text:
How to buy in-car camera systems (eBook)
Mike Callahan
The Objectively Reasonable Officer
The Rollice case is the latest in a series of questionable decisions involving police shootings where lower courts examine officer pre-shooting conduct
In 2018, George Washington University Law School Professor Cynthia Lee authored a University of Illinois Law Review article in which she proposes the adoption of a model statute on police use of deadly force. [1] The model statute includes a requirement that judges and juries review whether officers who used deadly force engaged in pre-shooting conduct that increased the risk of a deadly confrontation. [2]
The article explains that the "term 'pre-seizure conduct' is used to refer to conduct by the officer prior to the shooting that helped create the dangerous situation or increased the likelihood that deadly force would need to be used." [3]
GW Today reported in June 2020 that the District of Columbia "D.C. Council" passed emergency legislation that includes Professor Lee's model statute. [4]
The language in Graham v. Connor makes it clear that the Supreme Court understood the unique and potentially lethal challenges officers face daily. (Police1)
Language like the model statute has already been embraced by some federal courts and at least one state legislature in the United States. [5] If this trend continues, it will fundamentally alter the intent of the United States Supreme Court's use of force (including deadly force) "objective reasonableness" standard articulated by the court in Graham v. Connor. [6]
The Supreme Court's "objective reasonableness" standard
The U.S. Supreme Court first addressed law enforcement's use of deadly force in Tennessee v. Garner. [7] The Garner court set forth a constitutional standard for the use of deadly force as follows, "We conclude that such [deadly] force may not be used unless … the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others." [8]
Following Garner, the Supreme Court further explicated the constitutional standard for police use of deadly force in Graham v. Connor. Here the court ruled "all claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force – deadly or not … should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its 'reasonableness' standard." [9]
The Court instructed: "The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight." [10]
Moreover, the Court explained, "The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments – in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving – about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation." [11]
Language of this nature makes clear that the Supreme Court understood the unique and potentially lethal challenges officers face daily.
The Court directed the lower courts to consider the facts and circumstances in each shooting incident from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene of the event as it happened and not from the secure confines of the courtroom or the judge's chambers.
The Court instructed future courts to comprehend the fact that police officers face deadly adversaries in situations where instantaneous decision-making is required and chaotic situations where time for careful planning is nonexistent; and that these situations evolve so rapidly that a moment of hesitation will result in death or serious bodily injury to officers and innocent bystanders. [12]
The Court counseled future judges and jurors to avoid the temptation to engage in 20/20 hindsight. In fact, the Court made this approach abundantly clear when it said, "Not every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge's chambers" [13] is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Court adopted a "totality of circumstances" test, but its analysis directed focus on the circumstances facing the officers at the moment of the shooting.
Nowhere in its opinion does the Court specifically instruct or direct lower courts to review, consider or examine pre-shooting police conduct. In fact, the Court made its view clear by stating, "with respect to a claim of excessive force, the same standard of reasonableness at the moment [of the use of deadly force by officers] applies." [14]
Some Federal Appellate Courts Erroneously Examine Pre-Shooting Police Conduct
The Tenth Circuit frequently disregards the Supreme Court's direction in matters involving police use of deadly force. The most recent example is found in the case of Bond v. City of Tahlequah et al. [15]
On August 12, 2016, Tahlequah, Oklahoma police received a 911 call from the ex-wife of Dominic Rollice. She stated that Rollice entered her garage, was drunk and refused to leave. Officers' Vick and Girdner responded and spoke with Rollice at the side door of the garage. During the conversation, Rollice kept fidgeting with his hands.
Girdner asked Rollice if he could pat him down but he refused. Girdner stepped toward Rollice and Rollice stepped away and into the garage. A third officer arrived and all three followed Rollice into the garage.
Girdner ordered Rollice to stop but he continued until reaching the back of the garage. Rollice grabbed a hammer from a workbench and turned to face the officers. The officers stepped back and drew their firearms.
Rollice held the hammer with both hands in a baseball-type stance while facing the officers. He dropped his left hand and pointed it forward, signaling the officers to stop. He next moved the hammer in his right hand to just above his head. The officers ordered Rollice repeatedly to drop the hammer, but he repeatedly refused. Instead, he moved slowly to the officers' left about 8–10 feet from Girdner.
Officer Reed holstered his firearm and drew his TASER. Reed took a few steps toward Rollice and ordered him again to drop the hammer without success. Rollice pulled the hammer back behind his head but was still speaking "relatively calmly, with one hand outstretched." In response to Rollice's movement of the hammer behind his head, Officers' Girdner and Vick fire several shots. Rollice doubled over into a squat-like stance and raised the hammer again. Girdner fired one more round. Rollice died from his wounds.
Rollice's estate filed suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §1983 alleging excessive force against the officers who shot Rollice in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The federal district court ruled in favor of the officers and the estate filed an appeal.
The Tenth Circuit reversed and stated that in its analysis of officer-involved shootings, "Officers' conduct prior to the seizure [i.e. shooting] is also relevant to this inquiry." The court explained, "The reasonableness of [officers'] actions depends both on whether the officers were in danger at the precise moment that they used force and on whether [their] own reckless or deliberate conduct during the seizure unreasonably created the need to use such force." [16]
The court stated that its shooting examination will include "whether the officers approached the situation in a manner they knew of should have known would result in an escalation of danger."
Analysis of the Tenth Circuit's Decision
The Tenth Circuit sent the case back for trial. The court expressed a lack of certainty on whether Rollice's conduct at the moment he was shot rose to the level of an immediate deadly threat against the officers. Nevertheless, the court stated, "We need not and do not reach any conclusion on that issue [the immediacy of the threat] because our review is not limited to that narrow timeframe. Instead, we consider the totality of circumstances leading to the fatal shooting, including the actions that resulted in Dominic being cornered in the back of the garage by three armed police officers."
The court explained that the reasonableness of the officers' conduct included not only the danger presented by the suspect at the precise moment of the shooting but also whether their own reckless or deliberate conduct unreasonably created the need to use such force.
The court observed that an officer first stepped toward Rollice at the garage door causing him to retreat into the garage. The court next blamed the officers for cornering him at the back of the garage and stated that the officers were now "blocking the only exit from the garage." The court further opined, "When Dominic pulls the hammer back, he does so in response to Officer Reed's advance with the TASER."
The court concluded by stating that a reasonable jury could find that the officers created a lethal situation "by driving Dominic into the garage and cornering him with his tools in reach" and their "reckless conduct unreasonably created the situation that ended Dominic's life."
The Rollice case is the latest in a series of questionable decisions involving police shootings in the Tenth Circuit. [17] In these cases, the Tenth Circuit pays lip service to the Supreme Court's opinion in Graham v. Connor but then proceeds to ignore the Court's direction and guidance and looks backward to examine officer pre-shooting conduct. This involves 20/20 hindsight pure and simple.
The Supreme Court instructed the lower courts to avoid 20/20 hindsight; place themselves in the shoes of involved officers; recognize the chaotic split-second life-threatening decisions facing frontline responders; and decide whether officers were facing life-threatening conduct at the moment they used deadly force.
Instead, this circuit and at least one other, [18] has chosen to disregard the instruction of the Supreme Court and instead create an additional hurdle to overcome for officers defending excessive force lawsuits. If the Supreme Court fails to issue a definitive ruling to stop this kind of lower court activity, the trend is likely to expand to additional federal circuits. Certainly not good news for American law enforcement.
1. Lee C. Reforming the Law on Police Use of Deadly Force: De-Escalation; Pre-seizure Conduct, and Imperfect Self-Defense, 2018 U. Ill. L. Rev. 629.
2. Id. at 663.
3. Id. 671.
4. Hopkins T. DC Adopts GW Law Professor's Model Legislation on Police Use of Force, GW Today, 6/12/20.
5. The California Governor signed into law California Assembly Bill AB 392 on 8/19/20 changing the way in which the use of force by peace officers is regulated in the State. In addition to changing the standard for the use of deadly force from a "reasonable belief" to "necessary," the new law defines "totality of circumstances" to include, "conduct of the officer … leading up to the use of deadly force." The new law will goes into effect on 1/1/21.
6. 490 U.S. 386 (1989).
7. 471 U.S. 1 (1985).
8. Id. at 3.
9. 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989).
10. Id.
12. FBI Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) statistics for 2019 show that between 2010-2019, 511 officers were murdered in the United States; 404 of those officers (79.1%) did not fire their weapons to defend themselves while facing certain death. This statistic tells the grim truth; those officers were murdered so quickly that they never had a chance to defend themselves.
15. (No. 19-7056) (10th Cir. 12/1/20).
16. (Quoting), Sevier v. City of Lawrence, 60 F.3d 695, 699 (10th Cir. 1995).
17. Other Tenth Circuit cases with similar outcomes include Allen v. Muskogee, 119 F.3d 837 (10th Cir. 1997) (Allen was suicidal and armed with a handgun that he fired at police); Estate of Ceballos v. Husk, 919 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir. 2019) (Ceballos approached officers with a bat before being shot); Hastings v. Barnes, 252 F. App'x 197 (10th Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (Suspect threatened officers with Samurai sword before being shot).
18. The United States Supreme Court recently reversed a Ninth Circuit decision that was based upon the Circuit's so-called "provocation rule" which held that police officers could be held liable for an otherwise reasonable use of deadly force because they intentionally or recklessly provoked the circumstances that resulted in the use of deadly force and their conduct also violated the Fourth Amendment in a separate but related manner, See, County of Los Angeles v. Mendez, 137 S. Ct. 1539 (2017). In Mendez, officers entered Mendez's dwelling illegally without a warrant and shot Mendez and a companion after Mendez picked up what appeared to be a firearm (later found to be a BB gun) and pointed it at the officers. Upon remand from the Supreme Court the Ninth Circuit reinstated the ruling against the officers involved in the Mendez shooting. The court ruled in its second decision in this case that "the judgment shall be amended to award all damages arising from the shooting in the Mendez's favor as proximately caused by the unconstitutional entry, and proximately caused by the failure to get a warrant." See, Mendez v. County of Los Angeles, 897 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2018).
John Michael Callahan served in law enforcement for 44 years. His career began as a special agent with NCIS. He became an FBI agent and served in the FBI for 30 years, retiring in the position of supervisory special agent/chief division counsel. He taught criminal law/procedure at the FBI Academy. After the FBI, he served as a Massachusetts Deputy Inspector General and is currently a deputy sheriff for Plymouth County, Massachusetts. He is the author of two published books on deadly force and an upcoming book on supervisory and municipal liability in law enforcement.
Contact Mike Callahan.
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Q: JUJU bootstrap error failed to bootstrap model: cannot start bootstrap instance in availability zone "default": I have the following setup:
Openstack Stein installed with:

*

*VMA is 1 VM that has installed a MAAS 2.7.0 server and JUJU 2.7.6-bionic-amd64

*VMB is 1 VM to be used as a JUJU controller

I commissioned the VMB onto the MAAS server on VMA and it is now waiting to bed deployed.
Now when I'm trying to bootstrap a JUJU controller in the VMB I have this error:

ERROR juju.cmd.juju.commands bootstrap.go:776 failed to bootstrap model: cannot start bootstrap instance in availability zone "default": failed to acquire node: No available machine matches constraints: [('agent_name', ['b4f93e60-ddb3-4765-8b0e-22dc706d7986']), ('mem', ['3584']), ('zone', ['default'])] (resolved to "mem=3584.0 zone=default")

I wonder why this is happening, I have my node in default AZ on MAAS.

Any thoughts on the problem?

A: Looks like the juju cli is trying to bootstrap a machine with the default constraint of 3.5GB of memory.
Your commissioned (ready) machine only has 3.4GB of memory, so when MAAS looks for an available machine matching the machine spec from the juju cli it's saying that it can't find a match.
You should be able to get away with bootstrapping the machine with a memory constraint smaller than what's available in MAAS.
juju bootstrap maas-cloud juju-01 --constraints mem=3072 --debug

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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African Debt to the United States and Multilateral Agencies
African Debt to the United States and
Multilateral Agencies
Jonathan E. Sanford
Specialist in International Political Economy
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
The countries of sub-Saharan Africa are generally very poor, and the burden of
servicing their foreign debt is often insurmountably heavy. On the average, African
countries owe 46% of their foreign debt to official bilateral lenders, 32% to multilateral
institutions, and 22% to private creditors. However, most of their debt payments (57%)
go to private creditors, while multilateral creditors receive 21% and bilateral creditors
22% of the total. Little of the bilateral debt is owed to the United States. In recent years,
multilateral agencies and bilateral creditors have forgiven substantial amounts of debt,
in order to reduce the poor countries' debt burden to "sustainable" levels. However,
debtors many still have difficulty servicing their debts. There have been calls for 100%
forgiveness of multilateral debt. Many analysts suggest, however, that such forgiveness
could substantially limit the ability of the multilateral agencies to provide future aid.
Africa's Debt Burden
Overview. The countries of sub-Saharan Africa owed $208.9 billion to foreign
creditors at the end of 2001, according to data published by the World Bank.1 Of this,
81% ($168.7 billion) was long-term debt, 16% ($33.8 billion) was short-term debt
repayable within a year, and 3% ($6.3 billion) was medium-term debt owed to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The basic structure of Africa's debt is very similar to most other regions. Most have
long-term debt levels in the low 80% range and short-term debt in the mid-teens. There
are two exceptions. South Asia has kept its short-term debt level below 4%, thus raising
its long-term ratio to over 95% of total debt. By contrast, the Middle East and North
Africa region carried 22% of its obligations as short-term debt, lowering its long-term
ratio to 76%. The structure of a country's debt has considerable influence on the annual
1 World Bank. Global Development Finance, 2002. Vol 2, pp. 24-49.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
level and flexibility of its payment obligations. The annual cost of servicing longer-term
debt is lower because the payments for principal are spread over a longer period of time.
Debt Structure. Of Africa's total long-term debt, $78.2 billion was owed to
bilateral official creditors, $53.3 billion to multilateral creditors, and $37.1 billion to
private creditors. Most (86%) of the debt owed to multilateral agencies was the result of
concessional-rate loans; 45% of the bilateral debt was from concessional loans. Loans
by official export-finance agencies to facilitate commercial export sales comprise a
substantial share of all bilateral debt. Today, most countries provide most of their
bilateral development aid in the form of grants rather than concessional-rate loans. Of the
debt owed to private creditors, 67% was guaranteed by African governments.
Debt Payments In 2001. African countries paid $14.5 billion in debt service
(principal and interest) to their foreign creditors. Most of this ($12.9 billion) went to
service long-term debt, while about $0.9 billion paid short-term obligations and $0.8
billion went to repay the IMF. Africa's debt payments in 2001 were the smallest ratio
(7%) of its outstanding debt for any region in the world. In Africa's long-term debt
service, private creditors received $7.3 billion, multilateral creditors $2.7 billion and
bilateral creditors $2.8 billion. In other words, private creditors received most of the loan
payments even though they owned the smallest part of the debt, while bilateral creditors
got a small portion of the repayments even though they owned the largest share of the
debt. At the end of 2000, African countries were $23.7 billion in arrears in their payments
to official creditors. Most of this is owed to bilateral creditors. Arrears to multilateral
development banks (MDBs), mostly the World Bank and African Development
Bank/Fund, totaled about $2.47 billion. Countries in arrears more than 6 months to the
MDBs are ineligible for future loans.
Debt Burden. Most observers agree that the foreign debt burden of the African
countries is very heavy. It is not the absolute size of the debt owed by African countries,
however, which is the problem. On the average, each African owes a $251 share of the
region's total foreign debt. This is double the per capita share for people in South Asia
($116), about the same as that for people in East Asia ($284) and much less than that for
people in Latin America ($1,306). Compared to its export income, Africa's debt
obligation is high but again it is not disproportionately large by world standards. Africa's
ratio of debt to export income was 179% in 2001. This compares to 142% for South Asia,
and 167% for Latin America. (The rate for East Asia, however, was only 74%.) When
one considers only the amount of debt service that was actually paid, however, Africa's
debt/service ratio declines. In 2001, Africa's actual debt service payments were equal to
12% of export income. This is comparable to the rates for South Asia and East Asia (both
12%) and less than the rates for Europe and Central Asia (18%) and Latin America (33%).
Africa's debt burden is heavy because the region is very poor. In 2001, its total
gross income was about $294 billion.2 This means that each dollar of Africa's income is
matched by 71 cents in external debt. This was roughly twice the ratios for all other
regions — South Asia (24¢, ), East Asia (29¢), the Middle East (33¢), Latin America
(43¢), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (49¢). To have foreign debt/gross income
ratio comparable to those for other regions, by this method of calculation, sub-Saharan
Africa would either need to double its annual income or reduce its foreign debt by half.
Most analysts agree that reductions in the size of Africa's debt stock and debt
payments are needed. Many also believe, though, that greater effort is needed on the
income side of the equation. Over the long run, they say, efforts to stimulate economic
growth and to expand and stabilize the region's export income may be at least as
important (if not more so) in reducing the overall burden of Africa's debt. New trade
opportunities and exports with higher value and greater price stability may be needed
Debt Owed to the U.S. Government
At the close of calendar 2000, the total foreign credit exposure of the United States
in sub-Saharan Africa was $7.64 billion.3 (By comparison, the total U.S. worldwide
exposure was $90.55 billion). This includes direct loans, guarantees, and liability from
insurance issued for African sovereign and official recipients. Of the total for Africa,
$2.17 billion was the result of concessional U.S. assistance programs and $5.47 billion
was due to non-concessional loans or guarantees. Debts owed to the Export-Import Bank
of the United States (Eximbank) and the U.S. Department of Defense (loans financing
commercial or military exports) accounted for $4.77 billion of the total.
Debt owed to the United States comprises about 10% of the total owed by African
countries to all bilateral creditors. Through 2000, the U.S. Government has forgiven
$1.67 billion owed to it by African countries. Arrears in the payment of principal and
interest account for $4.2 billion of the $6.8 billion owed to the United States by African
countries as a consequence of direct loans.
Five countries account for $5.3 billion (69%) of U.S. foreign credit exposure in sub-
Saharan Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) owes $2.28
billion, mostly for Eximbank loans financing U.S. commercial exports. Sudan owes $1.42
billion, two-thirds of it for DOD loans funding U.S. military exports. Nigeria owes $798
million, all Eximbank loans. Two countries without effective governments – Liberia and
Somalia – owe $800 million, half of it for military or other commercial purchases.
2 The numbers for Africa and other regions are drawn from Global Development Finance, 2002,
vol. 1, pp. 224-234.
3 See: U.S. Department of the Treasury and Office of Management and Budget. U.S. Government
Foreign Credit Exposure as of December 31, 2000. Parts I and II. This is often called the
"Salmon Book" in reference to the color of its cover,
Debt Owed to Multilateral Creditors
Totals Owed. At the end of 2001, African countries owed about $60.6 billion to
