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Clinical Science| September 2007
Apolipoprotein E e4 Allele Increases the Risk of Early Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Jacqueline M. Leung, M.D., M.P.H.;
Jacqueline M. Leung, M.D., M.P.H.
*Professor of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care.
Laura P. Sands, Ph.D.;
Laura P. Sands, Ph.D.
†Professor, School of Nursing, Purdue University.
Yun Wang, Ph.D.;
Yun Wang, Ph.D.
‡Research Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh.
Annie Poon, B.A.;
Annie Poon, B.A.
§Research Associate.
Pui-yan Kwok, M.D., Ph.D.;
Pui-yan Kwok, M.D., Ph.D.
‖Professor in Residence, Cardiovascular Research Institute.
John P. Kane, M.D., Ph.D.;
John P. Kane, M.D., Ph.D.
#Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
Clive R. Pullinger, Ph.D.
**Associate Adjunct Professor, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco.
Anesthesiology September 2007, Vol. 107, 406–411.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000278905.07899.df
Jacqueline M. Leung, Laura P. Sands, Yun Wang, Annie Poon, Pui-yan Kwok, John P. Kane, Clive R. Pullinger; Apolipoprotein E e4 Allele Increases the Risk of Early Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology 2007; 107:406–411 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000278905.07899.df
Whether patients who subsequently develop early postoperative delirium have a genetic predisposition that renders them at risk for postoperative delirium has not been determined.
The authors conducted a nested cohort study to include patients aged > or = 65 yr who were scheduled to undergo major noncardiac surgery requiring anesthesia. A structured interview was conducted preoperatively and for the first 2 days postoperatively to determine the presence of delirium, defined using the Confusion Assessment Method. Blood was drawn for measurement of the apolipoprotein genotypes. Bivariate tests of association were conducted between delirium and apolipoprotein genotypes and other potentially important risk factors. Variables that had significant bivariate association with postoperative delirium were entered in a forward multivariable logistic regression model.
Of the 190 patients studied, 15.3% developed delirium on both days 1 and 2 after surgery. Forty-six patients (24.2%) had at least one copy of the apolipoprotein e4 allele. The presence of one copy of the e4 allele was associated with an increased risk of early postoperative delirium (28.3% vs. 11.1%; P = 0.005). Even after adjusting for covariates, patients with one copy of the e4 allele were still more likely to have an increased risk of early postoperative delirium (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-8.77) compared with those without the e4 allele.
Apolipoprotein e4 carrier status was associated with an increased risk for early postoperative delirium after controlling for known demographic and clinical risk factors. These results suggest that genetic predisposition plays a role and may interact with anesthetic/surgical factors contributing to the development of early postoperative delirium.
POSTOPERATIVE delirium is common in older patients after noncardiac surgery and is associated with increased rates of nursing home placement and hospital mortality.1Despite this prevalence and clinical importance, no specific etiologic factor has been identified. Genetic studies in population-based investigations2,3have demonstrated a relation between certain genotypes and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. Specifically, elevated risk of Alzheimer disease has been demonstrated among individuals with the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in many populations.4,5The E4 allele of APOE is associated with a shift to an earlier age at onset of Alzheimer disease.6However, the APOE E4 genotype is neither necessary nor sufficient for the occurrence of Alzheimer disease.6The APOE polymorphism also affects response to trauma, age-related cognitive decline,7and several other disorders.8–10
APOE is a polymorphic protein associated with plasma lipoproteins. Three major isoforms can be recognized, designated as APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4, according to their relative position after isoelectric focusing.11APOE is unique among apolipoproteins in that it has a special relevance to nervous tissue.12APOE is involved in the mobilization and redistribution of cholesterol in repair, growth, and maintenance of myelin and neuronal membranes during development or after injury.13–15Whether patients who subsequently develop postoperative delirium have a genetic predisposition that renders them at risk for early postoperative delirium has not been determined.
This investigation hypothesized that the APOE4 allele increased the incidence of early postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery after controlling for covariates.
The study was approved by the institutional review board for human research at the University of California, San Francisco, California, and informed consent was obtained preoperatively from each study patient. This nested cohort study was conducted from 2001 to 2006 at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, and the patients included were a subset of an ongoing investigation of the pathophysiology of postoperative delirium in elderly surgical patients. The inclusion criteria were consecutive English-speaking patients aged ≥ 65 yr who were scheduled to undergo major elective noncardiac surgery requiring anesthesia, and who were expected to remain in the hospital postoperatively for more than 48 h. Excluded were patients who did not provide or were incapable of providing informed consent.
Neurocognitive and Delirium Assessments
Each patient was interviewed by the same trained research assistant preoperatively and postoperatively on days 1 and 2 after surgery. The preoperative interview typically occurred less than 48 h before surgery in the preoperative clinic. During the preoperative interview, in addition to the assessment of medical history, the presence of depressive symptoms, pain, and functional status were also measured. Cognitive status was measured preoperatively using the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status instrument,16which was adapted from the Mini-Mental Status Examination. During both the preoperative and the two postoperative interviews, the presence of delirium was measured using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).17The CAM assessments typically occurred 24–48 h after surgery and followed a brief structured interview that helped to determine the patients' ability to converse logically by asking several questions about the patients' postoperative experiences, including their levels of pain. This method was developed as a screening instrument based on operationalization of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Third Edition, Revised criteria for use by nonpsychiatric clinicians in high-risk settings. Based on a structured interview, the CAM algorithm consists of four clinical criteria: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, and disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. For delirium to be defined, both the first and the second criteria have to be present, plus either the third or the fourth criterion. CAM has a sensitivity of 94–100%, a specificity of 90–95%, a high interobserver reliability,17and convergent agreement with four other mental status tests.
Genotyping of APOE
Genomic DNA was prepared, from whole blood, using the Puregene DNA Purification System (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Initially, APOE genotypes were determined using the restriction isotyping method described by Hixson and Vernier.18Subsequently, a method was developed based on template directed dye terminator incorporation with fluorescence polarization detection as described by Hsu et al. 19to assay the two single nucleotide polymorphisms. These single nucleotide polymorphisms were rs429358 (p.Cys130Arg) and rs7412 (p.Arg176Cys). For the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2.4 ng DNA (dried) was amplified in 6 μl reaction solution containing 3 μl PCR primer mix (0.2 μm each primer), and PCR reagent mix using the following protocol: 95° for 2 min, 35 cycles of 92° for 10 s, 63° for 20 s, 68° for 30 s; 10 min at 68° to complete the elongation. The PCR reagent mix was as follows: 0.02 μl Platinum Taq (5 U/μl; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 0.5 μl 10X buffer, 0.25 μl MgCl2(50 mm), 0.1 μl dNTP (2.5 mm), 0.5 μl Betaine–DMSO, and 1.63 μl water. The primers used were as follows: sense, AGACGCGGGCACGGCTGTCCAAGGA; antisense, CCTCGCGGGCCCCGGCCTGGTACAC. After exo-sap cleanup of the PCR product, the following primers were used for the two separate TDI reactions: TGCCGATGACCTGCAGAAG and GCGGACATGGAGGACGTG. We tested both methods (the DNA Purification System and the fluorescence polarization detection) independently against a large collection of isoelectric focusing gel data that records the phenotype (i.e. , at the protein level) and found a high agreement (95%) between the genotype and phenotype.
Definition of Delirium
During the three interviews, trained interviewers determined the presence of delirium using the CAM.17All assessments of postoperative delirium were validated by a second investigator (L.P.S.). We defined the occurrence of delirium as the patient meeting CAM criteria for delirium on both the first and second postoperative day assessments.
Assessment of Descriptive Characteristics and Covariates
The potential covariates included were those that in previous research were determined to be associated with postoperative delirium.20–22The covariates included age, education, amount of alcohol intake, history of central nervous system disorders, preoperative depressive symptoms, preoperative functional status, and pain levels. Each of the covariates were collected either at the preoperative or postoperative interviews or abstracted from medical records. Preoperative demographics included age, highest education level achieved, amount of alcohol intake (more than 2 drinks vs. 2 drinks or fewer per day), depression, and functional status. Depression was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale and defined as the presence of six or more symptoms of depression.23Functional status was measured using the Activities of Daily Living24and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.25Assessment of pain at rest occurred both preoperatively and postoperatively using an 11-point rating scale in which 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst imaginable pain. Based on these assessments, it was determined whether the patient experienced an increase in level of pain after surgery. Medical record review was conducted to obtain information on perioperative blood pressure measurements. Other perioperative data obtained from chart review included the type of surgery; the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status,26which incorporates the number and severity of preoperative comorbid conditions; and the type of anesthesia (general, regional, or combined). Surgical risk was estimated using the guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association update for the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, which takes into consideration the type and duration of surgery, and intraoperative blood loss.27
