text:
SPINNAKER.
December 3, 2011 by languagehat 80 Comments
In looking up something else, my eye fell (as it will) on an adjacent word, in this case spinnaker, and I thought the etymology (that it was from a yacht named the Sphinx) might make a good post. Then I checked Wikipedia and found that was only one entry in the etymological sweepstakes; here's the full discussion:
Some dictionaries suggest that the origin of the word could be traced to the first boat to commonly fly a spinnaker, a yacht called the Sphinx, mispronounced as Spinx. The Sphinx first set her spinnaker in the Solent in 1865, and the first recorded use of the word was in 1866 in the August edition of Yachting Calendar and Review (p. 84). In addition, the term may have been influenced by the spanker, originally a gaff rigged fore-and-aft sail.
It has been pointed out, however, that the skippers of the barges on the Thames … also used the term spinnaker for their jib staysails. Unlike the other, tanned sails of these boats, the spinnakers were usually of white color. It has thus been suggested that the term could be "connected with the obsolete word spoon, meaning to run before the wind (cf. spindrift)." Early usage of the verb to spoon can be traced back to the 16th century; the change from spoon to spin in the term spindrift is attributed to a local Scottish pronunciation. According to Merriam Webster's dictionary, however, spindrift derives from a local Scottish pronunciation of speen (not spoon), meaning "to drive before a strong wind."
Furthermore, references to a mid-nineteenth century origin are problematic. In the logbook of the USS Constitution, opening "Remarks on Board Monday July 13th 1812" is the comment "From 12 to 4 AM moderate breezes and thick cloudy weather with rain at 1 AM hauled up the mainsail and set the spinnaker at ½ past 3 AM set the mainsail JTS [John T. Shubrick, Fifth Lieutenant]."
According to Merriam-Webster's etymology, the origin of the word spinnaker is simply unknown.
If that 1812 cite is accurate, the Sphinx idea is obviously dead in the water.
Stuart says
"the Sphinx idea is obviously dead in the water" – maybe not, if those apparently FTL neutrinos are for real 🙂
Doesn't that citation seem a little thin? The Constitution's escape from a British squadron at the beginning of the War of 1812 is a highpoint of American Naval History. The logbooks have been available in microform since the '70s.
Siganus Sutor says
my eye fell (as it will) on an adjacent word
Mister Hat, you should discipline your eye.
Le Petit Robert suggests that the word spinnaker appeared in a text written in French in 1878, which is not very long after the first attestation in English mentioned in the article (1866). Very often "un spinnaker" is called "un spi", which takes less time to shout when you need to quickly bring the damn thing on the deck before it goes under the hull.
You have the spinnaker, but also the gennaker, an asymmetrical light sail which is a cross between a spinnaker and a genoa. (The genoa is the biggest jib on board and it is named after the city, since light winds are apparently common in the Golfo di Genova, thus the need for a big sail. In French this type of sail is "un génois" (lower case), while "une génoise" is a type of cake.)
The spinnaker is also called "un foc ballon", i.e. a "balloon jib". The "foc ballon" has nothing to do with a phoque (seal) playing with a ball. It comes from the Dutch word fok, or focke, (cognate with middle low German vocke and German Fock), which both Larousse and TLF give as equivalent to misaine, the lowest main sail on the fore-mast.
It can be noted that there is a sailing competition in Brittany called the Spi Ouest-France. Since French people tend to pronounce "fok" the word "fuck" — for a reason unknown to me —, it is fortunate that the sail chosen to make the race's name has been the spinnaker and not the jib.
misaine, the lowest main sail on the fore-mast.
Can there be any main sails on the foremast? I thought that "main sail" meant the big sail on the mainmast, while the corresponding sail on the foremast would be the foresail.
On another note of marvelous confusion: French "misaine" somehow became English "mizzen". In French it is a sail on the foremast, in front of the mainmast. In English it is not on the foremast, nor on the mainmast either, but rather on the third mast, the one behind the mainmast. And, according to etymonline, in its progress from front to back it was somehow influenced by an Italian word meaning "middle".
the spinnaker and not the jib
Ah, the etymology of the jib doesn't seem to be much clearer than that of the spinnaker.
Thefreedictionary.com:
jib.
1. Nautical A triangular sail stretching from the foretopmast head to the jib boom and in small craft to the bowsprit or the bow.
[Origin unknown.]
The SOED does mention something, but with a question mark before: "? abbrev. of gibbet, as being hung from the mast-head."
However, when it comes to the verb to jib ("to pull (a sail or yard) round from one side of a vessel to the other, as in tacking, etc."), which is probably related to the noun, the same dictionary says "etymology obscure".
influenced by an Italian word meaning "middle"
The word mezzo by any chance?
Can there be any main sails on the foremast?
Well, check sail No. 5 on this illustration. Okay, the mainsail might be a specific sail ("la grand-voile", without any -e at grand despite voile being feminine), but wouldn't it be possible to talk of the main sail on a given mast which is not the mainmast?
Siganus: "la grand-voile": historically "grand" in French was uninflected for gender. Other Romance languages preserve this original distinction between adjectives which inflect for gender and those which do not. Thus, in Italian, BIANCO "white" (masculine) has a feminine BIANCA, whereas GRANDE "tall, great" is both masculine and feminine.
Italian preserves what was the Late Latin/Early Romance system: masculine singular adjectives in
-E were uninflected for gender, whereas masculine singular adjectives in -O, in the feminine singular, end in -A.
In the transition from Late Latin to Old French (and some neighboring Romance languages), however, final vowels as a rule were lost (hence French BLANC and GRAND corresponding to Italian BIANCO and GRANDE), while final -A became schwa, spelled -E.
As a result, in Old French some masculine adjectives formed their feminine with -E, and others did not. But unlike what we find in Italian, there no longer was any way to predict, on the basis of the masculine singular form, whether a given adjective had a separate feminine form in -E or not: GRAND was the same for masculine and feminine, but BLANC had a feminine BLANCHE. This explains the "grand" in "grand-voile", "grand-mère"…
In the passage from Old to Modern French the "problem" (i.e. how to predict which adjectives take feminine -E and which did not) was solved by extending the feminine marker -E to all masculine adjectives, thereby creating (for example) a feminine form GRANDE.
Eric Newby's The Last Grain Race describes his experiences on one of the last commercial square-riggers bringing wheat from Australia to Britain in 1939. The ship was Swedish-owned, so he had to learn the Swedish names for all the sails and lines.
According to his description, the foresail ("fock") seemed to turn up frequently in conversations among the sailors.
I know nothing about marine matters, but the frequent occurrence here of the word foc/fock reminded me of the German ship Gorch Fock (the first version is shown here). The last link says the ship was named after the writer Johann Wilhelm Kinau, who published under the name Gorch Fock. Gorch is said to be a Plattdeutsch form of George, whereas Fock is "einer Linie von großelterlichen Vorfahren entlehnt". Did these ancestors, or simply Kinau himself, take their name from the name of the sail ?
Sashura says
could it be from spin – spinmaker, as this comment from French wikipedia suggests:
Sceptiques quant à sa stabilité, les spectateurs auraient déclaré « It is going to make her spin » (cela va faire chavirer le bateau), d'où l'appellation spinmaker, puis spinnaker.
Sig: A sailor would object strenuously if we used the word "main" in that way.
The largest and most important mast of the ship is called the mainmast. The mast in front of it is the foremast. The mast behind is the mizzenmast.
The largest and most important (and lowest) sail on the mainmast can be called the mainsail, and the others above it on the same mast also have "main" in their names: maintopsail, maintopgallant, and so on.
The largest and most important (and lowest) mast on the foremast can be called the foresail, and the others on the same mast have "fore" in their names: foretopsail, foretopgallant, and so on.
In Sig's illustration there is also the word "fougue", in the names of sails which in English would have "mizzen" in their names. (At the opposite end from the various sails with "foc" in their names.)
I'm familiar with фок [fok] 'foresail' in Russian, which of course got it from Dutch.
Dale Favier says
I refuse to believe in sailors gratuitously adding syllables to the name of a sail: these are words you have to yell into the wind. So I'd call an origin in sphinx or spanker improbable even if the historical evidence supported it.
It's just gotta be Dutch. It feels Dutch, and who else would come up with such a squeeze-the-last-drop-out-of-the-wind sail?
I vote for some low German phrase meaning "spine-shaker," or "spine-acher" or something like that. Those things jerk a damn boat around. Unless there's some "sp-" word for kite that I don't know.
