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Home » Dev Tools and OS » Demystifying the Physically Unclonable Function (PUF)
Demystifying the Physically Unclonable Function (PUF)
February 1, 2019 Kristopher Ardis, Maxim Integrated
The physically unclonable function (PUF) is not a new idea: security experts have been excited by the technology for years. However, no reliable and cost-effective integrated circuits (ICs) with integrated PUF technology were available until recently. Now the technology is available to any application developer.
The security experts say PUF is great, but why? And what does it really do? You may not be working on a design to secure the nuclear launch codes, so is there a place for PUF technology in your design?
What is PUF?
PUF stands for physically unclonable function (or features), but this definition may still leave you scratching your head. "Unclonable" sounds like a good word, but it's kind of odd to think about a "function" being unclonable.
From a technical standpoint, PUF exploits minute differences in silicon that appear from chip to chip (even two chips side-by-side on the same wafer) to create a binary value. Get enough PUF cells together and you can create arbitrary-length numbers with good properties of randomly generated numbers. The chip-to-chip variances can be exploited in such a way that those arbitrary-length numbers are practically unique no matter how many chips are manufactured.
If that was a bit too technical, let's tell the story a little bit differently: every piece of silicon manufactured has minor differences if you look down far enough into the physical design of the chip. While the manufacturing processes of silicon are highly accurate, there are still variances in each circuit manufactured. PUF technology amplifies those minor differences to create a unique number on each chip. Think of it like our DNA: everyone's DNA is a unique expression of that person (let's leave out the idea of identical twins in this metaphor, since there isn't really an equivalent in the silicon world).
So in the end, PUF gives you a unique number. But is that really so special? Maxim, for example, has manufactured a line of products (originally from Dallas Semiconductor) for the 1-Wire bus that include 64-bit unique numbers that are lasered or programmed into each device and guaranteed unique. We've been doing this for around 30 years. Why is PUF special?
The comparison of PUF to a unique ID may seem obvious at first, but this is not where the strength of PUF technology lies. A unique ID inherently wants to be publicly known: it is like an address, a way for someone else to find you. PUF technology is most valuable when it is used for secret keys—instead of being the address that you don't mind lots of people knowing, PUF is like an insanely long password you have to enter to get into your house, ensuring that only the trusted people can access the house.
Why is Key Protection Important?
I'll explain why PUF is a superior technology for key protection in a moment, but first let's talk about WHY key protection is important.
If you want to secure anything in the digital world, you're going to need to implement some form of encryption to do it. With the right cryptographic tools, you can:
Implement confidentiality: Protect communications from point A to point B
Implement integrity: Detect whether messages received have been tampered with
Implement authentication: Prove that a device belongs to a particular group or network
Consider the example of confidentiality: this is what most people think about when they think about encryption. A message is encrypted to 'scramble' it, making it infeasible for someone listening to the communication to intercept and understand the message.
Figure 1: Encryption from point A to point B.
Integrity is concerned with trying to determine if a message was tampered with. Here you could use a cryptographic algorithm called a hash, which takes an arbitrary-length data stream as input and outputs a constant-length number. A hash should be infeasible to reverse…a hash run over an input message AND a secret key, and verified by the recipient, can prove that the message was not tampered with by a third party.
Figure 2: Integrity proves that a message was not tampered with, much like the tamper seal on a bottle of medicine.
Authentication techniques are used to prove that someone or something is part of your group and can be trusted. When a new device wants to join a group, the servers of that group must "challenge" it to see if it really belongs. A one-time random number (called a challenge or a nonce) is sent to the new device, and again cryptographic algorithms are executed on the random number and the secret key to produce an answer…if the answer checks out at the server, the new device is admitted to the group.
Figure 3: Much like a signature on a postcard, a signature on a digital message helps assure you that the message comes from the claimed sender.
Note that in all three of these scenarios, the secret key plays a pivotal role: if an attacker knew the secret key, they could impersonate a valid device, create fraudulent messages or tamper with legitimate messages, or listen to sensitive communications at will. Depending on the value of the data being transferred or the value of joining a certain group, attackers may be willing to spend significant sums of time and money to figure out your secret keys. The attackers could be anyone from criminals trying to take control of financial transaction equipment, competitors trying to create devices that can operate within your infrastructure or reverse-engineer your work to create clones, or even governments trying to snoop communications or break critical industrial equipment.
The secret keys are the most important asset in any security scheme. Attackers might have access to considerable resources and be willing to invest to extract secret keys at all costs. In silicon, the secret keys have to *be* somewhere, typically in some kind of memory cell. Let's consider how secret keys might be stored and the benefits and drawbacks of that storage.
How are Keys Stored Today?
In some systems, secret encryption keys are stored in external memories—non-volatile memories like NOR/NAND flashes or special external memory chips like battery-backed SRAMs. When the main system microcontroller or microprocessor needs to use that secret key, it must read it over a memory bus, where that key is transmitted in the clear. To ensure the protection of that key, some systems implement extensive and expensive physical security methods to make it difficult for an attacker to monitor those clear-text transmissions: hiding the memory bus in the middle layers of a PCB, implementing sensor circuitry around the sensitive area to detect attacks, and filling the empty space of the device with a plastic filler that is exceedingly difficult to remove. These kinds of solutions are expensive and can often be defeated by patient attackers.
A better solution is to store secret keys in the same place they will be used. In embedded systems, this commonly means storing those keys in a non-volatile memory. They are programmed into flash or EEPROM, or possibly even manufactured into a ROM. This allows the secret keys to remain on chip; however, there are still physical attacks that can access those keys: it is possible to decapsulate the plastic package around a piece of silicon and microprobe the memory busses.
Figure 4: Decapsulated chip.
Sometimes, ICs will implement a bit more physical security on the chip itself, perhaps by adding top layers to the silicon above the memories so they aren't directly accessible by a microprobe. While this does make the attack a little more difficult, it is still possible to carefully remove those layers of silicon and then access the deeply embedded charges in those flash or EEPROM memories to extract secret key information.
The challenge with flash, EEPROM, and ROM technology is that when power is removed from the system, the secret key contents remain stored in those memories, and there is no power available to erase those memories in the event an attack is detected. A vast improvement over this technology is battery-backed SRAM, in particular when combined with tamper-detection sensors. In systems implementing this kind of technology, super-low-power sensors run off a small battery to detect various physical attacks, and erase the small battery-backed SRAM that stores the secret keys if an attack is detected. If an attacker removes the battery from the system to disable the sensors, this act also removes power from the SRAM and the secret key information is lost. While there are still some much more difficult attacks that can look at unpowered SRAM cells and try to determine a memory "imprint," this is the preferred technology used in many government and financial applications today. However, in addition to being susceptible to the memory imprint inspection, there is one big drawback to this technology: the battery. It adds cost, size, and even environmental concerns.
How Does PUF Mitigate Those Drawbacks?
A good PUF implementation addresses all of the concerns of conventional key storage:
Under normal operating conditions it is inherently non-volatile, so no battery or other permanent power source is needed. While the number read from any IC's PUF circuitry should have good random characteristics (in that each bit cannot be used to predict the value of any other bit in the PUF bit sequence), the PUF in the IC will reliably produce the same result every time.
PUF circuitry should be resistant to physical inspection. By amplifying the minute imperfections in the physical silicon itself, PUF circuits are inherently highly sensitive. Attempts to physically probe the PUF implementation will dramatically change the characteristics of that PUF circuit, and result in a different number being produced.
The key from PUF can be generated only when required for a cryptographic operation and can be instantaneously erased thereafter.
This is a powerful combination: it provides the bill-of-materials (BOM) and environmental benefits of a non-volatile memory, with the security of a tamper-reactive SRAM. In other words, the secret is always there in the circuit, but you can never look at it. It has some similarities to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle: you can know that the atom is there, but the mere action of observing it changes its behavior.
The implementation of a good PUF technology isn't enough to assure key security: once that secret key is in use, the cryptographic implementation must make sure to be resistant to side-channel attacks. But PUF does help to make sure the embedded device is not the weak point in a system for attackers to focus their efforts.
If PUF is So Great, Why Isn't Everyone Using It?
You may not see a lot of PUF implementations in the market, so the natural question is "why not" if it really solves all these problems? PUF technology is highly difficult to implement well. In addition to security system expertise, you need analog circuit expertise to harness the minute variances in silicon AND do it reliably. Some PUF implementations plan for a certain amount of marginality in the analog circuit, so they create a PUF field of 256 bits (for example), knowing that only 50 percent of those PUF features might produce reliable bits, then mark which features are used on each production part. And because the technology relies on such minor variances, long-term quality can be a concern: will a PUF bit flip given the stresses of time, temperature, and other environmental factors? This unique mix of security, analog expertise, and quality control is a formidable challenge to implementing a good PUF technology.
Is PUF Right for Me?
Hopefully the value of PUF technology for key storage is more clear, but you may still wonder if the technology is right for you: while Maxim's ChipDNA products, based on PUF technology, are cost effective, there is still some price difference between products with ChipDNA PUF technology and products based on other key storage technologies. While each design and each situation will be different and call for different solutions, PUF technology is the best key storage technology available.
The technology used by attackers does not stop advancing: side-channel analysis used to be limited to academic research. Now there are open-source tools to execute a differential power-analysis attack. Microprobes used to be only accessible by big semiconductor manufacturers, but now they are common in universities. The technology used in attacks becomes more advanced, less expensive, and more accessible over time, just like any other technology we are used to…conventional security technology today will be more susceptible to attack tomorrow. As the most advanced key storage technology available today, PUF can provide your applications with a longer lifetime before they are subject to security threats.
In the end, the decision is a cost versus threat tradeoff…for a small cost, PUF technology can help protect your devices from threats for the foreseeable future.
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US accuses North Korea of using talks to 'buy time' for nuclear programme
By Julian Ryall in Tokyo 1 March 2018 • 4:24am
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un attending a military parade Credit: AFP
Clear differences of opinion are emerging between South Korea and the US over how to deal with North Korea, with the US accusing Pyongyang of attempting to "buy time" to further advance its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programmes.
Washington's firm position has been underlined by Marc Knapper, the acting US ambassador at the embassy in Seoul, who on Wednesday said that Pyongyang should demonstrate its willingness to talk by dropping its insistence that its nuclear weapons are not open to negotiation.
"We have seen enough times the North used dialogue with us and South Korea and others to continue to buy time to pursue nuclear and missile developments", Mr Knapper said.
That position was reiterated by Heather Nauert, a spokeswoman for the State Department in Washington, who told reporters on Tuesday, "Our policy is denuclearisation. Our policy has not changed.
"We have talked about this policy since day one of this administration. And that's maximum pressure, but it's also the denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula", she added.
The US is also pushing hard for a date to be set for joint US-South Korean military exercises that clashed with the recent Winter Olympic Games and were postponed at North Korea's request. Pyongyang insists that the manoeuvres are a rehearsal for an invasion and is demanding that they be scrapped entirely.
Washington's hard-line approach is in contrast to the efforts by South Korea to bring the two sides together.
Moon Chung-in, the special adviser on national security to President Moon Jae-in, said this week that he hopes the US and North Korea can "reach some sort of compromise" on the exercises in the coming weeks.
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In an interview with Yonhap News in Geneva, Kang Kyung-wha, the South's foreign minister, said she plans to meet "soon" with Rex Tillerson, the US secretary of state, to make progress on proposals for talks.
She sounded optimistic on the likelihood of a meeting taking place, saying, "I cannot predict the timing for sure, but we are pursuing the goal of helping generate the talks between the US and North Korea".
Washington, however, believes that international sanctions are having an effect on the North Korean regime and President Donald Trump is unlikely to make concessions given the strength of his hand.
Kim Jong-un,
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SSO: Mozart Piano Concerto
Springfield Symphony Orchestra, Springfield, MA
www.springfieldsymphony.org
For the fourth concert in the SSO's 74th season and his own 17th season as their music director, Kevin Rhodes notes in his "Rhodes' Reflections" column in the program book, he chose three musical pieces whose "power, drama, and turbulence" reflect the revolutionary politics of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in which they were written by the three greatest composers of the day.
Haydn's symphonies and string quartets are staples of the classical repertoire, but his twenty-plus operas are almost never performed. So it was a rare pleasure to hear as the evening's opener the overture to his opera "The Desert Island," in which two sisters are stranded for 13 years on a deserted island before they're rescued. The brief but tempestuous score received an aptly dramatic reading from Rhodes and the SSO.
Diane Walsh
Seasoned American pianist Diane Walsh next made her SSO debut in Mozart's tumultuous twentieth piano concerto. She echoed the almost frightening power of the orchestral introduction with the force of her opening solo in the "Allegro" first movement, then rendered the contrasting radiance of the "Romance" with lyrical breadth, and the dark energy of the closing "Rondo" with brilliant urgency. The stunned audience rose to its feet in appreciation not only of Walsh's virtuosity but for the equally impassioned playing of the SSO and leadership of Rhodes.
The program closed after intermission with a visceral account of Beethoven's third, or "Eroica" (Heroic), symphony, revolutionary for its new harmonies and unprecedented scale (twice as long as most earlier symphonies). From the brisk opening notes through the somber "Funeral March," the scintillating scherzo, to the triumphant theme and variations of the finale, Rhodes and the orchestra inflected the music with shifting but always forward moving tempos that hammered home the still shattering impact of this two-hundred-year-old masterpiece.
In a tradition continued from the start of this season, Rhodes announced that audience members in the balcony could again receive "real time notes" about the Eroica on their cell phones while the music played. The large number of young people present seemed delighted.
Labels: Greater Springfield, Music, Springfield Symphony Orchestra
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Partners not liable to pay taxes on share of profits received from firm even if such profits included exempted income
Partners are entitled to claim exemption under Section 10(2A), on the share of profit received from the firm even if it includes that income which was exempted in the hands of the firm under various provisions of Section 10.
a) The assessee, a private Ltd. company, was partner in the partnership firm. Its case was selected for scrutiny and the show-cause notice was issued to it as to why exempt income of the firm would not be excluded while computing the exemption to the assessee under Sec.10(2A);
b) Assessee challenged the explanation to Section 10(2A) on the ground that it was discriminatory and in violation of Articles 14 and 265 of the Constitution.
c) Further, a declaration was sought by the assessee that it was entitled to claim exemption under Section 10(2A) in respect of its total share of profit received as partner of the firm which would include the income exempted from tax in the hands of the firm.
1) Although the dividends income and income derived from mutual funds were not includible in the taxable income of the firm yet they were nevertheless part of its profits;
2) The expression total income of a firm in the Explanation to section 10(2A) would not mean taxable income of the firm but gross total income of a firm which included exempted income as well;
3) The Assessing Officer had lost sight of this aspect and had held that 'total income'for the purpose of Explanation to Sec. 10(2A), as defined in Section 2(45), would mean the total amount of income as referred to in Sec. 5,computed in the manner laid down in the Act;
4) Therefore, the AO was not right in holding that the income which was excluded from the total income of the firm under Sec. 10, would have to be taxed in the hands of the partners on the reasoning that only income which was taxed in the hands of the firm would be exempted from tax in the hands of the partner;
5) The Explanation to section 10(2A) would not call for any striking down in the hands of this Court. The Explanation could not be given a literal interpretation, so as to defeat the object of the amendment made to the Act. The object of the amendment was to make it clear that the distribution of profits and gains of a firm in the hands of the individual partners shall not be considered to be income of the partners and therefore, not includable while computing the total income of the partner under the Act;
6) Thus, the assessee was entitled to claim exemption under Section10(2A), on the share of profit of the firm,inclusive of the income, which is exempted under sub-sections (34), (35) and (38) ofSection 10, as the total income referred to in Section 10(2A), includes exempted income of the partnership firm. - Vidya Investment & Trading Co. (P.) Ltd. v. Union of India [2014] 43 taxmann.com 1 (Karnataka)
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Partners not liable to pay taxes on share of profi...


