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Tag Archives: fossilization
Fatal attractors
Me, in a pastelería (cake shop)
Ese pastel, allí.
Tarta de manzana.
¿Y aquella aquí… ¿Qué lleva?
Si, quiero una de este.
Which translates, more or less, as:
What is that?
This cake, over there.
Apple tart.
And that one here, what's in it?
Cream.
Yes, I want of one of this.
The translation is meant to convey the fact that the demonstratives (eso, ese, aquella, etc) are all over the place – literally – and only accidentally coincide with where I'm pointing, and with the gender or number of the thing pointed at. And, more tellingly, were I to have the same conversation again tomorrow, I might well use a whole different combination, plucked off the shelf, as it were, in a similarly random fashion.
This is as good an instance as any of how my Spanish, or pockets of it, functions in a state of 'free variation'.
At some point, I must have been aware of the range of choices available for identifying objects near to me, near to you, and distant from both of us, and how these demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are also sensitive to number and gender, such that any decision to use one requires making a selection from 15 different options (see table below).
Understandably, I resisted learning the rules of a system that seemed impossibly complicated (three deictic points, three genders, as well as singular and plural). Instead I simply pulled demonstratives out of a hat, applying them indiscriminately, and sometimes throwing in a Catalan one for good measure. Of course, the physical context of the situations in which these items are typically used meant that pointing and eye-gaze made up for whatever incoherence resulted from my capricious grammar. Hence, there was little or no feedback as a result of miscommunication. I got the cakes I wanted.
And so the system (or lack of system) became entrenched. The same thing, more or less happened with past tense forms, with dependent prepositions, with clitic pronouns, with por and para, and with ser and estar. There are even sets of like-sounding words that I also deploy in free variation, the verbs planear, plantear, plantar, and planificar being a case in point. These wildly chaotic sub-systems seem to co-exist alongside other systems that are relatively stable.
In complexity theory, the fluctuations between relative stability and instability within dynamic systems are well attested. As Lewin (1993. 20-21) puts it:
Most complex systems exhibit what mathematicians call attractors, states to which the system eventually settles, depending on the properties of the system. Imagine floating in a rough and dangerous sea, one swirling around rocks and inlets. Whirlpools become established, depending on the topography of the seabed and the flow of water. Eventually, you will be drawn into one of these vortexes. There you stay until some major perturbation, or change in the flow of water, pushes you out, only to be sucked into another. This, crudely, is how one might view a dynamical system with multiple attractors.
Language learning is similarly 'chaotic': as Larsen-Freeman (2006: 592) notes, 'There are no discrete stages in which learners' performance is invariant'. And she adds (p. 593) 'Learners do not progress through stages of development in a consistent manner. There is a great deal of variation at one time in learners' performances and clear instability over time'.
The transition from one attractor state to another is called a phase shift, and one definition of fossilization might be 'the absence of phase shifts'. Thus, Ellis (1999: 472) argues that 'fossilization arises when learners fail to resolve the inherent variation in their interlanguage'. Witness my demonstratives.
But proponents of complexity theory would argue that any such stasis is an illusion: there is no permanent 'end state' in evolving, dynamic systems. Hence 'if there is no end state to language, it may be unhelpful to think in terms of fossilization as an end state to second language learning' (Larsen-Freeman & Cameron, 2008: 10).
In a study of five Chinese learners of English, Larsen-Freeman tracked the 'messiness' of individual learning trajectories – a messiness not dissimilar to my random use of demonstratives. Larsen-Freeman conjectured that this very messiness might be indicative of the 'instability that precedes a phase shift' (2006: 611). And she adds, suggestively, 'It is here where a pedagogical intervention might be optimal' (ibid.).
What kind of pedagogical intervention?
I am drawn back to one of my favourite language learning accounts. Christopher Isherwood (1977:76), the writer, describes how he overcame a gap in his linguistic competence:
…Humphrey said suddenly, "You speak German so well – tell me, why don't you ever use the subjunctive mood?" Christopher had to admit that he didn't know how to. In the days when he had studied German, he had left the subjunctive to be dealt with later, since it wasn't absolutely essential and he was in a hurry. By this time he could hop through the language without its aid, like an agile man with only one leg. But now Christopher set himself to master the subjunctive. Very soon, he had done so. Proud of this accomplishment, he began showing off whenever he talked: "had it not been for him, I should never have asked myself what I would do if they were to — etc., etc." Humphrey was much amused.
In much the same way, I'm approaching the 'holes' in my own competence. How? A good old-fashioned students' grammar, and a workbook of exercises. Hopefully, I will be able to find opportunities to activate, in real contexts (like the pastelería), the explicit knowledge gained from this mechanical practice, and trigger some kind of phase shift.
Formas del pronombre demostrativo (from Sánchez Pérez & Sarmiento González 2005). Click to enlarge.
Ellis, R. (1999) 'Item versus system learning: explaining free variation', Applied Linguistics, 20/4, 460-80.
Isherwood, C. (1977) Christopher and His Kind: 1929-1939, London: Eyre Methuen.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006) 'The emergence of complexity, fluency, and accuracy in the oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English,' Applied Linguistics, 27/4, 590-619.
Larsen-Freeman, D. & Cameron, L. (2008) Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lewin, R. (1993) Complexity: Life on the edge of chaos, London: Phoenix Books.
Sánchez Pérez, A. y Sarmiento González, R. (2005) Gramática práctica del español actual, Madrid: SGEL.
20 Comments | tags: attractors, complexity theory, dynamic systems, fossilization, free variation, interlanguage, learning Spanish, SLA, Spanish, Spanish grammar, stabilization | posted in Uncategorized
Fossilization: is it terminal, doctor?
Cartoon displayed with special permission from Glasbergen.com
If there were ever to be an SLA 'Hall of Fame', prime candidates would be Alberto and Wes, both of them icons of fossilization, each in their different ways.
Alberto (Schumann 1978) was a Costa Rican immigrant to the US, who had little or no contact with English speakers, and whose rudimentary English not only remained static over the 10 months he was studied, but seemed impervious to any instructional interventions. His researcher attributed this stasis to his unwillingness to 'acculturate', i.e. to integrate into the dominant English-speaking culture.
Wes (Schmidt 1983), a Japanese immigrant to Hawaii, likewise showed little or no grammatical development over the 3-year period in which his English was tracked, but he did exhibit a high level of communicative competence, including the capacity to manage conversations. He did this through a variety of means, such as paraphrase, use of formulaic language, and repair strategies, impelled always by his conviction that it was as much the responsibility of his interlocutors to understand him as it was his responsibility to make himself understood to them. Given that he was fully immersed in, and positively inclined towards, the host English-speaking community, the apparent fossilization of his English is attributed less to social than to psycholinguistic factors: his inability, for example, to attend to linguistic form.
A third – less well-known – candidate for the Hall of Fame might be Patty (Lardiere 2000): an Indonesian of Chinese origin who lived in Hong Kong before emigrating to the US, marrying first to a Vietnamese and then to an English speaker. Her English was tracked over 10 years, and, while it showed a high degree of syntactical accuracy (i.e. word order), there were no gains in terms of morphological features (word endings, plurals etc). The researcher attributed this to the relatively late age of contact with English, and the concomitant inability to perceive (and hence generalize from) the details. (In language acquisition, the devil is indeed in the details). Patty's written English, it should be noted, was more accurate than her spoken.
These three stories (and there are many more, less well documented ones) tend to underscore the fact that, as Ellis (2008) puts it: 'Fossilization is not an all-or-nothing phenomena. First, there is considerable variation in the extent to which individual learners fossilize.… [Moreover] it is perfectly possible for a learner to be fossilized in some aspects of the L2 but to continue to develop in others' (Ellis 2008, p. 28).
However, of the three case studies cited, only Patty's really qualifies as a case of true fossilization (and, to be fair, neither Schumann nor Schmidt use the term in their own studies) since hers was the only study that was conducted over long enough a period to suggest that the non-target-like nature of at least some of her interlanguage grammar was immutable. That, after all, is what fossilization means, surely.
Or does it? As Long (2003) reminds us, 'For many, "fossilization" has simply become a general, non-technical name for non-target-like ultimate attainment, that is, a performance descriptor, a broad-brush method of characterising what a learner did not do, not a competence issue, a matter of what he or she could not do, which is what made the original claim interesting' (p.513, emphasis added). And he adds, 'If fossilization is to have value as a construct in SLA theory, it must refer to something other than this general age-related decline in the capacity to acquire any language' (p.519).
In other words, Long is asking us to distinguish between 'failure to acquire' (a widespread phenomenon) and 'loss of ability to acquire', a much more slippery notion, since what exactly is it that is lost, and how can you prove a negative anyway? How do we know that Patty won't suddenly (or even slowly) make a tiny incremental change in the direction of the target? For all these reasons, SLA scholars prefer the less terminal term stabilization: 'Stabilization refers to a state of L2 development where fluctuation has temporarily ceased. Many L2 learners are familiar with the situation where they appear to plateau, failing to develop despite their continuing efforts to do so, and then make a 'breakthrough' sometime later' (Ellis, op. cit: 30).
Ellis adds that 'there is also another reason for preferring "stabilization" to "fossilization". Talk of fossilization positions L2 learners as failures but, in fact, many achieve very considerable success in acquiring an L2' (op. cit: 13). Indeed, the whole notion of a finite 'end state' in language acquisition has been challenged in recent years, along with the idea that native-speaker proficiency should be the measure by which learners should be judged.
From a dynamic systems perspective, that is, one in which language acquisition is viewed as an open and continually evolving system, Larsen-Freeman and Cameron (2008) argue that there can be no 'end state' as such, and hence no such thing as fossilization. This is not to say that there is no inertia in dynamic systems, only that it is not permanent. 'Any fossilized form should be seen against a backdrop of the boundlessness of potentiality that is the hallmark of an open, dynamic system, one in which learners actively transform their linguistic world, not just conform to it' (p. 142, emphasis added).
In the end, as Ortega (2009: 135) summarises it, 'the notion of fossilization, while strongly intuitive, has proved to be extremely problematic to pin down'. If I'd thought twice, I might have called this blog 'The (De-) Stabilization Diaries' – but, then, would anyone have known what I was talking about?
Be that as it may, and inspired by 'the boundlessness of potentiality', I have enrolled in two weeks of intensive Spanish classes. More on that shortly.
Ellis, R. (2008) The Study of Second Language Acquisition [2nd edition]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lardiere, D. (2000) 'Case and tense in the "fossilized" steady-state', Second Language Research, 14.
Long, M. (2003) 'Stabilization and fossilization in second language interlanguage development', in Doughty, C., and Long, M. (eds.) The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, Oxford: Blackwell.
Ortega, L. (2009) Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London: Hodder Education.
Schumann, J. (1978) The Pidginization Process: A Model for Second Language Acquisition, Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
30 Comments | tags: communicative competence, complexity theory, fossilization, second language acquisition, SLA, stabilization | posted in Uncategorized
I was 36 when I arrived in Barcelona, a relatively late-starter in terms of second language learning, and with a poor track record to boot. Moreover, I had an English-speaking partner, so (unlike the younger generation of expatriates I would be working with) there was to be no Spanish sweetheart to kick-start my language acquisition. As a precaution, I had taken a few informal Spanish lessons prior to leaving London, and had bought a BBC course, whose listening texts were innovatively authentic but, for all intents and purposes, impenetrable.
Fashion victim? Teacher training, 1986.
I was immediately plunged into a bruisingly busy timetable in a predominantly English-speaking institutional context. If Spanish was around, it existed at the periphery, like background noise: the language of shops, bars and restaurants – and hence primarily a weekend experience.
I signed up for Spanish classes in a private language school but the methodology was eccentric to say the least, and the content often irrelevant, being too firmly tied to the grammar structure of the day. Of one whole course all I remember is the sentence El payaso hace reir a la gente (The clown makes people laugh), and the teacher's constant use of the device Vamos a ver (Now, let's see).
I then managed to get a place in one of the state-sponsored language schools (las Escuelas Oficiales). I was placed in a class way above my level. I hadn't exactly cheated in the level test, but – being a language teacher and occasional test-designer myself – I was able to do the multiple choice grammar test simply by using common sense. Even when I was dropped down a level, I was still way outside my comfort zone. Again, the program was myopically grammar-focused (one whole semester dealt almost exclusively with the subjunctive), but at least the teachers had a good sense of how to set up pair and group work.
Nevertheless, frustrated by the lack of real practice, I started an intercambio (conversation exchange) with one of my students, an intense young poet with progressive tendencies. These weekly exchanges provided useful practice, although I think we were both frustrated by the way that the topics we wanted to talk about (films, literature, politics) tended to evaporate through want of the necessary linguistic means. He was also a much more disciplined student than me, and soon his level of English had far outstripped mine in Spanish.
I started another intercambio with a group of friends: the four of us met in a bar every Monday night and paired off. V. (another chain-smoking intellectual) was uncompromisingly difficult, and impossible to understand. G. however, was the ideal partner: her English was more or less where my Spanish was. We seemed to be able to pitch the conversations at the optimal level of intelligibility, even if the content may have been relatively banal. When G. got an English-speaking boyfriend, the balance of the group shifted and my own role in scaffolding G.'s emergent English declined. Nevertheless, those well-oiled Monday night conversations probably did more for my Spanish than anything else to date.
I also tried to read in Spanish regularly: newspapers and novels, although often abandoned the latter as being too much like hard work. Watching TV and going to the movies played a minor role: my problems with decoding spoken language (more on that later) meant that my comprehension was largely pragmatic: i.e. pure guesswork (and frequently wrong). Had teletext subtitles been available, the combination of the aural and graphic signals might have made TV viewing more fruitful, but they weren't.
Searching for 'input + 1' on a beach in Galicia (1988)
Unhappily perhaps, my views on language learning were at the time heavily influenced by the work of Stephen Krashen (it was the mid-80s after all), which meant that (a) I was very skeptical as to the value of instructed learning, and (b) I consequently placed a lot of faith in simply picking up Spanish through exposure. In those days, immersion ruled. I was to become one of its ideological fashion victims.
In Krashen's defense, it has to be admitted that I was not exactly energetic in terms of seeking out optimal exposure opportunities, and even when I did get 'input', it was mostly uncomprehended. An article in the latest Modern Language Journal (Trentman 2013) makes the point that 'much of the language contact research has revealed that contact with locals in the target language is often not as extensive as one might have expected from an immersion setting' (p.459).
Thirty years on, and what's new? First of all, I tend to avoid mentioning the thirty years. The response is often outright incredulity: "But how come your Spanish is so bad?!"
Admittedly, people are normally more polite than that (although once a particularly tactless Californian woman, gesticulating like an exorcist, gasped: 'Ugh. Bad Spanish!'). So, in answer to the question 'How long have you been here?' I hedge, and let my addressee figure that I arrived when I had already reached the point in my life beyond which it's impossible to learn anything new, let alone a second language.
Needless to say, this reaction – whether spoken or unspoken – is unsettling, to say the least. And on at least two counts. For a start, it's true: I simply ought to be able to speak better Spanish after thirty years, so there must be some flaw in my nature, such as laziness, or obstinacy, or just plain stupidity, that has prevented me from integrating linguistically into the host culture. Worse is the insinuation that failure to speak your host country's language fluently is a moral failing, a discourtesy, an indecency, even: you're not just a bad language learner, you're a BAD language learner. Failure to speak the language is tantamount to a failure to integrate, which in turn must be attributed to a lack of interest in, or respect for, the host culture – and all those who embody it. To the point that, through fear of offending, you become afraid to ever open your mouth. (Not opening your mouth is not conducive to the development of fluency, it goes without saying).
Immersion? En route to San Sebastian, 1989.
But more galling still is the knowledge that, since my professional life is devoted largely to helping other people become better teachers of a second language, my failure to master Spanish would seem to throw into doubt everything I stand for. It's dispiriting, to say the least, to sense that, behind your back, you're being labeled a charlatan, or an impostor.
Unsurprisingly, therefore, I've shown more than a passing interest in the literature on fossilization. While it's debatable as to whether my Spanish is irremediable (and the point of this blog is to put that notion to the test), or indeed that any second language learning experience is necessarily imperfect, the idea that many, indeed, most learners reach a 'ceiling' or 'plateau', beyond which they cannot budge, is widespread in our profession. So, my ulterior motive is to put that notion to the test, too.
Before outlining the steps I plan to take to crank up my Spanish, I'll be briefly reviewing some of the literature on fossilization, and then attempting to diagnose, from a linguistic perspective, the exact nature of my own 'arrested development'. Then the fun will start!
Trentman, E. (2013) 'Arabic and English during study abroad in Cairo, Egypt: Issues of access and use,' Modern Language Journal, 97/2: 457-473.
60 Comments | tags: comprehensible input, fossilization, immersion, Krashen, language learning, second language acquisition, Spanish | posted in Uncategorized
The (de-) fossilization diaries
Fossilization:
Selinker (1972) noted that most L2 learners fail to reach target-language competence. That is, they stop learning while their internalized rule system contains rules different from those of the target system. This is referred to as 'fossilization'. It can also be viewed as a cognitive process, whereby new learning is blocked by existing learning. It remains a controversial construct with some researchers arguing that there is never a complete cessation of learning.
(Ellis, R. 2008. The Study of Second Language Acquisition [2nd edition]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 963)
I've been living in Spain for nearly thirty years, and my Spanish (never very good to start with) appears to have fossilized. That is to say, if someone who had interacted with me in Spanish twenty years ago were to talk to me again now, it's unlikely they would detect much improvement. Worse, they may even note a distinct regression (aka attrition): not so much fossilized, as atrophied!
But, taking heart from Ellis's comment that 'there is never a complete cessation of learning', I am going to attempt to redress the rot, as it were, and to 'de-fossilize'. I am going to do this using a number of means, including formal instruction, vocabulary memorization, extensive reading and (if I can find it) informal interaction. At the same time, I plan to inform the process by occasional reference to the literature on second language acquisition (SLA), including such issues as motivation, age effects, aptitude, exposure, fluency, error correction, and identity formation. I imagine that there will be implications to be drawn in terms of language teaching methodology.
In short, I am going to devote as much time and effort as I can possibly manage towards dispelling the myth that language learning just stops.
This blog will be a record of that journey.
(Go to Contents to see previous posts).
Comments Off on The (de-) fossilization diaries | tags: fossilization, language learning, second language acquisition, SLA, Spanish | posted in Uncategorized


