text:
\section{Introduction}
The task of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) involves building systems that can transcribe spoken utterances in isolation. One major problem with building efficient ASR systems is that they are data-hungry \cite{chiu2018state} and with the introduction of deep learning to build ASR systems, this problem has amplified. Though English has more than 100k hours of human transcribed data freely available online, for languages beyond English, data is scarce, with some languages even lacking professional annotators and existing only in spoken form. Transcribing data is both an expensive and time-consuming affair. With researchers and businesses finding the true potential of ASR systems in various Natural Language Understanding (NLU) systems, there has been an increasing demand for building such systems in languages beyond English.

To address these problems, researchers have resorted to semi-supervised \cite{simpil,xiong2021multiview} and self-supervised \cite{baevski2020wav2vec,9585401} learning approaches. First, the semi-supervised learning paradigm proposes using both transcribed and un-transcribed data and learns by first training a seed model and generating pseudo-labels for the unlabeled data using that model, and then training the model using these pseudo-labels.

Self-supervised learning or SSL is the task of learning representations solely from unlabelled data wherein the model tries to learn useful features by solving different upstream tasks. On the other hand, self-supervised speech representation learning is the process of learning from raw speech signals to downstream speech tasks like Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speaker Verification (SV), Speech Emotion Recognition (SER), etc. In the past decade, SSL in deep neural models has successfully alleviated the need for human-annotated data and has closed the gap and sometimes even performed better than models trained with supervision. Beyond speech, researchers have also leveraged SSL to push the state-of-the-art in low-resource data settings in modalities of vision \cite{pmlr-v119-chen20j,barlow} and text.

Very recently, \cite{hsu21_interspeech} pointed out that though self-supervised learning models learn better task-agnostic features, a comprehensive study of which can be found in \cite{superb_bench}. They are not robust to changes in the domain between pre-training and ASR fine-tuning and get biased toward the domain from which the unlabelled data come. \cite{aaai_hindi} has shown that SSL pre-training from the same language helps improve ASR performance. This boils down to the need for huge amounts of unlabeled data with a high source similarity to the final downstream low-resource data in terms of accent, language, or domain. This introduces another problem of computing when pre-trained using SSL from scratch, and as correctly pointed out by \cite{hannun2021history}, SSL would be more accessible if it could be trained with lesser compute.

This paper builds on our curiosity to answer the following question. \emph{``Can we use existing models available online, pre-trained on thousands of hours of data, to improve performance on a rather low-resource ASR task with minimal pre-training and fine-tuning steps?''} and if so, \emph{``How would a shift in the domain, or language in our labeled fine-tuning data, compared to the original pre-training unlabeled data, affect the performance of our model for ASR?''}. Thus, building on the \emph{continued pre-training} paradigm, we use 1000 hours of unlabelled data from the Interspeech Gram Vaani ASR challenge to pre-train existent models already available online. We also use pre-trained models on a dataset of considerably larger size but originating from a different domain, or language. This pre-trained model is then used as an upstream feature encoder. Feature representations are fed to a task-specific downstream model to learn the task of solving ASR. Our setup is very similar to \cite{chang2021exploration}, which was one of the first works to explore speech-based SSL pre-trained as an upstream feature encoder from raw speech. This paradigm of training and feature generation has been relatively under-explored, and our work makes a considerable contribution to exploring this at more depths.

Beyond just achieving considerable improvements over our baselines, contradictory to \cite{hsu21_interspeech} where the analysis was done on a combined data setup, we do the first of its kind analysis on the \emph{continued pre-training} setup, which is more feasible in a real-world setting. Extensive experiments reveal that source pre-trained data matters in target \emph{continued pre-training}, and this affects the performance significantly for the final downstream ASR task.

\section{Related Work}

The past decade has seen an incremental increase in research in SSL in all 3 modalities of speech \cite{baevski2020wav2vec,9585401,wavlm}, text \cite{kenton2019bert} and vision \cite{pmlr-v119-chen20j,barlow}.

SSL in speech can be divided into 3 major categories. All these categories, irrespective of the objective function they try to optimize, solve some kind of Masked Acoustic Modelling (MAM) task. The first and the most common in this space is contrastive learning which minimizes the InfoNCE loss \cite{oord2018representation} to learn rich feature representations \cite{baevski2020wav2vec,jiang21_interspeech,chorowski21b_interspeech}. The second learns by minimizing a masked prediction loss wherein each input frame is assigned a pseudo-label either using quantization \cite{baevski2020vq-wav2vec,baevski2019effectiveness} or clustering \cite{9585401,wavlm,kenton2019bert}. The third paradigm, which has also been gaining attention lately due to its compute-friendly nature is solving a \emph{reconstruction-based} objective function \cite{liu2020mockingjay,liu2021tera,ling2020decoar}.

\begin{comment}
The most famous in this category is wav2vec-2.0 \cite{baevski2020wav2vec} which was the first work to introduce this in speech. Wav2Vec-2.0 uses a quantizer and aims to maximize similarity between a masked frame embedding and it's quantized version among other distractors. Following this, a number of variations of this setup was introduced \cite{jiang21_interspeech,chorowski21b_interspeech}.

The second learns by minimizing a masked prediction loss wherein each input frame is assigned a pseudo-label either using quantization \cite{baevski2020vq-wav2vec,baevski2019effectiveness} or clustering \cite{9585401,wavlm,kenton2019bert}.

The primary task here is to predict the correct label assigned to a masked input frame leveraging the contextualized embedding of that frame. This can be pictured as BERT \cite{kenton2019bert} for \emph{continuous-valued sequences} except for the absence of ready discrete prediction units. Some of the first works in this paradigm include vq-wav2vec \cite{baevski2020vq-wav2vec} and Discrete BERT \cite{baevski2019effectiveness} which use online clustering or Gumbel-Softmax quantization. WavLM \cite{wavlm} in this paradigm currently stands as the state-of-the-art followed by HuBERT \cite{9585401}, both of which use an offline clustering step using KMeans to assign a pseudo-label to each frame.

The third paradigm, which has also been gaining attention lately due to its compute-friendly nature is solving a \emph{reconstruction-based} objective function \cite{liu2020mockingjay,liu2021tera,ling2020decoar}.

Early work in this space includes Autoregressive Predictive Coding (APC) which tries to predict reconstruct frames by encoding temporal information from past frames using an RNN-based language model. Some of the recent works in this include Mockingjay \cite{liu2020mockingjay}, TERA \cite{liu2021tera} and DECOAR \cite{ling2020decoar}, which try to reconstruct masked input frames using contextualized embeddings.
\end{comment}

A comprehensive study of all these SSL techniques on various Spoken Language Processing (SLP) downstream tasks can be found in \cite{superb_bench}.

With research in this field drawing huge attention, it has been of utmost importance to analyze the properties of these learned features and look towards the generalizability of domain, accent, and language and therefore expand their capabilities to building systems beyond native English. Very recently, researchers have made sound efforts to analyze the intrinsic properties of features learned through SSL at various layers of the deep neural networks \cite{pasad2021layer,shah2021all}. \cite{hsu21_interspeech} on the other hand, shows that wav2vec-2.0 tends to get biased to the pre-training data domain and domain similarity in the unlabelled data helps the final downstream ASR task. Along similar lines, in this work, we try to analyze the effect of domain and multi-linguality, and dataset size of SSL pre-training unlabelled data on our low-resource downstream ASR task. Different from \cite{hsu21_interspeech}, we build on the \emph{continued pre-training} paradigm \cite{gururangan-etal-2020-dont} which we acknowledge is more sensible in a real-world setup than pre-training from scratch by combining the data.

\section{Proposed Methodology}

\subsection{Problem Formulation}

Suppose we have a $I$ high-resource Out of or In Domain/Language datasets from a different source, denoted as $\textbf{L}$ = \{($\textbf{X}_{1}^{L}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{X}_{i}^{L}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{X}_{I}^{L}$)\} where $\textbf{X}_{i}^{L}$ is a dataset of size $N$ and $\textbf{X}_{i}^{L}$ = \{($\textbf{x}_{i_1}^{L}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{i_n}^{L}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{i_N}^{L}$)\} in which only audio $x$ is available and is unlabelled. On the other hand suppose we have unlabelled dataset $\textbf{D}$ of size $K$ and labelled dataset $\textbf{J}$ of size $H$ from a similar source, where $\textbf{D}$ = \{($\textbf{x}_{1}^{D}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{j}^{D}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{J}^{D}$)\} and $\textbf{J}$ = \{($\textbf{x}_{1}^{J}$,$\textbf{y}_{1}^{J}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{h}^{J}$,$\textbf{y}_{h}^{J}$), $\cdots$, ($\textbf{x}_{H}^{J}$,$\textbf{y}_{H}^{J}$)\} where $y$ is the text transcript for utterance $x$. Our primary task here is to use labelled data $\textbf{J}$ to build an End-to-End ASR system. We might want to optionally use $\textbf{D}$ or $\textbf{L}$ in isolation to pre-train a contextualized speech encoder from scratch or first pre-train with unlabelled data from $\textbf{L}$ and continue pre-training it with $\textbf{D}$ upon convergence of $\textbf{L}$.

\subsection{Model Architecture}
In this section, we briefly describe our End-to-End (E2E) ASR training setup, including our upstream and downstream setups. Our experiments, including our baselines, use either a non-contextualized feature extractor (Filter-Banks) or a contextualized feature encoder (wav2vec-2.0) as our upstream. We use the conformer-based \cite{gulati2020conformer} Encoder-Decoder model as our downstream, which takes as input the features from our upstream and learns the task of ASR.