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Notes from the Pentagon
Charlie's movie
Conservative officials who served in the Reagan administration are upset by the left-wing slant of the new movie about the covert action program that helped Afghan guerrillas defeat the Soviet army during the 1980s.
"Charlie Wilson's War," out today, is based on a book about former Rep. Charles Wilson, Texas Democrat known widely on Capitol Hill during his tenure as "Good Time Charlie" who helped fund the semi-secret war that ultimately helped fell the Soviet Union.
The Reagan-era officials said the movie promotes the left-wing myth that the CIA-led operation funded Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda and ultimately produced the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Bin Laden, the officials said, never got CIA funding or weapons, and was not directly involved in Islamist extremist activities until years after the Afghan operation ended after the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989.
That anti-American aspect of the film, namely that the Afghan operation ultimately caused the September 11 attacks, reportedly was altered after protests from Mr. Wilson and his former fiancee, Joanne Herring.
The movie also erred by showing Mr. Wilson and his CIA collaborator, Gust Avrakotos, as enthusiastic backers of supplying advanced U.S. Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to the Afghan rebels.
Fred Ikle, the undersecretary of defense in the Reagan administration, said the CIA initially fought against sending Stingers, while Mr. Wilson was lukewarm on the matter. Both later supported the plan once rebels began downing Soviet gunships with them.
"Senior people in the Reagan administration, the president, [CIA Director] Bill Casey, [Defense Secretary Caspar] Weinberger and their aides deserve credit for the successful Afghan covert action program, not just Charlie Wilson," Mr. Ikle said in an interview.
The officials blamed the anti-Reagan slant of the film on the movie's screenwriter, Aaron Sorkin, the Hollywood liberal who regularly attacked conservatives on his television drama "The West Wing," also known as "The Left Wing" because of its liberal bias.
Cruise missile sub
The Navy this month completed its fourth conversion of a U.S. nuclear ballistic missile submarine into an extremely powerful, conventionally armed cruise missile launcher and covert transporter of U.S. special operations force.
The last converted missile sub the USS Georgia is now being readied for deployment around the world at its home port of Kings Bay, Ga., said skipper, Cmdr. Rodney E. Hutton.
The conversion of the nuclear missile submarines into Tomahawk-firing submarines is one element of a new Pentagon strategy of building up forces to be ready to counter any emerging threat from China.
Cmdr. Hutton said the Georgia will operate in the Pacific, as well as other oceans and can swap out its entire crew at Guam, a major strategic U.S. military hub in the Pacific.
In a telephone interview from the submarine, Cmdr. Hutton said the new Tomahawk submarines are "extraordinary force multipliers." Two of the submarines, each equipped with 154 long-range cruise missiles, can provide the same firepower as all the Tomahawk-firing ships in the 2003 Operation Enduring Freedom, as the Iraq invasion is called.
"I see the SSGN becoming one of premier platforms for any conflict today or in the future," said Cmdr. Hutton, using the Navy's term for nuclear-powered guided-missile submarines.
Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates yesterday sent out a holiday message urging all Pentagon and military workers "to remember our many blessings as Americans -- perhaps chief among them are the dedicated soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines who protect our nation."
The troop surge in Iraq reduced violence sharply and Afghanistan operations "inflicted heavy losses on the Taliban, launched a comprehensive, nationwide reconstruction effort, and strengthened civic institutions," he said.
"We are in our seventh year of war -- the first sustained combat with an all-volunteer force since our nation's inception," Mr. Gates said.
"Our troops and their families -- active, guard, and reserve -- are giving so much. This holiday season, many of those in uniform are on repeat deployments or have had their tours extended. Many will miss midnight Mass or have already missed Hanukkah's Festival of Lights. Many will not hear the squeals of delight from their children on Christmas morning. Many will sing neither carols nor hymns. Instead, they serve halfway around the world to honor a pledge they made to the country they love. Please keep our troops in your thoughts and may God forever bless them and this wonderful nation we call home."
Bill Gertz covers national security affairs. He can be reached at 202-636-3274, or at InsidetheRing@washingtontimes.com.
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Supply Reed – Pension application for service in the Revolutionary War
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In order to obtain the benefit of the Act of Congress on the 7th of June, 1832
State of New Hampshire, County of Sullivan
On this thirtieth day of July 1832, personally appeared before the Judge of the Court of Revolutionary (____) Supply Reed, a resident of Acworth in the County of Sullivan and State of New Hampshire, aged 77 years, who being first duly sworn according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the act of Congress issued June 7th, 1832. That he enlisted in the army of the United States July in the year 1789 in Captain Weld's Company and served in Col. Michael Justason's Regiment of the Continental Line of the Massachusetts line. This enlistment was made at (Obeline Jacob? M__________?) and joined the regiment at Springfield, Massachusetts. I was marched to West Point in state of New York. I continued a short time at West Point. Went down the (North?) River to Kings Ferry and was marched into the state of New Jersey first of (_____) and returned to West Point. I was discharged about the ninth of January 1781. I (_______) Lieut. Benjamin (______________?) 4 November (____) in the same regiment but I did not belong to his company. I received a written discharge which I lost. I have no documentary evidence of this service aforesaid. I further saith that on the nineteenth day of April 1775 I entered the service and was at Lexington and Concord on that day. I (______?) the service and (_____) for eight months. I (________________) my duty under Capt. John Lord of Chelmsford, Lieut Isaac Parker in Col. Eli Bridge's Regiment, Massachusetts Troops. The service I performed during that eight months was performed in the vicinity of Boston. I further say (_______________) my term expired, I again enlisted for one year first of January 1776 under Benjamin Pollard. (____) after my enlistment I (___) ordered by General Washington to do duty as a carpenter in (assaulding? Rumarker?) And I continued faithfully to serve until the expiration of the year. A part of the time we were on the North River until the expiration of New Year. I was at Fish Kill in New York after expiration of New Year. I again entered the service for one month duty according to my contract. I again enlisted (_______) October 1777 in Captain Ford's company, Massachusetts Troops and present at the time of Burgoyne's surrender, and continued in the service at that time for two months. I attended the (___________) from Saratoga to near Boston where I was discharged. I did not receive any written discharge from either of my services except for my (_______) Col. Jackson's Regiment. I was in the City of New York and on (evacuation?) Island a part of the time. (____ing) my service in the year 1776. General Washington was there with the army on the North River, or in the vicinity of New York. I recollect in addition to those officers I have named, Lieut Kenney, who acted at times as an adjutant. At the time I was (_____) with I rec'd the pay of a private in the depr_____? Paper. During my service as a private at Saratoga in Oct. 1777 I well recollect Captain Varnum of (Draccut?) and was present (____) him taken tho (______) of one of the officers belonging to the British army. I can not now recollect the name of any other officers. I was born in Woburn in Massachusetts in the year 1754. I was living in Chelmsford, Massachusetts when I went first (____) into the service. I have no record of my age. Since the year 1781 I have lived in Acworth, N. H. and am now a resident in that town. I entered the service as I have de______ in 1775 as a private in Captain Ford's Company. My neighbors, Deacon Levell(?) Schelby(?) and Lieut. James Campbell are well known to me and they can testify to my character for truth and their belief in my services as a soldier in the Revolution. I do hereby relinquish every claim whatever to a pension as an annuity except the present and I do declare that my name is not on the pension roll of any agency in any state. Sworn to and duly _______ this day and year aforesaid.}
Frederick A. Sumner
Brief in the case of Supply Reed of Acworth, Sullivan Co., in the State of N. H. (Act 7th June, 1832)
1. Was the declaration made before a court of a judge? A Court
2. If before a judge, does it appear that the applicant is disabled by bodily infirmities? ______
3. How old is he?77
4. State his service as directed in the form annexed…
PeriodDuration of ServiceRankNames of General and Field Officers
1780 July to Jan 17816 mo.PrivateCapt. Mead(?) Col. Jackson
1775 Apl8 mo______Lt. Larke Col. Reed
1776 Jany1 yrCarpenterCapt. Pollard
1777 Oct2 mo.(____?)Capt. Ford
5. In what battles was he engaged?Burgoyne's surrender
6. Where did he reside when he entered the service? Chelmsford
7. Is his statement supported by living witnesses, by documentary proof, by traditionary evidence, by incidental evidence, or by the rolls?Tradition
8. Are the papers defective as to form or authentication? And if so, in what respect?Right
Certify that the foregoing statement and the answers agree with the evidence in the case above mentioned.
Wm. C. Easton
Examining Clerk
Drawing of Supply Reed
Grave marker of Supply Reed
Ackworth, New Hampshire


