text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent progress in NLP has been marked with the emergence of large-scale pre-trained models, e.g., ELMo~\cite{elmo}, BERT~\cite{bert}, and GPT-2~\cite{gpt2}. Among these, GPT-2 is particularly suitable in natural language generation due to its underlying left-to-right language modeling objective.
Indeed, GPT-based language models have shown impressive results for open-domain dialogue generation \citep{golovanov2019large,wolf2019transfertransfo,dialogpt}. This has motivated investigations into GPT-2's generated text \cite{see2019massively,wallace-etal-2019-universal}. In particular, using automatic metrics (e.g., cosine similarity, lexical diversity, sentence length), \citet{see2019massively} illustrated that GPT-2 has the ability to generate interesting and coherent text. However, analysis of GPT-2's outputs from deeper linguistic dimensions (e.g., discourse) has largely remained unexplored.

In this paper, we perform the first discourse analysis of GPT-2's outputs, under both organic and fine-tuned scenarios, with the goals of understanding model behavior and pointing towards ways of improvement. We chiefly focus on \textit{discourse relations}, one of the most important linguistic devices for textual coherence. Discourse relations specify the relationships between text spans, for example:
\vspace{-0.3em}
\begin{quote}
    \emph{Jazz is good, \textbf{but} my favorite is country music.}
\end{quote}
\vspace{-0.3em}
The two clauses (also called \emph{arguments}) are connected by a \textsc{contrast} relation, as signaled by the connective \textit{but}.
Discourse relations are central in establishing textual coherence. For example, they create rhetorical connections between spans in the absence of anaphoric entity mentions \cite{lascarides2008segmented}.
Cognitive experiments have repeatedly shown discourse relations to be highly influential in the mental processing of text \citep{meyer1984effects,horowitz1987rhetorical,millis1993impact,sanders2000role}.
Spans joined with \textit{incorrect} discourse connectives can seem logically incoherent although they are independently grammatical:
\vspace{-0.3em}
\begin{quote}
    \emph{Jazz is good, \textbf{because} my favorite is country music.}
\end{quote}
\vspace{-0.3em}
The importance of generating good discourse connectives are recognized in prior work in NLG~\cite{biran-mckeown-2015-discourse,callaway-2003-integrating}.

We examine to what extent does GPT-2 generate texts that uphold \textit{plausible} discourse relations, once a discourse connective (usually 1-2 tokens) is generated.
We present a comprehensive analysis of discourse connectives in both \textit{fine-tuned} generation---specifically, open domain dialogue generation---and \textit{organic} generation directly from GPT-2. We find that GPT-2 generates valid discourse connectives when the relation can be inferred by humans with high agreement, yet struggles to recover less obvious relations.
Our manual analysis reveals the most common connective error is that the relations, signaled by the connectives, \textit{do not hold} between the spans they connect. To this end, we propose a simple remedy: train a connective prediction model and replace incorrect connectives in a post-processing step. This method improves agreement between human and machine-generated connectives in both the fine-tuned and the organic scenarios. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of inferring discourse relations~\cite{xue2015conll}, and explicitly incorporating discourse information in language models~\cite{ji2016latent}, to increase their downstream efficacy.

\section{Experimental Setup}

\paragraph{Fine-tuned.} We choose open-domain dialog generation as our \textit{fine-tuned} scenario. The model conditions on a prompt (dialog turn) and generates a response (next turn). We use the \textsc{PersonaChat} \citep{pc} data for the ConvAI2 challenge. We use 122,499 prompt-response pairs for training and 4,801 pairs for validation.

We fine-tune GPT-2 medium (345M parameters). For compatibility with GPT-2's pre-training, we concatenate the prompt and response (separated by a delimiter) during training. GPT-2 is fine-tuned for 3 epochs using Adam \cite{Kingma2014AdamAM} with a learning rate of 5e-5. The cross-entropy (language modeling) loss is only calculated for the response. At test-time, the model is conditioned on the prompt (and delimiter) and generates the response. Our approach is similar to \citet{dialogpt} and we follow \citet{ko} to encourage generation of informative responses.\footnote{\newcite{ko} used a linguistic metric which performed better than mutual information also used in~\newcite{dialogpt}.}

For decoding, we experimented with both top-$k$ sampling~\cite{fan2018hierarchical} and nucleus sampling~\cite{holtzman2019curious}, and picked the better performing one upon manual inspection of the validation data. We use top-$k$ (k=10) in this scenario.

For quality assurance, we manually evaluate GPT-2's generated responses against SpaceFusion~\cite{spacefusion}, a state-of-the-art RNN-based model, re-trained on \textsc{PersonaChat}. The evaluation is conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, where 5 annotators (per HIT) chose between GPT-2 and SpaceFusion responses. GPT-2 (45.5\% chosen) largely outperforms SpaceFusion (16.9\% chosen). For the other 37.7\%, the two are tied.

\paragraph{``Organic'' generation.}
To determine to what extent GPT-2 understands the discourse functions of connectives without the effects of fine-tuning, we engage an \textit{organic} scenario. In this case, we pick out utterances with explicit discourse relations in the dataset, and feed the partial utterance that approximates the first argument of an explicit discourse relation (the part before the discourse connective), along with the connective, into the GPT-2 model; we then let it continue to generate the rest of the utterance. We use \textsc{PersonaChat} to make the results more comparable to the fine-tuned scenario.\footnote{We do not explicitly perform quality assurance for this scenario as we do not fine-tune GPT-2. Details of language modeling performance are discussed in~\newcite{gpt2}.}
We again experimented with both  nucleus sampling and top-$k$, and used nucleus sampling ($p=0.9$) which performed better upon manual inspection.

\section{Assessing explicit discourse relations}
\label{sec:assess}

\begin{table*}
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|lllllllllll}
\toprule
  &after&and&because&before&but&if&since&so&though&when&while\\
  \midrule
  	\textsc{PersonaChat}&1.4&40.7&4.2&1.1&28.5&4.4&2.8&4.8&1.1&8.8&2.1\\
  	Fine-tuned&0.5&45.7&1.7&0.4&35.9&1.6&2.6&3.7&0.2&5.3&2.4\\
  	Organic&0.5&51.4&4.4&1.0&22.1&5.7&1.5&5.8&0.7&5.1&1.8\\
  \toprule

\end{tabular}
\caption{\% of sentences with a particular discourse connective, of all sentences that contain a connective.}
\label{tab:conndist}
\end{table*}

At a high level, our assessment strategy compares discourse connectives from GPT-2 outputs with human judgment, following existing strategies of discourse relation annotation, which ask annotators to insert connectives between text spans~\cite{pdtb,scholman2017crowdsourcing,yung2019crowdsourcing}. A discourse connective can be considered valid if humans would also insert a connective signaling the same discourse relation when the connective is masked.

\paragraph{Extracting sentences with discourse connectives.}
We follow prior work~\cite{braud2016learning,ma2019implicit} in the use of heuristics
to extract sentences with discourse connectives,
using a list of 11 connectives most frequently observed in \textsc{PersonaChat}: \emph{after, and, because, before, but, if, since, so, though, when, while}.  Specifically, a clause (using verbs as approximations) needs to appear before and after the connective; the connective cannot be immediately followed by a punctuation; and only \emph{and} and \emph{but} can follow a period.  We remove instances of \emph{so} immediately followed by an adjective or adverb. Upon manual inspection of a random sample of 133 extracted sentences, 100\% of them  contain an explicit discourse relation.

In the \textsc{PersonaChat} training set, $\sim$11\% of the responses contain one of the  connectives. In contrast, the fine-tuned model generates a connective 26\% among all responses, and the organic one  15\%. The increase in percentage is likely because connectives are frequent words in the corpus. Table~\ref{tab:conndist} shows the relative frequencies of these connectives.
Notably, the distribution of connectives is skewed, with \emph{and} and \emph{but} appearing much more often than other connectives, a characteristic similar to other collected examples of discourse relations in the conversation domain~\cite{ma2019implicit}.
\paragraph{Annotating discourse relations.}
To assess if GPT-2 generate valid discourse connectives, we compare relations signaled by these connectives with relations that humans judge to hold given the rest of the sentence, as in a masked language modeling task.
Specifically, for each output sentence that contains a discourse connective, we mask the connective\footnote{The workers saw an underlined blank space for the mask. If multiple connectives exist, we only consider the first one in this work.} and show the rest of the sentence to annotators (in the case of dialogue generation, we also show the prompt). They are asked to fill in the blank with a connective that most naturally expresses the relation between the arguments, or \textsc{none} if they think the two segments are not related. This type of insertion is used previously to crowdsource discourse relations~\cite{yung2019crowdsourcing,scholman2017crowdsourcing}.
To reduce label sparsity, we group the connectives into the four top-level discourse relations in the Penn Discourse Treebank~\cite{pdtb} (\emph{contingency, contrast, expansion, temporal}), and the annotators are asked to choose a group if it contains the connective they think most appropriately fills the blank. To further help annotators, we included unambiguous synonyms of connectives to anchor the relations more. For ambiguous connectives in our list, we put them in all possible relations they signal. The specific groupings are listed below:
\begin{itemize}
\item because, therefore, if, so, since (\textsc{contingency})
\item but, although, though, however, whereas,  while (\textsc{contrast})
\item before, after, when, since, while (\textsc{temporal})
\item and, in addition (\textsc{expansion})
\end{itemize}
We also give the \textsc{none} option if the annotator could not find a suitable connective or that the two text spans are not related.

