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Sunday Salon: The Yamaha XS650 – Originality Is Overrated
Lee Wilcox
(first posted 4/29/2012. Please note that this article does not pretend to be complete and fully accurate as to the origin and development of the Yamaha 650. A number of comments after the article shed valuable additional light on this bike's origins and development. ED)
Yamaha introduced their 650 in 1968 as the 1969 XS1. Even though it was widely regarded to be an improved copy of the British 650s, it was not. Across the board, the Japanese motorcycle industry was a hotbed of intrigue. Companies would copy other brands or obtain a license to build bikes developed by others versus doing actual "in house" research and development. Considering the devastation brought about by the second world war, that can be easily understood. The XS1 may have been indirectly a copy but of a bike that most of us never heard of. It certainly had its origins in another Japanese bike. Regardless of its origins, the 650 Yamaha became my favorite street bike. I enjoyed the ride but I also find I enjoy the history. Hope you do as well.
First of all, there was a Japanese copy of a British twin and at least when it started, it was legal. The Kawasaki W650 is the copy of the BSA A500. It was a design that was licensed to Meguro by BSA.
Meguro was the largest motorcycle company in Japan at the time. They came through some hard times and in 1960 they were purchased by Kawasaki. Somewhere along the way the 500 was increased to 650 and the bike became the W650. It was produced until the early seventies, then dropped. It appeared again briefly in 2000. It is still being sold in two sizes in other countries. I believe the Kawasaki below is a later model.
The 650 Yamaha is certainly a copy but not of a British twin. One theory of the genesis of the Yamaha 650 is that it was inspired by a Horex. They were bought out by Daimler Benz in 1960 and ceased production of motorcycles.
If thta's even true, the Horex design did not go straight from Horex to Yamaha, nor did it go unchanged. A Japanese firm named Hosk appeared to get divine inspiration after an intense study of the Horex bikes. They developed and built a 500cc twin that was essentially the only Japanese bike that that could keep up with the British twins of the day.
Hosk was sold in about the same era as Meguro. It was bought out by a company named Showa which we are told was not the same Showa that makes shock absorbers today. Showa was bought by Yamaha. The same engineers that designed the top of the line 500 transformed it into a 650. After languishing for almost a decade it was released again. This time it was the Yamaha XS1.
Your starving teacher was transferred to Panama in August 1972. As usual there was a sailor who was hurting for money. He had foolishly purchased a 1972 XS2 and now had little money left for adult beverages or female companionship. At the time I had money so I purchased his bike for a sum that was too low to repeat without blushing.
People had liked the British twins for years. They were narrow which allowed for a lot of maneuverability, they were light weight, and they were the natural next step for someone who felt they were ready to move up from the 350 or 450 size.
This bike had a single overhead cam. That made the engine slightly taller than the OHV twins of the day. It also had a shorter stroke and these two factors allowed it to rev forever. The '69-71 model years had front drum brakes. Period articles indicate that my 1972 was the first XS with disc brakes. It was fitted with a single front disc that did the job very well.
The '69-71 models were kick-start only. That was something you could live with since it normally started with one or two kicks. The 72 model had an electric start and an automatic compression release. Literature suggests that '72 and '73 both had the compression release and in '74 the starter was upgraded. Memory tells me that was needed.
The pistons rose and fell together. This made for an exhaust sound that was smooth and regular. It also made for a higher level of vibration and the engine came without counterbalancing. 180 degree cranks are available through the aftermarket. The sales pitch is that they increase performance and reduce vibrations.
The crankcase was split horizontally which is something the Brits did not seem to understand. That allowed the engine to be practically leak free. In fact, I lived in an apartment where I was able to roll the bike in my front door. I would have had a hard time keeping a BSA or Triumph in my carpeted living room. In the middle of the model run Yamaha dropped the XS designation. The same bike became the TX650 to provide conformity. They also had 500cc and 750cc four stroke twins with the TX designation but actually different designs. The XS designation resumed when those bikes were dropped.
Kenny Roberts was a road racing legend in his own time. In the seventies it was necessary to compete in both road racing and off road events if you wanted to be competitive. The Harley XR750 owned the flat tracks and still pretty much does. The Roberts team upsized the 650 to 750 and campaigned with it. The picture is of Roberts teammate Don Castro with the factory ride. Finding pictures of Roberts on the 650 is difficult because everyone wants to associate him with the TZ750 in a circle track frame that he rode later. The TZ750 would probably have killed a lesser man. The AMA declared it illegal. The 650 team appears to have existed from 71-75 and kept Roberts in the running for the AMA#1 tag.
This bike was very maneuverable due to its narrow width and responsive engine. Many of the same crowd that made the Honda 350 the best selling bike of its time moved to the Yamaha. Many of them became choppers.
Nobody has ever accused the tuning fork people of being unintelligent. Because of the interest in Choppers they developed the XS650 special.
By the time the line ended (1983 in the United States and 1985 in Canada and the UK) the special was all you could buy. This 1980 Yamaha represents the stereotypical look.
Today the most common format for this bike is the circle track, cafe racer or brat bike rebuilds. However, as you can see, it's been everything. The bike began as an excellent example of technology. The Hosk 500 was capable of keeping up with anyone. The XS1 had the misfortune of being released in the middle of a flurry of technology that included the BSA/triumph triples, the Honda 750, and the MK1 Kawasaki. It represents milking a design for all it's worth but it does not represent any real time at the front of the pack. Had it been released when Yamaha obtained it, it certainly could have been a hot rod. However, Yamaha already had one that was less expensive to make and already a legend. As a dependable, agreeable, and easy to ride middleweight it had few peers and at least one fan.
Hope you enjoyed the ride.
Posted April 29, 2012 at 1:35 PM
Lee, thanks for this great piece on a bike I've always admired. I wasn't aware about the connection back to the German Horex; I would have never guessed that. I just assumed what probably most folks did, that the XS650 was a clean-sheet design inspired by the British twins.
Keep the bike histories coming!
I well remember these bikes British bikes were king in my youth but the Yamaha proved a parralell twin could be built without external oiling something the British cant do. I never knew of the German heretage and always thought these were a copy of british twins. Amazing stay awake and learn something every day
educatordan
Nice history and keep it up. Even though I have a motorcycle endorsement on my license I know nothing of their history other than what I've read here and how after WWII motorcycle and scooter production became more of a world wide phenomenon. Good to know my Chinese scooter that is a copy of a Japanese design follows in a grand tradition.
Mike Rawlings
Posted March 13, 2017 at 1:33 PM
Nice history but Wrong ! The xs-650 /XS1 was built beginning late 69 for the 1970 model year. Not built for 1969
Hiram Callihan
Good catch Mike. I was stationed in Atsugi, Japan when the Yamaha 650 hit the ground…..as a 1970. Could be bought then for $800.00 bucks or 288,000 yen !!!!!! The Kawasaki W650's were also $800.00. A year earlier, the 750 Honda was being sold for $1000.00 American green backs !!!
Nice history, not too many people know anything about the Horex connection. Most everybody assumes it was just the Japanese wanting to outdo the Triumph 650. Which they did when it came to engine, but definitely did NOT when it came to chassis (typical of the Japanese back then). Due to the chassis shortcomings, a 650 or 750 Bonneville would leave the XS-1 in the curves on any back road running.
Gotta toss in with a few corrections, however:
1. The BSA would be a A50 (actually A50R Royal Star, the red one you've got pictured is either a '66 or '67, the front brake is the giveaway), not an A500. I had one for about ten years, and despite it looking exactly like the A65 Thunderbolt and Lightning, it wasn't anywhere near their category. The Royal Star was a big, fancy commuter bike with all of 22hp, while the 650's were double that and could run with the 650 Triumphs. To it's credit, the Royal Star is a wonderful example of that old maxim, "Its more fun to ride a slow bike fast, than a fast bike slow." And the A50 was the only BSA with an engine that wouldn't self-destruct under hard running.
2. The 2000 (or so) Kawasaki W650 has nothing to do with the 60's W1 and W2 (that's what they were called at the time) except being a homage to the original bike. The W650 is a single overhead cam with a shaft drive like the old Norton Manxes and other British designs. It was a nice bike, but unfortunately it was followed a year later by the Triumph Bonneville (same relationship to the old T120 and T140 Meriden bikes), which absolutely crushed it in the marketplace.
3. Yamaha starters of the period: don't get me started. The original electric starter for those bikes came from the TX500 (vertical twin, DOHC, four valves per cylinder – the first production bike with that configuration . . . . . . . and an OHV Triumph Daytona 500 would eat its lunch anytime). It was underspecced for that job, as I found out on my '74 XS500. It was then put in the XS650 (previously known as the XS-1 in kick start form). Then it ended up in the original 750 Virago, and, I believe, the 920 and 1000 Viragos. At which point it was completely out of it's element. I found that out buying a used '81 750 Virago in 1987, and had the starter die on it within 48 hours even though the bike only had 2000 miles on it. And Yamaha replaced the starter for free. No questions asked. On a six year old used bike.
4. The British knew all about horizontally split crankcases and their oil tight superiority. However, to build an engine that way would have meant replacing all the pre-WWII machinery in their factories with modern equipment. Which meant spending money on upgrading their factories. Which management was unwilling to do. So they kept making, essentially, 1939-1949 engines until the bitter end. This is point #1 about why the British motorcycle industry failed.
5. For those with an interesting in early Japanese motorcycles, I cannot recommend highly enough "Pictorial History of Japanese Motorcycles" by Cornelis Vanderheuvel. Not sure if it's still in print. It written from a Dutch point of view, but seeing that the Dutch were getting motorcycles in the same order as the US (at least in the big coastal cities), it's a fascinating look at what came over and in what order.
And most people don't realize it, but the order in which the US and Europe got Japanese motorcyles was:
Lilac (aka Marusho)
Kawasaki (aka American Eagle)
Yeah, it should have been the Japanese Six, not Japanese Four./
wstarvingteacher
Thanks guys. Syke, thanks for the additional history. With reference to the Yamaha starters, I just figured they were disposable. On the XS650 the first one that worked, IMO was the 74. I just always kicked my yamaha's to start them.