multilateral agencies -- $6.2 billion to the IMF, $7.2 billion to MDB market-based loan
programs, and $43.3 billion to MDB concessional programs. Most of the total, $37.4
billion, was owed the World Bank – 92% to the IDA and 8% to the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), its market-based loan facility. The remaining
$16.8 billion was owed (69% of it on concessional terms) to the African Development
Bank, the African Development Fund (AFDF) – its concessional affiliate – and smaller
agencies such as the Islamic Development Bank and some African sub-regional banks.4
Overall, while MDB concessional programs accounted for 77% of Africa's
multilateral debt, those programs received only 32% of the regions payments to
multilateral agencies in 2001. Non-concessional MDB programs owned 12% of the
region's multilateral debt and received 37% of its multilateral debt service payments in
2001. The IMF was owed 11% of the region's multilateral debt and received 23% of all
multilateral debt service payments in 2001.
Net Transfers. On a net basis, the flow of resources from multilateral agencies to
African countries is positive. In 2001, they disbursed $3.66 billion and received $2.72
billion in debt service (principal and interest), the net transfer being a positive $0.94
billion. The pattern is not even, however, for all multilateral programs. In 2000, the net
transfer from MDB concessional loan programs to Africa was a positive $1.21 billion.
For non-concessional MDB programs, by contrast, it was a negative $1.27 billion and for
IMF programs as a whole the net transfer was a negative $21 million.5
On a country basis, the situation is also uneven. Some African countries had
negative flows even for concessional MDB programs. Most of the negative net flows
occurred, however, in non-concessional programs and in countries which are not deemed
creditworthy for much future non-concessional aid. Consequently, their repayments or
old loans exceed the disbursements for new loans; Nigeria is a prominent example.
4 North African countries also belong to the African Development Bank and Fund. Overall, 48%
of total AFDB lending has gone to those countries and they have received about 7% of AFDF aid.
World Bank's figures exclude AFDB and AFDF data from the totals for sub-Saharan Africa.
5 Net transfer is the amount left over after the cost of repayments for principal and interest are
deducted from the total received in new aid disbursements.
Overall, the net flow for the AFDB was negative $296 million in 2000; the net flow from
the IBRD was negative $476 million. The net flow for the IMF's regular program was
a positive $37 million while that for its concessional program was a negative $61 million.
World Bank Loans. Only a few African countries – Mauritius, Gabon, South
Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria – are eligible for
World Bank non-concessional (IBRD) loans. The latter two are "blend" countries, which
are also eligible for IDA aid. Zimbabwe is in arrears in its repayments and not eligible
for new loans. Several other African countries – notably Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire,
Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia – have outstanding
balances from prior IBRD for earlier loans. The World Bank does not forgive or
reschedule IBRD loans. However, in 1988, it adopted a program (the "Fifth Dimension"
program), which in effect refinances IBRD loans on an as-needed basis. Countries unable
to repay IBRD loans made prior to September 1988 may receive loans from IDA to cover
the IBRD payments due during particular periods of time. Countries must be IDA-only
borrowers (blend countries are ineligible) and they may not have received an IBRD loan
in the past 12 months. As of June 30, 2001, the World Bank had approved IDA loans
totaling $1.679 billion for this purpose, of which all but $28 million had been disbursed.
HIPC. Many poor countries have had difficulty, however, meeting their payment
obligations for MDB concessional loans. In 1996, the G-7 countries approved a plan to
forgive up to 90% of the foreign debt owed by heavily indebted poor countries. The plan
was modified and its requirements eased in 1998. The World Bank and IMF have the
lead in implementing the program to help heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs). Some
42 countries have been considered for possible eligibility. Six (five African) have reached
their completion point (the moment when debt is actually forgiven.). Twenty (18 African)
have reached their decision point (the moment when they qualify for future debt relief)..
For twelve (10 African), the decision point has not yet been reached. Four countries (two
African) were deemed to have external debt situations requiring no HIPC debt relief.6
Under the HIPC initiative, a country's bilateral and multilateral debt repayment
obligations will be reduced through cancellation of the stock of debt to a point where the
remaining debt burden is deemed "sustainable." Sustainability is defined as a condition
where external debt is no more than 150% the size of the country's export income on a
net present value (NPV) basis. In a few cases, where exports comprise a larger than usual
share of the gross domestic product (GDP), the debt/export ratio may be pegged lower and
consideration may be given to the size of the country's debt compared to its fiscal
revenue. Two countries have qualified for this treatment. Recently, the Bank has come
to agree with critics that some countries may not achieve sustainability (due to lower-
than-expected export earnings) when they reach their HIPC completion point.
6 International Monetary Fund. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative: Status of
Implementation. Prepared by the World Bank and IMF staffs. April 12, 2002. Available from
the IMF web site. Since the release of this report, as noted above, two more African countries
have reached their decision point. See also the HIPC web site [/www.worldbank.org/hipc/] and
CRS Report RL30214, Debt Reduction: Initiatives for the Most Heavily Indebted Poor Countriesth
and CRS Issue Brief IB96008, Multilateral Development Banks: Issues for the 107 Congress.
For the 26 countries that have reached their decision or completion points, the HIPC
program has agreed to provide $40.5 billion in debt service relief. This is equal, on an
NPV basis, to $25.9 billion over the repayment period of the cancelled loans. Of this
amount, on an NPV basis, multilateral agencies are providing 53% and bilateral official
creditors 45% of the total. Commercial creditors are providing 2% of HIPC relief. Of the
total, the World Bank is providing 24% and the IMF 8% of HIPC debt forgiveness. The
AFDB/AFDF is providing another 7%. The World Bank's receipts from debt repayments
will decline by about $500 million annually from 2003 to 2009 and will continue
declining at roughly that level for a decade thereafter. Repayments to the IMF will decline
from about $300 million dollars in 2003 to $48 million in 2009. This is consistent with
the shorter debt repayment periods for most IMF loans.
Until recently, the World Bank has absorbed the cost of its portion of the HIPC
program from its own resources. Through December 31, 2001, the World Bank had
forgiven or announced plans to forgive $10.2 billion in debt owed to IDA by HIPC
countries. Only a small portion of the cost of this forgiveness had been realized, however,
as that cost is only incurred on the date the forgiven loan repayment would have otherwise
been received. The Bank offset lost loan repayments through transfers from the IBRD's
annual income and it received $778 million in reimbursements from the HIPC trust fund.
The Bank says that it will contribute between $200 million and $220 million
annually to HIPC in the next four years (through 2005), completing its earlier pledge to
provide a substantial contribution to the program. Thereafter, it says, the cost of offsetting
lost IDA reflows will need to be borne by the IDA donor countries. Otherwise, the annual
size of IDA's assistance program will have to shrink by about $500 million – the amount
of the lost repayments. In effect, the future cost of IDA debt forgiveness under the HIPC
program will need to be carried either by the donors (through higher annual payments) or
by the IDA recipients (through reduced levels of future aid).7
More MDB Debt Relief?. Is it feasible for the World Bank to provide greater
levels of debt relief to African or other countries? Jubilee USA and others have called for
a 100% cancellation of all debt owed the multilateral agencies by poor countries. As of
June 30, 2001, IDA borrowers owed $86.6 billion to IDA. African countries comprised
$31.9 billion of the total. The World Bank has $19.6 billion in retained earnings in the
IBRD's financial reserves, but transferring resources from one World Bank program to
another is a process beset with serious legal, institutional, and political complications. A
large percentage of the Bank's membership would need to agree to the transfer and the
Bank's bondholders (to whom it owes over $100 billion) would need to agree not to sue
the Bank for damages. Loan reflows currently account for about 40% of the resources
IDA uses to fund its assistance program. The World Bank and the IDA donors expect that
this share will increase to 70% in the next few decades. If the amount of IDA's debt
forgiveness is greater than the amount it receives in offsetting transfers or contributions,
it will lack resources in those future decades to fund its program. In that case, the United
States and other donor countries either will need to increase their future contributions
substantially or they will need to let the IDA program shrink substantially in size.
7 See: CRS Report RL31218, World Bank: Funding IDA's Assistance Program, May 21, 2002.

