system available to the floor without installation of a new fire pump.
704.2.2.1 Mixed Uses
In work areas containing mixed uses, one or more of which requires automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 704.2.2, such protection shall not be required throughout the work area provided that the uses requiring such protection are separated from those not requiring protection by fire-resistance-rated construction having a minimum 2-hour rating for Group H and a minimum 1-hour rating for all other occupancy groups.
704.2.2.1 Alterations - Level 2, Mixed Uses
by fire-resistance-rated construction having a minimum 2-hour rating for Group H and a minimum 1-hour rating for all other occupancy groups ...
2010 Existing Building Code of NY > 7 Alterations - Level 2 > 704 Fire Protection > 704.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems > 704.2.2 Groups A, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2 > 704.2.2.1 Mixed Uses
803.2.2.1 Alterations — Level 2, Mixed Uses
2020 Existing Building Code of NYS > 8 Alterations — Level 2 > 803 Fire Protection > 803.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems > 803.2.2 Groups A, B, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2 > 803.2.2.1 Mixed Uses
by fire-resistance-rated construction having a minimum 2 hour rating for Group H and a minimum 1-hour rating for all other occupancy groups ...
Existing Building Code 2015 of New York State > 8 Alterations - Level 2 > 804 Fire Protection > 804.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems > 804.2.2 Groups A, B, E, F-1, H, I, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S-1 and S-2 > 804.2.2.1 Mixed Uses
706.4 Fire and Smoke Protection Features, Fire-Resistance Rating
RATINGS GROUP FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours) A, B, E, H-4, I, R-1, R-2, U 3 a F-1, H-3 b , H-5, M, S-1 3 H-1 ...
Building Code 2015 of New York State > 7 Fire and Smoke Protection Features > 706 Fire Walls > 706.4 Fire-Resistance Rating
RATINGS GROUP FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours) A, B, E, H-4, I, R-1, R-2, U 3 a F-1, H-3 b , H-5, M, S-1 3 H-1, H-2 4 ...
2020 Building Code of New York State > 7 Fire and Smoke Protection Features > 706 Fire Walls > 706.4 Fire-Resistance Rating

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


KORSCH also places great value on heath and exercise. We have company sponsored teams for running, soccer, beach volleyball, and tablet tennis, and we are always looking for new players.
KORSCH is also very active in the community. KORSCH has supported the "Red Nose" project for more than 15 years. This program brings compassion, smiles, and laughter to sick children in local hospitals in Berlin.


More information is available on the NIH GDS Policy website. For questions about the policy, email GDS@mail.nih.gov. For NCI-specific questions regarding the policy, please contact the Program Officer first, followed by the Genomic Program Administrator (GPA) or the GPA assistant in the appropriate NCI division or center. For non-NIH studies, contact the NCI Office of Data Sharing.


A second device was found nearby, but officials have not said it was terrorism.
Questions lingered Sunday morning after a large blast from what authorities believe was a homemade bomb injured 29 people in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan Saturday night, while a second unexploded device was found just blocks away.
The explosion took place around 8:30 P.M. in or around a dumpster on 23rd Street between 6th and 7th Avenues, officials said. Video from the scene shows panicked New Yorkers running from the blast, which sent shrapnel flying and shattered car windows. In a news conference shortly after, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio said that the explosion was "an intentional act," but stopped short of saying it was related to terrorism. A second suspected explosive device was also found, several blocks away, and was later removed by a NYPD bomb squad. Police cautioned people to stay away from windows near the site of the second device, which appeared to be a pressure cooker like the one used in the Boston Marathon bombing, until the area was cleared.
Authorities have said there had been no credible or specific threats against the city of New York, which recently commemorated the 9/11 attacks but has not experienced any terrorists incidents like those that have plagued other Western cities in the past year. In a press conference Sunday morning, New York governor Andrew Cuomo said that authorities have no found any connection to the explosion of a small pipe bomb in Seaside, New Jersey earlier on Saturday, near the site of a charity 5K race to benefit Marines. The governor also announced the deployment of an additional 1,000 state police and national guardsmen to New York City.


text:
NNW steht für:

 Nordnordwest, eine Himmelsrichtung
 niedrigster jemals gemessener Wasserstand
 SV Norden-Nordwest, deutscher Fußballverein
 NNW-Platz, Berliner Fußballplatz
 NetNewsWire, Feedreeder
 Bahnhof Neustadt (Waldnaab) nach DS 100

nnw steht für:

 Southern Nuni (ISO-639-3-Code), Sprache in Burkina Faso

NNW

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jim Mann is the founder and Executive Director of the Handwashing For Life® Institute and The Handwashing Leadership Forum®. His work to reduce the risk of foodborne and person-to-person illness spans a career from deli and cafeteria experience to work as a product development chemist. He formulated leading brands in skin care, surface disinfection, pest control, foodservice and healthcare sanitizing systems. His work has been as global as the war on virus and bacteria, working on six continents while living in three. Jim's latest addition to the industry's Best Practices is the "Hands-On System". This integrated process control for hand hygiene is enjoying documented success in foodservice, healthcare and schools across the USA, Canada, South Africa and the UK. Jim was honored as a recipient of NSF's prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award.
The 44th annual conference of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control brought together an international array of expertise to the convention center in Portland, OR.


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text:
Il Cantone di Rue è una divisione amministrativa dell'arrondissement di Abbeville.

A seguito della riforma complessiva dei cantoni del 2014 è passato da 17 a 55 comuni.

Composizione
Prima della riforma del 2014 comprendeva i comuni di:
 Argoules
 Arry
 Bernay-en-Ponthieu
 Le Crotoy
 Favières
 Fort-Mahon-Plage
 Machiel
 Machy
 Nampont
 Quend
 Regnière-Écluse
 Rue
 Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont
 Vercourt
 Villers-sur-Authie
 Vironchaux
 Vron

Dal 2015 comprende i comuni di:
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher
Argoules
Arry
Bernay-en-Ponthieu
Le Boisle
Boufflers
Brailly-Cornehotte
Brucamps
Buigny-l'Abbé
Bussus-Bussuel
Cocquerel
Coulonvillers
Cramont
Crécy-en-Ponthieu
Le Crotoy
Dominois
Dompierre-sur-Authie
Domqueur
Ergnies
Estrées-lès-Crécy
Favières
Fontaine-sur-Maye
Fort-Mahon-Plage
Francières
Froyelles
Gorenflos
Gueschart
Ligescourt
Long
Machiel
Machy
Maison-Ponthieu
Maison-Roland
Mesnil-Domqueur
Mouflers
Nampont
Neuilly-le-Dien
Noyelles-en-Chaussée
Oneux
Ponches-Estruval
Pont-Remy
Quend
Regnière-Écluse
Rue
Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont
Saint-Riquier
Vercourt
Villers-sous-Ailly
Villers-sur-Authie
Vironchaux
Vitz-sur-Authie
Vron
Yaucourt-Bussus
Yvrench
Yvrencheux

Note

Collegamenti esterni
Statistiche sul sito dell'INSEE

Rue


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


God has put His words in our mouths. Not just in our hearts, so that we may know them, but in our mouths, so that we may speak them. Why? In order to plant the heavens and lay the foundation of earth. In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the earth, He spoke it all into existence by His words. The author of Hebrews reminds us, "By faith, we understand that the worlds were framed by the Word of God, so that the things which are seen were not made of things which are visible" (Hebrews 11:3).
God puts His words in our mouths so that we may be revealed as the "sons of God." That is why Jesus came: "But as many as received Him [Jesus], to them He gave the right to become the children of God, to those who believe in His name" (John 1:12). That is also why God gives us His Spirit: "For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God" (Romans 8:14).
What are the words that establish heaven and earth? Every promise of God. As we believe them in our hearts and speak them with mouths, we are bringing divine transformation into the world. In this way we exercise dominion and "subdue" the earth, that is, bring it into line with the purpose of God, which is what God created for us to do (Genesis 1:26-28).
He also taught us this: "Assuredly, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven" (Matthew 18:18). The grammatical tense of the Greek text actually means that whatever we bind or loose on earth will have already been bound or loosed in heaven. In other words, by what we bind and loose, we are bringing earth into alignment with heaven.
Jesus continued: "Again I say to you that if two of you agree on earth concerning anything that they ask, it will be done for them by My Father in heaven" (Matthew 18:19). When we, as disciples of Jesus, come into agreement on earth about something, it will be done for us from heaven — our Father will see to it. Again, it is bringing earth into alignment with heaven.
Praying in this way and with this authority not only establishes heaven and earth, it establishes heaven on earth. For that is God's plan, for heaven and earth to joined together as one, forever.
These are the words God puts in our mouths and this is what they are for.
What are the words you are speaking with your mouth? Are they words that establish heaven on earth?
For more about the dynamics of faith and the power of God's words, see God's Word in Your Mouth: Changing Your World Through Faith.