Ref the Kawasaki 650. I do not believe that there are any parts that interchange. I think it is a completely new bike. The original bike was designed by meguro who my sources said was the largest japanese bike company at the time. I think the 2000 model was a clean sheet exercise. In fact, one of it's variations is 800cc.
The picture that I enclosed of the Kaw 650 had been labeled a 1960. I felt it was one of the more modern models because of the engine appearance. In fact, the original model was not unit construction. The sources I found said that they are now all called W650, so I did.
I am impressed with your knowledge of the british bikes. Keep reading. I am researching one right now that I hope to publish in a Sunday or two. I love it when someone is interested enough to put in their $.02, although yours was worth a lot more than that. To me anyway.
I've been living, eating and sleeping British bikes since the late 1970's, and have a pretty good reference library here in the office. Plus, whatever I haven't figured out for myself, somebody in the Virginia British Motorcycle Club has figured it out for me.
That W1/W2 (I believe the difference was whether or not it had single or dual carbs, to confuse things further there was also a W3 in Japan only) has an interesting tank badge. The shape matches the first badge that Kawasaki used up thru the 1967 model year. But it's also the same shape that the American Eagle badges used (I've see one of those bikes, and that's from a Daytona in the mid 90's).
As to the date on that bike, 1960 is impossible because Meihatsu and Meguro didn't join to form Kawasaki until 1963 (both companies were owned by Kawasaki Heavy Industries). The first W1's were supposedly exported in 1965. Not that I'd know for certain, Johnstown, PA didn't see a Kawasaki until the old Indian/Triumph dealer took on the line in mid 1968 with the 250 and 350 two stroke twins. Six months later the 500cc Mach III appeared. He never had the 650 twins in stock because the Triumph were selling well, and nobody thought that a Japanese 650 was better than a British one.
I didn't set out to talk much about the Kawasaki. The main point was that it was the copy of the BSA twin and if you reread the article I think you will find that I was satisfactorily vague. You basically have your act together which does not surprise me. Tonight I did a little searching including your source: Cornelius Vandenheuvel.
He says the BSA that was copied was the A7. He does not mention a license, however, wikipedia certainly does. He further states that the Meguro engine was a step up on the BSA. Especially when the BSA went to 650. The BSA suffered from poor oiling then according to Vandenheuvel. Meguro went with a smaller flywheel and needle bearings which decreased the flex and certainly made the oil supply more than adequate.
When the Meguro was selling like hotcakes it was a 500. Meguro became affiliated with Kawasaki in 1960. I expect the bike labeled as a 1960 Kawasaki W1 was , in fact, a 500cc Meguro K1. The second article indicates that Meguro became affiliated with Kawasaki in 1960 and had disappeared by 1963. The 650 was imported in 65. The articles hint that the increase in displacement may have been 1963. Ask Paul if you can do an article focusing on this bike. You certainly have the knowledge, background, and interest. I would like reading something with less vague information.
I have learned not to fight for the reputation of google images. You caught the one on the BSA and actually Paul pointed out another one before the article was published. I had already rejected several but they are still the only/best game in town and I think I have no choice but to keep using them. I would appreciate it if you would continue to view them with a jaundiced eye and keep me honest.
I sure enjoyed writing the article and I'm glad you enjoyed reading them. I'm doing something different for the next article. I'm writing about a bike that I have never owned or ridden. Keep your eyes open.
What an interesting surprise! As a a teenager, there were loads of XS650s around but the 650 Special was ubiquitous. They were absolutely everywhere in the era of the cheap Yen. Even more common was the tiny 400 Special. Many of my school friends started on 400 Specials and then graduated to the 650.
Me, on the other hand, I had to be different (and still have to…) so at the tender age of 17 I talked my parents into signing for a 1975 Honda CB550F SuperSport. The bike was well used when I got it but all the Good Stuff was there: a Kerker 4 into 1 header, K&N filter and the correct jetting to make it all work. It even had Koni shocks and Avon tires. The thing went like snot (for the time) and the boys with the 650 Specials took an immediate hate to me for having the fastest bike in grade 11. Even after I abused it for two years it was even further abused after I traded up! I sold it to a friend who rode the bag off of it and I saw it bombing around for several years after even that. It was an amazingly well built machine and never once failed me.
Posted January 1, 2015 at 7:21 PM
Where I lived, the bikes that were most common were:
Honda CB350
and of course the Yamaha XS650 special
Re: purchase of the Horex name with the intent of bringing out a bike.
Am I the only one who's absolutely sick and tired of all these prototype new bikes being brought out carrying the old classic name on the tank? Could somebody please just let Norton die? Contrary to all the prototypes and announced-for-sale-but-never-made-it-into-production bikes, the last real Norton was the rotary which died when the Shenstone plant was closed down in 1992. And it was so chronically underfunded, I'm amazed they were ever able to race the Isle of Man.
By the way, that Norton was actually a BSA. It became a Norton due to the BSA/Triumph bankruptcy turning the company into Norton-Villiers-Triumph.
And the constant attempts to redo Indian also grind me badly, although I've got an admiration for the Gilroy, CA attempt which actually put Indian back into production for a number of years until the venture capitalists decided they weren't making enough on their investment and they pulled out.
There should be a law that if you bring out a new motorcycle, you have to put a new (as in never on a tank before) name on it.
Posted April 30, 2012 at 5:49 AM
+1 to that. How many times must we be subjected to the zombified corpse of Indian staggering from the grave to sell Tshirts?
MarcKyle64
Posted April 29, 2012 at 10:34 PM
I wish there were more standard bikes available like what's in the first couple of pics. The crotch rockets are damned uncomfortable to ride long distance, the cruisers scrape the ground going into the curves, yet that's pretty much all that I see out there in the 2012 models from the Big 4.
And, unfortunately, when the manufacturers do bring out something resembling a 'standard motorcycle' it invariably doesn't sell. The standard motorcycle is right up there with the rear-drive, manual transmission, (diesel powered?) station wagon. The bloggers holy grail that they don't buy on the rare occasion it's available.
Right now, these is one standard motorcycle out there readily available. But it isn't Japanese. It's the Triumph Bonneville.
Couldn't agree more with you and Syke. I think if you like to play, a hooligan bike is your best bet. That's where someone takes the fairing off a bike, fits the handlebars and the seat that you like and go with it. Of course, there is always ebay and craigs list. Baruth on the other site just scored an old CB550. Time will tell how that turns out and the seller frequently thinks they are made from gold.
They are the manual, diesel, wagon. There have been attempts by manufacturers to build retro but they don't seem to last long because of sales.
With a fused back and right wrist I am pretty much stuck with watching and it's more fun than you would think. There is a derelict XS650 (actually an XS2) in my yard that I keep threatening to rebuild. It's much easier to threaten than to do it.
jeffzekas
My son was given one of these, back when he was in high school… biggest problem: finding parts, and finding someone who could work on a Yamaha 650! (we were living in a small logging out in the middle of nowhere). We found a nice parts bike, and used it to fix up his bike… later, he sold it to another kid… interesting bike, but it didn't have the "character" of a Brit bike.
gggGary
Owned my first XS650 in 1974 and have owned at least 25 more through the years.
The model's continued popularity rests with, parts availability; a 15 year production run, (MikesXS, craigslist and eBay). Ease of maintenance; (only 2 carbs, screw and nut valve adjustment, chain drive, air cooled. And ideal size, Big enough to be a "real motorcycle" and small enough to be easy to handle at low speed. It fits how most motorcycles are really used; for around the local area transportation and enjoyment with an occasional passenger. The XS650 is a hobby and back yard business for me. I have owned at least one of every year and model (well no 74, yet) and many "customs". I am pleased that interest in an inexpensive old motorcycle gets so many out in their garages getting their hands dirty learning and "inventing". An art that is becoming harder to practice on modern equipment.
alwayslate
Posted February 21, 2013 at 7:07 AM
I don't know if it's just me but I don't see much resemblance beetwen the Horex
and the Hosk other than they're both twins with OHC.Especialy since the one is a unit engine and the other has separate gearbox.The Hosk looks every bit a British copy
(minus the OHC)while theHorex is 100% teutonic(minus the parallel twin configuration).
As for the XS its looks are Triumph.It even fires every 360 degrees just likes the Brits.
Of course the engine has that OHC that makes all the difference,but this is how Japan was doing it.Find the best European design,copy it ,improve it and the next year
bring out a new model and improve it some more.
That's how they did it.Not plain copying and this is something the Chinese don't do.
They don't improve the breed and I don't believe they are going to produce better bikes
or cars.But this is a different story.
BTW I remember reading in "The Classic Motorcycle" ages ago that the Norton rotary
had nothing to do with the BSA wankel that was found when the old BSA factory was beeing cleared out and which had a lot to do with the Wankel 2000 from Sachs.I'll try to find the magazine.
Some companys that"time forgot"do make regular motorcycles.Like Enfield for instance
or how about the Ural?(keep a few tools with you just in case…).Or check out the
Moto Guzzi v7 special which by the way has a De Tomaso conection if you look deep enough.
Hi mate, there are few factual errors in your blog and a strange type of apologetic slant to the Japanese. What's that about? The british borrowed heavily from German designs too after the 2nd world war, no country seems immune from stealing ideas from other (defeated) nations technology. The Russians stole from Germany also, but the Japanese just followed what everyone else did. The BSA batams are copies of german machinery as are the A65 and A50 unit constructions designs except poor interpretations. As for the (w650?) Kawasaki 650 w1-2 they were developed from the a bike made by Meguro under license from BSA. The K models. The final version of W models was a 624cc capacity, and this was arrived at through incremental increases in capacity from 500 until almost all vibrations were eliminated. The XS 650 were not a copy of the Horex. You should have a look at a company called HOSK which developed a single over-head cam shaft 500 twin. This company was bought out by Yamaha, and the rest as they say is history.
Posted August 5, 2014 at 10:45 AM
i bought a new xs650d in '77, i still ride it almost daily. great bike. i had owned several hot 2 strokes including rd350, yamaha 305, suzuki hustler 250 etc also a honda 350.. all great bikes but i sold them…but i'm not selling the 650- after 37 years? the xs is a keeper.