text:
Emmylou Harris Shows She's a Strong Independent Woman in Her Song "Nobody"
Emmylou Harris is one tough woman in her song "Nobody." The track tells a good story of a girl who recently got out from a bad breakup. Instead of moping around and feeling bad about herself, she finds herself ready to face another day.
In this modern-day and age, it is important to empower our female allies since they could bring more to the table. Gone are the days where they only stay in the house and fold towels or clothes. Emmylou Harris' track makes sure that she shows what it is like to feel empowered.
via Screengrab from YouTube
Emmylou Harris' Career
Emmylou Harris is one of the greatest artists during her time. She won several Grammy awards and she collaborated with some of the country's biggest stars such as Dolly Parton and Gram Parsons. She was also inducted into the prestigious Country Music Hall of Fame. Back in 2018, she also got her Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, an award only given to a few outstanding artists.
Emmylou Harris is also known to be aging with grace and wisdom. When asked about it, she said:
"We age; we don't have any choice. You might as well accept where you are in life. That doesn't mean there's a not a certain nostalgia for your youth; it's just part of the human condition. But it's easy for me because I have had such a wonderful life."
Photo Credits: Youtube
Lyric Breakdown
She don't need nobody
She don't need nobody now
There is an uprising belief that before you love someone else, you have to love yourself first. Back then, it was to be believed that loving someone else will make us whole. We have thought about that for a long time, while it is true that we need love to live, it is not a need to immediately find a lover.
We must only seek for it when we know that we are already settled. We must only seek it when we are ready to commit ourselves to our partner and to the promise we made to the Lord. Emmylou Harris might have been in a dark place when she said she needed nobody but we have to understand her sentiment.
Listen to the song here:
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Old Yellow Moon, A Collaboration of Emmylou Harris and Rodney Crowell
Ernest Tubb's Chart-topping Classic Hit "Walkin' the Floor Over You"
Elvis Presley Serenades Us With "Can't Help Falling Inlove"


text:
John Samuel Waters Jr. (born April 22, 1946) is an American filmmaker, writer, actor, and artist. He rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films, including Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972) and Female Trouble (1974). He wrote and directed the comedy film Hairspray (1988), which was an international success and was later adapted into a hit Broadway musical. He has written and directed other films, including Polyester (1981), Cry-Baby (1990), Serial Mom (1994), Pecker (1998), and Cecil B. Demented (2000). His films contain elements of post-modern comedy and surrealism.

As an actor, Waters has appeared in Sweet and Lowdown (1999), Seed of Chucky (2004), 'Til Death Do Us Part (2007), Excision (2012), and Suburban Gothic (2014). More recently, he performs in his touring one-man show This Filthy World. He often worked with actor and drag queen Divine and his regular cast of the Dreamlanders.

Waters also works as a visual artist and across different media, such as installations, photography, and sculpture. In 2016, he received an honorary degree from the Maryland Institute College of Art. The audiobooks he narrated for his books Carsick and Mr. Know-It-All were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2015 and 2020, respectively. In 2018, Waters was named an officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.

Early life
Waters was born April 22, 1946, in Baltimore, Maryland, one of four children born to Patricia Ann (née Whitaker) and John Samuel Waters, a manufacturer of fire-protection equipment. He was raised Roman Catholic by his mother, though his father was not. Through his mother, who immigrated to the United States from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada as a child, he is the great-great-great-grandson of George Price Whitaker of the Whitaker iron family. Waters grew up in Lutherville, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore. His boyhood friend and muse, Glenn Milstead, later known as Divine, also lived in Lutherville. Waters lived at 313 Morris Avenue in Lutherville from his early teenage years until he moved out in his early twenties. Waters and Milstead shot many of their early films at the house, dubbing the front lawn the "Dreamland Lot".

The film Lili inspired an interest in puppets in the seven-year-old Waters, who proceeded to stage violent versions of Punch and Judy for children's birthday parties. Biographer Robrt L. Pela says that Waters's mother believes the puppets in Lili had the greatest influence on Waters's subsequent career (though Pela believes tacky films at a local drive-in, which the young Waters watched from a distance through binoculars, had a greater effect).

Cry-Baby was also a product of Waters's boyhood, because of his fascination as a seven-year-old with the "drapes" then receiving intense news coverage because of the murder of Carolyn Wasilewski, a young "drapette", and his admiration for a young man living across the street who had a hot rod.

Waters was privately educated at the Calvert School in Baltimore. After attending Towson Jr. High School in Towson, Maryland, and Calvert Hall College High School in nearby Towson, he graduated from Boys' Latin School of Maryland. While still a teen, he made frequent trips into downtown Baltimore to visit Martick's, a beatnik bar, where he and Milstead met many of their later film collaborators. He was underage and couldn't enter the bar proper, but loitered in the adjacent alley, where he relied on the kindness of patrons to slip him drinks.

Career

Early career
Waters's first short film was Hag in a Black Leather Jacket.

MGM's The Wizard of Oz (1939) had a profound effect on Waters' creative mind, He said about it:

I was always drawn to forbidden subject matter in the very, very beginning. The Wizard of Oz opened me up because it was one of the first movies I ever saw. It opened me up to villainy, to screenwriting, to costumes. And great dialogue. I think the witch has great, great dialogue.

Waters has stated that he takes an equal amount of joy and influence from high-brow "art" films and sleazy exploitation films.

In January 1966, Waters and some friends were caught smoking marijuana on the grounds of NYU, and he was soon kicked out of his dormitory. He returned to Baltimore, where he completed his next two short films, Roman Candles and Eat Your Makeup. They were followed by the feature-length films Mondo Trasho and Multiple Maniacs.

Waters's films became Divine's primary star vehicles. All of Waters's early films were shot in the Baltimore area with his company of local actors, the Dreamlanders—which, in addition to Divine, included Mink Stole, Cookie Mueller, Edith Massey, David Lochary, Mary Vivian Pearce, Susan Walsh, and others. Waters met Edith Massey while she was a bartender at Pete's Hotel.

Waters's early campy movies present exaggerated characters in outrageous situations with hyperbolic dialogue. Pink Flamingos, Female Trouble and Desperate Living, which he labeled the Trash Trilogy, pushed hard at the boundaries of conventional propriety and censorship.

Move toward the mainstream

Waters's 1981 film Polyester starred Divine opposite former teen idol Tab Hunter. It was the first time that Waters was not the primary camera operator for his own work, as he had started collaborating with local film student David Insley. Since then, his films have become less controversial and more mainstream, although works such as Hairspray, Cry-Baby, Serial Mom, Pecker and Cecil B. Demented still retain his trademark inventiveness. Hairspray, the last film he produced, became a hit Broadway musical that swept the 2003 Tony Awards; and a film adaptation of the Broadway musical was released in theaters on July 20, 2007 to positive reviews and commercial success. Cry-Baby, itself a musical, also became a Broadway musical.

In 2004, the NC-17-rated A Dirty Shame marked a return to Waters' earlier, more controversial work of the 1970s. Currently, it is the most recent film he directed.

In 2007, Waters became the host ("The Groom Reaper") of 'Til Death Do Us Part, a program on America's Court TV network.

In 2008, he planned to make a children's Christmas film, Fruitcake starring Johnny Knoxville and Parker Posey. Filming was set for November 2008, but the project was shelved in January 2009. In 2010, Waters told the Chicago Tribune that "Independent films that cost $5 million are very hard to get made. I sold the idea, got a development deal, got paid a great salary to write it—and now the company is no longer around, which is the case with many independent film companies these days."

In October 2022, it was announced that Waters will adapt his novel, Liarmouth, into a film. Village Roadshow Pictures will produce, and Waters will write and direct.

Waters has often created characters with alliterated names for his films, such as Corny Collins, Cuddles Kovinsky, Donald and Donna Dasher, Dawn Davenport, Fat Fuck Frank, Francine Fishpaw, Link Larkin, Motormouth Maybelle, Mole McHenry, Penny and Prudy Pingleton, Ramona Ricketts, Sandy Sandstone, Sylvia Stickles, Todd Tomorrow, Tracy Turnblad, Ursula Udders, Wade Walker and Wanda Woodward.

Other ventures

Waters is a bibliophile, with a collection of over 8,000 books. In 2011, during a visit to the Waters house in Baltimore, Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson observed:

Bookshelves line the walls but they are not enough. The coffee table, desk and side tables are heaped with books, as is the replica electric chair in the hall. They range from Taschen art tomes such as The Big Butt Book to Jean Genet paperbacks and a Hungarian translation of Tennessee Williams with a pulp fiction cover. In one corner sits a doll from the horror spoof Seed of Chucky, in which Waters appeared. It feels like an eccentric professor's study, or a carefully curated exhibition based on the life of a fictional character.

Waters has had his fan mail delivered to Atomic Books, an independent bookstore in Baltimore, for over 20 years.

Puffing constantly on a cigarette, Waters appeared in a short film, shown in film art houses, announcing that "no smoking is permitted" in the theaters. The spot was directed by Douglas Brian Martin and produced by Douglas Brian Martin and Steven M. Martin. They also created two other short films, for the Nuart Theatre (a Landmark Theater) in West Los Angeles, California, in appreciation for their showing Pink Flamingos for many years. It is shown immediately before any of Waters' films, and before the midnight showing of The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

Waters played a minister in Blood Feast 2: All U Can Eat, directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis.

Waters is a board member of the Maryland Film Festival, and has selected and hosted a favorite film there each year since its launch in 1999. He is also on the advisory board of the Provincetown International Film Festival, and has hosted events and presented awards there every year since it was founded in 1999.

He is a contributor to Artforum magazine and author of its year-end Top Ten Films list.

Waters hosts an annual performance, "A John Waters Christmas", which was launched in 1996 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco, and in 2018 toured 17 cities over 23 days.

In 2014, Waters began hosting an annual "Camp John Waters" event in Kent, Connecticut. Adult fans from as far away as Australia and Chile "relive their sleepaway camping days" with an "extra-campy theme weekend." Notable guests have included Debbie Harry, Patricia Hearst, Kathleen Turner, Mink Stole and Randy Harrison.

In 2019, the Film Society of Lincoln Center celebrated its 50th anniversary at a gala where John Waters spoke in tribute to the Center along with Martin Scorsese, Dee Rees, Pedro Almodovar, Tilda Swinton, Jake Gyllenhaal, Michael Moore, Paul Dano and Zoe Kazan.

Fine art
Since the early 1990s, Waters has been making photo-based artwork and installations that have been internationally exhibited in galleries and museums. In 2004, the New Museum in New York City presented a retrospective of his artwork curated by Marvin Heiferman and Lisa Phillips. His most recent exhibition John Waters: Indecent Exposure was exhibited at the Baltimore Museum of Art from October 2018 to January 2019 and later traveled to the Wexner Center for the Arts. Prior to that, Waters exhibited Rear Projection in April 2009, at the Marianne Boesky Gallery in New York and the Gagosian Gallery in Los Angeles. Waters has been represented by C. Grimaldis Gallery in Baltimore, Maryland, since 2002 and by Marianne Boesky Gallery in New York since 2006.
Waters's pieces are often comical, such as Rush (2009), a super-sized, tipped-over bottle of poppers (nitrite inhalants), and Hardy Har (2006), a photograph of flowers that squirts water at anyone who traverses a taped line on the floor. Waters has characterized his art as conceptual: "The craft is not the issue here. The idea is. And the presentation."

In November 2020 Waters promised to donate 372 artworks from his personal collection,
including some of his own work as well as pieces by 125 artists, including Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Cy Twombly, Cindy Sherman and more, to the Baltimore Museum of Art. In recognition of the donation, the museum named its rotunda after Waters, but Waters also insisted the museum name an all-gender bathroom after him. Both the rotunda and the bathroom were renamed for Waters in time for the opening of the first exhibition of his bequeathed collection, Coming Attractions: The John Waters Collection on November 20, 2022. Waters, who serves on the museum's board of directors, has stated the museum will fully acquire all of his art after his death.

Carsick
With the motif "My life is so over-scheduled, what will happen if I give up control?", Waters completed a hitchhiking journey across the United States from Baltimore to San Francisco, turning his adventures into a book titled Carsick. On May 15, 2012, while on the hitchhiking trip, Waters was picked up by 20-year-old Myersville, Maryland, councilman Brett Bidle, who thought Waters was a homeless hitchhiker standing in the pouring rain. Feeling bad for Waters, he agreed to drive him four hours to Ohio.

The next day, indie rock band Here We Go Magic tweeted that they had picked John Waters up hitchhiking in Ohio. He was wearing a hat with the text "Scum of the Earth". In Denver, Colorado, Waters reconnected with Bidle (who had made an effort to catch up with him); Bidle then drove him another  to Reno, Nevada. Before parting ways, Waters arranged for Bidle to stay at his San Francisco apartment: "I thought, you know what, he wanted an adventure, too ... He's the first Republican I'd ever vote for."

Bidle later said: "We are polar opposites when it comes to our politics, religious beliefs. But that's what I loved about the whole trip. It was two people able to agree to disagree and still move on and have a great time. I think that's what America's all about."

Personal life

Although he maintains apartments in New York City and (since 2008) in San Francisco's Nob Hill, as well as a summer home in Provincetown, Waters mainly resides in Baltimore. All his films are set and shot there. He is recognizable by his trademark pencil moustache.

An openly gay man, Waters is an avid supporter of gay rights and gay pride. In a 2019 interview, he said that he dislikes publicly discussing his personal life, adding that he had a partner but that they both preferred to keep the relationship private.

Waters was a great fan of the music of Little Richard when growing up. He has said that, ever since he shoplifted a copy of the Little Richard song "Lucille" in 1957, at the age of 11, "I've wished I could somehow climb into Little Richard's body, hook up his heart and vocal cords to my own, and switch identities." In 1987, Playboy magazine employed Waters, then aged 41, to interview his idol, but the interview did not go well, with Waters later remarking: "It turned into kind of a disaster."

In 2009, Waters advocated the parole of former Manson family member Leslie Van Houten. He devotes a chapter to Van Houten in his book Role Models (2010).

Throughout his life, Waters has been open about his recreational drug use, including marijuana and LSD, particularly in regards to his creative process. Waters began using LSD as a teenager, "tak[ing] LSD and see[ing]…movies all the time". Waters was often on LSD while making his early films, claiming in a 2016 interview "I was on LSD [during Multiple Maniacs], I don't remember [how long it took to shoot the film]!" Even in his 70s, Waters used LSD recreationally. In 2022, Waters said that if he were to write his younger self a letter, he would say "quit smoking [cigarettes] and do everything else". Waters quit smoking around 2004, saying "the only thing I've ever regretted in my whole life [was] smoking cigarettes. Because it was a nightmare giving up. It's the only thing the government ever told me that was true: It does kill you!"

Filmography

As actor

Television

Documentary appearances

 American Cinema
 The Andy Warhol Diaries (TV series)
 Beautiful Darling
 Biography
 Celebrity Ghost Stories
 The Cockettes
 Divine Waters
 Divine Trash
 The Drexel Interview
 I Am Divine
 Love Letter to Edie
 E! True Hollywood Story
 Fabulous! The Story of Queer Cinema
 Le Grand Journal (Canal+)
 Guest of Cindy Sherman
 HBO's First Look
 Here's Looking At You, Boy The Coming Out of Queer Cinema
 How Porn Conquered the World
 The Incredibly Strange Film Show
 Inside Deep Throat
 Intimate Portrait
 It Came From Kuchar
 Little Castles
 Mansome
 Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream
 Of Dolls and Murder
 Pie in the Sky: The Brigid Berlin Story
 Queens of Disco (BBC Four)
 SexTV
 Tab Hunter Confidential
 The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special In 3-D! On Ice!
 That Man: Peter Berlin
 This Film Is Not Yet Rated
 Tracks
 VH1 Behind the Music (Blondie)
 William S. Burroughs: A Man Within

Other credits
 This Filthy World Waters's touring one-man show, made into a feature film directed by Jeff Garlin
 A John Waters Christmas A CD of Christmas songs compiled by Waters
 Mommie Dearest (1981) Audio commentary on film's "Hollywood Royalty Edition" DVD release (2006)
 The Little Mermaid Special Edition DVD (2006) Interview on 'making of' documentary about Howard Ashman, the theatre (i.e. Little Shop of Horrors), and the inspiration behind the character Ursula: Divine
 A Date with John Waters (2007), a CD collection of songs Waters finds romantic
 Christmas Evil DVD release (2006) Audio commentary
 Breaking Up with John Waters Waters's third CD compilation is currently in the works
 The Other Hollywood Commentary and opinions about pornography throughout the book
 "The Creep" (featuring Nicki Minaj) Appeared on a television set in The Lonely Island's music video "The Creep", which made its debut on Saturday Night Live. Waters gives the introduction to the song and he is credited as a featured artist on the album.
 Art:21 Introducing Host for Season Two, "Stories" episode PBS DVD series

Published works

 Waters, John (2019). Mr. Know-It-All: The Tarnished Wisdom of a Filth Elder. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .

 Novel
 Waters, John (2022). Liarmouth: A Feel-Bad Romance. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374185725.

 Screenplays

 Photo collections

Awards and nominations
In 1999, Waters was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival. In September 2015, the British Film Institute ran a programme to celebrate 50 years of Waters films which included all of his early films, some previously unscreened in the UK.

In 2014, Waters was nominated for a Grammy for the spoken word version of his book, Carsick. His follow-up record, Make Trouble, was produced by Grammy-winning producer, Ian Brennan, and released on Jack White's Third Man Records in the fall of 2017.

In 2016, Waters received an honorary degree from the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore during the college's undergraduate commencement ceremony. In 2018, Waters was named an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, a cultural award from the French government.

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of self-identified LGBTQ New Yorkers

References

Citations

General bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Dreamland News site including current news, online archive, filmography, books and history

1946 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American artists
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American bibliophiles
American gay actors
American gay writers
American LGBT novelists
American male screenwriters
American people of Canadian descent
American people of English descent
Artists from Baltimore
Calvert Hall College High School alumni
Culture of Baltimore
Film directors from Maryland
Film theorists
American gay artists
LGBT film directors
LGBT people from Maryland
American LGBT rights activists
American LGBT screenwriters
Male actors from Baltimore
Maryland Democrats
New York University alumni
Novelists from Maryland
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People from Lutherville, Maryland
Whitaker iron family
Writers from Baltimore
Postmodernist filmmakers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Count Letters in a File - Assembly I have to make a program in Assembly Language for 8086 or 8088 processor. Where a given .txt file will have all its letters (from A to Z, not case sensitive) counted and later shown on screen. The amount of letters in the file cannot pass the size of a word (16bits or 65535).
in the end  i show on screen something like this:
A - 00010
B - 00359
C - 00353

A: Here is a list of some things you will need to know how to do:

*

*read the name of a file from the command line

*open a file using operating system services

*read the contents of a file into memory

*inspect the value of each character in the file

*make a table of letters and corresponding count for each letter

*detect when you've reached the end of the file

*print text to the screen

*convert an integer to its string representation

*terminate and return to the OS with a success exit code

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
At least 24 feared dead after rains, flashfloods wreak havoc in Neelum valley
Govt did not impose additional taxes on people: Miftah Ismail
Federal Minister for Finance Miftah Ismail remarked on Tuesday that the government provided tax relief to all segments of society in the budget 2018-19, adding that no additional taxes were levied which is unprecedented in the history of Pakistan.
He remarked that the government had given relief to people from a low-income background by exempting their incomes from tax. He categorically stated that the government did not impose Rs30 billion taxes on petroleum products, nor was it intending to do so in future.
The minister clarified that enhancing the upper limit of petroleum levy was a constitutional requirement.
Winding up the budget debate in the National Assembly, the federal minister expressed the gratitude to all members of the assembly who fully participated in the budget debate, particularly the opposition members, who played a positive role despite specific reservations.
Responding to various objections related to the presentation of the budget by the incumbent government, he said it was the duty of the parliament to fix the direction of national priorities for next financial year.
The fiscal budget was an important part of the legislation process, which should be done by the elected parliament, he added.
Miftah congratulated Chief Ministers of Sindh and Baluchistan for presenting the budget of their respective provinces but questioned why did Sindh present budget for only three months.
China says will freeze out US companies that sell arms to Taiwan
Bitcoin drops more than 10% as scrutiny of crypto currencies grows
Chinese companies evince interest in shifting industry to Pakistan
Pakistan receives first tranche of IMF bailout package


text:
Q: python - pandas select by partial string ValueError I have a csv that I'm loading into a dataframe. I only need the rows for which the Organization column contains a target string affiliation.
When I try to use str.contains() I get ValueError: cannot index with vector containing NA / NaN values.
I've looked at Value Error when Slicing in Pandas and pandas + dataframe - select by partial string and the following solution that both have works for me:
df = df[df['Organization'].str.contains(affiliation)==True]

or
df = df[df['Organization'].str.contains(affiliation).fillna(False)]

But, as a test, I did this:
print(len(df)) #99228
df = df[pd.notnull(df['Organization'])] #or df = df.dropna(subset=['Organization'])
print(len(df)) #99228
df = df[df['Organization'].str.contains(affiliation).fillna(False)]
print(len(df)) #1605

My question is: the ValueError I was getting without ==True or fillna(False) attached to str.contains() seems to imply that the Organization column has NaNs. But then why do I get the same sized df after keeping only the non-null Organization rows? What am I missing here?
Thanks!

A: Check the content of your column Organization. It very likely contains strings and other data types. Therefore, df['Organization'].str.contains(affiliation) results in NaNfor these values with other data types. You cannot use NaNfor indexing but need to convert it into False.

A: You need to specify str.contains('affiliation', na=False). [docs]
In [1]: import pandas as pd

In [2]: import numpy as np

In [3]: s = pd.Series(['foo','bar',np.nan,'this contains affiliation','baz',np.nan])

In [4]: s.str.contains('affiliation')
Out[4]:
0    False
1    False
2      NaN
3     True
4    False
5      NaN
dtype: object

In [5]: s.str.contains('affiliation', na=False)
Out[5]:
0    False
1    False
2    False
3     True
4    False
5    False
dtype: bool

Then you can index your DataFrame with that Boolean array.


It's officially Fall/Autumn! I really like the change of season, I think it makes you appreciate more time passing and the change in nature. But to be honest, this summer felt like it lasted 6 months and I am truly ready for a colder weather, teas, blankets and cosy sweaters!
With the change of season comes a different more adapted routine to make the most of this new few months so I've started changing my different routines.
Summer calls for a skincare routine based on cooling, light products to brighten the skin and make it look more fresh. With Autumn, it's time for us to get more moisture into our skin to make sure its ready with colder weather and possibly wind.
I have normal to oily skin but I have discovered years ago that if an oily skin lacks moisture, it will produce even more moisture so I make sure to hydrate it well and I've seen a big difference. I have been using coconut oil as a moisturizer for almost a year now and I don't see myself going back to a normal moisturizer. It hydrates my skin thoroughly and gives it a gorgeous glow. Using a hydrating mask is also crucial in the colder months, I particularly like the Sephora sheet masks as they are cheap, easy to use and definitely do the job. They have different types for different purposes and work wonders.
As it is less hot, I like to start working out outside. I know that for some people, they like working out outside in spring and summer but here where I live in France, it gets really hot and I hate feeling like I am about to pass out while exercising. I have started running again (still very early stages though) as our apartment is too small for my usual inside workouts and I think it will definitely help with my anxiety.
New school year, new healthy resolutions. Summer makes it easier to eat healthy, we eat lots of salads and fresh produce but when the start of the school year/work starts again, I find it difficult to eat well because I don't have a routine yet. On top of that, it's important to eat better when it gets colder again to make sure not to get sick!
We've been back to the apartment for two weeks now (I haven't started classes yet) and I've been for sure not eating too many carbs and not enough veggies so of course I don't feel body confident or energetic. Therefore, it's time to catch again the healthy wagon and I've been writing down easy quick healthy recipes from my fave bloggers and Youtubers to get ideas and get excited for eating healthy!
Here comes the warmer tones and matter makeup looks! I love the berry tones and bronze-y looks so I am definitely preparing for that. Even though these colors won't be the trend this year, I will for sure still use them. Out are the Kiko berry eye shadows and NYX lip creams, deeper nail polishes and hand cream!
And you, how do you prepare for Autumn?
That's so true about it being harder to eat healthy in the Fall and Winter. I was cooking new recipes pretty much every few days in the summer and these past few weeks I've had Kraft Dinner like.. twice a week, it's so bad!
Coconut oil will do wonders for your skin! Dairy breaks me out as well 😫 so I try to stay away from it as much as possible!


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Media: Order PSAs
Contact PETA's Media Department
State Fair Should End Elephant Rides for Three Good Reasons, Says PETA
History of Elephant Beatings, Public Endangerment Cited in Appeal
David Perle 202-483-7382
Indianapolis – PETA has posted an action alert on its popular website asking visitors to contact the Indiana State Fair and urge it to cancel dangerous elephant rides that are slated to be provided at the fair in August, for three reasons:
Kind people today realize that elephants belong in the wild, not in captive environments where they are beaten with bullhooks—weapons that resemble a fireplace poker with a sharp metal hook on one end—and forced to give rides.
As the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) warns, "[Y]ou always put yourself at risk when you go near an elephant, no matter how good the trainer/handler and elephant appear to be." On average, elephants in the U.S. kill one person every year and injure more. In 2009, the Indiana State Fairgrounds made headlines after at least a dozen children were injured when an elephant being used for rides knocked over a stairway.
Nearly 20 percent of the Asian elephants in the U.S. have been identified as being tuberculosis (TB) positive. TB is highly transmissible from elephants to humans, and the exhibitor scheduled to provide elephant rides at the fair, Carson & Barnes Circus, has repeatedly been cited for failing to have valid TB tests for elephants and staff.
"Stressed, abused elephants have been known to carry communicable disease and to lash out in frustration—and when those elephants have children on their backs, the consequences can be disastrous," says PETA Foundation Deputy General Counsel Delcianna Winders. "PETA, whose motto includes 'animals are not ours to use for entertainment,' is calling on the Indiana State Fair to protect fairgoers and animals alike by refusing to host any elephant-ride providers."
As PETA noted in its letter to the fair, Carson & Barnes has a long history of violating the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and its head trainer was caught on camera viciously attacking terrified elephants with bullhooks and shocking them with electric prods. Last year, an eyewitness reported seeing a Carson & Barnes handler beat an elephant with children on her back until she screamed.
Carson & Barnes' AWA violations include repeatedly failing to maintain control of elephants, who have repeatedly escaped, including earlier this year when three escaped from an elephant-ride area and ran amok for nearly an hour.
For more information, please visit PETA.org.
For Media: Contact PETA's
Media Response Team.


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We take reasonable steps to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of personally identifiable information that you may provide. You should understand, however, that electronic transmissions via the Internet are not necessarily secure from interception and so we cannot guarantee the security or confidentiality of such transmissions.
The web server of the Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates web site collects and saves the default information customarily logged by World Wide Web server software. Our logs contain the following information for each request: date and time, originating IP address and domain name (the unique address assigned to your Internet service provider's computer that connects to the Internet), object requested, and completion status of the request. We use these logs to help improve our service by evaluating the "traffic" to our site in terms of number of unique visitors, level of demand, most popular page requests, and types of errors. These logs may be kept for an indefinite amount of time, used at any time and in any way necessary to prevent security breaches, to ensure the integrity and proper use of the data on our servers, and to evaluate or improve the services we provide to users.


Detested by all and loved by none.
A blot on the face of the kindly sun.
Lost themselves from the world of men.
We went unarmed to the Moro's "jil"
But they called us "mad" and they would not kill.
But we knew better, and laughed in his face.
Where many men come and some men stay.
Our identity merely "Enlisted Men"
For we don't know how and we'll never know why.
Outcasts is my favorite poem.