Bivariate associations between postoperative delirium and covariates that had been demonstrated in previous research to be associated with the presence of delirium were tested using Pearson chi-square tests for nominal predictor variables and Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests for trend for ordinal predictor variables. Two-sample t tests or Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to test the association between the presence of delirium and continuous predictor variables. Variables that had a bivariate association with a P value of 0.20 or less were included in multivariate analyses to determine whether the association between apoE4 is associated with delirium after adjusting for potential explanatory variables. Bootstrapping techniques were used to determine the most consistent set of candidate variables for the final model. The procedure consisted of randomly drawing with replacement 1,000 samples and for each such sample, fitting the full model with all of the candidate variables. A threshold of P = 0.05 was used for eliminating a variable from the model. For each predictor variable, the percentage of models in which it was found significant was recorded. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was then computed to determine the independent effect of the e4 allele of APOE after adjusting for covariates that were associated with presence of delirium. Covariates included in the model were those variables that were associated with the outcome variable with a P value of 0.05 or less in at least 70% of the bootstrapped samples.
A total of 203 patients were initially included, but only 190 were ultimately assessed for the presence of both APOE e4 allele and postoperative delirium. Delirium assessment was not performed in 13 patients because of postoperative intubation, unexpected early discharge from the hospital, or refusal/unavailability for testing. There was no difference in the demographics between patients who had missing delirium data versus those who were assessed for delirium.
Our study included an older cohort with a mean age of 72.5 ± 6 yr. The majority of the patients completed high school or higher education. Other preoperative and surgical characteristics are shown in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Demographics, Functional and Cognitive Status (n = 203)
Table 2. Anesthetic and Surgical Data
Overall, 29 of 190 patients (15.3%) developed delirium that persisted for 2 days after surgery. By bivariate analysis, patients who developed postoperative delirium that persisted for 2 days after surgery were older, dependent in one or more independent activities of daily living, had a history of central nervous system disorder, had lower systolic postoperative blood pressures on postoperative day 1, and had increased pain levels at rest on postoperative day 1 (table 3). Patients who had postoperative delirium that persisted for 2 days after surgery had significantly longer hospital stay than those without delirium (8.1 ± 6.7 vs. 5.1 ± 3.5 days; P = 0.0008).
Table 3. Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Postoperative Delirium (n = 190)
Of the 190 patients studied, 46 (24.2%) had at least one copy of the e4 allele. The presence of one copy of the e4 allele was associated with an increased risk of postoperative delirium that persisted for 2 days after surgery (28.3% vs. 11.1%; P = 0.005). Even after adjusting for covariates associated with postoperative delirium, which included age, change in postoperative pain levels, history of central nervous disorders, and so on, patients with at least one copy of the e4 allele were still more likely to have an increased risk of postoperative delirium (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.51–8.77) compared with those without the e4 allele (table 4).
Table 4. Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Postoperative Delirium (n = 189)
Changes in cognitive status after surgery may present in the form of a frank delirium or more subtly as postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Delirium refers to observable changes in consciousness and attention,17,28whereas POCD refers to a patient exhibiting significant declines from his or her own baseline level of performance in one or more neuropsychological domains.29–32POCD presents more subtly than delirium and because it is detected with the administration of neuropsychological tests and often goes unrecognized in the clinical setting.
Our study is the first to report an association between APOE e4 status and the occurrence of postoperative delirium. Direct comparison of our results to previous studies is difficult because there is no information at present that directly compares the relation between postoperative delirium and POCD. One small study in critically ill patients, however, recently reported that apolipoprotein E4 was associated with longer duration of delirium.33Several studies in surgical patients demonstrated conflicting results as to the impact of the APOE allele on POCD as determined by change from baseline in performance on neuropsychological tests.34–40With the exception of one study,37all were small and lacked the statistical power to detect a clinically significant effect of APOE allele on the occurrence of postoperative cognitive decline. The three smaller studies that demonstrated an association between APOE allele and cognitive decline were conducted in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and cardiac operations.34,39,40The largest study that did not demonstrate an association between apolipoprotein E genotype and POCD did not measure postoperative delirium, and also likely underestimated the incidence of POCD because the investigators considered any patients who were not "fit enough for testing" as not having POCD.37The APOE e4 frequency of 24.2% observed in our study is consistent with that previously reported, which ranged from 16% to 39.5%.34–40If POCD and postoperative delirium are similar phenomena on a continuum, our results along with those from previous investigations would suggest that decline in cognitive status postoperatively does have a genetic predisposition.
What is the possible mechanism between apolipoprotein and postoperative delirium? Previous studies suggest that the effects of APOE are mediated through alterations in lipid transport in regenerating neurons, proinflammatory cytokine release from activated microglia, amyloid precursor protein metabolism, increased blood brain carrier permeability, alterations in platelet function, and systemic inflammation.41,42,43One hypothesized mechanism is that APOE e4 allele diminishes the capacity for repair in cases of cerebral injury or capacity for homeostasis/maintenance. Whether this mechanism occurs to increase the likelihood of developing postoperative delirium remains to be proven.
In addition to the apolipoprotein genotype which was a novel finding in this study, several factors found to be independent predictors of postoperative delirium in our previous studies were also demonstrated. This includes older age and having a history of central nervous system disorders.
Potential Study Limitations
Although we have described an association between apolipoprotein genotype and postoperative delirium, we cannot determine the mechanism by which this genotypic appearance is related to postoperative delirium. We focused on measuring delirium in the early postoperative period, because subjects in this investigation were included in a larger studying examining perioperative management and delirium. As a result, incidents of later onset delirium may have been missed. Our study focuses on the comparison of the E4 alleles only; the study sample size precludes additional analyses to be performed in patients with other allele combinations. Finally, it is not known whether postoperative delirium is reversible, and the long-term prognostic significance, including whether patients with postoperative delirium and APOE e4 allele have higher risk for further cognitive impairment, is not known.
In conclusion, APOE e4 carrier status was associated with an increased risk for early postoperative delirium after controlling for known demographic and clinical risk factors. These results suggest that genetic predisposition plays a role and may interact with anesthetic/surgical factors and aging, contributing to the development of early postoperative delirium. Future studies on postoperative delirium and cognitive decline should consider the potential importance of genetic influence as one of the several etiologic factors.
The authors thank the following four individuals who were staff research associates in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care at the University of California, San Francisco: Ann Mullen, B.S., Linnea Vaurio, B.A., and Maureen Rico, B.S., for technical assistance in research data collection; and Tiffany Tsai, B.S., for literature search.
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Are you looking for a way to display all subscribers in an unordered list? While there's probably a plugin for this, we have created a quick code snippet that you can use to display all subscribers in an unordered list in WordPress.
If you liked this code snippet, please consider checking out our other articles on the site like: 10 best WordPress table plugins to organize data and how to create a guest post submission form in WordPress.
That's not a very scalable solution unfortunately. You need to add pagination into it as well as the 'number' and 'offset' parameters to handle it. From my testing, the get_users() function does not handle well when you have more than approx 1000 results in the query.
I have not tested this snippet with over 1000 subscribers myself so I have to trust you on this one. Without pagination this would be a solution for smaller websites, if you have another solution please feel free to contribute I would be happy to post the solution.