Shoveltim
Posted January 28, 2015 at 1:35 PM
Hi Guys:
Ok, so the xs is not a Triumph. No kidding. I busted my first set of knuckles rebuilding a '69 Tiger in my parent's basement and learned and kept going on a series of Triumphs.
The Yamaha was thought of as a bad imposter at the time by us "purists" but I have to admit they didn't leak (as much) and for the most part were a far more reliable machine.
Not as exciting in terms of power or handling but a decent enough slug.
Now before anybody gets crazy let me tell you that I actually owned a '72 xs and sold it when I moved off Vancouver Island. A couple of months ago I picked up the same year and colour xs and I'm now in the process of a semi-restoration project (Meaning that as the motor is low miles and good compression, I'm not going to do it "crank up".
I'm pleasantly surprised at how easy and cheap the parts for it are and what an easy bike to work on it is.
No, I don't expect that it will blow off my buddy's "73 Triumph Bonny but that's not the point. I've got much faster bikes in the stable for that. It's just a good old bike that is a relaxed sunday putt for a mellow afternoon and I'm old enough to be OK with that.
Thanks for listening to my 2 cents
Big Bay Motors, ON.
Rob Remmerswaal
THE TRUE STORY OF THE YAMAHA XS650
I read a lot of crap on the Internet and on Facebook about Horex and Hosk being the predecessors of the Yamaha XS650.
Every now and then you see the same story and some people believe that nonsense: "It's on the Internet or on Facebook , so it must be true".
Belowe you can read the real story about the development of the Yamaha XS650 and the relationship with the Toyota 2000 GT Sportscar.
Thanks to Ludy Beumer for the info.
The following story was written for the Vintage Japanese Motorcycle Club Journal after some, partly incorrect facts were published about this bike, which is becoming (rightfully) more popular now everywhere. Later-on the Dutch XS650 Club (750 members), published it as well.
"True Story of the Yamaha XS650 series"
In Europe the first model seen in some quantity was the XS1F. The Netherlands received the first batch in May 1971. Prior to this a few of the now famous green XS1's were shipped to Holland, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, for evaluation purposes.
The information hereunder was compiled for me by my Japanese colleague and friend "Dottore" S. Iwasa, who was chassis development engineer for the Toyota cars mentioned later on and who started working for Yamaha in 1959. An old friend of his in Japan sent us the information.
XS650 (XS1)
1) Summary of production.
The XS650, the largest 4-stroke motorcycle ever made by Yamaha, was launched during the Tokyo Motor show in October 1969 and was commercialized in March 1970. Production ceased in the spring of 1980, bringing the total production to nearly 300.000 units.
Engine 4-stroke, OHC, Parallel twin, displacement 653 ccm. Transmission 5 speed gearbox, chain final drive. Etc.
3) Objective of the development
The 650 XS1 was the first 4 stroke engine motorcycle ever developed by Yamaha and also the first large displacement engine. Prior to this one the largest engine was the YR-1 Yamaha 2-stroke twin.
In 1965 Honda launched the CB450, which created the gateway to the big motorcycle category for the Japanese manufacturers.
In the U.S. market, where pollution problems were already under discussion, a cleaner motorcycle was preferred and on the other hand 2-stroke motorcycles trailing blue smoke were not getting well accepted. But more important was that market surveys showed an increasing trend towards bigger motorcycles. The target for Yamaha therefore was clear:
* Light weight and high performance
* Easy handling at level of Yamaha's 350 cc
* For future high engine output SOHC will be better than OHV
* Transferring technology of Toyota 2000 GT engine (designed by Yamaha) to this motorcycle engine
4) Project team
First Engineering group: General Manager Mr. Daisuke Tanaka, Mr. K. Morinaga (who later became the originator of the 5-valve system , Deltabox and other technology of the mid 80's Yamaha's and who sadly passed away) and Mr. H. Sakuma.
Engine development: Chief S. Izumizawa, K. Igarashi, M. Arai.
Chassis development: Chief Y. Hironaka, M. Nakano.
Testing: K. Tuchiya, K. Yamaji
5) Process of the development
At the early stage also a 650 cc 2 stroke twin was considered next to the 4 stroke twin. But the 2 stroke was banned because of the unfavorable exhaust note. The project was officially commenced in August 1967. The first pre-prototype was a 650 cc engine installed in the R1 (350 cc) chassis and as target bike "Triumph" was chosen from between Triumph, BSA and Norton for further styling reference. Therefore the feeling of maneuverability and easy handling were developed based upon Triumph. The first prototype was built during the Spring of 1968. Until the end of 1969 a 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th prototype were built and 2.500 design modifications sheets were issued!
In the Autumn of 1969 most of the technical problems were solved and the machine was ready for production.
6) Development on the technical side
The basic dimensions for the bore + stroke were taken directly from the Toyota 2000 GT sports car (75x75x6=1998 cc), which was designed and developed by Yamaha on the request of Toyota Motor Co and built by Yamaha between May 1967 > October 1970. 337 Automobiles were built in the Yamaha Iwata Factory, from which 115 were exported. The stroke was just shortened by 1 mm, giving 75x74x2=654 cc. The design of the valve train was the first experience for Yamaha motorcycle engineers, therefore the technology was transferred from the Automobile Division in Yamaha. Although the cam arrangement was changed from DOHC (2000 GT) to SOHC, the diameter of the valves, valve angle, valve stem dimension were taken over completely. For example the valve retainer is the same part as on the 2000GT. (Note: If you are travelling in the Netherlands you can visit the Nationaal Automobile Museum in Wassenaar (near Den Haag (The Hague)), which is owned by the Dutch Toyota Importer, and you can see the only 2000GT's in Europe and furthermore the Toyota "7" racing car, which was totally developed by Yamaha, and which has world's first twin turbo charged 5 liter V-8 racing engine).
The difference between the automobile engine and the motorcycle engine was the rpm at max. power, so some parts had to be changed to tougher material and also finally the valve lift was changed from 6.5 mm to 8.0 mm for higher output. The cam profile of the 2000GT was calculated in and by Toyota, so Yamaha could not use it. Yamaha developed their own calculation system for these polydyne cams. Please consider that at that time Yamaha did not have a computer, so the IBM computer from Yamaha Musical Instruments Co. was used during the night!
As for the camshaft Yamaha had no experience with a one piece crankshaft for a 4 stroke engine therefore the same press-fit crankshaft type with identical cylinder pitch as for the YR-1 was used. But a 360 degree crank instead of the 180 degree one was used because of vibration. And where the YR-1 had a labyrinth seal between the crank halves, the XS carries the sprocket for the SOHC. The crankcase were designed also horizontal-split with cast-iron inserts for the bearings, 3 roller and a ball bearing on the right hand side. Lubrication system was wet sump type. Because of the deep crankcases, only the clutch was dipped in the oil. So the function was similar to dry sump.
The pistons were simply 2000GT pistons made of Lo-Ex material. At the beginning the cylinder head had very compact cooling fins, but these grew during development. The transmission parts layout was taken from the YR-1, like clutch, gears, etc. As for the performance, the prototype engine gave only 20 HP. By re-working the cams by hand during the following months we got 42 HP. Finally we reached 53 HP. Oil leakage was the biggest problem in the early stages of the development, but this was fortunately cured later.
P.S. I do hope it is clear now that the ancestor of the XS1 is not the Horex, (even Mr. S. Honda looked more to NSU than to Horex), but a combination of James Bonds' Toyota 2000 GT and Yamaha's own YR-1! Also Hosk did not appear at all in the scenario as some people did think. Some of these rumors arose most probably as Yamaha took over several other motorcycle companies during the early days, like Kitagawa Motor Co, Showa Works Ltd. Hosk was already absorbed by Showa Works Ltd. in 1959. Logically engineers from these companies continued their careers with Yamaha and brought their experience with them. This also happened in the German, British and Italian motorcycle industry….
Ludy E. Beumer,
Ex-Yamaha Motor Europe N.V.
Howard Kerr
Back in 1982 I bought my first (only?) motorcycle, a 650 Yamaha. I briefly considered the XS650, but really favorable reviews, and a cheap yen, led me to the 4 cylinder, dual front disc braked, XJ650.
Not sure which I would buy today as a used bike, but scanning CLs around the country as well as E-bay shows a MUCH wider selection of XS650s. It doesn't help that very few of us went for 4 cylinders instead of 2….the XJ650 lasted only 1 year.
Geoffrey Piltz
I owned an XS2 in '75-76. It vibrated heavily, the mirrors were useless over 60mph and passengers complained that they could not keep their feet on the footpegs due to the vibes. The steering geometry was weird, it just fell into corners at low speed and scared the hell out of friends who rode it. The front forks were the same skinny things fitted to the 350 2 stroke twin and flexed badly under braking and the unbraced swingarm pivot flexed when you wound the power on. You had to ride it like a sidecar outfit, brake to go in one direction and twist the throttle to corner the other way. I learnt a lot from that bike and really enjoyed it. I bought a new Triumph 750 in '78 and did 40,000 trouble free miles with no oil leaks other than some misting around the pushrod tubes. The Triumph taught me just what good handling is, just as the XS2 taught me what bad handling was.
It is very rare for people to the origins of the xs 650 correct. I believe this because a vertical rwin was first produced in England. The intial template for the xs was a 1950's german verticle twin it turns out called a horex imperator, which had a chain driven over head cam, something the British were unable to engineer until the 1990's. Horex and a japanese company were involved in technology sharing.The Horex in question had tappet adjustment covers in the same location on head/rocker cover as the later xs650.
Now, l want to iron out the issue with the kawasaki W1 or as it was originally know the Meguro K1. This 500cc twin was indeed based on the BSA A7, but in term of its engineering was far superior, make no mistake. Theengineering tolerances were so good they never leaked oil. Now when kawasaki got their hands on the K1 they decided to increase capacity, but they did this incrementaly starting off with a larger bore, the increasing it untill they had produced a capacity that did not vibrate as much, 624cc and where they stopped. All of the W model range up until 1975 had the same bullet proof 624cc motor, that could give any 654cc A10 a toweling, mainly because they came with twin mikuni carbs, not a single Amal monobloc. Indeed the the Wseries had a longer production run than either the A10 or A7.
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text:
Die Biotonne ist ein Behälter aus Kunststoff mit Deckel, in dem die im Haushalt anfallenden biologisch verwertbaren Abfallstoffe entsorgt werden können. In Deutschland und Österreich ist die Biotonne braun oder grün gefärbt, in der Schweiz stehen grüne Behälter im Einsatz. Im Gegensatz zur übrigen Abfallentsorgung ist die dort Grünabfuhr genannte Entsorgung je nach Gemeinde extrem unterschiedlich oder sogar gar nicht organisiert. Zürich z. B. bot seine Grünabfuhr erst im Jahr 2013 an.