This misaine-mizzen business is no weirder than the fact that entree in American English is not the first course but the main course. Or that a la mode means 'served with ice cream'. Or au naturel in the sense 'nude, unclothed'. Or peignoir in the sense of robe de chambre. Or boutonnière meaning a flower in the buttonhole rather than the buttonhole itself. Or the strongly negative implications of recherché in English. Or nostalgie de la boue, which was apparently invented by an Englishman (the phrase, not the emotion), though yearning for the mud seems a lot more expressive to me. There are quite a lot of others.
Jamessal says
"nostalgie de la bout" … was apparently invented by an Englishman (the phrase, not the emotion), though "yearning for the mud" seems a lot more expressive to me.
Heh. I learned that phrase from a Guardian review that described *me* as "alert to any whiff" of it. I'm alert to any whiff of whaaa?
A dutiful reporter, Salant is alert to any whiff of nostalgie de la boue : "What I enjoyed even more, though, was the seediness of the motel."
Of course, I've been using it casually ever since — and will continue to do so, expressiveness be damned!
AJP Crown says
…Next time, the Guardian's going to be reviewing you as à la mode.
nostalgie de la boue, which was apparently invented by an Englishman
Not according to this, John:
The French phrase, meaning literally 'mud nostalgia', was coined by the French poet and dramatist Émile Augier (1820–89), in Le Mariage d'Olympe (1855). In response to the comment that a duck placed on a lake with swans will miss his pond and eventually return to it, the character Montrichard replies, 'La nostalgie de la boue! [Longing to be back in the mud!']
That's great! I always vaguely wondered about that phrase, and the origin turns out to be better than I could have imagined.
Nostalgie de la boue is also a longing to which retired lady wrestlers are prone.
Here is Esther Pasztory, professor of Pre-Columbian art history, experiencing the self-referential double-take that crops up in the best sociological writing, in my opinion:
"Nostalgie de la boue" means ascribing higher spiritual values to people and cultures considered "lower" than oneself, the romanticization of the faraway primitive which is also the equivalent of the lower class close to home. I have been submerged in such ideas since I was born and am just getting my head out of the waters. My parents romanticized Hungarian folk culture — my father photographed and published peasant architecture, my mother wore folk dresses, my uncle and father promoted native handicrafts in the weaving workshops they organized in the 1930's. I went much further in romanticizing the seemingly most unromantic Aztecs, leaping across an ocean, a continent and five centuries in revalidation.
… I have recently read Cecelia Klein's excellent and as yet unpublished article criticizing the excessively romantic use of the term "shamanism" in Pre-Columbian studies, which I could not have done better myself. She mentioned my 1982 critique in which I argued that shamanism belonged to simple hunter-gatherer societies and the term should not be applied to stratified agricultural ones. I objected to the then-wholesale application of the term "shaman" to almost any religious specialist. I thought it was ludicrous to consider shamans the only creative artists par excellence.
… do Cecelia, myself, and countless other scholars imagine that we can contain the primitivist forces in our society by impeccable scholarship? Are we not trying to put genies back into bottles? Have we ever asked why we are involved in the scholarly studies of shamanism in the first place? Do we try to do anything other than manage and control the concept and is not our fascination as great in its way as that of the naive drummer or even the much maligned Eliade?
Next time, the Guardian's going to be reviewing you as à la mode.
That'll be my wife, pal. I am not an ice cream man, or a chef of any sort, or a business man — I just happen, for the time being, to own an ice cream shop (and take a big part in its day-to-day). I am not an ice cream man. I am not an ice cream man.
But yeah, that etymology is great.
I am not an ice cream man.
I'm really sorry I made fun of your hard work, the temptation to be a smartass was just overwhelming once I saw the possibility. Please feel free to make jokes about me.
Nothing wrong with ice cream on top. It's the apple pie underneath that is offensive.
Oh, I didn't take any offense at all, Crown — you never need worry about that. All I was trying to say, and lightly, is that my wife and I are focusing on her career now but that, long term, or even mid-term, I don't plan on giving up on mine; it's just often hard to remember plans, or have faith in them — even when they're going as planned — amidst life. My intended career, BTW, involves writing. Or some sort.
OF some sort, that is.
My intended career, BTW, involves writing.
He's so modest.
Stu, is this paragraph not perfectly lame? I don't see any interesting parallel, just some clumsily expressed insecurity about the author's chosen profession. By and large scholars don't imagine they're changing the world with forceful strokes; but obviously scholarship is still of some value. I mean, c'mon. Is there something subtle (or obvious) I'm missing?
it's just often hard to remember plans, or have faith in them — even when they're going as planned — amidst life.
I hear you talking, Jim. However, my tendency in such circumstances has usually been to give life the benefit of the doubt, and change my plans. In this way I never get what I need, but always what I want.
I don't see any interesting parallel, just some clumsily expressed insecurity about the author's chosen profession. By and large scholars don't imagine they're changing the world with forceful strokes; but obviously scholarship is still of some value.
Maybe the quote doesn't make as much sense out of context as I had hoped. In the article, she says effectively that 1) people have always been trying to make sense out of things beyond their control, 2) scholars do the same thing, but 3) at least scholars could benefit from thinking about this from time to time.
The job of scholars is thinking about thinking, so occasionally to think about their own thinking is not too much to expect of them. If they can think down (nostalgie de la boue), they can think up. This doesn't imply that they should have a different job.
It's all about ice cream, I see now.
iakon says
maidhc:
I believe the ship Newby worked on was from the Aland Islands, a Swedish-speaking autonomous Baltic archipelago belonging to Finnland. Not that I've read the book; I absorbed this snippet of info reading about the islands.
This doesn't imply that they should have a different job.
No, of course not. I'm happy to take your word about the paragraph being better in context, and your points (1,2 and 3) all look sensible from down here.
my tendency in such circumstances has usually been to give life the benefit of the doubt
life has been fucking with me for too long to get anything on spec; I need something in writing, and that need is turning me into a madman.
This explains the "grand" in "grand-voile", "grand-mère"…
…Grand-Rue, the name of the main street in all French villages that are too small to have a halfway convincing Avenue du Général Leclerc.
Eh, I guess I remembered wrong. I should have checked. So what is the French phrase that, although grammatical and all that, is in fact used only in English because it was invented by an English person?
Not, at any rate, Miss Meteyard in Dorothy Sayers's Murder Must Advertise:
"[…] There is a nostalgie de la banlieue as well as de la boue. And you're pulling my leg, Mr. Death Bredon, because you know that as well as I do."
Given the context, this must refer to anglophone notions of suburbia, not modern francophone ones.
JC: there's crise de foi (not foie !) – we had a discussion here about that earlier this year, or last year. Didn't marie-lucie remark that crise de la foi sounds more natural to her ?
But that's not the one you're thinking of, which I can't remember either.
Tom Recht says
Nom de plume?
Or double entendre, legerdemain, succès de scandale? Wikipedia naturally has a list.
Most of the ones on the Wikipedia list are archaic French of one kind or another: Norman, Parisian, Law-(Anglo-)French. I may have been thinking of nom de plume, which, it seems, really was unknown in French until borrowed from English around 1970.
Which reminds me:
How bitter was Joseph's existence
When he found that his girl friend's insistence
Meant that he'd have to wed her
Before he could bed her:
She was simply a piece de resistance.
Zythophile says
I only very recently discovered that in AmE "a la mode" means "with ice-cream". "Boeuf a la mode" must confuse visiting Americans immensely. "Cul de sac" – Wikipedia suggests this English-coined expression for a short no-through-road is also used in French, although I was always told it wasn't.
That's the one I had in mind. I think plume de ma tante, nom de guerre and ma tante plume guère are acceptably French, but not nom d'un nom d'un nom.
French villages that are too small to have a halfway convincing Avenue du Général Leclerc
David, Saint-Denis-de-la-Réunion has a "rue du maréchal Leclerc". It hosts the most active shops and retails in the city, but the most prestigious street in town is the "rue de Paris".
Étienne, in Reunion Island (again) there is a cove called Grand(e)-Anse. Because the word anse starts with a vowel, it is hard to tell whether the name is "Grand-Anse" — like the village of "Grand-Baie" in a nearby island — or "Grande-Anse". Both spellings can be found, though "Grand-Anse" might be more ancient.