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Kasparov Says Press Freedom Absent in Russia
June 3rd, 2008 • Related • Filed Under
Filed Under: Media • Recommended Reading
Tags: Kasparov • Mikhail Delyagin • press freedom • World Association of Newspapers
A meeting of the World Association of Newspapers in Göteborg, Sweden sparked with controversy Tuesday, after a speech by The Other Russia leader Garry Kasparov described press freedom as absent in Russia.
As the Sobkor®ru news agency reports, Kasparov spoke before a gathering of international news industry leaders, and described the "mythology of the Putin regime." He called the group to stand up to infractions against press freedom in Russia.
After the speech, Yevgeny Abov, the representative of the Russian delegation, renounced Kasparov's remarks, and said that the press agency he represented at the forum, RIA Novosti, was completely free. Abov said that RIA, which is state-run, frequently publishes information about the Russian opposition.
Kasparov then asked Abov if RIA Novosti was prepared to provide him with space for a press-conference.
Abov answered in the affirmative, promising that space would be made available for Kasparov. At that point, another member of the Russian delegation, Vladimir Sungorkin stepped in. Sungorkin, the editor-in-chief of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper was doubtful: "Kasparov is a special case", he said "as he works with the banned National-Bolsheviks, which is why I'm not sure that he would be allowed in RIA."
The discussion's moderator, the deputy editor-in-chief of the Spanish El Pais newspaper, then responded in his own right: "I grew up in the days of the Franco dictatorship, and we were all 'special cases.'"
Speaking with Sobkor®ru, Kasparov said he would try to use RIA Novosti facilities to hold a press conference in the near future.
Video of the event, courtesy of the World Editors Forum:
Participants of the World Newspaper Congress also discussed the danger journalists face in Russia. According to Rodney Pinder, of the International News Safety Institute, Russia has emerged as the world's second most dangerous country for journalists, trailing only Iraq.
"And we don't know of a single successful conviction in Russia," he told The Associated Press. "And convictions are what are needed to protect journalists."
Garry Kasparov has frequently said that media freedom has been crushed under former President Vladimir Putin, who is now Russia's prime minister.
The latest evidence to back his statements comes from a New York Times report on self-censorship in another medium–television. As the Times writes, Russian TV channels keep a so-called "stop list" of figures who must not appear on the airwaves.
One economist critical of the Kremlin, Mikhail Delyagin, was apparently given an appearance by mistake on a popular talk show. Before "The People Want to Know" program aired, Delyagin was digitally removed from the tape.
The show's host, Kira Proshutinskaya, said she was embarrassed over this and other incidents, and admitted that networks are constantly intimidated by the Kremlin.
"I would be lying if I said that it is easy to work these days," she told the Times. "The leadership of the channels, because of their great fear of losing their jobs — they are very lucrative positions — they overdo everything."


IndiBlogger.in | Pl.clarify the procedure for participating in forum.
Pl.clarify the procedure for participating in forum.
There are some senior indibloggers like me who'd love to participate in activities but are not that computer savvy and miss on the excitement. Let the young professionals among the bloggers explain in simple language all the participatory opportunities.
I,too, am not a computer geek, wants to know the nuances. Hope to get some help from some senior professionals.


PERSPECTIVES is a platform for the exploration of themes and issues within the contemporary art market.
If you are interested in getting involved with PULSE Perspectives 2018 contact info@pulseartfair.com for more information.
PULSE Miami Beach 2017 collaborated with the New York Film Academy in Miami Beach to create three videos highlighting the PERSPECTIVES of participants in this year's fair. This edition features insights from artist Donna Ruff who is exhibiting with Rick Wester Fine Art, Mindy Solomon of her eponymous gallery, and National YoungArts Foundation President, Carolina García Jayaram.


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I have found the Enneagram to be a great resource in helping me find and unlock myself, from the what Brennan Manning, called 'The Imposter'! The true me, hidden inside the false image(s), that I have grown up with, and in some way made my own! I think it was Henri Nouwen who helped me see outside of the mask. He suggested that we all find ourselves wrestling with three lies we believe about our identity: I am what I have, I am what I do and I am what other people say or think about me!
The enneagram has helped me rediscover my real self and undo and detangle me from these lies...or it has at least set me on a road of renewal and reconstruction, that has started to untangle all the knots and hiding places where I was stuck or had hidden for most of my life!
"The enneagram is much more than just another popular formula to pair people to the collection of their personality foibles and eccentricities. It explains the "why" of how we think, act, and feel. It helps us come to terms with our gifts as well as the addictive patterns that tether us to our greatest interpersonal, spiritual, and emotional challenges. The enneagram invites us to deeper self awareness as a doorway to spiritual growth." (Quote from The Sacred Enneagram by Christopher L Heuertz.)
In the enneagram there are nine types and these have strengths and weaknesses. The nine can be divided into three discernment type centers. Type 8, 9 and1 are seen as being in the 'Body' Centre. 2, 3 and 4 are seen as being in the 'Heart' Centre and 5, 6 and 7 are seen in the 'Head' Centre. You can say, 'Instinctive' - 8, 9, and 1; 'Feeling' - 2, 3 and 4; 'Thinking' 5, 6 and 7. But this is just the start! The types 1 to 9, have their needs and virtues as well as their passions and addictions. The needs, virtues and passions of each type are explained as you go deeper with the enneagram. The deeper you go the more uncomfortable and yet more renewing and rewarding it is, as it strips away the masks we live behind, to reveal the real you and shows how beautiful we really are! To see yourself as the Beloved, is to see with the eyes of God! Through the enneagram you find yourself looking into the perfect mirror, that removes all the distortions and shows you naked and most beautiful in the eyes of your creator!
The enneagram is a tool of revelation!
I thoroughly recommend it!
The Sacred Enneagram. By Christopher L Heuertz.
The Complete Enneagram. B Beatrice Chestnut
The ABC of the Enneagram. By Eric Salmon
The Enneagram. By Richard Rohr and Andreas Ebert.
Also YouTube has a number of good videos on the Enneagram, including talks by Richard Rohr and Christopher Heuertz.
Chew The Fat With The Friar! The Binary Tree Story.
The Binary Tree Story. And God said, "You can eat of fruit of any tree in the garden but not the Binary tree. If you eat the fruit of the binary tree you will cause death, exclusion and division!" But


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Оушен-Сіті () — місто () в США, в окрузі Кейп-Мей штату Нью-Джерсі. Населення —  осіб (2010).

Географія
Оушен-Сіті розташований за координатами  (39.263596, -74.604605).  За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 27,96 км², з яких 16,40 км² — суходіл та 11,56 км² — водойми. В 2017 році площа становила 29,93 км², з яких 17,39 км² — суходіл та 12,54 км² — водойми.

Клімат

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкала  особа в  домогосподарствах у складі  родин. Було 20871 помешкання

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 1,7 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 5,5 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 14,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 55,9 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 29,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 53,6 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 88,7 чоловіків;  на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 86,4 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство  становив  доларів США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю —  долари (медіана — ). Медіана доходів становила  доларів для чоловіків та  доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 9,4 % осіб, у тому числі 12,2 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 5,1 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило  осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 25,7 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 14,5 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 11,3 %, фінанси, страхування та нерухомість — 10,8 %.

Примітки

Джерела

Міста Нью-Джерсі
Населені пункти округу Кейп-Мей (Нью-Джерсі)


By definition staging is an environment for final testing immediately prior to deploying to production and it is meant to mimic production environment as closely as possible. Best practice is to create a separate server for your staging environment. What this plugin does is that it creates a staging site in a subfolder of the live site and copies all live database tables with a new prefix in a same production database. There are a lot of things that could go wrong if you are making staging site in this way.


Helen Marshall will be giving an informal talk and distributing free newspapers about the project at Indonesia Kontemporer 2015, SOAS, in the Brunei Gallery. Inspired by Indonesian arts and cultural traditions, Indonesia Kontemporer, is a creative event mixing exhibitions, performances, workshops, crafts, film screenings, as well as food and handicrafts stalls.
Helen Marshall undertook an Artist Residency in Yogyakarta hosted by ICAN, Indonesia Contemporary Art Network. This led to the collaborative and intervention lens based work between herself, Risang Yuwono, and the Ketoprak Tobong. Indonesia Contemporary Art Network (iCAN) promotes multidisciplinary dialogues between the visual arts and other divisions of the arts and sciences through art projects, research, and education. They also work with institutions, art spaces, and people who share that vision including artists, writers, and researchers, to organise and realise their projects.
Delhi Photo Festival is a biennial photography festival organized by India Habitat Centre (IHC) and Nazar Foundation in Delhi. It was started in 2011, curated by photographers Prashant Panjiar, Dinesh Khanna and Alka Pande, the curator of Visual Art Gallery at IHC. It is held at the India Habitat Centre complex on Lodhi Road, where besides exhibitions, the festival also hosts talks, seminars and workshops on photography. The biennial Delhi Photo Festival 2013 is an initiative of the India Habitat Centre & Nazar Foundation to bring photography, the real democratic art form, into the public space, thereby creating awareness of photographic arts and initiating dialogue amongst its many practitioners and lovers.
Project Tobong was selected from 2349 bodies of work from 90 countries as a digital exhibition. Digital exhibitions were screened as slideshows at the Evening Screenings in the amphitheater of the India Habitat Centre during the Opening Week.
https://vimeo.com/56458323 Opening night and exhibition at iCAN Yogyacarta. Guests arrive and experience the night with photography, installation, performance and music.


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Q: Detailed minecart physics in Minecraft A while back I asked a question about maintaining speed with a minecart up a ledge. I did some maths (or math) and figured it out, answering my own question. However it did not seem effective in practice. I was wanting to find out more about minecart physics and understand it.
Does anyone have any knowledge of minecart physics they can share or quote from external sources.
I'd like to know about the changes in speed and kinetic energy/momentum when using different types of rail going uphill, downhill, flat, diagonal, and on a turn.
Once I have enough information to effectively calculate efficient minecart and rail solutions I shall place it on an edit at the end of the question for reference.
Thanks in advance!