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1st Chairwoman: Dorothee Roos
Born 1954, grew up in Homburg/Saar. Studied German and History at the University of Mannheim. However, I only held this teaching position for a short time, after that I worked as a freelancer in adult education and as a journalist in the field of culture and history. Since the end of the 1990s, my voluntary work for the Neckarelz concentration camp memorial site has become increasingly important. Since 1997 I have been the chairwoman of the Memorial's supporting association and, together with a motivated team, I was responsible for the educational work as well as for public relations and event planning. From the very beginning, the concentration camp memorial has intensively cultivated contacts with France. This applies both to the close relations with former French prisoners and their families and to the Natzweiler Memorial in Alsace. Initially, this was for historical reasons: In the area of the "Neckarlager" ("Neckar camps"), of all the Natzweiler subcamps, most French resistance fighters were imprisoned both absolutely and relatively. Furthermore, in November 1944, the command of the main camp was transferred to three villages near Neckarelz. This is why the Neckarelz Concentration Camp Memorial Site tells the last chapter in the history of the main camp in its exhibition entitled "Natzweiler am Neckar". But as a Saarlander, I was also personally born with a close relationship to France; knowledge of French was helpful in the exchange of ideas with my French colleagues. When the application for the European Heritage Label led to the foundation of the VGKN Memorial Sites Network, I gladly accepted the task of getting this network off the ground and was also intensively involved in the project work. After two terms of office as VGKN chairwoman, I was able to hand over my tasks to younger hands, but I will remain closely connected to the VGKN via Neckarelz.
2nd Chairman: Dr. des. Marco Brenneisen
Since 2009 I have been a volunteer in the memorial site "KZ-Gedenkstätte Sandhofen (Mannheim)", where I hold the office of deputy chairman. Since 2017, I have also been a member of the MARCHIVUM (formerly Stadtarchiv-Mannheim-ISG), where I am responsible for the scientific and organisational management of the memorial site. I am a graduate social scientist and historian and in 2019 I submitted my dissertation to the University of Mannheim, in which I analysed the "post-history" of the satellite camps of Natzweiler Concentration Camp in southwestern Germany as well as the developments in the culture of remembrance in these places since 1945. The history of the Natzweiler subcamps is therefore as familiar to me as the memorial landscape in southwestern Germany; especially since I have been a member of the spokesman's council of the State Working Group of the Memorials and Memorial Initiatives in Baden-Württemberg (LAGG) since 2016. Last year, I was a member of the VGKN executive board as vice chairman
I am pleased to be able to act in future as 1st chairman of the VGKN and to continue the work carried out by Dorothee Roos with untiring commitment. It is important to me to consolidate the networking, cooperation and exchange between the memorial sites and to promote public awareness of the memorial landscape through joint projects. At the same time, the successful Franco-German cooperation with the CERD and other partners is to be continued. In the medium term, therefore, the further development of the Natzweiler database by VGKN, CERD and Prof. Robert Steegmann (Strasbourg) will be one of my main tasks on the board
I would like to be able to extend the cooperation in the field of research and historical-political education to other countries, especially Poland.
Treasurer: Dr. Albrecht Dapp
Ever since my childhood I have been occupied with coming to terms with the Nazi past – in view of the fact that my family was affected by the National Socialists . Since I came to Spaichingen in 1986, I have also devoted myself, as far as my scope of activity in addition to my job as chief physician in a small clinic allowed, together with some fellow citizens, to the commemoration of the Natzweiler subcamp which existed there from 1944 to 1945. As a representative of this initially only loose association, I took part in the founding of the VGKN in 2016 and, at the suggestion of the two chairwomen at the time, Dorothee Roos and Brigitta Marquart-Schad, took over the office of treasurer. In order to intensify the memorial work in Spaichingen, we founded an "Initiative KZ-Gedenken" in Spaichingen in 2018 as an association.
The work as treasurer during the start-up phase of the VGKN and the many challenges and information associated with it are exciting tasks and bring a wide range of ideas, now that as a retiree I would like to devote myself to other interests outside medicine. I would like to contribute to the successful continuation of the manifold projects of this important commemoration work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"How and when does sharing become radical?
that we stop seeing a distinction between the two."
"Is the future a taunt?
Is the future an event or is it an idea?
Is the future a perpetual horizon?
Is the future post-political? post-social? post-technological?
"...I will like to insist that, the future of Africa, is not only an African question, it is a planetary question"
I see the future as a reflection. Whatever I saw, lived, or felt is what I can dream with.
Ich sehe der Zukunft als eine Reflexion. Dass was ich gesehen, gelebt und gefühlt habe, ist dass wovon ich träumen kann.