We use Amazon MechanicalTurk to crowdsource annotations for
1.2K sentences with discourse connectives each for the organic and fine-tuned scenarios.
Each sentence is annotated by five workers. As quality control, we only allow workers in the US that have completed more than 500 hits with an acceptance rate of $>$98\%.
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|ll}
  \toprule
  &Fine-tuned&Organic\\
  \midrule
  	5&40.9&27.7\\
  	4&27.5&25.0\\
  	3&21.3&30.8\\
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\% of sentences where the discourse relation is agreed by $n\in \{3,4,5\}$ annotators.}
\label{tab:agree}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|ll}
  \toprule
  &Fine-tuned &Organic\\
  \midrule
  	contingency&6.4&12.5\\
  	temporal&5.1&6.2\\
  	contrast&35.1&27.1\\
  	conjunction&52.5&53.0\\
  	no relation&0.9&1.1\\
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\% of annotated majority relations.}
\label{tab:reldist}
\end{table}

Table~\ref{tab:agree} shows the percentage of sentences whose discourse relation is agreed upon by 5, 4, and 3 workers; Table~\ref{tab:reldist} shows the frequency distribution of majority relations (one that is agreed by $\ge3$ workers).
For the fine-tuned case, 89.7\% of the sentences have a majority relation; inter-annotator agreement measured by Krippendorff's alpha is 0.508, indicating moderate agreement~\cite{artstein2008inter}. This shows that in most cases, readers are able to infer a discourse relation between the spans of text given, and they do so consistently.
Similarly in the organic case,  83.5\% of the sentences have a majority relation. However, relations agreed by $\ge4$ workers are much fewer; Krippendorff's alpha is also at a lower value of 0.382. After adjudicating 70 examples with no majority,
we find that the cause of lower inter-annotator agreement is likely due to the fact that more than one relation can often hold, and in other cases, the quality of the generated text is low.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|ll}
  \toprule
  &Fine-tuned &Organic\\
  \midrule
  $\ge$ 3 & 81.5 & 74.9 \\
  \midrule
  	5&94.0&92.6\\
  	4&75.6&79.2\\
  	3&64.3&53.2\\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\% of connectives in generated texts that are consistent with human annotation, stratified by the \# of annotators agreeing on the relation.}

\label{tab:genagree}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Assessment results.}
Table~\ref{tab:genagree} shows the percentage of sentences where the connective in the generated text agrees with the majority relation annotated by humans; we also show the results stratified by how many people agree on the relation. For the connectives \emph{since} and \emph{while} which can signal two relations, we count the model as correct if either relation is annotated by humans. The results reveal that a wrong connective could be a prominent source of error in GPT-2 generation, though the fine-tuned model agrees better with humans. Notably, for relations that humans agree more consistently, the models also generate correct relations more often. This hints that GPT-2 captures obvious, unambiguous relations better. Figure~\ref{fig:mat1} shows a confusion matrix comparing human labeled relations (where at least 3 annotators agree) with GPT-2 generated ones.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{confusion1.JPG}
\end{center}
\caption{Confusion matrix for human labeled relations vs.\ generated connectives (after grouping into relations). Darker color indicates more instances. Vertical axis: human annotated relation. Horizontal axis: GPT-2.}
\label{fig:mat1}
\end{figure}

\section{Fixing discourse connectives}\label{sec:fix}
As a first step to fix erroneous connectives, we propose a  post-processing technique that does not require retraining a model or modifying model structure: replacing generated discourse connectives with ones from a connective prediction model.
This task is related to discourse relation classification (e.g., \newcite{xue2015conll},
\newcite{nie2019dissent}), yet there is no annotated corpora on the dialog domain. While  \newcite{ma2019implicit} mined discourse relations from conversations, using their data yielded inferior performance in preliminary experiments.

\paragraph{Connective prediction model.}
We train a model to predict the masked discourse connective given the rest of the sentence, or \textsc{none} if no relation. For training, we extract 1 million sentences from Reddit that contain discourse connectives, using the heuristics in Section~\ref{sec:assess}. We restrict the length of sentences to be 7-25 tokens, similar to that in PersonaChat.
The model is fine-tuned on the pre-trained BERT-base-uncased model~\cite{bert}, where the text before the connective is used as sentence A, and text after the connective is used as sentence B. We add an additional classification layer taking the learned \texttt{[CLS]} representation as input.
To obtain training data for the \textsc{none} class,
we add 300K synthesized examples with sentence A and sentence B sampled from different posts, approximating the absence of discourse relations.

The model is fine-tuned for 3 epochs on Reddit using a learning rate of 5e-6. The classification accuracy on the validation set of \textsc{PersonaChat} is 0.743 and macro-F1 is 0.649.
In the organic setting, we directly apply this model to predict the masked connective. In the fine-tuned setting, to obtain a better model in the  domain of \textsc{PersonaChat},
we fine-tune the model for 1 epoch on the training set of \textsc{PersonaChat}.
The classification accuracy
improved by 3\% and macro-F1 by 5\%.\footnote{Note that this improvement does not translate to a better model for the organic scenario, since GPT-2's output without fine-tuning does not fall in the \textsc{PersonaChat} domain.}

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|ll|ll}
\toprule
  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fine-tuned} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Organic}\\
  \midrule
  & GPT-2 & predicted & GPT-2 & predicted \\
  \midrule
    $\ge$ 4&0.781&0.828* & 0.839&0.883*\\
  	$\ge$ 3&0.760&0.789 & 0.726&0.766*\\
 \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Consistency between human annotated and predicted discourse relations, measured in macro-F1 of the four relation types. ($\ge n$): $\ge n$ annotators agree on a relation. (*): $p<0.05$ on a bootstrapping test.}
\label{tab:postpros}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!h]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{l|ll|ll}
\toprule
  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fine-tuned} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Organic}\\
  \midrule
  & GPT-2 & predicted & GPT-2 & predicted \\
  \midrule
  	$\ge$ 4&86.8&89.2* & 86.6&91.4*\\
  	$\ge$ 3&81.5&82.9 & 74.9&80.4*\\
  	$\ge$ 2&84.1&85.9* & 80.0&84.5*\\
    \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Consistency between human annotated and predicted discourse relations, measured in \emph{accuracy}. ($\ge n$): calculated on all sentences that $\ge n$ annotators agree on a relation. (*): $p<0.05$ on a binomial test.}
\label{tab:accuracy}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Post-processing results.}
With this connective prediction model, we replace connectives in generated outputs with the predicted ones. We evaluate whether the predicted connectives align better with human judgments, after collapsing to discourse relation types. We see the \textsc{none} prediction (4.4\% for fine-tuned and 17.5\% for organic) as an indicator that the sentence is not coherent, and resample from the model for a new sentence. These cases are not included in the results.  Appendix~\ref{sec:appendix} shows several examples illustrating connectives in the generated text and those predicted by the classifier.

Table~\ref{tab:postpros} and Table~\ref{tab:accuracy} show the consistency between a connective in the sentence and its corresponding human labeled discourse relation after post-processing,  measured by macro-F1 and accuracy respectively. We stratify results according to the agreement among human annotators. We also show the accuracy of cases where $\ge2$ annotators agree to account for the possibility of multiple valid relations. For both fine-tuned and organic scenarios, the predicted connective aligns closer to human labels than those generated by GPT-2.

Figure~\ref{fig:mat2} compares the prediction between GPT-2 and the connective predictor for post-processing (Fig.~\ref{fig:mat2}(a)). It illustrates the types of relations that the connective model replaced correctly (Fig.~\ref{fig:mat2}(b)) and incorrectly (Fig.~\ref{fig:mat2}(c)). This shows that the better performance of the model is not due to simply preferring the most frequent class.

The improvement is notably more substantial for the organic case, an indication that fine-tuning GPT-2 nudges the model very close to what the connective prediction model learns.
The overall improvement is likely due the connective prediction model having access to text before and after the connective, while the initial language generation model does not.
This finding points to future work on considering stronger discourse-related signals~\cite{ji2016latent} and stronger models for inferring relations.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{confusion2.JPG}
\end{center}
\caption{Confusion matrix for GPT-2 (vertical axis) vs.\ connective prediction model (horizontal axis). Darker color indicates more instances. (a): all \emph{changed} connectives; (b): sentences that the GPT-2 connectives are inconsistent with human labels, but the connective prediction model gave correct predictions; (c): sentences that the GPT-2 connectives are consistent with human labels, but the connective prediction model gave incorrect predictions. Changed connectives in the same relation class are also included.}
\label{fig:mat2}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
This work presents an assessment of discourse relations in organic and fine-tuned language generation from GPT-2. We find that the understanding of discourse connectives are present in these models but are limited, especially when the relation requires more inference. We present a post-processing strategy to replace generated connectives, such that they align better with human expectation.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work was partially supported by the NSF Grant IIS-1850153, and an Amazon Alexa Graduate Fellowship. We thank Shrey Desai, Greg Durrett, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: nginx Ingress in k8 baremetal - The plain HTTP request was sent to HTTPS port I have a virtual box K8 cluster of 3 master and 2 worker nodes.
K8 1.25.2
nginx Ingress version latest : https://docs.nginx.com/nginx-ingress-controller/installation/installation-with-manifests/
nginx is installed as daemon set
Ingress controller is installed.when I browse the HTTP site is gives a response back...but when I browse https it throws the subject error.
The service looks fine.
nginx-ingress   nginx-ingress   NodePort    10.105.102.110           80:30127/TCP,443:31946/TCP   2d11h
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            port:
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        path: /app2/
        pathType: Prefix

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Changes in Board Roles
Edenville Energy Plc (AIM: EDL), the AIM quoted company developing the Rukwa coal project in southwest Tanzania, is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr Alistair Muir as the Company's new Chief Executive Officer with effect from 1 November 2019.
Mr Muir joined the Company's Board as a Non-Executive Director on 25 September 2019 and has over 25 years operational experience within the mining industry, having spent the majority of that time working in the coal, uranium and iron ore sectors. He has extensive expertise in open-pit mine development, project evaluation and exploration, particularly in the coal and power generation sectors, having worked on both thermal and coking coal initiatives.
Rufus Short, will step down from the position of Chief Executive Officer on 1 November 2019 in order to be able to devote more time to family and other interests. He will continue as a Director of the Company in a Non-Executive capacity.
The Company also announces that it has appointed Buckingham Corporate Services Limited as its Company Secretary, replacing David Venus & Company LLP.
Jeffrey Malaihollo, Non-Executive Chairman of Edenville, commented: "I am pleased that we have someone of the calibre of Alistair to take on the role of Chief Executive. He has a wealth of operational mining experience, including in Tanzania. In particular his international coal mining experience, coupled with project management expertise, make him ideally suited to his new role as we continue to progress our flagship Rukwa coal project in Tanzania.
"I would like to thank Rufus for his contribution to the Company as Chief Executive as we moved from an exploration company to a coal producer. I look forward to continuing to work with him in his new non-executive role and benefiting from his valuable advice and assistance."
PrevPreviousTotal Voting Rights

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Besides the traditional dungeon-hopping and puzzle-solving, you get the fun of driving a train. But make no mistake: The tracks are filled with enemies and other tricks that make traveling much less tedious than you'd imagine. The game also features excellent battles, which have been a staple of the Zelda series going back to its origin.


Its unknown in the game and I assume we will never see what they look like even when invasion mode is complete, so speculation?
The icon is meant to be mostly emblematic, and something that the other races assign to the Obscura since they, too, have no idea exactly what the Obscura look like. The main thing that we know about the Obscura is that they are a particle-based life-form. Personally I imagine them looking like the cloud of nanobots in Prey by Michael Crichton, which could reform itself into a variety of shapes.
Huh, cool. BTW, are Obscura ever going to make an appearance again in another game?
Never say never! They don't feel right for SBR to me, but they might actually fit well as one of the primary antagonists in Life at the End of the Universe, now that you mention it. Huh. I hadn't thought of that until now. That's actually really interesting!
Aren't all life forms particle-based?
Sorry, I meant a collection of discrete semi-sentient particulate organisms.
wait life at the end of the universe? is that the new game from you guys I heard about on the great vine sometime ago?.
Ah, good old grey goo.
Semi-sentient particulate organisms, grey goo... Very interesting. I wanted to add the Vashta Nerada to this list (don't worry, I had to make some googling to find their name, I'm not that mad ).
Plot Twist: The Obscura is the AI from AI War.
@Pumpkin: That sounds absolutely terrifying! I read the article and... whoof.
@TheVampire100: Now you've said it so I can't do it. Interesting idea, though!
that sounds utterly bizarre incomprehensible and utterly ridicules should be pretty awesome and ill be more than happy to offer up my testing services again provided your actually doing that again of course.
Yeah, this series is an infinite well of ideas about SF.
@TheVampire100: Now you've said it so I can't do it.


text:
La selección femenina de rugby 7 de Escocia es el equipo que representa a la Unión de Rugby de Escocia en los campeonatos de selecciones nacionales femeninas de rugby 7

Palmarés

 Rugby Europe Trophy: 2017

Participación en copas

Copa del Mundo

 Dubái 2009: no clasificó
 Moscú 2013: no clasificó
 San Francisco 2018: no clasificó

Juegos Olímpicos

 Río 2016: 4.º puesto(*)
 Tokio 2020: 4.º puesto(*)
(*) Jugó como Gran Bretaña

Juegos de la Mancomunidad

 Gold Coast 2018: no clasificó
 Birmingham 2022: 6.º puesto

Serie Mundial

 Serie Mundial 12-13: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 13-14: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 14-15: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 15-16: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 16-17: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 17-18: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 18-19: 17.º puesto (1 pts)
 Serie Mundial 19-20: no clasificó
 Serie Mundial 21-22: 15.º puesto (4 pts)

Véase también

 Scottish Rugby Union
 Selección femenina de rugby de Escocia
 Selección de rugby de Escocia
 Selección de rugby 7 de Escocia
 Selección juvenil de rugby de Escocia
 Selección femenina de rugby 7 de Gran Bretaña

Referencias

Rugby 7
Escocia
Escocia
Rugby 7 Femenino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Every duplication of both code and manual tasks fosters inconsistencies and mistakes.
DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself" is valid since the very begin of software development � otherwise there wouldn't be subroutines or data normalization. Even though it is the most frequently disregarded principle. It is too simple to repeat code using copy & paste. Especially when it is meant to go quick this happens far too often.
Clean code developer practice in the red grade to regard this principle. They become aware when they repeat code or other artifacts. They recognize repetitions created by themselves or others. They clean-up repetitions by refactoring � as long as no other principles or limitations contradict.
Doing more than the obvious keeps customers waiting and complicates solutions unnecessarily.
To quote Albert Einstein: "Everything should be done as simple as possible, but not simpler". Prerequisite for evolvability of code is that code is comprehensible. Always prefer a simple, clear and easy to understand solution. It should ring an alarm if you won't understand you own code after a short period of time. Even more important is that other developers can understand the code quickly. Pair Programming and regular reviews support this. These provide also control if the simplest solution was indeed used.
Technical details drive temptation to head for a complex solution. If the well-known and obvious appears too boring, a complex solution might sneak in. Provided the simple solution works, it shall be favored. Same so for data structures. If IEnumerable will be sufficient, ICollection or even IList shall not be used.
Optimizations cost effort. Being aware of that often saves precious capacity for stuff the customer really benefits from.
Rule 1: Don't do it.
Rule 2 (for experts only). Don't do it yet.
More computing sins are committed in the name of efficiency (without necessarily achieving it) than for any other single reason � including blind stupidity.
Pathfinder rule does not mean to strive for code optimizations. It actually intends the opposite: Understandability and evolvability.
So a clean code developer should think at least twice before he starts to screw out another trickle of performance. For one thing he will decrease understandability, for another thing the optimization might be unnecessary for various reasons. If the performance leak is general issue, the next larger refactoring will probably take care of it as then is a global structural issue. Or the upcoming hardware generation smooths away the problem. Or the customer doesn't mind at all. Anyway the customer must have asked for optimization. No code change without a benefit expected by the customer � only for that he is willing to pay.
There is an even more fundamental rule beyond the decision against optimizations in cases of doubt: YAGNI � You ain't gonna need it. To its full extend that is part only of the blue grade.
If against any warnings and doubts a performance optimization was unavoidable, this should be started exclusively based on a detailed profiler analysis. Only if you identified the bottlenecks that way, you will be able to see if you resolved them during and after the optimization.
Composition promotes loose coupling and more flexible testability of a system.
There are two well-known candidates for functional reuse in object oriented programming (OOP): Inheritance (whitebox reuse) and composition (blackbox reuse). Reusing functionality by deriving from a class will make the subclass dependent from the parent class. In many cases a system becomes unnecessary complex, poorer to test and makes it difficult to switch functionality at runtime. In clean code development we consider the Liskov Substituion Principle (LSP) for correct inheritance.
With composition on class uses a different class. Doing that via a neatly defined interface promotes decoupling. Favor Composition over Inheritance asks you to prefer composition before dealing with LSP.
A broad symptom of code which is hard to change are deep hierarchies of functional dependencies. The decrease understandability and hamper both automatized tests and refactoring.
If a method contains both logic and calls to other methods, the total behavior will be no longer clear. The instructions are blurred over a possibly very deep hierarchy. Furthermore this kind of method has a tendency to grow unlimited.
Either a method contains exclusively logic, meaning transformations, control structures or API invocations. Then it's called an Operation.
Or a method does not contain any logic but exclusively calls other methods within its code basis. Then it's called Integration.
Methods tend to stay short. More than 10, 20 or 30 lines of pure logic or exclusively method calls "feel strange". As mixing is not allowed small methods will be extracted.
Short logic methods are easy to test as they don't have dependencies.
Short logic methods are relatively easy to understand. The methods name can drive the meaning.
Short integration methods are very well understandable and reveal what happens at first glance.
Correctness of integrations can be reviewed easily. Basically just the process order needs to be double-checked. Compiler and unit-tests of operations do the rest.
Integrations can be nicely expanded by inserting additional method calls. Understandability stays.
Any developer willing can apply IOSP off-hand. Also IOSP compliance is trivial to verify as integration and operation differ notably in form.
Read more to IOSP in free booklet "Messaging as a Programming Model�.
Establishing the CCD values needs time. Also it is difficult to apply the principles to the whole code base as a CCD rarely starts alone on a green field project. Therefore it is more realistic and more motivating to aim for tiny but continuous progress.
Accordingly the pathfinder rule belongs to the clean code development fundamentals. It says:\ Leave the campground cleaner than you found it.
Concerning software development that means: Clean code developers leave code in a better state than they found it. So after work accomplished code shall apply more to CCD values than before.
What exactly to be done is specific to situation and code � and of course to the grade currently worked on. A CCD in read grade would for an instance move code into version control, if it wasn't yet in there. And he would focus on eliminating any kind of redundancies which are violations of the DRY principle.
So a CCD will steadily try to heal weaknesses in the sense of CCD values wherever he finds it. In small steps. And naturally he will try hard to avoid weaknesses upfront. As said: Always at the level of his personal development.
This maxim is essential in the evolution of a CCD bearing broken windows theory in mind. According to that decay of quality in general starts with trifles which are ignored long enough.
Following the pathfinder rule no "broken windows" will be produced � and existing ones are repaired one by one. The pathfinder rule systematically eliminates fissures and bumps based on the CCD values, so that no further deposits are formed. This practice works proactively against code erosion which is so fundamental that it is included in red grade.
While eliminating symptoms brings quick relief, it costs more effort in the long run. You will be more efficient, if you have a look under the surface of problems.
A rule from the very first day as a CCD should be to always search for the root cause of an issue. Clean code developer do not consider themselves satisfied with healing symptoms. Example:\ Sorting data in memory is too slow. A symptom cure would strive for speed up single instructions or instruction blocks. Maybe unsafe code or parallelization becomes an option. A thorough root cause analysis would have shown that the chosen sort algorithm is the real culprit. Hard to understand low level optimizations hence can be avoided by choosing a better algorithm.
Root cause analysis serves understandability and effort reduction. This is because with knowing the root cause, clean-up tends to be less effert than curing symptoms. A CCD hitting a problem will pause to get himself a chance looking beyond the symptoms.
Root Cause Analysis is also known as "Five Why's". This term origins from the Toyota Production System (TPS) stating the basic idea to ask "Why?" five times.
Being afraid of damaging a running system paralyzes software development. Using version control that fear is obsolete and development can progress quickly and bravely.
It's a must for every CCD to protect his code using version control. If it is GIT, TFS, Subversion, Mercurial, VSS or Vault does not matter. Don't work on code without putting it under version control. Reason is simple: Version control removes fear. And absence of fear is prerequisite to bravely apply principles and practices of CCD values.
Version control eliminates fear to do something wrong and break the system. With code under version control a CCD can apply changes as desired without any fear to destroy the current state. Nothing will be lost. Version control is a time machine for code.
Hence version control is the very best basis for learning. Since learning means doing mistakes. You can do any mistakes with version control as safety net. So first requirement to step into clean code development is permanent use of version control.
If that is not possible in a project, the fundament for clean code development will not be there. Also there is no meaningful reason why use of version control should not be possible. It can go without costs and training efforts for the basic functions are minimal.
Improving code is easier if you know typical improvement patterns. Their usage scenarios sensitize for weaknesses in self-written code. As accepted patterns they encourage to be applied.
It requires smaller or larger interventions to leave code better than you found it. A CCD can do these without fear due to version control. But how can he do in the possibly easiest way?
Key is "Refactoring". Martin Fowler describes Refactoring as fundamental technique to increase code quality in his equally named book. In there he defines a bunch of code change patterns to eliminate "Code Smells" which is a metaphor for both suboptimal structures and general disregard of principles.
Extract Method refactoring is the centrally relevant on in red grade to satisfy the DRY principle. Clean code developer apply this refactoring to extract redundant code into a method.
Second refactoring to be applied when appropriate is Rename. It fits the pathfinder rule as a frequent filthiness are cryptic names in code.
Refactoring can be done manually or with tool support. Modern IDEs provide some built-in refactoring patterns. Further tool are listed in our Tools list.
"Refactoring" and "Clean Code" are required reading for clean code developers in the red grade.
There is no improvement, no progress, no learning without Reflection. But only if reflection is on the schedule, it will happen under daily business pressure.
Personal development is a central topic in clean code development. So it's about change: Every day the CCD values shall be integrated a tiny bit more in daily project business of the clean code developer. That is the CCD pathfinder rule applied to itself.
Walking such a way of change isn't easy, especially alone. So how shall you stay on track? How measure your progress?
Independent from project management input a CCD shall plan his work in a way that the tasks can be finished in one day. That way you can make a balance every evening. This again is important to avoid taking work after quitting time. This is required for recreation.
To consequently evolve a clean code developer shall reflect daily if he considered the CCD values of his current grade. For red grade this would be questions as: Are all code fragments under version control? Did I apply the DRY-Principle consequently? Did I in general leave code in a better state as I found it?
Don't mind if you hesitate to answer with yes or even have to say no. How hard you may have tried - sometimes it simply won't have worked.
Either start to amend until no violation of principles is left for the working day.
Or take the recognized violations on your next day's task list.
The CCD bracelet can help with reflection � of course only if you don't mind wearing a colorful silicon bracelet. Switch the bracelet to your other arm if you can't or don't want to eliminate a principle violation. So you deliberately indicate a difference between the grades requirements and your achievement. Don't misunderstand this as defeat or even penance. Intention is a haptic support of the learning process.
After not switching the bracelet arm for 21 days the CCD may move on to the next grade � the orange grade.


This article appeared on Forbes.com on September 6, 2011.
Effective, efficient provision of mobile broadband service is a complicated business. It is severely hampered by constraints of the government's own doing — both in terms of the government's failure to make available spectrum to enable companies to build out large-scale broadband networks, and in local governments' continued intransigence in permitting new cell towers and even co-location of cell sites on existing towers that would relieve some of the infuriating congestion we now experience.
If we lived in a world with only two cell phone providers who were trying to merge to become a monopoly, blocking that merger would be a no-brainer. And I don't see any reason to consider the 2-to-1 case a bright line. If there were three cell phone providers and two of them wanted to merge, that would still be something for antitrust authorities to give careful scrutiny.
Thankfully, our mobile communications market is relatively competitive, with four to six major carriers (depending on how you count). In an ordinary market like shoes or soft drinks, the case for blocking the merger of two out of six firms would be pretty weak, because we could be confident that consumers could shift to smaller competitors or new entrants should the largest incumbents do a poor job of serving their customers. But thanks to mismanagement by the FCC, only a small slice of the electromagnetic spectrum is available for the flexible, exclusive licenses needed to provide cell phone service. And the incumbents own most of it. Indeed, one of the arguments for the merger is said to be that it's the only way AT&T can get more spectrum. Those same capacity constraints make it hard for smaller competitors to obtain enough spectrum to pose a serious threat to the largest incumbents.
And this is particularly worrying because spectrum is increasingly becoming an essential input to the more competitive and strategically important IT sector. Our Droids, iPhones, and Kindles depend on spectrum to talk to the world, and the existence of robust competition among wireless network operators give Apple, Google, Amazon, and others leverage to build the kinds of devices they want and to get them into the hands of consumers. It's not a coincidence that T-Mobile, the smallest of the four national carriers, is known for having the most liberal handset policies. Consolidation in the wireless industry risks shifting the balance of power away from Silicon Valley toward the much less innovative wireless carriers.
Timothy B. Lee is an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute. He covers tech policy for Ars Technica and blogs at Forbes.com.


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171,313 total votes
Sherlock is a British television crime drama that presents a contemporary adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Created by Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, it stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and Martin Freeman as Doctor John Watson. ... more on Wikipedia
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November 01 | 3 min read
BitMEX Leaks Users Emails but Assures Customers Their Funds are Safe
Earlier today, Nov. 1, BitMEX accidentally disclosed its customers' email addresses to the rest of the world. This came out when BitMEX sent out an email update about its revamped indices weights system, and the recipients realized that they could see the email addresses of other people to whom the update was sent. It appears that the email addresses were placed in carbon copy [CC] rather than blind carbon copy [BCC] field.
Once it became aware of the incident, BitMEX issued an official statement on their website. They stated that they were doing everything they could to assess the damage this mishap may have caused. Many influencers recommended on Twitter that others should also change their change their email addresses and passwords associated with the account and enable 2-factor authentication as their BitMEX accounts may now be compromised. Meanwhile, Twitter user TheCrypt0Mask has been searching through the email database, claiming that he found about 200 passwords from earlier hacks on other platforms.
The exchange has, on average, about 22 thousand daily users, so the public did not take the potentially massive privacy breach lightly. Shortly after the news of the incident came out, the BitMEX Twitter account was taken over, with hackers tweeting "Take your BTC and run. Last day for withdrawals," followed by a short but succinct "Hacked."
Another Twitter account claimed that it had access to hundreds of thousands of customer records, including people who are well known in the cryptocurrency realm, and started posting their names and addresses, some of which have since been checked and confirmed to be real.
The exchange quickly responded to the hack by disabling withdrawals for customers who did not have the 2FA enabled or and reassuring its users that, "while the trolls may target our Twitter account, you may rest assured that all funds are safe."


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Ɇ̱̈ (minuscule : ɇ̱̈), appelé e barré tréma macron souscrit, est un graphème utilisé dans l'écriture du chinantèque d'Ojitlán. Il s'agit de la lettre Ɇ̱ diacritée d'un tréma et d'un macron souscrit.

Utilisation

Représentations informatiques
Le e barré tréma macron souscrit peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode suivants :
 décomposé (latin étendu B, diacritiques) :

Sources

Voir aussi
 E (lettre)
 Barre inscrite
 Tréma
 Macron souscrit
 Alphabet latin

Lettre E diacritée
Lettre latine comportant un tréma
Lettre latine comportant un macron souscrit
Lettre latine comportant une barre inscrite


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REPORTING ON THE
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Revenues, profit up for Speedy
By Joe Malone2018-05-17T10:07:00+01:00
Successful acquisitions and a strong UK market were cited as key drivers for Speedy Hire's latest financial results, which saw its annual revenues grow 6.4%, to £371.6 million (€540.15 million).
The company has acquired Prolift Access Limited and Platform Sales & Hire Limited over the last 12 months, which has boosted its powered access offerings. Speedy said the synergies created by these acquisitions had occurred earlier than expected.
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) also rose 15.7% for Speedy over the 12-month period, to £73 million (€83.61 million), dating from 31 March 2017 to 31 March 2018. Its net debt also decreased 2.8%, to £69.4 million (€79.49 million).
Speedy's asset utilisation in the UK and Ireland improved by 7.6% to 55.4%, while its average fleet age reduced to 3.8-years-old, from 4.2-years-old.
Russell Down, Speedy's CEO, said, "We are delighted with these results which reflect a strong operational performance, robust capital management, the benefits of the strategy which was launched in September 2015, the impact of our recovery initiatives and some earlier than expected acquisition synergies.
"The market remains competitive; however the current year has got off to an encouraging start with revenue ahead of the comparative period on a like for like basis. Whilst we are early into the new financial year, and some of the benefits from the acquisitions have been realised, we are confident of delivering further progress in the year ahead in line with our current expectations."
International Rental News - November-December 2019
Delivered directly to your inbox International Rental Newsletter features the pick of the breaking news stories, product launches, show reports and more!
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Speedy boosted by SME business
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Speedy launches 4 hour London delivery
Company extends 'Capital Committment' initiative launched earlier this year.
Speedy sees rise in SME business
Increase in 'high margin' SME business offsets lost revenues from Carillion
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Fan Forum > TV Shows - Past > Gilmore Girls > Gilmore Girls General Discussion Thread #15
Pages < 1 2 3 4 >
Yeah, if you just ignore Christopher, it's a really nice episode.
Originally Posted by atwoodsmariano (View Post)
that was a good Christmas episode minus Christopher
I can't enjoy all of the scenes, not even the Lorelai and Rory scenes, that feels so wrong and different and the GiGi being there doesn't help. I love the character reference though, that was the real Christmas present.
atwoodsmariano
I actually came to like Gigi in season 7
"You know Ernest only has lovely things to say about you."
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Even as a spoiled little brat I didn't like GiGi who painted Lorelai's floor Since then I haven't been able to associate anything good with her. The actress is super cute, but I also have to admit that I don't like GiGi because she is Christopher's daughter and I can't stand him. And Lorelai with GiGi, that doesn't fit.
Gigi is an annoying kid, but I like to think once she got older and realised what a crap dad Chris is, she made the decision to go live in Paris with her mother, and that's where she appears to be in the revival. Literally choosing to live in a different continent than to live with her dad lol. Chris is just that terrible.
I mean yeah I think everyone disliked her in that episode in season 6 but I came to like her more in season 7 because she seemed to become more well adjusted
^ Yes, that's true.
I don't know, maybe it's just me, but I always had the feeling that Lorelai seemed strange with her - when she went to Paris and she talked to GiGi in front of the door, it seemed so wrong... Maybe that borrows from the whole Chris thing, I find her so unbearable, but to see this kid with Lorelai is so strange. I just like to see her with Rory, but even with April I loved to see her. April wasn't forced on her like that and she was Luke's child... It might sound strange, but I don't get warm with GiGi.
Does it make sense?
It totally makes sense. Gigi being around represents Chris and Lorelai being together, living together and making this attempt at a life together and I hate everything about that relationship. It was all so fake and awkward.
I also hate when Lorelai is with Luke and she told Chris that she would help him look after and fix things with Gigi. Uh, no Lorelai. Gigi isn't your problem, Chris has absolutely no need to be in your life unless it's something involving Rory. Let Chris fix his own problems and stop codling him. He's a terrible father, don't make him feel better about that. Let him feel guilty and call him out.
okay yeah I agree it felt awkward but I'm not going to hate on a kid
she didn't do anything wrong after Lorelai married Christopher
I do agree about the babysitting though
Jessy - I'm glad you like April
she's unfairly hated and I like her as a character
Last edited by atwoodsmariano; 12-28-2021 at 01:38 PM
It's not that I say I hate GiGi, precisely because she's a kid I can't say that, but I have an aversion to her and that never stops.
I like April and don't understand the hatred. April is a cool, easy-going, very funny girl who has a right to her father and she wasn't to blame for the breakup of LL, that was Luke's fault because he pushed Lorelai away because of April. April liked Lorelai and has never felt these problems Luke saw, April was totally open to Lorelai. But we also know that Luke only used April as a reason because he had unspoken fears.
@onebreath
It's good that someone understands me.
I absolutely agree with you when it comes to babysitting and where she goes to his home to help him with GiGi. It's not her problem, Chris has to finally learn to grow up and Lorelai has to stop trying to save him all the time.
I guess for me personally I just liked her more in season 7 but that's okay everyone feels differently
Great points made about April. I don't get the hate either.
I adore April. Plus, it's the opposite effect April has on me compared to Gigi. I can't ever dislike April because she is Luke's daughter. But Gigi being Christopher's daughter, is what gives me this aversion to her. Rory is a different story, because I really only see her as Lorelai's daughter, since Christopher is a no good deadbeat dad.
I guess personally I just see her more as Rory's half-sister than like Christopher's daughter
can separate it to a certain degree
but that's me
I don't dislike her because she's Christopher's daughter
just disliked her in that episode in season 6 because of her behavior
discussion , gilmore girls


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Artist's rendering of the C4. It's not your grandfather's CTLS. Image courtesy Flight Design.
Although this isn't an LSA story per se, it comes out of Flight Design, the top-notch, top-selling LSA company in America, so I thought you'd be interested to know the company debuted its C4 4-seater at Aero last month and just came out today with some pricing and delivery numbers along with some specs. *** Perhaps the most interesting number to me is the $250,000 "target" price for the American market, along with a €220.000 price for Europe and the rest of the world outside the U.S. *** When's the last time we saw a new, state-of-the-art 4-seat airplane at a price close to that? *** Also noteworthy is the minimal disparity between the overseas and U.S. prices, reflecting the company's desire to minimize (yea verily, to almost negate!) the currently soaring euro/dollar exchange rate imbalance. *** Some interesting details about the all-carbon fiber composite airplane: • Engine choice: two engine options to best suit fuel availability and cost in the owner's region: either a traditional aviation engine that can run on auto fuel, or a turbo diesel engine that burns Jet A fuel. Actual engine brands have yet to be finalized. • Avionics suppliers are still being firmed up as well. • First Delivery: Set for 2013 • Early Bird Buyers: At Aero, more than 30 C4 orders were taken. Orders and deposits are now accepted online or through Flight Design's worldwide network of dealers. ••• Specifications: (subject to flight test confirmations) include useful load of 1,320 lbs.; • maximum take-off weight of 1.200 kilograms (2,640 pounds); • max cruise of 160 knots @ 6,000 feet MSL. • Range of 1,200 nautical miles with the avgas engine at 65% power or… • 1,700 nautical miles with the diesel engine at 55% power; • Fuel capacity: 70 gal. • Cockpit dimensions: 52″ wide, 47″ at rear seat, head clearance in rear for a 6 foot 7 inch passenger.Matthias Betsch, CEO of Flight Design, says this: *** "Our ongoing customer surveying shows us that price tops the demand list from customers and we believe our prices can result in sales volumes of 200 to 500 aircraft per year." *** As I've noted here before, if you'd like to put in your $.02 in the design/configuration process, you can still do that as the final design is still in flux: Get involved in the survey. You might even win a Garmin aera 500 GPS for your trouble. *** Flight Design plans to certify the C4 to several international standards ensuring compliance with both EASA and FAA regulations. *** The German company has already successfully gone through several rigors including LAMA and ISO audits. It also just gained EASA Design Organization Approval that permits it to progress on its own schedule with only oversight monitoring from EASA, which minimizes a lot of cost and time drag on the process. *** Best of success to this progressive company which has done so much to help establish the LSA movement in America with its quality aircraft and broad and growing sales and service network.


Download important combinations,b.v. Full text of " Important Combinations (Part 1) BV Raman " . 4 THREE HUNDRED IMPORTANT COMBINATIONS Lord of 1, Lords of 5 and 9 and Lords . BV Raman Series THREE HUNDRED IMPORTANT COMBINATIONS *- B.V. Raman THREE HUNDRED IMPORTANT COMBINATIONS Bangalore Venkata.
He will be compelled to in squalid and unhealthy houses. When the 10th lord is in Dusthanas he will lose his vitality and is therefore said to confer on the native just those qualities which render him insignificant in the eyes of the public. This rsman one of the several Akriti Yogas dealt with by the great Varahamihira. Poverty is the hot combinaions of crime and vice and the imperious sensations of hunger and thirst drive him to dis- graceful acts.
Thus Jupiter has given rise to two yogas. The same result can be judged if the lagna and importqnt lord have acquired a large number of dry vargas or divisions such as Rasi, Hora, etc. One born in this yoga may become a member of Municipality and engineer or if the yoga is really powerful, a mayor.
If, say, three factors are necessary to make up a certain yoga, the presence b even one or two cannot but suggest that the yoga does operate, may be feeble.
It is of course somewhat difficult to conceive of a planet occupying a particular house identical with a friendly Navamsa since two sets of combinations are given. It will lack the requisite power of resistance so that the native falls an easy prey to disease.
But it seems to have capacity enough to add financial stability. I would give here two typical horoscopes illustra- tive of the different variations in Gajakesari.
Prom Chandra Saturn is a yogakaraka, The results of the yoga may find expression m a large measure m Sani Dasa particularly in Sukru Bhukthi. A pureh beneficial Vasumathi Yoga cannot occur in a much as, in very rare instances all the fou ay as can be occu oon or ercury cannot make the person possess appearance.
Ayatnadhanalabha Yoga — to Amala Yoga 14 Parvata Yoga Sup- pose Lagna is Kanya lmportant the lord is in Makara Navamsa. The lagna must be in Vaiseshikamsa and the strong 2nd lord should be associated with the fifth lord. In other words, while both Hamsa and Malavya are Raja Yogas, the former makes one more idealistic, spiritual, broad-minded and selfless cobminations the latter indi- cates love of pleasure, and a predominantly materialistic outlook of life.
In later life renunciation and austerity. The benefics or benefic lords are I lord of Lagna, rmaan lords of the 5th and 9th, and 3 lords of kendras or quadrants, when they are natural malefics. The Yoga is said to become defunct if a benefic aspects the ascendant lord. Rahu un Saturn Venus Navamsa.
V an chanacb orabh eetb i If no benefic is present, then Amala is not caused. He was universally beloved and respected. Kushtaroga Yogas — Lagna Combibations at a.
Fertile brains find countless raan to cheat their associates. Take the Moon in Taurus and Mars in Scorpio. There will be thirty-one varieties of Sunapha, and an equal number of Anapha combinations and combinatioons are something like varieties of Dhurdhura. Human life falls under two grand divisions— Yogas and Arishtas, or fortunes and misfortunes. In all these cases, apart from how a yoga is defined, the disposition of the karaka should receive prime consideration.
All the planets must occupy exclusively movable signs, or exclusively fixed signs or exclusively common signs to give rise to these three yogas.
On the Mahabhagya Yoga 55 contrary. When Pisces is Lagna, Mars owns the 2nd and 9th houses while he owns the 1 st and 8th when Aries is Lagna. Thus we require the following details for purposes of interpreting yogas. Combiantions poor man leads a wretched life. Therefore, to meet such different tastes and angles presents difficult problems of authorship, especially that a book dealing with the practical aspect of astrology should not merely aim at an uncritical exposition of the subject-matter.
Amala is prominently marked by the presence of Venus and Mercury in the 19th from Lagna and Jupiter in the 10th from the Moon. He is in Pisces; lord of this sign, viz.
Being the head of millions of Hindus, several Rajas and Maharajas used to prostrate before his feet.
This is a powerful Sunapha Yoga capable of giving rise to much wealth. Mosala Yoga 9 9 eaman Obviously quite the reverse holds good in case of papavesi. Of the seems to be the least the fruits of his labours 9 0 clue usthanas can c ow the above yogas has ascribed very quite the contrary have been the sara and Lomasa do not seem ur the conception that the sting arising from an evil lordship can disappear entirely as a result of the lord occupying another Dusthana.
In such a case the son only brings invisible luck to the father. The 3rd house and the 3rd lord have governance over brothers. From Chandra Saturn is a yogakaraka.


This place has the benefit of a bar which you don't get at most youth hostels. All the rooms here have an en suite bathroom and accommodate between 3-4 people per room. It's situated in a quiet part of town, but within walking distance to the castle, the lake and all other necessities a backpacker may need. The hostel offers breakfast for guests, use of the internet, a laundry service, rent-a-bike and a variety of tours and activities can be booked at reception. Half- and full-board is also available.


DDC Laboratories India has now reached in the city of Kadapa. DNA Test in Kadapa Andhra Pradesh can be undertaken for both legal and personal purposes.
DNA Diagnostics Kadapa is a AABB Certified laboratory.
DNA test is helpful in case of unidentified and mysterious bodies. Disasters, wars and natural calamities cause mass deaths and sometimes, over the period of time, bodies decompose and cannot be identified.


Delivered over 42,000 petition signatures urging the U.S. Trade Representative to release the texts. Over 24,000 were presented during a media event with speakers from the Texas AFL-CIO, Lone Star Sierra Club, Communications Workers of America Local 6215, and then delivered to Assistant USTR Carol Guthrie. Later in the week, CTC hand-delivered an additional 18,000+ to lead U.S. negotiator Barbara Weisel during a stakeholder briefing, at which point she publicly stated USTR's new position that "constantly evolving TPP chapter texts cannot be released to the public" — a rollback in transparency from both the current World Trade Organization negotiating process and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) of more than a decade ago.
Followed up on the petition with a high-energy "TPP: Out of the Shadows!" rally and march. The demonstration started with a rally trade justice advocates from across Texas and the Pacific Rim. More than 300 people then marched over into the parking lot of the hotel where negotiators were meeting, before they were stopped by police. Texas AFL-CIO President Becky Moeller led the march by asking "What are they trying to hide?," and CTC Executive Director Arthur Stamoulis led the crowd in a spirited "mic check" directed at negotiators.
Conducted a wide range of educational activities, including a teach-in moderated by the Dallas Peace Center, with fantastic presentations by Lori Wallach (Global Trade Watch), Celeste Drake (AFL-CIO), Ilana Solomon (Sierra Club) and Sanya Reid Smith (Third World Network). CTC staff also participated in a CWA-hosted telephone town hall, as well as meetings and events throughout the week with the Steelworkers, Teamsters, Building Trades, Sierra Club and Occupy Dallas. Occupy even live-streamed the May 12th rally.
Separate from CTC's efforts, a number of independent activists also carried out a variety of stunts throughout the week, including a Yes Men award presentation; replacing hotel toilet paper with special TPP TP; projecting transparency messages onto the side of the hotel; putting flyers under negotiators' hotel room doors; and more.
The next round of TPP negotiations will be in the United States from July 2 – 10, 2012, widely rumored to take place in Los Angeles.


I've heard of important political decisions being made in green silk boardrooms, but this is the first time I've ever been involved in a decision made in a community center kitchen.
Oh well. Hail democracy in action! My precinct alone had nearly 120 people show up. (Dylan, by contrast, noted that one year he was part of a caucus of three.) 120 people in an industrial kitchen makes for not a lot of breathing room, so we escaped after the initial tallies were reported. There's still an ongoing discussion of how to assign our district's 'fractional' delegate, and I wish them well of it.
Send in your caucus stories. Other Metroblogging authors will be reporting in through the afternoon, I'm sure.
If precinct 1362 is any indication, our caucus, which had a total of 7 delegates, voted 6-Obama, 1-Clinton (after an earlier 5-Obama, 1-Clinton, 1-Undecided). I believe our precinct had 70-something people?
Kinda disorganized from the get go but was stunned by the turnout in so many places including my precinct in Ballard.


Things are heating up in the 6FootStories camp. After a quiet couple of months of hibernating and incubating, we are extremely pleased to announce that we will be taking Soften the Grey to the Edinburgh Fringe this summer! In what will be an extremely busy period for us, we will be performing for ONE WEEK ONLY at the Space @ Surgeons' Hall, from Monday 18th - Saturday 23rd August.
Last summer's festival tour of the show was a joyous experience, but we came away feeling that we needed to be in Edinburgh to give the play the lift-off it deserves. It's also been far too long since any of us visited the gorgeous city. Jake was last there in 2011 with our friends All The Pigs, and Nigel hasn't been up since 2009!
We'll be posting more news when we have it, as well as updates on other proects like Boomtown Fair and our autumn tour. But for now, let's enjoy the sun and begin the countdown to Edinburgh!


Let's be grateful for the 'milk and honey' in this Hari Raya!
Malaysia is a land of 'milk and honey', generally most Malaysians are grateful for this good fortune. But there are a few who are not satisfied with what they have been enjoying. They have grown greedy and want to grab more for themselves. To achieve their selfish aims they resort to stirring up racial sentiments in the hope they can keep the 'milk and honey' all to themselves.
Let us hope our Muslims friends will pray for tolerance and good sense to prevail in this blessed country of ours in the mosques throughout the nation today.
For this good life to continue to flourish we Malaysians need to keep a constant mindfulness of keeping the racial unity. This unity, which was Malaysia's trademark, has been tarnished in recent years. Many self-serving politicians, with evil intent, twist everything into racial terms to stir up racial hatred amongst Malaysians to sustain their own positions.
Let us ignore these political vultures and their covetous cries. Let us allow good sense, good will and mutual respects prevail in our attitudes to one another. Let us, the common Malaysians show the way to reclaim the prideful 'trademark' for Malaysia!
SELAMAT HARI RAYA ADILFITRI TO ALL MUSLIM MALAYSIANS!


text:
Un milieu est dit aérobie s'il contient du dioxygène. Le terme aérobie s'applique le plus souvent à un système (par exemple un organisme vivant ou un moteur) qui a besoin de dioxygène pour fonctionner. Le mot est forgé à partir du grec ancien : , « air » et , « vie ».

En biologie
L'aérobie désigne la capacité (ou le besoin) d'un organisme (ou d'un micro-organisme) à se développer dans l'air ambiant. En termes plus techniques, on définit un organisme aérobie comme un être vivant dont la voie métabolique de production d'énergie peut utiliser le dioxygène  comme accepteur d'électron.

Dans le monde vivant, il existe deux grandes sources d'énergie :
 la lumière pour les organismes phototrophes, comme les plantes vertes et certaines bactéries ;
 les composés organiques pour les organismes chimiotrophes, comme tous les animaux, la plupart des micro-organismes et les plantes non photosynthétiques.

L'extraction d'énergie des composés chimiques se fait chez les chimiotrophes par une série d'oxydoréductions, partant de composés organiques (comme le glucose) capables de donner des électrons, passant par une chaîne de transporteurs et aboutissant à un accepteur final d'électrons qui peut être l'oxygène, un composé organique ou minéral.
 Aérobie obligatoire : lorsque le dioxygène  est obligatoire pour la vie, on parle daérobie stricte ou obligatoire. La demi équation d'oxydoréduction du couple /HO est :  + 4 e− + 4 H = 2HO.
C'est le cas de l'homme ou du bacille de Koch (BK), responsable de la tuberculose. C'est pour cette raison que le BK s'installe dans des parties du corps riches en oxygène comme les poumons ou encore certaines parties du cerveau.
 Anaérobie : si l'organisme peut subsister en l'absence de dioxygène.
 Aéro-anaérobie facultative : si l'organisme utilise du dioxygène comme accepteur d'électrons mais peut s'adapter à l'absence de dioxygène. C'est le cas d'Escherichia coli et de la majorité des micro-organismes capables de coloniser l'organisme humain.
 Anaérobie obligatoire : si l'organisme ne peut utiliser l'oxygène et est de plus empoisonné par lui, comme chez la bactérie Clostridium botulinum.

Chez l'homme, la voie principale de l'extraction d'énergie du glucose appelée glycolyse, se fait dans le cytosol des cellules. Elle peut utiliser l'oxygène s'il est disponible (aérobiose) mais elle peut aussi s'en passer (en anaérobiose). La glycolyse réalise en une série d'étapes l'oxydation du glucose conduisant au pyruvate.
glucose + 2 NAD+ → 2  + 2 (NADH + H+)
Lors d'un exercice musculaire, les premières minutes se font en anaérobie. Puis le processus aérobie se met en route si les cellules sont correctement oxygénées par la respiration. Le pyruvate pénètre dans les mitochondries et entre dans le cycle de Krebs et la chaîne respiratoire pour produire une grande quantité d'ATP. Mais si l'exercice musculaire est très intense et prolongé, les cellules produisent un complément d'énergie par une voie anaérobie, conduisant au lactate.

En aéronautique
Le terme aérobie est utilisé en aéronautique, dans le domaine de la propulsion. Un moteur aérobie utilise le dioxygène de l'air ambiant comme comburant pour son fonctionnement.

Comme en biologie, le terme anaérobie désigne les propulseurs utilisant un comburant autre que le dioxygène de l'air ambiant.

Sport
Dans le monde du sport, il est courant d'utiliser le terme de filière ou voie « aérobie » pour les efforts d'endurance. Cet usage provient de l'origine métabolique de l'ATP durant ce type d'effort qui est majoritairement oxydative (métabolisme mitochondrial).

En réalité, le muscle n'est jamais en réelle anaérobiose à l'effort (personne en bonne santé) donc le terme anaérobie est inapproprié pour la cellule musculaire humaine a contrario de certaines bactéries.

Durant un effort physique, le métabolisme oxydatif est utilisé en permanence quel que soit l'effort et c'est sa part relative qui varie. Plus l'intensité augmente et plus la cellule doit suppléer par la fermentation lactique et l'utilisation du stock de créatine phosphate pour régénérer l'ATP.

Plus encore, on sait aujourd'hui que la créatine phosphate fait office de relais énergétique entre la production mitochondriale d'ATP et son utilisation cytosolique.

On peut parler de métabolisme oxydatif ou « aérobie » pour les réactions couplées du cycle de Krebs et de la chaîne de transport des électrons. Le cycle de Krebs est initié à partir de l'acétyl CoA en provenance de la bêta-oxydation ou du pyruvate produit lors de la glycolyse. Compte tenu du coût supérieur en oxygène du métabolisme lipidique, le métabolisme glucidique est dominant à haute intensité.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Type énergétique

Propulsion des aéronefs
Écologie des populations
Respiration cellulaire


Me = Male, 135 Ib, 18 yrs.
I had acquired an unknown amount of AM-2201 powder from a source that will not be mentioned. I arrived at the residence of B, D, and E. We went swimming, and went on with events as they usually would. I mentioned to B (who is previously experienced with smoking synthetic cannabinoid mixtures) that I had an unknown amount of AM-2201. We decided that we would all split a joint of damiana/AM-2201. I put about .4 grams of damiana in the rolling paper, then sprinkled a nickel-sized amount of the powder throughout the mix. The joint was then rolled tightly and lit.
:30 - I began to feel a wave of calmness and lethargy sweep through my body.
1:00 - C. feels very heavy and lethargic, to the point where it is difficult to move.
3:00 - So far me, C, and D are feeling quite high, and notice little adverse effects. Nevertheless, it was quite intense.
3:30 - B. enters and takes a few large hits from the joint, and then leaves to go on his computer.
5:00 - The joint has been finished and C, D, and I were enjoying the effects, which were astounding. It was comparable to a frightening dose of dank cannabis, and some anomolous psychedelic.
7:00 - C. feels sick from the effects. He describes them as nausea, terror, and tripping. D. goes inside to get C. water, and is shocked to find B. sitting facedown in his chair. His symptoms were those of a mild seizure, and being completely incoherent. He began to vomit and dry heave as D. laid him on the floor. By this time B, C, D, and E are in a state of complete hysteria as to what was going on. I can still hear them screaming.
10:00 - 911 has been called, and B. is sitting up. He is still very incoherent and sick. Everybody is frantic and distraught.
15:00 - Paramedics and police arrive. Everybody is questioned, and B. is sent to the hospital in an ambulance.
Later that night, B. is back home and is safe. He later described his experience as a scene from Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, however he remembered little to none. We all were deeply disturbed and horrified that this happened to us, and we will never be the same. A few of us had a feeling that something really bad would happen in months beforehand. (Deja-vu, premonitions in dreams, etc.) This is something that I will never again relive. If you are going to use this drug, MAKE SURE YOU HAVE A MG SCALE. If you dose too high, quite frankly, your fucked.


All the major bleaching events, reports and debates surrounding Australia's most unique ecosystem, gathered into a comprehensive list.
THE GREAT Barrier Reef is being transformed at such a rapid pace it can often be hard to keep up. Back-to-back bleaching events, poor water quality, cyclones, climate change — all continue to stress the reef. Some argue it's to the point of no return. With the help of scientists from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian Geographic breaks down all the major stresses that have hit the Great Barrier in 2017 . . . so far.
The 2017 bleaching event, which saw two thirds of the reef devastated, was one of the worst-ever recorded on the Great Barrier Reef, second only to the bleaching event that occurred in 2016. The extent of the damage is still being assessed. Morgan Pratchett, a coral reef ecologist with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies explained that unlike the 2016 bleaching, the 2017 event impacted the reefs around Cairns, between Townsville and Lizard Island, which experience intensive tourism activity.
Jon Brodie, a water quality expert at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies told AG that the Adani coalmine will have negative impacts on the Great Barrier Reef, mostly due to further increases in greenhouse gas emissions, but also damage through port and shipping impacts, which will have negative consequences for the terrestrial biodiversity of the reef. Coral reef experts overwhelmingly agree that federal and state governments should not allow for the expansion of coal mining for this reason.
Late last month, Port Douglas tourism operator John Edmondson told the Guardian it was becoming harder to avoid exposing visitors to dead coral following the severe damages to key tourist areas. He fears that tourists will soon doubt the value of seeing the Great Barrier Reef, believing it to be too far gone. However, Morgan Pratchett notes that despite the recent degradation, there's still the opportunity to see some of the major draw cards for national and international tourists, such as turtles and whales.
Since its inception in 2015, the Reef 2050 plan has received fierce criticism from coral reef experts, mostly for the plan's failure to acknowledge the threats of climate change. Most recently, the new water quality management scheme—of critical importance to achieving the goals of the 2050 plan, was criticised by Jon Brodie, who said that the new plan for water management is inadequate. He added that the state government has been proactive with regard to the reef, but he anticipates that the upcoming state election may lead to the abandonment of the reef as a priority.
In July this year UNESCO decided for a second time that the Great Barrier would not be listed as 'in danger'. Coral reef experts have mixed opinions on this. Jon Brodie explained that there are positives to maintaining the reefs evaluation status as this forces the Australian Government to report on the reef's progress. This is even though the reports are misleading and incorrect in most ways, Jon added.
In June, results from an analysis by Deloitte Access Economics concluded that the economic, social and icon assets value of the Great Barrier Reef is approximately $56 billion. Additionally, economists found that the reef added $6.4 billion annually to the Australian economy and provided 33, 000 jobs just within Queensland. Some were hopeful this would put an end to 'economics vs the environment' arguments, however coral reef experts say that investment in management and conservation of the reef remains restricted.
Cyclones have a devastating effect on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. In March this year, Cyclone Debbie caused varying levels of damage along a path up to 100km wide, centred on the Whitsunday region. Quantitative data of the damage is yet to be published but scientists from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies confirmed that coral loss was extensive and severe. Morgan Pratchett explained that events such as Cyclone Debbie cause debris to fall over coral, literally smothering them. "There is limited prospect of any recovery until these sediments are cleared or consolidated," Morgan said.
The corals of the Great Barrier Reef.
In pictures: a close-up view of the Great Barrier Reef's bleaching.


You spend a lot of time and money ensuring that your home or business is clean and safe for your family, friends, employees or customers, but what about the air? Your home's heating, ventilating and cooling (HVAC) systems circulate air via ductwork throughout your home. Dirt, particles, dust and dander build up over time in the metal air ducts that deliver cool and warm air from your furnace and air conditioner. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been unable to prove or disprove the notion, many understandably believe that particles circulate into your indoor air when air blows though dirty vents.
Rainbow International's professionals use the most advanced tools and equipment in the industry and apply systematic duct cleaning best practices honed over 30 years in the business. We put the highest value on open communication and customer service, and we fully inspect your ductwork before going ahead with full HVAC cleaning.
Call your local Rainbow International at (855) 724-6269 or schedule an appointment online.
Mold: If you see mold or other microbial growth on the ductwork, that's certainly worth addressing. Keep in mind, those substances that appear to be mold should still be confirmed by laboratory analysis. You should also take steps to change conditions in and around the ductwork to prevent future mold growth, such as replacing wet insulation. Get more information regarding Rainbow International's Mold Removal and Mold Remediation Services.
Pests: Rodents, insects and other pests may decide to call your ductwork home. If you hear scurrying feet or beating wings within the ductwork, air duct cleaning could resolve the problem.
Excessive Dust: Excess dust and debris built up in the ductwork could cause your home to become dustier. Ask your contractor to use a camera to check inside the ductwork for this problem and show you the evidence before they begin to clean.
The EPA says that indoor air is often many times more polluted than outdoor air. Many of these contaminants get stuck or even grow in the ductwork, possibly being re-circulated into the air you breathe. According to the EPA, "Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for mold, mildew and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home."
For more information about indoor air contaminants, check out our blog post How Clean is the Air You Breathe?
Inspect the system before cleaning, including checking to make sure no asbestos is present. If this is the case, special equipment is needed to remove it.
Lay protective covers over household furnishings and carpet during the cleaning process.
Vacuum out the ductwork and either exhaust the air to the outside or use equipment fitted with a HEPA filter if the vacuum exhausts to the interior.
Brush off duct surfaces with a soft-bristled brush to dislodge dust and debris.
Remove animal nests and other evidence of pests.
Remove any damp insulation that may have caused mold.
Seal and insulate the ductwork to prevent air infiltration. Re-insulate any access doors that were necessary to open for cleaning to take place, and any damp insulation that was removed.
Why Choose Rainbow International Duct and HVAC Cleaning Services?
For 30-plus years, our local teams have been assisting home and business owners reap the benefits of clean ductwork. Utilizing the most advanced equipment, innovative technologies and a built-in accountability system, our professional crews complete every job right, with an uncompromising commitment to service excellence and customer satisfaction. Put one of our local teams to work cleaning your ductwork. Call (855) 724-6269 to speak with a team member, or request a quote online.