Mengenstatistik und Anschlussrate
Nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes wurden im Jahr 2006 in Deutschland 12,4 Mio. Tonnen organische Abfälle in 1.742 biologischen Behandlungsanlagen (einschließlich Vergärung) behandelt. 7,6 Mio. Tonnen wurden kompostiert. Das darüber hinaus erschließbare Potential wird auf 2–4 Mio. Tonnen organischer Abfälle geschätzt.

Mit Stand Dezember 2002 war in etwa 79 % aller abfallwirtschaftlichen Verwaltungseinheiten das System Biotonne eingeführt. Der durchschnittliche Anschlussgrad innerhalb der Verwaltungseinheiten mit Biotonne betrug ca. 56 % der Einwohner. Damit waren ca. 47 % der Bevölkerung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland an eine Bioabfallerfassung mit Biotonnen angeschlossen. Rund 15 Mio. Einwohner leben in Gebietskörperschaften, die noch nicht an die Biotonne angeschlossen sind. In Gebieten mit eingeführter Biotonne liegt die mittlere Anschlussquote bei rund 60 %, das heißt, in diesen Gebieten nutzen etwa 36 Mio. Einwohner die Biotonne nicht.

Fricke hat 2003 und in den Jahren davor genaue Untersuchungen hinsichtlich des häuslichen Wegwerfverhaltens unternommen. Im Ergebnis wurde der Anteil pflanzlicher Abfälle im Hausmüll bei 48 Gewichtsprozenten ermittelt.

Die Biotonne wurde gemäß  Abs. 1 Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz in ganz Deutschland zum 1. Januar 2015 verpflichtend eingeführt, so dass aktuell eine Anschlussquote von 100 % erreicht sein sollte. Nach der aktuellen Fassung des KrWG ist allerdings der §11 Abs. 1 weggefallen.

Gebühr und Anschlusszwang
Für die Bereitstellung einer Biotonne wird zumeist von den Entsorgungsunternehmen eine gesonderte Gebühr erhoben. Der Anschlusszwang an die Biotonne wird allerdings in den abfallwirtschaftlichen Verwaltungseinheiten sehr unterschiedlich gehandhabt. So bestand 1997 in 59 % der Verwaltungseinheiten mit Bioabfallerfassung ein Anschlusszwang. Jedoch boten mehr als 90 % dieser Verwaltungseinheiten mit Anschlusszwang durch schriftlichen Nachweis der Eigenkompostierung eine Befreiung vom Abschluss an – in 52 % der Einheiten mit Anschlusszwang konnte auch eine gemeinschaftliche Nutzung einer Biotonne mit Nachbargrundstücken erfolgen.

Im Leitsatz zur Berücksichtigung der Bioabfallentsorgung bei der Abfallentsorgungsgebühr erkennt das Niedersächsische Oberverwaltungsgericht als Recht:

"Der Satzungsgeber muss durch die Gebührenregelung einen Anreiz zur Trennung der Abfallfraktionen geben; die Gebührenregelung soll die Akzeptanz der Bioabfalltonne bewirken; die Eigenkompostierung darf nicht verboten oder unzumutbar erschwert werden; dem Bürger darf nicht über einen 'finanziellen Anschlusszwang' eine Biotonne aufgezwungen werden."

Ähnlich entschied das Verwaltungsgericht Köln; hier wurde dem Satzungsgeber die Möglichkeit verschafft, zur Aufrechterhaltung der Funktionsfähigkeit der Bioabfallerfassung und -verwertung auch diejenigen mit Kosten der Biotonne zu belasten, die diese nicht nutzen. Einen Gebührenabschlag für die praktizierte Eigenkompostierung schließe dies entsprechend dem Regierungsentwurf zum LAbfG NW nicht aus.

Sammelsysteme

Zur Einführung der Biotonne Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurden Standard-Müllgroßbehälter (MGB) benutzt, wie sie auch heute noch für die Sammlung von Restabfällen üblich sind. Schnell merkte man jedoch, dass die Belastung durch Ungeziefer und Faulgase aus dem Behälter zu Beschwerden in der Bevölkerung führte. Aus diesem Grund wurden verschiedene Behälterentwicklungen vorangetrieben. Zunächst wurden Behälter mit Belüftungslöchern bzw. Belüftungsschlitzen angeboten, später gab es Behälter mit antibakteriell wirkenden Beschichtungen im Kunststoff. Eine weitere Entwicklung war Mitte der 1990er Jahre ein dichtschließender Bio-Filterdeckel für Biotonnen.

In belüfteten Behältern sollte der Bioabfall schon im Behälter vortrocknen, um so eine Geruchsentwicklung zu vermeiden. Die Sammlung in belüfteten Behältern funktioniert nur bei reinen Grün- und Gartenabfällen. Sie hat sich aber bei der Sammlung von Küchenabfällen und Speiseresten nicht bewährt. Die Ursache dafür liegt darin, dass Fliegen weiterhin ungehindert Zugang in das Gefäß finden, so dass eine massenhafte Madenentwicklung im Sommer unvermeidbar war. Auch das Belüften der Speisereste in der Biotonne minderte die Geruchsbelästigung nicht. Das Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) stellt hierzu fest:
"Zur Bioabfallsammlung soll ein möglichst dicht schließender Behälter und keine unkontrolliert belüftete Biotonne verwendet werden. Damit wird die Anlockung wie auch die Zutrittsmöglichkeit von Fliegen verringert. Eine offene Belüftung verstärkt den Fliegenanflug, während sich die damit angestrebte Geruchsminimierung nicht nachweisen ließ. Daher sollten die Behälterdeckel ständig geschlossen und der Behälterrand möglichst sauber gehalten werden."

Bei dem antibakteriell beschichteten Behälter wird der Wirkstoff Triclosan direkt bei der Behälterproduktion dem Kunststoffgranulat beigemischt und wandert während der gesamten Lebensdauer des Behälters an die Kunststoffoberfläche. Dort soll er die Anhaftung von Bakterien und Pilzen verhindern. Er wirkt jedoch nur dort, wo der Bioabfall an den Innenwandungen Kontakt zum Behälter hat. Außerdem sollte nach Ansicht des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) die Substanz aufgrund der offenen Fragen hinsichtlich der Resistenzentwicklung ausschließlich als Desinfektionsmittel im medizinischen/tiermedizinischen Bereich eingesetzt und nicht als Additiv für Gebrauchsgegenstände zugelassen werden.

Der Behälter mit dichtschließendem Bio-Filterdeckel hat sich in der Praxis bewährt. Mit seiner umlaufenden Gummidichtung schließt er den Behälter ab und hält Fliegen und Maden fern. Im Kernstück des Filterdeckels, dem Biofilter, bauen Mikroorganismen im Filtermaterial Geruchsstoffe ab. Gleichzeitig werden durch die Feuchtigkeit in der Biotonne Schimmelpilzsporen im Wasserfilm gebunden, damit wird die Ausbreitung gesundheitsgefährdender Sporen gebremst. Das Filtermaterial auf Basis von Kokosfasern muss nur alle zwei Jahre gewechselt werden. Es wird nach dem Austausch über die Biotonne entsorgt. Mit dieser Behältertechnologie soll ermöglicht werden, das Abfuhrintervall ohne Hygiene- und Akzeptanzeinbußen auf einen mindestens 14-täglichen Rhythmus zu strecken oder ein modernes Behältersystem mit Transponder einzusetzen, um nach Anzahl der Behälterleerungen abzurechnen.

Verarbeitung und Verbleib
Der biologische Abbau bzw. Umbau organischer Abfälle durch Mikroorganismen unter aeroben Bedingungen (mit Luftsauerstoff) wird als Kompostierung bezeichnet. Für diesen mikrobiologischen Abbauprozess ist eine ausreichende Feuchtigkeit (Versorgung der Mikroorganismen mit Nährstoffen in wässriger Lösung) und Zufuhr von Luftsauerstoff erforderlich. Bei der Kompostierung wird durch Mischung von feuchtem, z. T. strukturarmen Bioabfall mit zerkleinerten Gartenabfällen eine gut durchlüftungsfähige Materialstruktur eingestellt. Anschließend erfolgt durch das Umsetzen des Haufwerks (Miete) mit beispielsweise Radladern, Umsetzern oder – bei der Eigenkompostierung – von Hand. In Kompostwerken erfolgt häufig zusätzlich eine gezielte Be- oder Entlüftung der Mieten.

Verfahrensschritte im Kompostwerk
Annahme und Sichtung der Bioabfalls – Aussortierung von Störstoffen über beispielsweise Magnetabscheider, Windsichter etc. – Durchmischung der Bioabfälle (Struktureinstellung) – Aufsetzen der Miete – Umsetzen und Belüftung – Absiebung des Kompostmaterials.

Vermarktung
Die Auswertung der Absatz- und Vermarktungswege von 3 Mio. Tonnen Kompost zeigen, dass die Landwirtschaft mit mehr als 50 % der wichtigste Abnehmer ist. Kompost wird hier als Mehrnährstoff- und Humusdünger eingesetzt. Dieser Bereich hat nicht zuletzt durch die gestiegenen Düngemittelpreise einen deutlichen Zuwachs erfahren. Des Weiteren wird Kompost u. a. auch als Substratkomponente in den Bereichen Hobbygartenbau, Rekultivierung und Landschaftsbau eingesetzt.