Empty, shame on me, I should have said "the lowest largest sail on the fore-mast".
Incidentally, on Mars "main" is the word used in Creole or French to talk of the water pipe that comes from the street, and "délo main" or "l'eau du main" is the water that comes directly from the public distribution network, as opposed to the water that might have been stored in a tank. (Water cuts are a daily concern for Martians, who often need to have means of storing water at home and elsewhere — check the url at the signature.)
I forgive you, Sig.
In English we have water mains, but I don't believe that water from the main is called main water.
In "Over the bounding main", it's water, but that's different. And "main" is short for "mainland", so go figure.
It's certainly called mains water in England.
Here it's usually called tap water, although that would also cover the running water in a house that draws its supply from a well.
I rarely hear water mains mentioned except when they break.
Trond Engen says
I rarely hear water mentioned except in passing.
What, you mention water when you pass it? How uncivilized!
rue du maréchal Leclerc
Huh. That's new to me. Isn't the same person, is it?
Sind die Menschen in Passing unzivilisierten?
Apparently it is; per Wikipedia: "Two streets in Paris are named for Leclerc: Avenue du Général Leclerc in the 14th arrondissement and Rue du Maréchal Leclerc in the 12th arrondissement, between the Bois de Vincennes and the Marne River." He was made Marshal of France posthumously in 1952.
Siganus: Do you know how the consonant before the "Ance" in "Grand-Ance" is pronounced? d or t? If it is the former, then I assume it should be "Grande-Ance", and if the latter, "Grand-Ance"
I once passed Lake Nipissing. It's in Ontario.
Well, ni- is a Norwegian verbal prefix meaning "extremely strongly" (from nið- "mockery, insult, derision").
I don't think there's any connection to The knights who say "Ni", although Terry Jones subsequently wrote a book about the Vikings (or something).
I have an internet friend at Nipissing U. It's nickname is Nip U.
Ah, so that's why people in the Poul Anderson story are "called nithings before the folk".
I can't find Passing on my map, but the people in Fucking are civilized enough to keep replacing their signs.
Pass…? Ow! I picked the wrong affix and ended up staining myself. And there is no such thing as unnoticed Passing around here, apparently.
(That dot looked a bit too dotty now. It's nið- with long i.)
"Shame" may be a better translation for the meaning behind the suffix.
I wouldn't rule out a Python connection. When Egill Skallagrímsson first landed in Norway, at the small island of Herdlevær northwest of Bergen, he made a níðstöng against king Eirikr blóðøx. He climbed a hill to raise a horsehead-on-a-pole and point it in the general direction of the king.
I was at Herdlevær as a teenager with my father, preparing a geodetic surveying project for his students. When we climbed the highest hill on the island (25m — admittedly not that high), I suggested they marked the trig point with a horsehead.
Eirikr blóðøx
Why always the aggressiveness? Why is there no Eirik the Shopper, or Eirik Kind-To-Animals? Eirik the Librarian.
Regarding the fiskarbondebygd ut mot storhavet, did you see that Scotland wants to dump England & Wales and apply to join Skandinavia?
There's Óláfr kyrri "Olaf the peaceful". Nice guy, generally considered as the first Norwegian king who could read and write, official founder of Bergen, ruling the country for a generation. Snorri only gave him four pages of saga.
I've seen the suggestion that Scotland seek membership in the Nordic Council for decades. It may be a little closer now that the nationalists are ruling Scotland, but I don't think it's important. The Nordic Council has no power and no policy of its own. Joining would be a symbolic act, or rather: the suggestion is meant as a promise for the direction of development in Scotland after independence. And I'm not sure if it's open for applications. There's a strong sense of "united by a common heritage", informally defined as welfare states, Lutheran churches and (important presence of) Scandinavian languages. The Baltic Countries have not joined as full members, not even Estonia with its bonds to Finland and its recent Swedish-speaking minority.
minority. And I see that the link in my previous reply wasn't properly closed.
Fixed, and that's a nice photo.
It's a 50 years old aerial photo toward the western end of the settlement and the North Sea, one of the very few online photos I found. Here's a map. Nowadays, built even after my time there, there's a huge oil-and-gas facility just a couple of kilometers to the south.
That's a nice map they've got nowadays at the norgeskart site. Finally they've got contours. I can even measure the m2 of our goathouse.
Is that Waklnig the Viking?
This comment referred to some spam that has now been removed.
Maybe someone's writing those stupid spams as a bait, just to make us look stupid when Hat removes them.
Or maybe Hat's writing those stupid spams himself as a bait, just to make us look stupid when he removes them.
The point is: Whenever I come through as stupid, it's somebody else's fault.
Sorry—it's a good idea to quote whatever spam you want to mock/admire/discuss, because I don't check the threads before I fumigate.
If I do that, and I still look stupid, who am I supposed to blame?
Blame Canada.
I'm telling marie-lucie you said that.
Étienne: Do you know how the consonant before the "Ance" in "Grand-Ance" is pronounced? d or t?
Hmm, that's a good question. But which, alas, I cannot answer for I'm not Reunionese enough.
It seems to me that before a vowel, or an h- that isn't pronounced, the last letter of the adjective grand is pronounced [t], no? "Un grand homme" is [gʀɑ̃tɔm]; "ce grand imbécile" is [gʀɑ̃tε̃besil]; "un grand-angle" is [gʀɑ̃tɑ̃gl]; etc. Therefore if the adjective is written grande, we should hear a [d] sound and if it is written grand we should hear a [t] sound like in the Reunionese place name "Grand-Îlet" (a name that can be found in Guadeloupe as well). I shall try to ask some questions about the pronunciation of "Grand(e)-Anse", a name that exists in Haiti and Grenada also, where it seems to be written without the -e, as opposed to the Grande-Anse found in your own country (in New Brunswick).
AJP: It's certainly called mains water in England.
Very often it is written mains, with a final -s, even if there is one pipe only. On civil engineering drawings you would for instance find something labelled "sewer rising mains – Ø160" where there is one pipe through which foul water is being pumped to a sewer treatment plant. I've often wondered about this -s that looks like a baffling plural, without ever having a satisfying answer.
Back to the sails…
LH: I'm familiar with фок [fok] 'foresail' in Russian
What has just been read in Amitav Ghosh's latest book:
Knowing you as I do, I understand very well that your motives were wholly innocent when you congratulated the bosun for his fine works on the ship's prow. But you should know, Puggly dear, that it is not wholly a matter for surprise that he was taken aback by your well-meant sally: I confess that I too would be quite astonished if a young lady of tender years were to felicitate me on my dexterity in 'polishing the foc-stick.' Far be it from me to reproach you for your spontaneity, Puggly dear, but you must not always assume that it is safe to transpose French expressions directly into English. The English equivalent of bâton-à-foc, for instance, is definitely not 'foc-stick' – it is 'jib-boom'.
And no, dear, nor were you well-advised to tell the baffled bosun that your intention was only to compliment him on his skill with 'the mighty mast that protrudes from the front'. You should know, my dear Princesse de Pluggleville, that sometimes it is not wise to persist in explaining oneself.
(Amitav Ghosh, River of Smoke, page 207.)
Despite what might be thought, the jib (foc) can be more slippery than the spinnaker.
Oh, the French version of the Wikipedia article linked to above seems to go against what I have said:
Grande-Anse (prononcer /gʁɑ̃.tɑ̃s/) est un village côtier canadien situé dans la région de la péninsule Acadienne et le comté de Gloucester, au Nouveau-Brunswick.
I think there is something wrong there: if the name of the village is really pronounced [gʁɑ̃tɑ̃s], with a [t] sound, then it cannot be written "Grande-Anse" (a name which, by the way, seems to have been fairly popular among overseas French territories).
I think there is something wrong there: if the name of the village is really pronounced [gʁɑ̃tɑ̃s], with a [t] sound, then it cannot be written "Grande-Anse"
I think you meant to say "it should not be written." Surely if there's one thing we should all have learned by now, it's that in the world of pronunciation and orthography, anything is possible.
Sig: I've often wondered about this -s that looks like a baffling plural, without ever having a satisfying answer.
I'm guessing that this usage comes from a situation where there's a combined access manhole and tunnel for both a gas main and a water main and so they both together started to be called "the mains".
Hat: do please say hi to Stan, Kyle and Kenny the next time you see them.
Siganus: my guess (it's no more than that) is that the original spelling was in fact GRAND-ANSE, which was "modernized/corrected" at a later date, but without this change in spelling having any effect on pronunciation. Outside Quebec the influence of written/standard French was very weak until recently, so for this mismatch in pronunciation and spelling to persist in New Brunswick is unsurprising.
That makes a lot of sense.