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Category Archives: Famiglie storiche
The Bartolini Salimbeni: speaking of "you snooze you lose"!
By Emanuela Tuesday May 16th, 2017 Sunday May 21st, 2017 Famiglie storiche
Let's talk about another important family of Florence, this time with the Bartolini Salimbeni .. that were actually native of Siena, and exactly at the time when these two cities were bitter enemies: during the fights between Guelphs and Ghibellines, in the 13th century. Their last name was then just Salimbeni, and its members were, in fact, Ghibellines: thanks to their merchants' money, they were able to help the Senese Ghibelline troops against the Guelph troops of Florence in the Battle of Montaperti (1260). After its great defeat, Florence will become Ghibelline for about six years: the Guelph power will be restored only six years later, after the defeat of Manfred of Sicily in the Battle of Benevento (1266). But this is another story!
Let's go back to our family, that very soon moved right to Florence, to follow the paths of commerce and mercantile activity. It was Bartolino Salimbeni that wanted to move, and so the last name was first changed to Bartolini, so to hide their true identity of Ghibellines in enemy territory, but it was later integrated with the original name, that became so Bartolini Salimbeni.
THE PUCCI FAMILY
By Sílvia Marquès Thursday March 23rd, 2017 Wednesday March 29th, 2017 Famiglie storiche
The wealthy families of every city are those who influence history and, sometimes, politics. Often they have been important for the economy and for art, turning into patrons of artists, poets, intellectuals and scientists.
Here in Florence these powerful families were numerous, and the majority of them became rich during the Middle Ages, thanks to the two main business activities: banking (they were usurers), and trade. A considerable number of these families were concentrated in a very small historical center, distributed among the districts, allies or rivals with each other. This was the "game" that defined the city history, especially during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but that survived, though in different ways, until modern times. Alliances between families were commonplace: they were built mainly through marriages, and were useful to climb "the ladder" of power, or to defeat common enemies or business rivals. The Florentine government was a Republic, and it turned into a Signoria ("Lordship") when power was concentrated in the hands of the main Florentine signori ("lords"), who were members of the most eminent families in the city. This government, shared among the main families, was preserved (apparently, at least!) until the arrival of the Medici family: they became very quickly the ruling family, until the extinction of their dynasty. Their status changed with one Medici in particular: Cosimo I, that became Duke of Florence in the mid-16th century, and from that moment on, power passed in the hands of his family, brought forward from generation to generation.


Hoping to help families in need to beat the heat, St. Vincent de Paul is giving away fans.
St. Vincent de Paul is preparing to distribute free fans Wednesday at its outreach center in the West End.
The fan distribution is scheduled to take place 1-3 p.m. at the Liz Carter Outreach Center, 1125 Bank St. This is the 17th year St. Vincent de Paul has given away free fans, according to spokesman Skip Tate.
"We'll give away 200 fans to people in need in an effort to provide some comfort from the heat wave we've been having this summer," he said in a release.
Recipients should bring a form of ID. This distribution is for fans only, one per household. All are eligible unless they received a fan in 2017.
New fans and air conditioners can be donated at any St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store. Cash donations can be made at any local Huntington Bank location or at SVDPcincinnati.org, or by calling 513-853-1011.


text:
EndSARS: Protester Shot Dead In Ogbomosho As Nigerians Demand End To Notorious Police Unit
……Governor Seyi Makinde confirms the death of the protester.
A young man, Jimoh Isiaka, who joined scores of others in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, to protest against police brutality has been shot dead allegedly by a police officer.
The police have denied shooting at the protesters but there is no evidence any of the protesters said to be armed with a gun and the police did not say if anyone else was armed with a gun during the protest.
The police have used force to disperse largely peaceful protesters in major Nigerian cities including the capital, Abuja.
Thousands of protesters across Nigeria have been demanding an end to police brutality and called for the scrapping of the notorious police unit, FSARS (Federal Special Anti-Robbery Squad).
Officers in the unit have been accused of murder, extortion, harassment, assault and other crimes by several young Nigerians, many of whom narrated their ordeals using the hashtag #EndSARS.
Mr Isiaka was part of the protesters in Ogbomoso on Saturday.
Witnesses told Akedeoyo.com that the protesters were dispersed with gunshots and teargas as they approached a police building in Owode area of Ogbomoso. One of the bullets hit Mr Isiaka who was rushed to the hospital but later died.
He was buried Saturday evening.
Police Deny Shooting
After the shooting, the police spokesperson in Oyo State, Olugbenga Fadeyi, when contacted, affirm that the police did not shoot at the protesters.
"It was not true (that the police shot). I spoke with the Area Commander and he told me that nothing of such occurred. They did not shoot anybody. The police allowed them to protest for over one hour.
"But, at a point, they wanted to force themselves into the police station. They only used tear gas to disperse them so that they will not go into the police station and destroy the police station. By the time they have access to the police station, they can go and destroy some things. That was the information I got," Mr Fadeyi said.
The police later issued a statement insisting their officers only fired tear gas to disperse protesters.
Despite the denial, however, Mr Isiaka died from gunshot wounds.
Governor Makinde reacts
Governor Seyi Makinde of Oyo State Saturday evening confirmed the death of Mr Isiaka.
Mr Makinde, who condemned the shooting, added that seven other protesters were injured.
He said the victim died at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital in Ogbomoso.
"I have received with deep sadness the news of the passing of one of our children, Jimoh Isiaka, who was shot during the ENDSARS protest in Ogbomoso. He later died at Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, earlier today.
"Also, at this same protest, Abdulrasaq Olawale, Oluwadamilare Gbolohunmi, and five other persons sustained injuries and were taken to hospital for treatment.
"This situation is highly regrettable. I have contacted the Commissioner of Police, Oyo State, Nwachukwu Enwonwu, and other relevant agencies, and investigations into what led to the unfortunate incident are still ongoing. I pray that God grants the parents of Jimoh Isiaka the fortitude to bear this irreplaceable loss.
"The ENDSARS protests are a strong indicator of a systemic failure. It is a failure on the part of those who have been constitutionally empowered to protect the citizens. It again calls into question why State Governors are called Chief Security Officers of their state whereas, they do not have the necessary powers to control the police force.
"I will be paying a personal visit to the family of Jimoh Isiaka and I promise to pursue the investigations to a logical conclusion.
"Peaceful protests are a big part of our democratic process. The right to freedom of speech and assembly are guaranteed by our Constitution, and I will never support any attempt to rob citizens of their fundamental human rights.
"I call on all residents of Oyo State to please remain calm. I also call on the Police to allow residents of Oyo State protest peacefully without fear of being assaulted.
"Again, I express my deepest sympathies to the family of Jimoh Isiaka, may his soul rest in peace," the governor said.
More Protests expected
President Muhammadu Buhari Friday promised police reform, but that has not deterred the protesters who demand that FSARS be scrapped.
The protest has gained traction among Nigerian celebrities, footballers, musicians and even international celebrities like actor John Boyega who have all shown support for the movement in various forms.
In Lagos, the protesters have vowed to continue until FSARS is scrapped.
In Abuja, the police fired tear gas and gunshots to disperse the protesters Saturday evening. They had wanted to continue the protest all night.
The protesters, however, show no sign of giving up and the protest is expected to continue across many Nigerian cities Sunday.
How long will the protest last?
Will the Federal Government acceed to their plights?
Only time can tell?
AbujaAkéde Ọ̀yọ́ NewsEnd SARSLagosOgbomoshoOgunPoliceProtesters
Jegede, Akeredolu Win Overwhelmingly In Local Govts Of Origin
Odu'a Investment Company Post N890m, Declares N320m Dividend


Fugro is providing an additional vessel, the Havila Harmony, to join the search for the missing flight MH370 in the southern Indian Ocean.
From the 93-metre multi-role vessel, Fugro will deploy the Echo Surveyor VII autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Echo Surveyor VII was used earlier this year in search operations, however, it was withdrawn when sea conditions deteriorated beyond limitations for the safe launch and recovery of the AUV.
The AUV will again be used to scan the most difficult portions of the search area that cannot be searched as effectively by the deep tow systems on the other search vessels. The deepwater system is a Hugin 1000, specifically designed for high resolution and efficient survey operations in water depths to 4,500 metres. With a 75 kHz side scan sonar and a dual-head Kongsberg 2040 multibeam echosounder, its configuration is the same as the systems deployed from the other vessels in the search, the Fugro Discovery and Fugro Equator. The AUV is also equipped with an underwater camera.
After calibration trials off the coast of Fremantle, Havila Harmony and her international crew of 40 will head to the search area where she is expected to begin search operations on December 3.
Posted on November 27, 2015 with tags Australia, Echo Surveyor VII, Fugro, Havila Harmony, HUGIN 1000, Indian Ocean, Kongsberg 2040, MH370, News by topic, search.


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Germane Barnes is an American architect, designer and an Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Miami in Florida. Barnes was a 2021 recipient of the Rome Prize in Architecture.

Early life and education
Barnes was born and raised in the West Side of Chicago, IL. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he received a Bachelor's of Science in Architecture in 2008. After graduation, he worked in an architecture practice in Cape Town, South Africa on pro-bono projects for underprivileged communities. Upon return to the United States, he attended Graduate School and received a Master of Architecture degree from Woodbury University in Burbank, California, where he was awarded the Graduate Thesis Prize.

Career
Continuing his professional experience, he became a designer in residence for the Opa Locka Community Development Corporation in Florida, providing design solutions for communities in need. During the residency he created community events based around the abandoned buildings in the Triangle area of Opa Locka, and helped residents transform an abandoned lot into a community park. He later established his own practice Studio Barnes, LLC in Miami.

Barnes received a research grant from the Graham Foundation in 2018 for this project proposal 'Sacred Stoops: Typological Studies of Black Congregational Spaces'. Within this scholarship, he was able to analyze five American cities (Atlanta, Washington D.C., Chicago, Detroit, Houston) with the focus on architectural typologies in relationship to African-American culture. In February 2021, his work was part of the MoMA Exhibition Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America. It was MoMA's first architecture exhibition highlighting the synthesis between architecture and African-American cultures and communities. He was a founding member of the Black Reconstruction Collective, a group created by members of the MoMA show. New York Times' Art and Design critic Michael Kimmelman wrote that the group's intention is to "reclaim the larger civic promise of architecture."

Barnes has been commissioned by Jack Guthman, chairman of the Chicago Architecture Biennial and Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot, to create work for the 2021 Chicago Architecture Biennial.

Awards
Barnes was awarded the 2021 Wheelwright Prize by Harvard University Graduate School of Design. The award is aimed to support early career creatives within their design research. He was also a recipient of the 2021 Rome Prize in Architecture from the American Academy in Rome and was awarded the Architectural League Prize for Young Architects + Designers.

References

External links
 Studio Barnes
 Assistant Professor, University of Miami

Date of birth missing
Architects from Chicago
University of Illinois School of Architecture alumni
Woodbury University alumni
University of Miami faculty
21st-century American architects
21st-century African-American artists

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text:
Exclusive: Read The Star Trek 2009 Scene Written For William Shatner
| November 23, 2009 | By: Anthony Pascale 471 comments so far
Most fans can remember that one of the biggest debates around JJ Abrams Star Trek movie was about if it would (or should) include William Shatner. The film makers spoke of how they tried to find a way, but in the end felt it wouldn't work. However, JJ Abrams revealed that Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman did write a scene for Shatner, and today we have that scene for you to read.
Putting Shatner into Star Trek (2009)
TrekMovie received the scene below from one of our trusted sources and it has been verified to be the scene written for Shatner (but never shown to Shatner). The "Alternate Scene B" actually creates alternative versions two scenes from the end of the movie: the moment between Spock Prime (Nimoy) and Spock (Quinto) in the hangar, plus the award ceremony with Kirk (Pine), Pike (Greenwood) and the Commandant (Tyler Perry).
Including Shatner would have made alternatives to these ending scenes
Shatner would have played Kirk, but would have appeared as a recording. The timing of the recording is not stated, but would have have been before Star Trek Generations and therefore not violate the canon that Kirk was killed in Generations. JJ Abrams has often noted that dealing with Kirk's death was one of the hindrances of including him in the new Star Trek.
Shatner in "Star Trek Generations" (1994), his last time in the chair
ALTERNATE SCENE B
SPOCK PRIME
Then I ask that you do yourself a
favor… put away logic, and do what
feels right. The world you've inherited
lives in the shadow of incalculable
devastation… but there's no reason you
must face it alone.
And from around his neck, he removes the PENDANT that
until now, we've only caught glimpses of. Places it on
the table beside his younger self. The feeling in his
eyes is profound…
SPOCK PRIME (CONT'D)
This was a gift to me. Representing…
a dream. One we were unable to fulfill.
(softly)
The way you can now.
And moves to the door. Stops. Offers the VULCAN SALUTE:
As my customary farewell would appear
oddly self serving, I will simply say…
Their eyes hold. Spock turns, disappearing into the
corridor. Young Spock stares at the empty doorway a
beat, his mind a jumble of thoughts. Looks to the
pendant… and realizes it's a HOLO-EMITTER. After
considering a beat, he hits an activation button and a
MOVING HOLOGRAPHIC MESSAGE materializes before him:
CAPTAIN JAMES T. KIRK. WILLIAM SHATNER. As always,
brash, wry, confident — and SINGING:
KIRK/ SHATNER
Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to
(stops, grins)
I know I know, it's illogical to
celebrate something you had nothing to do
with, but I haven't had the chance to
congratulate you on your appointment to
the ambassadorship so I thought I'd seize
the occasion… Bravo, Spock — they tell
me your first mission may take you away
for awhile, so I'll be the first to wish
you luck… and to say…
(beat, emotional)
I miss you, old friend.
… and we're PUSHING IN on Young Spock, taking in the
image of Kirk's future self, the message, but above all —
the clear, unquestionable friendship these two men had…
INT. CORRIDOR – CONTINUOUS
As Spock Prime walks off down the corridor, he passes
right by a man conferring with a nurse — the man pauses,
turns… it's SAREK. Suddenly overcome by a feeling that
the stranger who's just passed him is… oddly familiar.
KIRK/SHATNER (V.O.)
I suppose I'd always imagined us…
outgrowing Starfleet together. Watching
life swing us into our Emeritus years…
INT. STARBASE ONE – HANGAR – ETERNAL NIGHT
MUSIC BUILDING — glass walls reveal THE ENTERPRISE at
dock, UTILITY CRAFTS floating around it, repairing.
Standing at attention in rows, THE ENTERPRISE CREW —
over four hundred of them wearing DRESS UNIFORMS — TRACK
DOWN the faces, all proud:
I look around at the new cadets now and
can't help thinking… has it really been
so long? Wasn't it only yesterday we
stepped onto the Enterprise as boys?
That I had to prove to the crew I
deserved command… and their respect?
And we STOP ON YOUNG KIRK. Composed, focused, proud. A
man. And to every fan's delight, finally wearing his
YELLOW SHIRT. The FEDERATION COMMANDANT stands at a
podium:
This assembly calls Captain James
Tiberius Kirk…
Kirk breaks from formation, pivots, marches down the
hangar — past UHURA… SULU… CHEKOV… SCOTTY. All
Beaming. Notably absent, is Spock. Kirk ascends the
stairs, snaps to attention:
COMMANDANT (CONT'D)
Your inspirational valor and supreme
dedication to your comrades are in
keeping with the highest traditions of
service and reflect utmost credit to
yourself, your crew, and the Federation.
By Starfleet Order 28455, you are hereby
directed to report to Commanding Officer,
USS Enterprise, for duty as his relief.
Kirk turns. Walks to… PIKE. In a wheelchair now,
wearing an ADMIRAL'S UNIFORM. Overnight, his hair's
turned totally grey — but despite his trauma, his
pride's overwhelming. They SALUTE each other:
I relieve you, Sir.
… I am relieved.
He opens a BOX in his lap — glorious in repose, a MEDAL:
PIKE (CONT'D)
And as Fleet Admiral, for your… unique
solution to the Kobayashi Maru, it's my
honor to award you with a commendation
for original thinking.
Pike containing a smirk, pins the medal to Kirk's
(a touch choked)
Congratulations, Captain.
Kirk turns to the crowd. Eyes shining. WILD APPLAUSE.
OUR MUSIC SOARS. Bones leans in to Sulu, rolling his
… Same ship, different day.
As Kirk rejoins his crew for hugs and congratulations, we
go to the BACK of the hangar… SPOCK PRIME. Watching.
Moved beyond words. He turns and leaves them to it… as
he goes…
I know what you'd say — 'It's their turn
now, Jim…' And of course you're
right… but it got me thinking:
INT. STARFLEET HOSPITAL – EARTH – DAY
Our montage comes full circle as we END on Kirk's
KIRK/SHATNER
Who's to say we can't go one more round?
By the last tally, only twenty five
percent of the galaxy's been chartered…
I'd call that negligent. Criminal even —
an invitation. You once said being a
starship captain was my first, best
destiny… if that's true, then yours is
to be by my side. If there's any true
logic to the universe… we'll end up on
that bridge again someday.
Stops, grins. Because this is the part he needs to say
Admit it, Spock. For people like us, the
journey itself… is home.
Young Spock's face. Lost in feelings that flood through
But would Bill have done it?
Even if the Abrams team had decided to go ahead with this scene, there is no guarantee that Shatner would have done it. He had stated he "does not do cameos" and the above scene appears to fall into the cameo category. Abrams had also stated that this "no cameos" position of Shatner's was part of their decision process not to include him in the film. Now that the scene is public, maybe Bill will make another one of his video blogs about it. One thing is for sure, this is not the last word on Shatner and the new Star Trek…there is still the sequel.
Xeos
It's a shame this wasn't in the final, but I understand the removal.
one word: great.
Agentm31
That's… actually really cool
Harry Seldom
It was totally beautiful. I would have LOVED to have that scene in the movie
JonnyBombastic
That was great! should've been in the movie!
mcd1982
wow, love it. very powerful. i can see how it doesn't quite fit, but can also see how it would have fit.
kinda a bummer it wasn't in.
medlab1701
man, i wish that could have been in there!
XMind
First! This would have been cool! But, the pacing the way it ended up was perfect! I'm split on the decision to leave it out.
– XMind
Man, wish that would have been in there. Would have really been fun!
Googis McGooginhymen
beautiful stuff, but I also see why Shatner passed on it. It's little more than a voice over. Dress uniforms would've been nice, though, instead of those jumpsuits.
Robert Bernardo
It's very interesting! More than a cameo but far less than what Leonard Nimoy had on the screen.
They should have done this scene, damnit!
Kenny Posey
it could have worked.
Quote – "If there's any true logic to the universe… we'll end up on
that bridge again someday. "
Bob + Alex you guys couldn't have been more correct. Please try to make this happen in the next movie.
Cpt. C. Hamilton
Wow, I think this scene would've great. They definitely messed up by not putting this in.
boborci
15. VOODOO – November 23, 2009
Oh, boy! Here we go again!
Hmm, thats not bad. I don't mind them leaving it out but would have been cool to see.
luke montgomery
Wow. they should have left that in and tried to get Shatner to do it. It is great and speaks to the heart of what the film was all about: the Kirk/Spock friendship forming. What a great bookend that would have made for everything that had come before. i almost felt like crying.
No that I know about that, I'll always miss it when I watch the film.
Great job Bob and Alex :)
Damn. That's a much more satisying, emotionally cogent conclusion than the one we actually got. It even manages to put a little gloss on the ridiculous concept of the bad-boy, almost-expelled cadet getting command of the fleet's flagship as a reward for having made a few lucky guesses. Too bad such a cameo appearance just wasn't good enough for Bill Shatner–and a real shame that he didn't see that he could have made a satisfying contribution to this film that would have been all out of proportion to his actual time on-screen.
They should the scene only as an extra on a dvd edition.
Beautifully written. I would have loved to have seen it in the movie.
I could hear Shatner saying every word of it.
Boborci #17
I know… I don't want to beat a dead horse, but Shatner + Nimoy together one last time would be great. Mr. Nimoy added so much to the first movie that I can't help to think how much fun it would be to see him and the Shat together again.
It would have been nice to see the Shat in the film, but the scene feels too much like "gilding the lily".
The new crew earned the right to stand on their own at the end of the film, and William Shatner's voiceover overshadows that.
The new Kirk and Spock need to discover their friendship on their own terms, and it's more interesting if only one half of the two of them have that foreknowledge. I'd trust Spock more with that understanding.
It's too backwards-looking. Spock Prime was enough of a connection with the prior films. Anything more feels like the story can't let go of the past, and/or is admitting that New Trek can't stand on its own.
The scene is touching for the fan in me, but I'm glad it wasn't in the picture. I can also understand why the Shat turned it down.
I think things all worked out the way they were supposed to. Now about that Engineering set…
Jeyl
Surely what we got was 100x better.
Spock Prime: I'm you, put aside logic, and be his friend. Good luck.
And boom! NuSpock does just that. No questions, no pondering and no second thought. He just up right accepts it and so does Kirk. Do Bob and Alex think that skipping the middle step of development is a good thing? You don't start off with conflict and just skip right into resolution. It's almost like characters no longer have to prove themselves worthy of earning the respect of others.
Valar1
Does nothing for me. I don't know exactly what I'd like to hear Shatner say to his Spock at that moment, but this doesn't crystallize it for me.
To be honest, when the 2 Spocks met at the end I was hoping for a mind meld, for OG Spock to impart all his experience, knowledge and emotional ties to Kirk and Bones in one fell swoop, then leave. Then have Nu Spock ask to be part of the crew and keep that meld a secret , only the audience would know he was changed by it and held that secret knowledge/experience.
OTOH, I'd like to see Nu Spock do unpredictable stuff, which would be harder if he was always written as channeling OG Spock.
@ 20
Agreed. I love the film, but will always lament that this scene didn't make it in.
Other than that, good scene.
John Ross Harvey author/draftsman/extra/racedriver/could screenplay writer be next?
I loved it. But then I…….am…………………KIRK! Just kidding, I'm more like Picard w/o the French.
Jonny Boy
Wow, I can't believe that I actually wish this was in the movie. I understand completely why it was not included, but damn, it totally blew away my expectations.
ensign joe
that didn't sound bad at all
Beautiful. Touching. Truly Trek. Honors, respects, and summarizes the past 43 years of Kirk and Spock and reminds us, why they were the best duo in the franchise. In my opinion, this would have made it the perfect passing of the torch film and a far better one for Kirk than the one in which he died on the bridge……though, not the bridge in which we were hoping for and which he deserved to die on.
Kirokwannabe
Being an old time Kirk and Spock fan, that scene as written brought tears to my eyes. I too could hear Shatner saying those words with all the whimsical humour only he could could bring to it.
I know it won't happen, but I too long to see the 78 year old Kirk and Spock together again in the new universe, perhaps off exploring the unknown parts of the galaxy. They could show up occasionally, prividing the new crew advice.
Hey, it's science fiction, anything's possible!! ;-)
Torcflaed
I thought of a way to bring living kirk into a new movie.
the energy streamer where Kirk was trapped also had a copy of Ginan, but we know Ginan was not trapped there, this means Kirk still has an echo of himself in that place, as it is some kind of dimensinal warp who is to say a live version of Admiral Kirk cannot show up in the new timeline just as he showed up out of his time in Generations.
for those who want a special closure to the original team this would be a perfect way to have an old spock and an old kirk walk off into the sunset together :)
just a thought ;)
Not bad at all, very moving…
refuge5
I wish that would have made the movie – very moving!! thank you for posting….
Tomalak
SSDD… Brilliant!
Toonloon
I loved this scene. It's so well conceived and written.
The only nagging feeling I have about it is that it could leave all those new fans that they wanted to entice out in the cold. For example, I took my friend's 10 year old to see it, and he would have been lost as to who the voice was. Some of the people that saw the film may never have seen Shatner in the original films and may have been confused or felt excluded by what was clearly a very emotional and effective love letter to us fans.
It's a real tough one this, because my heart is saying that I would have enjoyed the film more with this scene in, but my head is saying it works better with a broader audience without it.
I doubt Shatner would have done it. I'm sure he's holding out for a starring role in a sequel although I have a nasty suspicion he wont get it and that Star Trek 2009 was his last opportunity for a "run round the block".
TonyD
While not exactly integral to the plot, it's still a moving little scene that would have been a nice coda to the movie. Hearing Shatner deliver it over the scenes of the new crew getting ready to ship out on their next adventure together…there probably wouldn't have been a dry eye in the house. Kind of sad it didn't see the light of day.
or better yet, original Spock enters the streamer and brings Kirk back with him and makes a statement that now they are both in that place there will always be a Kirk and Spock together, forever!
they may die (again for Kirk) but a copy of them will be together for all eternity (and the hint that from time to time far out in uncharted space and time they may have copies of themselves leave the streamer to explore and help others)
davidfuchs
I think it works better than ripping off the end of TWOK and having Nimoy repeat the where no man has gone before monologue, actually. It seems more a closure to the old; of course I understand why they didn't go with it.
CaptainDonovin
I for one couldn't care if Shatner was in it or not, but that would have been a very cool ending.
It also adds to what Spock said to Kirk on the bridge that he could 'provide character refrences'.
UAB Blazer
Wow, missed opportunity big time.
Brandon McClure
If they had just tweeked it just a little bit they could have used it!!! It wouldn't even have taken that long! That would have been so perfect!!
Shatner_Fan_Prime
Great scene. Would have loved it.
Wow… that was actually pretty well done. I kinda wish it had been in the movie now.
John Sullivan
I don't like the idea of voices appearing in Spock's head – I mean what will the audience do, call him senile? But in this new Universe there doesn't have to be a Nexus or EnterpriseB or Kirk death so maybe Shatner's version can come back in time to rescue Spock from the likihood that Spock's misplaced presence there exponentially screws with fate even more. I am happy with the movie but after making it through the 2nd DVD (Deleted Scenes) I would only say as good as the movie was, it would have even been better if the deleted scenes would have stayed in there. I enjoyed the artificial "glare" and this is experimental and new, but the camera shaking went to far when it happens "outside" in the vacuum of space. Nice job to everyone involved. Months later, this still ranks as my favorite film since Titanic. I am hard to impress, and I am duly impressed.
Chris H
It reads great as fanwankpleasing fodder lol – but interestingly, all I could hear in my ears as I read it was the closing music from The Undiscovered Country. And that's been done.Was done – a long time ago now.
I think they made the right call on not doing it.
Anthony Lewis
I am with the majority. Really well written and had it been in there it would have been fantastic.
That being said the movie works without it, I can't say if it would be better or worse that is the kind of judgment you can't really make without actually seeing the scene occur. But without the scene (obviously) everything still works amazingly.


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