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STRAWS IN THE WIND:
Jim Cairns remembered
by Max Teichmann
After years of neglect, Jim Cairns has been coming in for a great deal of analysis, and remembrance of things past. He had to die before he could recapture some of the attention and respect from his contemporaries that was once his as of right.
Those who have come late upon the scene are not likely to be able to understand the political milieu in which Cairns had worked, and the significance of the tragedies which befell him.
One who did understand what a very special person he was, as well as a decent man in an often sordid political situation, was Bob Santamaria, himself a very special kind of person.
I understand that they had a few conversations in the last few years of Bob's life.
It would be otiose of me to add to the rising tide of comments, speculations, plus some authentic recollection of Jim Cairns, and his times, except that I was in the thick of some of these times, very simpatico to him, and indeed working closely with him, for perhaps four to five years.
Thus, with my wife, I used to turn up on Sunday mornings at his house, and discuss the affairs of the nation, and the world, and the War.
I virtually left that scene, which was already changing into something else far less salubrious, around 1970, while Jim, I felt, started to turn his back upon it five years later.
The only point of briefly returning to that time is to say some things about Jim Cairn's possible states of mind, just before Labor took power.
Things which are not likely to be said; and to outline the real history of that Peace Movement, and some of its actors. These were also pieces of Jim Cairn's history, and his political prognosis.
Jim, and wife, Gwen, were nearly killed by a cowardly attack by uninvited guests at a party in their house. The culprits were never identified - though some blamed "the Croats". It was a hit job, an inside job, and almost certainly by people within the Left.
Being in England at the time, I wrote expressing my condolences, and my horror, and asking "who do you think did this?" I received no reply.
Jim never referred to it upon my return, and made it clear he didn't want to return to that subject.
But he was a changed man: either through physical or psychological causes, he seemed to have lost much of his drive, his optimism and his unflappability.
As though he now realised what a nasty world this is, and how few people he could rely upon, in the end.
Not very long before the 1972 election, when McMahon and company were obviously heading for defeat, Cairns drove my wife and I up to a conference in Warburton, where he and I were to read papers.
He seemed even more low key, even depressed, that usual - so I thought I would cheer him up.
"You must be feeling pleased, Jim - the drought is about to break, Labor will win - you'll soon be treasurer, I predict, and then deputy PM. Then you'll be able to do the things we've all talked about".
"Yes, I suppose so," he said: after a long pause. He then, most unusual for him, uttered some pretty scathing judgements about some senior colleagues - not Gough - and made it fairly clear that he thought Labor wouldn't change things very much at all.
After a time, I asked, "Do you ever regret leaving academic life Jim?"
"Do I ever", he answered. "Are there still jobs coming up at Monash?"
I was staggered. He may have been fooling; but I didn't think so.
Cairns had spent seven years in that Peace Movement, with more and more of his time, combating enemies and hijackers within the Movement.
At the same time, he was caught up in the spiteful factional contests which seemed to be the life-blood of the Australian Left.
Thousands of speeches, demonstrations, conferences, committee meetings, arguing with Maoists and wreckers of every kind, would wear out anyone. He started making the same speech - loved by the believers but less and less likely to convert opponents.
Though not a simplifier or polariser by nature - rather the opposite - this became the standard mode of discourse. I think he stopped reflecting, even exploring new ideas. Meetings became a drug.
So I thought that he and many others were stale even before they started up in government.
Jim Cairns didn't care to be a leader - idealism, not ambition was his spur. And when disillusionment set in, as I thought it already had, a listless, almost absent-minded result was likely.
I though his performance 1972-75 was overall disastrous, because it was accident-prone. So, eventually he was easily made the scapegoat for the Government's comprehensive failures. Some of those people who now sing his praises didn't talk like that at the time, or later.
Labor is the poorer permanently, for the departure of Cairns often wrong-headed idealism - for all they have had left, ever since, is the old envy and rancour, and cupidity; and bump me into Parliament.
Fewer and fewer people seem prepared to oblige.


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B Ribeiro Apartment is a self-catering accommodation located in Rio de Janeiro. Free WiFi access is available. The property is 22.8 km from Riocentro Convention Center and 900 metres from Copacabana Beach.


This week, we've chosen a special bottle from the Veneto region of Italy. The Corasco Appassimento Breve, from famous Valpolicella producer Tedeschi, seriously over-delivers, with spice, dark fruit, even a hint of olives. The wine is made from grapes selected from the Venetian territories: Corvina, grown on the Moraine hills in the heart of Valpolicella; Raboso, grown in the town of Oderzo (Treviso); and Refosco, grown in the city of Aquileia. "Appassimento Breve" means the grapes were dried for one month after picking (instead of the three or so months for Amarone wines), $25.
See more Wine Wednesday editors' picks.


Have you ever played an Angry Birds game and found yourself feeling sympathetic towards the piggies? Do you wish that they could finally take their revenge against the Angry Birds crew for always messing up their plans? If so, Bad Piggies is just the game for you, a puzzler that places the gamer in the shoes of the titular pigs and lets you fight on their behalf for once.
You are given a massive collection of parts and allowed to build your own contraptions to fight back. Your objective is to make it to the goal, without having your vehicle get blown into pieces in the process. The game play is easy to learn, the graphics are top of the line and you will find this game as challenging as it is addictive.
The eggs need to be captured before they can hatch into the Angry Birds that the pigs already know and loathe and this is one of the finest titles in the history of the franchise. However, nothing ever seems to go according to plan for these bad piggies and it is your job to ensure that their luck finally changes.
● Over 200 levels that will often need to be played multiple times to achieve all of the objectives.
● Over 40 specialty levels that must be unlocked by obtaining three stars.
● 42 objects that provide you with the ability to construct your very own flying machine.
● A mechanic pig that is more than happy to help you assemble your vehicle.
● The chance to pilot the aforementioned machine once it has been completed.
If you've ever wanted to see pigs fly for real, this is the game for you and for further updates about other Angry Birds games, be sure to check back often.


Four Tier Wedding Cake at The Grand Hotel, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Decorated with hand made wired sugar full bloom roses, sugar foliage and sugar Hypericum Berries. Hand piped snowflakes in a swag design to each tier, with a piped running bead to the base tier. Finished with grosgrain ribboning. Base tier of moist rich fruit cake, Tier one of Madagascan Vanilla sponge with Raspberry Conserve and Madagascan Vanilla Bean paste whipped buttercream. Tier Two of fresh Lemon zest sponge with Lemoncurd whipped buttercream, Tier Three of Madagascan Vanilla sponge with Raspberry Conserve and Madagascan Vanilla Bean paste whipped buttercream. All tiers marzipanned and iced in soft ivory fondant. Cake serves 200 finger portions.


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High angle view of a few garlic bulbs in a basket.


Le dernier endroit que nous avons visité lors de nos vacances en Ecosse fut le jardin de Crarae. Ce jardin est une propriété du National Trust Scotland mais vu que nous sommes membres du National Trust England nous avons pu le visiter gratuitement.
Créé en 1912 Crarae garden offre en plus d'une magnifique vue sur le Loch Fyne une incroyable collection de plantes, fleurs et arbres représentant l'écosystème himalayen.
Il y a différents sentiers à emprunter qui permettent de découvrir le jardin sous plusieurs angles de vues. Nous avions choisi le plus long qui était d'environ 1h et qui nous permis de voir la totalité du jardin.
La végétation dense, les arbres majestueux et les cascades égaillent cette forêt. Le bas du jardin est composé de parterres de fleurs et plantes où il est possible de pique niquer.
Dans l'ensemble nous avons bien aimé ce jardin. Nous l'avons visité avant de repartir vers Manchester. Nous vous recommandons d'y aller une demi journée avant ou après la visite de Inveraray.
Connaissez vous ce jardin ?
The last place we visited during our vacation in Scotland was the Crarae Garden. This garden is owned by the National Trust Scotland but as we are members of the National Trust England we were able to visit it free of charge.
Created in 1912 Crarae garden offers in addition to a magnificent view on the Loch Fyne an incredible collection of plants, flowers and trees representing the Himalayan ecosystem.
There are different paths to explore that allow you to discover the garden from several angles of view. We chose the longest one which was about 1 hour and which allowed us to see the entire garden.
Dense vegetation, majestic trees and waterfalls make this forest a treasure. The bottom of the garden is composed of flowerbeds and plants where it is possible to picnic.
Overall we liked this garden. We visited it before returning to Manchester. We recommend you go for half a day before or after the visit of Inveraray.
Do you know this garden?
Oh I am happy that you were able to read it in French. Yes this garden is amazing especially because we are not expecting something like that in the middle of Scotland.
les photos de jardin sont magnifiques !
Oh oui il faut vraiment que tu ailles en Ecosse c'est magnifique comme pays. Je dirais même que je préfère l'Ecosse à l'Angleterre (du moins le nord de l'Angleterre).
It is really relaxing with these tall trees and vegetation.
Wow this looks an absolutely amazing place to visit, looks so relaxing.
yes it is. I can just recommend you to go there.
That looks lovely. I adore having a National Trust membership as it gives you access to beautiful places like this.
Me too I love National Trust. I think it is an amazing idea unfortunately we don't have the same thing in France.
Your photographs are amazing and this looks like such a pretty place!
What a beautiful place. I've not visited a national trust place in awhile I think I need to plan a day out. I'd definitely love to visit that garden I've never been to Scotland though.
I love so much national trust places all of them have something to teach you.
Yes true, I think National Trust is amazingly good especially when you love to visit.
Me too I am always captivated by the waterfalls.
Loved testing my GCSE French 🙂 I live in the south of England and have never visited Scotland but would love to!
Happy to help you practicing your French. Yes you should definitely go to Scotland it's so beautiful there. Us we need to visit the South of England.
What a beautiful garden. Never heard of it before.
I am happy that you discovered something new thanks to my blog.
Yes, unfortunately they are not well advertised.
We've never been this way but it looks amazing. The view is beautiful!
Oh Yes it is beautiful.
Wow! Beautiful. I love Scotland and would love to go back and visit – we've only been once on our honeymoon. A long trip from Manchester!
Yes that is the problem. I love Scotland but from Manchester it takes age to go there.
I've never been down there, but I absolutely love these photos. It looks stunning !
I tried reading it in French and managed to pick up quite a few words! But I digress the gardens are beautiful and I have always wanted to visit Scotland !
I am happy that you could understand a little bit of French. Oh yes you should go to Scotland.
I can only recommand you to visit Scotland countryside you will be amazed by the beauty of the landscapes.


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Monitor, audit and support the process.


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CSK 2020 IPL Champions ???
CSK has managed to win 3 IPL trophies ( 2010 , 2011 & 2018 ). They won their first IPL in 2010 by beating Mumbai Indians and followed that with a thumping victory against RCB the following year. BCCI banned them in the 2016/17 seasons for some reason, and they came back stronger with new teams and lifted their 3rd IPL by beating SRH in 2018. They have played eight finals and won 3 of them, making them the 2nd best team in the IPL; Mumbai Indians have won 4 IPL. CSK always believes in backing their players and gives them many chances, which makes them the most successful team in the IPL. CSK army is once again trying to lift their 4th trophy with their captain cool's different strategies. We have seen three games of Thala CSK's team, and they've managed to win only one game, they've beaten archrival Mumbai Indians in the opening game and lost back to back games against Rajasthan Royals and Ponting's Capitals. We've seen ups and downs from the old army.
Weak Bowling Attack :
Their bowling attack looks pretty bleak this season with the Bravo's injury; the bowling attack is almost non-existent. Captain cool is trying to find his best XI and trying different tactics whenever his teams come up to bowl. We've never seen CSK playing with just five bowlers, which cost them two games in a row. Their fast bowling attack is pretty good, and opponents are trying to attack their dependable player Piyush Chawla and Ravindra Jadeja, and they've managed to destroy both of them. DJ Bravo's injury creates a headache for Thala, but little Sam from world champions England has been doing very well. They must fix their spin depart to leave a remarkable impression in this tournament; otherwise, the plan looks straightforward for opponents- attack both the spinners. Hazlewood, Curran, Lungi, Chahar, and Jaddu must take responsibility in the bowling department.
Inconsistent Form Of Batsmen:
There is no debate that CSK's batting is very heavy. They have a lot of big names with truckloads of experience. Watto, Ryadu, Faf, Dhoni, Special Sam, Bravo, and Jaddu will be convenient in the death overs. But it is said that name doesn't do anything performance does, Watson has been looking bit rusty, and Vijay is far from finding his form back. Faf is lone warriors as he was in the South African team. Sam is playing in the middle order, and Jadhav has also been given to handle the middle-order role, which makes Dhoni play down the order; that's cowardly, in my opinion. Captain Cool playing at no.7 when you are chasing 215+ ??? It is out of the syllabus, some might say, but Dhoni always does such things. The batting line seems an ininngs or two away from their prime form. Ryadu Watson, Faf, Dhoni, Sam, Jadhav, and Jaddu looks pretty good line up. However, Chawla and Jadeja must improve their bowling as quickly as possible.
CSK IPL 2020
Utilize Your Experiences :
Most CSK players are 30+ age; most of them have played 200+ games for their countries, which comes really handy. The only thing CSK needed that is they must apply plans; there is no excuse when you have played 2 or 3 world cups for your country, and experience is no problem, they need to come up with a better plan, and plans must be well executed unless it will late. Dhoni needs to play at no.4; he is the man who can handle all of them.
Hoping for CSK and Dhoni comes up with new tactics and different game plans and answers those who always troll them by saying ' Old Team '—wishing you a great game ahead, Team CSK and Thala Dhoni.
दिल्ली को धमाका !!!
IPL भन्ने खेल पनि अचम्म को छ, कसैसँग Trophy को भकारी कोही चाहिँ Trophy को चक्कर मा 12 साल एसै फाल्नुपर्ने अवस्था। अनुभव ले त हरेक चिजलाई सफल बनाउँछ, तर Delhi Capitals को कहानी अर्कातिर लेखिन पुग्यो। कोसिस पनि कहाँ नगरेको हो र?? जीवन को अर्काे परिभाषा छ, कोशिस् र...
मुम्बईको राज ??
कतिपय टिम को लागि त आकाशको फल आँखा तरि मर जस्तो हुन्छ। यो कथा हो 4 पटक IPL बिजेता Mumbai Indians को। सुरुबाट हेर्ने हो भने त नाम ठूलो काम सानो जस्तो लाग्छ तर मिहिनेत र परिश्रम को अगाडि कसैको केही लाग्दैन भने जस्तो Mumbai Indians को IPL जित्ने सपना साकार भयो। 2013 बाट...
There are a lot of players around the world and loving someone's class shots and game style is ok but when someone calls me for to choose best 11 I makes me all nervy and sweaty cause everyone's best on their position and for their team but when it comes to world 11...