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text:
The power of good questions
Submitted by Marianne on 24 June, 2014
What makes a good maths question? If you are a student facing exams, you might (understandably) say that good means easy. But if you're doing maths for fun, or are a professional mathematician, your answer is going to be different. An easy question is boring, but you also wouldn't want to gnaw your teeth out at something that is completely inaccessible. What mathematicians like most are questions that lead to new insights, to new ways of looking at things, or pose a completely new type of problem. Asking "good" questions is an important part of doing maths. But where do these good questions come from?
Pythagoras' theorem. Image: Wapkaplet.
Generalise
One source is generalisation. A great example of this is a question posed over 350 years ago by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, and has become known as Fermat's last theorem. As we know from Pythagoras' theorem, if , and are the sides of a right-angled triangle, with and enclosing the right angle, then
Fermat asked himself what happens if you make this equation more general: instead of squaring the numbers, you raise them to some other power with Can you find three positive whole numbers , , and so that
Fermat's question seems pretty straight-forward, but it took mathematicians over 350 years to prove that the answer is no. In the process they developed a whole new area of mathematics; a new range of mathematical tools. In fact, it turns out that Fermat's last theorem is a special case of a much broader and deeper problem which involves a particular type of geometric curve that on the face of it has little to do with the original question. So Fermat's simple question turned out to be incredibly fruitful: it generated new mathematics, new insights and new ways of looking at things. Though hard, many mathematicians would regard this as a "good" question. (You can find out more about Fermat's last theorem here).
Simplify and vary
A question is also promising if it offers lots of room for variation. You then start on the simplest variant and see if you can proceed from there, hoping that something interesting will come along as you do so.
How many guards do you need to supervise a gallery with this floor plan?
A nice example is the art gallery problem: how many security guards do you need to be sure that together they can oversee the whole interior of an art gallery?
This question is inviting because you can easily draw pictures of the floor plan of a gallery and guards stationed within it. To start with, you will probably think of art galleries that have a relatively simple shape. The first answer, given in 1978 five years after the problem was posed, worked for galleries whose floor plan has the shape of a simple polygon: a shape bounded by straight line pieces that do not cross. Guards were placed in the polygon's corners and were not allowed to move around. Using an ingenious line of attack, the mathematician S. Fisk proved that you never need more that n/3 guards, where n is the number of vertices (corners) of the polygon. (See this article for more.)
Now there are several ways of making the problem harder. What if the guards are not confined to the corners of the gallery? What if they are allowed to move around? What if there are obstacles in the middle of the gallery that you cannot see through? Or the walls are curved? And what if, instead of guarding a two-dimensional polygon, you are trying to guard a three-dimensional polyhedron? You could also consider a different set-up, not looking at guards inside a gallery, but guards outside a prison guarding its walls. Mathematicians have found answers to some of these questions (see here), though some proofs have turned out to be quite hard. But they are still working on others. Thirty years on, the problem is still going.
Look for new tools
Gottfried Leibniz (left) and Isaac Newton (right).
There are also questions that are being asked, not by individuals, but by a whole age, crying out for new mathematical tools. Their answers can spawn something of a revolution. A great example is the invention of calculus in the seventeenth century. The question then was, "how can we describe continuous change"? A (modern) example is the speed of a car. It's easy to work out the average speed you travelled at during a car journey: speed is the rate of change of distance per time, so you simply divide the distance you travelled by the time it took to travel it. But of course, you didn't travel at that average speed at every moment of your journey. At some times you will have been going slower and at some times faster, with the speed varying continuously. To work out your exact speed at a particular moment in time, you have to calculate the instantaneous rate of change of distance with respect to time.
The methods for doing this were invented primarily by Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton, although many other people worked on the problem too. And since rates of change crop up all over the place — acceleration is the rate of change of speed with respect to time, growth is the rate of change of size with respect to time, cooling or warming is the rate of change of temperature with respect to time, etc — calculus turned out to be the most powerful tool in all of mathematics, and science, and engineering. (You can find out more about calculus in Making the grade and Making the grade, part II.
Take risks
Not all questions turn out to have interesting answers. Mathematicians simply have to accept the risk that a question they choose to work on may not be solved in their life time (see Fermat's last theorem above), or that it may turn out to have a boring answer. It's all part of the creative process.
A simple map coloured with four colours.
A famous example of the latter — a boring answer after a lot of work — is the four colour theorem, which says that four colours are enough to colour a map drawn on the plane so that no two neighbouring countries have the same colour (find out more here). The proof of this theorem, when it finally came in the 1970s after mathematicians had been wrestling with the theorem for over a century, was disappointing. It used a brute force approach involving a computer checking through a huge number of possibilities, making sure they did not provide a counter example to the theorem. The approach delivered no new insights at all.
But mathematicians don't like giving up. Just like a cat keeps toying with a mouse, so mathematicians often keep toying with a problem if they don't like the answer that has already been found. They turn it this way and that, looking at it in different light and from different angles. Often it's a new question, a new way of phrasing the problem, that leads to a satisfying answer and new directions in mathematics.
This article was inspired by content on our sister site Wild Maths, which encourages students to explore maths beyond the classroom and designed to nurture mathematical creativity. The site is aimed at 7 to 16 year-olds, but open to all. It provides games, investigations, stories and spaces to explore, where discoveries are to be made. Some have starting points, some a big question and others offer you a free space to investigate.
Fermat's Last Theorem
four-colour theorem
art gallery problem


text:
Odense (, ) ist eine Großstadt auf der dänischen Insel Fünen. Sie bildet das Zentrum der Kommune Odense, Region Syddanmark. Die  Einwohner der Stadt (Stand ) nennt man Odenseaner.

Die drittgrößte Stadt des Landes ist Bischofssitz des Bistums Fünen und beheimatet den Hauptcampus der Süddänischen Universität.

Durch die Stadt verläuft der Fluss Odense Å. Über den Odense-Kanal ist er mit dem Odense-Fjord verbunden.

Geschichte
Die Stadt wurde erstmals 988 in einem Dokument, das von König Otto III. erstellt wurde, in der Form Othenesuuigensem erwähnt. Der Ortsname ist ein Sakralname, der den Ort als Heiligtum (altwestnordisch vé, altdänisch wæ) des Gottes Odin identifiziert. Frühste Namensformen finden sich auf einer Münzlegende aus der Zeit von 1018 bis 1035 als OĐSVI und bei Adam von Bremen als civitas Odansue. Relativ früh trat die Umformung von vé zu altdän. Othinsø und awnord. Óðinsey ein, eine Verbindung mit altdän. ø und awnord. ey = die Insel. Zu dieser Zeit wurde auch die Wikingerburg Nonnebakken gebaut. Um 1060 wurde Odense der Sitz des Bischofs der Insel Fünen. Hier wurden zahlreiche Klöster und Kirchen sowie kirchliche Stiftungen errichtet. Hierzu gehören die Vor Frue Kirke, die wohl älteste Kirche der Stadt, und der Dom Sankt Knuds Kirke.