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Per frattura (ted. Brechung) si intende un particolare fenomeno fonetico per cui una vocale breve tonica si "frange", o per meglio dire, si amplia in due elementi vocalici, in determinate condizioni dipendenti dal contesto fonetico.
Si tratta di un fenomeno fonetico di particolare rilevanza nelle lingue germaniche storiche, specialmente in norreno e inglese antico.

Voci correlate
Frangimento

Fonetica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Grand National kicked off today, on day three, with the revelry still in full swing.
Women were dressed up to the nines with high heels, dresses and hats, as it is traditional to dress for the races.
One blonde wore the PrettyLittleThing dress which six women also wore yesterday, quite the fashion faux pas.
At least four women were spotted wearing the exact same white midi dress yesterday – with another having worn it the day before.
This race-goer paired the dress with an absolutely enormous hat with a wide brim and another of feathers. She had silver earrings on and dark sunglasses.
Two young women looked stunning in blue at the event. One wore a mini dress with a skater skirt that featured a thistle pattern.
On her head she wore a blue saucer fascinator.
Her friend wore a low cut white dress, which was tight and fell to the knee.
Her hat was light blue and had a wide brim. She held a clutch bah in a similar light blue hue.
Blue and white appeared to be a popular choice for racegoers, perhaps feeling patriotic.
One woman wore a white dress lace dress with a blue hat, that had a pretty ornamental rose.
Cleavage was somewhat of a trend. One woman showed off her bosom, with an intricate tattoo on her sternum.
She wore a pair of mini shorts and a blazer with nothing underneath. Her friend wore a blue blazer dress with nothing underneath, also showing off a lot of her chest.
Yesterday the women at the Grand National Ladies Day also sported their best garments, with a prize for most stylishly dressed up for grabs.
One woman, dressed to the nines in a bold red dress, was caught out by blustery conditions which saw her nearly reveal all.
The sleeveless dress nipped in at the waist and featured a slit up the front, leaving both her legs and arms exposed to the freezing conditions.
The wind caused a number of fashion faux pas for the women.
Another guest covered up a knee-length red wrap dress with a thick cream cardigan.
Despite wearing layers, this was not enough to help her battle the weather and she looked windswept in the intense weather conditions.


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What makes people happy in the workplace?
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This Hand Engraved Cold Steel Code 4 Folder was done for Ben in Minnesota. He expressed to me that he really enjoys pictures of trees with no leaves. So, along with his name and a bit of scroll work, Ben now has a new knife to add to his collection! The handles on this knife are made from 6061 aluminum and then anodized with a very tough finish. The engraving really pops through nicely. Ben told me that it really has the WOW factor he was looking for.
Contact me if you are interested in having a hand engraved knife of your own.


text:
Lawmakers announce arrival of Oregon photo exhibit at U.S. Capitol
The Argus Observer
WASHINGTON — Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Ore., and Rep. Suzanne Bonamici, D-Dist.1, on Tuesday announced that "I Am Not Invisible"— a powerful exhibit featuring the stories and contributions of Oregon's women veterans — has arrived in Washington, D.C. It will be displayed in the U.S. Capitol through Thursday.
After seeing the exhibit in Oregon, Merkley and Bonamici were instrumental in getting the display — which was organized by the Oregon Department of Veterans' Affairs and Portland State University.
"All too often, the role of women veterans is left out of the conversation. The 'I Am Not Invisible' exhibit seeks to change that by highlighting the sacrifices and achievements twenty incredible women veterans have made at home and abroad," said Merkley in a news release. "Our country owes women veterans a huge debt of gratitude, and I'm proud to bring this homegrown Oregon exhibit to our nation's capital."
"Women in the military serve our country with the same courage, dedication, and valor as their male counterparts, yet too often they are made to feel invisible," said Bonamici. "I'm proud to join Senator Merkley in bringing the Oregon Department of Veterans' Affairs' beautiful photo exhibit, 'I Am Not Invisible,' to Congress so our colleagues can see the faces of Oregon's women veterans. Our country is stronger because women serve in our armed forces, and I am grateful to the thousands of women servicemembers who protect our national security every day."
More than 28,000 women veterans live in Oregon, representing nearly one-tenth of Oregon's veteran population. While the number of women veterans has grown steadily in recent decades, women veterans still encounter significant barriers accessing health care and other services, and often face a lack of recognition for their service.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Merge one column in a larger SQL-Query For my query I want to use 2 tables from a MySQL-DB: tbl_A and tbl_B.
First, I would like to define the relevant subset of a primary column (col_P) through a merger of two select queries on the two tables. And then there should be a couple of subqueries which calculate some results (res_A, res_B, ...) for this relevant subset.
At the beginning I did this only for the first table:
SELECT col_P, res_A, res_B FROM tbl_A
   # Sub-Query 1
   left join(
      select col_P, sum(...) res_A from tbl_A
         where ...(some conditions)
         group by col_P) as tbl_1
   using(col_P)
   # Sub-Query 2
   left join(
       select col_P, sum(...) res_B from tbl_A
         where ...(some conditions)
         group by col_P) as tbl2
   using(col_P)
# Filter for relevant col_P
WHERE col_P >... and col_P < ... and more conditions here
GROUP BY col_P
ORDER BY col_P ASC

This query worked fine.
Now, I needed to incorporate the second table tbl_B which also has col_P whith many identical entries but also some entries which are not in tbl_A, but would be relevant for the final result table (with one result column as a col_P-subquery on tbl_B for res_C).
Therefore, I would like to merge the relevant col_P from both tables. Stand alone, I am able to do that with:
SELECT col_P from tbl_A
   WHERE ... some conditions
   GROUP by col_P
UNION
   SELECT col_P from tbl_B
      GROUP by col_P
      HAVING SUM(...)!=0 and more conditions

How can I incorporate the relevant col_P subset into my first Query ? I tried it with a UNION at the end, but got than an error regarding different columns in the UNIONed SELECT-statements...
To summarize: I want to have a one large query where I define the relevant col_P as the combined result of two queries on two tables. Then, for the result, I want to make a couple of subqueries on table a or b, which give me each one result column.
The result table should be look like this:
                col_P    res_A    res_B    res_C
 query on tbl:  a & b      a        a        b
                 ...       ..       ..       ..

Any help would be highly appreciated...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to replace a value of an array in MongoDB aggregation? I'm trying to replace the value only in the aggregation result, not in the stored document, thats why I use an aggregation and not a update.
Suppose these are the documents stored in the collection:
{ "_id": 1, "first_name": "foo1", items: [
        { "item": "gloves", "body": "hands" },
        { "item": "gloves", "body": "hands" },
        { "item": "shirts" , "body": "torso" }
    ]
},
{ "_id": 2, "first_name": "foo2", items: [
        { "item": "skirts", "where": "legs" },
        { "item": "jeans", "body": "legs" },
        { "item": "socks" , "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "gloves" , "body": "hands" }
    ]
},
{ "_id": 3, "first_name": "foo3", items: [
        { "item": "jacket", "where": "torso" },
        { "item": "socks", "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "shirts" , "body": "torso" }
    ]
}

The aggregation must replace "gloves" by "sandals", and it correspondent attribute "body" from "hands" to "feet".
The expected result is:
{ "_id": 1, "first_name": "foo1", items: [
        { "item": "sandals", "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "sandals", "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "shirts" , "body": "torso" }
    ]
},
{ "_id": 2, "first_name": "foo2", items: [
        { "item": "skirts", "where": "legs" },
        { "item": "jeans", "body": "legs" },
        { "item": "socks" , "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "sandals" , "body": "feet" }
    ]
},
{ "_id": 3, "first_name": "foo3", items: [
        { "item": "jacket", "where": "torso" },
        { "item": "socks", "body": "feet" },
        { "item": "shirts" , "body": "torso" }
    ]
}

So far, I've tried using "$unwind" and $project with "$switch", among other approaches, but none of them work.


Baby Point is a primarily residential neighbourhood in the York region of Toronto and it runs across Annette Street, from Jane Street in the east to Runnymede Road in the west, and from Hanley Street in the north to just south of Humberview Avenue.
Upon visiting Baby Point, one passes through a large historic stone gate, which has become a symbol for the community. Surrounded by a ravine and wonderful parks, Baby Point is a very pretty area of Toronto that sits above the Humber River and affords beautiful views. Many people visit Baby Point in the Fall to catch a glimpse of the leaves as they are changing colour or to watch the fisherman catch salmon as they swim up the Humber River to spawn.
Baby Point is also a great area where there are many tasty restaurants and cafes as well as many local florist, photography and sports apparel stores. Both locals and people from all over the GTA love to visit Baby Point because it is a place where they can immerse themselves in a great community and talk with the many local and independent vendors.


Sixteen Atlantic Canadian early stage technology startups will pitch at the spring edition of the Volta Cohort Pitch Event on May 16 at Kenneth C. Rowe Hall, Pier 21 in Halifax. Up to five companies will receive $25,000 in investment, mentorship and resources.
This event marks the second intake to the Volta Cohort program. Volta Cohort launched last year to address the lack of early stage investment and resources available to early stage Atlantic Canadian technology startups.
"When we launched Volta Cohort, the goal was to accelerate the growth and success of startups in Atlantic Canada," said Jesse Rodgers, Chief Executive Officer of Volta. "It's been exciting to watch the current Cohort companies progress. The program proves that, when given the opportunity and resources, founders can fast-track growth and increase their likelihood of success from right here in Atlantic Canada," said Rodgers.
Talem Health Analytics, Sydney, NS – Talem Health Analytics is a healthcare technology company that uses machine learning to predict outcomes in musculoskeletal rehabilitation, providing financial and rehabilitation insights for private sector insurance.
Hydrotroniks Chéticamp, NS – Hydrotroniks is designing electric drives for commercial fishing vessels and leisure boats to provide those involved in the commercial fisheries, from harvesters, to processors, to consumers, with more sustainable economies and environments.
Grey Lit, Halifax, NS – Grey Lit is a knowledge mobilization platform that increases access to grey literature by allowing members to publish and share their research while nearly instantaneously searching for and reviewing the research of their "True Peers" around the world.
Tranquility Online, Halifax, NS – Tranquility Online is a Software-as-a-Service solution that uses the gold standard therapy approach for anxiety: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Quantum Link, Halifax, NS – Quantum Link is developing an app to link community members with local providers of goods and services.
ColourSmith Labs Inc., Halifax, NS – ColourSmith Labs is creating North America's first direct-to-consumer contact lenses that restore a full spectrum of colour in red-green colour blind individuals.
Marine Footprint Solutions Inc., Halifax, NS – Marine Footprint Solutions partners with existing clean tech firms to adapt their innovative emission reduction products for marine use.
Commlet Technologies, Sydney, NS – Commlet Technologies uses GPS tracking bracelets and an innovative app to offer a user-friendly solution for real-time positioning tailored to the education and child care industries.
National Digital Solutions, Halifax, NS – National Digital Solutions, described as the Kayak for the financial services industry, provides software solutions for the financial services industry and Independent Financial Advisors.
eOceans Research and Consulting Inc., Dartmouth, NS – eOceans Research and Consulting Inc. aims to be the Fitbit/Strava for the more than 100 million passionate global ocean explorers, including divers, sailors, boaters, surfers, and fishers.
knack, Halifax, NS – knack is on a mission to save retailers money by increasing new hire speed to proficiency, employee retention and overall employee performance by streamlining the employee on-boarding and training experience.
NovaSpectrum Analytics Inc., Dartmouth, NS – NovaSpectrum is creating a suite of tools using vision-based platforms and machine learning with the goal of becoming a leader in real-time automated marine animal identification for commercial applications in aquaculture, seafood processing, marine resource management and research, and tourism.
UAV Control Tower, St. John's, NL – UAV Control Tower is a Newfoundland and Labrador-based IT company that has developed a drone monitoring system used by air traffic controllers to approve, manage and record drone flights.
ExperienceFunding.ca, Halifax, NS – ExperienceFunding.ca allows NGO's to fundraise through the power of the internet to reach a broader audience by providing them with an online platform to sell e-tickets for a raffle based fundraising event.
Speakr, Halifax, NS – Speakr develops digital tools that provide unprecedented constructive feedback for verbal and non-verbal communication by allowing users to analyze data on their voice and body language and see how it compares to others (through data sets only, in a confidential fashion), to help pinpoint strengths and weaknesses and provide a means of training over time.
Neothermal Energy Storage Inc, Halifax, NS – Neothermal Energy Storage is addressing the high cost of indoor heating with an innovative electric thermal storage heater for residential supplemental heating. This new appliance, best suited for oil and electrically heated homes, uses Time-of-Day electricity rates to lower heating costs by up to 50 percent.
Volta Cohort participants are selected through an application process that runs twice a year. Volta hosts a pitch event every six months to determine who is accepted into the program. Companies receiving investment are given space at Volta Labs and access to a board of mentors comprised of CEOs and founders of Volta's Resident and Alumni companies. For companies outside of Halifax, support is arranged with partnering organizations in other cities across Atlantic Canada. The collaboration between Volta, BDC Capital, and Innovacorp ensures startup founders across the region have provincial, regional and national organizations committed to their success.
Tickets for the spring edition of the Volta Cohort Pitch Event are available here. Wondering what the first Volta Cohort Pitch Event was like? Check out this recap of the event here.


With Car Arena it is completely free to sell your Chevrolet. You don't have to pay for expensive advertising and deal with test pilots and time waster. We will make you a genuine cash offer for your car that you are free to accept or decline as you so wish.
If you are wondering "how do I sell my car without having to advertise it privately or driving from dealer to dealer?"� Then don't, here at Car Arena we have many dealers, traders and buyers purchasing their vehicle stock, meaning we have a high demand for all Chevrolet models from the Chevrolet Aveo to the Chevrolet Captiva. Using Car Arena is a simple process that can help you sell your car quickly, easily, securely and at a realistic price.
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text:
Party Llama Games
Pandora: Chains of chaos is a colourful action-adventure based on the Greek myth, launching in Early Access in July
News May 29, 2020 0
Indie dev, Party Llama Games has announced its upcoming action-adventure game, Pandora: Chains of Chaos, will launch in early access on Steam in July....