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text:
Samuel Osei Kuffour, né le  à Kumasi (Ghana), est un footballeur ghanéen, qui évolue au poste de défenseur. Il est l'un des joueurs africains les plus titrés du Continent.

Réputé pour sa grande puissance physique, il est connu avant tout pour sa carrière dans le club allemand du Bayern Munich, dont il porte le maillot pendant plus de dix ans. Avec soixante-treize participations en Ligue des champions de l'UEFA, il est l'un des Africains qui a disputé le plus de matches dans cette compétition.

Sélectionné à cinquante-neuf reprises en équipe du Ghana entre 1993 et 2006 (pour trois buts), Osei Kuffour participe notamment à la Coupe du monde de football de 2006.

Carrière
Né à Kumasi, Kuffour est repéré à l'âge de 15 ans par les Italiens du Torino FC alors qu'il évolue dans les rangs du King Faisal Babes, petit club de sa ville natale, après avoir été formé au Fantomas Kumasi de 1983 à 1990. Après deux ans dans le Piémont où il ne porte jamais le maillot de l'équipe première, il signe au Bayern Munich durant l'été 1993. Le , Kuffour, âgé de 18 ans et 61 jours, devient le plus jeune défenseur à marquer un but en Ligue des champions de l'UEFA, face au FK Spartak Moscou. Après deux saisons comme remplaçant, il est prêté une saison au FC Nuremberg, en deuxième division. À son retour, il s'impose comme un joueur important du Bayern, régulièrement titulaire.

Kuffour fait partie du groupe munichois qui a atteint la finale de l'édition de Ligue des champions de l'UEFA 1998-1999. Il est titulaire en défense au cours de la spectaculaire finale, marquée par l'incroyable finish de Manchester United Football Club qui l'emporte 2-1 sur le fil. Deux ans plus tard, il participe grandement au succès du club lors de l'édition 2000-2001 de la Ligue des champions et inscrit le but victorieux lors du succès du Bayern (1-0) contre CA Boca Juniors en Coupe intercontinentale la saison suivante. Il est d'ailleurs nommé joueur du match ce jour-là. En 2001, il termine également second lors de l'élection du meilleur joueur africain de l'année (le Ballon d'or africain) derrière le Lensois El Hadji Diouf, deux ans après avoir été le dauphin du Nigérian Nwankwo Kanu.

Après onze saisons en Allemagne et 175 rencontres en Bundesliga, il rejoint le championnat italien et l'AS Roma. Il signe pour trois saisons mais ne porte le maillot de l'équipe romaine que lors de la saison 2005-2006. Après 21 matches, il est en effet prêté à Livourne pour la saison 2006-2007. Le club toscan termine à la  et Kuffour joue 18 matches. Après un transfert raté à Sunderland et un retour infructueux à la Roma où il n'entre pas dans les plans de l'entraineur, Luciano Spalletti, il change de nouveau de championnat. Le , il est officiellement prêté à l'Ajax Amsterdam pour six mois (avec une option d'achat de deux ans). Hors de forme, il ne joue que deux matches sous les couleurs du club néerlandais.

Après cette expérience malheureuse aux Pays-Bas, il annonce en  son départ dans le Championnat russe au FK Khimki. Pourtant le , son agent annonce la fin de la carrière de son protégé. Le Ghanéen change à plusieurs reprises sa décision. Après avoir été proche de rejoindre le Fire de Chicago qui évolue en MLS en , Kuffour signe en  au Ghana à l'Asante Kotoko Kumasi.

Il prend finalement sa retraite le  lors d'un jubilé qui oppose l'équipe du Ghana face à une sélection des amis de Kuffour.

Parcours

Carrière en club
 1992 : King Faisal Babies
 1992-1993 : Torino FC
 1993-1995 : Bayern Munich
 1995-1996 : FC Nuremberg  (prêt)
 1996-2005 : Bayern Munich
 2005-2006 : AS Rome
 2006-2007 : Livourne Calcio  (prêt)
 2007-2008 : AS Rome
 2008 : Ajax Amsterdam  (prêt)
 2009-2011 : Asante Kotoko Kumasi

Sélections
International ghanéen pendant 13 ans, Kuffour a obtenu sa première sélection à l'âge de 17 ans, le  contre le Sierra Leone. Il a été sélectionné dans toutes les catégories d'âge (juniors, espoirs, équipe envoyée aux Jeux olympiques en 1992) et a pris le capitanat de l'équipe A dès ses 23 ans.

En juniors, il fait partie de l'équipe qui atteint la Finale de la Coupe du monde de football des moins de 17 ans 1993 au Japon. La même année, il est surclassé et participe à la Coupe du monde de football des moins de 20 ans 1993 en Australie. De nouveau, le Ghana s'incline en finale.

Aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992, il décroche avec le Ghana la médaille de Bronze du tournoi Olympique et devient par là-même le plus jeune médaillé de ce sport aux Jeux olympiques dans ce sport à l'âge de 15 ans.

Kuffour a également participé à l'édition de la Coupe du monde de football de 2006. Mais une erreur défensive de sa part lors du premier match de son équipe contre l'Italie l'envoie sur le banc jusqu'à la fin de la compétition. Le Ghana est surclassé en huitièmes de finale (0-3) par le Brésil.

À la fin de sa carrière internationale, il compte 59 sélections et 3 buts avec le Ghana entre 1993 et 2006. Le , la Confédération africaine de football (CAF) le désigne comme faisant partie des 30 meilleurs joueurs africains de l'Histoire.

Palmarès
 Vainqueur de la Coupe intercontinentale en 2001 avec le Bayern Munich
 Vainqueur de la Ligue des champions en 2001 avec le Bayern Munich
 Champion d'Allemagne en 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 et 2005 avec le Bayern Munich
 Vainqueur de la Coupe d'Allemagne en 2000 et 2003 avec le Bayern Munich
 Médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques de 1992 avec l'équipe du Ghana.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Kumasi
Naissance en septembre 1976
Footballeur international ghanéen
Joueur du Torino FC
Joueur du Bayern Munich
Joueur du 1. FC Nuremberg
Joueur de l'AS Rome
Joueur de l'AS Livourne Calcio
Joueur de l'Ajax Amsterdam
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Médaillé de bronze olympique ghanéen
Joueur de l'Asante Kotoko FC
Vainqueur de la Ligue des champions de l'UEFA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Anna Alexander is Director of Photography at Wired in San Francisco, Ca. She's been producing photo shoots and wrangling Wired photographers for twenty years. She recently took a two-year hiatus from Wired to serve as the Photo Director at Dwell Media. In the beginning of Anna's career, she dodged and burned as a black-and-white darkroom printer, which she still does every now and then. Anna has a BFA in Photography from the University of Arizona and lives in Novato, California with her husband and two children and two cats.
Flower Delivery as soon as I got my license at 16.
Director of Photography for WIRED. I oversee all photography of the brand including print, online and marketing. I also produce print and online features and oversee an amazing team of photo editors.
I was obsessed with magazines all my life, my room in high school was covered in tear sheets of Interview magazine. I knew I wanted to be in the photo dept at a publication way back then, I also knew that I did not want to be a photographer, but photography was my life.
I find inspiration now in Instagram mainly, I also still love promo cards.
"Mystery Spots" feature photo essay in WIRED magazine. I pitched, wrote the text for and produced the entire shoot. I also wanted a fine art photographer no one had ever heard of & who had never been commissioned by editorial, but who understood the creepiness that I needed that work to be. I found her on the shelves of a rare book store in a publication called Wound.