A: Minecart physics can be found on the Minecraft Wiki page for Minecarts.
I think what you are looking for is under Loss of Speed:

One unit of kinetic energy could be defined as the energy gained by a cart going down a one block slope, and lost by a cart when it goes up a one block slope.
If a 45 degree downward slope is connected directly into an upward slope, an initial height of 60 blocks will result in a final height of 40 blocks, a loss of 20 units of potential energy. But if 20 sections of flat track are inserted between the slopes, the final height will be 35.
This implies that one unit of energy is lost for every 4 sections of horizontal track traveled with an initial stored energy of between 60 and 40. At much lower speeds, much less energy is lost, implying that the energy lost is a percentage of the cart's current energy. The above gives about 0.5% energy loss per section of track.
One implication of this is that more energy lost when the cart has more energy, so a gradual slope should allow you to travel much farther distances than a steep slope followed by a long flat section. (This is different from real-life physics, where friction does not increase with velocity. However, it may be an attempt to mirror air resistance, which does increase with velocity.)


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SRC 2018: Council results
Watch on as the 2019 council results roll in live.
by Honi Soit
All 33 councillors have been elected, following a marathon count. No one faction will have a majority on the 2019 council. Instead, Chinese international student group Panda will control 11 votes, followed closely by far-left Switchroots with eight votes. Shake Up, a Modlib branding, will have four councillors. Labor's Reboot and Advance, another Chinese international student faction, will have three councillors each. A mixture of far-right Liberals and Socialist Alternative members fill the remaining seats.
This will make for an interesting Repselect. Shake Up and Panda, who worked together during the election, control 15 votes between them . If the far-right Liberals work with their moderate cousins, a Liberal-Panda alliance would wield 18 votes—enough for a majority. Labor, who did a preference deal with Panda's Jacky He (now president-elect), may well decide to join Panda and the Libs.
Even if Labor doesn't enter this alliance, the traditional left won't be able to control council on its own. Switchroots, Labor and the Socialist Alternative have 12 councillors between them. Adding the three seats won by Advance, who tend to work with Switchroots, makes for a total of only 15—two shy of a majority. If any of these leftwing groups want to win major exec roles at Repselect, a deal with Panda or the Libs is looking essential.
To put all this in context, click here catch up on the results from the presidential, Honi Soit and NUS elections, and here to follow all the drama on our liveblog.
Your council for 2019
Council is a notoriously inactive institution: it's meant to convene ten times a year, but its meetings are often cancelled when too few councillors show up. When it does meet, its deliberations are usually restricted to ideological debates.
But council has one crucial role: the first meeting of a new council is held about a month after the elections, and its here that the councillors elect the SRC executive for the next year. This meeting is called Repselect, and it's been known to devolve into glorious shitfights. That's because every exec position, other than president, comes up for a vote—and it's these position that have the most active role in determining the SRC's direction.
Being on exec also comes with its perks: some roles, like the directors of student publications, offer nothing but a CV line and the joyous task of reading through each edition of Honi before it goes to print. Others, like general secretary, come with a hefty stipend—about $13,500 per year.
So stupol factions have big incentives to win as many exec roles as possible. Whether they can do so depends on council's make up. To elect your chosen candidate to an exec role, you need a majority of council votes—but it's nearly unheard of or one faction to have a majority, or 17 councillors, on its own. That means factions negotiate, back-room deals are done, backs are stabbed, and loose coalitions are formed. The more councillors a faction has, the more bargaining power it has to get what it wants.
shake up
SRC election


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» Defining Dinosaurs
Pleural Of Phalanx
Last Updated on Fri, 10 May 2019	| Defining Dinosaurs
FIGURE 5.7 Phalangeal formula applied to a human hand as an example.
is just below (posterior to) your thumb. Distal to the radius and ulna were, in order, the carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals, phalanges (plural of phalanx), and unguals (claws or hooves); the latter two compose the digits (or fingers). The phalanges are divided from the metacarpals in a human by the location of the knuckle joints and the same is true of dinosaus.
The main difference between a dinosaur manus and a human hand is seen in the asymmetry of the dinosaur manus, which can be discerned through a phalangeal formula (Fig. 5.7). To demonstrate this formula, turn your hand so that you are looking at the back (dorsal surface) of it. Label your fingers from the thumb (closest to the midline of your body) to the smallest finger from I to V, then count the number of separate bones (each phalanx) in each of these labeled fingers. Test the results by comparing them with the following data:
The data should confirm the observation of this phalangeal formula in humans: 2-3-3-3-3. Dinosaurs have, as another trait distinguishing them from their ancestors, a manus that has such asymmetry with less than or equal to three phalanges on digit IV and less than or equal to two phalanges on digit V. In some dinosaurs, digits IV and V became modified or reduced enough in their manus that they eventually became vestigial or disappeared, which gave some dinosaurs (particularly theropods) three-fingered hands. A few theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, even evolved two-fingered hands (Chapter 9). A similar circumstance happened with digits I and V in the pes of some dinosaurs, which resulted in such dinosaurs leaving four- and three-toed tracks (Chapter 7). However, other dinosaurs retained all five digits on either their manus or pes (Chapters 10 and 12), indicated in some dinosaurs' tracks as well as their skeletons (Chapter 14).
In the posterior portion of a dinosaur, hind limbs were associated with the sacral vertebrae (collectively called the sacrum) by the pelvic girdle. As mentioned earlier, the sacrum was connected with the hips (dorsal and medial to the ilium), and the ball-like, proximal end of the femur fitted into the acetabulum (Fig. 5.8A). Distal to the femur were the tibia and fibula, where the tibia, more medial than the fibula, formed the knee joint with the femur. The tibia is key to two dinosaurian traits: it has a cnemial crest and its distal, anterior surface fits with the ascending process
FIGURE 5.8 Characters for dinosaurs involving the appendicular skeleton. (A) Sacrum, proximal end of the femur, and the fit of the latter into the acetabulum. (B) Tibia, showing two traits of dinosaurs: cnemial crest and astragalus.
of an anklebone called the astragalus (Fig. 5.8B). The astragalus and another ankle-bone, the calcaneum, collectively formed a dinosaur's tarsals. These terms relate directly to the evolution of dinosaurs from reptilian ancestors with different arrangements of their tarsals (Chapter 6).
Distal from the tarsals and relating to a dinosaur's feet were the metatarsals, phalanges, and unguals. Although humans normally walk with their metatarsals in contact with the ground, in most cases, dinosaurs had metatarsals above the ground (Chapter 7). Such a condition, called digitigrade, is also observable in dogs, which have a posteriorly pointing joint between the metatarsals and ankle bones (Fig. 5.9A). A digitigrade stance can be approached in humans by standing on the balls of the feet or wearing high-heeled shoes (Fig. 5.9B) but strictly speaking is achieved only by on-point ballet dancers who stand on the tips of their toes. This stance contrasts with relaxing and standing with most of the body weight on the metatarsals (heels), which is plantigrade. By far, most dinosaurs were digitigrade, placing their weight on their phalanges (Fig. 5.9C), although some dinosaurs walked plantigrade under some conditions (Chapter 14).
Develop Charisma and Become More Likable
Sustainable Alternatives To Paper Towels
Vegetarian Bodybuilding
Conversions From English To Metric Systems And Vice Versa
Sum - Defining Dinosaurs
Dinosaur Teeth Herbivorous and Carnivorous
Ceratosauria Coelophysoidea and Neoceratosauria
Why Study Sauropodomorphs
Mostro Preistorico
Reverse Evolution


Fort Gardiner, Florida was established on the banks of the Kissimmee River in Polk County in December 1837 during the Second Seminole War. It was established by Colonel Zachary Taylor who was on his way to Lake Okeechobee to round up Seminole Indians resisting removal. It was named for Captain George Washington Gardiner who died in the Dade Massacre in 1835.
The crude log stockade was built on the east side of the Kissimmee River between Lakes Hatchineha and Kissimmee. It included two-story blockhouses at diagonal corners surrounded by a stockade of 18-foot logs, with a storehouse, mobile cannons and a powder magazine in the middle. It was designated as the headquarters of the First Brigade of the Army south of the Withlacoochee River. After the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on December 25, 1837, the wounded were brought to the fort.
Like many forts of the Seminole Wars, it wasn't occupied long and was all but abandoned once soldiers realized they couldn't build a road through the swampland to the east.
There are no remains today.
Compiled by Kathy Weiser-Alexander, updated October 2018.


Located on the first floor of the farmhouse, this apartment is both rustic and comfortable. At the ground floor entrance, there is an original internal stone staircase leading to the first floor. On this floor there is a living/dining room along with a kitchen that is equipped with the following: fridge/freezer, electric oven, gas stove, microwave, kitchenware, silverware. The furniture is all antique and of the typical Tuscan style.
The front entrance door leads to the old farmyard, where the farmers used to dry the cereals, grapes and olives. Now, it is surrounded by lemon trees and geraniums. There is garden furniture including an umbrella, table and chairs. The shared amenities of the estate are only a few meters away. The apartment also contains satellite TV, free WiFi and an independent central heating unit.