Absatzstruktur
Die Absatzstruktur ist im Einzelfall sehr stark durch die regionalen Gegebenheiten bestimmt. In ländlichen Gebieten mit geringen landschaftsbaulichen Aktivitäten nimmt die Landwirtschaft das größte Nachfragepotential ein. Andere Absatzbereiche sind hier weniger gefragt. Anders ist die Absatzlage in vielfältig strukturierten Regionen, wo vermehrt auch Kompost durch den Landschafts-, Hobby- und Erwerbsgartenbau oder für den Einsatz in Sonderkulturen nachgefragt wird.

Geschichte
Schon 1937 versuchte man in Deutschland, Küchenabfälle sinnvoll zu verwerten. In der DDR wurden Speisereste und Küchenabfälle ab 1953 gesammelt und regionalen Schweinemastbetrieben als Futterrohstoff zugeführt.

Die erste Biotonne Deutschlands wurde 1981 durch die Organische Müllabführ (OMA) in Würzburg aufgestellt. Hervorgegangen war dieses im Stadtteil Zellerau begonnene Modellprojekt zur Wiederverwertung von Bioabfällen aus einer studentischen Initiative. Eine weitere Biotonne wurde 1983 im nordhessischen Witzenhausen eingeführt. An deren Entstehung war unter anderem das Fachgebiet Landschaftsökologie und Naturschutz der Universität Kassel unter der Leitung von Helge Schmeisky beteiligt. Der Durchbruch für die Einführung von Bioabfallverwertungen in Deutschland erfolgte Anfang bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre. Am 1997 in Betrieb gegangenen Kompostwerk der Stadt Würzburg hatte die Initiative der Würzburger OMA als dessen Vorgängerprojekt 2007 noch eine Eigenbeteilung von 10 Prozent.

Schadstoffe und gesundheitliche Aspekte

Kunststoffe
Die meisten Bioabfälle aus Haushalten und Kommunen sind mit verschiedenen Kunststoffen verunreinigt. Siebverfahren und Sichtung können diese Verunreinigungen deutlich reduzieren, aber nie vollständig entfernen. Darüber hinaus erlauben die meisten Länder eine gewisse Menge an Fremdstoffen, wie z. B. Kunststoffe in Düngemittel; so erlaubt Deutschland, das eine der weltweit strengsten Vorschriften zur Düngemittelqualität hat, bis zu 0,1 Gewichts-% Kunststoffe. In dieser Verordnung werden Partikel kleiner als 2 mm nicht einmal berücksichtigt. So können organische Düngemittel eine Quelle für Mikroplastik sein.

Am 20. April 2018 starteten 23 Betriebe aus Schleswig-Holstein, Niedersachsen, Hamburg und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern eine überregionale Kampagne, um die konventionellen Plastiktüten und die angeblich "kompostierbaren Plastiktüten" aus den Biotonnen zu verbannen. Vom 8. bis am 29. September 2018 fand die Aktion Biotonne Deutschland statt. In dieser bundesweiten Kampagne wurde, neben der Bekanntmachung der Biotonne selbst, auf das Plastikproblem im Sammelgut hingewiesen.

Zudem werden auch mit Polyethylenwachs behandelte Schalen, etwa von Ananas, Avocados, Mangos, Melonen, Papayas und Zitrusfrüchten, über die Biotonne "entsorgt", womit noch mehr Polyethylen in die Umwelt gelangt.

Schwermetalle
Im Wesentlichen werden Schwermetallgehalte in Komposten bedingt durch den Schwermetallgehalt des Ausgangsmaterials (Küchen-, Garten- und Landschaftsabfälle). Diese unterliegen z. T. natürlichen (geogenen) und z. T. anthropogenen Einträgen. Schwermetalle werden als chemische Elemente in der Natur nicht abgebaut und können sich in Pflanzen, Tieren und Ökosystemen anreichern. Mit dem Schwermetallprotokoll der Genfer Luftreinhaltekonvention von 2003 soll das Ziel einer europaweiten Verminderung der weiträumigen, grenzüberschreitenden Luftbelastung durch Schwermetallemissionen befördert werden.

Eine weitere, häufig genannte Ursache ist der Schwermetalleintrag durch erhöhte Fehleinwürfe (Störstoffe beispielsweise Glas, Kunststoff, Metall), wie in der Untersuchung von Rösch (1996). In der seit 1998 gültigen Bioabfallverordnung werden Grenzwertregelungen für die zur Anwendung kommenden Komposte (max. Schwermetall- und Fremdstoffgehalte etc.), für die Anwendung in Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Nachweispflichten… getroffen. Die Beeinflussung der Schwermetallgehalte durch Fremdstoffe bei Komposten, die den Grenzwert für den Fremdstoffanteil (weniger als 0,5 % des Gewichts) einhalten, ist eine Beeinflussung weitestgehend auszuschließen.

Eine ausführliche Betrachtung der Schwermetallthematik u. a. auch von Kompost findet sich in dem Artikel zum Stand der fachlichen Weiterentwicklung des BMU/BMELV-Konzeptes "Gute Qualität und sichere Erträge". Hier kommt man zu dem Schluss, dass die getrennte Sammlung von Bioabfällen ein Garant für hochwertige Komposte ist, die als Produkte vermarktet werden.

Gesundheitliche Aspekte
Das Bundesgesundheitsamt in Berlin weist darauf hin, dass es für abwehrgeschwächte Menschen eine gesundheitliche Gefährdung durch die Bioabfalltonne gibt. Als gefährdete Risikogruppen gelten: Leukämiekranke, Patienten, bei denen infolge einer Organtransplantation das Abwehrsystem medikamentös unterdrückt ist, chronisch Lungen-, Leber- und Nierenkranke, Patienten, die unter Kortikosteroidbehandlung stehen. Dass sich besonders gefährdete Personen in allen Lebenslagen vorsichtiger verhalten als ihre Mitmenschen, ist Gegenstand gesundheitlicher Aufklärung und ein wichtiges Ziel des Bundesgesundheitsamtes.

Unter findet sich eine umfangreiche Auflistung möglicher gesundheitlicher Gefahren durch Bioabfall.

"Bei Einhaltung der gängigen Hygienegepflogenheiten besteht für gesunde Bürger, d. h. Personen mit nicht massiv beeinträchtigtem Immunsystem beim Umgang mit der Mülltonne und Kompostierung keine Gefährdung" (H. Lange-Aschenfeldt)

Umgang mit der Biotonne
 Bioabfälle sind leicht zersetzbar und können unter ungünstigen Bedingungen in Fäulnis übergehen mit der Folge, dass Geruchsemissionen entstehen. Fäulnisprozesse entstehen unter Luftabschluss. Dies ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn Bioabfälle in der Tonne zu einer "nassen Pampe" verbacken. Es sollte daher darauf geachtet werden, dass eher nasse und eher trockene Bioabfälle gemischt in die Biotonne kommen.

 Reste von Fisch und Fleisch werden von Fliegen zur Eiablage besonders bevorzugt. Um sie davon abzuhalten und zu vermeiden, dass Maden die Biotonne bevölkern, sollen Reste von Fisch und Fleisch in Zeitungspapier eingewickelt und erst dann in die Biotonne gegeben werden. Zeitungspapier ist in der Biotonne unproblematisch, auch sehr nasse Bioabfälle können so eingeschlagen werden, um die Feuchtigkeit in der Tonne zu regulieren. Bei tierischen Lebensmitteln ist allerdings zu beachten, dass diese (je nach Art der Weiterverarbeitung des Biomülls) in einigen Kommunen nicht in den Biomüll gegeben werden dürfen.

 Die Biotonne sollte schattig stehen. In der prallen Sonne erhöhen sich die Temperaturen in Sammelgefäßen deutlich. Dies gilt auch für die Restmülltonne und anderen Sammelgefäße. In der Biotonne sind erhöhte Temperaturen besonders unerwünscht, weil mit steigenden Temperaturen die Zersetzungsvorgänge der organischen Abfälle und damit potentielle Geruchsbelästigungen zunehmen.

Eigenkompostierung
Eine Abhandlung zum Thema Kompost und dem Umgang mit Biomüll findet sich unter.
Dort heißt es: "Essensreste werden von einigen Fachleuten kritisch beurteilt. Der Zuzug von Lästlingen wie Ratten und Mäusen wird befürchtet, vor allem wird aber befürchtet, dass die Temperaturen im Komposthaufen für eine Hygienisierung nicht ausreichen. Gekochte Essensreste, insbesondere Fleisch, werden besonders gerne von solchen Pilzen besiedelt, deren Sporen bei immungeschwächten Menschen toxisch wirken können."

Arbeitsmedizinische Aspekte
Die Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin veranlasste Untersuchungen zur gesundheitlichen Gefährdung von Arbeitnehmern der Abfallwirtschaft in Kompostierungsanlagen. Im Rahmen der Studie wurden 42 Kompostierungsanlagen in den Jahren 1996 und 1997 jeweils von April bis November aufgesucht. In den in mehreren Bundesländern gelegenen Betrieben nahmen fast 200 Kompostwerker an dem Projekt teil. Die Kontrollgruppe bildeten Bedienstete einer oberen Landesbehörde mit Büro- und Laborarbeitsplätzen. "Als Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass Erkrankungen der Atemwege und Lunge wie chronische Bronchitis, Asthma bronchiale und exogen allergische Alveolitis bei Kompostwerkern nicht signifikant höher angetroffen wurden als bei der Kontrollgruppe. Dies gilt ebenso für Allergien, Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates und der Haut…" Eine relativ niedrige Erkrankungsrate bei den Kompostwerkern ist nach Ansicht der Wissenschaftler zurückzuführen auf die arbeitsschutzorientierte Ausstattung der Sortierarbeitsplätze und Radladerkabinen, nur spitzenförmig auftretende Emissionen bei der Materialaufbereitung sowie auf Verdünnungseffekte bei offenen Kompostierungsanlagen.

Schimmelpilze
Zur Thematik Schimmelpilze und Biotonne äußerte sich das Robert Koch-Institut (Herausgeber ist das Referat für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit):
"Seit einigen Jahren wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Biotonne als Streuquelle für Schimmelpilzsporen ein Gesundheitsrisiko für schwer immungeschwächte Patienten birgt. In der Tat begünstigt die Wärme, die bei der Verrottung von organischem Material entsteht, das Wachstum humanpathogener Pilze, besonders Aspergillus fumigatus … Aus diesen Gründen befürwortet das Robert-Koch-Institut zumindest für die Sommermonate eine wöchentliche Leerung von Bio- wie auch Restmülltonnen. Es wird allerdings oft übersehen, dass der normale Haushalt noch sehr viel mehr Quellen für Pilze bietet, die zu deutlich höherer Exposition führen können, als sie beim Öffnen der Biotonne zu erwarten ist: verschimmelte Lebensmittel … aber auch Gewürze wie gemahlener Pfeffer … Für Gesunde sind die Schimmelpilze ungefährlich … Des Weiteren sollten Müllbehälter, nicht nur die Bioabfallbehälter, täglich geleert und gereinigt werden. Zu beachten ist darüber hinaus, dass bei manchen Renovierungsarbeiten – beispielsweise wenn fest verlegte Teppiche … entfernt werden, Staub aufgewirbelt wird, der große Mengen an Pilzen enthalten kann …"

Literatur
 Kostenbetrachtung für die separate Bioabfallsammlung und -behandlung, Gallenkemper, B., Oelgemöller, D., Becker, G., Paul, T.INFA, Institut für Abfall, Abwasser und Infrastrukturmanagement GmbH, Ahlen, 2006

Weblinks

 Video "Die Biotonne" - Was gehört in die Biotonne und was nicht?
 Medizinische Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes: Diagnostik arbeitsbedingter Erkrankungen, Information zum Bio-Müll, ab Seite 125 (PDF-Datei; 473 kB)
 Video über die Biotonne und die nachfolgende Verarbeitung; Sachgeschichte des WDR

Einzelnachweise

Umweltschutz
Abfallbehälter
Kunststoffbehälter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Chocolate mousse is the ideal destination for the dark chocolate eggs noone wants to eat. Make sure they are darkest dark chocolate (70 percent plus cocoa) and melt them down for a higher cause. Chocolate mousse is simple – it has very few ingredients. I dont find it easy to make though. If the melted chocolate is too cold when you mix it with the yolks, the mousse will be lumpy, but delicious. If the chocolate is too hot, the egg yolks scramble and you can throw it in the bin. Once I tried sieving out the tiny yellow lumps of egg. Not worth the effort. Eat your other eggs instead and try making the mousse some other time with a bar of chocolate. Happy Easter.
My Philips electric mixer is nearly 25 years old. My mum's is nearly 50.
Split the eggs. Put the whites in a large, clean bowl. Put the yolks in a small bowl and loosen with a fork.
Chop the chocolate into small pieces with a large knife. Put in a large bowl with the liquid and melt in the microwave or over a pan of simmering water.
Allow the chocolate to cool for a few minutes. Quickly mix in the yolks using a large metal spoon.
Put a spoon of the whites on the chocolate and mix in.
Put in the fridge to set. This will take an hour in small bowls (small coffee cups look good), several hours for one large bowl.
Serve very small portions with some sweetened whipped cream to cut the intensity, and maybe some sour berries or other fruit.


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A smoky style is one of the most sophisticated ways to wear purple hair. These ashy tones look best against cool complexions, and are blended against dark roots using a flawless color melt technique.
If you want a purple compliment to your natural black hair, try an ombre style that begins about half way down your strands. On long bobs and mid length haircuts, this purple can help compliment your warm skin tone.
Purple on purple can be a bold color combination, but this style keeps it simple by using a very dark base color that's almost black, while balayage highlights are only a few shades lighter.
Katy Perry's shiny purplish black hair is pure gothic glamour, and looks undeniably striking against her pale skin and bright blue eyes. Very dark hair colors have the potential to wash out very light complexions, but can work if you're going for an intentionally bold look. Dark brows and key makeup choices help to make this aesthetic look carefully curated.
The sheen on this purple color style helps it be a standout style that won't be mistaken for brown or black even in low light.
We love wine and grape shades of purple for playing up golden tones in skin. This dusty version lends a nice antique look to your style, and lets you take a dip into pastel territory without wearing a color that's too light for your medium or dark skin tone.
Try box braids if you're looking for a protective style that allows you to experiment with dark purple hair color.
Pink highlights in the middle of these strands help to give dark purple hair some extra contouring power.
Natural dark brown base colors are an excellent pairing with very dark purple. The two shades blend together to create a subtle hint of vibrancy that isn't over the top.
A favorite technique for getting an ombre gradient with seamless transitions, this violet color melt hairstyle is a luxe way to try out an unnatural hair color.
A classic dark purple color for feeling sultry and sophisticated, deep plum pulls red notes that look nice with both medium and dark complexions.
Espresso brown hair with a dark purple tinge and brighter highlights makes an excellent style for anyone who's on the fence about an ultra-bright shade of purple.
This subtle balayage color is in the perfect dark purple to play off of warm complexions or olive skin with lots of yellow undertones.
Are you a nontraditional bride looking for an unnatural hairstyle that's special enough for your wedding? This grown up shade of dark purple will put a unique twist on your wedding day style, and is a romantic compliment to a champagne or ivory colored gown.
Reddish purple hair colors like this dark mahogany style are perfect for women with medium and dark complexions with cooler undertones.
If you love all shades of purple from the darkest eggplant to the lightest lavender, this purple color melt style takes your hair on a technicolor tour from roots to tips. This dramatic style is for women who don't mess around with single tone hair color or simple natural shades.
Dark purple doesn't have to represent a dramatic change, and can be a subtle freshen up for hair that's naturally medium or dark brown. If you've been thinking of going dark for the fall or winter, this is an easy way to do it.
Electric violet lets you wear your purple hair in a dark style that's vibrant enough to turn heads wherever you go.
This dark shade of raspberry jam is a good choice for natural brunettes who want a purple hair color that doesn't stray too far from their natural color.
Dark shades of purple and brown create a pretty color palette that hits just the right spot between natural and bold. This simple purple ombre style is easy enough to do at home, making it a great choice for your first foray into at-home dip dyes.
Katy Perry has proven herself to be a queen of out-there hair colors, wearing everything from seaweed green to platinum blonde. Dark shades make for extra striking styles on the singer's pale complexion, and this dark purple look is close enough to black to function as a neutral hair color.
Dark rich plum is an excellent shade for women with olive complexions or warm skin with yellow undertones. Try this look if you're a natural brunette who's after something new for fall or winter.
Breaking the usual convention of darker natural roots and lighter shades towards the ends, this dark plum style features vibrant violet roots for a maximum impact.
If you're ready to graduate from single tone hair color, go for a dimensional violet that's got enough different tones to shine and sparkle in any light.
Dark eggplant and vibrant violet highlights make a great pairing for a doubly delicious dark purple hair color style.
A vibrant shade of dark magenta can take your sleek and sophisticated bob into the next level of style.
One of the most subtle dark purple hairstyles on our list, long hair that's naturally black gets a sneaky lift from a very dark shade of eggplant applied to the ends. If you're not sure what shade of purple will go with your skin tone, this ultra dark purple is a good option that will blend well with most complexions.
This gorgeous mulberry wine hairstyle is soft and luxurious with an intensely saturated color. Wear with a deep dramatic side part and thick curls and you'll be ready to debut your dark purple hair at the fanciest of events.
Want to feature dark purple in your hairstyle without making it the only color on your head? Peekaboo purple offers just the right amount of vibrancy, and is surprisingly easy to do at home. Coloring a few strands on the inside of your hair leaves more room for error if you're lightening your own hair before applying dark purple dye.
Dusty dark purple makes a great all-over color, especially in this gorgeous multidimensional palette.


Maybe other players are really enjoying the wheeled vehicles in FL, so power to you.
I mean i get ya.. but lets be real, defense on FL is far more cancerous than the wheelie bois.
WG" "We want the Crossout audience"
I agree 100%, liked Frontline last year but this time it is not so much fun.
Wheelies not only ruined Frontline but also the game a a whole.
I have had zero issue with hitting and killing them. The only thing that annoys me about them is the idiot driving who wants to kill the objectives before all the points are capped.
It's not a tanks game anymore. Next year aircraft.
I love the wheelies. I see a possible trend when you look at what people like to play. Heavies and TDs are not happy. Heavies have a point, TDS I could care less. I think TDs have needed a nerf worse than arty for a long time.
I agree with you. There seems to be a few threads going with FL and Clown Cars. They definitely ruined a lot of the fun in the game --- especially when groups of them spend the entire game behind enemy lines when on defense. Add the fact that a LOT of shells just bounce off their tires and that they have an auto-aim feature that is illegal in all other tanks adds up to more player frustration.
Next will be auto air strikes that bomb you if you don't move your tank for 10 seconds. Or DRONES. Anything WG can do to get more short term $$$ while sending the game downhill for a good part of the player base.
Wargaming would rather fire their entire North America office than admit that Wheeled Vehicles weren't good for the game and remove them. We're stuck with those pieces of sh__ forever I'm afraid.
lmbofinally something hated more than arty...LOVE IT!
just played the new season last few days, and I can't say I see too much problem with the wheelies there. Of course, I don't camp and get fixated on them whenever they are driving all around. They go away rather quickly. Shoot at other tanks instead.
I'm not sure how you all approach FL, but I try not to play anything slow and heavy. I occasionally bring out my Tiger2, but usually only when the battle gets to the city. I also down tiered the gun on it and others. No need for something that can punch above its tier, The ROF and dpm gain seems to be helping me, and they all got enough pen for most of the things I run into.
Yup! For all of the whining over Armored Cars, they have no direct impact upon the game. On the flip side, broken premiums and the general inflated state of Russian tank performance is more of an issue than anything else. And, quite frankly, as far as Front Lines is concerned, the biggest issue is *drum roll* map design.
last year, those of us that played slower tanks offered up a vent about arty focus from two different zones, as well as stacked air strike, and artillery consumables as broken, and having "ruined FL". the unsympathetic response from the griefer crowd was something like "where'd the arty touch you?"
ensk, paris, abbey, ruinberg, mt pass and a whole host of others.
the flexibility, especially when coordinated has a MAJOR impact on the match.
the lion's share of my damage in this was with the EBR, firing HE.
I completely agree with this! Last year FL was awesome this year not so much and it is all because of those gocarts. Those stupid gocarts are hard to hunt down even in fast lights that get tracked and killed.
Edited by mr_lummox, Apr 17 2019 - 16:28.
Yes it was a tank game. TDs and SPGs were built on Tank chassis. What Tank chassis do the clown cars use?
Wheelies spot super cancer TDs camping ridges on Defense. Happy.
Wheelies> Bad map design for attackers, and punish Arty, Therefore is best for game.