text:
28/11/2017: I am no longer maintaining this website. As of January 2018, I will join CWI (Amsterdam) as a Researcher.
Publications | Talks | Teaching | Academic activities | Visits | Grants
Mathys Rennela
Mathys P.A. Rennela, B.A., M.Phil., M.Sc.
Digital Security Group
Institute for Computing and Information Sciences
Funded by the ERC Advanced Grant
QCLS (Quantum Computation, Logic, and Security)
Under the joint supervision of:
Pr. Bart Jacobs (Radboud University)
dr. Sam Staton (Oxford University)
PUBLICATIONS AND PREPRINTS
Mathys Rennela and Sam Staton.
Classical control, quantum circuits and linear logic
in enriched category theory.
Submitted as an extended journal version of our MFPS XXXIII paper
for a special issue of LMCS, 2018. [arXiv]
Mathys Rennela.
The conception of truth in game semantics and linear logic.
Accepted for presentation at IHPST (Paris), 2012.
Augmented version translated in English, 2017. [preprint]
Robin Kaarsgaard and Mathys Rennela.
Categorical models of reversible computing.
Submitted, 2017. [preprint]
Classical control and quantum circuits in enriched category theory.
Accepted for MFPS XXXIII, 2017. [pre-proceedings]
Convexity and Order in Probabilistic Call-by-Name FPC.
Submitted, 2016. [arXiv]
Robert Furber, Mathys Rennela and Sam Staton.
Infinite-dimensionality in quantum foundations:
W*-algebras as presheaves over matrix algebras.
Accepted for QPL'16, 2016. [journal] [preprint]
Iordanis Kerenidis, Mathieu Laurière, François Le Gall and Mathys Rennela.
Information cost of quantum communication protocols.
Quantum Information and Computation, Vol.16 No.3-4, March 1, 2016. [journal]
Complete positivity and natural representation of quantum computations.
Accepted for MFPS XXXI, 2015. [journal]
Privacy in Quantum Communication Complexity.
Accepted for QIP'15 & TQC'15 (poster), 2015. [arXiv]
Towards a Quantum Domain Theory:
Order-Enrichment and Fixpoints in W*-Algebras.
Accepted for MFPS XXX, 2014. [journal]
Mathematics: Domain theory, Operator theory, Category theory
Computer Science: Semantics of high-level programming languages, Quantum Computing, Communication, and Algorithms
THESES, SURVEYS, ETC...
Master thesis on Operator Algebras in Quantum Computation.
Under the supervision of Bart Jacobs.
In partial fulfillement of the MPRI master (Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot). 2013.
Master thesis on The Fifth-Generation Computing project (french).
Under the supervision of Annick Horiuchi.
In partial fulfillment of the LOPHISS-SC2 master (Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot). 2012.
Survey on Information Causality (french).
Under the supervision of Iordanis Kerenidis. 2012.
Category theory 2013-2014 (Radboud University).
Programming project 2011-2013 (Paris Diderot University).
Python 2011-2012 (Paris Diderot University).
Reviewer for: QPL'15, QPL'16, LMCS, LORI-VI, CALCO'17, APLAS'17.
Bourse de mobilité
State merit-based scholarship for a research internship at the University of Tokyo.
Summer 2012, Ministry of Education.
Bourse au mérite
State merit-based scholarship for undergraduate students.
2008-2011, Ministry of Education.
Music blogging for De School and Drowned in Sound
MFPS XXXIII, University of Ljubljana.
Wednesday June 15th, 2017. [slides]
Quantum Group Workshop, Trinity College (Oxford, UK).
Saturday May 13th, 2017.
Axiomatizing models of reversible computing.
QCLS Seminar, Radboud University (Nijmegen, The Netherlands).
Wednesday February 1st, 2017. [slides]
Denotational Models of Recursion in Quantum Computing.
Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana).
Friday October 7th, 2016. [blackboard talk]
Quantum Domain Theory II:
A functorial approach.
Department of Computer Science, Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana).
Tuesday September 13th, 2016. [blackboard talk]
Quantum Domain Theory I:
Prospects and applications in contextuality and semantics.
Wednesday September 7th, 2016. [blackboard talk]
Quantum Physics and Logic 2016, University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, Scotland).
Friday June 10th, 2016. [slides]
New insights on Probabilistic PCF.
Wednesday November 11th, 2015. [blackboard talk]
MFPS XXXI, LUX Cinema (Nijmegen, The Netherlands).
Wednesday June 24th, 2015.
Quantum Physics and Logic 2015, Oxford University (Oxford, UK).
Wednesday July 15th, 2015. [slides]
Order-valued presheaves as quantum computations.
Coalgebras in Quantum Physics Workshop.
Bellairs Research Institute (Holetown, Barbados).
Sunday March 15th, 2015. [blackboard talk]
Abstract theory of quantum domains.
Wednesday February 4th, 2015. [blackboard talk]
Towards a Quantum Domain Theory.
Domains XI, Paris-Diderot University (Paris, France).
Tuesday September 9th, 2014. [slides]
Towards a Quantum Domain Theory: Order-Enrichment and Fixpoints in W*-Algebras.
MFPS XXX, Cornell University (Ithaca, NY).
Weakest preconditions for classical, probabilistic and quantum computation.
Topology, domain theory and von Neumann algebras.
Wednesday November 6th, 2013. [blackboard talk]
Jouer avec la vérité: De la conception sémantique de la vérité d'Alfred Tarski à la logique tensorielle de Paul-André Melliès.
Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et Techniques (Paris, France).
Friday September 21st, 2012. [abstract (french)]
RESEARCH VISITS
Quantum Group, Oxford University (12/05/17 - 17/05/17).
Université Paris 6 (UPMC) (23/02/17).
Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing
UC Berkeley (05/12/16 - 13/12/16).
Institute for Logic, Language and Computation
University of Amsterdam (17/10/16 - 02/12/16).
Tulane University (06/09/16 - 08/10/16).
Quantum Group, Oxford University (27/06/16).
PPS, Université Paris 7 Diderot (02/05/16 - 13/05/16).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It was slow but everyone was having fun so that didnt matter and it got bad mileage. other than the engine it was fairly reliable vehicle but it needed constant tuning. it was really fun and i would consider buying one in the future. but beware these vans dont take care of themselves.
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text:
package org.apache.commons.text.diff;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertArrayEquals;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;

/**
 * Tests for the ReplacementsFinder.
 */
public class ReplacementsFinderTest {

    // Helper ReplacementsHandler implementation for testing
    private static class SimpleHandler implements ReplacementsHandler<Character> {
        private int skipped;
        private final List<Character> from;
        private final List<Character> to;

        SimpleHandler() {
            skipped = 0;
            from = new ArrayList<>();
            to = new ArrayList<>();
        }

        public List<Character> getFrom() {
            return from;
        }

        public int getSkipped() {
            return skipped;
        }

        public List<Character> getTo() {
            return to;
        }

        @Override
        public void handleReplacement(final int skipped, final List<Character> from, final List<Character> to) {
            this.skipped += skipped;
            this.from.addAll(from);
            this.to.addAll(to);
        }
    }

    public static Stream<Arguments> parameters() {
        return Stream.of(Arguments.of("branco", "blanco", 1, new Character[] {'r'}, new Character[] {'l'}),
            Arguments.of("test the blocks before you use it", "try the blocks before you put it", 25,
                new Character[] {'e', 's', 't', 's', 'e'}, new Character[] {'r', 'y', 'p', 't'}));
    }

    private SimpleHandler handler;

    @BeforeEach
    public void setUp() {
        handler = new SimpleHandler();
    }

    @ParameterizedTest
    @MethodSource("parameters")
    public void testReplacementsHandler(final String left, final String right, final int skipped,
        final Character[] from, final Character[] to) {
        final StringsComparator sc = new StringsComparator(left, right);
        final ReplacementsFinder<Character> replacementFinder = new ReplacementsFinder<>(handler);
        sc.getScript().visit(replacementFinder);
        assertThat(handler.getSkipped()).as("Skipped characters do not match").isEqualTo(skipped);
        assertArrayEquals(handler.getFrom().toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHARACTER_OBJECT_ARRAY), from,
            "From characters do not match");
        assertArrayEquals(to, handler.getTo().toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHARACTER_OBJECT_ARRAY),
            "To characters do not match");
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
How to Become a Nursing Director: Career Advice & Information
A nursing director is in charge of managing nursing staff inside hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and other healthcare facilities. They hire nurses and aides, oversee their work, and decide the policies and procedures for their facilities. They also manage nursing budgets. They have to be experts in management, able to run a department, and also experts in the work of the nurses they supervise. Unsurprisingly, nursing directors tend to be experienced professionals with advanced degrees.
Annual salaries for nursing directors will vary depending on your experience, education level, and expertise. Statistics relating to nursing director salaries are difficult to come by. But in 2013, the average annual salary for registered nurses working in the U.S. was $68,910 per year, so nursing directors would be expected to make substantially more.
For more information on what parts of the country have the most opportunity for nursing directors, click through to our Best Places to Work tab for information on the number of people employed and the average salary in each state.
Discover the Best Cities and States to Work as a Nursing Director
Most statistics don't separate out nursing directors as a profession. However, California is number one in employment for registered nurses in general, with 250,230 currently working statewide, and earning an annual average salary of $90,860. Texas is second in the United States for employment of registered and nursing directors, where 184,890 earn an average salary of $67,580.
Employment and Salary Information for Nursing Directors
Use our interactive map below to find out which areas of the United States are currently experiencing the greatest amount of growth and job availability for graduates looking for a career as a nursing director. The associated information has been gathered from Bureau of Labor statistics, representing data collected in 2012.
Why Become A Nursing Director?
Nursing directors play a vital role in ensuring healthcare runs smoothly—a motivated and organized nursing staff is the backbone of good health care. Here are some other reasons to consider working toward being a nursing director:
Healthcare is growing. The number of registered nurse positions generally is expected to increase by 19% between 2012 and 2022—much more than the usual job. Someone's going to have to supervise all those new nurses.
Train and mentor nurses. A good nursing director makes all the nurses under his or her supervision more effective. Once you reach this level, you'll have a lot of experience to share.
Help a lot of people. You make a difference in the lives of many more people than you treat directly. You also help the patients treated by the nurses you train and mentor, plus the patients who benefit from more efficient treatment and care.
Nursing Director: What You Need To Know
Nursing directors are both nurses and leaders, and they need to have a strong knowledge of both skill sets, plus an advanced degree in most cases. A working knowledge of these skill sets will help to set you apart from other candidates.
Knowledge of Nursing Practice
HR Skills
Feel like you've got a lot to learn? Get more information about nursing director careers, degrees, and applicable courses from one of the schools below.
Degree Options for Nursing Director Careers
Registered Nursing degree
Directors of nursing almost always begin their careers as registered nurses. That means obtaining a registered nursing degree from a college or university. The coursework covers topics such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, and social and behavioral sciences.
Nursing administration degree
Many people who go on to become nursing directors have at least some education in nursing leadership and administration. Courses often have a practical or internship component allowing students to develop their skills.
Some universities offer degrees in nursing administration, which can be a great option for those seeking nursing management and director level positions. Many people who serve as nursing directors have degrees in nursing or nursing administration at the master's level.
As nurses themselves, nursing directors need to be certified by their state in the same way as all other registered nurses.
Get More Free Info on Nursing Director Careers


text:
Harley-Davidson struggles with Trump's tariffs and slumping U.S. bike sales
A Harley-Davidson motorcycle parked outside the Dillon Brothers Harley Davidson dealership in Omaha.
(Nati Harnik / AP)
By Gabrielle Coppola
Harley-Davidson Inc. barely broke even in the last quarter of a year in which the struggling American icon got caught up in President Trump's trade wars. The motorcycle maker's shares plunged the most in a year.
Earnings per share were zero in the fourth quarter, the Milwaukee-based manufacturer said in a statement Tuesday. Excluding restructuring and tariff costs, profit was 17 cents a share, missing analysts' average estimate for 29 cents.
Trump attacked Harley last year after it announced plans to shift some U.S. production overseas to sidestep levies imposed by the European Union. But the motorcycle maker has more than tariffs and angry tweets to blame for its performance. U.S. retail sales tumbled 10% in the three months ended in December, the eighth consecutive quarterly drop. Chief Executive Officer Matt Levatich is having trouble attracting younger riders and plans to offer cheaper bikes and sell more clothing and gear — including on Amazon — to reach new customers.
"2019 we expect to be another difficult year until major initiatives like More Roads start kicking in," Levatich said in an interview, referring to a turnaround plan unveiled last year. "Everything is angled at that core issue of building riders in the U.S. and leveraging growth opportunities we have in the near term and internationally."
Harley shares fell as much as 9.5% Tuesday — the biggest intraday drop since Jan. 30, 2018 — and finished the day down 5% to $34.76. The stock plunged 33% last year.
Retail demand dropped in Europe and Asia, sending worldwide sales down 6.7% last quarter. Levatich's plans call for half of sales to come from outside the U.S. by 2027, up from about 42% last year.
Harley has been investing to expand a new plant in Thailand to boost exports and produce the majority of motorcycles sold in the EU and China by the end of this year, Levatich said. The company hadn't previously specified where U.S. production would be shifted to avoid tariffs the EU implemented in retaliation for higher levies on steel and aluminum.
Trump said in August that he'd back a boycott of the company's bikes for moving production out of America. Tariff costs of $100 million to $120 million this year will be eliminated in 2020, once the Thailand plant expansion is completed, executives said on an earnings call.
Levatich is introducing as many as five electric models, including lightweight, urban bikes to target growth in Europe and India. Analysts think demand for Harley's first electric model, called LiveWire, will be limited because of its $29,799 price tag.
For 2019, Harley plans to ship 217,000 to 220,000 motorcycles. The midpoint of that forecast would be the lowest shipments for the company since 2010.
FAA approves plan for some jets to fly near 5G airwaves


text:
Children, Community, crowdfunding, Education, News, Philanthropy, Protests, U.S.	 July 9, 2016
Issa Rae's GoFundMe for Alton Sterling's Children Reaches Over $660,000
Issa Rae (photo via Facebook.com)
article by Lori Lakin Hutcherson (@lakinhutcherson)
According to theurbandaily.com, Issa Rae, star and creator of The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl and the upcoming HBO series Insecure, in an effort to take positive action after the police shooting of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana earlier this week, started a scholarship fund for his children. t not only exceeded its $200,000 goal within hours, it is currently at over three times that amount, at $664,986.
"Can we get a scholarship fund going 4 #AltonSterling's son/kids?" she tweeted Wednesday (July 6). "Some of us feel helpless when these things happen, but that's a small step."
Want to play a small part? Donate to the #AltonSterling Family Scholarship Fund. *ALL* proceeds will go to his fam: https://t.co/DiMEF3YfFQ
— Issa Rae (@IssaRae) July 6, 2016
Sterling, a 37-year-old father of five, was fatally shot by police outside of a Louisiana convenience store on Tuesday. A graphic video of the altercation shows Sterling being held on the ground before being shot multiple times in the chest and back. The incident has sparked national protest, and a civil rights investigation has been opened by the Justice Department, the New York Times reports.
If you would still like to donate, go to: https://www.gofundme.com/2d3eze7g
Filed under: "Insecure", "Misadventures Of Awkward Black Girl", African-American crowdfunding, Alton Sterling, Go Fund Me, Issa Rae, Justice Department, Lori Lakin Hutcherson, police shooting, wrongful death
EDITORIAL: Serena Williams Wins 7th Wimbledon Title, 22nd Grand Slam and Makes Us All Feel Like Champions
RISE UP: Why "Hamilton: An American Musical" is Still a Must-See
3 thoughts on "Issa Rae's GoFundMe for Alton Sterling's Children Reaches Over $660,000"
The Africana Mama says:
Reblogged this on The Africana Mama and commented:
The story about Issa Rae raising money for Alton Sterling's family is extremely inspiring. Ms. Rae's accomplishment occurred in a short period of time and is a testament to what we can do when we "put our money where our mouths are." Congratulations to the success of her campaign and I hope to see more of this for the Black race and our communities in the future.
In the midst of all this anger and hate, it's refreshing to see that there are still good human beings out there. It gives one hope…
Reblogged this on Corporate Skirts and commented:
I love how during the worst of times, the best of humanity always seems to shine through.


text:
O limite de Hayashi é uma restrição ao raio máximo de uma estrela conforme determinada massa. Quando a estrela se encontra em pleno equilíbrio hidrostático — uma condição em que e força interna da gravidade é equiparada à pressão externa do gás — a estrela não pode exceder o raio definido pelo limite de Hayashi. Essa restrição é decisiva para a evolução de uma estrela, tanto durante o período de formulação contrativa quanto posteriormente, quando a estrela já tiver consumido quase todo o seu hidrogênio através da fusão nuclear.

Um diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell exibe uma interseção da temperatura superficial de uma estrela contra a sua luminosidade. Nesse diagrama, o limite de Hayashi forma uma linha quase vertical em aproximadamente 3.500 K. Estrelas de baixa temperatura são plenamente convectivas, e modelos para a estrutura estelar de estrelas plenamente convectivas não fornecem uma solução para a área à direita dessa linha, onde uma estrela se encontra em equilíbrio (com temperaturas superficiais mais baixas). Assim, as estrelas se limitam a permanecer à esquerda desse limite durante todo o período em que se encontram em equilíbrio hidrostático, e a região à direita forma uma espécie de "zona proibida". Nota-se, no entanto, que há exceções ao limite de Hayashi. Exemplos incluem protoestrelas que entram em colapso, bem como estrelas cujo campo magnético interfere no transporte interno de energia através da convecção.

Gigantes vermelhas são estrelas que já expandiram suas camadas mais externas, para permitir a combustão do hélio. Esse processo as move para cima e para a direita no diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell. Porém, a expansão do raio dessas estrelas é restrita até certo ponto pelo limite de Hayashi.

O limite de Hayashi recebeu este nome em referência a Chūshirō Hayashi, um astrofísico japonês.

Ver também
 Trilha de Hayashi
 Limite de Eddington

Evolução estelar
Astrofísica


text:
Conservative group puts out anti-Obama TV ad
Washington (CNN) - Call it an appetizer, with the main course still to come.
An independent conservative group says it's going up in some battleground states with a television commercial that's critical of President Barack Obama, one of the first of what could be many ads by similar groups on the right.
The spot, titled "Barack Obama's Legacy of Failure," is being put out by The Campaign to Defeat Barack Obama – a group dedicated to trying to beat the president in the 2012 election.
Joe Wierzbecki, the executive director of the organization, tells CNN that the ad began running this weekend on television stations in Nevada, with ad time being purchased in Michigan and Wisconsin. Wierzbecki says his plan is to eventually also run the commercial in Colorado, Missouri and Ohio. All of these states could be extremely contested in the upcoming battle for the White House.
The group is currently fundraising to pay for the ad buy.
"We're looking at a budget of $250,000 for this new ad right now. We hope to expand on that, but I won't know if we're successful for a few weeks, depending on if our fundraising continues to remain strong," says Wierzbecki.
The Campaign to Defeat Barack Obama was launched by the Our Country Deserves Better Committee, a conservative political action committee that's also the parent organization of the Tea Party Express, one of the leading national Tea Party groups. Three figures popular among many conservatives, Maricopa County, Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio, 2010 GOP Senate nominee Joe Miller of Alaska and Samuel Joseph Wurzelbacher, better known during the 2008 presidential campaign as "Joe the Plumber," teamed up last month at a launch party and fundraiser in California for the group.
Among other things, the 60-second spot blames the president for the country's "high unemployment rate," and says Obama "has crippled America with a $14 trillion national debt."
"We have found the spot worked very well when we tested it, with a very strong reaction from Republicans and right-leaning independents," adds Wierzbecki.
The Campaign to Defeat Barack Obama says it hopes to build a grassroots network of up to one million supporters by next year's election. The group recently ran television ads in Wisconsin supporting Scott Walker, the new Republican governor whose battles with the state's public sector unions made national headlines.
The new commercial could be the first of many this year by independent conservative groups to criticize the president. The possibility of such attack ads flooding the airwaves is one reason why the president's re-election campaign is starting to aggressively raise money, with a goal of bringing in up to $1 billion this campaign cycle.
Filed under: 2012 • Ads • President Obama
EffortPA
These adds may work very well with the people who already hate Obama, but it does nothing to win the support to the independents. I am an independent who voted for Regan, Clinton, and did not vote for Obama. In fact, I did not vote at all in 2008 because I could not get myself to vote for Palin. I would not have a problem voting for a republican who disagrees with some of the things, but not on everything Obama says and does. Attacks like these make me lean towards the left rather than the right. Wining the support of the people who already hate Obama at the expense of the independent voters is a very unwise approach.
April 10, 2011 11:28 am at 11:28 am |
It's about time, this ad is going to show how Obama is over his head, and is a "Failed President". If everyone believes that he is doing a good job, then ask the all the people who are still out of work. This is a guy who stood up and said "Happy Days Are Hear Again", well I haven't seen the "Happy Days". This independent conservative group should create an ad that shows how Harry Reid and Obama want to shut down the government. If Joe Wierzbecki, the executive director of the organization, runs these ads in all the "Battle Ground States" and in the "Midwest" there could be a new "President" in the White House in Jan 2013. I believe this will work, this is the same technique forme George Bush used againist Sen John Kerry and it worked he lost. This is the reason why I know this will work. November 2012 is 17 months away. People are mad are not going to take it any more. Let see what happens.


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Get a number of parents in a room and ask them about their children's behavior and you will begin to hear a common theme that boys behave differently than girls. It's news in the media too; it seems, with all of the talk about our Emotional IQ (usually referring to a male's lack of) or how men are from Mars and women from Venus. Sit in on an online chat room for parents or an email discussion list on male/female relationships and it won't be long before you see some retort about how "men can't express their feelings" or "boys acting out their aggression." All of it focuses on how men struggle with their emotional self.
As a man, I won't deny it's true. Even the men I have talked with, be they friends or patients in my office, will agree with it. The rub is that while men accept this fact they feel helpless to change it. That's because we are caught in a double bind, put on us by society, the other gender, and ourselves. The double bind says that we should be more in touch with our emotions and yet, at the same time, be tough, macho, Mr. Fix-It, and the Family Provider. We are asked to be in touch with our "feminine" side and still retain our "Male" strength.
Of course, it's not possible to "feel nothing." The best example comes from the biggest complaint about male's behaviors, namely, that they are too competitive and aggressive. Boys are much more likely to be diagnosed as conduct disordered learning disabled, and attention deficit. Statistics are also higher for violent crimes and fighting among males. They are also more likely to be medicated for these disorders to decrease their aggressive behaviors. Dr. Pollack feels that males are given an "emotional funnel" to express their feelings. All of their emotions: sadness, fear, anxiety, and frustration is translated into one emotion: Anger!
Anger is the most common emotion expressed by males. That is because men and boys feel more accepted by society when they express anger over what is considered to be the more "feminine" emotions. Here is the double-bind again: we ask males to manage their anger which is the only socially acceptable emotion to express and that emotion turns out to be a cover-up for other emotions, such as sadness or powerlessness. Anger or aggressive behaviors, are just the symptom. The source may be any number of hidden, indirect emotions.
So what do males do with this double bind? If we agree that we have trouble expressing our emotions, and that creates trouble for us relationally and socially, how do we get out of trouble? First, we start with understanding the true nature of emotions and then society must demonstrate an acceptance of those emotions in boys and men.
If we look at emotions from purely a physiological standpoint, they turn out to be some of the most fundamental parts of our brain. Researchers have determined that our emotions are controlled in the brain stem, which regulates our involuntary functions and the middle area of our brain, which controls our basic drives, such as eating, and sleeping. Emotions come from and are related to some of the most primitive and primary areas of our brains.
According to Daniel Goleman, Ph.D., in his book, Emotional IQ, our emotions are designed to "motivate" or move us forward in life. Each emotion has a particular purpose in our personal evolution. Anger serves to give us the energy and strength necessary to change a situation, fear allows us to focus on the threat at-hand and evaluate a course of action, happiness increases energy and decreases inhibitions to achieve goals, love creates satisfaction and a state of rest or contentment, surprise allows us to take in more information about an unexpected event, disgust expresses a need to avoid an undesirable event or food, and sadness slows us down to adjust to a major disappointment and find solace in familiar people and places.
Dr. Goleman goes on to acknowledge that while males and females have the same emotional capacity, they are taught very different lessons about how to handle their emotions. Parents tend to discuss emotions more with daughters than sons. In studies of parents telling their children stories, girls are told stories more heavily laden with emotional words and situations than are boys. Mothers display a wider range of emotions when playing with their daughters than when they are playing with their sons. And even when parents talk to their children about emotions, they use more emotional descriptions with girls than with boys.
Research has also shown that girls develop language skills much sooner than boys and are more articulate when it comes to expressing themselves emotionally. This natural advantage and the de-emphasis on emotional training for boys, lead males to communicate their emotions behaviorally. This may be why so many boys get into fights, play competitive sports, or act aggressively towards others. It is their way of communicating their feelings. And anger is the socially acceptable spokesperson for all of those feelings, be they positive or negative. Perhaps the answer to the emotional double bind, experienced by boys and men, are to provide males with the missing Emotional IQ training. Teaching males to understand and express their emotions increases their Emotional IQ, according to Dr. Goleman and other researchers. It is this Emotional IQ that provides success at school, work, or home – wherever human relations are necessary.
Where do we start? The most natural place is the home. And the most natural person is dad. It stands to reason, that if we want to teach real boys to be real men, then we need to utilize our most natural and powerful resources. We also need to be more conscious about what and how we are teaching emotional literacy to our sons and take a more active approach in doing so. And these Emotional IQ skills must be socially sanctioned in order for the new skills to take root and grow.
Dr. Pollack suggests that we give our sons undivided attention every day. This means full attention, not partial or half. Don't engage in cooking, cleaning, reading or anything else that might detract from the attention giving. Dads don't always have to talk when giving attention either. Playing a game or working on a project, side-by-side, with minimal words is enough. Jerrold Lee Shapiro, Ph.D, in his book, The Measure of a Man: Becoming the Father You Wish Your Father Had Been, states that while men and women experience emotions similarly, they may share those emotions differently. Men, due to past Emotional IQ training, are used to indirectly communicating with one another. This is what, Dr. Shapiro calls "side-by-side" or "shoulder-to-shoulder" communication. Moms tend to prefer the more "face-to-face", direct approach.
It is also important that mom's and dad's encourage boys to express the full range of emotions. Past social conditioning that only some emotions, namely anger, are acceptable need to be removed. All emotions are valid. Be receptive to a baby's sadness and discomfort as well as his cooing and giggles. Ask toddlers and school-age boys if they are feeling sad or tired and empathize with those feelings. Tell older boys that it is normal to feel awkward or anxious and have open discussions about his relationships with girls, other boys, siblings, teachers and family.
When boys do express themselves aggressively or act rambunctious, look below the anger. While it is true that boys, on the average, do play more aggressively, don't let that prevent you from checking for underlying emotions of sadness or anxiety. Remember that acting out means just that. Boys often act out their feelings of hurt and loss. Labels those feelings for them if they are obvious or ask them about their feelings if they are not. Reflect on their behavior by stating, "You seem to be upset about this situation. I wonder if your are feelings hurt/sad/anxious by it." Model complex feelings by admitting you often get angry when you feel these other emotions too. It is often difficult for young children to understand that people can have more than one emotion at a time.
Be willing to express your love and empathy openly and generously. Loving your son will not "baby" him, "spoil" him, or make him a "sissy." It will make him more self-assured, confidant, and secure. When a dad is openly affectionate toward his son, a very deep message about manhood and emotions is communicated. Tell you son that you love him as much as you wish. Give him hugs and take opportunities to play with him.
What is a boy to do if there is no father or positive male role model available? The answer is two-fold: Model emotions yourself and/or borrow a positive male role model. Although the most powerful model of emotional literacy is between a dad and his son, mom's can model healthy functioning too. Any and all adults, not just the biological father, can teach Emotional IQ. And if dad is absent, physically or emotionally, from the home, have your son join a mentoring program like Big Brothers or the Police Activity League. Ask around about organizations that provide positive role models for boys and check them out to determine if they are able to provide Emotional IQ training. Of course, they may not understand it as such, but watch what they do with your son and other boys to see if they are teaching it, by their actions. Recruit an uncle, grandfather, or other male relative to get together with your son one-day a week to go to the movies, build a model, or play catch. It is also possible to find a male, child therapist for your son. A child therapist can address the child's issues (aggressive behavior, depression, anxiety, etc.), consult with the parent about how to increase a child's Emotional IQ, and be an adequate male role model at the same time. While you are not trying to replace dad or build an unhealthy dependence on the therapist, a male therapist can provide that essential ingredient some boys needs and can't get from a female therapist.
Dr. Shapiro talks about this essential ingredient as "father hunger." Coined by James Herzog, a psychoanalyst, to describe the psychological damage in young children who were deprived of their fathers love and attention. These children were determined to be more aggressive and had trouble controlling their impulses. They also tend to be more immature and needy. Older children, who suffer from this "father hunger" are more likely to attempt suicide, run away, malinger, and manipulate others.
The satisfaction of this hunger is to find adequate father substitutes. Even men, who did not have emotionally available fathers or grew up in single parent homes without a father, can find other men who act as mentors or role models about how to be a high Emotional IQ dad. Even haphazard attempts at emotional functioning are better than nothing. Most children are fairly forgiving and willing to learn how to be healthy males together. Contrary to popular opinion, I think that children learn as much, if not more, from healthy male failures as their successes. Covering up our failures only reinforces the old "boy code" that we feel nothing or must always be right, tough, and macho.


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Home Tags INSECURITY
Be ready for crushing defeat, Buhari tells bandits
President Muhammadu Buhari has sent a stern warning to bandits, saying that "the clock of your ultimate destruction is ticking as you...
Buhari visits Borno today, assesses insecurity, inaugurates projects
Ariya Xpress - June 17, 2021 0
The President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.), is expected to pay a one-day official visit to Borno State on Thursday (today) to...
Insecurity: Stop shifting responsibilities to govs, Wike tells Buhari
Governor of Rivers State, Nyesom Wike, says it is unconstitutional for the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.), to shift his constitutional...
June 12: Youths protest in Ibadan over insecurity, poverty
Youths on Saturday protested in Ibadan, Oyo State over the growing insecurity and poverty in Nigeria. The protesters, who...
Rapper Falz joins dad Femi Falana, others to protest insecurity and poverty in Nigeria
Ariya Xpress - June 1, 2021 0
Nigerian rapper Falz has joined his father, human rights lawyer, Femi Falana and other Nigerians to protest the spike in insecurity and...
Obasanjo, Abdusalami, Ooni, Sultan, others to meet over insecurity
As insecurity worsens across the country, former President Olusegun Obasanjo, traditional leaders and elder statesmen are set to hold a stormy session...
Insecurity: It's now more actions, less talk, says Naval chief
The Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Awwal Gambo, has said that as far as the nation's security challenges are concerned, it is...
Insecurity: US won't relocate Africa Command to Nigeria, others, Pentagon replies Buhari
The United States has said there is no plan to relocate its Africa Command from its current base in Germany to Nigeria...
Fayemi, Bagudu meet IG on insecurity
Chairman of the Nigerian Governors' Forum and Governor of Ekiti State, Dr Kayode Fayemi, and his Kebbi State counterpart, Mr. Abubakar Bagudu,...


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The Beja do not live in Darfur. But many are nomadic, and ideas and policies that are put in place in one part of the country can be started in another place too.
The government is planning to limit the range of travel of nomads in west Sudan. Does this kind of control have hidden dangers? What happens when there is not enough rain? Traditional behaviour among nomadic people would mean that their range of travel would be increased until pastures are located.
Here's the short report.
Nomads Must Observe Corridors Determined by Commission in South Darfur/ Nomads Commission (SMC)
Nomads' commission in south Darfur state has set a plan targeting nomads' settlements.
The move aims at preventing frictions between nomads and formers, said nomads' commissioner Issa Allyan. Besides settlement camps which should be provided with basic services such as school, health and water services, the commission is arranging for setting corridors and that nomads should observe the commission decisions.
From UNMIS Daily Media Monitoring Report - Jan 15, 2008


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Shops Act 1950 (repealed 1.12.1994)
UK Public General Acts
1950 c. 28 (Regnal. 14_Geo_6)
Trading outside shops and...
Original (As enacted)
Open whole Act
Open Act without Schedules
Stop date 01/12/1994- Amendment
This version of this provision no longer has effect.
No longer has effect, generally means that this provision has been repealed. Take a look at the annotations at the end of the provision for further information.
There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Shops Act 1950 (repealed 1.12.1994), Section 13.
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textual Amendments applied to the whole legislation
F2Act repealed (1.12.1994) by 1994 c. 40, s. 81, Sch. 17; S.I. 1994/3037, art. 2; and Pts. I, II and s. 67 ceased to have effect (1.12.1994) by 1994 c. 40, ss. 23, 24; S.I. 1994/3037, art. 3
PrintThe Whole Act
PDF The Whole Act
Web page The Whole Act
PrintThe Whole Cross Heading
PDF The Whole Cross Heading
Web page The Whole Cross Heading


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Kevin Jairaj-USA TODAY Sports
Did Dwyane Wade Take A Parting Shot At Dirk?
DALLAS (105.3 The Fan) - In his farewell interview with Sports Illustrated, Dwyane Wade had some interesting comments, some are saying are a final dig at Mavericks' legend Dirk Nowitzki.
In the write-up that appears on SI.com, Wade discussed his decision to return for one final season with the Miami Heat but under one condition.
Wade wasn't interested coming back to play "15 minutes a game and not [make> an impact. I don't want to be the guy to sit on the bench and the fans always have to chant, 'We want Wade.' "
Those comments could be taken as a direct shot at Nowitzki, who has no desire to be celebrated whatsoever unlike Wade, but has gotten showered with praise anyways in every building he's entered this season.
It's can't be certain that's what Wade was doing here, but his critical comments of Nowitzki in the past certainly don't give him the benefit of the doubt.
Wade did respond to a fan on Twitter who was critical of the Miami Heat guard's comments.
Haha dude what is your problem. Have we met? @swish41 is GREAT. Just as iam. To love someone you don't have to try and hate others. Just sit back and appreciate greatness! https://t.co/yFO8eX9yre
— DWade (@DwyaneWade) April 4, 2019
Wade and Nowitzki appeared to bury the hatchet multiple times this season, particularly at Wade's final appearance in Dallas when the two exchanged jerseys after the game.
The two were also named as honorary All-Stars by NBA Commissioner Adam Silver for their contributions to the game.


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Brain Injury Support Groups in Missouri
Traumatic brain injury affects different people in different degrees, but everyone with TBI experiences similar emotions. Dealing with TBI is challenging for both the patient and his or her family, but sharing your experiences with people who have had similar experiences can help. TBI support groups provide the opportunity to make friends and learn more about TBI.
Different TBI support groups have different focuses, so check out several, if possible, to see which one best meets your needs. Some TBI support groups emphasize learning about TBI, while others emphasize offering adaptive recreational opportunities for TBI patients. Some groups have meetings for patients and separate meetings for caregivers and family members, while others invite any one interested in TBI to the same meeting.
We have tried to make the following list of support groups in Missouri as complete as possible; a stroke support group has been listed, because strokes cause brain damage and some groups in neighboring Illinois have also been listed. