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199 F.3d 512 (D.C. Cir. 2000), 97-5093, Cones v. Shalala
Document Cited authorities 25 Cited in 312 Precedent Map Related
Docket Nº: 97-5093
Citation: 199 F.3d 512
Party Name: Kenneth L. Cones, Appellant v. Donna E. Shalala, Secretary, Department of Health & Human Services, Appellee
Case Date: January 04, 2000
Court: United States Courts of Appeals, Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
199 F.3d 512 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
Kenneth L. Cones, Appellant
Donna E. Shalala, Secretary, Department of Health & Human Services, Appellee
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit
Argued November 5, 1999
[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia(No. 96cv00701)
Roland G. Schroeder argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs was William D. Hopkins.
Diane M. Sullivan, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the cause for appellee. With her on the brief were Wilma A. Lewis, U.S. Attorney, and R. Craig Lawrence and Kimberly N. Brown, Assistant U.S. Attorneys.
Before: Williams, Ginsburg and Tatel, Circuit Judges.[*]
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Tatel.
Tatel, Circuit Judge:
In this case, we consider a federal government employee's complaint that his agency denied him a promotion on the basis of race and then retaliated against him when he complained. Because we disagree with the district court's conclusion that appellant failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination and retaliation, and because the record contains sufficient evidence from which a jury could infer that the agency's stated reason for selecting a white person was pretext for racial discrimination, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment to the government.
Appellant Kenneth Cones, an African American, began working for the federal government in 1970 as a GS-1.Advancing up the career ladder during the next two decades, Cones eventually became a GS-14 Special Assistant to the Director of the Division of Buildings Management and Telecommunications, part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget ("ASMB") at the Department of Health and Human Services. At ASMB, Cones received uniformly excellent evaluations and applied for several promotions but was never selected. Each time HHS filled the position with a white person.
In 1992, the head of ASMB, Assistant Secretary Arnold Tompkins, also an African American, reorganized ASMB, dissolving the Office of Management and Acquisition where Cones was working and dividing its functions between two newly created entities. One of the new entities, the Administrative Service Center ("ASC"), was given responsibility for day to day physical operations of HHS, including building maintenance, management of the wellness center, and special program coordination. Tompkins detailed Cones to serve as Acting Director of ASC. Although the new position was rated GS-15 and Cones was still a GS-14, personnel
regulations permitted Tompkins to detail Cones to the position for up to 120 days without using the competitive selection process. See 5 C.F.R. § 335.103(c)(1)(ii). Tompkins testified that he detailed Cones to the Acting Director position because ASMB had been criticized for having a poor EEO record and also because he thought Cones deserved an opportunity to enhance his skills.
A month and a half into Cones' detail, the 1992 Presidential election occurred. An appointee of President Bush, Tompkins knew that his tenure as Assistant Secretary would soon end, so he decided that it would be "inappropriate" to advertise or permanently fill the ASC Director position before he left office. After President Clinton's inauguration, and after Elizabeth James, a white female and ASMB's highest ranking career employee, became Acting Assistant Secretary, Cones requested that the ASC Director position be competitively advertised so that he could remain in it either permanently or at least for an extended period of time. James refused, instead detailing a white female GS-14, Rosalie Reggetz, to the position for 120 days. In response, Cones filed an informal complaint of discrimination with HHS's Equal Employment Opportunity Office. Although the EEO Counselor recommended reinstating Cones to the ASC Director position, HHS refused. Cones then filed a formal complaint of discrimination, to which he later added a retaliation claim based on the Department's failure to consider him for a different acting director position.
During this entire period, ASMB was operating under an "informal" hiring freeze, meaning that senior management made every effort to avoid hiring new personnel. On February 10, President Clinton issued an Executive Order establishing a goal of eliminating 100,000 federal government positions. See Executive Order No. 12,839, 58 Fed. Reg. 8515 (1993). In relevant part, the Executive Order reads as follows:
Each executive department or agency with over 100employees shall eliminate not less than 4 percent of its civilian personnel positions ... over the next 3 fiscal years. The positions shall be vacated through attrition or early out programs established at the discretion of the department and agency heads. At least 10 percent of the reductions shall come from the Senior Executive Service, GS-15 and GS-14 levels or equivalent.
Several months later, President Clinton's nominee for Assistant Secretary, Kenneth Apfel, was confirmed and took office. Because Reggetz's 120 day detail was about to end, and because her appointment, like Cones', could not be renewed, another ASMB employee, Peggy Dodd, also a white female, was selected to serve as Acting Director for 120 days. Unlike Cones and Reggetz, Dodd was a GS-15 and had been transferred laterally rather than promoted to the position. As a result, personnel regulations permitted HHS to appoint her as permanent ASC Director without competitively advertising the position. See 5 C.F.R. § 335.103(c)(3)(v). This HHS did on December 12.
Cones then amended his still-pending EEO complaint, adding an allegation that HHS had discriminated and retaliated against him by failing to consider and hire him for the permanent ASC Director position. After his EEO complaint had been pending for well over a year, Cones filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia charging race discrimination and retaliation with respect to the permanent position. He also charged discrimination in connection with the Department's failure to hire him for other positions dating back to 1989.
Granting summary judgment for the Department, the district court found that Cones had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination with respect to the ASC Director position because Dodd, the white person selected to fill the position,
had been laterally transferred rather than promoted. See Cones v. Shalala, 945 F.Supp. 342, 349 (D.D.C. 1996).Alternatively, the district court found, HHS had articulated a non-discriminatory reason for selecting Dodd--that it was in the midst of downsizing--and Cones had failed to present sufficient evidence to establish that this reason was pretext for discrimination. Id. The district court dismissed Cones' retaliation claim, again concluding that Cones had established neither a prima facie case nor pretext. Id. at 350. As to the pre-1993 claims of discrimination, the district court found that Cones had failed timely to file an EEO complaint. Id. at 346-47. Cones moved for reconsideration of the dismissal of his claims related to the ASC Director position. The district court denied the motion.
Cones appeals only the district court's grant of summary judgment with respect to the ASC Director position. Our review is de novo. See Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 638 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ("Our review of the grant of summary judgment is de novo, applying the same standards as the district court").
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, makes it unlawful for the federal government to discriminate in employment on the basis of race. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16.Where, as here, the record contains no direct evidence of discrimination, we employ the familiar burden shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). See Brown v. Brody, No. 97-5347, 199 F.3d 446 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 21, 1999) (McDonnell Douglas test applies to federal employees' Title VII claims). To establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff must show that (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he applied for and was qualified for an available position; (3) despite his qualifications he was rejected; and (4) either someone not of his protected class filled the position or the position remained vacant and the employer continued to seek applicants. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; Kolstad v. American Dental Association, 108 F.3d 1431, 1436 (D.C. Cir. 1997), rev'd in part on other grounds en banc, 139 F.3d 958 (D.C. Cir. 1998), en banc opinion vacated, 119 S.Ct. 2118 (1999). Of particular significance to this case, the burden of establishing a prima facie case "is not onerous." Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). Its function is limited to eliminating the two most common nondiscriminatory reasons for a plaintiff's rejection: "an absolute or relative lack of qualifications or the absence of a vacancy in the job sought."International Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 358 n.44 (1977). "Elimination of these reasons for the refusal to hire," the Supreme Court has explained, "is sufficient, absent other explanation, to create an inference that the decision was a discriminatory one." Id. With this standard in mind, we turn to the facts of this case.
In granting summary judgment for HHS, the district court held that in order to establish a prima facie case, it was not sufficient for Cones to have demonstrated that a white person had been selected for the position. The district court required Cones to show that a white person had been promoted to the position. Cones, 945 F.Supp. at 349. Because Dodd had been laterally transferred into the position--i.e., not promoted--the district court concluded that Cones had failed to...