1086 wurde König Knut IV. der Heilige in Odense ermordet. Während eines Bürgerkriegs wurde die Stadt im Jahr 1240 teilweise zerstört. 1355 bekam Odense die Rechte einer Handelsstadt. Der Lübecker Buchdrucker Johann Snell druckte 1482 in Odense die ersten Inkunabeln Dänemarks. Etwa 1500 zog Königin Christine, die Frau von König Hans, mit ihrem Hof nach Odense. Dadurch wuchsen die Stadt und der Handel. Die Reformation schadete ihr im Gegensatz etwa zu Ribe wenig. Um 1600 hatte die Stadt zwischen 5.000 und 6.000 Einwohner. Diese Zahl sank 1672 auf 3.800, als die Stadt von schwedischen Truppen geplündert worden war. Von 1654 bis 1658 war Odense dänische Hauptstadt.

Die Einwohnerzahl stieg bis 1769 wieder auf 5.200, womit Odense die zweitgrößte Stadt Dänemarks wurde. 1803 wurden auch der Kanal und der Hafen der Stadt ausgebaut. Damit begann die Industrialisierung in der Stadt. 1805 wurde Hans Christian Andersen, der wohl berühmteste Sohn der Stadt, geboren. Die Stadtmauern, die Odense jahrhundertelang umgaben, wurden im Jahr 1851 niedergerissen, da innerhalb der Mauern nicht mehr genügend Platz für die wachsende Industrie der Stadt war. Der Bau der Albanibrücke ermöglichte es, die Stadt in Richtung Süden zu erweitern. Durch die vermehrte Zuwanderung von Arbeitern stieg auch die Einwohnerzahl der Stadt weiter an. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden das erste Gas- und Wasserwerk Dänemarks in der Stadt errichtet. Im Jahr 1865 wurde die erste Eisenbahnlinie auf der Insel Fünen in Betrieb genommen. Ab 1891 wurden die ersten Teile der Stadt mit Strom versorgt. 1935 wurde ein 177 Meter hoher Aussichtsturm in Stahlfachwerkbauweise, Odinstårnet, errichtet, der aber bereits 1944 wieder zerstört wurde.

1943 nahm der Widerstand gegen die deutsche Besatzung auch in Fünen zu. In Odense wurden vier junge Mediziner von deutschen Besatzern ermordet.

Seit 1956 wird der Hans Christian Andersen Preis immer am 2. April, dem Geburtstag des Dichters, in der Stadt verliehen. Von 1970 bis 2007 war Odense Kreishauptstadt von Fyns Amt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Museen und Ausstellungen
 Die Hans-Christian-Andersen-Museen (H. C. Andersens Hus und H. C. Andersens Barndomshjem) bieten Einblick in das Leben und Werk des Dichters. Hierzu gehört auch Fyrtøjet, in dem sich Kinder aktiv mit den Märchen des Dichters beschäftigen. Sie können sich dort verkleiden und die Geschichten von Andersen nachspielen.
 Am 30. Juni 2021 wird ein neues Andersen-Museum mit 5600 m² Fläche, teilweise abgesenkt, eröffnet. Der Architekt des über 50 Mio. Euro teuren Projekts ist Kengo Kuma aus Japan. Wie Andersens Märchen stellt das Haus eher Fragen, laut Kreativdirektor Henrik Lübker lehnt sich die Ausstellung an das Werk "Der Schatten" an.
 Das Danmarks Jernbanemuseum zeigt die größte Sammlung von Eisenbahnen und Fähren in Nordeuropa auf über 10.000 m².
 Das Haus Brandts besteht aus einer Kunsthalle, einem Museum für Fotokunst und Dänemarks Medienmuseum. Außerdem befindet sich in diesem Haus die einzige Kunstbuchhandlung der Insel Fünen.
 Das Bymuseet Møntergården zeigt eine archäologische Sammlung über die Geschichte von Fünen.
 Im Freilichtmuseum Den Fynske Landsby ("Das Fünendorf") können 25 ländliche Bauten des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts besichtigt werden.
 Im Freilichtmuseum Jernalderlandsbyen ("Das Eisenzeitdorf") im Vorort Næsby sind zahlreiche Rekonstruktionen von eingerichteten Häusern und eine historische Werkstatt der Eisenzeit zu sehen.
 Das Europæisk Automobilmuseum zeigt etwa 120 Automobile, die hauptsächlich aus der Periode 1945 bis 1960 stammen.
 Odense Zoo zeigt eine Vielzahl von Tieren aus allen Erdteilen. Der Zoo ist besonders bekannt für sein Ozeaneum.
 Das 1885 gegründete Fyns Kunstmuseum war eines der ältesten Kunstmuseen Dänemarks und besaß eine Sammlung dänischer Kunst ab 1750. 2014 wurde es als eigenständiges Museum geschlossen. In das Gebäude zog 2018 die Kunstakademie ein.

Bauwerke
 Der Dom, die gotische Sankt Knuds Kirke aus dem 14. Jahrhundert auf den Grundmauern eines Vorgängerbaus von 1080/1100 zählt zu den bedeutendsten dänischen Sakralbauten und besitzt einen berühmten Altar des Lübeckers Claus Berg (1520).
 Die Vor Frue Kirke ist ein spätromanischer einschiffiger Bau vom Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts. Die Außenfassade stammt aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.
 Die katholische frühgotische Sankt Albani Kirke mit romanischem Portal hat einen 54 m hohen Glockenturm.
 Die Kirche Sankt Hans (Johannes) wurde seit 1250 im spätromanischen Stil als ursprünglich einschiffige Klosterkirche des Johanniterordens erbaut; aus dieser Zeit stammen die Kreuzarme. Im 15. Jahrhundert erfolgte ein Umbau im gotischen Stil; damals wurden die Seitenschiffe errichtet.
 Die Fredenskirke wurde 1916–1920 von Peder Klint als Hallenkirche aus gelbem Backstein in Anlehnung an den Stil gotischer Backsteinkirchen erbaut.
 Im Konzerthaus der Stadt befindet sich das Carl-Nielsen-Museum. Es gibt einen chronologischen Überblick über das Leben des Komponisten.
 Das Theater von Odense – das zweitälteste Theater Dänemarks – wurde 1796 gebaut. Es verfügt über fünf verschiedene Bühnen und eine Theaterschule. Hans Christian Andersen debütierte als Kind an diesem Theater.
 Das Schloss von Odense (Odense Slot) wurde 1280 als Hospital für den Johanniterorden gebaut. Später wurde es als Kloster verwendet. 1579 wurde es auf Befehl von Frederik II. zum Schloss umgebaut. Heute wird ein im 19. Jahrhundert im klassizistischen Stil modernisierter Flügel des Gebäudes von der Kommunalverwaltung genutzt.
 Die Munkebjerg Kirke wurde 1962 als sechseckiger zeltartiger Bau aus Beton errichtet.
 Das Rathaus der Stadt im Stil mittelitalienischer gotischer Rathäuser wurde 1881–83 errichtet.
 Das Universitätsklinikum Odense ist die größte Klinik Dänemarks. Das Hauptgebäude des vormaligen Kreis- und Stadtkrankenhauses wurde 1912 errichtet.
 Auf dem parkartigen Assistenzfriedhof sind viele bedeutende Bürger beigesetzt.

Bildungseinrichtungen
Neben einem Standort der Süddänischen Universität beherbergt Odense unter anderem das Musikkonservatorium Odense, die Schauspielschule des Odense Teater und die Ingenieurhochschule CVU. In Odense gibt es auch eine Reihe von Hochschulen im Rahmen des University College South Denmark.

Wirtschaft und Medien
In Odense sind Schiffbau-, Elektro-, Textil- und Nahrungsmittelindustrie angesiedelt, unter anderem der Elektromotorenhersteller Thrige Titan, die Albani-Brauerei, Odense Marcipan, die GASA Group (der europäische Marktführer im Blumengroßhandel), der Arzneimittelimporteur Orifarm und der Hersteller von Ausschanksystemen Micro Matic. In Munkebo befindet sich die ehemalige Odense Staalskibsværft (jetzt Lindø Industripark). Universal Robots A/S ist heute (2018) Weltmarktführer bei kleinen kollaborativen Robotern mit etwa 170 Millionen US-Dollar Umsatz.

Die Stadt ist Sitz des zweiten dänischen Fernsehsenders TV 2 und der Zeitung Fyens Stiftstidende. Sie ist mit einer Auflage von 47.400 Exemplaren im ersten Halbjahr 2010 die größte regionale Tageszeitung auf Fünen.

Anfang 2017 verkündete Mark Zuckerberg, das achte Rechenzentrum von Facebook in Odense zu errichten.

Die Canopy Growth Corporation betreibt seit 2019 hier seine erste Produktionsstätte für medizinisches Cannabis.

Verkehr und Infrastruktur
Der Flughafen Odense liegt rund zwölf Kilometer nördlich der Stadt.
Das Fahrradwegenetz hat eine Streckenlänge von 550 km. 2006 betrug der Anteil des Radverkehrs 24 % der Wege Odenses, im Stadtzentrum war das Fahrrad das am meisten benutzte Verkehrsmittel. Der Anteil des Öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs betrug 6 %, der Anteil der Autos 47 %.

Die Intercity zwischen Kopenhagen und Jütland (Bahnstrecke Kopenhagen–Fredericia) halten in Odense. Zwischen Nyborg, Odense und Middelfart sowie zwischen Odense und Svendborg gibt es regionale Zugverbindungen.
Odense ist an den Flughafen Kopenhagen mit einigen direkten Zugverbindungen angebunden.

2015 wurde Dänemarks erste DDI als "Dynamisk Ruderanlæg" nach einer französischen Erfindung aus den 1970er Jahren und amerikanischem Design aus dem Jahr 2009 planfestgestellt. Dabei werden die Fahrbahnen des Zubringers auf der Autobahnbrücke auf Linksverkehr mit getrennten Fahrbahnen umgestellt, um die Wartezeit der dritten Ampelphase überflüssig zu machen. Der Umbau der vorhandenen Anschlussstelle 52 auf der E20 zum Assensvej wurde am 17. September 2017 für den Verkehr eröffnet.

In Odense gab es bis 1952 einen Straßenbahnbetrieb; seit dem 28. Mai 2022 unter dem Namen Odense Letbane erneut. Die erste Linie verbindet auf einer Länge von 14,5 Kilometern den Stadtteil Tarup im Nordwesten, die Universität und Hjallese im Süden mit der Innenstadt und hat 26 Stationen. Die Stadt Odense erwartet rund 30 000 Fahrgäste täglich.

Sport
Der führende Fußballverein der Stadt ist der Superligaklub Odense BK.

Seit 2000 findet im Herbst der H. C. Andersen Marathon statt, einer der größten Marathonläufe Skandinaviens.

In Odense startet das Eintagesrennen Fyen Rundt, das seit 1894 ausgetragen wird und somit das älteste Radrennen Dänemarks ist. 2015 wurde die Thorvald Ellegaard Arena mit Radrennbahn eröffnet.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt

Partnerstädte
Odense hat Beziehungen zu folgenden 20 Partnerstädten:
 in den nordischen Staaten:

 im übrigen Europa:

 im Rest der Welt:

Siehe auch
 Byfredsten

Weblinks

 Website von Odense
 Abbildung der Stadt 1593 in Civitates orbis terrarum von Georg Braun und Frans Hogenberg

Einzelnachweise

Fünen
Hochschul- oder Universitätsstadt
Geographie (Odense Kommune)


Amy joined the Food Bank as director of finance in 2007. She has 20 years as a finance professional in nonprofit organizations. As the organization's Chief Financial Officer, she oversees finance, human resources and information technology planning. Strategic resource management is the overarching theme of her work, which includes balancing financial, personnel, technology and other assets to support the organization's mission. Previously, Amy served as the Senior Financial Analyst at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art where she monitored the museum's annual budget, museum store purchasing, endowment funds and federal grants. She holds a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of California at Riverside and a Masters in Public and Private Management from Yale School of Management. She has also worked with San Francisco Works, the San Francisco Symphony and the Exploratorium.


Aerographis are a small family run holding, operating since 1979. We would be pleased to discuss your ideas on a professional but personal basis to develop key requirements for your design or artwork objectives. We offer a reliable, friendly and confidential service which is good value for money.
There are currently no links for John J Wallis.


text:
São João de Areias é uma freguesia portuguesa, pertencente ao município  de Santa Comba Dão, distrito de Viseu, com 21,44 km² de área e 1 939 habitantes (2011). Possui uma densidade populacional de 90,4 hab/km².

A vila de São João de Areias foi sede de município desde antes de 1258 até 1895, ano em que foi repartido entre os municípios de Santa Comba Dão e Carregal do Sal. A localidade de São João de Areias, com o estatuto de vila possivelmente desde a Idade Média, acabou por perder tal título após a extinção do seu município, só o tendo recuperado no verão de 1997, após a publicação da Lei n.º 70/97 que a voltou a elevar à categoria de Vila.

População

Média do País no censo de 2001:  0/14 Anos-16,0%; 15/24 Anos-14,3%; 25/64 Anos-53,4%; 65 e mais Anos-16,4%

Média do País no censo de 2011:   0/14 Anos-14,9%; 15/24 Anos-10,9%; 25/64 Anos-55,2%; 65 e mais Anos-19,0%

Etimologia
Uma curiosa lenda atribui a origem do topónimo São João de Areias ao aparecimento de uma imagem de São João Baptista no areal do rio Mondego.

Uma velhinha ao encontrá-la teria gritado cheia de alegria: "Boa Nova! Boa Nova!" e por isso o local do achado ficou a chamar-se "Nova". A notícia em breve se espalhou e os moradores da vila conduziram a imagem em procissão para a igreja. Assim, sendo a imagem de S. João e tendo sido encontrada nas areias do rio, a vila passou a denominar-se, desde então, S. João de (ou das) Areias e São João Baptista o seu padroeiro.

História
O território da freguesia de São João de Areias foi ocupado desde tempos remotos, tendo nele já sido encontrandos diversos vestígios arqueológicos, sendo mais frequentes, contudo, as sepulturas rupestres e vestígios da época romana.

Da viragem do milénio I para o milénio II, mais precisamente dos séculos X e XII encontram-se vários documentos que se referem a São João de Areias a propósito da sua doação ao Mosteiro do Lorvão, à Sé de Coimbra e à Sé de Viseu. Desde essa altura que o território atual de São João de Areias compreendia as "vila" e mais tarde concelhos de Silvares e São João de Areias, sendo que este último para além da freguesia/paróquia com o mesmo nome incluia também a freguesia/paróquia de Parada, actualmente pertencente ao concelho de Carregal do Sal.

Nos séculos XIII e XIV, São João de Areias é referido nas Inquirições de D. Afonso III e em vários outros documentos das chancelarias régias.

No início do século XVI, a 10 de abril de 1514, D. Manuel I concede foral ao concelho de São João de Areias e por volta desta época é erigido o pelourinho de São João de Areias. O Cadastro da População do Reino de 1527 indica que o concelho de São João de Areias compreendia a freguesia com o mesmo nome e a freguesia de Parada. Os "moradores" (entenda-se "fogos") da freguesia de São João de Areias eram os seguintes: 54 na vila, 19 na "villa diamteyra", 4 na "povoa dos mosquitos", 30 em "saom migell", 33 em "castelejo", etc.. O mesmo Cadastro informa que Silvares era então cabeça de um pequeno concelho, enclave do concelho de São João de Areias, onde viviam 25 "moradores": 13 em Silvares, 8 no Casal e 4 na Venda [da Guarita].

É possível admitirmos, pela análise do número de fogos das aldeias da atual freguesia de São João de Areias aquando do Cadastro da População do Reino de 1527, pela imaginária (os padroeiros dessas aldeias são todos imagens do século XV e XVI) e pela análise da tipologia das capelas atuais, ter ocorrido um surto de edificações religiosas no século XVI só comparável ao que surgiria no século XVIII. Com efeito, as 7 capelas construídas de novo ou reconstruídas naquela época terão sido as de invocação de São Sebastião, São Pedro, São Silvestre, São João Evangelista, Santo António, São Miguel e a capela de Nossa Senhora da Graça; e talvez mesmo se possam acrescentar mais duas, a capela de S. José e de Nossa Senhora (em S. João de Areias) e a capela de S. Francisco (no Casal), existentes ainda na primeira metade do século XVIII.

Em meados do século XVII, os concelhos de São João de Areias e de Silvares eram cada um dirigidos por uma Câmara composta por um Juiz-presidente (Ordinário e dos Órfãos), Vereador(es) (3 no concelho de S. João de Areias e 1 no de Silvares) e por um Procurador "por Carta do Corregedor da comarca e se chama por Sua Majestade". Esta situação manteve-se nos séculos seguintes, até à sua extinção.

O século XVIII, também aqui, foi uma época de grandes remodelações e de novas construções. Fruto da mentalidade e do poder económico de setecentos, a nobreza e o povo sãojoanenenses foram "edificando de novo" a velha Igreja Matriz de São João de Areias e as capelas dos santos padroeiros de algumas das suas aldeias.

No século XIX, o concelho de Silvares é extinto na sequência da reforma administrativa de 1836 e fundido com o de São João de Areias. O território do concelho extinto de Silvares foi integrado na freguesia de São João de Areias pelo que o novo município passa a ser constituído pela freguesia alargada de São João de Areias e pela freguesia de Parada. Em 7 de Setembro de 1895 o município de São João de Areias por sua vez é extinto sendo a freguesia da sede integrada no município de Santa Comba Dão e a freguesia de Parada incluída no município de Carregal do Sal.

A localidade de São João de Areias acabaria por perder o seu estatuto de vila, o qual recupera a 12 de julho de 1997
, com a publicação da Lei n.º 70/97.

Geografia

Localização geográfica

A freguesia de São João de Areias localiza-se na zona este do município de Santa Comba Dão, distrito de Viseu. A freguesia tem 21,44 km² de área e 1 939 habitantes (2011), possuindo uma densidade populacional de 90,4 hab/km². Freguesia beirã localiza-se na região histórica da Beira Alta definida na década de 1930 pelo geógrafo Amorim Girão.

Com uma forma relativamente em losango a freguesia tem a sua fronteira norte–noroeste definida pelo rio Dão e sul–sudeste definida pelo rio Mondego. Dentro do município de Santa Comba Dão, São João de Areias faz fronteira a norte com as freguesias de Treixedo e de Nagozela. A noroeste faz fronteira ao longo de mais de 1 km com a freguesia de Santa Comba Dão e em um único ponto com a de Couto do Mosteiro, num caso onde as fronteiras de 4 divisões administrativas portuguesas se juntam. A oeste faz fronteira com as freguesias do Vimieiro e de Pinheiro de Ázere. A este, São João de Areias delimita com o município de Carregal do Sal e a sul, numa fronteira definida pelo rio Mondego, com o município de Tábua.

Clima
Localizando-se no centro norte de Portugal, e pertencente à região histórica da Beira Alta, numa zona de transição entre o litoral e o interior do país, a freguesia de São João de Areias encontra-se numa região com um clima mediterrânico com influência continental e marítima. Este é caracterizado por invernos frescos a frios, húmidos, e relativamente ventosos, em especial no mês de janeiro. A primavera é amena, com alguma chuva, concentrada nos primeiro dois meses, sendo o verão é quente e seco. O outono é húmido e fresco, com bastante precipitação e concentrada nos últimos dois meses da estação.

Aldeias da freguesia

Para além da vila de São João de Areias existem na sua freguesia as seguintes aldeias:
 Campolinho
 Cancela
 Casal
 Casas Novas
 Castelejo
 Cernada
 Fonte do Ouro
 Guarita
 Póvoa dos Mosqueiros
 Prados
 Quinta do Rio
 Ranha
 São Miguel
 Sardoal
 Silvares
 Vale Pinheiro
 Vila Dianteira
 Quintas: Quinta do Borges & Irmão; Quinta da Mascota; Quinta da Levegada, Quinta da Castanheira, Quinta da Abelenda, etc.

Economia
Sendo a freguesia de São João de Areias uma zona rural, na sua economia, a agricultura desempenha um papel de grande relevância, conjuntamente com o aproveitamento e valorização florestal.

 RIBADÃO & RIBAMONDEGO - firmas de prestígio, dedicadas ao comércio de madeiras exóticas e desempenhando um importante papel de mecenato para as instituições culturais e de solidariedade da freguesia.

Infraestrutura
A freguesia de São João de Areias é servida por várias infraestruturas em diferentes áreas, desde a educação à saúde.

Educação
Atualmente, na sequência das reorganizações das escolas de 1.º ciclo efetuadas em Portugal durante as décadas de 2000 e 2010, na freguesia de São João de Areias funciona apenas o Centro Educativo do Sul, escola inaugurada em 2009 que ministra o 1.º ciclo do Ensino Básico e possui ainda um jardim de infância, acolhendo principalmente os alunos das freguesias da zona sul do município de Santa Comba Dão.
 Centro Escolar do Sul

Antes das reorganizações referidas, existiram ainda na freguesia de São João de Areias os seguintes jardins de infância e escolas primárias:
 Jardim de Infância de S. João de Areias (inativo)
 Jardim de Infância de Castelejo (inativo)
 Jardim de Infância de S. Miguel (inativo)
 Jardim de Infância da Póvoa dos Mosqueiros (inativo)
 Escola do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico de S. João de Areias (inativo)
 Escola do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico de Castelejo (inativo)
 Escola do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Cancela (inativo)
 Escola do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Póvoa dos Mosqueiros (inativo)

Saúde
Na freguesia funciona uma extensão do Centro de Saúde de Santa Comba Dão, bem como uma farmácia:
 Extensão de Saúde de S. João de Areias – Centro de Saúde de Santa Comba Dão
 Farmácia Sales Mano - Telef.: 232 891 158

Transportes
A freguesia de São João de Areias é servida por diversas ligações rodoviárias de interesse nacional e regional. No município de Santa Comba Dão passa o IP 3, estrada de importância nacional que estabelece a ligação entre Coimbra e Viseu. É também no município de Santa Comba Dão, que o IP 3 tem um nó com a autoestrada IC 12, a qual estabelece a ligação entre Santa Comba Dão e Canas de Senhorim, continuando a partir daí a N 234 até Mangualde, onde liga à A25 (Aveiro–fronteira de Vilar Formoso), esta última uma das mais importantes autoestradas do Portugal. A freguesia é ainda servida pela N 234-6 que faz a ligação entre o IC 12, Tábua e o IC 6 e a N 17 (em Candosa).

A nível da rede municipal destaca-se a M 234 (antiga N 234 antes da construção do IC 12) que atravessa várias aldeias da freguesia como Cancela, Guarita e Casas Novas. Perto de Cancela, sai a M 234-6 que atravessa Vila Dianteira e São João de Areias terminando depois num nó com a N 234-6, antes de uma ponte sobre o rio Mondego. A M 633 liga a vila de São João de Areias a Parada, no município de Carregal do Sal.

A nível ferroviário a freguesia é servida pela Linha da Beira Alta, através da Estação Ferroviária de Santa Comba Dão, onde páram todos os serviços Regionais e Intercidades da CP e do apeadeiro de Castelejo onde páram alguns serviços Regionais daquela operadora. Era a partir da estação de Santa Comba Dão que partia a Linha do Dão, a qual estabelecia a ligação ferroviária entre a Linha da Beira Alta e Viseu. Inaugurada em 1890 e encerrada em 1989, cruzava durante cerca de 2 km o noroeste da freguesia, tendo o seu canal sido adaptado para a Ecopista do Dão, ciclovia inaugurada em 2011.

Associações

Em São João de Areias existem diversas associações cívicas:
 Sociedade Filarmónica Fraternidade de S. João de Areias (fundada em agosto de 1875)
 Centro Recreativo e Cultural da Póvoa dos Mosqueiros (fundado a 18 de abril de 1978)
 Grupo de Cantares de S. João de Areias (em ligação com o Centro Social e Paroquial)
 Associação Sociocultural S. João Evangelista – Tuna juvenil "Os Alegres de Castelejo"
 Associação Cultural, Social, Recreativa e de Desenvolvimento de Vila Dianteira (fundada em 11 de novembro de 2005)
 Grupo Desportivo de S. João de Areias (inativo)
 União Desportiva da Cancela (fundada em 14 de maio de 1976)
 Associação dos Amigos de S. João de Areias – sede em Lisboa (inativa?)
 Associação dos Amigos de S. João de Areias – sede nos Estados Unidos

Solidariedade
Em nível de instituições de solidariedade social existe na freguesia o Centro Social e Paroquial de São João de Areias, que possui um lar de idosos:
 Centro Social e Paroquial de S. João de Areias (fundado em outubro de 1997)

Património

Sendo uma freguesia já com uma longa História, São João de Areias possui um diversificado património histórico:
 Arqueologia:
 Vestígios da ocupação pré-histórica — na Costa (Silvares) e na área da Quinta da Castanheira.
 Vestígios da ocupação romana — em São João de Areias e Vila Dianteira.
 Sepulturas escavadas na rocha — em vários locais da freguesia, com destaque para as necrópoles de S. João de Areias (no adro da Igreja, vilmente subterrada) e da Regueiras (Casas Novas/Vila Dianteira).
 Documento do século X — doação ao Mosteiro do Lorvão em 981
 Documento do século XVI — Foral Manuelino de São João de Areias, de 10 de abril de 1514
 Pelourinho de São João de Areias
 Casas do século XVI
 Igreja Matriz de São João de Areias
 Capelas públicas:
 Capela de São Sebastião (anterior ao século XVII)
 Capela de Santo Cristo (século XVIII)
 Capela de São Pedro (século XVIII) — na sede de freguesia, S. João de Areias;
 Capela de São Silvestre (século XVIII) — em Vila Deanteira;
 Capela de São João Evangelista (anterior ao século XVII) — em Castelejo;
 Capela de Santo António (anterior ao século XVII) — em Silvares;
 Capela de São Miguel (século XVIII) — em S. Miguel;
 Capela de Nossa Senhora da Graça (inaugurada em 31 de outubro de 1998 e que substituiu a capela antiga, anterior ao século XVII, mandada demolir em 31 de agosto de 1998) — na Póvoa dos Mosqueiros.
 Capelas particulares:
Capela de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo (século XVIII - deixada vandalizar pela sua proprietária, a Fundação D. José da Cruz Moreira Pinto, de Viseu) — na Casa de D.ª Georgina Loureiro, em Vila Deanteira;
Capela de São Sebastião (século XVIII) — no Solar dos Serpa Pimentel, na Guarita;
Capela de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo (século XVIII — o padroeiro é desconhecido, supõe-se ser Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo) na Casa dos Neves de Lemos, na Póvoa dos Mosqueiros.
 Casa das Armas Reais — em São João de Areias
 Casa de D.ª Georgina Loureiro — em Vila Dianteira
 Casa do Dr. José da Silva Carvalho — em Vila Dianteira
 Casa dos Cabrais — Casal, Castelejo
 Solar dos Serpa Pimentel — em Guarita
 Casa dos Neves de Lemos — em Póvoa dos Mosqueiros

Personalidades célebres

 Capitães-mores de São João de Areias - entre c.1669 e c.1813
 António de Melo Cabral Cardoso da Silveira (1731–1821) — fidalgo da Casa Real, possivelmente a pessoa que ordenou a construção da Casa das Armas Reais.
 Francisco José de Miranda Duarte (1757–1820) — juiz desembargador.
 Francisco de Serpa Saraiva (1781–1850) — 1.º Barão de São João de Areias.
 José da Silva Carvalho (1782–1856) — obreiro da Revolução de 1820 e ministro de governos dos reinados de D. João VI, de D. Pedro IV e de D. Maria II.
 Manuel de Serpa Machado (1784–1858) — académico e deputado.
 Bernardo de Serpa Machado (1787–1832) — juiz.
 Manuel de Serpa Pimentel (1818–1910) — 2.º Barão de São João de Areias.
 Maria do Céu da Silva Mendes (1847–1933) — pianista e filantropa.
 Raul Jorge Wheelhouse (1901- ?) - médico e cirurgião antifascista.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

 Site da antiga Escola Básica de 1.º ciclo de São João de Areias
 Site da antiga Escola Básica de 1.º ciclo de Castelejo
 Site da Sociedade Filarmónica Fraternidade de S. João de Areias
 Blogue de dois alunos da Sociedade Filarmónica Fraternidade de S. João de Areias
 Post de 6 de junho de 2004 com informações sobre a fundação da Sociedade Filarmónica de S. João de Areias
 Site da Associação Sociocultural S. João Evangelista
 Informações sobre a Casa de D.ª Georgina Loureiro
 Informações sobre a Casa do Dr. José da Silva Carvalho
 Informações biográficas sobre José da Silva Carvalho e outras personalidades célebres da freguesia da São João de Areias


text:
They escaped ISIS. Then They Got Sucked Into Baghdad's Sex Trafficking Underworld
Baghdad, Iraq (CNN) Nadia's handshake is strong, but her voice trembles as she says hello. Leaning against a window, she describes in painful detail the twisted journey that saw her evade the grip of terrorists only to fall victim to Baghdad's sex trafficking underworld.
Stories like Nadia's have become all too familiar in the wake of ISIS' defeat in Iraq. The decline of the militant group has given rise to another evil: human trafficking networks that thrive on the spoils of war, the displaced and the desperate.
And she was the perfect mark.
Nadia was living in Sinjar, northern Iraq, in 2014 when ISIS rounded up thousands of women and girls like her from the Yazidi ethnic minority and forced them into sexual slavery. But she says she managed to escape, fleeing with her family through scattered hills to an IDP camp in Iraqi Kurdistan. CNN is not using Nadia's real name out of concerns for her safety.
Still, she was haunted by the fate of others who were not as lucky. She said she started sending money to a man she believed was a trusted friend, who she had met while on the run from ISIS and who said he was coordinating humanitarian aid for other Yazidis. Encouraged by their conversations and propelled by her desire to help, she began organizing demonstrations at the camp, demanding the release of Yazidi women.
Then the calls started. "I would get the threats by phone," Nadia said, explaining that she wasn't sure who was harassing her. "I wasn't afraid for myself, but for my little sister. They said, 'If you don't come, we know where your sister goes to school.'"
When she received a letter from an NGO supporting her application for asylum in the United States, she reached out to her friend, asking for help to get to the embassy in Baghdad. "He said, 'My sister, I can take you. I know a guy in the Iraqi parliament, I can take you to him.'"
On the road to the capital, she sensed something was wrong. "He kept stopping to talk on the phone and send messages," she told CNN. "I said, 'Take me back, I want to go back.' He said, 'No, it's ok, it is about a group of Yazidi girls I freed from Fallujah, they are waiting for us in Baghdad.'"
To read the full story by Arwa Damon, Ghazi Balkiz, Brice Laine and Aqeel Najm on CNN: Click Here
Tags: Bagdad, Iraq, Isis
Category: International Law, Investigative Reporting


"The Influence of Pregnancy in Patients with Congenital Long QT Syndrom" by Lohit Garg MD, Jalaj Garg MD et al.
The Influence of Pregnancy in Patients with Congenital Long QT Syndrome.
Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of myocardial repolarization and is characterized by a prolonged QT interval on AN electrocardiogram. A prolonged QT predisposes patients to an increased risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death secondary to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Several mutations linked to the LQT syndrome have been identified, the most common of which have been found in the potassium channel KCNQ1 (LQT1) and hERG (LQT2) genes and in the sodium channel SCN5A (LQT3) gene. Female gender is an independent risk factor for the development of torsades de pointes (TdP) in LQTS. Furthermore, while pregnancy may be associated with protection against cardiac events in LQTS, the 9-month post-partum period represents a time of increased arrhythmogenicity. Interestingly, these cardiac events during the post-partum period are more common in patients with LQT2. The precise mechanisms that influence the cardiac repolarization during the post-partum period are unclear. Beta-blockers are considered reasonably safe during pregnancy and should be continued or initiated in patients with LQTS to reduce the risk of cardiac events. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators are safe in pregnancy, and there is no evidence that pregnant women with these devices are at any greater risk for adverse complications solely on the grounds of having the device.
Garg, L., Garg, J., Krishnamoorthy, P., Ahnert, A., Shah, N., Dusaj, R. S., & Bozorgnia, B. (2016). The Influence of Pregnancy in Patients with Congenital Long QT Syndrome. Cardiology In Review.


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Krabi To Host First Sundown Marathon Thailand Series In September 2018 . The picturesque province of Krabi will stage the first ever 'Sundown Marathon Thailand Series' event to be held in Thailand, on Saturday, 22 September, 2018. More than 4,000 Thai and international runners are expected to take part in this popular Asian night running event, and organisers are confident they will be impressed by the race's route and Krabi's charm and beauty.
Krabi was chosen as host venue for the 'Sundown Marathon Krabi 2018' event due to its experience as a tourist destination and its capability to handle large events with many participants. Accommodation-wise, Krabi offers over 10,000 hotel rooms. The destination also boasts plenty of beautiful scenery along the race route for runners, including its gorgeous beaches, as well as unique Thai local experiences in the way of arts and culture for the runners and spectators to enjoy.
'Sundown Marathon Krabi 2018' will feature 12 km and 21 km race distances for 4,000 runners. Around the race itself, various fun and entertaining activities will take place including a festival and concert.
The 'Sundown Marathon Krabi 2018' event fits perfectly with the Amazing Thailand 'Open to the New Shades' communication concept, in which visitors to the kingdom are encouraged to see new attractions and also existing attractions from a new perspective.
With the 'Sundown Marathon Krabi 2018' event, runners and spectators will get to experience Krabi from an entirely new viewpoint, as they will in each new destination in Thailand that the race comes to.
There are plans to hold 'Sundown Marathon Thailand Series' races in other provinces across Thailand in the coming years, to showcase more of the kingdom's scenery, charm and culture to Asia's running community and support Thailand's sports tourism policy.
Sundown Marathon was first held in Singapore in 2008 and since then races have been added in Malaysia, Taiwan, China, the Philippines, Hong Kong and this year, Thailand. As the largest night running event in Asia, the Sundown Marathon Series attracts more runners each year, with a combined 200,000 plus runners currently participating.


Lauren Lyons Cole has been a financial planner for about 10 years.
Over that time, she's found that despite some mistakes here and there, most people are doing far better with money than they think they are.
That's because money is dynamic, and everyone is playing the long game.
For most of us, financial mistakes are a rite of passage.
Even the most successful people have a money-related regret or two (or more). As a financial planner in New York City, I've come to expect new client meetings to include conversations about financial anxiety, confusion, and frustration.
The reality is, when it comes to money, most people are doing far better than they think they are. Sure, you may not have reached your goals yet, but that doesn't mean you won't or that you've failed already. Even if things are particularly tough right now, it won't stay that way forever.
Money is dynamic. Plan for the long run, and don't get too caught up on today.
To see this in action, all you have to do is take a look at any of your account balances over the past year, or five years, or longer. If you're like most people, you've had highs and lows. The stock market is the same way. Money is constantly on the move.
Keeping track of your net worth is a good way to follow the ups and downs of your financial situation and to remind yourself that you aren't stuck. Making one mistake doesn't doom you to a lifetime of financial struggle, and getting lucky once – even winning the lottery – doesn't necessarily mean you're set for life.
If things are great right now, enjoy it. But make sure to save as much as you can for a time in the future when you'll need it. Retirement is one universal example, but a job loss, medical expense, or other big life event could happen as well. It will be easier to weather the tough times if you prepare during the good times.
And, if you're living through one of those tough times, try to remember that it's temporary. Don't stress about the progress you're not making. Just try to get through today. If you lost your job, focus on finding a new one. If you're in over your head with debt, cut back as much as you can to pay it off. You'll get through it.
It's worth mentioning – and this is where the long-term planning really comes into play – since money is dynamic, your financial goals can be, too. Don't underestimate your potential. If your current goal feels far away, be patient and keep working toward it. If you've recently reached a financial goal, set a new one. The important thing is to keep moving.


95 percent of teens between the ages of 13 and 17 now say they own or have access to a smartphone, compared to 73 percent in 2014-15.
Teens are spending a lot of time online, and that can mean great things for your brand – if you know where they are spending the majority of that time and how to reach them. Here, we encounter another dramatic shift from a few years ago: Teens are vacating Facebook. In fact, the Pew Research Center study found that in 2015, 71 percent of teens used Facebook the most often, but now? Only 51 percent say the same.
Facebook has been widely seen as the leading social media conglomerate for the last decade, but times are changing, as are teens and where they spend their time online. YouTube and Snapchat now lead the game with 35 percent and 32 percent of teens, respectively, claiming they use these apps the most.
By using YouTube to reach teens, Adidas has seen a strong resurgence in recent years. The brand used the "transformative power of sport" to build its following on the video platform – and was dubbed the fastest-growing sports brand on YouTube through its 2014 World Cup live-streaming series, "The Dugout." Adidas also set its sights on young football fans by becoming the official sponsor of the Champions League. Find out how Adidas has turned these fans' love of the game into love and long-term loyalty for the brand here.
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2286 - 08 April 2017
International previews: Paris
Contemporary African art is currently much in vogue in the French capital.
ATG Reporter
It took centre stage at the Art Paris Art Fair held at the Grand Palais last week, and will feature in the Africa Aperta multi-discipline event as part of the Festival 100% Afriques at the Parc de la Villette.
Later this month it will be the turn of the auction rooms with a sale dedicated to contemporary art from Africa and the African diaspora at Piasa on April 20.
The sale of just over 100 lots will be headlined by this work by William Kentridge, one of South Africa's best-known contemporary exports.
The monumental study of a woman's head in gouache, collage and charcoal on paper from c.1997 measures 5ft 10in x 4ft 5in (1.8 x 1.35m) and is estimated at €80,000-120,000.
piasa.fr
New World focus from carpets and tapestries at Piasa auction
Art Nouveau and Art Deco pioneer inspires joint Paris auction
Sonia Delauney scarf among prints and fashion at dedicated French auction
Picasso ceramic portrait at Piasa
Picture reveals history of French auctions hub


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Home Sea 820 Naval Air Squadron to be on board HMS Queen Elizabeth as...
820 Naval Air Squadron to be on board HMS Queen Elizabeth as she sails into Portsmouth
820 Naval Air Squadron will be on board HMS Queen Elizabeth as she sails into her homeport this week.
This follows several months of working with the carrier during her sea trials off the coast of Scotland.
Lieutenant Rob Andrews, one of the squadron's pilots, said:
"This is the first time I have had the chance to both see and operate with the ship and it is still very exciting and hugely rewarding to be one of the first to work from such an impressive ship.
820 NAS has been working with HMS Queen Elizabeth in support of her contractor sea trials. This has seen us operate as a helicopter delivery platform providing essential stores and crew work-up ahead of our more operational role when she is formally commissioned into the fleet."
According to the Royal Navy:
"820 NAS is the Royal Navy's oldest and most decorated frontline unit and is made up of roughly 150 men and women – a highly skilled mix of flight crew and engineers.
The Merlin Mk2 is a vastly capable aircraft, with its primary role being for anti-submarine warfare, although it can protect HMS Queen Elizabeth and her task group from a range of sub-surface, surface and air attacks.
Recent years have seen them operate in the Middle East and off the west coast of Africa during the Ebola crisis."
The Queen Elizabeth class carriers are the largest and most powerful warships ever constructed for the Royal Navy, but what will they carry?
The term now used for the carriers embarked squadrons is 'Carrier Air Wing' (CVW), the previously used Tailored Air Group (TAG) has fallen out of official use. The vessels are capable of deploying a variety of aircraft in large numbers, up to a maximum in the upper fifties in surge conditions.
Captain Jerry Kyd, commander of HMS Queen Elizabeth, commented on the initial deployment and the gradual increase in air wing numbers:
"We are constrained by the F-35 buy rate even though that was accelerated in SDSR in 2015, so initial operating capability numbers in 2020 are going to be very modest indeed.
We will flesh it out with helicopters, and a lot depends on how many USMC F-35s come on our first deployment in 2021. But by 2023, we are committed to 24 UK jets onboard, and after that it's too far away to say."
In addition to the joint force of Royal Air Force and Royal Navy F-35Bs and their pilots, the air wing is expected to be composed of a 'Maritime Force Protection' package of nine anti-submarine Merlin HM2 and four or five Merlin for airborne early warning; alternatively a 'Littoral Manoeuvre' package could include a mix of RAF Chinooks, Army Apaches, Merlin HC4 and Wildcat HM2. We understand that vessel would still carry at least one F-35 squadron aboard in such circumstances to offer air defence as well as support to the helicopter assault activities.
The Crowsnest AEW&C aircraft will come from a number of the embarked Merlins (any of which can be fitted with the sensor package), the number again scaling with requirements.
Around the time the first carrier deploys operationally, the UK will have 42 F-35 aircraft, with 24 being front-line fighters and the remaining 18 will be used for training (at least 5 on the OCU), be in reserve or in maintenance.
Recently, the Ministry of Defence confirmed plans for the deployment of American F-35 aircraft alongside British jets aboard HMS Queen Elizabeth.
The addition of US Marine Corps aircraft will see HMS Queen Elizabeth sail with 24 or so F-35Bs in addition to around 14 or so helicopters for her maiden deployment. It is understood that the US aircraft will augment British jets on coalition operations.
The Queen Elizabeth class mark a change from expressing carrier power in terms of number of aircraft carried, to the number of sortie's that can be generated from the deck. The class are not the largest class of carrier in the world but they are most likely the smallest and least expensive carrier the Royal Navy could build which still have the advantages that large carriers offer.
We have built these carriers and the government should now go ahead and find the money to equip them with F35 aircraft relying on the Americans is a national embarrassment.
Totally agree. HMG doing defence on the cheap…. as usual.
the problem is it's not being done on the cheap. It's been done at random. Carriers are insanely expensive tech and frankly much larger than we need and yet we went expensive glamour items. Then we try and go cheap with other items, like lacking escorts, not placing orders on the fighters etc. We kinda need to decide to go middle end and stick there, which I think would ultimately give better capability, rather than top end for part of the problem and then cutting on other with a net effect of less than capable platforms.
QEC and F35b's ain't cheap !!
Don't know where people got that idiotic idea from.
Geoff Goldberg
That's not fair really, I'd blame Lockheed Martin for the slow delivery rates and the Government for committing only to later batch production models. Fact is, the money is there and 138 have been ordered, it'll just take a while for them to trickle through. In the meantime, I really don't see an issue with the Americans making up half our numbers, they have a gap in their carrier doctrine as it is so they're more than happy to help out. As allies, we're as close as it's possible to be so I don't understand why you take issue with… Read more »
KieranC
Don't think we have actually ordered 138 Geoff, I'm pretty sure it's "a commitment to buy"
I agree though I don't see a problem with having American jets on, as long as their is 24 on when she first deploys I will be happy.
So there will two front line squadrons, one on the carrier and one used by the RAF, probably in Cyprus.
Correct, we currently have 10-12 F35s and have ordered another 14. The 138 figure is how many we plan to buy over the 30 years of the program. That means we have only brought 26 so far, the rest are a promise from the government.
Ron5
What makes you think "the money is there" ???
maurice10
The delivery dates are okay, no need to be overly pessimistic. We all know the QE could have US F35's operating from her deck in short order, if a situation occurred, between now and the first UK deployment. I would not be surprised if US F35's don't carry out landing trials in the near future, as this would improve interoperability between the two navies. This would also allow the deck crews to get first-hand experience with the type.
One advantage of our slow order rate is that the unit cost drops with every production run so we do get more for our money, assuming fairly constant exchange rate of course. If she has at least 12 UK F-35B when she first deploys that would be the minimum, 24 and I would be happy but I can't see that happening because it would require the RAF to agree to carrier-base every single one of the front line F-35Bs at the time and I can't see that happening. Even if we did embark 24 UK F-35s I would still hope… Read more »
Another advantage of our slow order rate is once we've crowed about committing to buying lots of platforms we can later quietly halve the final order number.
How many Astutes and Darings was it….?
Just to add to the excellent comments made here. The USA is still maintaining 'LRIP' batch ordering and within that limiting factor has prioritised the manufacture of their F-35s before what they consider 'customer' aircraft. (Not sure we are 'customers' as such but hey …). We are in LRIP 10 now and they are forecasting out to LRIP 15 in 2025. The big beneficiaries of which will be the RAAF who will have all 72 of their F-35As by 2025! The USMC have about 100 F-35B in operation as they were pushing for IOC. So we have simply not had… Read more »
Thanks for the info Chris, interesting stuff. Makes perfect sense now, good of the USMC to provide F35Bs for the QE while we wait for ours. No surprise they want theirs first, it is their aircraft after all.
Plus we get a more matured and cable aircraft with fewer bugs and less snagging to close out.
I keep seeing this comment in the text about QEC: "alternatively a 'Littoral Manoeuvre' package could include a mix of RAF Chinooks, Army Apaches, Merlin HC4 and Wildcat HM2." Which read as if the Merlin HC4 is an Army Helicopter rather than belonging to the Royal Navy's Commando Helicopter Force (CHF). Additionally, the Wildcat utilised for Littoral Monoeuvre (LitM) is the Wildcat AH1 of 847 Naval Air Squadron, also of CHF. The HM2 is the maritime attack variant for small ships which whilst I'm sure they will see service on the QEC carriers, are certainly not designed or used for… Read more »
So for 5 or 6 years we will have 2 aircraft carriers but no aircraft on them. Just who thought that one up? Oh and that's if the F35 ever works properly anyway. Look out for the Russian SU 57: apparently better in all respects than the F35.


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