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Fisker Teasing Us with Electric SUV Concept
...Promises to be priced under $40k...
We first saw a rendering of the forthcoming Fisker SUV back in March of this year. Now Fisker is releasing some photos of the concept and a few more details. The front end of the Fisker SUV looks mildly like a Land Rover if you stare at the headlights long enough. Along the side are retracting door handles and an interesting D-Pillar turn-signal repeater. Fisker has previously shown the SUV with a solar roof to help with charging.
Fisker says the SUV will start under $40,000 and have a range over 300 miles per charge. They are also claiming that the vehicle will be the most sustainable vehicle available with many of the parts being made from recycled materials. For now, the look of the interior is a secret until its official unveiling later this year. Fisker hopes to have the SUV on the road in 2021.
Edited July 26, 2019 by Drew Dowdell
Source: Fisker Instagram, Motor1
Though I love all things EV, I will say the style of this one has me on the fence. It looks like someone stepped on it and that caused the front and rear lights to get squished. It is just a weird look, Rivian is better looking than this. Hell, even Tesla I would take the look over this and Tesla is really ugly to me.
1 comment 5 views
Neuron EV - Newest Challenger to Tesla
By dfelt
NEURON EV
CES 2020 has been a busy place this year with more auto companies showing of prototypes and finally production ready auto's than ever before. We have seen so much including the latest in super dense solid state batteries for the EVs to motorcycles and bikes.
This year we now get to see the latest competition to Tesla and Rivian in a well funded California / China based EV auto company called NEURON EV. This company has a swiss army knife of a truck/suv auto as well as a Semi truck that they say is going into production in 2020.
The truck which is seen here in Silver has a sister truck that was running around the streets which is the following Black T-One.
All the details you could ever want can be found here on this truck: https://www.neuronev.co/new-products/t-one-p-gyrwr
The cool thing about this modular truck is that is can be more than a truck, a tractor, a van. there are no limits to how one can configure up this beast of an EV.
The seat options are an interesting take as you can go like how Tesla showed their Semi with a center driving position as a base 3 seat configuration of 3 captain chairs, or a single drivers captain chair and a bench seat behind for 4 people and go from there to cover a wide range of colors, materials, etc. in customizing your auto.
While this company is looking at this modular truck and semi for the US, in china they will have many more auto options including their V.E.G.A. or Versatile Electric Grand Automobile.
The company has great plans and while they have only two models for the US market, China will get many more that includes a medium duty truck, a bus, a MAP or Multipurpose Autonomous Platform focused on shipping yards, a HUB or autonomous transportation auto, in addition to the car, semi and truck.
NEURON EV has not released any details about their hp / torque other than to say class leading at this time. Two wheel drive and All Wheel Drive will be the choices folks will have and talk of a base 300 mile range battery pack. More details are to come later this year.
First Press release of 2020 can be found here:
https://www.neuronev.co/01102020
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC69MUFfq-4W8qxUWcGltBUg
VW News: Volkswagen to Intro 34 new Models in 2020
The Volkswagen brand is on track to introduce 34 models globally in 2020. While some, like the ID.3, will be new to the portfolio, others are variants of familiar faces with many of those being electrified. Much stricter emissions rules come into effect in Europe starting January 1st and will force every company that sells on the continent to rethink their lineups.
For Volkswagen, that means that most of their internal combustion powered vehicles will gain an available hybrid powertrain. Volkswagen says they will be introducing hybrid versions from the Golf to the Tiguan, to the Touareg. There will also be a number of cars coming that aren't hybrids or EVs. The next generation Golf is coming to Europe in 2020 with GTI, GTD, R, and Wagon variants to follow, though not all will make it to the U.S.. The Atlas will receive a refresh and the Atlas Cross Sport goes into production soon. Over in Europe, VW will be launching the T-Roc Cabriolet, the Arteon Shooting Brake, and Tiguan R. Plus there will be other announcements coming for the brand. With that in mind, these 34 vehicles are just for the VW brand and don't count what Audi, SEAT, Skoda, are up to. So there is likely to be even more in the pipeline.
This whole push is to help get the Volkswagen brand to a 4 percent to 5 percent operating profit for 2020.
Volkswagen to Intro 34 new Models in 2020
BMW News: BMW iX3 Heading to Production Next Year
BMW unveiled the Concept iX3 at the Beijing Motor show in April of 2018. The overall look of the crossover is somewhat conventional, but with the traditional kidney grille being closed off for aerodynamic reasons and special aerodynamic wheels.
The production iX3 will be rear-wheel drive only and have a peak rating of 286 horsepower and 295 lb-ft of torque. All of that power comes from a single motor. The motor is BMW's fifth-generation eDrive powertrain developed solely in house. BMW says that the technology used in this motor is scalable and thus can be used in different automotive segments.
The battery is a 74-kWh pack that is capable of powering the iX3 for 273 miles on the European WLTP cycle (EPA rating will be lower).
The iX3 will be built in Shenyang, China through a joint venture BMW Brilliance Automotive starting in 2020.
Once the iX3 goes on the market, it will be BMW's first vehicle to be available in gasoline, diesel, plug-in hybrid, and pure electric drive configurations.
By dfelt · Posted 2 minutes ago
Very cool, I can see them being a big success with their Green based buyers. Should do them well.
Do not forget Rusty!


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Pakali Ba (Schreibvariante: Pakaliba) ist eine Ortschaft im westafrikanischen Staat Gambia.

Nach einer Berechnung für das Jahr 2013 leben dort etwa 1262 Einwohner, das Ergebnis der letzten veröffentlichten Volkszählung von 1993 betrug 1088.

Geographie
Pakali Ba liegt in der Lower River Region im Distrikt Jarra East unmittelbar an der South Bank Road, Gambias wichtigster Fernstraße, etwa 220 Kilometer östlich von Banjul. Der kleine Ort, ungefähr 14 Meter über ü. d. M., liegt in der Nähe der Sofanyama Bridge, die den Sofanyama Bolong überspannt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Ortschaften in Gambia

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Lower River Region
Ort in Afrika

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Public Lunch Talk by Alireza Javadian at the FCL Future Cities Laboratory Singapore on 1st November 2012. Bamboo has been used as a construction material for centuries around the globe. The benefits of using bamboo are enormous: its fast growth, high tensile strength, and the capacity to capture large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere are just some of the most remarkable properties it has to offer. For decades, researchers around the world have searched for methods to activate those benefits for use within the building sector and transform bamboo from a locally applied organic material into an industrialized product. However, water absorption, swelling and shrinking behavior, durability, fungi attacks as well as chemical decomposition of bamboo have limited most of the applications so far. This research demonstrates that new bamboo composite materials, developed with Woven Strand Bamboo (WSB) technology, have the possibility to overcome most of these limitations and open new application fields within the building sector, especially in the concrete industry. The research conducted under the Professorship of Dirk E. Hebel at the Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore entails investigating the potential to replace steel reinforcements in structural concrete applications.


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Pierre Andraca (1958), nageur français ;
 Robin Andraca (1985)
 Joanne Andraca (1988), nageuse française.
 Tina Andraca (2001)


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Chapel Gallery >
Robert Kaja WHO'S THERE
Robert Kaja
WHO'S THERE
exhibition open till 3 May 2017
curator: Leszek Golec
Who's There is an exhibition in a special place. The chapel in the park of the Centre of Polish Sculpture on Orońsko in a natural way impacts on the reception of each exhibition presented here. Due to the character of the place it often hosts commemorative exhibitions of the late sculptors. That is why, for me the aspect of vanitas is inevitable and necessary in this space. The presented sculptural objects refer to the symbols which are supposed to define the relation between the material world and the world beyond matter, pre-material one. The exhibition is organized on the basis of three vital elements: geometry of three elements (construction built of rollers - wooden, transparent and stone ones), the form of sacrifice (wooden box and bread), the figure of passage (stone stele with a round mirror) and an element unifying others, in the form of a table runner – rug (textile of glass fibre). I am leaving the remaining semantic connotations resulting from mutual relationships (also from the used materials) to the intuition and sensitivity of the viewer, being convinced that an element of a puzzle or mystery is an integral part of this exhibition.
Robert Kaja (b. 1965) is a sculptor, graduate of Prof. F. Duszeńko's studio at the Faculty of Sculpture in the State High School of Plastic Arts in Gdańsk (1993). He works as assistant professor at the Faculty of Sculpture and Intermedia in the Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk. He conducts the studio of Design and Organization of Space which runs classes based on the issues of meeting between sculpture and the surroundings – public space. The topics of tasks are directed at making the students familiar with the necessary knowledge and skills in the scope of building a sculptural form, spatial forms, shaping the environment, observation and analysis in the perspective of spatial relationships of the existing situation, constructing ideas and formal problems on the basis of the cultural, historical and social contexts of a selected place.
The artist took part in many exhibitions, inter alia: Electric Fence, BWA Gallery, Sopot, 1993; K 18, Kassel, Germany, 1993; Ideas beyond Ideology, Centre of Contemporary Art, Warsaw, 1993; Ikonopress, Ducal Castle, Szczecin, 1994; Status Quo, Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko, and National Museum, Warsaw, 1996; Generation, BWA Gallery, Katowice, 1996; About Us Today. The art of Two Times, National Museum, Abbots' Palace, Gdańsk, 1999; Between Nature and Culture, BWA Gallery, Bielsko Biała, 2002; The Art of the Third Polish Republic, Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko, 2003; Memory and Participation, National Museum, Abbots' Palace, Gdańsk, 2005; Like a Rolling Stone, Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko, 2009.
category: Chapel Gallery, autor: Leszek Golec, add: 2017-02-07 09:44:05, read: 1810 times
Centre of Polish Sculpture in Orońsko is a National Institution of Culture
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photo: Jan Gaworski. All rights reserved
created by: Wojciech Głogowski