\subsubsection{Upstream}
We resort to log-compressed mel Filter-Banks (F-Banks) as our non-contextualized feature extractor upstream. Previous to the self-supervised pre-training era, F-Banks were among the most common low-level feature extractor choices for building efficient ASR systems \cite{liu2020mockingjay,liu2021tera}. Thus, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:speech_production}, the F-Bank features extracted from raw audio are directly fed to the downstream model for training on the ASR task.

With the recent dawn of SSL, the use of SSL pre-trained models trained using MAM have shown to be a better alternative to low-level features like F-Banks \cite{chang2021exploration}. As seen in Fig. \ref{fig:speech_production}, our setup is similar to \cite{chang2021exploration}, where a well-trained SSL model is used as our raw contextualized feature encoder, features from which, similar to our F-Bank setup, are fed into the downstream model for ASR. We resort to wav2vec-2.0 (either of base or large) as our feature encoder for our model, and for a fair comparison to use it just like a F-Bank feature extractor, we don't fine-tune our upstream model parameters while training on ASR. We acknowledge that fine-tuning the upstream might benefit the ASR task and remains part of our future work. It is to be noted that Context representations from the transformer encoder are used as the upstream features from the wav2vec-2.0 models. The exact SSL training details of wav2vec-2.0 is beyond the scope of this paper, and we refer our readers to \cite{baevski2020wav2vec} for more details.

\subsubsection{Downstream}
As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:speech_production}, our downstream ASR training is based on a joint CTC/attention-based encoder-decoder architecture \cite{watanabe2017hybrid} and conduct all our downstream experiments on the ESPnet toolkit \cite{watanabe18_interspeech}. Our encoder is made up of multiple conformer encoder blocks. While transformer models are well known for capturing global information and data interactions, CNNs effectively capture the local features. A conformer block is made up of a feed-forward module, followed by a self-attention module, a convolution module, and a second feed-forward module \cite{gulati2020conformer}. Also, conformer blocks use swish activations \cite{ramachandran2017swish} which leads to faster convergence of the model. As the Gramvaani Hindi dataset is a corpus of spontaneous telephonic speech data, we believe that the conformer models are better suited to capture the local and global information of the data. Our downstream decoder uses generic transformer blocks and the CTC and attention losses are weighted by hyper-parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{gramvani.drawio_changed.png}
  \caption{End-to-End ASR with various input speech representations}
  \label{fig:speech_production}
\end{figure}

\section{Experiments}

\subsection{Dataset}
The Interspeech Gram Vaani ASR challenge data is a corpus of 1108 hours of real-world, spontaneous telephone speech recordings in multiple dialects of the Hindi language. Of this 1108 hours of data, 1000 hours is unlabelled, 100 hours is the labeled training data, and 5 hours of development data. Blind test data of 3 hours has been released for evaluation. The audio files were recorded at different sampling rates ranging from 8 kHz to 48 kHz in the mp3 format.

We re-sample all the audios to 16 kHz and convert them to the wav format for our experiments. For the upstream pre-training / continued pre-training of the wav2vec-2.0 models, we use 10 hours of the unlabelled data as a validation set and train on the rest of the 990 hours of unlabelled data. The labeled data from the corpus is used for the downstream ASR training.

\subsection{Baselines}
As mentioned in section 3.2.2, all of the experiments have been carried out with the same downstream E2E model configuration, the structural details of which will be mentioned in section 4.3. The baseline models differ from the rest of the systems in terms of the upstream used. For the first baseline system, we use 80-dimensional F-BANKs as the features coming from the upstream part of the model. As a second baseline system, we pre-train the wav2vec-2.0 model from scratch on the 1000 hours of unlabelled data and use it as the upstream feature extractor.

\subsection{Experimental Setup}

\subsubsection{Upstream wav2vec 2.0 models}
\label{sec:upstream}
The wav2vec 2.0 models used as the front-end feature extractors have been pre-trained on data from different languages, domains, and datasets of various sizes. Following are descriptions of the datasets used in these pre-trained models.
\begin{itemize}
    \item XLSR-53 : This is a \emph{large} model pre-trained on 56k hours of data from 53 different languages \cite{babu2021xlsr}. The datasets used include Multilingual LibriSpeech (MLS), CommonVoice, and Babel. However, the model could be biased towards the data from European languages as the 50.7k hours of pre-training data comes from 8 European languages.
    \item LV-60 : This is a \emph{large} model pre-trained on 60k hours of Libri-Light dataset which is a corpus of spoken English audiobook data \cite{baevski2020wav2vec}.
    \item CLSRIL-23 : This is a base model pre-trained on 10k hours of raw audio data from 23 Indic languages \cite{gupta2021clsril}.
    \item Mono Ekstep : This is a \emph{base} model pre-trained on 4.2k hours of Hindi data \cite{gupta2021clsril}.
    \item LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH : This is a large model pre-trained on pooled multi-domain data coming from Libri-Light, CommonVoice, Switchboard and Fisher datasets.
    \item IndicWav2Vec : This is a \emph{large} model pre-trained on 17k hours of multilingual data from 40 Indian languages \cite{javed2021towards}. Also, the data used has been sourced from varied domains, including education, news, technology, and finance.
\end{itemize}

While using these models as upstream feature extractors, we get representations of different dimensions (1024 for \emph{large} models and 768 for \emph{base} models). These representation vectors are passed through a linear layer to obtain 80-dimensional features, which are then passed to the downstream End-to-End ASR training system.

\subsubsection{Downstream configuration}

As mentioned earlier, our downstream model is a conformer-based encoder-decoder model. Our encoder has 12 conformer blocks with 8 attention heads and outputs a $512$ dimensional vector representation for each frame which it passes to the decoder. Our decoder has 8 transformer blocks with 8 attention heads too. Best values for $\alpha$ and $\beta$ were found to be 0.3 and 0.1 respectively. For decoding, we don't use an LM to keep our setup simple and analyze the effect of various upstreams independent of the effect pf the LM. While inference we do beam search decoding with a beam size of 20. All optimal hyper-parameters were found via grid-search.

\subsubsection{Continued Pre-training}

To adapt the openly available pre-trained models mentioned in Sec. \label{sec:upstream} to the Gram Vaani data, we allow these models to continue pre-training on 1000 hours of Gram Vaani unlabelled data.  First introduced in \cite{gururangan-etal-2020-dont}, \emph{continued pre-training} (CP) has been proven to be quite effective for unsupervised domain adaptation in NLP.

Other hyper-parameters include a batch size of 1.2m samples per GPU for LARGE models (24 transformer layers and 16 attention heads) and 1.4m samples per GPU for the BASE models (12 transformer layers and 8 attention heads). All pre-training and fine-tuning experiments were conducted on the Fairseq and ESPnet toolkits respectively, with 4 A100 gpus for pre-training and 1 for fine-tuning.

\section{Results and Analysis}

In this section, we analyze individually, how the factors of language, domain, and dataset size affect the usefulness of feature representations obtained from a pre-trained SSL model, pre-trained on \textbf{X} $\in$ \textbf{I}, and optionally allowed to continue to pre-train on \textbf{L}, for our final downstream task of learning an ASR using low-resource labeled dataset \textbf{J}. \textbf{L} here is from a similar source as \textbf{J}, whereas \textbf{X} is from a different source. Table \ref{tab:example} reports results for all our setups. Our best setups achieve an improvement of 5.3\% and 42.1\% WER over our F-Bank baselines for 100hrs and 10hrs GramVani fine-tuning respectively, and 4.3\% and 6.1\% when the model pre-trained from scratch acts as our baselines, over \emph{continued pre-training} setups. Further, we discuss some of our primary observations w.r.t. the evaluation results on development set, which are as follows:

\begin{itemize}
    \item \textbf{Quality over Quantity}: LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH performs worse with or w/o continued pre-training than IndicWav2Vec pre-trained with about 1/5\textsuperscript{th} the total
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{table}[!ht]
  \caption{Performance of various E2E-ASR models with different upstream feature extractors $^1$}
  \centering
  \label{tab:example}

  \resizebox{8.3cm}{!}{%
  \begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l}
    \toprule
    \textbf{Feature Extractor} & \textbf{Pretraining} & \textbf{dev WER} & \textbf{eval WER}
\\

    &\textbf{data size (hours)} & & \\
     \hline
    \textbf{Finetuning Data Size 100 hours} & & & \\ \hline \hline

    FBANK (Baseline 1) & - &  33.4  & 32.9 \\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - GV (Baseline 2) & 1000 & 32.4 & 32.3 \\ \hline

    XLSR-53  &  - &   96.2  & \\
    LV-60 & - & 35.0 & \\
    CLSRIL-23 & - & 34.7 & \\
    Mono Ekstep & - & 34.5 & \\
    LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH  & -  &   33.8 & \\
    IndicWav2Vec & - & 33.7 & \\ \hline

    CLSRIL-23 & 1000 & 32.2 & \\
    Mono Ekstep & 1000 &  31.4 &\\
    LV-60 & 1000 & 30.9 & \\
    IndicWav2Vec & 100 &  29.6 & \\
    LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH & 1000 & 29.2 & 29.5 \\
    XLSR-53 & 1000 &   28.8  & 28.6 \\
    IndicWav2Vec & 1000 & \bf28.1 & \bf27.9 \\
    \hline
    \textbf{Finetuning Data Size 10 hours}& & & \\ \hline \hline

    FBANK (Baseline 1) & - & 80.9 &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - GV (Baseline 2) & 1000 & 44.9 & \\ \hline
    IndicWav2Vec  & - & 49.3  & 27.8 &\\
    IndicWav2Vec  & 100 & 41.3  & 21.6 \\
    IndicWav2Vec  & 1000 & \bf38.8  & \bf19.7\\

    \bottomrule

  \end{tabular}
  %
}

\end{table}

    amount of unlabelled data. IndicWav2Vec is pre-trained with languages with a similar phonetic structure to GramVani whereas LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH is pre-trained on English which has a phonetic structure that is entirely different from Hindi.