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Do you struggle with procrastination and self-doubt? Watch this inspiring video
"Before you spend another penny on workshops or skills or anything, work on yourself," human behaviour expert Peter Sage advises
By: Lifestyle Desk | New Delhi |
Learn how to deal with procrastination with these suggestions. (Source: Pexels)
Procrastination is one of the many vices that we have to deal with. It is the act of unnecessarily postponing chores or work to the point of causing harm to the quality of life.
Even after knowing the detriments of this behaviour, intelligent people tend to do it as well. In an inspiring TEDx talk, human behaviour expert Peter Sage beautifully explained hidden reasons and unconscious patterns that cause us to self-sabotage, and suggested ways in which we can change them.
Sage began by explaining what the circumstances might be that are leading to procrastination. He mentioned that lack of resources is possibly not a source of it, neither is excessive opulence. He called the phenomenon a "hamster wheel of mediocrity".
"You see, as human beings, our nervous system is hardwired for comfort, whereas the essence of what makes us us, some would say our soul is hardwired for growth. And it's managing that dynamic tension between how good a comfort zone feels and the innate calling of our potential that lies outside of that, that causes the frustration for most people and keeps them on that hamster wheel of mediocrity."
Possibly the most important takeaway from Sage's speech is this: "Before you spend another penny on workshops or skills or anything, work on yourself." He emphasised that only by mastering our sense of self will we be able to avoid procrastination.
"By mastering our sense of self we're able to walk into a room where everything is descending into chaos and retain our center. When everything's breaking down around us with the eye of the storm it's like, 'Move! I'll handle it. See, that's the best way that you'll be able to handle uncertainty and when we commit to self mastery, we give ourselves the best shot of becoming the best and greatest versions of ourselves that we can be and then we get to become the example. We can only inspire them by being the example."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Age: It's never actually stated in canon, but the typist would guess he'd be about two, maybe three.
Billy Thunder was born on Winnoway Farm, son of Bear, an old dog owned by Mary Winnoway and her daughter, Rage. Bear had a litter of twelve puppies, born premature because of her age. Most of them died soon after being born. The rest were too small and weak to suckle on their own, so Rage and her mother had to milk Bear and handfeed the puppies. They couldn't get much milk from Bear, though. Rage's mother decided that they would have to choose one puppy to save, because there was so little milk, that was all they could do. Billy was the one they chose. He was a sickly puppy, and it took a lot of time and nursing for him to recover, but eventually he grew strong.
Some time later, Rage's mother had an accident that left her in a coma, and she wasn't expected to recover. Rage was tricked into traveling through a magical gateway by the Firecat, who told her there was a wizard on the other side who would give her magic to heal her mother. Rage went through the gate and found herself in a magical land called Valley. Her fours dogs (Bear, Billy Thunder, Elle, and Mr Walker) followed her through, along with the neighbour's goat. Just as she was travelling through the gate, Rage wished that her animals friends were human, so she could speak with them. This caused the gate's magic to transform the animals into (more or less) human shapes. Billy was the only one who didn't resist the changing magic, so he was the only who became fully human.
Lots of stuff happened, and Rage and her friends discovered that the flow of magic in Valley had stopped, and the wizard who created Valley had disappeared. Valley would slide back into time if its magic ran out, and the only way to save it was for them to find the wizard.
It turned out that the Firecat had tricked the wizard into trapping himself inside a magical hourglass. It got broken, the wizard got released, all was saved. Except Bear died along the way, which made Billy very sad. The rest of the animals decided to stay in Valley, because if they returned home, they would lose their new, more human forms and their near human intelligence. Billy was the only one who went back with Rage, jumping through the world gate after her at the last minute, giving up his humanness because he couldn't bear the thought of being without her.
Some months later, Rage's world was experiencing an unnaturally long and harsh winter, which Rage discovered was leaking into their world from Valley. She also discovered she had the ability to travel in her dreams to Valley, and to take Billy with her. He appeared as a human in her dreams. They found out that Valley was experiencing the same sort of extreme winter, and it was leaking into Valley through a magical gate that had ~mysteriously appeared~. On the other side of it, they found another world, called Null, where there was no sun and it was forbidden to want or long for anything. It was ruled over by the Stormlord, whose goal was to create a world where everyone would be free from longing, and therefore happy.
In the end, they defeated the Stormlord, and he agreed to let the citizens of Null go and live in Valley, on the condition that Elle stayed behind with him in Null. The wizard closed the winter door (which, it turned out, had been created by the Firecat), and the winter finally ended. Billy went back home with Rage, briefly returning to his dog form. When they got back to the farm, they discovered that Rage's uncle Samuel had had an accident and crashed his car into a ditch. Billy wanted so badly to be able to help that it was enough to turn him back into a human. Once he'd worked out how to change shape, it became easier and he was able to do it at will.
An unnaturally strong sense of smell. It's not as good when he's a human as it is when he's a dog, but it's still far better than any normal human's. He can tell people apart by their scent, smell people's emotions, etc. He can also smell magic, so he might be able to tell if somebody has magical abilities.
He's also quite physically strong, though it's nothing superhuman.
He can switch between his human and dog shapes at will.
In his human shape, Billy is tall, broad-shouldered, and strong-looking. He has straight, heavy, reddish toffee-coloured hair that is a bit too long and flops down over his eyes. His eyes are brown and flecked with gold. He usually wears jeans, a t-shirt, and a bomber jacket, and never wears shoes. The only sign that he used to be a dog are some unnaturally hairy toes. An educated guess made by his typist says he looks about nineteen years old.
When he's a dog, he's big, toffee-coloured, and has floppy ears.
Billy is loyal and faithful, incredibly devoted to his friends, and loves them unconditionally. He never gets angry with or resentful of anyone he loves – the most obvious example being his mother, Bear, who treated Billy coldly and ignored him for most of his life, but Billy didn't mind at all, remaining completely devoted to her and still treating her kindly. He also chose to return home with Rage rather than stay behind in Valley, giving up his human shape and intelligence to stay with her. He's very protective of the people he loves, too, and on numerous occasions stubbornly insists on accompanying Rage when she's about to do something that might be dangerous, or volunteers to do it himself, because he would rather get hurt himself than see any of his friends get hurt.
He has a keen mind, and enjoys his new ability to think complex thoughts. He's good at thinking logically, coming up with plans, and working out solutions to problems. Some of this comes down to intuition: he'll just think about the different aspects of a problem or puzzle, and the solutions will just come to him out of nowhere. He'll usually continue to think about and puzzle over things that don't yet make sense to him. He's very curious in general, and now that he's human and has the capacity to understand, he likes to learn about things and how they work.
Billy's mind still isn't fully human, though, and sometimes he still acts rather like a dog. As Billy puts it, his mind isn't quite 'big' enough to do some things. For example, he has trouble imagining things and picturing different people and places in his mind. The one time someone tried to make a joke to him, he didn't understand, and the typist imagines sarcasm would go right over his head. He also tends to live in the moment and not worry much about the past or future. As a result, he tends to be quite calm and content most of the time, and gets a very simple, complete happiness from little things like running around and playing with his other dog friends. He also has very little sense of embarrassment, and though he does occasionally get shy and bashful, it's not very often. And though he's calm, content, and reasonable most of the time, he doesn't have much self-control and isn't very good at keeping his emotions in check, so in immediately stressful situations he can become very upset, and it takes a lot of effort for him to control himself and not do anything stupid. His displays of emotion tend to be very dramatic and over the top, too.
He is also kind, gentle, and sensitive to the feelings of others. If someone is upset, he does his best to comfort and reassure them. He's very cheerful and always looks on the bright side of things. He's very eager and excitable, too, and since he has so little self-control, he can sometimes get carried away in his excitement.
He's quite bold and courageous, also. He's a natural leader and tends to take charge of things, particularly when other people are frightened, upset, or on the verge of giving up, though he's never bossy or overbearing. He can get very determined and stubborn if there's something that needs to be done or a problem that needs to be solved.


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Home > Israel News > Business
Tech Nation / One of Six Israelis 'Unfriended' Someone During Gaza War
Also: PlayBuzz, the online quiz startup founded by PM Olmert's son, becomes Facebook hit, and Israeli tech entrepreneurs head to Berlin.
Send me email alerts for new articles by TheMarker
Facebook. Liking each other less in wartime.Reuters
Two Israeli-U.S. startups raise $56 milion
One of six Israelis 'unfriended' someone during Gaza war
One out of six Israelis blocked or removed a Facebook friend during the summer's polarizing Operation Protective Edge, according to research Nicholas John of The Hebrew University. About two-thirds of those who removed someone from their Facebook friends list or stopped following someone's posts had never done so before, John found. He arrived at the estimate based on a survey of 1,000 Israelis Jews taken a week after the war ended in August. Facebook declined to cooperate, which is why he conducted a survey together with Shira Dvir Gvirsman of Tel Aviv University. "Leftists and rightists cut off and silenced others on Facebook at about the same rate during the war, but the odds someone would unfriend someone or hide someone else's postings on his timeline were higher if the other was left-wing," John said. (Inbal Orpaz)
Online quiz startup founded by Olmert's son becomes Facebook hit
PlayBuzz, a website that allows users to make their own quizzes, lists and polls and was founded by Shaul Olmert, son of former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, became Facebook's second-most-shared publisher in September, just 10 months after it was launched. A business-to-business version of the popular BuzzFeed, PlayBuzz pulled in close to 58 million unique visitors in last month, beating other viral media outlets, including Upworthy and SB Nation. PlayBuzz even out-buzzed BuzzFeed last month, generating 7.6 million Facebook shares compared with BuzzFeed's 6.28 million, according to NewsWhip, which tracks online trends. Shaul Olmert, a serial entrepreneur who was also involved in founding digital media startups NetAlign, GameGround and Sundaysky, said he was not simply copying BuzzFeed. "We're not really very similar businesses," he told the tech website Mashable. "We have different platforms, different objectives." (Inbal Orpaz)
Berlin attracting Israeli tech entrepreneurs
Berlin is attracting Israeli high-tech entrepreneurs, lured by easy access to the European market and the city's low cost of living, the German radio broadcaster Deutsche Welle recently reported on its website. "We realized that Germany has a huge potential, and unlike in the United States, we'll have almost no competitors," Moshe Bar-Oz, founder of the Israeli e-commerce startup ShopEat, told DW. Five out of eight companies in the latest cycle of Axel Springer Plug and Play Accelerator, a Berlin-based startup accelerator, were Israelis — and all opted to keep up the Berlin connection by opening an office, or the company headquarters, in the city. Berlin, where Google will be launching a startup incubator in June, is trying hard to become a technology hub. "For the Israelis, launching in Germany is proof for future investors that their startup can make it even outside of the local market," said Joerg Rheinboldt, who heads the accelerator. (TheMarker Staff)
yesterday This is a primium article This article contains a video 2 comments 2


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Colbert Confident In Steelers Run Game
By Alex Kozora
Posted on September 2, 2020 at 1:45 pm
The Pittsburgh Steelers' offense was miserable in 2019. But just like getting a healthy Ben Roethlisberger should make a night and day difference in the pass game, Kevin Colbert believes a 100% James Conner will do similar for the rushing attack.
In an interview on 93.7 The Fan Wednesday morning, Colbert said he was confident with the Steelers' backfield.
"Having the opportunity to have James Conner back in the fold, James is a Pro Bowl caliber runner," Colbert told hosts Colin Dunlap and Chris Mack. "And unfortunately he had a couple injuries last year that held him back."
Conner had a deeply disappointing 2019 season after suffering a shoulder injury late in a Week 8 victory over the Miami Dolphins. He played just ten games, rushing for only 464 yards and four touchdowns, a far cry from his nearly 1000 yard, 12 touchdown performance two years ago. 2020 is monumentally important for him playing out the final year of his rookie contract.
It's not just Conner that Colbert is optimistic about. He likes the group behind him too, including fourth rounder Anthony McFarland.
"But when you have him in that group and really the remainder of the group has NFL experience, except for Anthony McFarland. Of course, Anthony was a fourth round pick. He's done some things that get you a little excited. So putting him in the mix with a room full of veterans and NFL runners, we feel good about the position."
McFarland brings a much-needed infusion of speed and big-play ability to a Steelers' offense that's struggled to rip off big gains on the ground even during Le'Veon Bell's tenure in Pittsburgh. He'll rotate with Benny Snell to spell Conner for a handful of plays per game.
Unfortunately, there's still a good amount of youth in the backfield and determining specific roles for players like Snell and McFarland was made more difficult without a preseason.
"How it shakes out, who plays, where, and when, only time will tell. The hardest thing about not having preseason football is trying to figure out that and in a real football setting. Coach tried to play the mock game angle because that's the best that we can do, but we really don't know how we stack up against competition or how a particular position may sort out over time."
But as the Steelers have preached all summer, they're in the same boat as every other team in the league. The fact the Steelers have a leading, returning face like Conner in the backfield is a positive. And barring an injury-riddled 2020, Pittsburgh's run game should be much more successful this season.
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At dinner time I ask "what was your rose, your thorn, your silly today?" Granted sometime dinner is my kids parked in front of a TV while I hunch over my food, a glass of wine and a trashy magazine, but when I'm being good mom, this is what I ask.
Here some recent examples of Silly.
Does this count as the first pony ride?
My kids were very smart. They ran to the bathroom and when I came in they were standing at attention ( Rex ran when he saw the camera). It was nice that they complied and nice to have my kids make me feel like a crazed goofball, which I certainly am.
Humor is always the best way to deal with conflict.
What was your silly today?
This entry was posted in Blog Posts, Family and Friends Blogs and tagged happy kids, humble, silly by Daphne. Bookmark the permalink.
Wonderful, I love the first pony ride and Vivien's salute.
They seem to be extremely wise children.
Smart kids to get in place when mama yells.
Lucky so far with the first two: number 3 just poopoos me off.
He knows he's my baby.


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Fauci Changes His Mind …Again
Via DailyMail:
White House COVID tsar Dr Anthony Fauci has suggested that Americans could be forced to test negative before exiting the newly-shortened virus isolation of five days, as the country braces itself for mass staff shortages.
Fauci made his remarks in an ABC News interview on Sunday, days after the CDC halved the isolation time for infected people from 10 days to five, for anyone who is asymptomatic or has not had a fever for 24 hours.
He said: 'You're right there has been some concern about why we don't ask people at that five-day period to get tested. That is something that is now under consideration.
Rob | January 2, 2022 7:00 pm


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The idea of being on a tropical island … the swaying palm trees, the most epic sunsets and azure waters … and the stupid mosquitoes. The buzzing, pesky little critters that irritatingly prove that dynamite comes in small packages.
Female mosquitoes need your blood to make their eggs. They get this by sticking their needle-like mouthparts (proboscis) into your skin and releasing saliva-filled anti-coagulant to stop your blood from clotting. Gross, right? It's this saliva that has you scratching, as your body reacts to a foreign substance. To make things worse, nerves around the bite react to make your skin itch even more. All of this culminates in the familiar red bump on your skin.
Family Care range, the Original Spray, and the room spray last for up to 8 hours.
The Plug-In Unit range lasts for up to 10 hours.
The Original cream and stick last for up to 2 hours.
You can also use it, as directed, when pregnant and it can be used on babies older than 6 months.
Next Post Straight from Paris Fashion Week for the little ones! Adorable.
Love this, good info…Didn't know they have a plug-in unit range.


R.F.Wilson is close to 10 Downing Street address in London weather Spare a thought for Prime Minister David Cameron and the merry mending, and the current floods in Kent, floods in Surrey Britain has been experiencing.
This post includes scenario based interviews and all sorts of scenario planning. Analysis has been going on these past few months about natural disasters list the top Manchester restaurants that gets the most ministers UK has to offer.
Natural disasters generally are a great PR checker this week the news checker on our radar shown a rise in political leaders getting on helicopters flying over flooded areas to give on the ground news reports and case studies. The details of the floods are mentioned today over on Stirring Trouble Internationally.
R.F. Wilson is StirringTroublenternationally.com's #STi UK political environmentalist. Connect with the Stirring Trouble Internationally community by "liking" the Stirring Trouble Internationally Facebook page, following @StirringTrouble on Twitter and adding +Stirring Trouble Internationally to your Google+ circles. You can also check out "Nekrassov Books" books from the author Alexander Nekrassov. Be Sure to listen every Friday over on the Voice of Russia Telling It Like It Is.


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quiz- Whada'ya know... about the scarborough marsh?
You've driven or ridden across it countless times. It's an ice-covered wonderland in winter and a lush, watery plain in summer. But what else do you know about our beloved Scarborough Marsh? Test your knowledge and submit your responses to 10 of the following questions to register for an opportunity to win some prizes. Search our site for helpful hints to the answers! Submit your completed quiz, along with name and contact information to our email at info@scarboroughmarsh.org or mail your responses in to: FOSM Marsh Quiz, P.O. Box 7049, Scarborough, ME 04070 A copy of the quiz can be also be found in the Scarborough Leader!
***Responses must be received by August 17, 2017. Prize drawings will take place at Scarborough SUMMERFEST, Friday evening, August 18, and all answers will be revealed! Entrants are eligible for one prize only.
DOWNLOAD QUIZ HERE
Prizes include:
Birding expedition for two on the Scarborough Marsh led by Linda Woodard
Guided canoe tour through Scarborough Marsh with Linda Woodard
One pair of Nikon binoculars and copy of Audubon Bird Guide
Stand-up paddle board tour of the Scarborough Marsh with Andy McCusker
One $100 gift certificate to the Black Point Inn
Book: Fifty Places to Go Birding Before You Die (4 drawings)
Book: Maine Off the Beaten Path (4 drawings)
Fun facts about scarborough marsh
At roughly 3,000 acres, Scarborough Marsh is the largest salt marsh in Maine, and one of the largest in New England. It's classified as a post-glacial (that is, after the glaciers melted over 10,000 years ago) back-barrier salt marsh formed behind the protective barrier beach at Pine Point and the rocky headland of Prouts Neck. Most of the Marsh is owned by the State of Maine and managed by the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (IFW). State and federal environmental laws further protect it from development and other forms of human encroachment. But, the health of its saltmarsh ecosystem also depends on the influx of water and nutrients from the five major rivers (Dunstan River, Libby River, Nonesuch River, Scarborough River and Jones Creek) and smaller streams that collect water from the upland regions of the 38,000-acres Scarborough Marsh Watershed. Increase in land development and an extensive system of roads threaten both the quality and quantity of these waters.
Human development of the Marsh began in Colonial times, when the Marsh served as a rich source of hay and pasture for livestock. Drainage ditches and hay roads are still visible on the marsh plain, especially in late winter and early spring when marsh vegetation is tamped down. In fact, a portion of the Marsh north of the Eastern Trail was once dammed (using a tide gate) to isolate the Dunstan Marsh area from the sea to promote land drainage and hay cultivation. During that period (until the early 1950s), trees and other upland plants grew in isolated portions of the marsh where they would not grow today.
More recently, the Marsh has become a recreation mecca for birders, fishers, paddlers and duck hunters. A 2010 summer bird survey identified 71 bird species in the Marsh, including Nelson's Sparrows, two species of Egret, three species of Heron, Belted Kingfishers, Red-winged Blackbirds, and Herring Gulls. Several of these bird species (including gulls, egrets, yellow-legs and herons) are frequently spotted standing around pools on the marsh plain, peering at the water surface, looking for small fish to eat. These brackish water pools, called pannes, typically contain small fish, such as Stickleback and Mummichug. Larger fish, such as Striped Bass, are found in the deeper river channels. In summer 2012, a walker along the Eastern Trail spotted a small Sand Shark foraging for baitfish in the upper part of the Scarborough River!
Want to learn more about the Marsh? Get out there and observe it—during all seasons. You can start by walking across it on the Eastern Trail, between Pine Point and Black Point Roads. Or, you can visit Maine Audubon's Scarborough Marsh Nature Center on your way to Pine Point Beach. There, you can listen to Audubon staff explain the Marsh's intricate ecologic web, or view their displays of marsh mammals. On the Nature Center's back deck, just south of the Center's canoe/kayak launch ramp, check out a map of the marsh. This is also a good place to launch your canoe to paddle the rivers and creeks that cross-cut the marsh. It's best to paddle at high tide; otherwise, you'll be peering at the muddy river banks, without much of a view. If you decide to launch here, you'll start your paddle on Dunstan River, before crossing under Eastern Trail and joining the Scarborough River.
You can access the lower portion of the Scarborough River by launching from Seavey's Landing or Ferry Beach; or, you can start at the Town Landing at Pine Point (be careful, there's more boat traffic here). These locations also provide access to the lower reaches of Libby River, just west of Black Point Road. The Clay Pits boat launch is probably the best place to access the Nonesuch River, unless you live near the river and have your own launch point. Troll a fishing lure while you paddle, and you might catch a Striper (Striped Bass).
If you have time, interest and energy, get involved with the Friends of Scarborough Marsh (FOSM). FOSM strives to help ensure the health of the Marsh for future generations by promoting programs that educate area residents about its importance as part of a vast environmental and recreational infrastructure. We are also involved in efforts to restore fringe areas of the Marsh overrun by invasive plants, such as Phragmites. While attractive, these intruders wreak havoc on the salt-marsh ecosystem, and interventions are critical to stemming their advance and restoring degraded areas back to salt-marsh flora. With partner organizations, such as Scarborough Land Trust, Maine Audubon, and Maine's Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, FOSM has worked with local property owners to conserve and protect critical marsh habitat along the edges of the Marsh.


It was Cavs vs. Raptors at the ACC last night, the first time these two times met since the Cavs swept the Raptors out of the playoffs last spring. I expected a similar result, since—even though the Raptors have the better record and have been playing better basketball lately—Toronto was without two starters (the injured Kyle Lowry and the suspended Serge Ibaka) and the Cavs would surely be looking for a bounceback after their previous game, a 26-point loss to the Timberwolves.
I certainly didn't suspect a 34-point Raptors win.
When the Cavs—down 33 points—went on a 12-2 run in the third, I got a little nervous. Actually a lot nervous. Being a Raptors fan has clearly scarred me.
The Raptors' 133 points were a franchise record for a regulation game. They've scored 125+ seven times this season, and are averaging 112.1 points per game, five more than their franchise record-setting 106.9 last season. I'd say the new offense is working pretty well.
This two-game stretch is the first time LeBron James has lost back-to-back games by 25+ points.


Over the years, I have noticed there are two types of people in recovery: those who stay hungry for God and seek spiritual growth and those who fill up on the things of the world. This may mean an individual will return to the addiction that they had once broken free from or have become too busy with their family, career, or hobbies. They may be distracted by life events or stressors.
Recently, I was reading how Caroline Leaf, who is known for her work in neuroscience and brain research, reported that the human mind is designed to be addicted to God. We are created to be addicted to something. We were created to be hungry. That hunger will either be filled with things of God or other things of this world.
Those who are filled up with the things of this world come to meetings and therapy to be fed. They participate and faithfully show up, but they are not really doing recovery work. They have been on the same step for months. Their weekly check-ins are more of a show-and-tell than they are about recovery work completed for the week. During the week, they do not call other members to check in. They do the minimum amount of work to keep their spouse from leaving. They are attending group or therapy to save their marriage. Often, they get caught up in comparing their recovery or marriage to others. They are externally motivated by pain or crisis. When their spouse gets angry with them, they become motivated again and get back on track after complacency and passivity have set in. They are not that interested in seeking God or knowing His will for their life. They are not really interested in knowing God as much as just receiving the benefits He offers. They are more interested in how these benefits can serve their own will.
Those who are hungry are making calls to other members during the week on a daily basis. Since they made calls during the week, they are ready to share recovery work they have worked on throughout the week. They are progressing through the steps at a consistent pace. They are internally motivated by the priority of seeking healing for themselves. Whether the marriage makes it or not, they continue to do their work. They are there to do the maximum. They are hungry to learn more and begin to feed themselves by seeking out other materials and resources beyond the required group necessities. They know they are called to holiness, not comparison. They are seeking God and attempting to understand recovery. The 12 Steps are just the beginning of things far bigger and greater that God has planned for them. Life is about knowing God's will and what God wants for them, not about what they selfishly want. They are obedient to God's priorities for their life and act on what is asked of them, even when it does not make worldly sense.
They are easily offended and may have an addiction to being offended, believing others have victimized them. They may have a difficult time taking responsibility for their own choices.
They act entitled and proud. They are not teachable and have a difficult time with correction, as they easily become defensive.
They have substituted the enjoyment the benefits of God rather than a relationship with God.
They seek comfort, have become lazy and content. They no longer want to do the difficult work "in the gym" to become stronger. They are quick starters but not strong finishers. Recovery is a marathon with no finish line.
John Bevere writes that hunger is a sign of being healthy, and God is attracted to hunger. Generally, when you become sick, your appetite is the first thing to go. Not being hungry is a sign of being ill or sick.
Here are behaviors of a person who stays hungry in recovery.
They seek to understand who God is with others and on their own.
They spend time reading, praying, and listening to know God's voice.
They spend periods of time fasting from things of this world. They may fast from food, several meals, or specific types of food. They may also fast from electronics, social media, a hobby or activity they enjoy in order to use that time to pursue God.
They have a heart of thankfulness and practice gratitude.
They spend time serving others and loving difficult people. They have learned to show and love others even when love is not returned.
They share their story and teach others what God has taught them through the journey. They know recovery is an endless discovery of who God created them to be.
Many couples come to our office hopeless, because they do not know what they don't know. Yet, there is a more hopeless place… and that is being in recovery, having the knowledge and information, but no longer living it out.


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text:
8 Best Apps that turn Photos into Cartoon 2022
By Team Technical Explore, January 1, 2022
People are usually having the sense of making them like a comic or cartoon character in the real world. They always have the dream about having the superhero power in the cartoon and they used to dream about having power in their virtual world. To make the real person or photo into a cartoon character people thinks it needs much higher and technology equipment indeed. But now it all changes with the latest technology is packed into a smartphone as apps in which everyone has their hands on it. To find to more about the apps that turn photos into cartoons we deliver the best application for turning into a cartoon character in the real world. These applications come with multi-option for making a comfortable way for every user.
When it comes to the top apps that turn photos into cartoons for android we make the best categorization based on the user-friendly, multi-option features and get the latest updates gets sooner on it.
Best Apps that Turn Photos into Cartoons 2022
1. Cartoon Photo Editor
2. Camart
3. Cartoon Pictures - Cartoon Photo Editor
4. Pictures cartoon Drawing
5. Pencil Sketch Art
6. Art camera
7. Tooncam
8. Cartoon yourself video effects
The first and foremost application for making a person as the cartoon in the real world is the cartoon photo editor, where you can able to use the pictures to turn into a cartoon. With several types of features and filters, you can add to the pictures and it will more effective and efficient to use. This application is said to autofocus the person and gives the major advantage of developing the entire background into cartoon function. With multi features like oil painting, Sketching, and pencil drawing effects are added over it. They are simple with top-notch features in free access to every android user.
The next application is the camart. Where you can able to take live cartoons and virtual background effects with the mobile camera. This application has the latest way of access the camera with several effects and color filters are added to the live camera. With the live camera actions, you can able to added and edit things in capturing the picture and videos on it. The application provides users to access the real-time filters frequently on it. With the sharing application, you can able to get the best way to share on social media.
Cartoon Pictures are used to add the animation effects for every picture and video clip. You can able to cartoon theme to picture and background effect indeed away. Every detail is processed over the picture and videos which will be a more comfortable way to make the best choice on it. After adding all the detailed effects on the picture or video you can have the output as the original picture on it. With the powerful selfies camera, you can able to have the best picture and easy way of editing in real-time on it.
One of the free versions to develop your picture as the cartoon where you can able gets the picture into a cartoon. Each filter and effects are much colorful and unique to use in the picture. With the simple action and option, you can have the best to turn into a cartoon picture on it. The application offers oil painting, smooth pencil sketches, and pixel art on the application on it. Make the old picture into a new picture cartoon on the application on it. With the cool bending and filter effects to be more features can be added to it.
Cartoon yourself makes a perfect way to make the picture into a cartoon character. The application can be more effective with different filters and it will more easily use. The user interface is easy to use and it will be more effects and a filter is added on it. People can use these pencil sketch art will be more effective for the best cartoon character on the pictures on it. The application is free and everyone can access it without any before experience it. Every photo is detailed even at the edge of the picture and it will more indeed way on it just like an artist.
Being a sketch lover you can easily make the picture into a perfect sketch. With several color sketch effects, the pictures are so detailed in a high-quality manner it. The picture results in a high-quality picture as the result on it. The application supports every camera version based on the UHD, HD, and 3d capturing pictures. The texture is used in the picture are details on the entire way where it can have the best one to deal so.
With the tooncam, you can able to make a perfect choice of making the cartoon character in your pictures. Users can able to find the applications in the best way to deal with all kinds of the feature are added over it. The toon cam is used for generating the picture and video clip into a cartoon function and with results as the high quality on it. The application is a free version and every android can use this on their phone.
One of the latest ways to enrich the video is by the carton way to best indeed over it. The application is used for making the best option to have more effects on it. People can use the application to make funny and virtual characters like a movie on their phones. The application is free and it gives a major advantage in making the video in high effective cartoon content. With the cartoon effects, you can change the face into alien, animals, and other characters on the television.
With the color and pencil sketch effects, you can have the best picture with high-quality function on every progress on it. With the latest option, you can able to get the entire frame in the best way to have more fun on it.
This entire list of apps that turn photos into cartoons makes a perfect and best way to make the person's picture into a cartoon. With the simple and easy interface, the application is used to develop the major advantage function on it. These applications are highly recommended to deal with all kinds of cartoon picture applications for every android operating user.
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Do immigrants improve the health of native workers?
Immigration crowds native workers out of risky jobs and into less strenuous work, with consequent benefits to their health
Osea Giuntella
University of Oxford, UK, and IZA, Germany
one-pager full article
Public debate on immigration focuses on its effects on wages and employment, yet the discussion typically fails to consider the effects of immigration on working conditions that affect workers' health. There is growing evidence that immigrants are more likely than natives to work in risky jobs, as they are more inclined to take on physically intensive tasks. Recent studies show that as immigration rises, native workers are pushed into less demanding jobs. Such market adjustments have positive impacts on the health of the native workers.
Immigrants are more likely to work in risky, physically intensive jobs.
Immigration can push native workers into jobs that involve better schedules, lower injury and fatality rates, and which are less physically intensive.
There is evidence of positive effects on native workers' health and subjective well-being. Improvements in natives' average working conditions and workloads help to explain the effect of immigration on health.
These effects are concentrated on the most vulnerable individuals, i.e., low-skilled, blue-collar workers.
On balance, evidence does not indicate significant detrimental effects on the average wage of native workers.
The self-selection of immigrants into riskier jobs contributes to their health deterioration.
Immigration increases safety-related costs due to language barriers and different standards of job safety.
If immigrants perceive their jobs more positively than natives, they may take excessive risks.
There is some evidence of short-term negative effects on low-skilled wages and employment.
The short-term negative effects on wages and employment may have negative effects on health.
Author's main message
While the public debate usually focuses on the effects of immigration on native workers' wages and employment issues, recent evidence suggests that immigration may also have non-trivial effects on other working conditions that are known to affect individual health and well-being. More open immigration policies that allow for a balanced entry of immigrants of different education and skill levels may therefore have positive effects on productivity, with no detrimental effects on wages. They are also likely to have positive effects on job quality and the health of native workers.
Immigration is often blamed for bringing down wages and decreasing job opportunities for native workers, as well as for increasing health care costs and the burden on taxpayers. The fear of negative effects on the incumbent native workers and on governments' public finances attracts the attention of media and policymakers, particularly during recessions. In contrast, a popular argument in favor of immigration is that immigrants accept jobs that native workers would prefer not to have to take. Empirical evidence shows that immigrants in developed countries are typically younger and healthier than their counterpart population (the "healthy immigrant effect") and are therefore less likely to use health care services and more likely to accept jobs involving high risks. At the same time, recent studies have shown that local economies may rapidly adjust to immigrant inflows and that complementarities in production functions and task-specialization may explain the lack of evidence of a negative effect of immigration on native average wages and employment opportunities. As both public and academic debates have so far focused mainly on the effects of immigration on wages and employment, we know very little about how immigration affects other important labor market characteristics, such as the occupational risk, physical intensity, and work schedule associated with a given job. This paper presents recent evidence on the effects of immigration on native workers' health, as well as on occupational characteristics that are known to significantly affect individual health and well-being.
Discussion of pros and cons
Immigration and task-specialization
Economists have been interested in understanding the effects of immigration on the labor market for many years. Most studies have found little or no evidence of negative effects of immigration on native workers' wages and employment opportunities. While some studies show evidence of a negative effect on the wages of less-educated native workers, most do not find significant differences between the effects on high- and low-skilled workers. Instead, there is evidence that newly arrived immigrants have significant negative effects on the wages of earlier immigrant cohorts.
These facts have long puzzled researchers, as they are at odds with the prediction of the canonical labor "supply and demand" model, which would predict a negative impact of immigration on wages and employment prospects of native workers. While a natural concern is that local labor markets may absorb the immigration shock due to the internal mobility of native workers, most studies have found little evidence of immigration effects on native workers' migration flows.
More recent studies have shown that immigration may have positive effects on productivity by stimulating specialization [1], [2], [3]. Native workers may be induced to specialize in complex tasks as a response to immigration and because of the complementarities with manual tasks for which immigrants may have a comparative advantage. In particular, these studies suggest that low-skilled native and immigrant workers specialize in differentiated production tasks. Because some immigrants have imperfect communication skills, but have physical skills that are equivalent to (or in some cases better than) their native counterparts, they have a comparative advantage in performing jobs that require manual tasks, while low-skilled native workers have an advantage in specializing in communication-intensive jobs.
Task complementarities and firms' capacity to adjust their production function, as a response to the increased labor supply, can explain the lack of detrimental effects on wages and employment. A number of recent studies suggest that this adjustment process may improve the job quality of native workers and have non-negligible effects on individual health and well-being [4], [5]. There is also evidence that immigration pushes native workers toward more communication-intensive jobs and reduces the physical burden associated with certain occupations (Figure 1; Figure 2) [1], [2], [3], [4]. Furthermore, immigration decreases the likelihood of native workers working late hours and non-standard shifts [4], [6], [7].
Why immigrants hold riskier jobs
Understanding whether immigrants accept riskier jobs and occupations involving worse working conditions than native workers are willing to take is important for understanding the impact of immigration on labor market outcomes. It can also explain changes in the allocation of health risks associated with particular jobs and tasks. It is therefore crucial for policymakers to understand the degree of substitutability of immigrant and native workers and whether, and why, immigrants may be more likely to hold risky jobs. While several studies have documented differences in the distribution of natives, immigrants, and minorities across industry sectors and occupations, relatively few studies have analyzed differences in job disamenity, physical intensity, and occupational risk between natives and immigrants [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].
There are different reasons why immigrants might be expected to hold riskier jobs. For example, immigrants may have a different perception of job risks than native workers, as they arrive from countries where they typically face worse working conditions. Recent research using survey data from California shows that, while immigrants are likely to hold more strenuous jobs than natives, self-reported, physical job demands indicate that they do not perceive their jobs as requiring more physical effort than US natives perceive their jobs to require [12].
Language barriers and lower socio-economic status may explain differences in risk knowledge and perception, and may also increase the cost of health and safety training. Furthermore, several studies have suggested that individuals with lower risk aversion may be more likely to migrate, which may also imply that immigrants are less risk-averse than natives. This may explain the self-selection of immigrants into riskier jobs, but also the higher safety-related costs, as these workers may take excessive risks. Moreover, newly arrived immigrants may face language barriers and, therefore, may have a comparative advantage in working in more manually intensive jobs, rather than in occupations that require communication and social-interaction skills.
Finally, as the exit rates from physically demanding jobs are higher, there may be more opportunities and lower search costs for recent immigrants in these types of jobs. These incentives are reinforced by the fact that immigrants are usually young and relatively healthy, but have lower socio-economic status, less wealth, and lower human capital in terms of skills, knowledge, and experience, than native workers.
There is an extensive body of literature that documents the existence of a "healthy immigrant effect." This refers to the observation that, in many developed countries immigrants are healthier upon arrival than their counterparts in both their country of origin and destination. However, their health deteriorates with time spent in the host country. While there is debate on the potential factors explaining these health trajectories, it is a fact that, across several countries, immigrants arrive relatively young and healthy, but with lower socio-economic status. They are, as a result, willing to trade some of their "health capital" for better wages in worse working conditions. It might be expected, therefore, that immigrants would self-select into jobs that are more physically intensive and involve more risks to their health.
Immigration and occupational risk
Recent literature provides evidence that immigrants are more likely than natives to work in risky jobs. One group of studies used information on industry or occupational sector to measure occupational risk based on the average fatality or injury rate. The studies concluded that immigrants are more likely to work in occupations and industries with high fatality and injury rates. Similar findings have been observed across advanced economies, including Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the US [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].
It is important to note that earlier studies analyzing older US data found little evidence that immigrants work in riskier jobs than natives. The divergent results are explained by differences in the methods of measuring risk, as well as by the different cohorts of immigrants analyzed. In particular, it has been argued that the increase in immigrants' job-related risk in the US may be explained by a decline in the average human capital among immigrants. It can also be explained by the fact that immigrants were crowded into riskier jobs because of the increase in the immigrant population over time.
Some studies have also directly investigated whether immigrants are more likely to be injured or killed in the workplace. Overall, these studies confirm a higher incidence of fatalities and injuries among immigrants, with a few exceptions finding non-significant differences between natives and immigrants in Finland and Sweden [11]. Similarly, evidence shows that immigrants are more likely than natives to work late and non-standard hours.
Working conditions and health
There is growing evidence that working conditions can have long-lasting effects on workers' physical health and cognitive abilities. Workers employed in physically demanding jobs are at a significantly higher risk of injury and experience more rapid aging compared to workers in less physically demanding jobs. Similarly, working irregular shifts or nightly schedules increases the risk of negative health outcomes and adversely affects individual and family well-being.
Non-standard work schedules reduce the amount of time spent with family and friends, which affects the consumption of relational goods. This has important consequences for marital stability, children's well-being, and, more generally, for individual life satisfaction. Findings show that working non-standard hours increases the risk of obesity, ischemic heart disease, and breast cancer. More generally, inadequate working conditions affect the likelihood of workers experiencing chronic fatigue, anxiety, and depression.
It is worth noting that job disamenity is not distributed evenly among workers. Recent US data reveal that the majority of workers with non-standard schedules have earnings that are below the median of the typical US worker. It could be argued that individuals choose these jobs because of the compensating wage differential associated with worse working conditions. However, there is little empirical evidence to support the existence of risk premiums. Overall, research indicates that immigrants earn risk premiums that are similar to those of natives, but that some groups (e.g., Mexicans in the US) earn smaller or no risk premiums. The wage premium for irregular shifts is also relatively small. In the US, only a small fraction of workers reported working non-standard hours because of the compensating wage differential. This evidence suggests that job disamenity is often a result of limited labor market opportunities.
In view of these considerations, there is now an increasing focus on improving workers' awareness of the risks associated with particular working conditions, while improving the job quality of immigrants has become an important policy issue.
The effect of immigration on native health
There is growing evidence that immigrants are more likely to hold risky jobs than natives and that physically intensive occupations have negative effects on individual health. However, very few studies have investigated the causal effects of immigration on the job quality of natives (e.g., working schedules, physical burden, and risk of injury, etc.). Evidence drawn from firm-level data collected in the 1970s in Germany shows that a higher share of foreign guest workers in a firm is associated with fewer severe accidents among the firm's native workers [13].
Consistent with these earlier findings, new evidence using longitudinal data from Germany shows that an increase in the share of immigrants living in a local labor market decreases the likelihood that natives will report doctor-assessed disability and, more generally, has a positive impact on native health (Figure 3) [6]. One of the major challenges of the spatial correlation approach is that the location of immigrants across different areas may be endogenous. Natives may respond to the wage impact of immigration on a local area by moving to other areas, and immigrants may cluster in areas with better economic conditions. However, in this case, the longitudinal nature of the data allows for following individuals over time wherever they move, thus internalizing the spillover effects that may be induced by native mobility, which would typically bias area studies.
Merging the German socio-economic data with local labor market characteristics, the study shows that a 1% increase in immigration share reduces the probability of reporting a doctor-assessed disability by roughly 10% with respect to the mean. This effect becomes larger when accounting for potential endogeneity, controlling for local labor market economic trends, and when using an instrumental variable approach. Furthermore, the impact of immigration on native workers' health is concentrated among low-skilled and blue-collar workers. This result is consistent with the idea that low-skilled natives and low-skilled immigrants are imperfect substitutes and that the increase in the number of low-skilled immigrants may push natives toward less physically demanding tasks. The direction of the effect of immigration on health is confirmed when using more subjective health outcomes, such as health limitations and self-assessed health status, rather than doctor-assessed disability. Furthermore, immigration reduces the likelihood that native workers will report concerns about their health status as well as the likelihood of reporting work accidents in the years in which this information is available in the survey.
Following a similar approach, some research has found evidence of a positive effect of immigration on life satisfaction, suggesting that native Germans obtain welfare gains as immigration increases [7]. The immigration effect on subjective well-being is particularly strong in those regions in which immigrants are intermediately assimilated. These studies point to positive effects of immigration on dimensions that have been so far understudied. They also help to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of immigration on native workers' welfare. However, more research is needed in order to clearly identify the mechanisms underlying the relationships between immigration, health, and individual well-being.
The effect of immigration on working conditions
The ability to identify the channels through which immigration may affect health has so far been limited by the lack of firm-level data that includes precise information on workers' age, health, the physical intensity of their jobs, and whether they have sustained injuries. It is worth noting that current studies focus on occupational risk and job types, rather than on the condition of jobs themselves. There is also evidence that immigration reduces the average workload of native workers and pushes them toward more "communication-intensive" jobs and more standard schedules [1], [2], [3], [4], [6], [7].
While immigration is negatively correlated with native workers' physical burden, its average effect is not precisely estimated [4]. There is, instead, evidence to show that when immigration increases, blue-collar workers experience a significant reduction in their average physical burden and are more likely to switch to less physically demanding jobs. However, the estimated effects are generally small and can only partially account for the positive effect of immigration on health. This may be explained by the fact that the studies analyzing occupational risk and job physical intensity rely largely on variation across occupation and ignore "within-occupation" changes. Consistent with this conjecture, survey data show that occupational risk captures only a small part of the total effect of immigration on workers' physical burden. Furthermore, evidence based on firm-level data suggests that new immigrants are primarily employed in risky activities and that as more immigrants are available to take riskier jobs in the firm, native workers have the opportunity to be promoted to safer tasks.
Overall, the analysis of firm-level data and perceived physical burden implies that immigration may have important "within-occupation" effects, stimulating task-specialization and internal reallocation of risks. Therefore, current studies may substantially underestimate the effects of immigration on native workers' physical burden, thereby predicting a smaller reduction than that observed when including task changes within a given occupation.
As discussed previously, the schedule of work has significant effects on workers' health and well-being. Immigrants are more likely than natives to hold irregular shifts and to work non-standard hours. These shifts are less communication-intensive than others and immigrants may have lower relational costs as a result of not being synchronized with most other people, particularly if they immigrated without family. Again, because of these complementarities in the production function, one may expect positive effects on native workers' schedules.
A study using Italian labor force data shows that doubling the share of immigrants in a province results in a reduction of 2−4% in the likelihood of natives working non-standard hours, depending on the different specifications of the model. Since an average of 28% of natives reported working "non-standard hours" shifts, the coefficient implies a reduction of 7−15% of the share of natives working non-standard hours [8]. These results are driven by workers in blue-collar jobs and non-financial services, while there is no evidence of significant effects in the public and financial sectors.
Similarly, evidence from Germany using panel data shows that an increase in the immigration rate significantly reduces native workers' number of working hours, their likelihood of working overtime, and their likelihood of working nightly shifts [7]. Interestingly, descriptive evidence is similar when analyzing recent data from the US [7]. In this case, given the cross-sectional nature of the data and the limited information available on compensating wage differentials, health outcomes, and job satisfaction, it cannot be concluded that the overall improvement in working schedules represents a general welfare improvement for the native workers. Nonetheless, given the negative effects of shift work and late hours on health and well-being, these results suggest that policymakers should not neglect the impact of immigration on natives' schedules when evaluating immigration policies.
The effect of working conditions on immigrants
The other side of the story is that immigrants who self-select into more physically demanding jobs face steeper aging profiles. Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) shows that immigrant men, upon their arrival, have a much lower incidence of doctor-assessed disability than native men, but that their health quite rapidly converges to native men's health over approximately 15 years [4]. The annual rate of health depreciation associated with time spent in Germany is significantly lower among men who, in the previous year, were employed in less strenuous occupations (i.e., jobs with physical intensity lower than the median).
As discussed previously, there is also evidence that immigrants may misperceive risk because they are less familiar with the new environment, face language barriers, and, on average, have lower socio-economic status. For the same reasons, firms may find it more costly to invest in health and safety training in firms when the number of immigrant workers increases. A concern for policymakers, therefore, is that immigrants may not be aware of the long-lasting consequences of their working conditions. They may also take excessive risks on the job and may not compensate these occupational hazards with adequate care. This could also have consequential effects on health care costs.
Limitations and gaps
In general, research on the impact of immigration has focused on its effects on employment, wages, and prices. Research has only recently begun to analyze the effects of immigration on native workers' health and well-being. While initial studies suggest that immigration increases average job quality and has positive effects on health, life satisfaction and well-being, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying these relationships and the heterogeneity of the effect in the population. Furthermore, the analysis has been limited by the availability of data containing detailed information on occupational characteristics and health. In particular, research to date indicates that native workers move into jobs that involve lower risks and have better working schedules.
However, the research does not analyze directly whether immigration inflows have led to changes in actual working conditions. Indeed, due to the lack of information on individual and firm-level working conditions, most studies rely on occupation-level differences. Much more could be learned by exploiting firm-level data and longer longitudinal data series. In addition, further research should explore different contexts. For example, very little is known about the relationship between immigration and occupational risk in developing countries, despite the fact that south−south migration slightly exceeds south−north migration.
Finally, future research should shed further light on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between immigration and the health of native and immigrant workers. The use of longitudinal data and instrumental variable strategies based on "push" rather than "pull" factors may further contribute to the identification of a causal link between immigration, working conditions, and health.
Summary and policy advice
The empirical evidence suggests that immigrants are more likely than natives to hold risky jobs. In particular, immigrants are more likely to work in manually intensive and more physically demanding jobs compared to their native counterparts. These jobs are characterized by higher injury and fatality rates, and there is growing evidence to suggest that they have negative effects on workers' health.
There is also evidence that immigration may improve the working conditions of native workers by reducing the average number of hours worked and by reducing the physical intensity of blue-collar jobs. These improvements in working conditions may have significant effects on the health of the native population.
Overall, the evidence suggests that policymakers should not neglect the effects of immigration on non-pecuniary working conditions. More open immigration policies that allow for a balanced entry of immigrants of different education and skill levels may not only have positive effects on productivity (with no detrimental effects on wages), but are also likely to have positive effects on the job quality and health of native workers.
Policy should focus more on improving immigrant workers' awareness of the risks associated with particular working conditions and on improving the job quality of immigrants. As new and healthy immigrants may misperceive the risks associated with particular working conditions and take excessive risks, providing information and access to care to those immigrants at higher risk could reduce both the negative effects on their health and the associated costs for the health care system [4].
Finally, evidence supports the fact that immigration reduces the average workload of natives and pushes native workers toward more communication-intensive jobs and more standard schedules. Given the negative effects of shift work and late hours on health and well-being, policymakers should not neglect the impact of immigration on natives' work schedules when evaluating immigration policies [6].
The author thanks two anonymous referees and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts.
The IZA World of Labor project is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The author declares to have observed these principles.
© Osea Giuntella
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immigration, occupational choice, job quality, health
Do migrants take the jobs of native workers?
Amelie F. Constant
The welfare magnet hypothesis and the welfare take-up of migrants
Corrado Giulietti
Do immigrant workers depress the wages of native workers?
Giovanni Peri
Taxpayer effects of immigration
Happiness and the emigration decision
Artjoms Ivlevs
Are immigrants healthier than native residents?
Shoshana Neuman
Retiree migration and intergenerational conflict
Mehmet S. Tosun
Migration and families left behind
Sylvie Démurger
Counting on count data models
Rainer Winkelmann
Institutional long-term care and government regulation
Elena Stancanelli
The use of natural experiments in migration research
Semih Tumen
Migrant well-being after leaving transition economies
Milena Nikolova
Consequences of the obesity epidemic for immigrants
Laura Argys
Where do immigrants retire to?
Augustin De Coulon
Why do we need longitudinal survey data?
Heather Joshi
The economics of mental health
Case and Deaton (2003)
Case, A., Deaton, A. S. Broken Down By Work and Sex: How Our Health Declines NBER Working Paper Series, 2003.
Orrenius and Zavodny (2013)
Orrenius, P. M., Zavodny, M. "Immigrants in risky occupations" In: Constant, A. F., Zimmermann, K. F. (eds). International Handbook on the Economics of Migration. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013.
Key references
[1] Peri and Sparber (2009)
[1]Peri, G., Sparber, C. "Task specialization, immigration, and wages" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1:3 (2009): 135–169.
[1]O*NET Dataset
[2]US Census Bureau
[1]Other - Cross section
[2]Census/Microcensus data (Micro data) - Cross section
Micro-level analysis - Regression
[2] D'Amuri and Peri (2014)
[2]D'Amuri, F., Peri, G. "Immigration, jobs and employment protection: Evidence from Europe before and during the Great Recession" Journal of the European Economic Association 12:2 (2014): 432–464.
[1]European Labour Force Survey (ELFS)
[1]Survey data (Micro data): Household data - Cross section
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
[3] Foged and Peri (2013)
[3]Foged, M., Peri, G. Immigrants and Native Workers: New Analysis Using Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data NBER Working Paper No.19315, 2013.
[1]Integrated Database for Labour Market Research, Denmark
[1]Administrative data (Micro data) - Longitudinal or Panel
[4] Giuntella and Mazzonna (2014)
[4]Giuntella, O., Mazzonna, F. Do Immigrants Bring Good Health? IZA Discussion Paper No.8073, 2014.
[1]German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP)
[2]INKAR Dataset
[1]Survey data (Micro data): Household data - Longitudinal or Panel
[2]Other - Time series
[5] Akay et al. (2014)
[5]Akay, A., Constant, A., Giulietti, C. "The impact of immigration on the well-being of natives" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 103 (2014): 72−92.
[6] Giuntella (2012)
[6]Giuntella, O. "Do immigrants squeeze natives out of bad schedules? Evidence from Italy" IZA Journal of Migration 1:7 (2012): 1−21.
[1]Italian Labour Force Survey
[7]Giuntella, O. "Immigration and job disamenities" In: Drometer, M., Hainz, C., Méango, R. (eds). Labour Market Adjustments to Large Immigration Influx. Munich, Germany: Ifo Institute, 2014.
Micro-level analysis - Review
[8] Orrenius and Zavodny (2009)
[8]Orrenius, P. M., Zavodny, M. "Do immigrants work in riskier jobs?" Demography 46:3 (2009): 535−551.
[1]Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, USA
[2]American Community Survey (ACS)
[1]Survey data (Micro data): Firm data - Cross section
[9] Hersch and Viscusi (2010)
[9]Hersch, J., Viscusi, W. K. "Immigrant status and the value of statistical life" Journal of Human Resources 45 (2010): 749−771.
[1]Current Population Survey (CPS), USA
[2]New Immigrant Survey, Princeton University
[10] Gonzalez and Irastorza (2008)
[10]Gonzalez, E. R., Irastorza, X. (eds). Literature Study on Migrant Workers European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Research Paper, 2008.
Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain
[11] Dávila et al. (2011)
[11]Dávila, A., Mora, M. T., González, R. "English-language proficiency and occupational risk among Hispanic immigrant men in the United States" Industrial Relations 50 (2011): 263−296.
[1]Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, USA
[12] Zavodny (2014)
[12]Zavodny, M. Do Immigrants Work in Worse Jobs than US Natives? Evidence from California IZA Discussion Paper No.8327, 2014.
[1]Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS-USA)
[3]California Work and Health Survey
[13] Bauer et al. (1998)
[13]Bauer, T. K., Million, A., Rotte, R., Zimmermann, K. F. Immigration Labor and Workplace Safety IZA Discussion Paper No.16, 1998.
Fletcher et al. (2011)
Fletcher, J. M., Sindelar, J. L., Yamaguchi, S. "Cumulative effects of job characteristics on health" Health Economics 20:5 (2011): 553–570.
Ravesteijn et al. (2014)
Ravesteijn, B., van Kippersluis, H., van Doorslaer, E. The Wear and Tear on Health: What is the Role of Occupation? SOEP Paper No.618, 2014.
Peri, G., Sparber, C. "Task specialization, immigration, and wages" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1:3 (2009): 135–169.
Key reference: [1]
D'Amuri, F., Peri, G. "Immigration, jobs and employment protection: Evidence from Europe before and during the Great Recession" Journal of the European Economic Association 12:2 (2014): 432–464.
Foged, M., Peri, G. Immigrants and Native Workers: New Analysis Using Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data NBER Working Paper No.19315, 2013.
Giuntella, O., Mazzonna, F. Do Immigrants Bring Good Health? IZA Discussion Paper No.8073, 2014.
Akay, A., Constant, A., Giulietti, C. "The impact of immigration on the well-being of natives" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 103 (2014): 72−92.
Giuntella, O. "Do immigrants squeeze natives out of bad schedules? Evidence from Italy" IZA Journal of Migration 1:7 (2012): 1−21.
Giuntella, O. "Immigration and job disamenities" In: Drometer, M., Hainz, C., Méango, R. (eds). Labour Market Adjustments to Large Immigration Influx. Munich, Germany: Ifo Institute, 2014.
Orrenius, P. M., Zavodny, M. "Do immigrants work in riskier jobs?" Demography 46:3 (2009): 535−551.
Hersch, J., Viscusi, W. K. "Immigrant status and the value of statistical life" Journal of Human Resources 45 (2010): 749−771.
Gonzalez, E. R., Irastorza, X. (eds). Literature Study on Migrant Workers European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Research Paper, 2008.
Key reference: [10]
Dávila, A., Mora, M. T., González, R. "English-language proficiency and occupational risk among Hispanic immigrant men in the United States" Industrial Relations 50 (2011): 263−296.
Zavodny, M. Do Immigrants Work in Worse Jobs than US Natives? Evidence from California IZA Discussion Paper No.8327, 2014.
Bauer, T. K., Million, A., Rotte, R., Zimmermann, K. F. Immigration Labor and Workplace Safety IZA Discussion Paper No.16, 1998.
Full reference list
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Article number: 102
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Shop shoulder-to-shoulder with locals at the night market; see artifacts from the Sung, Yuan, Ming and Ch'ing dynasties at the National Palace Museum; or ride the elevator to the top of Taipei Tower 101 for a stunning overhead view of The Beautiful Isle.
Lots of Hotel Choices in Taipei. Regent Taipei is the Legend.


For an indie studio, porting a game to consoles isn't a small matter. Each platform has specific requirements and its own certification process. At Borealys, we met the challenge as a team!
Last week was Montreal Comiccon, and Borealys Games' dev team was on site to present Mages of Mystralia.
Sofi talks about her work as a designer at Borealys Games.
We've been talking with Sony for a while, so it feels great to be able to confirm officially that Mages of Mystralia will be coming to PlayStation 4!


Q: "I have a question about cutting back California Fuchsia, Salvia 'Pozo Blue' and California Encelia. I have cut back the Fuchsia previously but was too cautious and now it is getting an unattractive woody base. I would like to deadhead the Salvia – when can I do that? I have cut back the Encelia before and it seemed to come back readily. Can I do this every year?
A: You can deadhead Salvias any time from later summer to mid-winter, and you can prune them to the desired shape at the same time. If you want to feed the birds in your garden, scatter the cut seed heads on the ground, or you could put them in a bowl or something similar to make a feeding station. Birds such as finches and towhees love the seeds of Salvias. As you saw with your coast sunflower (Encelia californica), most natives come back vigorously from pruning when they get some winter rain. You can cut back the Encelia every year if you wish. Your California fuchsia should be cut back to the ground in winter and it will pop back next spring. Don't cut it too early as it flowers from summer through fall. It spreads by underground runners as well as seeds, so you may find it popping up in other parts of your yard. If you find it getting out of control, you can pull up the young shoots, roots and all, to keep it contained.
Keep soil relatively dry in summer. Lightly water no more than once or twice a month.
Q & A is a regular column of the CNPS-SD newsletter. Please send your native gardening questions to info@cnpssd.org.
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A big part of what often keeps dramas or certain concepts in dramas superficial is the refusal to get real and get dirty. From romance to violence, everything is too black and white and too idealistic. Style and substance are not mutually exclusive, which is frequently overlooked in fiction and especially genres like action. "My Beautiful Bride" is a series which presents a grand romance in a suspense show, successfully combining genres others have failed to.
Kim Do-hyeong (Kim Moo-yeol) and Yoon Joo-yeong (Ko Sung-hee) are living a happy life together. That is until Joo-yeong's past catches up with her and she disappears. Do-hyeong finds himself going deeper and deeper into a dark world, as he will stop at nothing to find Joo-yeong. Cha Yoon-mi (Lee Si-young) is a detective who is connected to Joo-yeong and her illegal past. She handles Joo-yeong's disappearance case, which reveals the organization they were both connected to has resurfaced.
What writer Yoo Seong-yeol has accomplished with 'Heartless City' and now "My Beautiful Bride" is to maintain the grand style and dramatic weight of dramas without sugar-coating the world and characters. This creates an emotional experience which is raw and human, but not lacking in sleek action and presentation. Romance does not sound like something which makes sense as the main draw to an action crime series, but the relationship presented in this work is really the driving force of everything. This is the story of a great love and the man who will protect it. A simple concept the drama's creators are fully invested in.
While all the people working to bring this story to life do well, including a much improved Ko Sung-hee, "My Beautiful Bride" has made the best choice with its male lead, Kim Moo-yeol. Kim Do-hyeong impresses from the start of the drama and combined with Kim Moo-yeol's performance he becomes one of the most well-presented and unique characters to grace dramas in some time. This is important, as Do-hyeong's journey, his perseverance, emotions and devotion are the series' emotional core. A core which brings everything beautifully together.
As good as the show is, and this statement includes its plot building, it does eventually slip up and is not equally developed in all its important parts. For one, keeping the lovers separated throughout means that the show needs to find ways to achieve that. Unwisely, the writer turns the character of Joo-yeong into someone who keeps getting chased and kidnapped by different parties. It does eventually start to feel silly and repetitive. The series also changes its approach near the end and rushes some developments, which feels jarring and makes the closing episodes somewhat messy.
As important as the focus on the main pairing is, the other main characters could have added a lot to the dramatic impact of the show, were they developed more. There are some interesting persons around the couple, but they mostly remain as stereotypical plot devices. This includes detectives Cha Yoon-mi and Park Hyeong-sik (Park Hae-joon), who are pivotal to the plot, but not given enough time to matter emotionally. The villains differ in characterization and while entertaining, they too remain quite simplistic and uninspired.
"My Beautiful Bride" is a great series. The action is thrilling, the story easy to become invested in, its lead is someone whose journey and emotions are engaging. This is a quality drama and a worthy addition to OCN's lineup. It does not escape some bad decisions and its enjoyment largely depends on the viewer being moved by the romance, but it does what it set out to do wonderfully.
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> >> and they seem to work fine. Uploading with WebDAV has not been tested.
> > version of libneon is reported.
> and then test http/dav down and dav up, you would be so cool!
Given the above it seems little worth my time.
> uploading? That might be one of the things that qualifies.
> correct in assuming it's a branch off of address@hidden / tla--devo--1.2 ?
Next by Date: RE: [Gnu-arch-users] Reason for strange wiki updates?


"The Night Took Us In Like Family" – New Album from L'Orange & Jeremiah Jae Ice + "Ice Obsidian" – Music Video – Out Now!
BUSDRIVER's – "EGO DEATH" – New Song + Music Video ft. AESOP ROCK + DANNY BROWN (prod. by JEREMIAH JAE) – Out Now!


text:
Trump Camp's Latest Rigged Election Myth: Voter Fraud Won Obama NC In '08
As Donald Trump amps up his allegations that the election will somehow be rigged against him, he and his surrogates have latched on to a myth that fraudulent votes somehow swung North Carolina to President Obama's favor in 2008.
Trump himself referenced the theory — that was first put forward in a flimsy and controversial 2014 Washington Post op-ed — from the stump in a speech in Wisconsin Monday evening, where he told the crowd, "It is possible that non-citizen votes were responsible for Obama's 2008 victory in North Carolina."
He went into more specifics at campaign rally in Colorado Tuesday.
"In 2014 the Washington Post, another beauty, published an article entitled 'Could Non-Citizens Decide the November Election.'" Trump said. "The article found that 14% of non-citizens were registered to vote, 14% were registered to vote. And we're not supposed to talk about it. And your Republican leaders said 'everything is peachy dory' right?"
The article Trump referenced was actually a controversial op-ed published by the Washington Post blog Monkey Cage. Its authors' mention of North Carolina was almost purely speculative, and based not on any reports from the election itself, but rather data they had crunched regarding the voter registration rates of non-citizens. Their logic was rebutted by three separate pieces on the Washington Post site alone, and their findings questioned by a peer-reviewed article.
But that hasn't stop Trump and his surrogates from fanning the myth that some how undocumented immigrants were able to hand Obama North Carolina in 2008.
Sam Clovis, Trump's campaign co-chair, defended the GOP nominee's claim on local Boston radio Tuesday morning.
"I've done a lot of work and study in this area, so here's what happens: you have the opportunity for illegal immigrants to come to the state, and the state loosens its laws to provide for individuals to get drivers licenses in the state, illegal or otherwise," Clovis said, not mentioning that North Carolina doesn't even allow undocumented immigrants to obtain driver's licenses, as ThinkProgress pointed out.
Clovis went on to float, without evidence, that undocumented immigrants were then able to used these alleged licenses to register to vote.
"This is why we seem to have this type of phenomenon going on across a lot of states," he said.
Trump senior advisor Boris Epshteyn reiterated a version of the claim on CNN Tuesday afternoon.
"Barack Obama may have won in 2008 in North Carolina due to illegal voting," he said, getting pushback from Jake Tapper, who asked for proof the the assertion.
"The Washington Post story that just came out a few days ago," Epshteyn said. "Take a look at the Washington Post story that is saying that about five percent of voting in North Carolina may have been by people who are non-citizens who should not have been voting and swung North Carolina to Mr. Obama, to President Obama because of how tight that race in North Carolina was in 2008."
Tierney Sneed (@Tierney_Megan) is a D.C.-based investigative reporter. She focuses on voting rights and previously covered health care for TPM.


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