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Amazon's free-streaming ambitions expand to more devices
Tags: amazon Amazon Music streaming
When Amazon launched a free, ad-supported music-streaming service in April, it was only available in the US, for Echo smart speakers. That careful rollout is now expanding considerably: Amazon's ad-supported music tier is now available in the UK and Germany too, through the Amazon Music smartphone app and FireTV devices as well as Echos.
Limitations remain: this is very much a 'personal radio' streaming service focused around stations (which can be based on songs, artists, eras and genres) as well as key Amazon-curated playlists ('All Hits', 'Fuego Latino', 'Country Heat' and 'Rap Rotation' as well as the Christmas-themed 'Holiday Favorites' are the ones cited by Amazon in its announcement). This isn't yet a Spotify-style fully-on-demand free tier.
Amazon's expansion of its ad-supported tier comes alongside the company's latest offer for its Music Unlimited subscription service, with upgraders being offered four months of the latter for $0.99. The goal, it seems, is to move free listeners up the funnel as quickly as possible, be that to a standalone music subscription, or to a Prime membership with its separate, bundled Prime Music service.
How big a deal is Amazon's ad-supported expansion? CNBC noted that Spotify's shares fell by 4.9% yesterday after the announcement, although there were other stories (for example speculation that Bytedance's streaming service could launch in December) that could have had an impact too.
One thing to bear in mind about Amazon's news is the sheer scale of Prime already: it had 100 million global subscribers in April 2018, the first time it published a figure for this metric. A study by eMarketer in February suggested that there will be 63.9m Prime households in the US alone this year –representing 51.3% of American households overall.
Those people discovering Prime Music remains, we think, Amazon's most important free (or rather 'feels like free') funnel into its multi-tiered music subscriptions. But expanding its ad-supported service to scoop up more non-Prime members is another sign of stealthy, steady progress from a company that reportedly had already reached 32 million paying subscribers by April this year.
Stuart Dredge
Read More: News
Gaana reiterates hopes for strong Indian streaming growth
Indian music streaming service Gaana has published its annual trends report, with several talking points emerging so far. The first is a familiar topic: the growth of regional music (i.e. from outside India's main cities)....
Report suggests streaming service Anghami is up for sale
Given the growing activity and interest in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, 2020 is arguably a very good time to consider selling up if you're the leading streaming service in that part of the world. Bloomberg...
Zoë Keating reveals her latest per-stream payouts data
Zoë Keating has become the go-to artist for raw data on streaming payouts to musicians: because she's fully independent with a distribution deal that gives her 100% of her recorded-music royalties. Her streaming numbers...
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Today
498 inpatient beds
72,000-square-foot surgical center
State-of-the-art treatment hub for outpatient procedures
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was founded in 1884 as New York Cancer Hospital on Manhattan's Upper West Side by a group that included John J. Astor and his wife, Charlotte. In 1899, the name was changed to General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases. In 1916, the word "General" was dropped and the new name became Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases.
In 1936, the hospital began a move to our present location on York Avenue, on land donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the new Memorial Hospital opened in 1939. The building, which was reconstructed between 1970 and 1973, stands on the site today.
In the 1940s, two former General Motors executives, Alfred P. Sloan and Charles F. Kettering, joined forces to establish the Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI), which has since become one of the nation's leading biomedical research institutions. Built adjacent to Memorial Hospital, SKI was formally dedicated in 1948.
In 1960, a new corporate entity — Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center — was formed to coordinate and guide the overall policy for Memorial Hospital and the Sloan Kettering Institute, and in 1980 these entities were unified into a single institution, with a single president and CEO.
Over the years, we have continued to expand our outpatient facilities and services to meet the growing needs of our patients, physicians, and researchers.
Learn more about Memorial Sloan Kettering's history in our historical timeline.
Patient Care in 2019
1,358 attending physicians
4,522 nurses
25,597 inpatient stays
839,073 outpatient visits
According to US News & World Report, Memorial Sloan Kettering has ranked as one of the top two hospitals for cancer care in the country for more than 30 years and among the nation's top pediatric hospitals for cancer care.
In addition, the 2019 Best Doctors issue of New York magazine recognizes more cancer physicians from Memorial Sloan Kettering than from any other hospital in the New York metropolitan area.
Patient care is a team effort at Memorial Sloan Kettering, where more than a dozen multidisciplinary cancer care teams combine the expertise and experience of numerous specialists to ensure the best possible treatment. Patients are treated by as many different experts as are needed for their particular type of disease, including surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, psychiatrists, and nurses.
Our physicians have an extraordinary depth and breadth of experience in diagnosing and treating all forms of the disease, from the most common to the rarest. Each year, they treat more than 400 different subtypes of cancer. This level of specialization can have an often dramatic effect on a patient's chances for a cure or control of his or her cancer.
State-of-the-Art Diagnostics
Memorial Sloan Kettering's radiologists use state-of-the-art imaging technology to detect cancer, and our pathologists have unsurpassed experience in using advanced methods to accurately diagnose cancer. They issued more than 220,000 pathology reports in 2019 to determine a precise diagnosis and the extent of disease (known as staging) to guide decisions on the best course of treatment.
Our surgeons perform more cancer operations at Memorial Sloan Kettering than doctors at any other hospital in the nation. Because of their sole focus on cancer, our surgeons can often use advanced surgical techniques that result in a better quality of life for patients. Over the years, they have pioneered many surgical innovations, including minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of many cancers.
Pioneering Radiation Therapy
Our radiation oncologists are developing and putting into clinical practice leading-edge technologies and techniques in radiation therapy. They pioneered intensity-modulated radiation therapy, which allows higher, more-effective doses of radiation to be delivered to tumors while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues and organs. MSK's radiation oncologists also offer proton therapy, a highly precise form of radiation therapy. They have been at the forefront of developing the guidelines for this sophisticated treatment.
More-Effective Chemotherapy
Memorial Sloan Kettering's medical oncologists are leaders in developing new chemotherapy drugs that are safer and more effective than standard therapies. Increasingly, our medical oncologists employ sophisticated technologies, such as immunotherapies or vaccines, often in combination with chemotherapy, to more effectively treat cancer.
Excellence in Nursing
Our specially trained oncology nurses work closely with our physicians to provide compassionate patient-centered care, foster a safe and healing environment, and provide support and comfort to our patients and their loved ones. Our patients benefit from the extraordinary knowledge, experience, and expertise of our nurses – nearly 35 percent of who have chosen to continue their professional nursing careers at Memorial Sloan Kettering for at least 10 years.
Our nurses set standards and influence decisions concerning quality care, taking the lead with other quality experts in developing nationally recognized best practices to improve quality of care and patient outcomes.
In fact, we published the first comprehensive textbook on nursing oncology in 1986, establishing the original standards of care in the field and paving the way for specialized oncology training for nurses throughout the country.
We offer a full range of programs to help patients and families throughout all phases of treatment, including genetic counseling, rehabilitation, integrative medicine, counseling, pain and palliative care, cancer screening, and assistance in navigating life after treatment.
Leading Researchers
23 members of the National Academy of Medicine
14 members of the National Academy of Sciences
7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators
2 Lasker Award recipients
Memorial Sloan Kettering researchers have led the way in developing new ways to diagnose and treat cancer. We maintain one of the world's most dynamic programs of cancer research, with more than 120 research laboratories that are focused on better understanding every type of the disease. Memorial Sloan Kettering is also home to more than 38 state-of-the-art core facilities, which provide our research community with the latest research technology and a wide range of expert services.
The extraordinary patient care we provide benefits from our innovative programs in basic, translational, and clinical research. In fact, between 1980 and 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration approved ten drugs developed in our labs for marketing — a success rate not matched by any other cancer center.
Research at the Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) — Memorial Sloan Kettering's basic research arm — is dedicated to understanding the biology of cancer through eight major research programs. Investigators at SKI collaborate with Memorial Hospital physician-scientists — a partnership that helps speed important research findings from the laboratory to the patient.
Memorial Hospital's extensive research program includes areas that focus on basic laboratory research, translational research that bridges discoveries made in the laboratory and those made in the clinic, and mathematical and computational research directed at analyzing and interpreting biomedical data.
Memorial Sloan Kettering also conducts one of the largest clinical research programs in the world. Through these studies, physicians and scientists on our disease-focused research teams translate basic science findings into new treatment advances. In addition, Memorial Sloan Kettering actively initiates and participates in clinical trials to identify more-effective cancer therapies. In 2019, our physicians were pursuing more than 1,000 clinical research protocols for pediatric and adult cancers.
Our researchers collaborate internally and externally to bring together laboratory investigators and clinicians from different disciplines to advance the current understanding of tumor biology and explore new ways to cure, control, and prevent disease.
Training the Next Generation in 2019
1,690 residents and clinical fellows
649 postdoctoral research fellows, research scholars, and research associates
297 PhD and MD/PhD candidates
595 nursing students
477 medical students
Education is a vital part of Memorial Sloan Kettering's mission. Our training programs prepare the next generation of physicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals for leadership roles in the life sciences and medicine, especially as related to cancer.
Our educational collaborations with The Rockefeller University, Cornell University, and Weill Cornell Medical College offer PhD programs in chemical biology, computational biology and medicine, and the medical sciences. Memorial Sloan Kettering also partners with Weill Cornell Medical College and The Rockefeller University to offer an MD/PhD program for aspiring physician-scientists.
In 2004, we established a PhD program in cancer biology through the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. This novel program, which offers a PhD degree in cancer biology and enrolled its first class in 2006, trains gifted basic laboratory scientists to work in research areas directly relevant to cancer and other human diseases. The first graduates completed the program in 2012.
We also offer postgraduate clinical fellowships to train physicians who seek special expertise in a particular type of cancer, as well as postgraduate research fellowships that provide physicians and scientists with advanced laboratory research training. With faculty appointments at the Weill Cornell Medical College, our clinical staff members train residents and medical students as well.
Memorial Sloan Kettering provides an excellent environment in which nurses can learn from professionals who are highly specialized in cancer care and nursing education. We are committed to improving the quality of care for cancer patients through the professional development of nurses at Memorial Sloan Kettering. We value their efforts to achieve advanced degrees and national certifications in their specialty practices, keep pace with technological and scientific advances in oncology nursing, and play leadership roles in the ongoing development of the profession.
In addition, we offer a variety of educational and training programs for high school and college students who aspire to careers in medicine and science.
Hot Times in "Radium Hospital": The History of Radium Therapy at MSK
Memorial Sloan Kettering Celebrates 130 Years of Progress
MSK Ranked as a US News "Best Hospital" for 30 Years
Boards of Overseers and Managers


A Japanese Communist Party delegation headed by JCP Chair Shii Kazuo on December 17 arrived in Hanoi, Vietnam. They will stay in Vietnam until December 21.
At the invitation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the JCP visit to Vietnam was realized.
The JCP delegation will discuss peace in East Asia and the rest of the world with CPV leaders, including General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong.
On December 17, the delegation had a series of meetings with Pham Minh Chinh, a Politburo member and the head of the Party Central Committee's Organization Commission, and Hoang Binh Quan, the head of the PCC Commission for External Relations.


text:
Q: How does an extern "C" declaration work? I'm taking a programming languages course and we're talking about the extern "C" declaration.
How does this declaration work at a deeper level other than "it interfaces C and C++"? How does this affect the bindings that take place in the program as well?

A: It should be noted that extern "C" also modifies the types of functions. It does not only modify things on lower levels:
extern "C" typedef void (*function_ptr_t)();

void foo();

int main() { function_ptr_t fptr = &foo; } // error!

The type of &foo does not equal the type that the typedef designates (although the code is accepted by some, but not all compilers).

A: extern "C" is used to ensure that the symbols following are not mangled (decorated).

Example:
Let's say we have the following code in a file called test.cpp:
extern "C" {
  int foo() {
    return 1;
  }
}

int bar() {
  return 1;
}

If you run gcc -c test.cpp -o test.o
Take a look at the symbols names:

00000010 T _Z3barv
00000000 T foo

foo() keeps its name.

A: In C++ the name/symbol of the functions are actually renamed to something else such that different classes/namespaces can have functions of same signatures. In C, the functions are all globally defined and no such customized renaming process is needed.
To make C++ and C talk with each other, "extern C" instructs the compiler not to use the C convention.

A: extern C affects name mangling by the C++ compiler.  Its a way of getting the C++ compiler to not mangle names, or rather to mangle them in the same way that a C compiler would.  This is the way it interfaces C and C++.
As an example:
extern "C" void foo(int i);

will allow the function to be implemented in a C module, but allow it to be called from a C++ module.
The trouble comes when trying to get a C module to call a C++ function (obviously C can't use C++ classes) defined in a C++ module.  The C compiler doesn't like extern "C".
So you need to use this:
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

void foo(int i);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

Now when this appears in a header file, both the C and C++ compilers will be happy with the declaration and it could now be defined in either a C or C++ module, and can be called by both C and C++ code.

A: extern "C" denotes that the enclosed code uses C-style linking and name mangling. C++ uses a more complex name mangling format. Here's an example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling
int example(int alpha, char beta);

in C: _example
in C++: __Z7exampleic
Update: As GManNickG notes in the comments, the pattern of name mangling is compiler dependent.

A: Let's look at a typical function that can compile in both C and C++:
int Add (int a, int b)
{
    return a+b;
}

Now in C the function is called "_Add" internally.  Whereas the C++ function is called something completely different internally using a system called name-mangling.  Its basically a way to name a function so that the same function with different parameters has a different internal name.
So if Add() is defined in add.c, and you have the prototype in add.h you will get a problem if you try to include add.h in a C++ file.  Because the C++ code is looking for a function with a name different to the one in add.c you will get a linker error.  To get around that problem you must include add.c by this method:
extern "C"
{
#include "add.h"
}

Now the C++ code will link with _Add instead of the C++ name mangled version.
That's one of the uses of the expression.  Bottom line, if you need to compile code that is strictly C in a C++ program (via an include statement or some other means) you need to wrap it with a extern "C" { ... } declaration.

A: extern "C", is a keyword to declare a function with C bindings, because C compiler and C++ compiler will translate source into different form in object file:
For example, a code snippet is as follows:
int _cdecl func1(void) {return 0}
int _stdcall func2(int) {return 0}
int _fastcall func3(void) {return 1}

32-bit C compilers will translate the code in the form as follows:
_func1
_func2@4
@func3@4

in the cdecl, func1 will translate as '_name'
in the stdcall, func2 will translate as '_name@X'
in the fastcall, func2 will translate as '@name@X'
'X' means the how many bytes of the parameters in parameter list.
64-bit convention on Windows has no leading underscore
In C++, classes, templates, namespaces and operator overloading are introduced, since it is not allowed two functions with the same name, C++ compiler provide the type information in the symbol name,
for example, a code snippet is as follows:
int func(void) {return 1;}
int func(int) {return 0;}
int func_call(void) {int m=func(), n=func(0);}

C++ compiler will translate the code as follows:
int func_v(void) {return 1;}
int func_i(int) {return 0;}
int func_call(void) {int m=_func_v(), n=_func_i(0);}

'_v' and '_i' are type information of 'void' and 'int'

A: When you flag a block of code with extern "C", you're telling the system to use C style linkage.
This, mainly, affects the way the linker mangles the names.  Instead of using C++ style name mangling (which is more complex to support operator overloads), you get the standard C-style naming out of the linker.

A: Here is a quote from msdn
"The extern keyword declares a variable or function and specifies that it has external linkage (its name is visible from files other than the one in which it's defined). When modifying a variable, extern specifies that the variable has static duration (it is allocated when the program begins and deallocated when the program ends). The variable or function may be defined in another source file, or later in the same file. Declarations of variables and functions at file scope are external by default."
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0603949d%28VS.80%29.aspx

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Welcome to Morgantown!
Welcome to Morgantown! The City of Morgantown welcomes all people regardless of race, religion, national origin, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, color, ancestry, age, abilities, blindness, economic, family or veteran status, or life situation. We strive to be an inclusive community for our residents and visitors. We ask everyone to act with a helpful intent, to respond to each other with civility, and to treat our environment with respect.
Whether you're in town for a conference at the Waterfront Place Hotel, attending a WVU Football or Basketball game, shopping or dining in our historic downtown, or exploring the great outdoors in one of our parks, Morgantown is a city that has something for everyone!
Over $26 Million Invested in Downtown Morgantown Over the Past Five Years
The past five years has seen large scale investments in downtown Morgantown with more just on the horizon.	Additional Info...
Next Art at the Airport Exhibition to Highlight Destinations
The theme for the third Art at the Airport exhibition is Destinations. Local artists will display artwork that represents the places they have visited or imagined.	Additional Info...
Karen Knotts to Bring "Tied Up In Knotts" to The Metropolitan Theatre
The City of Morgantown and RMA Presents will bring Karen Knotts and her "Tied up in Knotts" comedy show to The Metropolitan Theater at 4 p.m. on Sunday, March 13, 2022.	Additional Info...
Hazel Ruby McQuain Charitable Trust Provides $1.8 Million for Hazel Ruby McQuain Park
The City of Morgantown was recently awarded two grants totaling $1,805,000 from the Hazel Ruby McQuain Charitable Trust for a summer concert series and capital improvement projects at Ruby Amphitheater.	Additional Info...
City Offers Grant Program to Assist New and Existing Businesses Impacted by COVID-19 Pandemic
New and existing businesses based in Morgantown that have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic are encouraged to apply for the city's new Small Business Assistance Grant.	Additional Info...
City of Morgantown Offers Curbside Christmas Tree Recycling Program
The City of Morgantown is offering a free curbside Christmas tree recycling program for city residents from Jan. 3 to Jan. 18.	Additional Info...
With the MyAccount feature, you can customize your viewing experience, sign up for notifications, and engage in information you care about.	Read On...
Use Citizen Request Tracker to notify us about a general concern, comment, or compliment. Visitors can also log in to check on the progress of existing requests.	Read On...
Common Service Requests
Morgantown is typical of small-town America in that its builders preferred traditional forms to high style. This gives High Street the eclectic charm characteristic of Main Street, U.S.A.
Morgantown, a city of distinction, offers "mountains of opportunity" for business development and expansion. This is one of the major growth areas in the state. Morgantown continues to grow and develop in many areas including housing, manufacturing, research, and commercial sectors. Morgantown shows continued population growth for the last 20 years, and is located in one of the fastest growing counties in the state.
American Rescue Plan Act Info
New Business Checklist
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Morgantown, West Virginia is one of the best small cities in the country, noted for its strong economy and quality of life.
The Board of Zoning Appeals meets on the third Wednesdays of the month at 6:30 p.m.
Woodburn Association of Neighbors Picnic
The theme for the third Art at the Airport exhibition is Destinations. Local artists will display ar...
Join us for the 2022 Fish Fry, and help Coach Bob Huggins raise a record $1 million to commemorate t...
Empty Bowls Monongalia
Morgantown City Council
The Morgantown City Council holds its regular meetings on the first and third Tuesday of the month. Council holds its Committee of the Whole meetings, or work sessions, on the last Tuesday of the month at 7 p.m. No formal actions are taken at these meetings. Both meetings take place at 7 p.m. in Council Chambers located in the Morgantown Municipal Building at 389 Spruce Street.
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M. Joe Abu-GhannamFirst WardM. Joe Abu-Ghannam is serving as the First Ward council member for the term July 1, 2021-June 30, 2023.
Bill KaweckiSecond WardBill Kawecki is serving on the Morgantown City Council for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2025 term.
Ixya VegaThird WardIxya Vega is serving on the Morgantown City Council as the Third Ward representative. Her term began on July 1, 2021.
Jennifer SelinMayor - Fourth WardJenny Selin is serving on the Morgantown City Council for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2025 term. She is also serving as Mayor for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 term.
Danielle TrumbleDeputy Mayor - Fifth WardDanielle Trumble is serving on the Morgantown City Council for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2023 term. She is also serving as Deputy Mayor for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 term.
Dave HarshbargerSixth WardDave Harshbarger is serving on the Morgantown City Council for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2025 term.
Brian ButcherSeventh WardBrian Butcher is serving on the Morgantown City Council for the July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2023 term.


We provide roll off dumpsters at the most competitive rates with the most reliable service in New hampshire . We have dumpster sizes that suits all your waste management needs in New hampshire. Our services include hassle free collection, hauling, and disposal of your waste. We ensure timely delivery, pickup, and disposal of trash.


There are many common sense items that go along with safety when you're jumping on an in-ground trampoline. If you're new to in-ground trampoline ownership, though we want to pass along this series of in-ground trampoline safety tips for both children and adults.
Place the in-ground trampoline so it is not near any overhanging roof, eaves, trees or fences. Children will be children and some may get to jumping higher than you'd like them to and if that happens you don't want them to injure themselves by hitting their heads. Keep the in-ground trampoline away from branches and roofs. If your in-ground trampoline is by trees, make certain there are no low hanging branches that could cause injury.
Before anyone gets on the in-ground trampoline perform a quick inspection of the mat and the springs to assure they are both in good shape. Make sure there are no rips or tears on the jump mat and that the springs are all secure and none of them are damaged or rusted or that they have come loose.
Always have a safety pad in place to cover all of the springs and hooks that hold the jump mat secure on your in-ground trampoline. Check these every time to assure they are secure and in good condition.
If you're going to have a safety net for your in-ground trampoline make sure it's of high quality and that it is securely in place. Make certain your children know not to jump and grab onto the safety net – it is there to keep them from falling and injuring themselves.
Safe jump heights need to be monitored even with an in-ground trampoline. When you're rebounding you are many, many feet off the ground and if you're too high and if you don't land back on the jump mat you can certainly fall and injure yourself. A fall from an in-ground trampoline won't likely be as bad as one from an above ground trampoline, but make certain the kids are jumping safely and landing safely.
What rules do you have in place to keep your children and other family members safe when they're rebounding on the in-ground trampoline?


Our client is an award winning boutique architecture firm based in Columbia, Maryland that specializes in civic and cultural projects that improve communities. They are searching for a Staff Architect to join their vibrant studio.
Attend meetings with clients and assist with writing minutes of meetings.
Supports business development team with graphics for proposals.


Intellectual property is often the most valuable commodity that a business can possess. Licensing rights can hold millions of dollars of value, as can the ability to stop a competitor from abusing your intellectual property claims. The potential for lucrative gain from infringement can entice many into illegitimate use, or outright theft, of intellectual property. Reciprocally, the lure of barring competing application of new ideas often results in unwarranted actions, Intellectual property litigation can often result in "make or break" decisions for a corporation, which should not be made without consulting an experienced intellectual property litigation attorney.
Our intellectual property attorney in San Diego aggressively pursues our clients' interests in intellectual property and can assist you in navigating through the complex and often highly technical arguments inherent in intellectual property litigation.
Our San Diego intellectual property attorneys are knowledgeable in obtaining top forensic analysis of infringing articles, adroit evaluation of licensing and business losses, and exceptional testifying experts to support your intellectual property litigation objectives.
Intellectual Property Lawyer Representative Case #1: Representation of a leading multinational data storage company in a complex patent infringement litigation. The multimillion dollar lawsuit filed on behalf of the client in California Federal Court involved a competitor's allegedly infringing use of the client's data processing technology. The competitor filed counterclaims against the client. After extensive litigation including large-scale discovery and document management, the parties settled their respective claims in exchange for a net eight figure payment to the client.
Intellectual Property Lawyer Representative Case #2: Representation of a multinational manufacturer of music studio recording equipment in a lawsuit brought against a music mixing software developer for trade dress infringement and related claims. The allegedly infringing software, made available to anyone with a high powered laptop, utilized the look, appearance and functionality of the client's world-renowned studio recording equipment. The case was resolved confidentially during the early stages of litigation.
Intellectual Property Lawyer Representative Case #3: Defended an events staffing agency against a lawsuit brought by a competitor alleging unfair competition and breaches of non-compete and confidentiality agreements by the competitor's former employee. We successfully obtained a complete dismissal and general release of all claims against our client in exchange for $0.
Intellectual Property Lawyer Representative Case #4: Representation of a publicly traded building surveying company in a lawsuit to protect its intellectual property relating to certain proprietary laser surveying equipment. The client brought suit against a joint venture partner for violating the client's intellectual property rights, breaching the parties' licensing and joint venture agreements, unfair competition, and related claims. We successfully resolved the case after conducting extensive discovery and an independent investigation which revealed highly inflammatory evidence helpful to our client's case.


Three years before Albert and David Maysles' landmark documentary introduced the world to Edith and Edie Beale—the unforgettable mother and daughter (and Jackie O. relatives) living in a decaying dream world on Long Island—renowned photographer Peter Beard chronicled life at their crumbling estate during the summer of 1972.
For the first time ever, in That Summer (IFC Films), director Göran Olsson assembles this long-lost footage, featuring glimpses of luminaries like Andy Warhol, Mick Jagger and Truman Capote, into a one-of-a-kind family portrait bursting with the loving squabbles, quotable bon mots and impromptu musical numbers that would make Big and Little Edie beloved cultural icons.
Great, gossip and a bit garish.


Lawyers for Truck Drivers Injured through the Negligence of Other Motorists.
Over the years, the Allen Law Firm has represented many truck drivers who have been severely injured in accidents caused by the carelessness and negligence of other motorists. Our attorneys understand that tractor trailers and other large rigs are more difficult to maneuver than smaller vehicles. Consequently, careless conduct on the part of small vehicle operators can increase the risk of an accident when a driver makes a sudden lane change immediately in front of a large truck or merges too quickly into traffic from a highway entrance ramp.
Contact us Allen, Allen, Allen & Allen at 866-388-6408 for more information about how we can help if you have been seriously injured in a truck accident that was not your fault.
Years of working with trucking industry experts have given the trial lawyers at Allen, Allen, Allen and Allen the background and experience necessary to evaluate the facts and merits of your case and to prosecute it successfully. Litigation involving large commercial truck accidents requires prompt investigation by professionals. Our trained, in house investigation team has years of experience documenting accident scenes and gathering evidence. When necessary, our truck driver lawyers find independent investigators and accident reconstruction experts to examine and develop the facts surrounding an accident.
When a devastating accident happens to you, you want an attorney familiar with the operation, handling, and maneuverability of large trucks on your side. No two truck accident cases turn on identical facts. However, many such accidents share common characteristics and similar fact patterns. You need the advice and counsel of the truck driver attorneys at Allen and Allen.
When a large commercial truck crashes, overturns, or jackknifes, a truck driver may suffer serious and debilitating injuries. These injuries may permanently affect the truck driver's ability to operate a large rig, thus affecting your career. After all, a person is not permitted to operate a commercial truck unless he passes a stringent physical exam and meets specific physical qualifications under state and federal regulations.
Certain disabilities involving the loss of feet, arms, hands, and/or fingers, for example, may preclude a truck driver from operating a commercial truck altogether. A truck driver who loses the ability to make a living as a commercial truck driver may face a substantial loss of earnings as well as earning capacity. Allen, Allen, Allen & Allen attorneys know how to work with economists and vocational rehabilitation experts to quantify a trucker's present and future wage loss and to examine rehabilitation and retraining alternatives.
If you're a commercial truck driver who's been injured in a truck accident you didn't cause, call us for a free consultation at 866-388-6408 . Our truck driver lawyers will explain your rights and advise you how to proceed.