text: {{include.title}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Discussion in 'Forum Rules & Guides' started by Psycho Pixie, Oct 2, 2012.
Lately, we have had lots of newer pin traders joining us. I know I personally have gotten to be an "official first trade" with a couple of them. While so far I have recieved soundly, perfectly packaged pins via these trades, I wanted to share some packaging tips with the general populace.
Please feel free to add your input as well! I hope this can be done well enough to deserve a sticky status.
First, always wrap your pin(s) in a layer or two of userable unpopped bubble wrap, and be sure the post has a rubber back on it to prevent damage to the post or the mail man. As mentioned in some replys below, basically, the more you protect it, the better. some people add a cloth wrap, I use ziplock bags quite often.
next make sure the bubble wrap cannot slip off in the envelope. I use tape, or a rubber band.
VERY IMPORTANT, that you use a bubble envelope. A regular white letter envelope is NOT a safe way for your pin to travel.
Finally, shipping. always always get a DC or tracking number (these are the same thing) the best way to ship is First class 3-5 day delivery.
A package needs to be at least 3/4 inch thick to "qualify" for DC/tracking. And easy way to ensure that is to add a bit of extra padding to your pin. OR some folks drop 2-3 pieces of packing popcorn in there.
Rarely will you have a package wieghing over 5 oz. One safely wrapped PODM with a standard small bubble mailer is just under 4 oz, and I always pay the 5oz rate for a PODM to be safe. I have had up to 5 pins in a mailer weigh under 4 oz. so, always wiegh it with a digital kitchen scale! You do NOT want to have the pin brought back underpaid.
The thing I love most about paying for my shipping via paypal is that I don't need to go to the post office. I pack, wiegh, pay, print and label my pin trade from my desk and my mailman picks it up with outgoing mail.
Some folks wrap their pins more, some less. but my guide above is about average.
It is 1.64 for up to three ounces, 1.81 for 4 ounces. for Paypal/shipnow you need to select First Class Mail Parcel as the service type, and Package/Thick envelope as the package size. Also the envelope must be at least 1/2" thick - If you use a bubble envelope and wrap the pin in bubble wrap as well you will be fine.
To protect backer cards I also use a piece of cardboard slightly larger than the backer card and attach the card/pin with bubble wrap so they can't get bent as easily.
Unpopped bubble wrap. You wouldn't believe how many pins I receive without any protection at all (just tossed in the envelope, or better yet, a paper envelope) or bubble wrap that has been stomped? on--flatter than a pancake. What's the point? Don't use trashed bubble wrap.
Don't wrap pins too close to each other or toss them into the envelope together, they just scratch each other up. Wrap them up so they don't hit each other.
Make sure one's pin has proper postage, it's unfair to expect the other trader to pay for their pin's postage as well as yours. Postage dues are a royal pain. I have received so many postage dues that my carrier knows to refuse them.
package pins I put them in a small cloth bag as well as bubble wrap It adds extra protection and it looks nice!
First, always wrap your pin(s) in a layer or two of bubble wrap, and be sure the post has a rubber back on it to prevent damage to the post or the mail man.
The postmaster told me today that the package has to be at least 3/4" thick in order to request DC.
Oh my gosh! I forgot to mention that... Editing post! Thank you!
Great guide PP! I pack and ship for a living (internet store owner) and you would not believe how rough the PO is with the packages.
A tip to bulk out thin packages if you don't have any packing materials such as peanuts, you can always crumble up paper, tissues, or even toilet paper to pad out.
Having just had to pay over $25 in customs chanrges can we also remember that if you are posting abroad not to put more than $25 value on the package and mark it a a gift!
This is a great point! I almost always value the pins at around $3 each for the customs declaration, BUT with an occasional exception - if the pin is a higher-value pin, such that I want it to be insured, a higher value is required...the PO isn't going to buy your claim that they lost a $50 pin if you only gave it a declared value of $3.
I asm actually planning on a whole separate thread regarding international shipping. This one was mostly to get the pins packaged safely.
Bumping up psycho_pixie's thread to the first page This should be stickied!


text:
Police chief vows to protect Muslims
Scotland Yard Commissioner Sir John Stevens today vowed to protect Muslims from any violent reaction to the suicide hijackings in the United States.
Britain's most senior police officer also issued a 'we're watching you' warning to any Islamic fundamentalists intent on inciting violence.
Sir John said 1,500 extra officers would be on the streets, mostly in Muslim areas, for holy days and religious holidays over the weekend.
Leave has been cancelled for hundreds of officers in the capital and others are working their weekends off and putting in overtime claims.
Around 1,000 extra officers had been put on the beat immediately after the attacks but that number had since been scaled down to 300.
Those thought to be stirring up anti-American hatred in the capital are already being monitored by MI5.
But Sir John told a meeting of the Metropolitan Police Authority: 'The security service doesn't have the ability to enforce law or arrest people.
'We do and we are looking at every word that's been uttered by people to see if an offence has been committed.'
As yet there was no indication that police had talked to cleric Sheikh Omar Bakri Mohammed, the London-based leader of Al Muhajiroun which has issued a fatwah calling for the murder of 'those who wage war against Allah'.
The Commissioner said he deplored some of the coverage given to what were in effect very small groups because it gave a wrong impression.
He also said that 'cool heads' would be needed over the coming months as there may be difficulties if, as expected, the US takes military action.
Sir John said there were many 'imponderables' relating to the consequences of any US action.
Scotland Yard is working closely with MI5 and MI6 to assess the situation on an hourly as well as daily basis, he said.
'The Met will do whatever is needed to protect Londoners,' he said.
He said there was no specific threat against London, although when asked who was the biggest ally to the US and what could be the next biggest target, he said: 'It's got to be here'.
Vowing to protect those at risk from any anti-Muslim backlash here, Sir John said: 'There is no doubt about it, some of the ethnic minority communities are extremely worried about the reaction of some of the people in this capital and elsewhere.'
He said so far there had been no evidence of any significant adverse reaction and there was no intelligence about a right wing backlash.
There had been some isolated events but these had decreased over the last two days, he said.
Sir John said he had been in direct contact with the FBI and New York Police Department and the enormity of the task of body recovery and identification could not be underestimated.
It could take seven months to remove bodies from the rubble, he said.
London mayor Ken Livingstone met Muslim leaders today to agree practical measures to combat racist attacks.
Police officers would be deployed in high visibility patrols near mosques and religious buildings in time for tomorrow's Muslim holy day when many fear they are most likely to come under attack as they try to worship.
Mr Livingstone said: 'We must send a strong signal that this behaviour is not acceptable, and resist attempts by racists to divide communities at what is a very worrying time for us all.
'The right to worship is one of the freedoms we hold most dear.'