    \item \textbf{Continued pre-training on source data always helps}: Continued SSL Pre-training on \textbf{L}, already converged on \textbf{X}, always helps to improve the effectiveness of feature representations for ASR irrespective of model or dataset size or shift in domain or lanaguage of \textbf{X} compared to \textbf{J}. As also seen in Table \ref{tab:example} all models which were allowed to continue to pre-train on the GramVani un-labelled data showed improvement over the ones which were not pre-trained.

    \item \textbf{Language plays a key role in this setup}: Language plays one of the most important roles and it benefits to have a smaller \textbf{X} from the same language than extremely high-resource \textbf{X} from a completely different language with a different phonetic structure. As evident from Table \ref{tab:example}, models pre-trained on Indian Languages perform better on ASR fine-tuning with GramVani than models trained on $10\times$ the data but from a different language.

    \item \textbf{Multilingual upstream pre-training helps monolingual downstream fine-tuning for Indian languages}: Indian languages have a similar phonetic structure and pre-training on multilingual Indian data \textbf{X} always helps over monolingual \textbf{X} even if the monolingual is from the same language. A similar observation was also made in \cite{aaai_hindi}. As evident from Table \ref{tab:example}, IndicWav2Vec performs better than Mono Ekstep. However, contrary to this, we would like to point out that multilingual pre-training doesn't help if \textbf{X} is dominant of other languages with a completely different phonetic structure even if \textbf{X} has more hours of data. This is evident from the fact that XLSR-53 performs worse than IndicWav2Vec which was pre-trained on both more hours and more languages.

    \item \textbf{High-level features from SSL show better effectiveness in ultra-low-resource data regimes}: For our 10hrs GramVani fine-tuning setup, we get an absolute improvement of over 40\% WER from our F-Bank baseline, which is better jump than our 100hrs fine-tuning setup.

    \item \textbf{More domains generalize better}: From \ref{tab:example} Wav2Vec2.0-LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH performs better than Wav2Vec2.0-LV-60 and IndicWav2Vec performs better than CLSRIL-23, which conclude that models that see more domains during pre-training learn better domain-agnostic features.

\end{itemize}

Finally, as mentioned earlier, since we use the weighted sum of all the layers of our upstream model for our downstream ASR fine-tuning, we try to analyze the weights given to each layer by our ASR task for each individual upstream setup with the help of work done in \cite{pasad2021layer}. In lines with the observation made by \cite{pasad2021layer}, that representation from layers 16-21 of a wav2vec-2.0 large model has the highest phonetic information, for setups with upstream models pre-trained on Indian languages, our downstream gives maximum attention to these layers and this improves for all models on CP. Additionally, following our results, setups that give the best performance also pay the highest attention to these layers with IndicWav2Vec paying the most thus again re-confirming the advantages of multilingual Indian language pre-training. Consistent with observations in literature \cite{chang2021exploration}, the lower (0-7) and higher layers (21-24) play a minimal role throughout all upstream setups.

\begin{comment}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.1}
\begin{table*}[!ht]

  \caption{Performance of various E2E-ASR models with different upstream feature extractors.}
  \label{tab:example}
  \begin{center}
  \resizebox{15.0cm}{!}{%
  \begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l}
    \toprule
    \textbf{Feature Extractor} & \textbf{Wav2Vec2.0} & \textbf{Pretraining} & \textbf{dev WER}  & \textbf{dev CER} & \textbf{eval WER} & \textbf{eval CER}\\

    & \textbf{model type} &\textbf{data size (hours)} & & \\
     \hline
    \textbf{Finetuning Data Size 100 hours} & & & \\ \hline \hline

    FBANK (Baseline 1) & - & - & 33.4 & 17.5 & 32.9 & 19.0 \\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - GV (Baseline 2) & large & 1000 & 32.4 & 16.6 & 32.3 & 18.2 \\ \hline

    XLSR-53    & large &  - &   96.2    & 81.9 & & \\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - LV-60 & large & - & 35.0 & 18.7 & &\\
    CLSRIL-23 & base & - & 34.7 & 18.2 & &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - Mono Ekstep & base & - & 34.5 & 18.1 & &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH & large & -  &   33.8 & 17.8 & &\\
    IndicWav2Vec & large & - & 33.7  & 17.8 & & \\ \hline

    CLSRIL-23 & base & 1000 & 32.2 & 16.3 & &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - Mono Ekstep & base & 1000 &   31.4    & 15.5 & &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - LV-60 & large &  1000 & 30.9 & 15.3 & &\\
    IndicWav2Vec & large &   100 &  29.6  & 14.6 & &\\
    LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH & large & 1000 & 29.2 & 14.3 & 29.5 & 16.2 \\
    XLSR-53 & large & 1000 &   28.8    & 14.0 & 28.6 & 15.9 \\
    IndicWav2Vec & large &   1000 & \bf28.1  & \bf13.7 & \bf27.9 & \bf15.4 \\
    \hline
    \textbf{Finetuning Data Size 10 hours}& & & & & &\\ \hline \hline

    FBANK (Baseline 1)& - & - & 80.9 & 62.8 & &\\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - GV (Baseline 2)& large & 1000 & 44.9 & 24.4 & &\\ \hline
    IndicWav2Vec & large & - & 49.3  & 27.8 & &\\
    IndicWav2Vec &  large & 100 & 41.3  & 21.6 & &\\
    IndicWav2Vec &  large & 1000 & \bf38.8  & \bf19.7 & &\\

    \bottomrule

  \end{tabular}
  %
}
  \end{center}
\end{table*}
\end{comment}

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.1}

\begin{comment}

\begin{table}[!h]
\centering
    \caption{eval data table}
    \begin{tabular}{c c c}
         \toprule
         \textbf{Feature Extractor} & \textbf{eval WER} & \textbf{eval CER} \\ \hline \\
         FBANK (Baseline 1) & 32.9 & 19.0 \\
    Wav2Vec2.0 - GV (Baseline 2) &  &  \\ \hline \\

    Wav2Vec2.0 - LV-60+CV+SWBD+FSH &  &  \\
    XLSR &       &  \\
    IndicWav2Vec &   &  \\

         \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \label{tab:my_label}
\end{table}

\end{comment}

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.53\textwidth]{heatfinal.png}
  \caption{Layer wise analysis for downstream models with different feature encoders. ``L0'' is the conv. feature encoder.}
  \label{fig:layer_weights}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion and Future Work}

In this paper we study the affect of upstream pre-training domain, language, dataset size and other aspects like multilingual pre-training and phonetic information sharing in an upstream-downstream ASR fine-tuning setup both with and without CP on source data. We think our work will be useful to the speech community, guiding the use of openly available pre-trained models better, and promote model re-use thereby decreasing carbon footprint. As part of future work we would like to devise better language and domain adaptation methods for low-resource (both data and compute) pre-training regimes.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Miss Independent Kelly Clarkson GETS HITCHED!!
Oct 21, 2013 American Idol, Blake Shelton, Clarkson, Grammy Award, Kelly Clarkson, Marriage, Miss Independent (Kelly Clarkson song), Walland Tennessee
It finally happened, miss independent, Kelly Clarkson traded in her independence for the married life, getting hitched to her music manager Brandon Blackstock.
The singer tweeted, "I'm officially Mrs. Blackstock."
Clarkson says she tied the knot Sunday at Blackberry Farms in Walland, Tenn., outside Knoxville.
A representative for the singer didn't immediately respond to an email seeking comment about the marriage.
Clarkson was the first winner of "American Idol" and has released five albums and sung multiple pop hits. She has won three Grammy Awards.
Clarkson is not Blackstock's only high profile singing star, he also manages country star Blake Shelton.
Kelly Clarkson Knows She's Fat
Kelly Clarkson PREGGO

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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On this page you will find our Terms and Conditions of Sale. These Terms and Conditions of Sale only apply for sales from Heidelberg Instruments, Heidelberg. For sales from our sales subsidiaries and sales partners, their respective Terms and Conditions of Sale apply.


DiMella started in real estate at 20, scrounging business wherever he could and trying to make enough money to pay for graduate school. So in 2003, when he and a partner started their own company, he was determined to help other young salespeople. "I wanted to create an environment where you could have great customer service and still have balance in your life," he says. His hockey-playing years at Boston University taught him early on that "personal achievement is impossible without being lifted by team success." Indeed, Charlesgate has grown from three sales associates in 2004 to 15 today, with more than $30 million in sales last year and another $26 million in leasing volume.
GIVING BACK: Being involved with the community is a key part of his commitment to a balanced life. He's a board member for the Greater Boston Association of REALTORS® and volunteers with a program for inner city youth.


