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Tag Archives: assimilation
Swamping by Immigrants is Hardly Possible
December 6, 2015 Hansjörg Walther	15 Comments
Restrictionists often bring up a scenario where there are so many immigrants that natives become a tiny minority. In this post, I would like to show that under broad conditions this is not possible: immigrants will almost always remain a minority and will not even come close to becoming a majority. Even if they become a majority, it will not last long and that's only if you make rather extreme assumptions. Actual swamping with a huge majority of immigrants presupposes even more outlandish assumptions. It is not impossible, but more of a theoretical possibility. If you are afraid of such a scenario you can avoid it with a rather modest restriction on the number of immigrants that for most purposes is not too far from open borders.
In the following discussion, I understand the terms "immigrant" and "native" rather literally: an immigrant is someone who immigrates to a country from another country where he grew up (and so he is an adult or at most an adolescent), and a native is someone who grew up in the country or will grow up there. Even more literally, you could understand this as the distinction between those who are foreign-born and those who are native-born. However, this is a rather technical definition. E.g. the current CEO of Daimler, Dieter Zetsche, was born in Istanbul, so you would have to classify him as an immigrant from Turkey in this sense although he has lived in Germany since he was three years old. Whether you view someone as an immigrant or a native should probably depend more on where someone grew up most of the time. Therefore, I will classify also those as natives who come to the country at a very young age even if they were born abroad. If you have ever seen how fast young children can pick up a new language, this is perhaps not unreasonable. Even if you disagree with me and go for the narrower definition, the results do not change a lot.
You could also have a different view because you think that children of immigrants and maybe even their grandchildren and so forth stay close to the culture their ancestors came from. You might assume persistence for some or all of their traits and that also the descendents of immigrants remain foreign (at least for some time and to a certain extent). I will address the implications of such a broader definition below. But for the moment I would like to stick with the narrower definition and define anyone as native who has lived in the country from age 10 on, and all others I will classify as immigrants.
Why is swamping such a convincing scenario for many people? My guess is that they run a naïve analysis as follows: Suppose you have 100 million people in a country, and each year 5 million immigrate. In the following, I assume no population growth for natives and immigrants to make things more transparent. Then after twenty years, there are 100 million immigrants. It would seem that the total population has risen to 200 million, of whom now natives are only 50%. One year down the road, natives apparently become a minority. After a century, you might think there will be a total of 500 million immigrants, so natives make up only one sixth of the total population then. This would be a situation that people probably have in mind, when they speak of the threat of swamping by immigrants.
The problem with this reasoning is that it is false. This is so because the naïve analysis ignores two separate effects.
The first effect is that although each year another 5 million immigrate, the total number of immigrants in the country will not rise indefinitely as a naïve analysis might suggest. If immigrants come at age 25 and have a life expectancy of 80 years, then after 55 years the initial immigrants will have died out on average. Surely, there will be new immigrants, but after a little more than half a century, they only replace immigrants who came earlier. Hence, with a fixed number of immigrants per year, the total number of immigrants in the country will eventually level off. It is a mistake to extrapolate from the growth you see in the beginning to indefinite growth. Here is what it looks like (I use the stylized assumptions from my previous post "Misinterpreting Growth of Immigrant Populations" for mortality, and I assume that immigrants come at age 25):
The immigrant population grows linearly at first. But after about half a century, its growth slows down because previous immigrants die. After about 70 years, growth comes to a standstill, and the immigrant population stabilizes at about 288 million people (the exact number depends on my assumptions, my purpose here is only to demonstrate the effect, not its exact size in all situations).
The first effect is perhaps rather obvious once you have understood it, and it could easily be incorporated into the naïve analysis. So it would still seem as if natives end up in a minority of 1 to 2.88 or slightly more than a quarter of the total population. However, there is another effect that is even stronger and which starts to operate almost right away. And it is far less obvious. This second effect is the momentum effect that I have described in my previous post "Misinterpreting Growth of Immigrant Populations." Feel free to read the post for further details. I will explain the effect anyway in a few words, so you can get the thrust of it even without this background.
The momentum effect in the above scenario works like this. The 5 million who arrive in one year are mostly young people who will soon start a family. With replacement fertility (my assumption to focus solely on the momentum effect to the exclusion of other effects), they will have about one child per immigrant (two per couple) over the next years. This means there are not only the 5 million immigrants, but also an additional 5 million children who are, by my narrow definition, natives (some of them were technically born abroad, but entered the country at age less than 10). When the children are old enough they again have children. With replacement fertility, those are another 5 million people who are also natives. Hence you have 2 to 1 natives per immigrant. Since a few of the initial immigrants have died by then, the ratio is a little lower (1.76 to 1 with the stylized assumptions in my previous post). Here is what it looks like (note that in my previous post I looked at immigration in one year whereas here I have a fixed number of immigrants each year, so this is an overlay of many such one-time cases):
On the bottom you have immigrants (blue) as in the above graph (by assumption they come at age 25). The next two layers are their children (red), and their grandchildren (green). And the uppermost layer are all their further descendents (i.e. fourth and higher generations). As you can see, the first effect also applies to the second and third generations and for the same reasons, it only comes later. This becomes more obvious over 200 years:
The uppermost layer keeps growing because there is a constant influx of immigrants. Each annual cohort grows into a population 2.76 times as large and then levels off. This means no people are lost, and because there are new immigrants each year, total population keeps growing (eventually by 2.76 times annual immigration per year).
Now, by assumption, there was also an initial native population of 100 million. I will add them to the uppermost layer (basically, this is the assumption that fourth and higher generation immigrants are natives in any sense). Here's what you get:
Per my narrow definition only the lowest layer consists of immigrants, all the other people are natives. Here is how the share of immigrants in the total population develops over time:
At first, with more and more immigration, the share of immigrants rises. But after some time, their descendents start to expand the native population, so there is a deceleration until the immigrant share peaks slightly below 40%. Later, when the immigrant population stagnates and the population of their descendents keeps growing (plus the initial native population), the share of immigrants falls off again.
Now immigration of 5% of the initial population is very heavy. Why? As you can see in the above graph, total population grows to more than 12 times its initial size over a century. For a country like the US (circa 320 million in 2015), this would mean that population grows to about 4 billion over a century. Possible, but rather extreme as an assumption.
You might object that for smaller countries it could happen. It surely becomes easier. But take a country like Germany with currently some 81 million inhabitants. Its population would rise to one billion people with this level of immigration. But then population density might work as a limiting factor. Population in Germany is now at 226 per square kilometer (583 per square mile). If it went up by a factor of more than 12, then Germany would have an average population density as the most populated parts of Germany have right now. Or in other words: Germany would become one huge city. Possible, but again pretty extreme. And even then the share of immigrants in the total population would not exceed 40% ever. After a century it would even have fallen to below a quarter of total population. Compare this to the result from the naïve analysis how natives will be only one sixth of total population after a century.
Let's see how the maximum share of immigrants comes out for other levels of annual immigration, and how far one has to go out to achieve a maximum of 50% at least at the peak. Here's a graph with the number of immigrants per year in millions on the x-axis (reference population of 100 million), and the maximum share of immigrants on the y-axis:
Hence to reach a share of 50% immigrants in the total population (even if only for a short peak after which it falls off again), one would have to have 18 million immigrants each year for an initial population of 100 million. But that implies that total population (even with replacement fertility) will grow to about 45 times its initial size over a century. For the US, this would work out to a population of about 14 billion people, more than total world population according to most projections. And for Germany, it would amount to a population of more than 3.5 billion people. That's not impossible, but looks rather outlandish as a scenario.
The conclusion from all this is: For all practical purposes, there will never be a majority of immigrants. (I will discuss a few exceptional cases in the appendix, but those do not apply for large countries like the US or Germany. Or you have to make assumptions that would be much worse than swamping .)
Even if you are scared that immigration could become so strong that for a short time immigrants become a majority, all you have to do is introduce a limit on immigration of less than 18 million for an initial population of 100 million. 50 million per year would do for the US, and 14 million for Germany which is orders of magnitude above current levels (below one percent of the population, maybe this year slightly above for Germany).
Now, one objection could be that my definition of immigrants is too narrow, that also second generation immigrants or maybe even third generation immigrants would have to count as immigrants because they stay (partly) foreign. Here is the peak for the share of immigrants, of immigrants + second generation, and of immigrants + second generation + third generation, depending on the number of immigrants per year in millions (reference population 100 million):
The blue line is the line I had above for immigrants alone. The red line is for the first two generations together, and the green line for the first three generations together (the peak occurs at a later point in time, so you do not have these shares at the same time). As for the first two generations: they become a majority for about 1.25 million immigrants per year (initial population of 100 million). As for the first three generations, they become a majority for annual immigration of slightly more than 0.6 million immigrants per year.
Of course, it becomes easier and easier to achieve a majority, the more inclusive the definition of "immigrants" becomes. However, it would still only mean a majority at the peak before it falls off again. While a majority for immigrants is almost impossible, it is conceivable for immigrants + second generation, and even more so, if you add the third generation in. Restrictionists are concerned that a majority could change the culture materially or take the country over via the political process. This may sound more plausible if you assume a vast majority of immigrants who are perhaps rather foreign (but also that they are homogeneous or can easily overcome coordination problems). However, that is hardly possible if you have to include the second or even the third generation. It could only happen if you assume very slow assimilation. I will not pursue this here, but will address this point in a further post.
I only discussed the lowest level of "swamping" so far, i.e. that there is a majority of immigrants at some point in time. To get real "swamping", one would have to have a much higher share of immigrants. If swamping is something like a level of 80%, it is not possible for immigrants alone, or only under totally outlandish assumptions. It is still hard to achieve for the first two generations together because one would have to go to a level of at least 8.5 million immigrants per year (100 million reference population). And even for the first three generations together, one would have to assume 3.5 million immigrants each year for an initial population of 100 million.
As I already noted above: 5 million immigrants each year is a pretty extreme assumption, and even 3.5 million would still mean that total population grows to more than 9.5 times its initial size over a century. For the US, this would amount to more than three billion people. However, here is what the population structure at the peak after 65 years would look like: 31% immigrants, 33% second generation, 17% third generation, and 19% fourth and higher generations plus initial natives and their descendents. Even with moderate assimilation (e.g. a quarter per generation), the effective share of natives (natives in a narrow sense plus the assimilated part of the first three generations) would be a clear majority even in this scenario. As I said, I will leave a more thorough discussion to a further post. But maybe my conclusion is already clear: only with very low assimilation or even reverse assimilation (i.e. of natives to the immigrant culture) can such a swamping scenario play out with very high immigration. Cultural and political results would also presuppose that immigrants are very homogeneous or at least easy to coordinate.
Let me just sum up the main results of this post:
Under broad assumptions, serious swamping by immigrants is practically impossible. A slight majority at the peak presupposes very high levels of immigration and is also hardly possible. For the first two generations to achieve a majority, you still need rather extreme levels of immigration. Maybe you could see a majority for the first three generations together, but then you also have to make an assumption of very slow assimilation and rather homogeneous immigrants to find this concerning. Even moderate assimilation over three generations would mean that the effectively native part of the population remains a clear majority.
As I noted above, there are some exceptional cases where something like "swamping" can come to pass. I would like to address them here and also why they are irrelevant for large countries like the US or Germany.
You can have swamping for new settlers on uninhabitated land: there are simply no natives, so the settler culture will prevail by default. This can happen especially in agricultural societies with little need to cooperate with other settlers of a different origin. But then, such a case does not apply for the US or Germany now.
A similar case would be after ethnic cleansing: In a first step you drive away the previous population or kill them off, and then you resettle the new land. You can make such an assumption, but then you should be less concerned about swamping and more about ethnic cleansing and even genocide. And you would have to explain how this is a realistic scenario.