text:
A costume drama is a period piece in which elaborate costumes, sets and properties are featured in order to capture the ambiance of a particular era.
Ryan O'Neal, Marisa Berenson, Leon Vitali, Patrick Magee, Marie Kean, Philip Stone, Hardy Krüger, Gay Hamilton, Wolf Kahler, Steven Berkoff, Murray Melvin, André Morell, ...
Drama Costume Drama 18th Century
Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo (TV Series) (2016)
Kim Kyoo-Tae
Iu, Ji-soo, Lee Joon-gi, Nam Joo-Hyuk, Baek-Hyun Byun, Hyun Seo-ju, Jong-hyeon Hong, Hye-ran Ji, Jo Min-Gi
TV Series Romance Drama Costume Drama
Upstairs, Downstairs (TV Series) (1971)
Bill Bain, Christopher Hodson, Raymond Menmuir, Derek Bennett, Cyril Coke, Joan Kemp-Welch, Brian Parker, Simon Langton, Herbert Wise, Lionel Harris, ...
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Simon Langton
Colin Firth, Jennifer Ehle, David Bamber, Crispin Bonham-carter, Anna Chancellor, Susannah Harker, Benjamin Whitrow
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Downton Abbey (TV Series) (2010)
Julian Fellowes (Creator), Brian Percival, David Evans, Philip John, Andy Goddard, Catherine Morshead, Minkie Spiro, Brian Kelly, Michael Engler, Ben Bolt, ...
Hugh Bonneville, Michelle Dockery, Maggie Smith, Elizabeth McGovern, Laura Carmichael, Jim Carter, Penelope Wilton, Allen Leech, Jessica Brown Findlay, Dan Stevens, Brendan Coyle, Joanne Froggatt, ...
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The Promise (TV Miniseries) (2011)
Peter Kosminsky
Claire Foy, Christian Cooke, Itay Tiran, Katharina Schüttler, Perdita Weeks, Haaz Sleiman, Ben Miles, Lukas Gregorowicz, Ali Suliman, Luke Allen-Gale, Smadi Wolfman, Hiam Abbass, ...
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The Forsyte Saga. To Let (TV Miniseries) (2003)
Andy Wilson, Christopher Menaul, David Moore
Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, Gina MacKee, Amanda Root, Emma Griffiths Malin, Lee Williams, Gillian Kearney, Beatriz Batarda, Ben Miles, Michael Maloney, Alistair Petrie, Oliver Milburn, ...
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Dangerous Liaisons (1988)
Glenn Close, John Malkovich, Michelle Pfeiffer, Keanu Reeves, Uma Thurman, Swoosie Kurtz, Mildred Natwick, Peter Capaldi, Valerie Gogan, Laura Benson
Drama Costume Drama 18th Century Revenge
Little Dorrit (TV Series) (2008)
Adam Smith, Dearbhla Walsh, Diarmuid Lawrence
Claire Foy, Matthew Macfadyen, Tom Courtenay, Alun Armstrong, Judy Parfitt, Eddie Marsan, Emma Pierson, Andy Serkis, Rosie Cavaliero, Russell Tovey, Amanda Redman, Jason Thorpe, ...
Drama TV Series Costume Drama Family Relationships 19th Century Poverty
Lark Rise to Candleford (TV Series) (2008)
Susan Tully, Patrick Lau, Alan Grint, John Greening, Charles Palmer, Moira Armstrong, Marc Jobst, David Tucker
Olivia Hallinan, Sarah Lancashire, Julia Sawalha, Fergus Drysdale, Martha Murdoch, Claudie Blakley, Thomas Rhys Jones, John Dagleish, Mark Heap, Karl Johnson, Linda Bassett, Matilda Ziegler, ...
TV Series Drama Costume Drama Biography 19th Century
Cranford (TV Miniseries) (2007)
Simon Curtis, Steve Hudson
Judi Dench, Imelda Staunton, Michael Gambon, Simon Woods, Francesca Annis, Eileen Atkins, Philip Glenister, Lisa Dillon, Julia McKenzie, Julia Sawalha, Rosy Byrne, Alex Etel, ...
TV Series Drama TV Miniseries Small Town Life (Non-North American) 19th Century Costume Drama
North & South (TV Miniseries) (2004)
Daniela Denby-Ashe, Richard Armitage, Sinead Cusack, Lesley Manville, Tim Pigott-Smith, Pauline Quirke, Brendan Coyle, Rupert Evans
David Lean
John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Martita Hunt, Alec Guinness, Jean Simmons, Bernard Miles, Francis L. Sullivan, Finlay Currie, Anthony Wager, Freda Jackson
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Smiles of a Summer Night (1955)
Eva Dahlbeck, Ulla Jacobsson, Harriet Andersson, Margit Carlqvist, Gunnar Björnstrand, Jarl Kulle, Bibi Andersson, Ake Fridell, Naima Wifstrand, Björn Bjelvenstam
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Aisling Walsh
Elaine Cassidy, Sally Hawkins, Imelda Staunton, Rupert Evans, Charles Dance, David Troughton, Bronson Webb, Sarah Badel, Stephanie Middleton, Tallulah Pitt-Brown, Stephen Wight, Polly Hemingway, ...
TV Series Drama Romance TV Miniseries Gay & Lesbian Costume Drama Crime
The Innocent (1976)
Luchino Visconti
Giancarlo Giannini, Jennifer O'Neill, Laura Antonelli, Marc Porel, Rina Morelli, Massimo Girotti, Didier Haudepin, Marie Dubois, Claude Mann
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Alain Corneau
Gérard Depardieu, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Anne Brochet, Caroline Silhol, Guillaume Depardieu, Michel Bouquet, Carole Richert
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Gong Li, Leslie Cheung, Zhang Fengyi, Lu Qi, Ying Da, Ge You, Li Chun, Lei Han, Gong Li, David Wu
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Gérard Depardieu, Vincent Pérez, Anne Brochet, Jacques Weber, Roland Bertin, Joseane Stoleru, Philippe Volter, Philippe Morier-Genoud, Pierre Maguelon
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The Go-Between (1971)
Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave, Dominic Guard, Michael Gough, Edward Fox, Richard Gibson, Simon Hume-Kendall, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Amaryllis Garnett, Keith Buckley, ...
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Tom Hooper
Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Eddie Redmayne, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Samantha Barks, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, Aaron Tveit, Isabelle Allen, Daniel Huttlestone, Colm Wilkinson, ...
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Bleak House (TV Miniseries) (2005)
Justin Chadwick, Susanna White
Anna Maxwell Martin, Denis Lawson, Gillian Anderson, Charles Dance, Alun Armstrong, Ian Richardson, Nathaniel Parker, Richard Griffiths, Philip Davis, Joanna David, Carey Mulligan, Timothy West
TV Series Drama TV Miniseries Costume Drama 19th Century
The Duellists (1977)
Keith Carradine, Harvey Keitel, Edward Fox, Albert Finney, Cristina Raines, Robert Stephens, Tom Conti, Diana Quick, John McEnery
Drama Costume Drama 19th Century Napoleonic Wars Swashbuckler Fencing
Jane Eyre (TV Miniseries) (2006)
Ruth Wilson, Toby Stephens, Francesca Annis, Christina Cole, Lorraine Ashbourne, Pam Ferris, Tara Fitzgerald, Aidan McArdle, Georgie Henley
Captains and the Kings (TV Miniseries) (1976)
Douglas Heyes, Allen Reisner
Richard Jordan, Perry King, Patty Duke, Henry Fonda, John Carradine, Ray Bolger, Charles Durning, Blair Brown, Katharine Crawford, Celeste Holm, John Houseman, David Huffman, ...
TV Series Drama TV Miniseries Costume Drama 19th Century Immigration
The Forsyte Saga (TV Miniseries) (2002)
Christopher Menaul, David Moore, Andy Wilson
Damian Lewis, Gina MacKee, Alistair Petrie, Amanda Root, Rupert Graves, Gillian Kearney, Ben Miles, Ann Bell, Malcolm Raeburn, Beatriz Batarda, Maggie Fox, Julian Ovenden, ...
TV Series Drama Romance TV Miniseries Costume Drama Romantic Drama
The Way We Live Now (TV Miniseries) (2001)
David Suchet, Matthew Macfadyen, Shirley Henderson, Cillian Murphy, Miranda Otto, Paloma Baeza, Cheryl Campbell, David Bradley, Douglas Hodge, Allan Corduner, Anne-Marie Duff, Oliver Ford Davies, ...
TV Series Drama Romance TV Miniseries 19th Century Business & Stock Exchange Costume Drama Satire
The Illusionist (2006)
Edward Norton, Paul Giamatti, Jessica Biel, Rufus Sewell, Eddie Marsan, Jake Wood, Tom Fisher, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Eleanor Tomlinson
Mystery Drama Costume Drama Magic 1900s
The Crimson Petal and The White (TV Miniseries) (2011)
Marc Munden
Chris O'Dowd, Romola Garai, Amanda Hale, Shirley Henderson, Gillian Anderson, Mark Gatiss, Richard E. Grant, Elizabeth Berrington, Tom Georgeson, Katie Lyons, Eleanor Yates, Clare Louise Connolly, ...
TV Series Drama Thriller TV Miniseries Costume Drama 19th Century Prostitution
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Jon Cassar, Jan Michelini
Daniel Sharman, Synnove Karlsen, Jacopo Olmo Antinori, Edward Dring, Michele Balducci, Raoul Bova, Alan Cappelli Goetz, Bradley James, Pietro Ragusa, Charlie Vickers, Sam Taylor Buck, Beniamino Brogi, ...
TV Series Drama Costume Drama 15th Century
Great Expectations (TV Miniseries) (2011)
Brian Kirk
Douglas Booth, Gillian Anderson, Ray Winstone, Vanessa Kirby, David Suchet, Mark Addy, Harry Lloyd, Frances Barber, Shaun Dooley, Oscar Kennedy, Paul Rhys, Izzy Meikle-Small, ...
TV Series Drama Romance TV Miniseries Romantic Drama Costume Drama 19th Century
Keira Knightley, Matthew Macfadyen, Brenda Blethyn, Donald Sutherland, Judi Dench, Rosamund Pike, Jena Malone, Tom Hollander, Penelope Wilton, Simon Woods, Rupert Friend, Carey Mulligan, ...
Romance Drama Romantic Drama Costume Drama 18th Century
Any Human Heart (TV Miniseries) (2010)
Michael Samuels
Jim Broadbent, Matthew Macfadyen, Sam Claflin, Gillian Anderson, Tom Hollander, Kim Cattrall, Hayley Atwell, Ed Stoppard, Samuel West, Julian Ovenden, Ken Bones, Flaminia Cinque, ...
TV Series Drama Costume Drama TV Miniseries
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Anthony Asquith
Robert Donat, Cedric Hardwicke, Basil Radford, Margaret Leighton, Marie Lohr, Kathleen Harrison, Francis L. Sullivan, Jack Watling, Neil North, Frank Lawton, Walter Fitzgerald, Nicholas Hannen, ...
Drama Costume Drama Courtroom Drama 1910s
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Daisy Goodwin (Creator), Tom Vaughan, Oliver Blackburn, Sandra Goldbacher, Jim Loach, Lisa James Larsson, Daniel O'Hara, Geoffrey Sax
Jenna Coleman, Rufus Sewell, Tom Hughes, Catherine H. Flemming, Eve Myles, Adrian Schiller, Paul Rhys, Peter Firth, Daniela Holtz, Nell Hudson, Tommy Knight, Ferdinand Kingsley, ...
TV Series Drama Costume Drama 19th Century Historical Biography
A Royal Affair (2012)
Mads Mikkelsen, Alicia Vikander, Mikkel Boe Følsgaard, Trine Dyrholm, David Dencik, Thomas W. Gabrielsson, Cyron Bjørn Melville, Bent Mejding, Harriet Walter, Laura Bro, Søren Malling, Jakob Ulrik Lohmann, ...
Drama Romance 18th Century Historical Costume Drama Romantic Drama Psychological Drama
Tess (1979)
Nastassja Kinski, Peter Firth, Leigh Lawson, John Collins, Richard Pearson, John Bett, Rosemary Martin, Arielle Dombasle
Drama Historical 19th Century Costume Drama Romantic Drama
Emma Thompson, Kate Winslet, Hugh Grant, Alan Rickman, Greg Wise, Emilie François, Imogen Stubbs, Gemma Jones, Robert Hardy, Elizabeth Spriggs, Imelda Staunton, Hugh Laurie, ...
Drama Romance Romantic Drama Melodrama Costume Drama 19th Century
Emma (TV Miniseries) (2009)
Jim O'Hanlon
Romola Garai, Rupert Evans, Louise Dylan, Michael Gambon, Jodhi May, Jonny Lee Miller, Dan Fredenburgh, Robert Bathurst, Tamsin Greig, Poppy Miller, Laura Pyper, Blake Ritson, ...
TV Series Drama Romance Comedy TV Miniseries Romantic Comedy Costume Drama 19th Century
Sense and Sensibility (TV Miniseries) (2008)
Hattie Morahan, Charity Wakefield, Lucy Boynton, David Morrissey, Dominic Cooper, Dan Stevens, Mark Gatiss, Daisy Haggard, Rosanna Lavelle, Anna Madeley, Jean Marsh, Tim McMullan, ...
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María Luisa Bemberg
Susú Pecoraro, Imanol Arias, Héctor Alterio, Elena Tasisto, Carlos Muñoz, Héctor Pellegrini, Juan Leyrado, Boris Rubaja, Claudio Gallardou, Mona Maris, Zelmar Gueñol, Fernando Iglesias 'Tacholas', ...
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Emma Thompson, Anthony Hopkins, Samuel West, Helena Bonham Carter, James Wilby, Vanessa Redgrave, Adrian Ross Magenty, Nicola Duffett, Prunella Scales, Joseph Bennett, Jo Kendall, Jemma Redgrave, ...
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Lady of the Camelias (1981)
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Isabelle Huppert, Gian Maria Volonté, Bruno Ganz, Fabrizio Bentivoglio, Clio Goldsmith, Mario Maranzana, Yann Babilée, Carla Fracci, Cécile Vassort, David Jalil, Fernando Rey
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The Throne (2015)
Jin Ji-hee, Kim Hae-sook, Moon Geun-young, Park Won-sang, Song Kang-ho, Yoo Ah In
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Drama Romance Psychological Drama Romantic Drama Costume Drama 19th Century Biography
The Age of Innocence (1993)
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Freddie Bartholomew, Frank Lawton, W.C. Fields, Roland Young, Edna May Oliver, Basil Rathbone, Maureen O'Sullivan, Lionel Barrymore, Lewis Stone, Lennox Pawle, Elsa Lanchester


text:
FEF Delivers Scholarships to Deserving Seniors
When the Frisco Education Foundation began brainstorming ways to deliver college scholarships to the Class of 2020, they were keenly focused on making sure Frisco ISD seniors graduated with scholarships in their hands.
With hundreds of college scholarships to distribute on an annual basis, the annual FEF Scholarship Night is a celebration of students and their bright futures. Thanks to the contributions of individual donors, sponsors and businesses around the community, it is an evening for the scholarship recipients to meet those who have donated in support of their future.
The typical model was flipped upside down and instead of students going to Scholarship Night, the scholarships arrived on their doorstep with much fanfare.
FEF Program Specialist Terri West coordinated a plan, organized routes and made sure the daunting task of delivering scholarships to more than 700 students was not only feasible but fun. Soon donors, sponsors, booster clubs, the Frisco ISD Council of PTAs and the FEF and FISD Board members planned to donate their time to make sure each student had their moment of recognition.
Each volunteer received a driving route, social distancing reminders, a set of certificates and yard signs and then set off on a full day of celebration. Many chose to bring their family members along as a support crew and the FEF caravans traversed every corner of the District.
"It was amazing to celebrate together as a community while inspiring our youth," said Sunitha Cheruvu, FEF Board president. "As neighbors saw us approaching homes with yard signs, people were cheering and honking as they drove by in support and celebration of these amazing students."
So far this year, the FEF has handed out 924 scholarships totalling more than $685,000 and hopes to distribute more.
Connie Yates is a founding Board member of the Frisco Education Foundation and has watched the program grow over the years. She joined in the 2020 scholarship distribution and had the honor of distributing memorial scholarships on behalf of her sister Louann Tadlock Stewart and her mother Polly Hampton Tadlock.
"We have attended the scholarship night for more than a decade as a family and were dismayed when we realized the regular event wouldn't happen because it has been so meaningful to witness students receive scholarships," Yates said. "However, distributing these scholarships across the community was truly a treasured experience.
"It was fun, inspiring, emotional and totally awesome. I had the opportunity to get to know each student, learn about their hopes and dreams and meet their families. It was a very personal experience that I will never forget."
Yates' family has lived in Frisco more than 50 years. As she passed out memorial scholarships, she was able to explain the rich Frisco history behind each person and their family. This included her mother, school namesake Polly Tadlock, who passed away in March.
The inaugural Polly Hampton Tadlock Memorial Scholarship was given to Memorial High School senior Aubrey Hammond who attended Tadlock Elementary and remembers the warmth of Mrs. Tadlock, who would visit the school often.
"When I found out they were coming to my home, I was blown away because I didn't expect it at all," Hammond said. "I couldn't believe that so much thought and effort was being put into everything celebrating this graduating class."
Hammond plans to start at Collin College before transferring to Dallas Baptist University to become a math teacher. She participated in the Career and Technical Education Center's education program under the direction of Nicky Fryman.
"Interning in the education and training program was wonderful - there's no feeling like knowing what your purpose is in life," Yates said. "Getting a scholarship from an educator is all the more meaningful.
"Sometimes events happen for a reason. It truly feels like this was all meant to be."
"It was truly a full circle moment to learn that the scholarship was awarded to a future educator," Yates said.
As a community, we have the opportunity to show support for seniors who are graduating this week. The Frisco Education Foundation is actively accepting donations specifically for the Class of 2020.
As the community donates money through the June 6 deadline, the FEF will continue to hand-deliver scholarships to additional deserving seniors across Frisco ISD.
Online: bit.ly/FEF4Seniors
Text-to-Give: 2020Seniors to 91999
By Mail: PO Box 567, Frisco, TX 75034
Click here to learn more about the fundraising initiative.
A special thanks goes to Texas Health Frisco for their support as the FEF Scholarship Night presenting sponsor. The signs were made possible by their generous donation that resulted in all of the yard signs and additional scholarships for the Class of 2020.


text:
Stupid Question 90: Do I have to use the return value of a method?
November 23, 2012 Posted by Iris Classon at 3:35 am C# & F#, Not So Stupid Questions	Add comments
I would say, no, you don't have to – but you should probably rethink the design if you are and avoid that (using methods that return a value but not using the return value that is). I'll write up some more text when I get back to Sweden 🙂
6 Responses to "Stupid Question 90: Do I have to use the return value of a method?"
Steve Crane says:
I think that the question is more about why you aren't using the return value, rather than whether you're using it.
Let's say you're using a method from a library, but only for some side-effect the method has and you're ignoring the return value. The developer has some tests that verify the return value given specific input and decide for some reason to refactor the method and change or remove the side-effects it has. Their test still passes so they release a new version but when you start using it your code now has a bug as the side-effect you relied on no longer works. If you're lucky they developer documented the change but if the side-effect was internal to their library they may not have and you have your work cut out to figure out why your code broke.
Mike Reynolds says:
Hi Iris,
I would argue it's best to take advantage of return values of methods (or functions depending on the nomenclature of the language/framework being used) due to understanding the intent of code written.
For example, consider the following C# methods (Page_Load being an ASP.NET page event setting Text properties of Literal Web Controls):
const string mikeIsAGeek = "true";
bool isMikeAGeek = IsAGeekTryParse(mikeIsAGeek);
litMikeIsAGeek.Text = isAGeek.ToString();
bool isMikeAGeekAlternative = IsAGeekTryParseAlternative(mikeIsAGeek);
litMikeIsAGeekAlternative.Text = isMikeAGeekAlternative.ToString();
public static bool IsAGeekTryParse(string isAGeekAsString)
bool isAGeek = false;
bool.TryParse(isAGeekAsString, out isAGeek);
return isAGeek;
public static bool IsAGeekTryParseAlternative(string isAGeekAsString)
if (bool.TryParse(isAGeekAsString, out isAGeek))
Both methods return the same value.
However, within the first boolean TryParse method — the method named IsAGeekTryParse — I have no idea if the value ascertained was due to it being a string of "true", "false", or something else completely — perhaps a string that is not a boolean.
Within the second method, I have more information — I can easily figure out whether it's due to the string being "true", "false", or something else.
It's all about readibility and clarity. We developers should be considerate of the next developer that has to come along and support the code we've written.
We have all been that poor developer that has to support someone else's code — and many times poor code at that!.
Adam Tuliper says:
As you said, no you don't have to but its quite permissible (and common) the API you are calling has already completed the operation you want and is simply returning an object you 'could' work with further, but surely don't have to.
You may call for example a CSLA method like customer.Save() which returns another object but it also has saved the state and you do nothing with the return object. It's there if you want to handle it, but nothing says you have to here, even for good practice. It's all up to the API and what you want to do with it ideally.
Finlay says:
Something as simple as MessageBox.ShowMessage will return a value, and if you want a fire and forget message you can just ignore it, same if you use a tryparse method then perform validation on the outputted value, not the return value. There are cases where you can't avoid it
Mike C says:
There are some situations, such as adding a row to a DataTable, where you don't need the returned row index, so I feel it's fine to call myDataTable.Rows.Add(newRow) without using the return value.
However, when calling your own methods, if you write a method that provides a return value (say, WriteLogFile() that returns a Boolean for success) that you don't use, then it's a good clue to refactor the method. The method may be doing two things, the first thing is something internally, and the second is providing a return value, and if you're calling it for only one of those two things, then it's time to split the method into two methods, one function and one sub.
Could you please update your post with the link to the SO thread you mentioned in the video?
James Curran says:
I'd say "in theory" you should use it, but in practice, it's often not necessary.
The problem is in C# and other C derived language (as well many other programming languages), while there is a theoretical difference between a function (which should have no side effects, but returns a value) and a subroutine (which have side effects, but should not return a value), there is no practical difference — every method can have both side effects and a return value.
Hence, if you are creating a subroutine, you can also pass some information back to the caller "for free". For example, in C, the printf() function returns a value (the number of characters printed), but virtually no one ever uses that value. However, if you happen to need to know that value, it would be very difficult to determine any other way.
So, if we were to be purists, our subroutines would have side-effects, but no return values, and our functions would have return values but no side-effects and we'd always use the return value, because there would be no other reason to call the function.
Stupid Question 89: What is Hicks law and what is Fitts law Stupid Question 91: Do we need NULL in C#?


text:
El Campeonato Alemán de Fútbol 1925 fue la 18.ª edición de dicho torneo.

Fase final

Octavos de final
 Alemannia 90 Berlin 1-2 Duisburger SpV
 FC Núremberg 2-0 FV Jena
 Hamburgo SV 1-2 FSV Frankfurt
 Titania Stettin 2-4 Altonaer FC 93
 TuRU Düsseldorf 4-1 VfR Mannheim
 VfB Königsberg 2-3 Hertha BSC
 VfB Leipzig 1-2 SC Breslau 08
 Viktoria Forst 1-2 Schwarz-Weiß Essen

Cuartos de final
 Altonaer FC 93 0-2 Duisburger SpV
 SC Breslau 08 1-4 FC Núremberg
 Schwarz-Weiß Essen 1-3 FSV Frankfurt
 Hertha BSC 4-1 TuRU Düsseldorf

Semifinales
 Duisburger SpV 0-3 FC Núremberg
 FSV Frankfurt 1-0 Hertha BSC

Final

Enlaces externos
 rsssf

Temporadas del Campeonato Alemán de Fútbol
Fútbol en 1924
Fútbol en 1925


text:
Michael Raitzyk Jazz Guitar
Video Info Audio Songlists
"When I was six years old, someone bought my father a guitar. He was kind enough to let me start playing around with it. It was magical!" This is how jazz guitarist Michael Raitzyk got his start. By the time he reached high school he knew a lot. His time spent at the Thomas Jefferson Performing Arts High School in Portland, Oregon solidified his decision to pursue a career in music.
After a stint at Mt. Hood College, Michael moved back to his hometown of Baltimore, Maryland, where he immediately met pianist Rashid Yahya , a protégé of McCoy Tyner. Mr. Yahya taught Michael the finer points of improvisation and ensemble playing as well as giving him the opportunity to perform with jazz greats Bill Hardman, Junior Cook and Pepper Adams.
Through the late 80's & 90's, Michael was involved in many music projects, both as a sideman and as a leader. Some highlights include his exploration of Klezmer music, resulting in a Top Ten CD Pick (Baltimore City Paper) from his debut recording, Charm City Klezmer. This CD led to gigs at the now defunct NYC club: Tonic.
Michael has recorded four CD's as a leader and seven as a sideman and has worked with almost everyone in the Baltimore jazz scene. His latest CD, Michael Raitzyk's Organic Trio, explores the organ trio format, a long-time Baltimore tradition. Organ player Greg Hatza (has worked with Sonny Stitt, Eric Gale, Dave Liebman) and drummer Mike Kuhl (has worked with Gary Thomas, Claudio Roditi, Michael Formanek) make a fantastic rhythm section for guitarist Michael Raitzyk to create with. As the Baltimore Jazz Alliance's September CD review says, "Raitzyk is no stranger to the Baltimore Jazz scene….his diverse musical background on guitar shines through on this recording…" and " …a very relaxed presentation of three master musicians playing a club date."
CD Release Party 1
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Summertime - Trio
Scrapple from the Apple
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