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Corporate Description
The CEO of Pharma Alliance Group Inc. has over 30 years of experience in dissolution testing. Its humble beginnings began by assembling the early gear and chain driven dissolution testers with Dr.William A. Hanson, known in our field
As the pioneer of the first commercial 6 vessel dissolution tester back in 1969. Our views are broad in our operational approach yet specific in solving a variety of problems for our customers. We look closely into the status quo within the realm of dissolution operations and attempt to bring redefined solutions to existing problems as well as new approaches to yet unsolved situations and applications with our complete line of advance testing equipment.
Pharma Alliance Group Inc and strategic partners today offer a complete line of basic and automated Pharmaceutical testing equipment. As new drug delivery formulations are necessary, our team of engineers continue developing innovative technology in all of our instruments to meet the extraordinary new challenges in the field of pharmaceutical drug testing. Today our product range includes a complete line of tablet dissolution transdermal and topical tester systems and other specialty instruments.
Markets served and services
Pharma Alliance Group Inc distributes and co-design quality assurance test equipment for the pharmaceutical, bio tech, and Nutraceutical and life science industries. Our state of the art testing equipment design is primarily used in drug delivery formulations, release rate testing, stability and quality control. The new modern facility has now in place a contract application laboratory department to conduct and assist customers with specific tablet dissolution testing challenges
In addition, a team of engineers serve the rapid new validation changes demand in performance and routine maintenance system qualifications regardless of name brand. Our complete array of testing equipment is now installed worldwide in pharmaceutical manufacturers, contract laboratories including regulatory agencies and world wide universities. The key partnering alliance distribution network assures support over 50 international sales and service representatives.
USA Distribution Headquarters
INDIA Manufacturing & Product Developement
Electrolab established in 1984, manufactures pharmaceutical testing equipment and peristaltic pumps which are used in several industries.Electrolab exports 50% of its production worldwide.
The company has a well-trained production team supported by in-house CAD, software, hardware design engineers and well established vendors to support production target and a management that understands the importance of quality and timely delivery. This together with a flexible production process and cost effective operations has enabled it to be competitive, responsive and reliable.
The company provides validation and prompt after sales service for its customers needs. In addition, the network of Distributors and Representatives has the technical capability to support after sales service. With over 30 distributors and agents serving your interests world


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Home Art Magazine A New History of Abstract Art in Munich
A New History of Abstract Art in Munich
It's certainly not surprising news just how important the work of many female artists was throughout art history. But among famous name such as Sonia Delaunay, Carol Rama, Louise Bourgeois, Varvara Federovna Stepanova and many more, there are also many female personalities assigned under the wrong artistic movements. At the Munich Lenbachhaus, Karin Althaus and Sebastian Schneider are curating an exhibition that sheds new light on European abstractionism.
Discover more about the latest experimentation in the Abstract Art Field.
A mix between spiritualism, a fascination for the occult and artistic experimentation led the two curators to choose the works of Hilma af Klint, Georgiana Houghton and Emma Kunz to analyse. Usually attributed to Wassily Kandinsky, the paternity of abstractionism requires a reevaluation and a change of perspective. In that era, the modern female art scene was taking its first steps, spreading outwards from Victorian Britain towards Sweden, where the indecipherable Hilma af Klint is certainly owed the title as the mother of abstract art. Despite some conceptual aspects in common with Kandinsky (also a fervent spiritualist), her path was undertaken largely autonomously, so we can speak of feminine abstractionism, developed almost in parallel to the "classic" of the Blaue Reiter.
Don't miss our article "Abstract Art: Boundless Territory To Create".
From its title, "World Receivers", we can understand the particularity of the exhibited artists who considered themselves as catalysts of a particular energy to be translated into painting or graphics; to communicate with the souls of the afterlife; to launch a message of harmony between humanity and nature, the Earth and the Sky. This was all undertaken in an attempt to save humanity from the moral crisis in which it had already fallen in the second half of the nineteenth century. To others, did this suggest madness, or a search for utopia?
The result, in any case, is a brilliant and innovative artistic itinerary that, if rediscovered with care, can rewrite a chapter of art history.
Take a glance at recent abstract artwork on Kooness: Hilary Herrmann, Barbara Weir, Gloria Petyarre.
A photographer by passion, a spiritualist by vocation and an artist by consequence. Thus we can summarise the career of Georgiana Houghton, an ardent Londoner who adhered to Spiritualism also because it offered her a way of escape from the family routine (in the mid-nineteenth century, a female movement was born in England that would evolve into the Suffragettes).
In the wake of a female emancipation that, at least in Northern Europe, was increasing its scope, the art scene was enriched with other figures interested in the mixture between painting and occultism. This was part of a widespread sensibility in that era, which led, for example, Joseph Péladan to design the Rose-Croix movement, and then to organise in Paris a Salon of esoteric or symbolist art. In reaction to Positivism, reality was banished from the new direction of art, which had to be mystical, idealistic and endowed with a strong sense of aesthetics, and which had for its subjects mythological, oneiric, allegorical scenes, often derived from literature. For example, the Secession was largely this, but it was not the only face of an esoteric and abstract art that developed in Europe at the end of the century.
Georgiana Houghton
At least ten years before Kandinsky, the Swedish Hilma af Klint developed the first examples of a painting that was entirely "non-objective" that would later be called abstract art, going beyond Houghton also from a theoretical point of view: it adhered to Anthroposophy, departign from the Theosophy on which it was formed. This implied a painting focused on human psychology, on its need for completeness and harmony. It was conceived around the dialogue between opposites, recalling the relationship between Ying and Yang, the circular forms referring to the cycles of nature and the cosmos and, when they appears, the figurative aspects are linked to Masonic or esoteric symbols.
On the other hand, the geometric abstractionism of the Swiss artist Emma Kunz, a follower of the holistic theory of cosmic energy, attracted to particular areas of the Earth; also the graph paper that she used for her drawings became a receptor of the genre, and it was through the oscillation method of a pendulum that she chose the points from which to begin to draw, constructing symmetry with mathematical proportions.
From the innovative works of these three artists comes a mystical conception of the art that they had in common, a direct consequence of the historical and social period they lived, among the first signs of a female awareness - which would then find its feet in the 20th Century - and the political crisis that would lead to the Great War, totalitarianism and the Second World War. Set against this social backdrop feminine art, imbued with maternal spirituality, was recognisable in the way in which the three artists felt invested in a cultural mission that went beyond their works. In these signs, shapes and geometries the strength of a social message of peace, of harmony, of encouragement to look forward is expressed. It is done so with graceful traits, but at the same time dramatic, dreamlike, now curvilinear now angular, with images often blurred or overlapping. An extreme, courageous attempt to soften the controversial Europe of modernity.
LouiseBourgeois
SoniaDelaunay
HilmaAfKlint
GeorgianaHoughton
EmmaKunz
Hermann Lederle
Paintings 30.48 x 30.48cm
Jeremy Annear
Metrographic II No.8
Drawings & Works on Paper Mixed Media Paintings 35.5 x 25.2cm
Blue Courier No.38
Blue Moon No.37
Late Night No. 39
Casper Versluis
Pertinance
Sculpture 48.5 x 24.5 x 18.5cm
Piano bar No.26
Paintings Drawings & Works on Paper Mixed Media 21.3 x 30cm
Arc II No.7
Paintings Drawings & Works on Paper Mixed Media 25.2 x 35.5cm
Harmonic Colour I
Paintings 41 x 51cm
Ideas XII


Mosquito's - Ontario, green strike unit... Any feedback???
I've been looking around for possible mosquito control ideas and pretty much everything seems to fall into 1) propane units, 2) bug zappers, 3) the mosquito sprays... Think I'm leaning towards one of the propane units but also came across a company called green-strike. It seems to concentrate on killing the eggs as opposed to the actual mosquito's. Wondering if any one has any thoughts or feedback on those units???
It is almost like there is a dome around us. We have a pond by the pool and wet lands behind the property so KNOW mosquitos!
I use a bug zapper, but generally, get rid of any standing water (except pools of course).


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Ticket to Ride: United Kingdom/Pennsylvania
Naam Ticket to Ride: United Kingdom/Pennsylvania
Expansion for Base-game
Leeftijd 8
Boardgameshop €34,95 €0,00 €34,95 €3,95 €38,90
CrowdFinder €28,50 €7,49 €35,99 €3,99 €32,49
Goedkopegezelschapsspellen €31,50 €4,95 €36,45 €12,65 €44,15
Summoner €29,95 €6,95 €36,90 €11,50 €41,45
DeSpelacademie €33,25 €4,50 €37,75 €4,50 €37,75
Sheepgames €30,50 €8,20 €38,70 €5,00 €35,50
Spellenrijk €34,95 €3,99 €38,94 €4,95 €39,90
Spelspul €34,95 €6,00 €40,95 €9,50 €44,45
Spellenvariant €35,25 €0,00 €35,25 €3,99 €39,24
DeRodePion €29,95 €6,95 €36,90 €6,95 €36,90
Spelgezel €32,00 €6,95 €38,95 €2,99 €34,99
Reuzespelplezier €32,00 €7,00 €39,00 €3,50 €35,50
Spellenhuis €34,95 €4,95 €39,90 €8,95 €43,90
Spellenwinkel €36,95 €3,95 €40,90 €3,95 €40,90
Ticket to Ride Map Collection: Volume 5 – United Kingdom & Pennsylvania contains a double-sided game board with new rules for use with Ticket to Ride or Ticket to Ride: Europe with players now creating train lines in the British Isles and in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania half of this map collection adds a share mechanism to the basic TtR game. Each time that a player completes a route, they claim a share of one of the companies depicted next to that route. At the end of the game, whoever holds more shares of a company than all other players receives points as a reward. The United Kingdom half of this map collection introduces the concept of technology to TtR. At the start of the game, players can build only one- and two-train routes and only in England. By spending wild cards, players gain the ability to build routes three trains long or longer, in addition to being able to build ferries across water and build train routes in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Players can also buy bonus cards that allow them to score extra points for taking certain actions during play. Despite the name, the map covers both the UK and the Republic of Ireland, that is, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Although officially an expansion for Ticket to Ride or Ticket to Ride: Europe, this could be used for Ticket to Ride: Nordic Countries. However use with Nordic Countries would be limited to three players and use of spare trains. The UK map requires 35 trains, the Pennsylvania map requires 45 trains, and Nordic Countries contains 40 of each colour (with 5 spare). Part of Ticket to Ride series.


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Rachel Elisabeth Heal (born 1 April 1973) is an English former racing cyclist, who currently works a directeur sportif for UCI Women's Continental Team .

Career

Professional career
Heal originally took up cycling when she was at Birmingham University as a means of transportation. She joined British Cycling's World Class Performance Plan in 2001 to become a full-time cyclist. She turned professional and rode for the Farm Frites team after obtaining a degree in chemical engineering. She has competed in world championships, Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games. Heal is also a British Cycling level 2 coach, and a qualified personal trainer.

Management career
Heal switched to management when she became co-director of the  team in 2010 alongside team-mate Tina Pic, replacing Iona Wynter. After the Colavita team disbanded at the end of 2011, Heal became director of the new  team for 2012. Heal left the team at the end of 2013 to join , where she made history in 2014 as the first British woman to direct a men's team at a world tour event.

Major results

2001
 2nd Points race, British National Track Championships
 4th Road race, National Road Championships

2002
 1st Stage 5 Gracia–Orlová
 National Road Championships
2nd Road race
3rd Time trial
 2nd WCRA 2 day, Leicestershire
 3rd Road race, Commonwealth Games

2003
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 National Track Championships
2nd Points race
3rd Individual pursuit
 3rd Ronde van Drenthe

2004
 1st Stage 7 Tour de l'Aude Féminin
 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Holland Ladies Tour
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 3rd National Cyclo-cross Championships
 3rd Points race, National Track Championships
 7th Australia World Cup

2005
 1st Omnium, Aztec Track Meet
 National Road Championships
2nd Road race
2nd Time trial
 National Track Championships
2nd Scratch
2nd Individual pursuit

2006
 1st Tri Peaks Stage Race
 1st Tour of Elk Grove Crit
 4th Overall Tour of the Gila
 Commonwealth Games
5th Road race
5th Time trial

2007
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour de Toona
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 2nd Overall Tour of the Gila
1st Stage 1 (ITT)
 7th Women's Cycling Criteriums

2008
 1st Stage 4 Tour of the Gila
 3rd Sea Otter Classic

2009
 7th Sea Otter Circuit Race

References

External links

Results on British Cycling website

1973 births
Living people
People from Bebington
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists of Great Britain
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Cyclists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
English female cyclists
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This page will guide you through the basic use of XA.
The webpage should be displayed. Click on the Add Bookmark icon.
Give the bookmark a name or accept the system-generated one and add a meaningful description if desired.
Click on 'Add bookmark'. The bookmark will then be displayed on your XA home screen.
Find the file you wish to download to your computer's C drive to work on and then simply click on the file name. You will be asked if you would like to save your file, so click 'save'.
Once the file has saved it will tell you the download has completed and give you the option to 'Open the folder / View the Downloads folder' The file will be within your Downloads folder so click on 'View Downloads' and then you can access the file and save it on your machine.
When you have finished editing your file, please follow the instructions towards the end of this document about how to 'Upload'.
If you want to upload many files, you can select several files from the H drive screen and then zip them up for ease of downloading.
This will then offer you the opportunity to zip them up and download the zip.
When you want to 'Upload' the file back to your H drive you will need to click on the 'Upload Files' button.
Browse and find your file (using the Browse Button) and then click the 'Open' button to add I to the list of files to upload.
This then places the file in the root of the H drive for you.
Staff can log in to a remote desktop. This gives access to Microsoft Office programs, Outlook, H: and shared drives. Note that it does not give access to business applications such as ISIS. If you need access to these applications, you will need a keyfob (FVPN).
The staff desktop appears as a bookmark on you XA home page.
You may get a 'File Security – Citrix online plug-in' message box explaining that an online application is attempting to access files on your computer. This is fine, please click on 'Permit all access' and you will then be able to use the Desktop as expected.
Once finished, please log off by clicking on the 'Start' button in the bottom left hand corner.
When logged out of the Staff Desktop, please log out of XA by clicking on the 'Sign Out' door symbol in the top right hand corner of the XA window.


Front line plot of land. The total area of the plot is 10, 888 sq. m. , out of which 2440 sq. m. are provided for building, the rest of the area is the territory of the park.
Detailed planning is approved and electricity is supplied.
It is possible to build a detached house or a semi-detached house with a total area of 600 sq. m. The upper floor of the building will offer a direct view of the sea.


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Q: Dirichlet series for inverse of Eta function We know that $$ \frac{1}{\zeta (s)} = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\mu(n)}{n^{s}} $$
but what happens with  $$ \frac{1}{\eta (s)} = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{b(n)}{n^{s}} $$
with $ \eta (s) =  (1-2^{1-s})\zeta (s) ?$
Can I evaluate the coefficients $ b(n) $ ? Perhaps I should apply the mobius transform to the sequence $ a(n)= (-1)^{n} .$

A: We can find the coefficients $b(n)$ in different ways.
On the one hand, we can determine the Dirichlet inverse of $\alpha(n) = (-1)^{n-1}$. Since $\alpha$ is multiplicative, that is relatively easy, one finds
$$b(n) = \begin{cases} \mu(n) &, n \equiv 1 \pmod{2} \\ 2^{v_2(n)-1}\mu\left(\dfrac{n}{2^{v_2(n)}}\right)&, n \equiv 0 \pmod{2}. \end{cases}\tag{1}$$
On the other hand, from the product representation
$$\begin{align}
\eta(s) &= \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}}\right)\prod_p \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^s}\right)^{-1}\\
&= \frac{2^s-2}{2^s-1} \prod_{p > 2} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^s}\right)^{-1}
\end{align}$$
by expanding
$$\frac{2^s-1}{2^s-2} = 1 + \frac{1}{2^s-2} = 1 + \sum_{\nu = 1}^\infty \frac{2^{\nu-1}}{2^{\nu s}},$$
we obtain the product representation
$$\frac{1}{\eta(s)} = \left(1 + \sum_{\nu=1}^\infty \frac{2^{\nu-1}}{2^{\nu s}}\right)\prod_{p > 2} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^s}\right),$$
which is easily seen to lead to $(1)$.

A: $$\frac{1}{\eta(s)}=\frac1{(1-2^{1-s})\cdot\zeta(s)}=\frac1{1-2^{1-s}}\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\mu(n)}{n^{s}}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{b(n)}{n^{s}}\iff b(n)=\frac{\mu(n)}{1-2^{1-s}}$$

A: You are correct that $b(n)$ can be computed recursively as the Dirichlet inverse of $a(n)$. But there's another way: simply expand $(1-2^{1-s})^{-1}$ and multiply that against $\zeta(s)^{-1}$:
$$\frac{1}{\eta(s)}=\cfrac{1}{\displaystyle 1-\frac{2}{2^s}}\frac{1}{\zeta(s)}=\left(1+\frac{2}{2^s}+\frac{4}{4^s}+\frac{8}{8^s}+\cdots\right)\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n^s}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{b(n)}{n^s} $$
Therefore, for $n$ odd, $b(n)=\mu(n)$, and for $n$ even,
$$\begin{array}{ll} b(n) & =\sum_{\substack{d\mid n \\ d=2^r}}d\mu(n/d) \\ & =\sum_{r=0}^{v}2^r\mu(n/2^r) \\ & =2^{v_2(n)}\mu(n/2^{v_2(n)})+2^{v_2(n)-1}\mu(n/2^{v_2(n)-1}) \\[3pt] & =2^{v_2(n)-1}\mu(n/2^{v_2(n)}).\end{array}$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How can we prevent school shootings?. There are many ways to help prevent school shootings, but who knows if this will make a difference. Teenagers nowadays have really bad intentions. And in my opinion I think teenagers have problems going through there life that can affect others and this leads to shootings in schools or whatever it can be. Like for example if this guy likes a girl and the girl does not like him, the guy could do anything bad to the girl or anyone like perhaps a school shooting just because the girl did not like him.
The reason I used this example was because in may 20, 2018. There was a school shooting in a high school in Texas leaving 10 dead and a couple wounded. The teenager that caused that massacred was a student who went to that high school. Just because of a girl he liked that didn't like him. He decided to take his anger out killing student at a high school. The first step to prevent a school shooting is to warn the students that danger is happening. Most of these school shootings have happened by the shooter pulling the fire alarm and having the students run out.
Also maybe doing lock down drills more often would be a good idea. That way we can help students be more prepared. Having security guards on all schools at least maximum of 5 or 4. That way students at schools can feel safe and not having to worry about something bad happening. Something I thought that would be a good idea to put at all schools or at least middles schools or high school is to put metal detectors, although that would be a lot of money for the school district to pay.


Camille Chorin is a multi-media visual artist concentrating in Photography and Sculpture. A native of Los Angeles, Chorin lives and works in Mar Vista. She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Otis College of Art and Design in May 2017.


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Angélique Trinquier – ex nuotatrice monegasca
 Michel Trinquier – pittore francese
 Roger Trinquier – militare francese


This item's concept is utterly original. Featuring an assortment of two designs, come these coat hangers. Each hanger has a piece of decorative wire under the hanger, with one saying 'Mrs' and the other saying 'Mr'. These make the perfect gift for newly-weds and love birds, or as pre-wedding token for the bride and groom-to-be to store their wedding outfits.
This entry was posted in Wedding Store and tagged Clothes, Hangers, Luxury, Wedding by Formal Affair. Bookmark the permalink.


Delta Air Lines Inc. (DAL) on Wednesday reported first-quarter profit of $746 million.
On a per-share basis, the Atlanta-based company said it had profit of 90 cents. Earnings, adjusted for non-recurring gains, were 45 cents per share.
The results topped Wall Street expectations. The average estimate of 10 analysts surveyed by Zacks Investment Research was for earnings of 44 cents per share.
The airline posted revenue of $9.39 billion in the period, matching Street forecasts.
Delta shares have decreased 12 percent since the beginning of the year, while the Standard & Poor's 500 index has climbed nearly 2 percent. The stock has risen 36 percent in the last 12 months.


^ Guralnik, G.; Hagen, C.; Kibble, T. (1964). "Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles". Physical Review Letters 13 (20): 585–587. Bibcode 1964PhRvL..13..585G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585.
^ Guralnik, Gerald S. (2009). "The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles". International Journal of Modern Physics A24: 2601–2627. arXiv:0907.3466. Bibcode 2009IJMPA..24.2601G. doi:10.1142/S0217751X09045431.


Last night saw both followers of Converse and Footpatrol's collaborations descend into Soho for the launch of their joint effort, the Pro Leather Hi & OX pack.
With the rays of sun in short supply at the moment, last night it made a more than welcome appearance, giving way to a launch party sprawling onto the pavement as people soaked up the friendly vibes. The music was playing, the drinks were flowing and the product was on show, everyone's happy. Whilst the actual display of the pack was less than I was expecting, three shelves displaying the two models and a small display at the front of the shop, this didn't hinder people having a good evening.
When getting hands on with the product, the quality of the Leather, the cotton lining and the laces are all to be praised. They're an exceptional quality and both parties should be proud of their efforts. Although the Aztec inspired print isn't exactly to my tastes, the shoe all round is well executed and I can see it appealing to a market. There's no doubt that these will be selling fast.
All in all it was a good evening and a big thank you goes out to Footpatrol and Converse for their hospitality.


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Q: R: contour3d add grid to 3D display I am trying out contour3D on a brain image in the example using brainR at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911196/but I wanted to add a grid to contour 3D.
Here is a reproducible example:
require(brainR)
# Template from MNI152 from McGill
template <- readNIfTI(system.file("MNI152_T1_2mm_brain.nii.gz",
        package="brainR"), reorient=FALSE)
contour3d(template, level = 4500, alpha = 0.1, draw = TRUE)

Now, I would liketo draw a box around the display and a grid for that box. How do I do this? I tried to add a box, but even addbox=T does not seem to do anything? Any suggestions? Many thanks in advance!

A: I'm not sure what you want, but if you want a full box around the display with tick marks and grid lines at the ticks, the code below should do it.  I've also changed to alpha = 1 because otherwise I
find the grid lines confusing.
require(brainR)
# Template from MNI152 from McGill
template <- readNIfTI(system.file("MNI152_T1_2mm_brain.nii.gz",
                                  package="brainR"), reorient=FALSE)
contour3d(template, level = 4500, alpha = 1, draw = TRUE)
decorate3d()
grid3d(c("x-", "x+", "y-", "y+", "z-", "z+"))

This produces this output after a small rotation:

Edited in response to comments:
To display the frame without ticks and numbers, use box3d() instead of decorate3d().
Adding a background colour to the cube can be done with the bbox3d() function.  By default it draws only 3 sides of the cube:  I find this kind of ugly, but your taste may vary.  I
prefer to see it with front-facing sides showing; that could be 3, 4, or 5 faces.  Here's the code:
require(brainR)
# Template from MNI152 from McGill
template <- readNIfTI(system.file("MNI152_T1_2mm_brain.nii.gz",
                                  package="brainR"), reorient=FALSE)
contour3d(template, level = 4500, alpha = 1, draw = TRUE)
box3d()
grid3d(c("x-", "x+", "y-", "y+", "z-", "z+"))
bbox3d(col="cyan", alpha = c(0.5, 0), shininess = 100,
       draw_front = TRUE, front = "culled")

Here's what you get with the code above:

Leave off the last two arguments of the bbox3d call for the
3-side display.  It will look the same at this orientation, but will be different as you rotate the display.


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Jerusalem a Burdensome Stone
Political Earthquakes as Netanyahu Contemplates Jerusalem's future at the Jerusalem Conference.
February 21, 2008 - Audio, 17.00 MIN
As the world reels from political earthquakes, the declaration of independence in Kosovo and Russia's reaction, The 5th Annual Jerusalem conference is going on. One of the main issues: Jerusalem!
Welcome to another edition of The Bible in the News. This is Jonathan Bowen joining you. This week we will go to the Jerusalem conference in Israel.
But before we go to Jerusalem, a quick glance elsewhere. While the world watches the US primaries for the upcoming presidential election, other political earthquakes have been erupting around the globe. This week President Musharif of Pakistan was pummeled in the polls. Calls for his resignation have been sounded around the country – creating a degree of instability in the "war on terror".
Cuba's president Castro has finally stepped down, opening the way for change with one of the last "cold war" adversaries of the United States.
Kosovo's Independence
The Serbian province of Kosovo declared independence this week. The U.S., France, the U.K., Germany, Australia, Turkey and Italy have all so far recognized Kosovo. This has added to global instability.
Russia has reacted strongly to the declaration of independence and current recognition by Western nations. This week, Britian's Daily Telegraph depicted Putin as cracking the old hammer down on Eastern Europe, signifying turning back to former Russian policies of global domination.
Russian News Service Novosti quoted Sergei Ivanov, the Russian first deputy prime minister, as stating:
"I am convinced that the recognition of Kosovo sets a precedent. The system of international law that we have lived under for more than a century is being undermined."
The article went on to quote Ivanov who said, "the declaration would open a Pandora' Box of declarations of independence as de facto independent republics across the world asked themselves the question, "How are we any different?".
Well, Ivanov's prediction seems to have some weight. A B.B.C. headline stated on Tuesday, "Palestinians 'may declare state'". The article stated,
A senior Palestinian official has said the Palestinians ought to unilaterally declare a state if peace talks with Israel do not succeed. Yasser Abed Rabbo is a top aide to Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas and a member of the team currently negotiating with Israeli officials.
He said the Palestinians deserved independence more than Kosovo. His comments come a day after talks between Mr Abbas and Israeli PM Ehud Olmert closed without visible progress. "Kosovo is not better than us. We deserve independence even before Kosovo, and we ask for the backing of the United States and the European Union for our independence" – Yasser Abed Rabbo.
Arutz Sheva News reported, however,
PA Chairman and Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas ruled out the idea, suggested Wednesday morning by Yasser Abed Rabbo, a co-founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
"We will pursue negotiations in order to reach a peace agreement during 2008 that includes the settlement of all final status issues, including Jerusalem," said Abbas in a statement.
If the talks reach a deadlock, he added, "we will go back to our Arab nation to take the necessary decision at the highest level."
The 5th Annual Jerusalem Conference
This brings is to Jerusalem and the 5th Annual Jerusalem Conference. Responding to the overall threat of Militant Islam, and the proposition of divining Jerusalem, former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addressed the 5th Annual Jerusalem conference Wednesday. His comments are of great interest as we watch the Bible in the news.
Militant Islam is the force that is threatens our world and is threatening Israel directly. It is posing an unconventional and conventional threat to our future. The unconventional threat is clear it is ticking away in the east. Our policy should be clear. It should be that Iran should not acquire nuclear weapons… period. The conventional threat is also clear and yet is not understood or at least is not challenged by the present government, and indeed by successive governments. The conventional threat of militant Islam, spearheaded by Iran is to build militant Islamic basis in the Middle East, specifically Militant Islam is rolling over the politics of Lebanon and has established a mini state there, with the Hizballah proxies of Iran. It has established a similar base in the Gaza district. Both of these were done with the assistance of unwitting Israeli governments. The first hasty withdrawal from Lebanon enormously facilitated the rise of Hizbullah. The second unilateral withdrawal from Gaza brought Hamas to power. Both of them enabled these places to be penetrated and stockpiled with enormous armaments. We have been rocketed by 4000 rockets in the Galillee, roughly the same in the south. The first thing we have to do is to ask what to do? I ask what not to do? What not to do is to build a third militant Islamic base right here in the heart of Jerusalem and above Tel Aviv. That would be a tremendous, tremendous mistake.
Former Prime Minister Netanyahu clearly states that Hamas in Gaza and the Hizbullah in Lebanon are proxy armies of Iran. Iran is identifiable in the scriptures as Persia who would be allied with the Russia in Ezekiel 38:5. These proxy armies are doing the will of Iran. Israel National News reported Wednesday:
"Iran's fundamentalist President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad unleashed a fresh round of threats Wednesday against Israel, calling the only Jewish country in the world a "filthy microbe" and a "savage animal." Speaking to an Islamist rally in the southern city of Bandar Abbas that was broadcast on national television, Ahmadinejad told supporters "World powers have created a black and dirty microbe named the Zionist regime and have unleashed it like a savage animal on the nations of the region."
We can certainly see the calcification of positions in the Middle East as the stage is being set for the great conflict prophesied Millennia ago by the word of God. This hatred of God's people is one of the catalysts for the invasion of the Middle East. Ezekiel 38:16 describes Gog and his confederacy coming up "against my people of Israel".
Netanyahu went on to discuss the importance of keeping Jerusalem united:
But, especially because we are dealing with a Jerusalem conference. The argument is, if we have an agreement that encompasses Jerusalem, this will bring an end to the conflict. Well, I beg to differ. We are sitting in a place that is adjacent to the most explosive square kilometer on earth. We have here the holy sites of the three great monotheistic religions. The Western Wall of the Jewish Temple, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, and the Dome of the Rock. So Islam, Christianity and Judaism, they are all here.
This comment is particularly interesting when you put it against Zechariah 12:3
"And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all people: all that burden themselves with it shall be cut in pieces, though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it."
Hatred of God's people, the Jewish people, and controversy over the city of Zion are the issues that will precipitate this great conflagration. Netanyahu identifies the city of Jerusalem as this catalyst. However, somehow before the great invasion there must come a time of peace and stability. How will this come to pass? We do not know. But it is interesting to listen to the political agenda of the former Prime Minister as he lays out his platform and vision for the future:
If you want the peace of Jerusalem, keep Jerusalem united under Israel. But if you want to break that peace, not only locally, but internationally, amid the three great faiths, then proceed with what is apparently happening right now, whichis to break our sovereignty in Jeruslaem. That this is happening I have no doubt. We hear senior Palestinian official saying that Jerusalem is on the table. We hear it officially, we hear it unofficially, the government is denying it. The prime minister said that Jerusalem wont be settled until everything is settled, meaning we'll only concede it after we concede everything else. But, if it walks like a duck, it looks like a duck… they are carving up Jerusalem and that is what they are doing right now. So what should we do?
1. Neutralize the Iranian nuclear threat
2. We should not build Iranian bases on our doorstep
3. We have to ensure that Jerusalem remains united in our hands
4. Keep security in our hands
5. The only real progress that we can make with our Palestinian neighbors here in Judea and Samaria is economic progress.
Economic progress and economic peace does not substitute for a political negotiation. It does not solve, or resolve Palestinian political aspirations. I'm talking about those who do not want to jettison (Israel) into eh sea. It does not pretend to do it. It never did anywhere. It didn't do it in Ireland, it didn't do it in Cyprus, it didn't do it in some of the Balkan states. You have enduring conflict, enduring disagreements, enduring political, ethnic and historic conflicts between groups and nations. But what we have seen is that where you have economic progress, the extent, the acuteness of these conflicts is mitigated substantially. And I think what we can engender right now, while Israel keeps security, is to focus on four or five projects for economic advancement. I would include another component here, and that is economic cooperation, especially with Jordan, to include them in this arrangement as well. And to get economic growth. Does that solve the problem? Well, it helps. Tony Blair told me that in Ireland, it took a long time, but the economical miracle in Southern Ireland, what we call the Republic of Ireland, certainly influenced the people in Northern Ireland, the warring parties. They said we want to partake in this too. It helped usher in the Good Friday Agreement. It took another 10 years to develop and it is still an ongoing process. If you look at Cyprus a divided island, still hasn't been resolved, but you see the tremendous economic growth because of the reforms. In Greek Cyprus and now it is percolating into northern Cyprus. Again you can see the same process in the other the Balkan states. That's a realistic process that we should undertake. That is what our government would do if we get in. And I believe there is a very good chance that we will get in.
Here we see the platform of the Likud party in Israel: Peace through prosperity. Interestingly the Bible paints a picture where peace and prosperity go hand in hand prior to the great invasion. Ezekiel 38:10-12 tells us:
"Thus saith the Lord GOD; It shall also come to pass, that at the same time shall things come into thy mind, and thou shalt think an evil thought: And thou shalt say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates, To take a spoil, and to take a prey; to turn thine hand upon the desolate places that are now inhabited, and upon the people that are gathered out of the nations, which have gotten cattle and goods, that dwell in the midst of the land."
Should Mr. Netanyahu be given a mandate to form a government and be able to deliver on his promise, he may well be setting the stage for the invasion spoken of. We have to wait and see.
Netanyahu went on to speak about a Western world that was unprepared to meet the challenges of a Middle Eastern war and the threat of Islam. Interesting that Ezekiel describes the merchant's of Tarshish with the young lions being taken by surprise in Ezekiel 38:13. Listen to what he has to say:
I began my remarks by saying that militant Islam is a danger to Israel, and a danger to the entire world. It is not clear yet whether the West has woken up to the full extent of this danger. In fact, I would say that it is probably true that it has not. There is this pattern, this cyclicality that Churchill once spoke about, of this sleep, the sleep of the democracies, and they are only woken up by the jarring gong of danger, usually when it is about to be too late. So far they have woken up in time, but not really, because the last time we've had a totally implacable ideology, a very violent one, actually messianic in the form of Nazism, they didn't wake up in time. Yes the west was saved, but we know how many millions died, including millions of our own people. The jury is out whether the west has the power to roll back this current danger. Where that question will be tested is throughout the world, in the Middle East, in the distant Middle East too, in parts of Asia, in Europe. But above all it is going to be tested here, in the land of Israel, in the city of Jerusalem, let us not fail that test! Thankyou.
Netanyahu has told the world not to sleep but to watch. The world may be asleep, and especially the western countries in which so many of us live, but while the world is asleep and unaware of the impending conflagration in the Middle East let us take comfort from the scriptures. We read in 1 Thessalonians 5:1-10:
"But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I write unto you. For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape. But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness. Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken are drunken in the night. But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, Who died for us, that, whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with him."
Let us not fail this test!
To listen to Netanyahu's speech and ongoing coverage of the Jerusalem Conference tune in to www.israelnationalnews.com. Tune in next week for another edition of the Bible in the News: www.bibleinthenews.com. This has been Jonathan Bowen joining you.


To maintain discipline and streamline efficiency, the following code of conduct is laid down for the students. Their compliance is compulsory and any failure to do so may necessitate disciplinary action without prior notice.
1. Students must respect all teachers and authorities. They must be polite under all circumstances.
2. Any damage done to the Institute property, to its staff or any other student will have to be compensated for.
3. Punctuality must be observed. Late comers will not be allowed to enter the institute and continuous late comers will be suspend. Reporting time is 8.55 am. Half day leave is not permited.
4. Personal hygiene and grooming must be taken care of.
5. The institute shall not be held liable for indiscipline or misconduct of any student outside the institute premises.
6. Minimum attendance required is 75 % aggregate, failing which, student will be detained at the annual examination. Appearing for mid-term, pre-final and all other exams is compulsory.
7. Students must bring their own books and stationery daily.
9. Boys hostel is strictly out of bound for day scholars.
10. No leave of absence is granted without prior permission of the Principal. Proper leave application must be submitted. Students continuously absenting for l0 working days shall be struck off from rolls, thus necessitating re-admission and line up to Rs. 500/-.
11. No student should communicate any information or write about matter dealing with the Institute administration to the press. Taking active part in current politics is prohibited.
12. Students are not allowed any part-time job. Unofficial caterings or any other course of education along with training at training at FCI. Ajmer. Any student found doing so will be considered as a breach of conduct and disciplinary action along with suitable title will be taken against him/her.
13. Students shall do nothing inside/ outside the institute that may in any way interfere with the administration, discipline and studies.
14. The institute can not accept any liability in respect of any accident a student may sustain while engaged in training or practical work due to any reason.
15. Students are required to maintain proper discipline in the institute. Smoking. chewing of Gutka/ Pan masala etc. is prohibited. of alcohol or drug during the course of study is an offence. Students indulging in ragging activities will be disqualified from continuing the course in the institute.
16. in case of absence on medical ground. a medical certificate duly signed by a RMP(Govt. /Private) should be submitted on the day joining.
17. Library books are issued at the risk ot the students. They must be returned in good condition and lost /damaged books must be paid tor or replaced immediately.
18. Students must not attend any class other than their own without permission of the Principal.
Attending private tuition/coaching is strictly prohibited.
19. No society or association shall be formed in the institute and no person invited to address the students without prior permission of the Principal.
20. The mid-term exam results will be sent to the parents under postal certificate. If indicated, the parents advised to meet the Principal to discuss the 1/2yearly performance & attendance of their ward.
21. Students will be given opportunity to do outdoor caterings in the various reputed hotels and catering establishment only, as well as during the Pushkar Fair. This is a part of the practical training & students are expected to make full use of the opportunity. No unauthorized ODC's will be allowed.


text:
All Employee Highlights Blogs From 2023
Chris Johnson, Strategy & Finance Jan 26, 2023 "The best part of my job is working with so many incredibly talented and mission-driven people," said Chris Johnson, St. Luke's Vice President of ... Continue Reading
Kelly, Clinic Manager Jan 3, 2023 "I have worked almost every clinic position there is," said Kelly Crandall. "I've been a phlebotomist, patient account representative, medical ... Continue Reading
Audrey, Corporate Compliance Specia ... Dec 8, 2022 "Making sure St. Luke's is meeting or exceeding standards is my team's main goal," said Audrey, Corporate Compliance Specialist. "It's a lot! There ... Continue Reading


text:
SF FED blog
Shifting from Engagement to Partnership in Community Revitalization Work
When the Strong, Prosperous, and Resilient Communities Challenge (SPARCC) launched, there was a big focus on community engagement.
But historically even well-meaning "community engagement" efforts have ended up being top-down. That is, communities being consulted after major decisions are made.
What would it take to foster an inclusive revitalization process that intentionally includes community perspectives in decision making?
The six SPARCC regions have been exploring this question, and are now encouraging a mindset shift from engagement to partnership.
First, some background on SPARCC. In March 2017, the challenge rolled out in six regions across the United States: Los Angeles, Atlanta, Chicago, Memphis, Denver, and the San Francisco Bay Area. We are one of four nonprofits implementing the initiative. Learnings from our midcourse check-in are available in a recent Community Development research brief.
At the start of SPARCC, we believed that achieving equitable outcomes required the community to build a shared vision and the power to implement change. Has that changed? No. The hypothesis rang true for all of the sites.
However, what has emerged is a more nuanced understanding of the ways that SPARCC sites can effectively partner with grassroots organizers and community members.
SPARCC sites have worked with community members through various approaches, including:
creating resident councils.
adapting table governance structures, with formal seats for residents.
training community members on planning and development processes.
Regional representatives learned valuable lessons through the process of working in partnership with members of the community. In their experience, building power that lasts begins by establishing meaningful relationships and trust.
It's not a short-term approach.
The process requires a significant investment in time and resources. But it is essential for sustaining the work beyond SPARCC.
Many respondents represented in our research brief vocalized similar feelings about the need across the community development field for this conceptual evolution from engagement to partnership. They stress the importance of working together to support the lasting power of the community.
For details about the lessons learned and future direction of SPARCC, and a summary of the most relevant adaptations, visit Testing Our Hypotheses on Equitable Development: Midcourse Learning and Adapting through SPARCC.
Racial Equity Drives Health and Climate Outcomes
What's Limiting Upward Economic Mobility?
Integrating Racial Equity, Health, and Climate Resilience in the Built Environment: An Overview of SPARCC
Strong, Prosperous, and Resilient Communities Challenge (SPARCC) is a three-year initiative with major funding by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Ford Foundation, The Kresge Foundation, JPB Foundation, and The California Endowment. Four nonprofits form the partnership that implements SPARCC: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Enterprise Community Partners, Low Income Investment Fund, and Natural Resources Defense Council.
The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the management of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.


text:
Charges dropped in 1989 murder investigated by Chicago cops tied to Jon Burge
Posted on February 2, 2018 by Kris Clutter
By: Megan Crepeau, Chicago Tribune.
Kevin Bailey admits that there were moments during his 28 years in prison that he lost hope he would ever be cleared of murder.
"But I just kept fighting," he said with a smile moments after his release Tuesday afternoon from Stateville Correctional Center near Joliet. "Just kept fighting."
Hours earlier, with Bailey in a courtroom at the Leighton Criminal Court Building, a Cook County special prosecutor dropped charges against him and Corey Batchelor, who had been paroled in 2004. The two had long alleged that Chicago police detectives with ties to disgraced former Cmdr. Jon Burge had physically abused them into confessing to a brutal 1989 murder.
After Judge Alfredo Maldonado formally tossed out their convictions, Batchelor and Bailey, both 48, embraced in the courtroom.
Bailey then grinned, pumping his fists in the air as spectators in the courtroom applauded.
"I never, ever wanted to give up," Batchelor, his voice at times emotional, later told reporters in the courthouse lobby. "At times, Kevin used to actually tell me that he was giving up, that he actually didn't believe that we were ever going to get out. And all I did was motivate and motivate and motivate him, and let him know no matter what … the fight would continue."
Batchelor and Bailey were 19-year-olds with no criminal history when they were arrested for the murder of Lula Mae Woods, the wife of a retired Chicago police officer, according to court records. Woods was found stabbed to death in her South Side garage in June 1989.
Read the whole article here: Chicago Tribune
This entry was posted in featured-news, news by Kris Clutter. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Subscribe to Search Marketing Daily
Google's Biggest Financial Mistake
by Laurie Sullivan , Staff Writer @lauriesullivan, February 22, 2019
It seems that Google may have given away its ecommerce dominance when in 2012 the company switched to a pay-to-play business model for Google Shopping.
Earlier this week, eMarketer released numbers estimating Google will lose one percentage point of market share to Amazon. In fact, Amazon -- which will take 8.8% of all digital ad spend in 2019, up from 6.8% in 2018 -- could reach 10% by 2020, per the findings.
The private equity firm Catalyst Capital Group, in a post, wrote that the move may go down in history as one of the all-time corporate blunders. This one cost Google tens of billions of dollars in revenue.
Here's how it started. In 2012, Google changed the name of Google Product Search to Google Shopping and required advertisers to pay to get listed.
The advertisers had to create data feeds or product listings through Google AdWords -- now Google Ads -- in campaigns that would run on Google Shopping.
Brands would not bid on specific keywords, but rather bid the amount they are willing to pay if the listing is served and a consumer clicks on it. Relevance and the bid price would determine the top ranking.
Amazon "played the long game while Google focused on near-term profits."
As a result of this shift, Amazon now dominates ecommerce shopping. Catalyst Capital believes, in part, this is why Amazon's high-margin ad revenue doubled last year from $10.1 billion.
The post also references the Amazon's Advertising Ascent report from Nanigans exploring the digital ad space. About 100 retail marketing executives, each responsible for $50 million or more in annual online sales, were surveyed.
Amazon captures 14% of this group's budget, compared with 21% for Google and 19% to Facebook, but more than half of the brands are planning to increase ad spend on Amazon.
Some 41% spend their incremental ad budget on Amazon, and others are shifting ad budget from Facebook and Google to Amazon, per the post.
Google is not giving up its dominance in search, but it already might have lost the battle in ecommerce.
amazon, budgets, digital, ecommerce, paid search, product listing ad, search
1 comment about "Google's Biggest Financial Mistake".
Walter Sabo from SABO media, February 25, 2019 at 9:48 a.m.
Google is too worried about letting dogs come to work and how well job applicants did in high school math. Self imploding.
Laurie Sullivan is a writer and editor for MediaPost. You can reach Laurie at lauriesullivan@gmail.com.
More from Search Insider
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Google Shoelace: A What-If Hyperlocal Ad, Maps, Recommendations Engine
Most SMBs View Positive And Negative Reviews As Critical


text:
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News :: International : Media
The Shortwave Report 7/13/07 ¡Listen Globally!
by Dan Roberts
Email: outfarpress (nospam) saber.net
Address: PO Box 1162 Willits CA 95490	 12 Jul 2007
A weekly 30 minute review of news and opinion, recorded from a shortwave radio. With times and freqs for listening at home. 2 files- broadcast and slow-modem streaming. Free to rebroadcast. China, Netherlands, Cuba, and Russia.
Dear Radio Friend,
The latest Shortwave Report (July 13) is up at the website
http://www.outfarpress.com/outfarpress/shortwave.shtml in both broadcast quality (13.3MB) and quickdownload or streaming form (4.9MB) (28:59)
This week's show features stories from China Radio International, Radio Netherlands, Radio Havana Cuba, and the Voice of Russia.
From CHINA- Some Chinese exports have come under attack recently for health risks, and the director of the food and drug administration was executed for taking bribes. Pakistani troops violently ended the siege by militants of the Red Mosque in Islamabad. Inspectors from the IAEA will begin work this weekend in N Korea. Military talks are underway between the two Koreas to resolve conflicts over their shared maritime border.
From NETHERLANDS- An interview with a member of Reporters Without Borders concerning the apparent increase in abductions of journalists in war zones. A political party in the Netherlands wants a ban imposed on training workshops for animal rights activists. Prisons in the Netherlands are swelling with inmates who have not been charged with crimes, especially illegal immigrants, drug users, and the mentally ill.
From CUBA- A Chilean judge has ruled that Peru's former president Fujimori will not be extradited for human rights violations and corruption charges. Another US aircraft carrier has moved up the Persian Gulf which according to the Navy "will counter the assertive, disruptive and coercive behavior of some countries."
From RUSSIA- Members of the IAEA are talking with Iranian leaders as the US military presence in the Persian Gulf increases. Russia's Foreign Minister rejects the postponement of ministerial talks on the Middle East crisis. The American dollar has fallen to a record low against the Euro and the Pound. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has acknowledged that mistakes were made during preparations for the war on Iraq. A commentary on the increase in US congressional opposition to the war on Iraq.
There is an article about the Shortwave Report by Cassandra Roos on line at- http://www.campusprogress.org/soundvision/780/big-stories-shortwaves
I was interviewed for an informative weekly radio show Mediageek, available at http://radio.mediageek.net
All that plus times and frequencies for listening at home. It's free to rebroadcast, please notify me if you're airing it and haven't notified me in the last month, please mention the website if you only air a portion. If you just want to listen and have a slow connection, try the streaming version- lower sound quality but good enough and way easier if you don't have a high-speed internet connection. If streaming is a problem because of your slow connection, download the smaller file- it takes 20 minutes or less, and will play swell in any mp3 player application (RealPlayer, Winamp, Quicktime, iTunes, etc) you have on your computer.
This program will be aired on Friday afternoon at 4:30pm (PST) on KZYX/Z Philo CA, you might be able to stream via <http://www.kzyx.org >
There are several other streams that work better- < http://www.freakradio.org >Freak Radio Santa Cruz now streams this program on Friday at 9:00am and Saturday at 11am(PST)
The Shortwave Report may be downloaded as a podcast from < http://www.radio4all.net/podcast.php/.xml?series=outFarpress%20presents > or iTunes (search for "shortwave" in podcasts)
Check out the amazing streams at < http://www.radicalradio.org >
And Radio For Peace International at < http://www.rfpi.org >
I hope you'll listen and air this if you're connected with a radio station. I am still wondering how to get financially compensated for the 25 hours I put into this program weekly- any ideas are appreciated. Any stations rebroadcasting this (or listeners) are welcome to donate for production costs. You can do so through the website. Many thanks to those that have donated! No Guilt! (maybe a little)
link for broadcast edition-
< http://www.outfarpress.com/outfarpress/swr_07_13_07.mp3 >(13.3MB)
link for smaller file and streaming-
< http://www.outfarpress.com/outfarpress/shortwave.shtml >
¡FurthuR! Dan Roberts
Wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit.
-Edward Abbey
http://www.outfarpress.com
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