My name is Matt. I am a musician. A starving artist, as some say. I've been making music since I was 10.
I married my high school sweetheart back in 2011. We currently have a one year old son, who doesn't know the difference between a toy and an electrical outlet.
My YouTube channel is where I post upcoming songs I am writing, keep you all updated as to when new songs come out, and post official music videos.
The more you contribute, the better chance I have at continuing to make great quality music videos for you all!
Do I have to pay in US Dollars? No! Use any currency and it will be automatically converted!
I don't have much money. Can I still become a Patron? Yes! I know how that feels! Please only give what you can afford! Even the smallest contribution makes a difference!
Can I stop donating in the future if I can't afford it? Yes of course! You can log in to change or cancel the account whenever you want!
Announcements are posted here first!


text:
Latest NewsSouth Africa
A-Reece's 'Meanwhile in Honeydew' Hits 5 Million views on Youtube.
A-Reece's go-to song for live performances, the song that has put audiences in music festivals all over Africa in a frenzy, announced the emergence of the wrecking crew and solidified Reece's new formula, has hit another milestone. The Ayanda Mayo Sedibe-directed black and white video has hit an impressive 5 million views on Youtube.
This proves that fans are still engaging the video that dropped on September 16 2017.
The video was shot in A-Reece's mansion in the Honeydew neighbourhood located in the northern suburbs of Johannesburg, with cameos from Wrecking Crew members Mashbeatz, Ecco and Flvme.
a-reece meanwhile in honeydew
flvme
mashbeatz
the wrecking crew
Blxckie's 'Umoya' Hits A Million Streams on Apple Music
Blxckie and A-Reece Unleash Chemistry on 'Sneaky.'
Hot Posts Lucas Henshaw - December 8, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Did Amanda Palmer Write the Business Book of 2015?
I think she did and I'm going to explain why.
While most business books don't start off with an exchange between women in a public toilet, I believe that if you only read this book through the eyes of the entertainment industry, you'll miss some incredibly powerful learnings. Particularly her obsessive focus on her fans – aka the customer.
So here are my reasons for nominating Amanda Palmer's book – The Art of Asking: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help as the business book of 2015.
All throughout the book, Amanda gives the reader a lesson in what true customer obsession really means. She is constantly communicating with her fans, lifting them up and helping them be successful (Giving Economy 101). She's giving back to them all day every day in her own way, she's accessible, responsive and she listens to them. She brings customers into her life, and there are no walls or blocks between Amanda and her fans. Remarkable for a celebrity no?
I also have great admiration for Amanda in not letting other's gain access to her database – aka the record company. She completely understood the value of the bond with her fans, while the record company was not able to understand it's human value – to them, they were nothing more than revenue opportunities.
She always knew it was people at the end of her Tweets and not one of them was a number to her. That's special. Be it a rock star or a CEO, authenticity, openness and accessibility is a critical part of success in today's authentic, online world – however you interpret that.
Based on her customer obsession, she understood the idea – very early on – that today is about building tribes. Tribes are never one way, they are all dependent on each other for survival, and when she went through some brutal times (the mob certainly go after her – my word) it was her tribe and her closest community that got her through.
She definitely made a big impact on me with this mindset, and although I have always been a tribe builder, I think I am more conscious in my thinking around the power of the tribe since reading this book.
Amanda trusts her fans completely, and this is a critical element of who she is. It's important to her. She listens to them, she hears them, and when the moments are right, she uses her rock diva power to reach out and help people if she can. Although with great trust comes great disappointment, but I have tremendous respect for the fact she hasn't let the small amount of people who did let her down reshape her persona. She never went to their level, and instead focused on the great trust she has gained from the majority – because trust is a two-way street.
Trusting customers, employees, partners, colleagues, etc… is a critical part of the way we should all be doing business today.
Amanda Palmer is a disruptor and when you read a lot of the coverage about her, you'll notice some brutal headlines. Well I recommend we all need to read between the lines on her, because let's face it, disruptors change the world and not everyone likes that.
Amanda Palmer has shaken up the music industry, the arts industries, and has embraced social media powerfully. She offers a masterclass in how communicating on social media can be done in an authentic and meaningful way. She's offering the possibility of a new business model, one that empowers the performer, in an industry still stuck in the old ways. They don't like it. It takes their power away.
Of course, let's also not forget when her crowdfunding hit a world record of $1.2 million in 2012 – shaking things up to a whole new level. Absolutely brilliant.
Amanda provides an education in digital and social disruption if ever I've seen one. Definitely an example to all of us to always be looking at what we're doing today and working out ways we can do it better based on the new possibilities available to us.
Amanda keeps being Amanda and is true to herself, but it hasn't been an easy ride. For me she comes across as honest, earnest, thoughtful and is 100% focused on delivering to her fans – the only audience that matters. She experiments, fails, learns, and sometimes picks herself up from a swimming pool full of tears to get going again. She slips sometimes, but eventually gets back to the bigger goal – delivering to her truly loyal fan base. She's really remarkable.
The lesson for business is be authentic, fail, learn and keep going, and don't be fearful of the backlash. Yes it may happen, but really, most people in the world are kind. There are a few trolls out there for sure, but the bigger goal is more important – an open world, an open society with social media and authentic storytelling at the core.
There is so much more I can say about The Art of Asking: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help. It touched me on so many levels, and I'm not a very good "asker of help" so it was great guidance for me, just in that regard.
I couldn't recommend a book more highly. I loved everything about it. I felt Amanda's pain. She made me laugh. And it pissed me off too – women really do get a harder time on social media!
I leave you with two requests. First, next time you see the media go to town on Amanda, or any other woman in the media glare, step back and ask yourself: is there more to the story than is being portrayed? Is it fair she's being attacked? Who is she disrupting and are they leading a lynch mob?
Secondly, get inspired, get focused, and do yourself a favor. Buy this book, but make sure you tell me what you think if you do – I'm sure it's not for everyone! And if you already have read it, I'd love to know what you thought? I don't expect everyone to agree with me here.
And please, if you like this, I'd love a comment, a discussion or your best cooking tip? Of course, please also feel free to share with your communities. That's what this is all about today – sharing and giving to each other. If you like my style and what I talk about, feel free to follow me on LinkedIn, Twitter or on Facebook. Thanks for reading.


text:
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace NetCoreCMS.Framework.Core.Services.Auth
{
    public interface ISmsSender
    {
        Task SendSmsAsync(string number, string message);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home > ETDS > Doctoral Dissertations > 2039
A DORMANCY PROGRAM REGULATES CARPEL SUPPRESSION IN Zea mays (maize)
Harry Ryan Klein, University of Massachusetts AmherstFollow
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Madelaine Bartlett
Elsbeth L. Walker
Dong Wang
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Courtney C. Babbitt
The development of unisexual flowers through floral organ suppression has been critical for promoting genetic diversity within angiosperms. About 20-30% of angiosperms have unisexual flowers, and many sexual systems exist and have been independently derived through convergent evolution. Unisexual flowers are especially prevalent in the Poaceae (grass family). The grasses contain several important agricultural crops for humans such as wheat, rice, barley, and maize. Some of the genetics of unisexual flower development in maize and barley have been studied, but the precise mechanisms controlling grass unisexual flower development remain elusive. In maize, unisexual flowers develop in two separate inflorescences, the male tassel which has only male stamens and the female ear which contains only female carpels. Carpel suppression occurs in the tassel and lower flower of the ear through a programmed cell death pathway. Previously identified genes in this pathway have multiple roles in flower development making it difficult to dissect the molecular underpinnings of carpel suppression in maize. One more specific regulator of carpel suppression in the tassel is the class 1 HD-ZIP transcription factor GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1). gt1 mutants fail to suppress carpels in the tassel and also fail to maintain dormant axillary buds. Here, I identify a novel carpel suppression gene, RAMOSA3 (RA3), encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, that has a genetic interaction with GT1 to suppress carpel and tiller bud growth. Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is a signaling molecule that regulates carbon status in the cell and can negatively impact bud dormancy. In addition to the genetic interaction between GT1 and RA3, I found that exogenous trehalose, which can increase T6P to toxic levels, can suppress carpels in gt1 ra3 double mutants, suggesting that sugar signaling is important for carpel suppression. RNA-seq profiling of gt1, ra3, and gt1 ra3 mutant tassels revealed misexpression of sugar signaling and characterized eudicot dormancy genes. Rising sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate levels are strongly correlated with outgrowth of axillary buds in eudicots. Axillary bud suppression is also regulated by the environment and several hormone pathways, and can greatly differ among species and within species in different environments. Because of the great plasticity in pathways regulating bud dormancy, I propose a dormancy pathway was recruited to suppress maize carpels.
Klein, Harry Ryan, "A DORMANCY PROGRAM REGULATES CARPEL SUPPRESSION IN Zea mays (maize)" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 2039.
Available for download on Wednesday, September 01, 2021
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US public schools are slipping back into racial segregation, the Harvard Graduate School of Education reported. It said a study of enrollment statistics found that from 1991 to 1994 the nation took the largest backward step toward segregation since the Supreme Court declared segregation laws unconstitutional in 1954. The report says schools are segregating again as nonwhites become increasingly concentrated in urban areas.
White House aides Erskine Bowles and Mack McLarty would not have tried to help Webster Hubbell if they had known he was going to plead guilty to two felony counts, the Clinton administration said. Spokesman Mike McCurry told CNN's "Capital Gang" the men were trying to help the former associate attorney general find work to support his family. Bowles, the White House chief of staff, received a subpoena late last week to appear before the Whitewater grand jury to answer questions about aiding Hubbell.
Congress returns from its spring break today, and officials on both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue are pondering a budget compromise. White House aides reportedly were sounding out congressional staff about elements of a deal. Talks with key lawmakers may be held soon.
Payroll growth slowed to a smaller-than-expected 175,000 non-farm jobs last month - down from 293,000 in February, the Labor Department said. The unemployment rate edged down to 5.2 percent from 5.3 percent, but wages crept upward. The decline in joblessness was the second consecutive monthly drop.
Astronauts aboard the space shuttle Columbia prepared for an early return to Earth. A failing electric generator forced the decision to cut short a planned 16-day mission, officials said. The shuttle blasted into orbit Friday.
Some 3,500 United Auto Workers went on strike a at a GM assembly plant in Oklahoma City late last week. Union officials said talks on a local contract resumed over the weekend. Sticking points included manpower, safety, and outsourcing of assembly work. Also, machinists at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth, Texas, plant were scheduled to vote on starting a work slowdown or going on strike if a new accord was not reached before their contract expired at 12:01 a.m. today. A walkout could shut the plant's F-16 assembly line.
The US has tentatively agreed to pay $26 million to the estate of the late President Nixon for his White House papers, The Washington Post reported. Under an accord that could end a two-decade legal battle, control of the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, Calif., would be turned over to the National Archives, the Post said, quoting US and Nixon family sources. All materials seized following Nixon's resignation would be shipped to California under the agreement.
The US will proceed with underground explosions this year, using nuclear materials at a test site in Nevada, officials said. Energy Department scientists said each of two tests, one in June and a second in the fall, would involve chemical, not nuclear, explosions. Small amounts of plutonium would be used, but the blasts will not result in nuclear chain reactions, they said. Opponents view the tests as a possible prelude to renewed nuclear testing and development of new weapons. (Related editorial, Page 20).
Hundreds of people fled flooding in the northern plains as rain and snow added to swollen rivers and streams. Volunteers in Montevideo, Minn., braved subfreezing temperatures to fill sandbags and protect the town's sole water supply from the Chippewa and Minnesota rivers.
New York investment banker Felix Rohatyn is considered the leading contender to be nominated as the nation's next ambassador to France, US officials said. Rohatyn would fill the position left vacant by Pamela Harriman, who died in Paris Feb. 5.
Allen Ginsberg, who shattered conventions as poet laureate of the Beat Generation, died in Manhattan. His first taste of fame and notoriety came after his book "Howl and Other Poems" was published in 1956.
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu was expected in Roch-ester, Minn., for discussions with King Hussein of Jordan prior to his meeting today at the White House with President Clinton. Hussein - who is undergoing medical treatment at the Mayo clinic - is a critic of Israel's decision to build new Jewish housing in East Jerusalem, which has triggered the latest round of Pal-estinian violence. Netanyahu was said to be hoping he could win Clinton's backing for a so-called "final status" peace deal with the Palestinians covering all aspects of the Middle East stalemate in negotiations lasting six months.
The first face-to-face peace negotiations between Zairean government and rebel representatives opened in South Africa. The tone of the meeting was described as grudging, and a spokesman said the two sides only informally exchanged ideas. Meanwhile, rebel forces pushed closer to Zaire's No. 2 city, Lubumbashi.
Interim Albanian Prime Minister Fino called an attack on his motorcade "planned and criminal" after grenades were thrown from ambush to prevent him from completing a trip to the northern city of Shkoder - a stronghold of his political rival, President Sali Berisha. No one was hurt. Fino vowed to continue efforts to reunite the troubled country's rival northern and southern regions.
Muslim fundamentalist insurgents were blamed for the worst outbreak of violence in a five-year campaign against Algeria's military-backed government. News reports put the number of deaths at more than 90 in attacks on six towns. The violence began after cancellation of 1992 elections that a Muslim party seem-ed certain to win. Algeria is scheduled for new elections in June, but that party is banned from fielding candidates.
Horse racing and security officials in Britain rescheduled one of the country's major sports events for today after it was postponed over the weekend because of a bomb scare. Police ordered 70,000 fans evacuated from the Aintree race course when coded warnings were received 30 minutes before the Grand National steeplechase. No bomb was found. The IRA was blamed for the incident.
Moves to extend President Fidel Ramos's term in office could destabilize the Philippines, the country's powerful Roman Catholic Conference of Bishops warned. In a letter read in parish churches across the nation, the bishops opposed a referendum on allowing Ramos to seek reelection next year. The Constitution limits presidents to one term, and Ramos has said he will step down. But he has not put that pledge in writing, and several citizens groups have been petitioning for a plebiscite on extending his presidency.
Only a trickle of voters show-ed up at the polls in the first hours of Haiti's local and parliamentary elections. Despite the fact that the vote was intended to bring democratic government to the local level for the first time in Haitian history, analysts said they expected the low turnout to continue because of mass discontent with President Rene Preval's attempts to conquer the country's widespread poverty.
Russia and Chechnya have deadlocked in attempts to establish stable relations, Chechen President Mashkadov said. He did not explain why. The two sides have been discussing economic relations since February.
Interim President Alarcn of Ecuador was expected to announce a referendum on proposed changes to the country's Constitution. Among those under consideration: dropping the office of vice president and elevating justices to the Supreme Court by a means other than political appointment. Alarcn did not say when the referendum would be held, but other officials have hinted it will be within a month.
The bridge from the 20th century may be leading back to the 19th. We may be deciding to bet the future of the country once more on separate-but-equal."
- From a Harvard Graduate School of Education report that found segregation creeping back into US public schools.
The old antiwar-era slogan "Off the pigs!" took on a whole new meaning on a Lufthansa flight from London to Frankfurt, Germany. As the pilot was preparing to leave, a flashing light in the cockpit indicated a fire in the cargo hold. Emergency crews sprang into action. But there was no fire. The alarm had been set off by the strong smell from a shipment of pigs. The porkers were unloaded and the flight left an hour late.
Tired of getting nowhere with slumlords who make no effort to fix up their properties, Syracuse, N.Y., came up with an effective solution. The city posted signs outside some of the rundown buildings, citing code violations and the owners' names, addresses, and phone numbers. The first sign wasn't up 24 hours before the landlord arrived with a crew to bring the place into compliance.
Alert motorists in Jerusa-lem spotted another driver talking over a cellular telephone as he made his way through the city. Since that is against the law in Israel, they reported the misdeed. The offender confessed and will pay a $225 fine. And who was he? None other than national police chief Assaf Hefetz.
- Russell Ash, "The Top 10 of Everything, 1997"


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<?php

namespace Batna\ArchiBundle\Form;

use Symfony\Component\Form\AbstractType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormBuilder;

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    }

    public function getName()
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        return 'batna_archibundle_contextetype';
    }
}


Cross sell travel insurance to customers, as part of the booking journey.
Customers will always need travel insurance, and you are in a great opportunity to offer it as part of a single booking experience.
You can choose to integrate with an insurance provider (conditions apply), or you can add details of insurance policies that you have access to, through a commercial relationship with an insurance provider.
When customers book their travel through the site, if the trip has a relevant travel insurance policy that covers it, it will automatically be displayed as part of the booking journey, on the extras page.
Customers can choose to opt into that purchase, through the normal booking process, making it a seamless user experience.


From 1981 to 1989, I was assistant producer and co-host of the radio show On the Arts, at CJRT-FM (today Jazz 91.1) in Toronto. With the late Tom Fulton, who was the show's prime host and producer, we did a half-hour interview program where we talked to writers and artists from all fields. In 1984, I sat down with Canadian poet, novelist and playwright Marilyn Bowering.
Marilyn Bowering published her first book of poetry, The Liberation of Newfoundland, in 1973. When we spoke in 1984, her seventh, The Sunday Before Winter, had just been released. The book would earn her a nomination for a Governor General's Award later that same year. She went on to garner a second nomination in 1996 for Autobiography. Bowering's most recent book of poetry, entitled Threshold, was published in 2015.
Here is the full interview with Marilyn Bowering as it aired on CJRT-FM in 1984.


Percentage of oral and dental problem in Indonesia increased from 23,2 % in 2007 to 25,9% in 2013. South Sulawesi has the highest percentage of oral and dental problem in Indonesia which is 36,2%. Oral and dental problems that generally happen in preschool student are caries and bad habit. This study propose to introduce new method in Dental Health Education (DHE) as solution for oral and dental problem of preschool student which is an educational game based android system. The kind of this study is a quasi experimental. The subject of this study was preschool student in TK Islam Nurul Mubarak Maros. Using pre and post test measuring instrument. The data was analyzed using wilcoxon signed rank. There is different percentage of preschool student knowledge about oral and dental health after given DHE by educational game Si Manggis Celebes. The data of t test showned significant different between before and after given DHE with educational game Si Manggis Celebes. The p value is 0,000 or p<0,05. Si Manggis Celebes was effective to use as Dental Health Education media for preschool student.


This week I read Mingmei Yip's new novel, Song of the Silk Road (Kensington, 2011). When I read her previous novel, Petals from the Sky (Kensington, 2010), I was struck by how she combined rich descriptions of Chinese family life with the French art of the absurd.
In Song of the Silk Road, she doesn't disappoint.
Early in the novel, we meet her protagonist, Lily Lin, a Hong Kong woman living in New York. Unlucky in love and in her writing career, Lily receives a mysterious letter from someone who claims to be her aunt. This aunt asks Lily to travel to China's famed Silk Road to engage in a high-stakes scavenger hunt.
If Lily is successful, she'll received 3 million dollars.
What follows is a dangerous and risqué trek from Beijing to Xian and beyond that to Turpan and Urumqi, and a remote Buddhist temple high among the clouds.
Lily gets mixed up in the world of stolen Chinese art, engages in a dangerous liaison with a Buddhist monk, and falls in love with an American 8 years her junior.
If you're looking for a steamy summer read, I highly recommend Song of the Silk Road. You'll forever view the word lotus in a different light.