text:
Amorq
The best in the World!
10 Funny Stories from History that You Never Read in Your School Books
Students sometimes consider history to be one of the less exciting subjects in their school curriculum. But there are many funny events from history that get left out of the school books.
Some of them might be considered too raunchy for history class. Others are just silly.
1. In 1917, when George S. Patton was stationed in France, the mayor of a French town mistook a covered latrine pit for the grave of one of Patton's soldiers. Patton didn't correct the mayor, and when he visited the town during WWII, he found the locals were still respectfully maintaining the "grave."
Patton wrote about the incident in his memoirs. It happened in the French town of Bourg, where Patton's Tank Brigade Headquarters was located. One day in 1917, the mayor came to Patton weeping and asking why Patton hadn't mentioned that a soldier had died.
Patton wasn't aware of any casualties among his men, so he went with the mayor to visit the grave. It turned out it was a latrine pit that had recently been covered with dirt. The last soldier to use the pit had made a cross-like sign that said "Abandoned Rear." When Patton realized the mayor had mistaken a makeshift toilet for the grave of a soldier, he chose not to correct him.
In his memoirs, Patton wrote that when he revisited the town 26 years later, "The grave of that national hero, "Abandoned Rear," was still maintained by the natives."
2. In 1950 during the Korean War, some US Marines ran out of mortar rounds. So, they used a radio to ask for more ammo. But when making their request, the soldiers used their code name for mortar shells, which was "Tootsie Rolls." The person on the other end of the radio took it literally, and when the airdrop arrived it was filled with actual Tootsie Rolls.
A veteran who was there said he survived for two weeks on Tootsie Rolls. Afterward, the soldiers started referring to themselves as the "Tootsie Roll Marines." According to some reports, the soldiers put some of the airdropped Tootsie Rolls to good use.
The incident happened in December, and the temperatures were freezing. The soldiers realized the candies would freeze solid in the cold but could be turned into a kind of putty by warming them up. So, they used the candies to patch holes in hoses and other equipment. At the time, 15,000 US troops were fighting off 120,000 men. Eventually, the marines punched a hole through the enemy lines and made it to safety.
3. In 75 BCE, Julius Caesar was captured and ransomed by pirates who didn't realize who he was. The whole time he was their captive, he bossed them around. From time to time, he also warned them he would have them crucified. The pirates assumed he was crazy. But after he was released, he came back to capture the pirates and then crucified them.
Caesar was 25-years old and traveling to study in Rhodes when he was captured by the pirates. When he learned the pirates were asking for a ransom of 20 talents for his release, he laughed and suggested they ask for 50. Throughout his captivity, he refused to act like a prisoner. He bossed them around and shushed them when he wanted to sleep. He also made them listen to the speeches and poems he was working on. Whenever the pirates weren't impressed by his writings, he said they were too stupid to appreciate them.
The ransom was delivered after 38 days and Caesar was released. He then gathered a naval force and went back to the island where he had been held captive. He found the pirates were still there and captured them. Later, when the governor of Asia seemed hesitant to punish the pirates, Caesar personally went to the prison and had them all crucified.
4. From 1409 to 1417, the Catholic Church had three rival popes who each denounced the others as illegitimate.
In 1378, the cardinals of the Catholic Church were unhappy with the newly elected pope, so they elected a different one. The two rival popes both claimed they were the real pope and the other was illegitimate. This created a lot of confusion for Catholics and hurt the reputation of the Church. The popes were asked to mutually resign or allow a council to select which one should be named the true pope. They both refused. So in 1409, the Church tried to solve the problem by electing a third pope which only confused matters further. This period of rival popes became known as the "Western Schism."
It finally ended in 1417 when a special council was created and given the authority to strip the rival popes of their titles. This enabled the election of a single, new pope, Martin V.
5. In the 1820s, John Quincy Adams approved an expedition to the center of the Earth. Part of the plan was to meet the race of people living inside the earth and to conduct trade with them.
The proposal was made by an American army officer named John Cleves Symmes, Jr. He had been touring the country and giving lectures about his theory of a hollow Earth. He believed the Earth was made up of several spheres, and that there were openings at the North and South poles that could be used to get inside the Earth and explore its hollow interior. So, he planned to take one hundred men to the Arctic and use sleighs pulled by reindeer to travel to the North pole and enter into the Earth. He also believed that there could be a race of people living inside the Earth, and part of his plan for the expedition was to establish trade with them.
The theory was considered laughable by most people, but when Symmes lobbied the government to fund his expedition, John Quincy Adams said yes. However, Adams' term in office ended before the plan was carried out. Once Andrew Jackson became president, he put a stop to the plan.
6. In 1518 in the Roman city of Strasbourg, hundreds of people came down with "dancing mania," where they danced for days on end and seemed unable to stop. Some of the dancers kept going until they died from exhaustion, strokes, and heart attacks. Experts say it may have been a form of mass hysteria. The event became known as the "Dancing Plague of 1518."
This wasn't the only case of groups of people being affected by dancing mania. There were a number of outbreaks that happened in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. Medical historians say it was likely a form of mass hysteria caused by extreme stress combined with the belief that they were being forced to dance.
For instance in Strasbourg, there was a local belief that St. Vitus, the patron saint of dancers, would curse people and force them to dance. Others explanations at the time included that the dancers were possessed, or that the dancing was brought on by spider bites. When 400 hundred people joined in the dancing in Strasbourg, officials tried to help but probably contributed to the problem. They assumed people just needed to get the dancing out of their systems, so they set up halls for the dancers with musicians and professional
dancers to help out.
7. In 1698, when King Charles XII of Sweden was 16, he became known for throwing wild, drunken parties and going out into the streets to cause havoc. One night he went running through the streets of Stockholm, yanking hats and wigs off of people's heads.
In the summer of 1698, Charles' cousin, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, visited Stockholm to marry the king's sister. The duke was ten years older than the king and seemed to have a bad influence on him. The pair committed a variety of outrageous acts that summer and it became known as the "Gottorp Fury." Their antics included throwing furniture out of the palace windows, throwing cherry pits at the king's ministers, and taking a group of young people through the streets to wreak havoc.
The young king finally toned down his behavior after a bear was killed at one of his parties. The bear had been forced to drink wine, and then it fell out of a window. When it happened, Charles vowed never to drink strong alcohol again. With only a few exceptions, he kept his vow until his death in 1718.
8. In 1921, the 15-year-old former emperor of China, Puyi, decided he wanted to have a phone installed in the palace for his personal use. His advisors tried to keep him from getting one because they were afraid it would give him too much independence since Puyi usually had no contact with the outside world. But when he finally got his phone, he just used it to make prank calls.
Puyi was the last emperor of China. He lost his title when the Empire was abolished in 1912. After that, he became a symbolic leader and still lived in the Imperial Palace.
Puyi learned about telephones from one of his tutors and decided he wanted one. At first, his advisors told him it was a bad idea because it would go against tradition. Later, they had his father tell him that giving outsiders the ability to call into the palace's inner sanctum would hurt imperial dignity. But in his autobiography, Puyi said the real reason they tried to stop him was that they were afraid of what would happen once he had contact with the outside world since he had been confined to the palace since he was a young child.
Once Puyi got his phone, he used a Beijing telephone directory to start making prank phone calls. He called a famous opera singer in Beijing and then giggled and hung up. Several times he called restaurants and had large meals sent to random addresses.
9. There was an ancient Chinese board game called Liubo, and there are two recorded cases of Chinese nobles killing their opponents by hitting them with the game board.
Liubo dates back to the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, and over the years the rules were lost. But, it's believed that it was a two-player game where each player had six game pieces. Instead of dice, players threw six sticks to determine how to move their pieces. Apparently, people took the game very seriously as it led to at least two deaths.
The first case took place in 682 BCE when Nangong Wan hit Duke Min of Song with the Liubo board. The second case happened hundreds of years later, sometime before 156 BCE, when Emperor Jing of Han was still a crown prince. He was playing Liubo with the Prince of Wu, got angry at his opponent, and killed him by throwing the board at him.
10. King Charles VI of France, who reigned from 1380-1422, struggled with mental illness and delusions throughout his life. There were times when he thought he was made of glass, and so he had his clothes reinforced to protect him from shattering.
When King Charles VI started believing he was made of glass, he refused to let people touch him, and he had iron rods sewn into his clothes. He thought that the rods would help keep him from shattering in the event he came into contact with another person.
The condition King Charles suffered from later became known as "glass delusion." It occurred mainly in the late Middle Ages and usually affected people in the wealthy and educated classes. As a result, it became associated with the wider disorder of "scholar's melancholy." Besides glass delusion, some sufferers of scholar's melancholy believed they were made of cork, were as heavy as lead, or that their heads would fall off their shoulders.
more introsting news:
amorq.com@gmail.com
This is a web-site of incredible adventures and colorful views from all over the World. We great like-minded persons narrowed by standard frames of society
Follow @amorqcom


text:
In Tandem TC
In Tandem TC was established in 2000 by Jessica Higgs. The company's work focused on difference and integration of difference in society, creating platforms for culturally diverse and unheard voices.
Harold Pinter double bill of Mountain Language and Landscape
Translated and performed in British Sign Language by Deaf and hearing actors, directed by Jessica Higgs, December 2000. Oval House Theatre. Filmed by BBC 2's Arena and for the V&A National Video Archive of Performance (NAP).
Time Out Critic's Choice.
'Harold Pinter's plays take on a new depth and meaning in this intriguing double bill…it is like seeing the manifestation of layer upon layer of hidden emotion as what is said, and what is meant and felt, the external and the internal, slide into each other in dramatic harmony…not just a quirky experiment but the real thing.' The Guardian
'What's striking about Jessica Higgs' revelatory production, is the way in which Pinter's words are communicated as fluently and dramatically as you are ever likely to witness.' Time Out '…wondrously fulfilling…' Independent on Sunday
Details of the NVAP recording and viewing arrangements can be found by going to www.vam.ac.uk/page/n/national-art-library-catalogue/, click 'follow link', enter Mountain Language under Title Browse.
Accompanying exhibition in the Oval House Café of photographic images of French Sign Language by Carole Sionnet from Poitiers, France.
Smudge by Canadian playwright, Alex Bulmer
Smudge was inspired by the writer's personal experiences of sight loss. First produced at the Tarragon Theatre, Toronto, it received its British Premiere at Oval House Theatre, directed by Jessica Higgs, March 2004. Time Out Critic's Choice.
'Jessica Higgs' free flying, exquisitely designed production…incorporating circus skills, movement and an almost doppelganger effect…' The Guardian
'The stylistic production techniques…are extremely effective.' The Stage
Accompanying exhibition of Still Lights by Sally Booth in the Oval House café.
Workshop collaboration with French-African actor, Aicha Kossoko, and Sierra Leonean, John Adewole, on Beckett's Happy Days.
kin'a'hora
Development workshop with spoken word poet Leah Thorn of a performance piece kin'a'hora looking at Anglo Jewish identity which led to the making of Leah Thorn's short film My Amulet, premiered at the 2008 UK Jewish Film Festival.
UNFINISHED HISTORIES
A collaboration established in 2006 between Susan Croft, Jessica Higgs and In Tandem TC documenting alternative theatre. Susan conceived the name Unfinished Histories and launched it with a live oral history event at the Theatre Museum, Covent Garden that year. Shortly after Susan and Jessica joined forces to develop the project under the auspices of In Tandem TC.
In Tandem TC became Unfinished Histories on April 1st, 2012.
For further information on the work of In Tandem TC please contact jessica@unfinishedhistories.com
Their histories are beacons for the present and the future. By capturing the voices and the dreams that laid the foundations of the theatre today, this project will provide an invaluable resource for theatre artists, policy makers and scholars.~Jatinder Verma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Prejudice. Human rights. Bullying. "Romeo and Juliet" meets "Crash" meets "Requiem for a Dream"...with a twist. Based on the multi-award winning short film of the same name.
After a devastating fire, Charlotte and John rent a countryside house and attempt to start life over, though Charlotte, upon seeing visions of her deceased daughter, retreats to the house's attic and pulls away from her husband and sister.
We make that lemonade is a short music video by the actors of Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn.
A husband is desperate to get the most out of every weekend.
Talk show host Mandy Del Rio puts the spotlight on established entertainment professionals involved in independent projects.
Several months have passed and Rick and the expanded group are living a more peaceful life at the prison. Problems surface when Rick encounters a new survivor, and a supply run ends in disaster.
While the rest of the family visits a university for JJ, Ray has a weekend home alone.
When Maya forces the cancellation of the homecoming bonfire because she doesn't believe the location is wheelchair accessible, J.J. suffers backlash at school.
TC risks his life to rescue a victim of a crane collapse and Scott reunites with a boy he paralyzed in the first half of a combined episode.
As the family readies for their flight to JJ's camp, Maya gets a surprise at the airport. Ray sees the summer as an opportunity to reinvent himself while Jimmy and Dylan turn the trip to camp into a father/daughter bonding moment.
Ray and JJ join the school choir to enhance thier resumes for college. The family has thier van stolen which leads to a Christmas miracle. Julianna Hough guest stars.
Doc wants to find a way for Wildlife Will to keep up his exploring ways.


William Engel is a designer and painter who specializes in commissioned works for corporate and residential interiors. He frequently collaborates with interior designers, including Lilian Bakhash, Celia Berliner, Richard Keith Langham, Charles Pavarini III, David Scott, and Sue Ventura. He is a graduate of NYSID and has been teaching at the College since 1980. He teaches Mixed Media Rendering, Elements of Rendering, Color for Interiors, as well as a Portfolio Development Workshop.
You believe it's still important for students to learn to sketch by hand. Could you explain why?
I always tell my students that sketching is an essential tool for thinking fast and the best way to work out design problems. A lot of my job is teaching students to overcome their fear of putting a pencil to paper. I'm here to teach and encourage them to do their best.
While learning to work with computer programs like AutoCAD is essential for any interior designer today, I feel strongly, as does NYSID, that hand rendering needs to remain a part of the curriculum. Principals at interior design firms often tell me they wish more students knew how to sketch by hand so they can develop their ideas on paper and be more conceptual.
What's your favorite thing about teaching at NYSID?
I love working with the students; they give you ideas and keep you current and fresh. And the students are really nice, they want to know what you have to say. There is definitely a sense of mutual respect, which you don't see at a lot of other schools. Although the College has grown a lot, it hasn't become impersonal. The classes are still small and students are getting a lot of one-on-one time with their instructors.
How does your artwork inform your teaching?
Since i do a lot of commissions for interior designers, I'm very conscious of the relationship between fine art and interior design. I always tell my students that when you're designing a room it has to hold together as a good composition, just like any work of art.
My artwork often teeters between abstract and realistic landscapes. The process I go through when I make my paintings is similar to some of the more advanced courses I teach where students are asked to develop abstract concepts. It's not a decorating problem, and it doesn't matter if I like their taste or style, it's about how the students are able to develop a concept abstractly and complete the design based on that concept. For both my work and the work of my students, it's more about the questions one brings based on concepts rather than the final design or work of art.


After you`ve had a ride on the new Kawasaki ER-6N you understand why the factory thoroughly renewed the bike for 2012.
It `s jo sepse nuk kishte asgjë të gabuar me modelin e vjetër, si ka wasn`t – me të vërtetë, mesme të gjitha-rounder ishte tashmë një nga zgjedhjet më të lartë për blerësit në këtë klasë. It `s vetëm se një i ri është një tërësi shumë më mirë.
Pothuajse çdo gjë në lidhje me biçikletë është e re, më e dukshme fillimisht në sy, të cilat duke e lidhur në mënyrë të qartë të vjetër tani ka një qëndrim më agresiv dhe të qëllimshëm me linja të pastra dhe më të qëndrueshme. Inkorporimi i shokut pasme në përputhje të kornizës në anën e djathtë të ER-6N është ruajtur, but the frame itself along with the swingarm is new, each featuring a new doubled-up tube design which adds interest to the bike`s style.
The exhaust in the modern style lives compact and tucked up beneath the engine, centralising mass in the name of agility and balance, but this, a slightly reduced compression ratio and revisions to the engine mapping are the only changes to affect power. The consequence is a broader spread of torque up to 7,000rpm and a slightly lower peak.
It doesn`t sound like much but you do notice. The Kawasaki ER-6N's motor seems to be better balanced and smoother than before too, delighting with its bubbling chocolate feel and immediate power delivery, and offering enough muscle to let you leave it in a high gear and bowl along country lanes without constantly having to work the gearbox to maintain the revs and keep it sharp.
There`s a very noticeable and pleasing growl coming up from beneath the fuel tank when you`re stretching the motor`s ability, matched by reassuring stability across the speed range and agility enough to make sinuous roads a pleasure rather than hard work. Direction changes are fast and the Kawasaki ER-6N holds its line accurately.
The suspension is significantly softer than on the old model's, a move made possible by increasing the amount of wheel travel, and while it does affect the bike`s poise a little when you`re really pushing it hard, especially in rapid direction changes, the improvement in ride quality and comfort are well worth it. The bike is also better behaved on bumpy roads (which seem to be most of them these days. ), dealing with potholes more convincingly than before.
The Kawasaki ER-6N is a compact machine though, too small really for taller riders. I`m 6`3" (1.91m) and felt like I was dwarfing the bike, although this is psychological as much as real as a 400 milje (650km) round trip in poor conditions was dealt with in surprising comfort. Certainly the seat is perfectly acceptable for long distances, and the engine`s thriftiness with fuel means the bike has a decent range too.
An Eco indicator in the dash comes on when the revs are below 6,000rpm and the throttle isn`t opened too wide, which allows you to cruise at 80mph (130kph) without extinguishing it. Do this and you`re rewarded with 54mpg (19.1km / l, 5.23l/100km, 45mpg SHBA), and much faster is uncomfortable anyway without a fairing to break up the windblast.
Ride more carefully still and that can be eased up to 60mpg (21.2km / l, 4.71l/100km, 50mpg SHBA), although harder use drops the figures to the low 40s to the gallon (approx 15km/l, 6.7l/100km, 35mpg SHBA). me 3.5 gallons (16 litra, 4.2 gallons US) in the tank it`ll stretch to 190 milje (300km) between refills, not bad for a bike in this class.
The much improved dash lets you know your economy accurately and how many miles you have remaining, a touch of class on a sub- £6,000 middleweight. The Kawasaki ER-6N is a high quality machine throughout in fact: the chain adjusters are chunky machined aluminium blocks, plastic shrouds protect the forks from stone chips and the fit and finish generally are exceptionally good.
A shame then that there`s no ABS option (in the UK market, this will be different in some others), which some rivals can offer and which will certainly sway some buying decisions. If you want that you`ll need to go for the faired ER-6f, which is £200 more plus a further £400 for the ABS itself. BUt that fairing will certainly enhance the versatility.
megjithatë, the Kawasaki ER-6N is great fun and very capable, as it`s always been, but now looks better than before and adds a welcome extra degree of comfort. Its ace though is the engine, which has quietly moved to the top of its class for its breadth of power and seductive sound and feel.


Wireless Data Transmission for fault annunciation using a Transceiver to diagnose faults and their severity.
Inaccessible areas such as tall equipment, equipment on towers, ceiling, roofs, and holding ponds.
Areas where wiring is problematic such as between rooms and floors, over long runs.
This cheap system will ultimately replace the off line and on line condition monitoring system used today.


Rebecca studied psychology at Loyola Marymount University, and after spending some time exploring the clinical side of psych working in mental health, she transitioned to industrial-organizational psychology.
Since joining the team, Rebecca leads the research department for Wynden Stark, GQR's parent company, and GQR. She is responsible for internal HR data analysis and building out GQR's People Intelligence platform as part of the company's Client Services package.
She designs and distributes psychometric assessments and surveys for GQR, analyzing the data to produce actionable insight across various metrics like employee engagement, motivation, attraction and retention.
Rebecca is endlessly curious about human behavior and is passionate about finding different ways to measure and optimize employee success and engagement.


This campaign was visually inspired by test patterns indicating a disruption of TV service and it signaled Apple TV's disruption of the entertainment landscape. The color bars were updated with the color scheme of early Apple logos. Phase one covered major cities with bold color bar outdoor boards with the addition of the Apple TV logo. Phase two refreshed billboards and street level with color bars containing glimpses of Apple TV content including The Simpsons, Inside Out, Crossy Road, NBA and more. The Apple TV color bar campaign brought the grey urban landscape to life with color wherever they appeared.


City coasted to victory over basement side Huddersfield Town to narrow the gap to leaders Liverpool back down to four points.
The Blues enjoyed the majority of possession without threatening the Terriers' goal too much to begin with, but just 13 minutes in and City fans were left scratching their heads as Raheem Sterling was felled in the box by Rodney Kongolo.
Danilo's effort brought up a century of goals for City this season and the fastest to reach the milestone in Europe this season.
Refocused and re-energised, City came out for the second half and within 11 minutes, had put the game to bed.
Two minutes later, the lead was three – and what a goal.
As the ball came to Danilo just inside the halfway line, there seemed little threat to the hosts – but the Brazil defender pinged a ball to Aguero whose cushioned reverse header allowed Sane to burst into the box and coolly slot under the keeper.
City move back to within four points of leaders Liverpool while significantly improving our goal difference.
An assist and a goal for City's German winger.
The Blues return to domestic cup again next week.


It is easy to develop a dependency on medications for relief. Whenever an injury has occurred or a chronic condition such as foot neuropathy has been diagnosed, the desire to return to life before diagnosis is strong and the temptation to give in to the use of prescription medications for relief is strong. Choosing to treat neuropathy pains and symptoms with prescription medication does not always end badly, however there are several drawbacks to their use. For one, prescription medications used to treat neuropathy was not even formulated or designed for the condition.
Secondly, neuropathy in feet is very painful and with the constant use of the feet being unavoidable the issue of drug dependency could become a concern. If addictive tendencies run in a family, it is even more important that a safer treatment be found. Prescription medications only cover up the underlying cause and do nothing to help heal, fix or soothe the underlying issue – damaged nerve cells. When looking at the goal of neuropathy in feet or neuropathic pain treatment, one must consider the end result – less pain. With there not being a cure for nerve damage, the individual suffering with it must think long term and plan out treatment accordingly.
Choosing to let go of the medications being used to treat your neuropathy in feet symptoms will prove to be the wisest choice you could have ever made once you realize just how negatively they were effecting your body and your body's emotional health.


CareerTrek BC is a web series that interviews and films various people working at their jobs. Visitors to their site can learn about more than 90 careers with 25 of those being related to the construction industry.
Click on the links below to explore these careers!
Explore these career videos below!


text:
Q: The method cannot be invoked on a trait object I would like to create a Command DP with a command which cannot be known at compile time, but i don't know how to make it well.
The minimal code reproduction
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::process::exit;

trait Command {
    fn execute<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, path: P) -> bool
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        false
    }
}

struct RenameCommand;

impl RenameCommand {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        RenameCommand {}
    }
}

impl Command for RenameCommand {
    fn execute<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, path: P) -> bool {
        false
    }
}

struct CopyCommand;

impl CopyCommand {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        CopyCommand {}
    }
}

impl Command for CopyCommand {
    fn execute<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, path: P) -> bool {
        false
    }
}

fn execute_commmand<P: AsRef<Path>>(command: &Box<dyn Command>, path: P) -> bool {
    command.execute(path)
}

fn main() {
    let origin_file_path = PathBuf::from("/bin");

    let command: Box<dyn Command> = match "rename" {
        "rename" => Box::new(RenameCommand),
        "copy" => Box::new(CopyCommand),
        _ => {
            eprintln!("Error");
            exit(1);
        }
    };

    for _ in 0..10{
      // Some code
      // I would like to do something like
      // error: the `execute` method cannot be invoked on a trait object
      command.execute(origin_file_path);
      // Or if needed
      execute_commmand(&command, origin_file_path);
    }

}

I used Box to create the struct at runtime but I don't know how to run a method on this boxed struct.
command.execute(data); /// doesn't work

so i tried to create a function like
execute_command<P: AsRef<Path>>(command: &Box(dyn Command), path: P) -> bool{
    command.execute(path)
}

But i got this error: the execute method cannot be invoked on a trait object.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The HL004 notebook from Superior Labor is part of their exciting new Stationery range.
A typical TSL product, the cover combines typically Japanese minimalism with the highest quality materials and workmanship.
Slightly larger than a passport-sized notebook, this beautifully simple leather cover comes with an exclusive to TSL A6 size notebook insert which is attached to the cover by a simple leather cord (you can also easily attach an A6 notebook of your choice ). Refill inserts are available from our store. The leather itself is of extremely high quality.
In our opinion, this notebook is just the right size for travel and daily use, whether for work or a busy private life, it fits very nicely in the Superior Labor Engineer Bag Petite and Bag-in-Bag. or just into your pocket. The leather feels smooth and "chunky",very luxurious.
Materials: vegetable-tanned leather, hand cut.


Cashew pakoda, Mundiri pakoda recipe with step by step pictures. Cashew pakoda, mundiri pakoda, Kaju pakoda, a mint flavored pakoda a perfect choice for a tea time and also pairs with rice too. The word mundiri pakoda itself brings back a lots of childhood memories. We used to live 10 Kms away from the Madurai City, and appa buys mundiri pakoda for us from a shop near Madurai bus stand. This shop, Prema vilas mundiri pakoda is very famous and we used to eat this madly whenever appa buys it for us. Mostly we used to eat this with curd rice or rasam rice and we love to eat pakodas in that way only. I wanted to try this Mint cashew pakoda for a long time and finally made it today. This is totally a addictive snack, a treat for cashew lovers.
For my friends in Singapore the bowl which i used in the pictures, are nature-made, rustic-looking tableware is made from the fallen leaf-sheath of the Areca Palm tree. They are completely biodegradable, backyard compostable, plastic and chemical free and are an excellent alternate to the environment damaging plastic disposables. Ideal for parties, events, weddings, barbecues, entertain your guests in a stylish yet sustainable way. One of my good friend is taking up this wonderful intitiative of bringing it to Singapore, sourcing from India. Please do check her facebook page, NatureRustic to approach her to place your order.
Description: Cashew pakoda, mundiri pakoda, a mint flavored pakoda a perfect choice for a tea time and also pairs with rice too.
In a mixie coarsely pulse the ginger, garlic(if adding), fennel seeds and curry leaves.
In a wide bowl add the besan, rice flour, chopped mint leaves, pulsed ginger mixture, red chili powder, salt and cashew nuts.
Do not roast the the cashew nuts. Add raw cashew nuts. Add whole cashews.
Heat the 2 tsp of oil and add it to the flour mixture.
Mix everything and sprinkle little water.
When it becomes hot, bring the flame to medium.
Take the cashew pakoda dough in small portions and carefully put them into oil.
Deep fry in oil till it becomes crispy golden brown.
Take it out once the oil sound subsides.
Repeat this for the rest of the cashew mixture.
This pakoda can be stored in an airtight container for 2 days.
Allow this to cool completely and then store in a box.
It will stay crispy for 2 days. But trust me it is highly addictive. So it won't stay long.
You can add finely chopped onions to the pakoda, but it will stay for a day.
This cashew pakodas tastes yum with rasam rice and curd rice too.
Adding hot oil to the dough gives crispiness to the pakoda.
You can skip the garlic and make it as a no onion no garlic cashew pakoda.


WASHINGTON, PENNSYLVANIA – Freshman 125-pounder Jesse Gunter (Akron/Coventry) won his first collegiate championship as the Baldwin Wallace University wrestling team competed today (Saturday, November 10, 2012) at the Washington & Jefferson College Invitational Tournament. This was the second tournament of the season for the Yellow Jackets.
BW was led by Gunter, as well as freshman 165-pounder David Shapiro (Beachwood) who placed third. Placing fifth for the Yellow Jackets was freshman 157-pounder Garrett Chase (Erie, Pa./Cathedral Prep) and 184-pounder Lane Louive (Massillon/ Washington). Junior 141-pounder Andrew Taylor (Columbus/ Worthington Kilbourne) also placed sixth.
Gunter compiled a 4-0 record with one pin, one major decision and two decisions en route to his individual title. He defeated Willie Bohince of Mercyhurst (Pa.) in the championship match by a score of 3-2. With his impressive performance, Gunter has now improved to 8-1 overall on the season. Shapiro compiled a 4-1 mark with one technical fall, one major decision and three decisions. He lost to the eventual champion Clint Schaefer of Mercyhurst (Pa.) in the semi-finals, but then bounced back to win his next two matches to place third. In his third place match, Shapiro defeated Angelo Bortoluzzi of Mercyhurst (Pa.) by a 4-3 decision. He is now has a 5-2 overall record.
Chase compiled a 5-1 mark with one technical fall and four decisions. In his fifth place match, Chase defeated Joel Paolo of Pitt-Johnstown (Pa.) by a 7-3 decision. He is now has a 10-2 overall record. Louive compiled a 6-1 mark with one pin, two technical falls, two major decisions and one decision. In his fifth place match, Louive dominated Kelly Brennan of Heidelberg with a 15-0 technical fall. He has now improved to 10-2 overall record. Taylor compiled a 4-2 mark with an impressive four pins to account for his victories. After losing his first match, he then won his next four matches to reach the semi-finals of the consolation bracket, before falling in his final two matches to place sixth. This was Taylor's first competition of the season.
Also posting a winning or .500 slate were freshman Zach Walker (Fairlawn/ Copley) was 3-2 at 133 pounds, sophomore Sam McIntosh (South Euclid/ Brush) was 3-2 at 149 pounds, freshman Kyle Johnston (Lancaster) was 2-2 at 157 pounds, freshman Connor Lesniak (Altoona, Pa./ Altoona) was 3-2 at 157 pounds, freshman Ben LeBrun (Strongsville) was 2-2 at 174 pounds, freshman Joe Belford (Berea/ St. Edwards) was 3-2 at 285 pounds, and freshman Brett Spinelli (Wadsworth) was 2-2 at 285 pounds.
The BW wrestlers are back in action next Saturday, November 17 when they travel to Ashland to compete in the 18th Annual Harris Open Invitational hosted by Ashland University 10:00 a.m.
FOR MORE BW SPORTS INFORMATION, please contact Sports Information Director Kevin Ruple by telephone at 440-826-2327 and e-mail at kruple@bw.edu or Assistant SID Jeff Miller by phone at 440-826-2780 and e-mail at jefmille@bw.edu. Fans can access the latest BW athletics information at www.bwyellowjackets.com and we invite you to join us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/bwathletics.


While using RecordRTC to record HTML5 webcam video/audio in the browser, I was miffed to find no duration or length property available upon deep introspection of the various types involved (MediaStream, MediaStreamTrack, RecordRTC itself, Blob, File).
It turns out that the streams themselves don't have finite durations, which sort of makes sense if you consider that you could infinitely record if you wanted (though arguably a stream should have a finite duration when the stream is stopped or paused). Once you have captured a Blob from your video or audio stream, you do have something with a duration—but the Blob type itself is just a container for abstract data, so it does not expose any particular interface to obtain duration of video or audio.
Unfortunately, there is currently a Chromium bug that causes the duration not to be available under certain circumstances. In these conditions, you will see the video or audio duration as being Infinity (a vestige of the infinite stream concept, presumably).


The Oropa Campervan Site has recently opened and offers great views of the Upper Basilica.
It has 31 well-lit spaces equipped with 220Watt electrical hook-ups and shower and toilet facilities.
Price: 10,00 Euro per day.


Juliet – young, smart and sassy – has got herself a fresh start in a new flat.
Amidst the boxes, a strange guy is also moving in – and he won't leave… He says the agency has fouled up and her flat is actually his flat.
Hello/Goodbye is playing at Hampstead Downstairs from 1 – 30 March. Click here for more information and to book tickets.


Don't just talk about how much you love Edmonton Oilers, show them. This exceptional door mat looks great as it welcomes guests when they come to watch the Oilers crush the competition. Jersey inspired graphics reflects strong team spirit. Made in the USA.


Local actor Randy Otto does a great Winston Churchill and one of this latest portrayals of the WWII British Prime Minister benefitted the Lake Mills High School History Club to the tune of $520. The two Dec. 10 performances, played to sold out Water House Foods Cafe and Bakehouse. Accepting the check from an in-character Otto (right), on behalf of the History Club, is LMASD Superintendent Dean Sanders.
Debut Performance of 'Churchill: The Blitz' a Success!


(Reuters Health) - Getting a legal abortion is much safer than giving birth, suggests a new U.S. study published Monday.
The message is that getting an abortion and giving birth are both safe, said Dr. Anne Davis, who studies obstetrics and gynecology at the Columbia University Medical Center in New York, and wasn't involved in the new study.
"We wouldn't tell people, 'Don't have a baby because it's safer to have an abortion' -- that's ridiculous," she told Reuters Health. "We're trying to help women who are having all reproductive experiences know what to expect."
An induced abortion -- like any other medical procedure -- requires getting informed consent from the woman, said Dr. Bryna Harwood, an ob-gyn from the University of Illinois in Chicago who also didn't participate in the new research.


text:
Western European Christians will increasing move to Hungary over the coming decades, says PM Orbán
Posted by admin | Sep 22, 2020 | Latest, World News | 0 |
PM Orbán believes that Western European Christians will increasingly come to settle in Hungary in the future
A growing number of western European Christians will also settle in Hungary in the coming decades, predicted Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban on Monday during the first autumn session of parliament.
"During our lifetime, a great many Christians will come to Hungary from Western Europe," Orbán said.
During the session, Orbán said it is also an encouraging sign for the country that many Hungarian expats are coming back from Western Europe and many Western European Christians are also already choosing the country as their residence, according to Hungarian news portal Origo.
"Yes, I think the tendency that many are coming back from Western Europe will continue," Orbán said during a Q&A session. "Some are buying up smaller settlements wholesale and we must be prepared for that."
Orbán's government has made the topic of Christian persecution an issue in the past and even holds an annual Conference on Christian Persecution in Budapest. Last year, Orbán touted his government's protection of Christians, pointing out that his country's constitution actually explicitly offers such protections.
"Hungarians believe Christian values lead to peace and happiness and that is why our Constitution states that protection of Christianity is an obligation for the Hungarian state," he said.
"It obligates us to protect Christian communities throughout the world suffering persecution."
He has pointed to the lack of resolve from other European leaders, who he says do not do enough to protect Christians, which currently stands as most persecuted religious group in the world.
"A mysterious force shuts the mouths of European politicians and cripples their arms," he said. "Christians are not allowed to be mentioned on their own, only together with other groups that are being persecuted for their faiths."
Hungary has instituted programs to help Christians persecuted around the globe, known as the Hungary Helps program, which donated €30,000 to help rebuild churches destroyed in Greece this year.
Although Christians face far higher levels of persecutions on other continents, attacks on Christians also reached an all-time high last year, and many
Answering a string of questions from opposition MPs, mostly Socialists, Orbán also spoke about the recent epidemiological and economic measures of the government at a time when Hungary is fighting the second, much more severe coronavirus wave.
Regarding opposition demands for cost-free coronavirus testing, Orbán said that the country was following the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), according to which tests ordered by doctors or authorities are free. He also encouraged that Hungarians should also voluntarily have themselves tested if they fell the need, pointing out that among the recent measures announced last Friday, the price of coronavirus tests will be capped at 19,500 forints (€54)
He said that the results of a recent national consultation showed unequivocally that the majority of Hungarians want to keep the economy running even as infection numbers are on the rise.
"People don't want us to halt the economy," Orbán said, while in answering another question he added that "there is no need for a budget amendment".
On Sept. 19, Orbán announced that the moratorium on loan repayments for households and companies will be extended until the middle of 2021.
According to the latest official data, Hungary has 13,783 active coronavirus cases, 5,564 of which are in Budapest.
"Healthcare mathematics indicate that the peak could be 200,000 cases, but it is good that we should be prepared for twice that," Orbán said.
PreviousCovid Facts – The Inconvenient Truth – One bump too many?
Next"Smoking Gun": COVID-19 Fatality Rate "Worst Miscalculation in the History of Humanity"
End of the Road: How Money Became Worthless | Financial Crisis | ENDEVR Documentary
100-year-old woman denied access to supermarket in Chile for lack of digital health pass
Isolation Centers And Vaccine Mandates In Canada
Trillion Dollar Gamble: Most Powerful Man in the World (2020 Pandemic Conspiracy)


text:
China Book Library
Chinese Cinema
Chinese Food & Cuisine
China Trends
China Facts and Info
Chinese Quotes
Chinese Tales
China Finance
Science in China: News & features
China Events
Advertising in China Underground
Chinese Movie DB
Chinese Actors & Actresses
Chinese Directors
Chinese movies full list
Yunnan Travel Guide
Travel to Baoshan
Travel to Chuxiong
Travel to Dehong
Travel to Deqen
Travel to Dali
Travel to Honghe
Travel to Kunming
Travel to Lijiang
Travel to Lincang
Travel to Nujiang
Travel to Qujing
Travel to Yuxi
Chinese decor
China Underground > China Book Library > Top 7 Classical Chinese Literature Books Recommended for Reading
Top 7 Classical Chinese Literature Books Recommended for Reading
January 22, 2020 by China-Underground
China has its fair share of ancient Chinese literature. Below, we have compiled a list of some of the most noteworthy works, otherwise known as the best Chinese literature books ever.
They explore various themes, from love to history to family, and successfully capture the true essence of what it means to be alive and human.
The Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin
The Dream of the Red Chamber is unarguably one of China's greatest gems in its realm of literature. The book was published in the 18th century and followed the rise and decline of a Chinese noble family, believed to be Cao Xueqin's own. It is noted to be a memorial to the young women who graced his younger years, whether they were friends, relatives, or even servants in his home.
The novel is a memoir and serves to remind its readers of the simple yet chaotic understanding of the human mind and how families work. By extension, this piece of literature mirrors the saga of the royal Qing dynasty, too. It is said to be one of the best forms of ancient Chinese literature ever written.
2. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
This novel by Luo Guan Zhong is one of the staples in Chinese literature and was written to follow the stories of the rules who graced the stage during the "Three Kingdoms Period" in ancient Chinese history.
In this semi-historical masterpiece, the battles are recounted in intriguingly detailed language. Special attention is paid to the shifting alliances. However, how much of this work is true and how much fiction cannot be verified. Nevertheless, The Romance of Three Kingdoms still stands today as one of the greatest literary works in all of Chinese history.
3. Water Margin by Shi Nai An
Water Margin tails the lives and ideologies of a band of intellectuals who waged war against the Song Dynasty, which is known to be one of the most corrupt dynasties in Chinese history. While the general claim is that the author of this novel is Shi Nai An, scholars still argue over the real ownership of the text. Some also believe that the story is not pure fiction, and perhaps is an account of a group of forty Chinese rebels who fought against Song legionaries.
4. Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en
Journey to the West is a 16th century Chinese novel about a group of travelers and a monkey who set out to visit the great, unknown west as they travel through the Silk Road, India, Mongolian lands, and Muslim empires. Journey to the West is one of the most important novels in China because it highlights the nation's rich historical past, which involved travel, trade, and the evergreen Silk Route. It is, to date, one of the best Chinese literature forms ever.
5. Fengshen Yanyi by Xu Zhonglin
Loosely translated as "Tales of the Teahouse Retold: Investiture of the Gods," Fengshen Yanyi is a 16th-century fantasy novel about how a group of Chinese gods waged civil war amongst themselves after splitting into two opposing parties. One party supported King Zhou, whereas the other was in favor of his opponent, King Wu. The book is known across China as one of the best fantasy novels ever written.
6. Flower in the Mirror by Li Ruzhen
Flower in the Mirror spans across 100 chapters. It goes into great detail about the age-old myths of Tang Ao, Duo Jiugong, and their companions, as well as that of Tang Xiaoshan and another set of 100 female artists who were magically blessed with talents that helped them pass an imperial election. The story is dotted with interesting characters, like flower fairies and strong female leads. Unlike most notable Chinese works, this one does not recount true historical tales, making it one of the few traditional Chinese books to do so. Hence, it is seen as a valid example of the best Chinese literature out there.
Because this novel spans over 100 chapters, critics still argue over when exactly it was written. Modern readers wonder how a single person managed to write it all, asking how he had the time. In present-day scenarios, students don't have the time to write even a single paper, let alone 100 chapters. To overcome this challenge, many students hire an online freelance art writer to write their paper for them, with certified low percentage plagerism. Some students even sign up to become one themselves as a side hustle.
7. Nie Hai Hua by Zeng Pu
Nie Hai Hua was written during the reign of the Qing Dynasty. The title translates into "Flower in the Sea of Evil" and is one of the Late Qing Four Condemned Novels because of the radical ideas it promoted, especially against the evils of the ruling party. It takes on China's social and political policies headfirst with little regard for what others might think, making it one of the finest pieces of literature not only in China but globally, too.
This novel was banned in China for some time. A similar case is seen with students in the modern age who submit plagiarized work. To beat plagiarism, students and teachers alike use online plagiarism checkers. It's smart to check with a plagiarism checker free online before handing in any assignment to avoid getting into trouble. Using a tool like this can help in checking the exact percentage of plagiarism in a text.
All in all, these are the best Chinese literature books ever penned and can be found in any Chinese library. They're certainly worth the read and offer much-needed insight into the workings of tradition, power, and humanity.
China-Underground
CinaOggi.it and China-underground.com are two websites focused on China and Chinese culture. The site includes thousands of articles on this country structured in categories: news, trends, economy, history, art, guides, literature , pictures gallery, videos and Chinese cinema.
china-underground.com
Subscribe to China Underground and get the free magazine 'Planet China'
By clicking Sign Up, you agree to our terms and conditions.
Categories China Book Library
Animal Quarantine Service of Japan taking action over the possible introduction of ASF in the lead-up to the Chinese Lunar New Year
Travel Ban issued for residents of Wuhan amid a coronavirus outbreak
China's Changzhou National Hi-Tech District kicks off New Year with 30 billion yuan investment
The Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Chinese officials and companies including Xiaomi and CNOOC
The Eunuch by Jonathan Kos-Read
A short history of the First Sino-Japanese War
Brazil finds disappointing 50.4% efficacy for China's Sinovac vaccine
TCL CSOT Launches Two Flexible Displays at CES 2021
China's three largest telcos lose $5.6 billion in value as index providers drop them
HK democracy activist Joshua Wong rearrested in jail for violating Beijing's national security law
Top 10 World Container Ports
Plastered 8: Urban Fashion in Beijing, Interview with Dominic Johnson-Hill
Movie Review: Mao Mao Cool by Zhang Yang
Waves and Echoes
14/11/2020 - 09/05/2021>
2021 China Shanghai International Boat Show
Categories Select CategoryAbout (1)Blogs (3)China Book Library (387)China Finance (177)China History Images (187)China Magazine (869)China News (617)China Photo Gallery: Images and pictures of China (283)China Trends (112)China Views (163)Chinese Cinema (75)Chinese decor (15)Chinese Music (25)Chinese Quotes (12)Chinese Tales (5)Chinese Tea (14)Contemporary art in China (135)Electronic & Gadgets (23)Entertainment (169)Essential guide to China (138)Fashion Design (10)Featured (144)Go Shopping: Quality products from China (2)Interactive Map of China (1)Interviews in Chinese (1)Keats blog (13)Lab (8)Magazine (2)Media – Around the web (2)NordVPN's security tips in China (39)Planet China (10)Science in China: News & features (362)Taste of China: Chinese Food & Cuisine (33)Travel to Baoshan (12)Travel to Chuxiong (15)Travel to Dali (17)Travel to Dehong (11)Travel to Deqen (16)Travel to Honghe (18)Travel to Kunming (35)Travel to Lijiang (18)Travel to Lincang (11)Travel to Nujiang (4)Travel to Qujing (4)Travel to Yunnan (16)Travel to Yuxi (12)Uncategorized (3)Videos (108)
CinaOggi
China short urls
Retrofuturista
https://www.esta-united.co.uk
Gazebo NZ
Best translation services
© 2021 Site by DMSL Limited, Letterkenny, Ireland. CN: 612766


In a digital information transmission system having an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), an information transmission medium, and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) all located between a transmitting station and a receiving station, signal transmission is improved by injection of a controlled signal in the form of a symmetric triangle wave sweep having a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude exceeding the magnitude of a few quantization intervals of the ADC and the DAC, introducing frequency components concentrated outside the system frequency spectrum. A class of controlled signals is disclosed. In the preferred embodiment, the controlled signal is injected into the analog information input signal prior to conversion to digital form. The injected signal predominates whenever the amplitude of spurious noise signals is less than the amplitude of the injected signal and the level of the input of the ADC is near a quantizing interval transition point so that subsequent analog output signals from the DAC have frequencies concentrated outside the frequency spectrum of the system. The DAC output signals are subsequently filtered by a post-sampling filter having a pass-band characteristic coextensive with the system frequency spectrum so that the injected signal components are removed before coupling to the signal output utilization device. Alternatively, a digital representation of the controlled signal may be added to the information signal after conversion to digital form and subsequently filtered from the information signal.
This invention relates to information transmission systems in which information is transmitted between two or more stations in digital form. More particularly, this invention relates to the reduction of errors in digital information transmission systems by utilizing a controlled signal dithering technique.
In the field of information transmission it is common practice to convert information from analog to digital form prior to transmission from a station at a first location and to re-convert the information received at a second location from digital to analog form. In a typical system, the analog-to-digital conversion is accomplished by sampling successive portions of the analog input signal at a rate sufficient to permit conversion in a theoretically errorfree manner under idealized conditions and generating a substantially constant level signal for the duration of each sampling period, the magnitude of the constant level signal during any given period being representative of the magnitude of the analog signal at the instant of sampling. The magnitude of the constant level signal is limited to a relatively small fixed number of possible values over the entire predetermined amplitude range of the analog input signal, a process termed quantizing, and each value is assigned a different amplitude range or quantizing interval so that all signal amplitudes lying within a specific quantizing interval are converted to a constant level signal having the same magnitude. For example, in a seven bit binary system, an analog input signal having amplitudes lying in the range from zero to 1.28 volts may be quantized into different levels each having a range of 0.01 volts so that input signals having amplitudes lying in the zero level range from -0.005 to +0.005 volts are converted to a zero volt level signal; input signals having amplitudes lying in the range from 0.005 to 0.015 volts are converted to a constant level signal having the magnitude of 0.01 volts; signals from 0.015 to 0.025 volts are converted to a constant level signal having a magnitude of 0.02 volts; etc. The voltage magnitudes 0.005, 0.015, 0.025, etc., defining the end points of each range, are termed the transition points or quantization levels. The intervals between the transition points are termed quantization interval. Ideally the quantization intervals are equal in value and define one significant bit (LSB). At the receiving station, the information transmitted in digital form is ordinarily re-converted to analog form which is accomplished in the inverse manner to the manner described above.
Such systems have found wide application, and they are increasingly being used in telephone systems for transmitting speech and other analog information. Such systems are typically designed to operate over a predetermined range of analog input signal frequencies. For example, in a telephone system application, this range is ordinarily in the audible range from about 300 Hz to about 3400 Hz. System response is limited to this range by filtering of the analog input signals prior to the analog-to-digital conversion by means of a band-pass filter having a pass-band characteristic lying in the 300-3400 Hz range and by filtering the reconverted analog signal with a post-sampling filter having similar pass-band characteristics.
Such systems, however, suffer from the disadvantage of susceptibility to random disturbing signals upstream of the analog digital converter (ADC) and lying in the frequency response range of the system, which signals are conveniently termed noise signals, as opposed to information signals whose information content is to be transmitted to the receiving station. In the presence of noise signals, the information content desired to be transmitted and received can be masked and erroneously manifested at the receiving end of the system. Ideally, under idle channel conditions, i.e., when no information is present on the input side of the system, the output of the ADC should have a constant zero level value. In practice, however, in a typical ADC, the zero level drifts. Thus, a random or spurious disturbing signal having an extremely small amplitude can cause the ADC to generate an output signal quantizing a value higher or lower than zero, if the zero value level has drifted close to a transition point. This erroneous output signal is then reproduced as an erroneous analog signal downstream at the digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
In systems using a multi-channel input which is sequentially coupled to the ADC, i.e., a multiplexed multichannel system, noise in the form of crosstalk from a nearby channel is typically present. Since the crosstalk noise signal has the spectral content of speech and thus lies within the frequency response range of the system, crosstalk signals of even extremely small amplitude can pass through the system band-pass filter and alter the magnitude of the sampled analog information input signal to a value lying within the next quantizing interval, particularly when the input signal alone is very close to a transition point. As a result, the ADC generates an erroneous output signal which is re-converted to analog form by the DAC. Since the spectrum of this signal is fundamentally that of speech any such noise cannot be filtered out by the postsampling filter downstream of the DAC.
Attempts have been made to design systems of the above type with reduced sensitivity to idle channel noise, crosstalk and error in quantizing the analog input signal (termed quantizing errors). In some systems the number of quantizing intervals used to represent the input signal has been increased, thus decreasing the size of each quantizing interval. For systems using binary encoding, it can be shown that adding n bits or 2n quantizing intervals reduces the effect of noise by 6n dB in an ideal case, provided that the analog noise in this system remains small compared to the size of the quantizing interval.
Another technique is to introduce a circuit which has a greater gain for small signals than for large amplitude analog signals, termed a compressor, upstream of the ADC and a circuit having the inverse gain characteristics of the compressor, termed an expander, downstream of the DAC. The compressor-expander arrangement effectively reduces the size of quantizing intervals for small amplitude signals and correspondingly reduces the adverse effects of idle channel and crosstalk noise. However, this arrangement has the disadvantage of introducing a non-linear response over the entire amplitude range of the analog input signals and causes increased quantizing errors for large amplitude signals. A further suggested solution is disclosed in Gunderson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,152, wherein a 1/2 LSB square wave signal is injected into the signal. A 6 dB improvement in signal output is claimed. As is hereinafter explained, further analysis reveals that maximum actual improvement is only 3 dB.
A still further solution has been disclosed which involves the injection of a band limited, amplitude controlled, noise signal having a frequency content outside of the information band of interest prior to analog-to-digital conversion. This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,999,129, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to further improving this signal processing technique for reducing idle channel noise and distortion.
A further discussion of the characteristics of digital to analog to digital conversion is given, hereinafter, in conjunction with a description of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
The invention comprises a method and apparatus for substantially reducing the adverse effects of idle channel crosstalk and quantizing error noise which can be implemented in an extremely inexpensive manner and which enhances the performance of digital information transmission systems employing analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog reconversion. In a broadest aspect, the invention comprises superposition of an information signal and a controlled signal having a predetermined peak-to-peak amplitude relative to the magnitude of one least significant bit (LSB) and having a predetermined frequency spectrum relative to a frequency at which the composite signal is sampled to convert the information to digital form (sampling frequency). The controlled signal is selected for its noise suppression characteristics and particularly for the ease of extracting information from the composite signal. In a particular embodiment, a class of periodic signals is disclosed which has nearly ideal amplitude distribution and very close to ideal frequency spectral content. The ideal waveform of the controlled signal has a mininum peak-to-peak amplitude, a uniform probability density function and is substantially devoid of frequency components, both in original and aliased form, in the pass-band spectrum of interest. By "substantially devoid of frequency components" it is meant that any such frequency components occurring within the pass band are at an amplitude level lower than the background noise level, for example, at least about 70 dB below the full-scale pass-band amplitude characteristic in a voice grade telephone system. The class of controlled signals includes a periodic symmetric triangle wave at a frequency above or below the pass band which has a peak-to-peak amplitude of at least one least significant bit (LSB) and under non-ideal quantization conditions a preferred peak-to-peak amplitude of about three to about four LSB.
The controlled noise signal is preferably centered at a frequency above the pass band equal to one-half the sampling frequency offset by a small frequency δ or below the pass band at the small frequency δ. Frequency δ is selected such that its period is small compared to the time interval of interest in noise evaluation. A typical range of period for frequency δ in a voice grade telephone system is 10 to 80 Hz.
While the preferred controlled signal is a symmetric sawtooth wave, other suitable signals include asymmetric sawtooth waves, ramp waves and superimposed combinations of square waves of selected peak amplitudes and pseudorandom phase relation. By "symmetric sawtooth wave", a periodic wave is meant consisting of two linear segments of equal duration without any measurable interval of zero slope. By "asymmetric sawtooth wave", a periodic wave composed of two linear segments of unequal duration without any measurable interval of zero slope. By "ramp wave", a periodic wave is meant consisting of two linear segments, one segment being of substantially zero duration relative to the other segment. The "synthesized combination of square waves" is defined in greater detail hereinbelow in The Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments. It should be further understood that the analog waveforms may be generated using digital techniques.
In a preferred embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention, the information output of an analog signal source is coupled through a pre-sampling filter having a pass-band characteristic co-extensive with a desired operating range of frequencies to a first input of a summing network. A signal generator capable of generating controlled signals of the type noted above is coupled to another input of the summing network. The output of the summing network is coupled to the signal input of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the clock input of which is coupled to the output of a sample clock generator. Optionally, a sample and hold circuit also clocked by the sample clock generator output signal train is coupled between the output of the summing network and the data input of the ADC.
As an alternate embodiment, the periodic controlled signal can be injected directly into a comparator input of the ADC, or into any other input interval to the ADC which has the effect of summing the periodic controlled signal with the source signal during conversion. The output of the ADC is coupled to the transmission medium, e.g., a telephone subscriber line circuit or an information bus with a PBX telephone system. At the receiving end of the transmission medium, the digital information signals are reconverted to analog form by a digital to analog converter (DAC) clocked at the same frequency and in synchronism with the sample clock generator. The analog output signals from the DAC are coupled to a utilization device via a post-sampling filter having a pass-band characteristic similar to that of the pre-sampling filter. In the preferred embodiment, the frequency of the periodic controlled noise signal is offset from one half of the sampling frequency in order to prevent the controlled signal from producing an effect equivalent to square waves having the same peak-to-peak amplitudes as the difference between the limited number of samples of the periodic controlled signal.
In operation, the injected periodic controlled signal having the characteristics herein disclosed predominates whenever the amplitude of a spurious noise signal is less than the peak amplitude of the controlled noise signal and the level of the input to the ADC is near a quantizing interval transition point. Thus, in the case of idle channel noise, the subsequent output of the DAC consists primarily of a signal whose frequency components are those of the controlled signal. Since the spectrum of these components is outside of the pass-band of the post-sampling filter, these noise signals are readily filtered out. In the particular case of quantizing error noise, the injected controlled signal acts as a bias signal which, when summed with a lower frequency analog information signal at the input of the ADC, causes the duty cycle of the digitized signal output from the ADC to vary in a manner which is converted by the postsampling filter downstream from the DAC to amplitude changes which more accurately reflect the true shape of the analog input signal. This process is known as dithering since amplitude variations in the analog information input signal which lie within a quantizing level are transmitted to the output of the DAC, thereby reducing quantizing error.
Among the principal advantages of the invention is improved signal to noise characteristics in digitized systems as compared to white noise or Gaussian-type noise dithering techniques, and also as compared to simple controlled signal dithering techniques such as square wave or sine wave signal injection. In particular, the class of preferred injection signals generates highly attenuated harmonics as compared to a square wave. The class of preferred controlled signals is also characterized by a uniform probability density function in contrast to the pure sine wave.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first system embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a second system embodying the invention.
FIG. 3A is a graphical representation of quantization level versus quantization interval obtained by an analog-to-digital conversion followed by a digital-to-analog reconversion of an analog input continuously varied over a number of quantization interval.
FIG. 3B is a graphical illustration of average noise power versus quantization interval for a system without compensation.
FIG. 3C is a graphical illustration of average noise power versus quantization interval for a prior art noise suppression technique.
FIG. 3D is a graphical illustration of average noise power versus quantization interval for the noise suppression technique of the present invention wherein the amplitude of injected noise suppression is less than optimum.
FIG. 3E is a graphical illustration of average noise power versus quantization interval for the inventive noise suppression technique in operation in an analog to digital converter having equally spaced quantization levels.
FIG. 3F is a graphical illustration of the probability of occurrence of output noise over a number of quantization intervals for an injected controlled signal having a linear increase in amplitude and random starting location with respect to a quantization transition.
FIG. 4A is a graphical illustration of one sawtooth wave injection signal according to the invention.
FIG. 4B is a graphical illustration of a ramp wave injection signal according to the invention.
FIG. 4C is a graphical illustration of another sawtooth wave injection signal according to the invention.
FIG. 4D is a graphical illustration of a composite wave injection signal according to the invention.
FIG. 5 is a table setting forth the performance characteristics of the system of FIG. 1 utilizing controlled source signals of the type illustrated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram in partial schematic form illustrating a suitable sawtooth wave generator for producing the controlled signals according to the invention.
FIGS. 7A-7C are a graphical illustration of selected components of the composite signal of the type illustrated in FIG. 4D.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a further embodiment of a transmission station according to the invention.
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one system embodying the invention. As shown in this figure, an analog signal source 10 has an output coupled to the input of a pre-sampling filter 11. Signal source 10 may comprise any one of a number of analog information input devices such as a standard telephone handset transmitter, a modem (modulator-demodulator) associated with a data set, a computer voice response unit, or the like, which is capable of generating analog information signals having a frequency content lying predominately within a predetermined pass band. The pre-sampling filter 11 comprises a bandpass filter having a pass-band characteristic substantially coextensive with the range and frequencies of interest. For example, in a pulse code modulated (PCM) telephone system in which the frequency spectrum is about 300 to 3400 Hz, the pre-sampling filter 11 may comprise a 4-pole bandpass filter having a pass band in the range of 300 to 3400 Hz. The output of the pre-sampling filter 11 is coupled to a first input of a conventional summing network. The remaining input to summing network 12 is the output of a controlled source 14.
The source 14 may comprise any one of a number of known oscillator circuits capable of generating an output signal train having predetermined frequency and amplitude characteristics selected in accordance with the criteria described below. In the preferred embodiment, the controlled noise source is a sawtooth wave generator producing an analog output signal of a preselected frequency and amplitude as hereinafter explained. FIG. 6 illustrates one simple example. The sawtooth wave generator comprises a multivibrator oscillator circuit 30 or an equivalent clock signal coupled through a resistor R to an integrator circuit 32. At its output the multivibrator 30 produces a square wave of the desired frequency. The integrator 32, which includes an amplifier A and timing capacitor C in feedback integrates the square wave output into a sawtooth wave of the same frequency. The amplitude and linearity are determined by the gain of amplifier A and the time constant is determined by capacitor C and resistor R.
The output of the summing network 12 (FIG. 1) is coupled to the signal input of a conventional sample and hold circuit 15, the output of which is coupled with the signal input of a conventional analog-to-digital converter 16 (ADC). The sample and hold circuit 15 and ADC 16 may be incorporated into an integral unit. In embodiments where the signal changes relatively slowly, the sample and hold circuit 16 may be unneeded and therefore may be eliminated. In the preferred embodiment, sample and hold circuit 15 has a settling time of 3.9 microseconds, and the ADC 16 provides a 12 bit parallel binary output signal and is sampled at a sampling frequency selected according to known criteria. The data output of the ADC 16 is coupled to the input of a transmission medium 18, such as a transmission line, a radio link or the like. The sample and hold circuit 15 and the ADC 16 are regulated by a sample clock generator 20 which is coupled through a signal link 17 to clock input terminals of the sample and hold circuit 15 and the ADC 16. The sample clock generator 20 may be a clock pulse generator capable of generating output pulses having a frequency of 12 khz.
Each pulse width of the clock pulse generator is approximately 100 nanoseconds. The frequency of the clock pulse generator is the sampling frequency hereinafter referred to as fs.
As an alternative embodiment (FIG. 8), the analog signal source 10, coupled through presampling filter 11 is coupled directly to one signal input of comparators 116 within ADC 16 while controlled source 14 is coupled directly to another signal input of the same comparators 116, thereby eliminating a separate summing junction. The digitized output of comparators 116 is decoded through the remaining circuitry 216 of ADC 16 with the aid of a clock signal on line 17 and provided to transmission medium 18. Referring to FIG. 2, the system alternatively comprises analog signal source 10 having its output coupled to the input of presampling filter 12, the output of which is coupled directly to sample and hold circuit 15 which is coupled to ADC 16. The digitized output of ADC 16 is coupled to a digital adder 12'.
In order to more clearly understand the operation of the invention, it is helpful to examine the characteristics of analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog reconversion. FIG. 3A illustrates a voltage representation of a digitized signal verses its analog input counterpart.
The x axis shows the analog input voltage and the y axis shows the digital output converted to its equivalent analog voltage for the values of the input voltage. For each discrete output value, there is a set of corresponding analog input values. In an ideal analog to digital converter, for each input value there is only one corresponding output value or quantization level, and these quantization levels are equally spaced along the y axis. The amplitude of input voltages along the x axis for any single y axis quantization level is the quantization interval. Thus FIG. 3A is a graphical representation of quantization level versus quantization interval.
A physically realizable converter exhibits certain non-ideal characteristics. For example, the separation between each quantization level is generally unequally spaced. Moreover, even with equally spaced levels, the ADC also exhibits error in quantization, depending upon the resolution of conversion. Upon re-conversion of a digitized analog signal to analog form, quantization error appears as distortion. Further, channel noise is present at the input. Therefore, more than one output value exists for a set of input values near a transition point in the quantization interval. The width of overlap of level representations 50, (FIG. 3A) designated A, is a measure of the noise. A average overlap is an input voltage equivalent to about 1/8 LSB.
FIGS. 3B through 3E illustrate certain characteristics of a digital transmission system and of the invention which assist the understanding of the invention. To produce the result illustrated in FIG. 3B, a test signal is injected at the controlled source input of summer 12. The test signal comprises a voltage sweep slowly varying from zero volts to the maximum amplitude range of ADC 16. As can be seen in FIG. 3B, where overlap A is present in the quantization intervals 50 (FIG. 3A) increases average noise power is evident in the overlap A. The average noise power level will be as represented in FIG. 3B so long as the overlap A is less than one quantization interval.
A sawtooth wave produces harmonics at odd multiples of the fundamental frequency, for example, a sawtooth wave at 1/2fs ±δ i.e., 3,5.7, etc., times the quantity of 1/2fs ±δ. After sampling, the fundamental and the harmonics are aliased such that a signal is reproduced at 1/2fs ±δ, 1/2fs ±3δ, 1/2fs ±5δ, etc. Similarly, a sawtooth wave at frequency δ produces harmonics at 3δ, 5δ, 7δ, etc., which is aliased to fs -δ, fs -3δ, etc. The amplitude of various harmonics of a sawtooth wave is highly attenuated as compared to the fundamental. For example, the sawtooth wave produces no second harmonic, and the third harmonic is 10.08 dB lower than the fundamental, the fifth harmonic is 27.95 dB lower than the fundamental and the other harmonics are even lower. The natural harmonics are generally outside the spectrum of frequencies of interest and are highly attenuated.
The Fourier expansion of the periodic asymmetric sawtooth wave can also be derived. The exact form depends on the relative periods of the various phase segments.
To further clarify the characteristics of the preferred waveform of the controlled signal, it will be recognized that a sawtooth wave at a frequency 1/2fs ±δ is quite similar to a square wave signal having a fundamental frequency at 1/2fs which is a double side band suppressed carrier amplitude modulated by a sawtooth wave of frequency δ.
An amplitude modulated square wave can be used in a practical system. Such a signal is however more difficult to produce than a simple triangle wave at the designated frequency, which for example could be generated by the circuit of FIG. 6.
A further alternative embodiment to the simple triangle wave generator is a composite wave produced by a combination of discrete square waves of selected amplitude and pseudo-random phase relation. A waveform of such a signal at a selected point in time is shown in FIG. 4D. Referring to FIG. 7, there is illustrated a series of square waves comprising the waveform of FIG. 4D. The fundamental square wave (FIG. 7A) has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 1/2 LSB synchronized with the sampling signal of 1/2fs. The second square wave (FIG. 7B) is at a level of 1/4 LSB at a frequency of 1/2fs -δ, the third square wave (FIG. 7C) is at a level of 1/8 LSB at a frequency of 1/2fs -δ-ε, etc., (ε indicates that the offset of the smaller amplitude square waves are in the same range as δ but not so close to the frequency of each other as to create slowly varying noise effects which are audible in a voice telephone system). The selection of square waves of differing frequencies without synchronization creates a pseudo-random phase relation. A properly selected series of square waves summed together produces the correct probability density function and frequency spectrum and slowly varying noise effects are minimized if the individual frequencies are not too close to each other, that is, they are separated by at least 10 Hz for voice telephone applications. While such a signal-generating technique may be employed, by present technology it is generally considered preferable to use a single sawtooth wave at a selected frequency.
Having thus explained the characteristics of the controlled signal operation, it is helpful to consider more closely how the injection or digital adding technique herein described functions to improve the performance of the inventive system. Referring to FIG. 3B, a given amount of input noise to the ADC 16 has a particular amplitude probability density function, such that if the amplitude offset (the x axis) to the ADC is slowly varied through a bit transition point, the noise probability density function will be reflected in the output noise of the DAC 22. In FIG. 3B, the input noise is a pseudo-Gaussian signal of a level of 1/8 LSB peak-to-peak. FIG. 3B shows this noise level at the output of DAC 22 normalized to a unit level.
An injected controlled signal of 1/2 LSB square wave peak-to-peak produces the result shown in FIG. 3C. A 3 dB improvement is noted over the idle channel noise level of FIG. 2B. However, earlier work, specifically Gunderson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,152, indicated that a 6 dB improvement theoretically results from the addition of a 1/2 LSB square wave. Further theoretical analysis and experimental verification indicates that the injection of 1/2 LSB square wave produces (at the analog to digital converter output) with the worst case offset the same noise level as with no injected square wave, although the noise is present only in every other sample. The amplitude of 50% duty cycle modulated noise signal is 3 dB less than that of an unmodulated noise signal. Hence, Gunderson's technique can only result in a 3 dB improvement. Even 3 dB of improvement is unobtainable if the idle channel noise level is greater than about 1/4 LSB peak-to-peak since the tails 60,62 (FIG. 3C) of the distributions of the probability density function thereby obtained when the injected controlled source square wave according to Gunderson are added to the noise signal will overlap and add up to greater than the peak amplitude.
In the case of a 1/2 LSB peak-to-peak injected sawtooth wave having the characteristic according to the present invention, a 6 dB improvement is obtained, where 1/8 LSB peak-to-peak noise is present. FIG. 3D illustrates such a characteristic. By comparison with the waveform of FIG. 3C it can be seen that no overlap in noise signal results at this signal level in the technique according to the invention.
According to the invention, where less than 1 LSB peak-to-peak equivalent level noise of any form is present in a system having evenly spaced quantization intervals, a 1 LSP peak-to-peak injected triangle wave control signal produces maximum attenuation. As shown in FIG. 3E, a 1 LSB peak-to-peak injected controlled signal produces a 9 dB improvement where the noise is equivalent to a level of 1/8 LSB peak-to-peak. Moreover, the noise is also substantially evenly distributed over the amplitude of the analog signal. The improvement for a 1 LSB triangle wave is proportional to √B/N, where N is the width of the LSB and B is the RMS value of the equivalent noise (quiescent noise) at the input of the ADC.
The injection of a one LSB peak-to-peak triangle wave dithering signal produces a 6 dB improvement where the ADC has 1/2 LSB equivalent noise at its input, and a 12 dB improvement is possible where the ADC has a 1/16th LSB equivalent noise at its input.
In most information transmission systems utilizing digital transmission, there is a significant departure from the ideal of exactly equal quantization levels. Thus, some bit transitions may be unevenly spaced throughout the range of the ADC and DAC. For example, if bit transition levels are displaced by 1/2 LSB from their ideal levels, there may be two transitions within 1/2 LSB of each other. As a result, injection of a 1/2 LSB peak to peak square wave produces no improvement due to the superposition of adjacent noise peaks. Nevertheless, the injection of a sawtooth wave of the same amplitude will improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In such a case, the improvement would be 3 dB less than that obtainable with an ideal ADC.
The result is improved noise attenuation without significant degradation of system performance while it is generally taught in the prior art that the amplitude of the dithering signal should not be great as compared to the amplitude of one LSB, according to the present invention, the dithering signal is chosen to be a three to four LSB waveform having a uniform probability density function.
A brief explanation of the reason for such an improved attenuation in noise characteristic is given in connection with FIG. 3F.
In FIG. 3F there is shown graphically the expected amplitude of average noise power of a waveform of uniform probability density function at the output of a DAC where the quiescent level of the input is swept from level zero to a level x for any arbitrary starting location. If the sweep waveform is of amplitude x and begins at A/2 below a quantization transition time zero, the noise power will follow the curve 40 of FIG. 3F. However, if the sweep is of amplitude x but starts at A/2 above a quantization transition the noise power will be given by curve 42 of FIG. 3F. Noise is minimized at the transition points, if they are known. However, for any arbitrary starting point, the amplitude of the noise for these quantization intervals will lie between these two curves 40 and 42, the peak noise for first quantization interval being equal to 2A, the peak at the second quantization interval being 3/2A, and the peak at the nth quantization interval being (n+1)/n. A, where A is small compared to the quantization interval.
FIG. 5 is a table showing the noise relative to perfect match for the greatest bit level mismatch (column B) and the corresponding level of the basis signal as compared to a minimum of one quantum level (column C), as well as the corresponding loss of amplitude range (column D) in a 12 bit ADC/DAC system utilizing a controlled noise source triangular wave sweep at selected amplitudes (column A). The information in column B corresponds to the extremum illustrated in FIG. 3F.
The frequency of the quiescent level sweep is also important. If the quiescent level is swept too slowly over the quantization intervals, i.e., at less than about 10 Hz, the effect will be audible to a listener as a pulsing. However, if the rate of sweep exceeds about 300 Hz, the effect will be an audible tone in the pass band. Therefore, the sweep rate is preferably above 10 Hz and below 300 Hz and specifically the best results can be obtained in the range from about 20 Hz to about 60 Hz. Applying these criteria, the range of frequency offset δ is about 20 Hz to about 60 Hz.
Referring again to FIG. 1 by way of further explanation of the system, the output of the ADC 16 is coupled to the transmitting end of a transmission medium 18. Transmission medium carries the composite digitized signal to a receiving station at a receiving end.
At the receiving end of the system, the digital information signals on transmission medium 18 are coupled to the data input of a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 22 having a resolution of 2.5 millivolts per LSB and an output range co-extensive with the analog input range of ADC 16, where the quantizing interval of the ADC 16 is selected to be 2.5 millivolts per LSB. The clock input of DAC 22 is coupled to the output of sample clock 20 by means of conductor 17 so that DAC 22 is clocked at the same rate as ADC 16. The output of DAC 22 is coupled to the input of a post-sampling filter 24, which comprises a bandpass filter having a pass-band characteristic generally similar to that of pre-sampling filter 11. The output of a suitable utilization device 25, e.g., a standard telephone hand-set receiver.
In operation, analog information signals from analog signal source 10 are passed through pre-sampling filter 11, where undesired frequency components are substantially reduced or eliminated, and summed in summing junction 12 with the periodic controlled signals from source 14, the composite signal is sequentially sampled in sample and hold circuit 15 and converted to digital form in ADC 16, with both sampling and conversion occurring at the sampling rate fs. The received digital information signals conducted along the transmission medium 18 are reconverted into analog form by DAC 22, which is also clocked at the rate of fs. The resulting analog signal output from DAC 22 is filtered by post-sampling filter 24 to remove substantially all frequency components lying outside the desired frequency band rate, and then it is coupled to the utilization device 25.
A system incorporating such a controlled signal source according to the invention is capable of significantly reducing unwanted noise. Moreover, the invention can be readily applied to existing digital information transmission systems by simply adding the summing network 12 and controlled signal source 14 at the data input of an existing sample and hold circuit. It should be noted that the signal may be coupled directly to the data input of the ADC. Furthermore, while the invention has been specifically described with reference to a digital information transmission system, the invention may also be employed in other signal processing systems, such as digital, audio or video recording systems, to great advantage. It should be further noted that the invention may be employed in digital information systems which include a compressor upstream of the ADC and expander down stream of the DAC.
In addition, the invention permits improvement in various components in a physically realizable system. For example, a typical summing network 12 may include a 20 megohm mixing resistor where the quantization level is selected to be only 1 LSB. However, in a system utilizing a 3.5 quantization level sweep, a proportionately smaller mixing resistor may be used with the resulting reduction in random noise.
While the above provides a full disclosure of preferred embodiment, various modifications, alternate constructions and equivalents may be employed without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the above description and illustration should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention except as indicated by appended claims.
e. filtering said converted analog signal to remove substantially all frequency components lying outside of said predetermined operating frequency band.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said step b. comprises generating a periodic controlled signal centered at a frequency slightly offset from one half of the frequency of said sampling rate.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said step b. comprises generating a periodic controlled signal centered at a frequency between about 10 Hz and about 300 Hz.
4. The method according to claim 3 wherein said periodic controlled signal is centered at a frequency between 20 Hz and 60 Hz.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said step c. of providing a digital signal comprises combining said analog input signal and said periodic controlled signal to produce a composite signal and converting said composite signal to digital form at said pre-selected sampling rate.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said periodic controlled signal is a symmetric sawtooth wave.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said periodic controlled signal is an asymmetric sawtooth wave.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said periodic controlled signal is a ramp wave.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein said periodic controlled signal is the algebraic sum of a composite of periodic square wave signals differing in frequency and amplitude, the square wave of largest amplitude being at a frequency equal to one half of the sampling rate, and the other square wave signals being slightly offset from one half of the sampling rate and slightly offset from one another, each of said other square wave signals being of an amplitude not in excess of 1/n2 of the maximum amplitude, where n is an integer greater than one.
f. filtering said converted analog signal to remove substantially all frequency components lying outside of said predetermined operating frequency band.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the amplitude of said periodic controlled signal is approximately 3.5 quantizing levels.
means for filtering said equivalent analog signals to remove substantially all frequency components lying outside of said predetermined operating frequency band.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein said periodic controlled signal generating means comprises a sawtooth wave generator operative to produce a sawtooth wave having a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of between one quantizing level and about 3.5 quantizing levels.
15. The system of claim 14 wherein the fundamental frequency of said sawtooth wave generator is centered at a frequency offset between about 10 Hz and about 300 Hz of one half the frequency of said sampling rate.
16. The system of claim 15 wherein said frequency offset is between 20 Hz and 60 Hz of one half of said sampling rate frequency.
means coupled to said combining means for converting said composite signal to digital form which is quantized with a predetermined number of quantizing levels, each level having a predetermined magnitude at a predetermined sampling rate, said periodic controlled signal being characterized by a uniform amplitude probability density function, and a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of not less than one quantizing level.
18. An apparatus according to claim 17 wherein said periodic controlled signal generating means comprises a sawtooth wave generator operative to produce a sawtooth wave having a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of between one quantizing level and about 3.5 quantizing levels.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18 wherein the fundamental frequency of said sawtooth wave generator is centered at a frequency which is offset between about 10 Hz and about 300 Hz of one half the frequency of said sampling rate.
20. An apparatus according to claim 19 wherein said frequency offset is between 20 Hz and 60 Hz one half of said sampling rate frequency.
21. An apparatus according to claim 18 where the fundamental frequency of said sawtooth wave generator is centered at a frequency of between about 10 Hz and about 300 Hz.
22. An apparatus according to claim 21 wherein said fundamental frequency is between 20 Hz and 60 Hz.
NL7808436A NL7808436A (en) 1978-01-16 1978-08-15 Digital information transmission system with improved signal injection technique with a device for converting analog signals to equivalent digital signals.


WASHINGTON – The American University cross country capped off an exciting weekend of performances with a pair of top-15 rankings in the NCAA Mid-Atlantic Region, as released by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA) on Monday.
The men landed at No. 11 in the region after clinching key wins over Lehigh, Rutgers, La Salle, UMBC, Monmouth and Saint Francis (Pa.) during Friday's Paul Short Run in Bethlehem, Pa. The Eagles were led by personal record (PR) performances from all five scorers, starting with junior Ben Doiron who paced the team with a 50th-place overall finish in 24:27 on the 8,000-meter course.
This is the highest regional ranking for the men's team since 2014, when they peaked at No. 10 during the fifth week of the season.
The AU women also find themselves within the top 15 in the region after a slew of PR performances over the weekend. The Eagles outpaced fellow Mid-Atlantic foes La Salle, Rutgers, Delaware and Towson on Friday to land at No. 13 in the current rankings.
Junior Adriana Hooks led the way for the Eagles for the third consecutive meet this season, the eighth since the start of the 2016 slate, with a new PR of 21:15 over 6,000-meters for 99th in the field.
Like the men, all five scorers for the women's team earned new PR's in the process, starting with freshmen Nadia Stratton and Shelbi Wuss who each cut off over a minute from their 6k debuts with final times of 21:46 and 21:49, respectively. Senior Brianna Belo was fourth across the line for the Eagles in 21:51, followed by sophomore Arianna Lopez in 21:58.
This is the first time the women have appeared in the regional rankings since 2013 when they peaked at No. 11 during the fifth week of the season.
The Eagles will be back on the road in two weeks for the final meet of the regular season at the Princeton Invitational on Oct. 14. The teams will then head into the postseason with the Patriot League Championships on Oct. 28 and the NCAA Mid-Atlantic Regional Championships on Nov. 10.