Another variant is if immigration exceeds initial native population by orders of magnitude. E.g. there were a few million Native Americans in what it now the US, and then there was immigration of ten times as many people or so. In addition, there was hardly any incentive or opportunity to assimilate to native culture, so also all descendents remained foreign (as viewed by Native Americans). However, immigration of ten times the current population to the US would mean more than 3 billion immigrants. With the momentum effect, this would build up to an additional population of more than 7 billion. Or in other words: after two generations, everybody in the world would be in the US. Possible, but perhaps a little extreme as an assumption. And then there is no reason to believe there would be no incentive or opportunity to assimilate to American culture. Quite the opposite.
Small countries (more like city states or smaller) can have very high rates of immigration and hence a high share of immigrants, simply because they are so small and it does not take a lot of immigrants. Examples would be American Samoa (40,000 inhabitants and 71% immigrants) or the Carribean Netherlands (12,000 and 66%). However, note: for this to be sustainable you have to have very fast population growth. An example would be New York City where population in 1900 was more than 50 times population in 1800. But again, that cannot happen for large countries or countries which have some constraint for population density.
A funny example, and perhaps the only real example where "swamping" occurs is a country with fertility of 0 and regular immigration. The native population keeps dying out and is being replaced by immigrants. Actually, there is such a country: the Vatican which has 100% immigrants. Strangely enough, no one believes that the culture of the Vatican suffers from this "swamping."
My argument relies on the momentum effect. If it does not apply or only to a lesser degree then the share of immigrants can become larger. There are several cases where this is possible: (1) The country is a destination for pensioners: they won't have any children and their previous children might not want to join them. This case is similar to the Vatican. (2) Immigrants who are not allowed to bring in their families. This is the typical situation for the Gulf States where the share of immigrants can be very high: UAE with 84% immigrants, Qatar 74%, and Kuweit 70%. However, this is atypical because it depends on temporary immigration which makes concerns over cultural change or a political takeover a moot point. With permanent immigration the above arguments apply. (3) Immigration of the whole population pyramid including older generations. This can happen with refugees who are forced from their homes. An example of a country with a high share of immigrants because of refugees is Jordan with about 40% immigrants. In this case, there is no or only a mild momentum effect. But note: you also need a rather small country and the share will fall from there because it is hard to sustain the necessary levels of immigration over time. (4) A milder variant of this case is if immigrants come later in life or bring more of their older relatives in (but maybe not all of them). This attentuates the momentum effect and can lead to a higher share of immigrants. However, with a fixed absolute number it also means that effective immigration (people of reproductive age) is lower and the eventual level is lower.
If you exclude all exceptional cases with little import for large countries (thinly populated territories, city states with a hinterland that is not counted, the Gulf States regime) and focus on larger countries, the highest share for immigrants are in Switzerland with 29% immigrants and Australia with 28% immigrants. Although it might seem that those are rather low shares, according to the above analysis, the share of immigrants is already rather high. And a further increase hence presupposes much higher levels of immigration to approach 40% and 50%.
The share of immigrants can be higher with accelerating immigration, e.g. as a fixed percentage of a growing population. However, this means you get exponential growth for the total population instead of linear growth. This makes the situation even less sustainable.
You can have "swamping" by immigrants and all their descendents if there is no assimilation because their numbers keep growing and they remain foreign. With reverse assimilation (to the immigrant culture) the effect could be even stronger. An example would be the Roman Empire where there was a strong incentive for people in newly occupied territories to assimilate to the culture of the Roman "immigrants." Here immigrants were simply conquerors and it was important for the native population to assimilate to their culture. If you assume that your country is occupied and "immigrants" exert a pull towards their culture because they are in positions of power and wealth, you should be concerned about a military occupation in the first place, not swamping.
Miscellaneous Remarks
There seems to be something about Daimler and Turkey. Edzard Reuter, predecessor of Dieter Zetsche, was born in Berlin in 1928. Since his father was a well-known Social Democrat (mayor of Berlin from 1948 to 1953), the family had to flee Germany in 1935 and obtained asylum in Turkey where Edzard Reuter grew up from age 7 to 17. As far as I know he is fluent in Turkish. So you would have to count him as an immigrant from Turkey. Possibly that was his experience in 1945 although he, of course, also had a strong connection with Germany through his family.
If you insist on the share of the foreign-born and not just immigrants who grew up elsewhere, you would have to include the children brought along by immigrants. With my standard assumptions, an immigrant at age 25 brings 0.22 children along. So you would have to increase all numbers by about 22%. But then your assumption is that someone's birthplace has a deep influence on their development independent of where they grow up or who their parents are. If you think that the environment you grow up in is the most important aspect, then you would end up with my definition (up to small adjustments). And if you think that the important aspect is that parents influence their children, then you would have to look at immigrants and all their children, no matter where they were born. If you think both play a role, you have to take something in between. Classification as "foreign-born" has perhaps more to do with the fact that it is comparably easy to track someone's birth place versus where they grew up most of the time or what group their parents belong to.
"Swamping" is a vague concept, and it can mean different things to different people. One other sense might be that population in a country rises a lot, and that could have negative consequences. My arguments make such a scenario more probable because they show that immigration leads to more growth than the sheer number of immigrants alone. I can't have it both ways: If open borders means that many people have a chance to move to rich countries, then the population in rich countries will have to rise. And if a transfer of many people is optimal, then population will have to rise considerably. Assimilation to rather low native fertility in rich countries, mostly below replacement, might mitigate the effect, though, but only over a longer timeframe.
Impeding family reunion works somewhat like the immigration regime in the Gulf States: either children stay in the source country and so immigrants can become a larger share of the total population. Or children immigrate only after they have (partly) grown up in another country and so would have to count as immigrants, too. Keeping children out means that they will not grow up as natives. Since these are the same people, eventually numbers are the same, so such restrictions can only slow the initial build-up down, but do not change the end result. Likewise for bringing in parents and grandparents. They will not change the end result because they will not have an impact on further development.
One assumption that might look like a trick is that I work with replacement fertility. Maybe this is counterintuitive for some, but higher fertility of immigrants makes it even harder for immigrants to become a majority, let alone "swamp" the native population. Since there are now more children and even more grandchildren, immigrants themselves make up a lower share. So if you are concerned about swamping you would have to applaud high fertility. It also tilts the distribution towards those who have been longer in the country and hence are more assimilated.
One other conclusion from the discussion is that every new cohort of immigrants comes to a country that is overwhelmingly native in culture. There is also a strong incentive to assimilate. So there is hardly a chance that native culture will be replaced by some other culture. This is even more so because immigrants are not a homogenous population. Hence it is very plausible that native culture will serve as a lingua franca for various groups of immigrants. This contradicts Nathan Smith's vision of a country where there are huge masses of people who are not part of native culture (apart from that, I think Nathan Smith also misses the momentum effect and hence his scenario is also implausible in other ways, I will get back to that).
A Thought Experiment: Haitian Migration by Chris Hendrix.
Migration: how many, what kind, and why it matters by Vipul Naik.
Factors constraining migration in the short run following significant migration liberalization by Vipul Naik.
How far are we from open borders? by Vipul Naik.
assimilationpopulation momentumshort versus long runswamped
The Life of First-Generation Immigrants in Canada
April 20, 2015 My Visa Source	Leave a comment
As part of our efforts to better understand global migration, we accept submissions from people or groups who have experience or direct involvement with immigration. This post, submitted by My Visa Source, a Canadian immigration firm, examines the experience of first-generation immigrants to Canada.
Leaving your familiar homeland to live out your life in a new and radically different environment is an experience both difficult and rewarding. Despite the demands of learning a new language and cultural framework and the many risks inherent in the transition to a new country, millions choose to take up this challenge every single year.
Why Do People Choose the Life of a First-Generation Immigrant?
Few opt for the life of an immigrant out of a mere sense of adventure and curiosity. In most cases, one or more of the following factors will be involved in the decision:
The prospect of a better economic situation
The opportunity for the immigrant or his/her children to achieve important educational goals
The desire to be with relatives or friends who have already immigrated
Conditions of poverty, persecution, or discrimination in their native land
In sum, we could say that most immigrants are looking for a chance to live a better life. They often have not only their own futures in view, but also the future betterment of their children and grandchildren.
How Is a First-Generation Immigrant Defined?
"First-generation immigrant," as used here and in most other contexts, refers to a foreign-born individual who becomes a citizen or permanent resident of another nation. Some have used the term to refer to the first generation born in the new land, but we shall refer to that as "second generation" immigrant. In Canada, 55% of second generation immigrants had two foreign-born parents, with the remaining 45% having only one.
The National Household Survey of 2011 broke down the Canadian population as follows:
22% were first-generation immigrants
17% were second-generation
61% were third-generation or more
Where Do Most First-Generation Immigrants Live?
Over 80% of Canadian immigrant families live in major metropolitan areas like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. They are fairly evenly spread across the country, but British Columbia and Ontario are the only two provinces where first and second generation immigrants total over 50% of the population. Quebec and Newfoundland have significantly low numbers of immigrants.
How Long Does Assimilation Take?
Most second generation immigrants in Canada are fully assimilated, but those born abroad may take a life time to adjust to the culture. In the process, they will also contribute to the culture, enriching it and expanding it. Canadian immigrants come from over 200 nations of the world, so it is not surprising if many immigrants experience intense "culture shock" upon first arrival. Nonetheless, with a willingness to be flexible and learn new things, a greater "blending in" will inevitably occur with the passing of time.
One of the main challenges to Canadian first-generation immigrants is simply finding adequate employment. Studies of Canadian immigrants over the last 25 years have shown that linguistic, cultural, and informational barriers tend to make their employment opportunities fewer and lower-paying initially. In the long-term, however, immigrants actually out-perform their Canadian-born counterparts. Blending into the workforce, or "economic assimilation," is one important aspect of immigrant assimilation.
While immigrants to Canada were mostly from Europe, today most come from Asia. This has increased the linguistic and cultural "distance" at which immigrants begin assimilation, but this has not changed the fact that those born in Canada grow up well integrated into the new language and cultural systems. Even ethnic "visibility" decreases over time: 60% of first-generation immigrants to Canada are considered "visible immigrants," 30% of second-generation, and only 1% of third-generation. Finally, there is some debate as to whether Canada will be a "melting pot" or a "cultural mosaic" in years ahead. If the latter, the degree of assimilation required will be lessened.
How Strong are First-Generation Immigrant Families?
Most Canadian immigrants tend to have very strong familial bonds. Partly, this stems from the cultural milieu of their country of origin, but it also is tied in with the immigrant situation. A strong sense of family obligation often leads children of first-generation immigrants to high academic achievement as well as long-term residence with/near their parents. While the stresses and strains of the immigration undertaking can be great, the overall effect on immigrant families is generally beneficial in every realm: academic, economic, and social.
The Prospects for Assimilation for First-Generation Immigrants
While immigrant communities often tend to initially form small enclaves in major cities, it only takes one generation for assimilation to occur. First-generation immigrants may never fully forget the ways of "the old country," but they can gradually acquire a second culture in "the new country." Total immersion will, over time, wear away the effects of culture shock. New friends and acquaintances, local family ties, and participation in social events will help them to "feel at home" and gain a sense of belonging. Like transplanted trees, first-generation immigrants' lives will thrive as they put down deep roots in new soil.
This section has been added by Open Borders: The Case editorial staff. The author of the original piece is not responsible for it.
Related Open Borders: The Case blog posts:
A critique of the assimilation concept by Vipul Naik, April 7, 2014.
Canadian federalism applied to immigration by John Lee, November 29, 2012.
Would migration levels under open borders be optimal, too high, or too low? by Vipul Naik, February 26, 2014.
Other related material:
Wikipedia's immigration to Canada page offers a good basic summary and links to many primary and secondary sources.
Open Borders Action Group post by John Lee, December 21, 2014, noting that Canada is the top completion on Google Search if you type in "how to immigrate" into the search bar.
Interested in contacting us for a guest post?
Feel free to fill out our potential guest blogger contact form or email us at openborders@googlegroups.com.
assimilationCanadacultural assimilationfirst-generation immigrantslinguistic assimilation
Where are the Spanish tweets?
January 8, 2015 Michelangelo Landgrave	2 Comments
A few years ago I was on a date with an open borders skeptic. While chatting my date complained that Hispanics were not assimilating quickly enough and refused to learn the language. I pointed out that her family was descended from Poles who had come over only a few generations ago. Today not one of them, including herself, could speak Polish. Why did she think Spanish would fare any better?
My date was not alone in her concern about language assimilation. One does not need to search far to find someone making the same basic argument: X group is not learning the language quickly enough. This will lead to the destruction of our nation! Or worse – the United States will become another Belgium.
I could write a few thousand words discussing why the United States doesn't have to worry about becoming Belgium. Not that there is anything wrong with Belgium. Instead though I will present a question and a map.
J.B. Post, Ken, and Peter Berlich have constructed a map showing the world by language use in twitter. North American is solidly grey (English). The only exception is the urban core of Quebec where French (in violet) has managed to persist. A few spots of pink (Spanish) can be seen in Mexico, but they fail to penetrate the US border. The full map can be shown here.
The beauty of the twitter map is that it shows us the language of choice among the millennial demographic, twitter's core user base. First generation migrants may retain use of their native tongues but their millennial children certainly aren't tweeting in Spanish, Chinese, or Tagalog. If migrants are not assimilating quickly enough we should see Spanish tweets dominating Texas, Florida, and California. Instead we see English continues to dominate the North American continent. Indeed, I suspect that the internet age has encouraged both English adoption among millennial children of migrants and by the world as a whole.
Open Borders: The Case Page on Linguistic Assimilation, Linguistic and Cultural Fluency Requirements, and Assimilation Problems.
Nathan Smith on Linguistic Externalities.
Vipul Naik on Two subtle lessons from the "Your in America" twitter bot.
Open Borders page on Bloggers as Illegal Immigrants.
assimilationcultural assimilationlanguagelinguistic assimilation
Movies About Open Borders, Family, and Cannoli
December 27, 2014 Michelangelo Landgrave	4 Comments
We've reached that part of the year where most of the western world is simply resting. The exact traditions may vary, but chances are that your home currently houses a good portion of your extended family. Even those who might wish to return to work can only manage to escape for a few minutes before being dragged into a game of twister or having a plate of food placed in front of them.
In recognition of this allow me to offer the following family-friendly movie recommendations. Although these films center around migration they don't attempt to shove political messages down your throat so don't worry about getting into fights with relatives.
Name: Under the Same Moon (2007)
Language: English & Spanish
Summary: The film tells the story of Carlitos, an unaccompanied child, as he makes his journey to reunite with his mother in Los Angeles. Especially topical given this past summer's events.
One of the things I love about this film is that it was released seven years ago during the Bush administration well before DACA had been announced or Obama was even a household name.
Name: Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013)
Summary: Follows the life of Cecil Gaines, a butler who served in the White House through the 20th century. Cecil was born in the south but migrates northward, eventually finding himself in DC, in search of better economic opportunity. The film is rare is being one of the few to address the Great Migration, the mass migration of blacks from the south to the north, midwest, and western US.
The later half of the film deals with Cecil's struggle with his son. His son believes that blacks must confront institutional racism in the south through direct action. Cecil on the other hand seems to think that the best course of action is to migrate out of the south.
Name: An American Tail (1986)
Summary: Follows a group of Russian mice who have migrated to New York City. During their journey across the Atlantic their youngest son, Fievel, gets lost and must find his family in the new country.
Although the film depicts fictional cartoon mice, it is inspired by the real experiences of migrants entering the United States during the turn of the century.
Name: Instructions Not Included (2013)
Summary: Dead-beat Valentin wakes up one day to find a baby on his porch along with a note stating that he is the father. The film follows Valentin and his daughter's (Maggie) lives as they migrate to America in search of a better life.
The film breaks stereotypes at every turn and it pays off well.
Maggie might have entered the United States illegally but she has white skin, blue eyes, and blond hair. Her mother had been an American tourist.
Valentin spends well over a decade in the United States and can't speak English, but the film goes out of its way to make it clear this is because Valentin is a dead beat. In an early scene Valentin is shocked when he tries to speak with others he assumes to be fellow Mexican migrants only to discover they aren't fluent in Spanish.
Name: The Godfather Trilogy (1972, 1974, and 1990)
Summary: A generational epic that follows the Corleone family beginning with the patriarch Vito's migration from Sicily to the New York City, continuing with Micheal, and ending with the third generation.
The Godfather Trilogy is one of those films everyone knows about, but which few people have sat down long enough to fully enjoy. For example, one of the prevailing themes of the film is assimilation and I don't think many people get that.
In the opening scene of the trilogy we are greeted by the 'I believed in America' speech delivered by an Italian migrant. The migrant tells us how he put his trust in the American dream, raised his children as good Americans, and followed the American law but was still met with injustice. So to wrong that justice he went to Don Corleone on the day of his daughter's wedding…
I believe in America. America has made my fortune. And I raised my daughter in the American fashion…
Don Vito himself makes it clear that he knows he is looked down upon as a petty criminal, but he doesn't feel the need to apologize for his actions since all he has done was with the hope that his children could be full Americans. He looked forward to the day when one of his descendants would be 'Senator Corleone'.
Name: My Family (1995)
Language: English and Spanish
Summary: Another generational epic in the same vein as the Godfather trilogy. My Family depicts the Sanchez, a Mexican-American family that settles down in East Los Angeles.
As readers must have noted by now, quite a bit of recent films depicting migrants focus on hispanics. This should be no surprise given that hispanics have dominated migration waves in the past decades. My Family is unique among Hispanic-migrant oriented films in that it doesn't really deal with illegal immigration.
The film does deal with the Chicano movement, the Bracero program, the Mexican-American War, the Salvadoran Civil War, and other events crucial to understanding American Hispanic culture but its clear that its catering towards those American Hispanics who are already at the end of the assimilation cycle.
The film begins with the family patriach moving to Los Angeles to live with an uncle. The uncle, nicknamed El Californio, makes it clear that he isn't a Mexican-American. He was born in California before it was lost to transferred over to the US following the Mexican-American War. El Californio was born in Mexico and as far as he's concerned he still lives in Mexico.
His relatives on the other hand are less nationalistic and you note this by the language the characters speak in. Early on Spanish dominates the film but around midway the use of Spanish becomes less frequent. At the end of the film the use of Spanish is rare.
African American immigrationassimilationGreat MigrationHispanic immigrationMoviesunaccompanied alien children
A critique of the "assimilation" concept
April 7, 2014 Vipul Naik	3 Comments
The idea that immigrants fail to assimilate is a major critique of immigration offered by restrictionists, and one that is widely popular. Unfortunately, the concept of assimilation has suffered from a form of mission creep as people cram more and more into the idea.
There are four broad kinds of things that people mean by assimilation. I will argue that only the first two categories genuinely deserves the "assimilation" label — and the second category only applies to citizenship, not to guest worker/student status or even to long term residency. The use of the term "assimilation" for the other two categories obfuscates more than it illuminates.
#1: Assimilation to the culture-specific, value-agnostic norms of the host country
There are some conventions that differ from country to country, but people living in the same geographic area benefit by following the same convention. Language is an obvious example. What side of the road to drive on is another. In this context, assimilation by immigrants to the host country's conventions and norms makes life easier for everybody. Thus, I take linguistic assimilation seriously. An immigrant from the US to France should learn French in order to better communicate and interact with natives, even though a tourist might be able to get away with English and a few broken French phrases.
For similar reasons, an immigrant from the UK to the US had better assimilate quickly to the idea that automobiles drive on the right side of the road. All the more important if he/she plans to drive a vehicle, but probably useful if he/she plans to use the roads as a pedestrian, biker, or transit user.
The point here is that no claim is being made about the superiority or inferiority of the languages or conventions regarding the side of the road to drive on. Claims are being made about the coordination costs of deviation from the norms of the community, making a strong case for assimilation. So far, so good.
Note that for this category of assimilation, a significant fraction of the gains from assimilating go to the migrant himself or herself, although there are social spillovers. People with poor language skills are locked out of many jobs. Potential employers also lose out, but the bulk of the loss is experienced by the migrant. People who drive on the wrong side of the road endanger themselves as well as others (in particular, they endanger themselves more than they endanger any single other person). The positive externality of conforming to culture-specific, value-agnostic norms does suggest that there is a case for government or philanthropic help to people to assimilate into the norms.
However, there is no fundamental conflict of interest between the migrant's goals and those of the rest of society. Further, there will be some people for whom learning the language just isn't worth the benefit, even when externalities to society are considered. So, beyond making sure people understand the very basics, restricting migration based on these is not appropriate. However, the host society is not obligated to go out of the way to make accommodations for migrants' linguistic differences:
private employers should be free to restrict access to jobs to migrants (as well as natives!) based on language skills, and to the extent that laws against private discrimination get in the way, they should be reconsidered.
Government institutions providing public services do not have an obligation to serve migrants in their own languages, although it may still be beneficial or appropriate for them to do so under certain circumstances (depending on how the costs and benefits compare).
The point is simply that individuals and institutions in the host society can decide how far they will personally accommodate different languages, and then leave it to migrants to decide whether they should work hard to learn the native language or can get by without.
#2: Emotional assimilation
Emotional assimilation and attachment to one's adopted homeland is also something a lot of people have in mind when they talk of assimilation. The emotional assimilation and patriotism complaint has been made against immigration by many of the leading lights in the restrictionist movement, including Mark Krikorian, Steve Sailer, Peter Brimelow, and many others.
I'm not much of a fan of patriotism, but I think that a case could be made that immigrants who want to settle permanently in a land should at the very least not hate that land, and should have at least moderately fond feelings for it. At any rate, such feelings help to a modest degree. Again, this is a claim that can be made both for Mexican immigrants to Chile and for Chilean immigrants to Mexico. It makes sense for most immigrants to most lands.
#3: All the "good stuff"
A lot of people use "assimilation" in the looser sense of being statistically similar to the natives of the host country along various normative dimensions such as income, education levels, crime (scored negatively), and other indicators. Obviously, these are important things to look at when assessing the effects of immigration. But I question the use of the word "assimilation" to describe such comparisons.
My chief objection is that "assimilation" incorrectly sets the native standard on these matters as the aspirational norm. It ignores the fact that many immigrants are already better than natives on these normative indicators. On many of these indicators, their children move away from the better immigrant average and assimilate downward to the native norm. In the US context, crime is an example: immigrants (both in total and across ethnicities — including illegal immigrants) have lower crime rates than natives, but their children "assimilate" to the higher native crime rates.
There are also some ethnic groups of immigrants that, even after several generations, maintain higher normative averages than natives. Eyeballing the data suggests that Japanese, Chinese, and Indian immigrants to the US may be in this category.
There are obviously many categories where immigrants start off worse than natives and assimilate "upward" — Mexican immigrants to the US are one example. In many categories such as income and education level, descendants of immigrants assimilate upward from their parents to the native norms.
I'm quite okay with measurement of these, but question the "assimilation" jargon for its focus on natives as a normative ideal to strive toward.
#4: Immigrants do or think stuff I don't like
A lot of the complaints about immigrants' "failure to assimilate" are centered around the religious and political beliefs of immigrants, their tastes in food and music, the fact that they know foreign languages, and a variety of other things. Frankly, I find these complaints bizarre. If the person making this complaint wants to make an argument that certain religious or political beliefs are normatively better than the others, then the person should make that case — and be prepared to call out the large numbers of natives who hold the opposing view. This would reduce the objections to the third category. But the people making these arguments often don't want to actually make this broader case. They simply define certain sets of views as the "norm" and then say that immigrants need to strive toward attaining that mix of views.
Some other random thoughts
See point #7 (first in the post) in Joseph Carens on the ethics of immigration: part 2.
In Europe, the term "assimilation" has given way to the term "integration". There are also some conceptual differences, at least on paper: assimilation means that migrants merge into an existing native culture (perhaps adding some contributions of their own, but the focus is on migrants joining the native culture), whereas integration focuses on peaceful coexistence of different cultures with some shared values and understanding. You can get lots of information on the alleged differences between the models by Googling assimilation versus integration.
The United States model of assimilation has been called the "melting pot" — see my co-blogger Nathan Smith's blog post on the subject.
A number of people I respect have suggested that a classical liberal minimalist state is conducive to integration and peaceful coexistence without any necessity for heavy-handed government policy to promote either assimilation or integration. There are cases where groups stay aloof from mainstream culture while coexisting peacefully. Examples in the US include the Amish, Mormons, Hutterites, Mennonites, and Jehovah's Witnesses (I owe this point to co-blogger Hansjoerg Walther). In her blog post reflecting on her experience as a migrant to Sweden, Ladan Weheliye noted that she favored the liberal model as described by Chandran Kukathas.
The cartoon featured in the header of this post dates from 1889, and depicts the perceived failure of Irish immigrants to the US to assimilate. The original caption reads: "The mortar of assimilation — and the one element that won't mix."
Swamping by Immigrants is Hardly Possible is licensed by Hansjörg Walther under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.


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Q: How to search through all file in onedrive rest api As per documentation, we are using
GET /me/drive/search(q='{search-query}')
Reference:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/onedrive/developer/rest-api/api/driveitem_search?view=odsp-graph-online#searching-for-items-a-user-can-access
But API is returning only files under My Drive, files present in Folders which are under different user's Onedrive and shared with Me, are not returned by API.
Does someone else also facing same issue, do we have any API to search in All files and folder in share drive

A: Since you are using /me/drive/ you are going to only going to get files that are yours.
You can also get files from the root organisition like this
/drive/root/search(q='{search-query}')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


One of the most harmful effects of anger is that it robs us of our reason and good sense. We loose all freedom of choice exposing our self to great danger following revenge and rage.
Sometimes we even direct our anger to our loved ones. In a fit of anger we forget the immense kindness we have received from our friends; teachers and family. Generally we assume that our anger is the response of an action or encountering some one we do not like or a situation we do not like; in truth, more often than not it is the opposite. The anger that is already within us is transforming the person or situation in an enemy. It is very important that we recognize the cause of whatever is making us unhappy; blaming others for our difficulties tells us that we have many problems and faults within our own mind.
If we are truly peaceful inside and in control of our mind nothing will disturb our peace and no one we meet will be our enemy. Dwell in patience; remain calm and untroubled smile and treat every one with respect. This is not an impossible task.
Practice with sincerity knowing that you have the power to change, starting with you, the world.
Imagine a world of peace and harmony will be the result of controlling anger!


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Q: What are the rules for a Tetartoid pentagon? The tetartoid (also tetragonal pentagonal dodecahedron, pentagon-tritetrahedron, and tetrahedric pentagon dodecahedron) is a dodecahedron with chiral tetrahedral symmetry.  It has twelve identical pentagonal faces.  It has edges of the form a b b c c.  The pentagon itself can be completely determined by the sides b&c and the angles bb bc cc.  The last side and other two angles are then determined.  But that doesn't not ensure the tetartoid can be built.
What are the rules for a tetartoid pentagon?
As mentioned below, I managed to solve this.  Choose numbers $0\le a\le b\le c$. Calculate
$n = a^2 c - b c^2 ,$
$d_1 = a^2 - a b + b^2 + a c - 2 b c ,$
$d_2 = a^2 + a b + b^2 - a c - 2 b c .$
Then, if $n \times d_1 \times d_2 \ne 0$,
$$((a, b, c),(-a, -b, c),(-n, -n, n)/d_1, (-c, -a, b),(-n, n, n)/d_2)$$
gives a tetartoid pentagon which can be multiplied by the tetrahedral group to give the full figure.
I've put together a Mathematica Demonstration for this, The Tetartoid.

A: As explained in this page a tetartoid can be built starting from a tetrahedron, as follows. Take a tetrahedron of unit edges and vertices $V_1$, $V_2$, $V_3$ and $V_4$. Upon every edge $V_iV_j$ construct two points $P_{ij}$ and $P_{ji}$ having a fixed distance $s$ from $V_i$ and $V_j$ respectively ($0\le s\le1/2$). Join the center $C_{ijk}$ of every face $V_iV_jV_k$ (vertices taken counterclockwise) with $P_{ij}$, $P_{jk}$ and $P_{ki}$, so that every face is divided into three quadrilaterals (12 of them in the whole tetrahedron).
But notice that every quadrilateral $C_{ijk}P_{ij}V_jP_{jk}$ can be also seen as a degenerate pentagon $C_{ijk}P_{ij}P_{ji}V_jP_{jk}$, because vertex $P_{ji}$ lies between $P_{ij}$ and $V_j$.
Let now $O$ be the tetrahedron center and consider the six planes $OV_iV_j$ passing through the center and each edge. From point $P_{ij}$ draw the perpendicular line to $OV_iV_j$ and take on it a point $Q_{ij}$ such that $P_{ij}Q_{ij}=t$, where $t$ is another fixed parameter. Do the same for $P_{ji}$ but choose point $Q_{ji}$ so that it lies on the opposite side of the edge $V_iV_j$ with respect to $Q_{ij}$. The orientation of the three points $Q_{ij}$ sitting around the same vertex must be the same for every vertex.
Every pentagon $C_{ijk}P_{ij}P_{ji}V_jP_{jk}$ can be then transformed into a (non-degenerate) pentagon $C'_{ijk}Q_{ij}Q_{ji}V'_jQ_{jk}$, where $C'_{ijk}$ and $V'_j$ are the intersections of lines $OC_{ijk}$ and $OV_j$ respectively with plane $Q_{ij}Q_{ji}Q_{jk}$. These twelve pentagons are precisely the faces of a tetartoid, which is parameterized by $s$ and $t$.
So, one can compute the lengths of the sides and the angles of the faces as a function of $s$ and $t$ and that should be the answer to your question. I've found the explicit expressions with a symbolic computation software: they are quite complex, but if needed I can write them here.
ADDENDA.
Here's a GeoGebra file I've made, showing a tetartoid generated from a tetrahedron: http://tube.geogebra.org/material/show/id/1481233 .
And here are the values of $a^2$, $b^2$, $c^2$, $\cos\beta$ and $\cos\gamma$ as a function of parameters $s$ and $t$, where $\beta=\angle bb$ and $\gamma=\angle cc$. I chose to present $a$ instead of $\angle bc$ because it has a much simpler expression.
b^2 = ((1 + 3 (-1 + s) s + (-1 + t) t) (3 (1 - 2 s)^2 s^2 +
     2 (1 - 2 s) s t + (3 + 4 s (-3 + 4 s)) t^2 - 4 t^3 +
     4 t^4))/(-3 s + 6 s^2 + t (-1 + 2 t))^2

c^2 = ((s^2 + 3 t^2) (-4 s^3 + 4 s^4 + 2 s (1 - 6 t) t +
     t^2 (5 + 12 (-1 + t) t) +
     s^2 (1 + 4 t (-1 + 4 t))))/(s (-1 + 2 s) - 3 t + 6 t^2)^2

a^2 = 1 - 4 s + 4 s^2 + 4 t^2;

cos beta = (-3 (1 - 2 s)^2 s^2 +
   2 s (-1 + 2 s) t + (5 + 4 s (-3 + 2 s)) t^2 - 4 t^3 + 4 t^4)/(
  6 (1 - 2 s)^2 s^2 + 4 (1 - 2 s) s t + 2 (3 + 4 s (-3 + 4 s)) t^2 -
   8 t^3 + 8 t^4)

cos gamma = ((s - t) (s + 4 s^3 + 4 s^2 (-1 + t) + 12 s t^2 +
     t (-1 + 12 (-1 + t) t)))/(-8 s^3 + 8 s^4 + 4 s (1 - 6 t) t +
   2 t^2 (5 + 12 (-1 + t) t) + s^2 (2 + 8 t (-1 + 4 t)))

A: Managed to solve this. Choose numbers $0\le a\le b\le c$. Calculate
$n = a^2 c - b c^2 ,$
$d_1 = a^2 - a b + b^2 + a c - 2 b c ,$
$d_2 = a^2 + a b + b^2 - a c - 2 b c .$
Then, if $n \times d_1 \times d_2 \ne 0$,
$$((a, b, c),(-a, -b, c),(-n, -n, n)/d_1, (-c, -a, b),(-n, n, n)/d_2)$$
gives a tetartoid pentagon which can be multiplied by the tetrahedral group to give the full figure.  For example, (4,8,20) generates
$$((4, 8, 20),(-4, -8, 20),(-15, -15, 15),(-20, -4, 8),(-10, 10, 10))$$

A: I was quite fascinated with this solid and the answers here on how to construct it, so I combined the two approaches (by Ed Pegg and Aretino) and created a video on it - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JEFjS2fiTA
This medium might help people understand the process of constructing it better (I know I would have benefited from something like it when I first came across this post).


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HomeChannel Of Bones
Channel Of Bones
Channel Of Bones is a TV show on Australian national television from Channel 9 with an average rating of 3.0 stars by TVCatchUpAustralia.com's visitors. We have 1 episodes of Channel Of Bones in our archive. The first episode of Channel Of Bones was broadcast in January, 2016. Did you miss an episode of Channel Of Bones but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Channel Of Bones to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. Completely free: handy!
Separating the Hawaiian islands of Molokai and Oahu, this channel is the location for the World Paddleboard Championships.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Natti Natasha
Collaboration we want to see happen in 2018
Natti Natasha Becomes The Queen of Radio
Feminine power was again felt through the urban music princess, Natti Natasha, after conquering the first step of the prestigious Latin Airplay list of Billboard magazine with her mega hit "Me Gusta", one of the promotional cuts of his production "ilumiNATTI", becoming the most listened musical piece in the radio of the United States and …
Lyric VideoOnlineVideo
This week Natti Natasha teamed up with Farruko to release the official remix for Natti's "Me Gusta". "Me Gutsa" was a hit from day one trending on all the charts and receiving over 86M Views for the Official Music Video on Youtube. The remix is also setup for success as Natti and Farruko have both …
Natti Natasha "Obsesión" Music Video
Jose Vasquez March 23, 2019
Everything in this video is true, who hasn't been obsessed with Natti Natasha. This past Friday Natti released the official music video for her next hit "Obsesión". The video shows the obsession that different men end up having for Natti. The video show 3 different men one from Tokyo, San Juan, and New York. Every …
BlogFashion/StylesMusic
Natti Natasha Teams Up with Forever 21
Jose Vasquez March 4, 2019
Natti Natasha has teamed up with Forever 21for an inspirational clothing line just in time for Women's International Day. The fast fashion giant Forever 21 partnered with the non-profit organization, Girls inc. encourages girls to be "Strong, Smart and Bold." The capsule collection includes slogan tees, hoodies, biker shorts, accessories and much more. The size inclusive range will be available online and …
AwardsBlogMusic
Natti Natasha is the Most Awarded Female Artist at Premios Lo Nuestro 2019
Jose Vasquez February 22, 2019
Natti Natasha, the most nominated female artist in the history of Premios Lo Nuestro, had a night without equal, taking home 4 awards in the categories "Urban Song of the Year" and "Urban Collaboration of the Year, for "Sin Pajama" with Becky G, "Tropical Collaboration of the year" for "Justicia" with Silvestre Dangond and "Tropical …
Natti Natasha x Anitta "Te lo Dije" Official Video
The two hottest women in the Latin Music Business come together for the official music video "Te Lo Dije". Just a week after releasing her first debut album Natti Natasha has been everywhere, social media, radio, TV, and award shows proving she has become one of the most popular females in the business. Then you …
Natti Natasha Launches Debut Album "ilumiNatti"
Fresh off of making her fierce international runway debut at New York Fashion Week, Natti Natasha—the most-watched female artist on YouTube—launched her highly-awaited album "ilumiNATTI." Released under Pina Records Label, the album is now available on all digital platforms. Home to 17 captivating songs about love, sex, heartbreaks, and women empowerment, "ilumiNATTI" builds a deep and …
Natti Natasha Leads Nominations In Premio Lo Nuestro 2019
Jose Vasquez January 10, 2019
Natti Natasha the most watched female artist on youtube in the world for two consecutive years begins in 2019 to lead the nominations for Premio Lo Nuestro 2019. The "Queen of the Views" received 15 nominations in the categories; "Simple of the Year" for "Who Knows", "Remix of the Year" for "Dura Remix" with Daddy …
Natti Natasha Continues her Reign on YouTube as Female Artist with Most View in 2018
Jose Vasquez December 12, 2018
Natti Natasha is the most watched female artist on YouTube in 2018. Natti generated more than 4.52 billion views on YouTube, surpassing the most popular female artists of the moment such as Ariana Grande, Dua Lipa, Camila Cabello, Taylor Swift and Cardi B. As the queen of the views on YouTube for the second year …
BlogMusicMusic Video
The Queen of Views Natti Natasha Returns With a Steamy Music Video "Me Gusta" (I Like It)
Jose Vasquez December 8, 2018
Natti Natasha, the most-watched woman on YouTube in 2017 and 2018 returns with a new steamy video "Me Gusta" (I Like It) available today in all music platform."Me Gusta" written by Latin Grammy Award winner Daddy Yankee and Justin Quiles(2018 Latin Grammy Nominee) the lyrics describes the relationship between two friends with privileges. The music was produced by …
With Latin Music still on a rise and crossing over to the mainstream market of Hip Hop and Top 40 there are still a lot of collaboration we can see. This year alone we have seen Cardi B and J Lo, Cardi with J Balvin and Bad Bunny, and Nicky Jam with Jaden Smith just …
AwardsBlogEntertainmentLyric VideoMusicVideo
"Dura" by Daddy Yankee Has Exceeded 700 Million Views on Youtube and 300 Million Global Streams
Jose Vasquez April 30, 2018
Miami, FL. (30 de abril de 2018).Daddy Yankee released on Friday the new "Dura" (Remix) along with Bad Bunny, Natti Natasha, Becky G through El Cartel Records / UMLE Records. With the "Dura" release, # 1 was placed for the fifth week in the Billboard Latin Airplay chart and the Remix debuted # 1 in …
AwardsBlogEntertainmentMusic
How to Watch the Billboard Latin Music Awards
The Billboard Latin Music Awards return tonight, April 26 — here's everything you need to know before you tune in. The official broadcast will start at 8 p.m. ET, with red carpet coverage beginning at 7 p.m. ET. The ceremony will be broadcast on Telemundo, as well as on Universo. Billboard Latin will also be reporting live from …
Rkm & Ken-Y x Natti Natasha – "Tonta" Official Video
Jose Vasquez February 9, 2018


Earlier this month, McCluskey filed a report with university police related to alleged harassment from Rowland. Detectives had been in touch with McCluskey regarding the allegation, according to Brophy, who would not provide further details related to that investigation.
Jill McCluskey, Lauren's mother and a professor at Washington State University, released a statement in which she described being on the phone with her daughter at the time of an apparent attack.
"Last night a little before 9 p.m., she was returning to her university apartment from her night class and talking to me on the phone," the statement said. "Suddenly, I heard her yell, 'No, no, no!' I thought she might have been in a car accident. That was the last I heard from her."
Jill McCluskey's husband, Matt, immediately called 911.
Jill McCluskey said Rowland lied to her daughter about his name, age and criminal history. Lauren McCluskey ended the relationship on Oct. 9 after a friend told her about Rowland's criminal history.
"Several members of our university administration spoke with Lauren's family last night and I have also reached out to them," Utah president Ruth V. Watkins said in a statement. "Her family is understandably in shock at this news about their daughter. They are heartbroken. We have and continue to offer our full support to them at this terrible time."
The university canceled all classes Tuesday. Counseling and support services were made available. A vigil for McCluskey is being planned for Wednesday evening at the Park Building on campus.
"This news has shaken not only myself but our entire University of Utah athletics family to its core," athletic director Mark Harlan said in a statement. "We have university counselors and psychologists on standby to support Lauren's teammates, coaches and friends. Our thoughts and prayers go out to her family and all of those dear to her."
McCluskey had a 3.75 grade point average and was on track to graduate in May 2019. She was an honor student at Pullman High School and was a state champion in the high jump.
"The Pac-12 Conference joins the University of Utah and our entire conference community in mourning the loss of Lauren McCluskey, and expressing our deepest condolences to her family," the Pac-12 said in a statement. "Lauren was an accomplished and exceptional young woman and student-athlete, and our thoughts are with the University of Utah community and all those who were touched by Lauren as we grieve this tragic loss."


Turn Your Home Computer into Your Home Studio Today!
As a musician, chances are at some point you've wondered about the possibility of recording your own music.
Whether it's for a demo, to share with friends, or simply for the thrill of hearing yourself perform, recording your own music is easier now than it has ever been.
And of all the crazy websites in this whole crazy world you've ended up right here.
I bet this isn't the first site you've visited either... but I promise this one is different.
Because I'm just like you!
I understand that this is an intimidating hobby to get started in.
Between the heavy doses of impressive sounding jargon and the interaction of all the many different components, it's easy to become overwhelmed and discouraged.
Like you, I wanted to make my own audio recordings, but needed some advice on what I needed to get started.
And like you I became fed up with everyone talking over my head, puffing their chests out, and taking this all way too seriously.
So I bought some books, bugged some people, and experimented on my own until I figured it out.
Now I want to help you with some of the things I've learned (while also helping you avoid some of the mistakes I made) as I created my own Basic Home Recording Studio.
This may not be the site for you.
I mean just look at the picture above! You can see my bed sheets under the keyboards!
1. Have some fun with a super rewarding (and increasingly affordable) hobby.
2. Learn some cool electrical science and physics (trust me I only do the cool stuff here).
I'll explain the basics of each step along the way and together we'll create a basic home recording setup that's right for YOU.
And because you'll be in the drivers seat, it can continue to grow as your needs evolve.
All songs have melodies, some even have lyrics... but the really great ones invoke emotion within us.
But distracted and swamped in a sea of details, it can be easy to lose sight of the real reason you are here.
It's All About The Songs!
Fancy, complicated equipment that you don't understand will not get you there.
Nor will pricey, professional gear that you really can't afford.
All you need is a passion for music, some basic, inexpensive recording equipment, and a willingness to learn.
From smooth finger-pickers & electric blues-lickers to 80s metal face melters, one thing unites us all as musicians.
The desire to express emotion through the experience of sound.
For all of our words and expressions, they often prove to be inadequate when compared to the elegance of music.
You have a symphony inside, ready to be unleashed!
Click on the link below to see my latest eBook or explore the site to begin your learning journey for free!
Discover The Beginner's Recording Guide Today!


It's obvious several big brother Naija fans haven't gotten over the show which ended over two weeks ago.
The fans still troll and drag each other and even the housemates.
Tobi and Alex who have been under pressure by fans to officially be in a relationship, met with Nollywood actress, Adesua Etomi today and it seems she had a good talk with them about life.
She has now taken to twitter to advise fans to leave the housemates alone to figure out their lives as they are still very young.
"I wish people will leave all these children alone to figure out this thing called life. They're still so young and they have a lot to figure out. Leave them in peace. 😒" she tweeted.


High functionality, lasting quality, and simple styling make this a practical, economical and multi-purpose Table Base. High impact plastic end caps are an option to lower cost. Choose color-matching end caps, or create a unique look with contrasting colored end caps of your choice. The plastic end caps will not come out, and cannot be scuffed or chipped.
The CMI X-Base offers high functionality, lasting quality, and clean styling. A practical, economical, and multi-purpose table base.


text:
Lowell Sun: Safe streets for all
LITTLETON — The town is one step closer to creating a sustainable community that offers ample transportation opportunities for people in cars, on bicycles and on foot.
Littleton has received a grant of $43,222 from the Department of Transportation that will help fund Tier 2 of the Compete Streets program, which helps to make streets safe and accessible for everyone.
The funds are for assistance in developing a prioritization plan, which should be completed by Aug. 1, according to Town Administrator Keith Bergman.
Littleton was the first town in the commonwealth to adopt the Complete Streets model.
"It's really a credit to Keith Bergman and the Littleton Board of Selectmen," said Sen. Jamie Eldridge, D-Acton.
Eldridge was one of the state senators to champion legislation in 2014 to provide $50 million in funding incentives for Complete Streets.
Tier 2 will plan a strategy to improve safety, mobility and accessibility in the community. There will be a review of transportation in town, including conditions of pedestrian paths, trail networks, community facilities, and the current capital improvement program.
The money came through quickly — the board authorized submission for the grant on March 7, and the funding was awarded on March 11.
MassDOT will complete an audit of accidents in Littleton, with a focus on pedestrian and bicycle crashes.
Littleton got started on the Complete Streets project in 2013.
The town created a Complete Streets Policy with assistance from the Metropolitan Area Planning Council and funding from the Community Transformation Grant program.
In 2014, SmartGrowth America ranked Littleton's Complete Streets Policy as No. 1 of its kind in the nation.
Having a Complete Streets design will help small towns like Littleton, Eldridge said.
"Having that level of sustainability brings people together," Eldridge said. "People can be healthier because they're walking, and along the way, maybe they're supporting small businesses."
Later this year, Littleton will apply for a grant for Tier 3 construction funding of up to $400,000.
Follow Melissa Hanson on Twitter and Tout @Melissa__Hanson.
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Lowell Sun: Safe streets for all →


At Mr Mattress we have an amazing selection of open coil or bonnell spring system mattresses. A standard sprung mattress consists of a spring unit which is one continuous wire frame manipulated into a structure to provide a comfortable, supportive sleeping surface.
Open coil systems vary in structure, this combined with the thickness of the wire will determine the tension of the mattress on a scale of soft to firm.
If you have any questions on a specific mattress within our sprung range, please give our team a call on 0191 2332203. We are always happy to help!
Here's a short concise video from our General manager explaining what an open coil system is.


My background is in Education and Internationsl Development. I've spent more than 20 years working with christian NGOs in rural Africa, helping local women feed their families cheaply and nutritiously and educate their children and themselves.
I have home schooled my own 4 children, mentored other home schoolers, and helped parents who have placed their children in schools to supplement their education.
You might say that I have been in the business of selling ideas in person, but I have also written extensively about our experiences and journey.


Breakout EDU brings gaming to our classroom. Breakout sessions present players with a challenge that encourages teamwork, problem solving, critical thinking, and troubleshooting.
The Spyder Heist challenge includes graphing, patterning, converting, and critical reading.
Let's continue using these skills when solving mysteries, logic puzzles, riddles and online Breakout sessions.
The tangram is a puzzle consisting of seven flat shapes, called tans, which are put together to form shapes. The objective of the puzzle is to form a specific shape (given only an outline or silhouette) using all seven pieces, which may not overlap. It is one of the most popular puzzles in the world. Tangrams are an excellent way to increase mental and visual skills.
Try these tangram puzzles online.
Symmetry is everywhere! Click the link below to practice drawing lines of symmetry with geometric shapes.
Rosa's birthday is February 4th. She would have been 106 years old.
What is something you would stand up for?
Do you know that if you read for 14.2 minutes per day, you will be exposed to 1,146,000 words per year?
PARP for the next chapter of Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane.
Play Free Rice the super popular vocabulary game that donates rice for every correct answer.
Check out Mrs. McBride's monthly challenge, The Valentine Challenge!
© Content copyright - Ms. Arietta.


Located in Nea Skioni, Villa Halkidiki provides air-conditioned accommodations with a terrace and free WiFi. The property was built in 1980 and has accommodations with a balcony.
The vacation home is composed of 3 bedrooms, a living room with dining area, a fully equipped kitchen and 2 bathrooms. A flat-screen TV with satellite channels is featured.
Sani Beach is 27 miles from the vacation home. The nearest airport is Thessaloniki Airport, 64 miles from the property.
When would you like to stay at Villa Halkidiki?
This holiday home has a balcony, fireplace and kitchen.
Villa Halkidiki is a stylish and well-equipped detached self-catering holiday house in a south facing position 10 minutes walk from the centre of charming fishing village of Nea Skioni enjoying fantastic views of the sea, sunset, Aegean coastline and Mount Olympus. Completely renovated in 2017. There are three bedrooms all on the upper floor with air conditioning, a bunk bed, a very comfortable double sofa bed and furniture to store your clothes. We have a guest WC on the ground floor and two shower rooms / WC upstairs. The kitchen is fully equipped including a tall fridge-freezer, electric hob, oven, microwave, dishwasher, kettle, toaster, coffee machine and washing machine. Well stocked with crockery, cutlery, utensils and cookware too – a home from home! There is a clothes airer and ironing facilities. High chair and travel cot bed can be arranged. Lounge and dining areas inside and out. Electric sun canopy. Free WiFi. Large flat screen TV with satellite channels. There are 5 sun loungers in the garden and the many olive trees provide ample shade. We have an electric grill outside to cook fish as well as an outdoor shower with hot and cold water to rinse off after the beach.
We are not locally based but have an English friend who lives nearby who will meet and greet guests. She will issue the keys, show you around the house, how things work and is also available to help should you have any issues during your stay.
It is situated on a small private hill 10 minutes' walk from the centre of the village which has a pretty harbour and long sandy beach. The sea is only about 200m from the house where the beach is a little pebbly but sandy inside the water and you can swim in very clean water, often in complete privacy! In town the beach-front taverns provide parasols and sunbeds, which customers can use free of charge. There is also a children's play area; a volleyball court; showers and a couple of kiosks with rides, games machines, cold drinks, ice creams, cigarettes etc. Nea Skioni has a good provision of shops including 3 grocery stores, 2 bakeries, 2 butchers, 4 fishmongers, a pharmacy and places to buy souvenirs and beach paraphernalia! There is also a permanent ATM. Many options of places to dine and drink especially fresh fish and seafood. The property is well positioned for exploring the whole peninsula. The area is best appreciated with your own transport but the village however is in easy walking distance and offers everything you might need.
House Rules Villa Halkidiki takes special requests – add in the next step!
Please inform Villa Halkidiki of your expected arrival time in advance. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly using the contact details in your confirmation.
We need at least 5 reviews before we can calculate a review score. If you book and review your stay, you can help Villa Halkidiki meet this goal.
The owner should provide a normal grill. That was an improvisation of grill which was at villa. The TV satelite antena did not work. In the bath upstairs was missing the bath curtain.


If you haven't heard of Jack Ü, an EDM super-duo of Skrillex and Diplo, you probably started listening to electronic music this morning. Even then I'd still be surprised you managed to avoid this absolute juggernaut of dance. They proved their endless, versatile talents after dropping the most anticipated album of the year, and have garnered the respect of countless producers as it has been one of the most remixed as well. One of their earlier and rougher tracks, "Shark Patrol," never ended up making the cut.
Originally dropped at their debut live set at the Mad Decent Block Party in 2013, they utterly killed the crowd with its filthy combination of trap percussion and dubstep synths. So why didn't it make the final cut? Honestly, that is a really good question. You could argue that the bulletproof duo is attempting to cater to a more mainstream crowd. You could argue that they simply thought the track was not on par with the style they were looking to convey. Regardless of their intentions, this devastating track needs to be heard, so check it out below!
Could Dillon Francis And Zeds Dead Have A Secret Side Project?


Dianne Nicol receives funding from the Australian Research Council.
IDEAS AND OWNERSHIP: The concept of protecting ideas and innovation by legal means dates back to antiquity. But in the age of the internet and multinational business models, many of the existing laws are under strain, their suitability and ultimate purpose called into question.
Here, Dianne Nicol examines a court case that will decide whether human genes are patentable subject matter in Australia.
The Federal Court of Australia will soon rule on a case with significant implications for the multitude of gene patents granted in Australia. In a hearing that ended on February 24, the court was, for the first time, given the opportunity to decide whether genes are patentable subject matter in Australia.
Patient advocacy organisation Cancer Voices Australia has challenged the validity of a patent owned by the US biotechnology company, Myriad Genetics, Inc. Myriad claims exclusive rights to exploit the so-called BRCA1 gene, which is linked to increased susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer.
Myriad Genetics has been exposed to negative publicity in many countries because of its patent claims to BRCA1 and BRCA2 (another gene linked with breast and ovarian cancer), and its method of detecting mutations in these genes associated with increased breast cancer risk. But there's nothing out of the ordinary about Myriad making claims to both the sequences and their diagnostic tests.
The criticism is largely because of the way the company has chosen to use its patent rights. Myriad requires all BRCA testing to be done in its own laboratories. The biotech has been particularly vigilant in enforcing its patent rights in the United States (where it is facing the possibility of a Supreme Court challenge to the patents), but has been less successful in Europe and Canada.
In Australia, Myriad's patents are exclusively licensed to Melbourne-based biotech company, Genetic Technologies, Ltd (GTG). And there are concerns in some quarters that GTG could take the same approach as Myriad in enforcing the BRCA patents in Australia.
The validity of Myriad's patents was challenged in the United States in 2010 by the Association for Molecular Pathology and a number of other organisations and individuals. The patents were initially found to be invalid.
In a successful appeal by Myriad, a majority of judges decided the company's claims to the BRCA gene sequences were valid, but claims relating to methods of detecting mutations (diagnostic tests that show if people have the gene mutation) were invalid.
The United States Supreme Court will soon decide if it will hear an appeal on the question of whether or not the gene sequence claims are valid.
The US case and the Cancer Voices litigation in Australia are the first time in both countries that courts are being asked to decide on the fundamental question of whether isolated genes can be patented.
For many readers the answer may seem obvious, but in the eyes of the law, the judgement is far from clear.
The test for patentable subject matter in Australia is cast in curious legal language – proof of "manner of manufacture". This phrase comes from the English Statute of Monopolies of 1623, and various law reform inquiries have considered whether the wording is appropriate in modern Australian patent law.
The most recent inquiry by the Advisory Council on Intellectual Property has recommended the language be modernised but amendments have not yet been made.
in a field of economic endeavour.
It was easy for such requirements to be satisfied by inventions such as steam engines, electric cars, velcro, and the like. Everyone would probably agree that these are the very types of inventions that the patent system was designed to cover.
But things get more complicated for methods of medical treatment, computer software, business methods, living organisms and other material coming from the natural world, such as gene sequences.
In the Cancer Voices case, the court will doubtless seek assistance from decisions in other jurisdictions (such as the United States), but it must ultimately decide based on the peculiarities of the Australian "manner of manufacture" requirement.
While it's difficult to predict the outcome, it's worth noting that courts have tended to take an expansive view of what constitutes patentable subject matter, suggesting that the validity of this patent may be upheld.
Some will be disappointed by a decision not invalidating the Myriad patent; some will be concerned about the viability of the biotechnology industry if the decision goes the other way. But what's more important is that we have a well-reasoned decision on this crucial aspect of patent law, based on sound legal authority.
It'll be some months before we'll have a decision on whether or not genes are patentable subject matter in Australia. And given the importance and impact of this issue, we can expect appeals. All we know with certainty is that what the court decides could potentially change the landscape for ever.
Part Two: Do patents promote innovation?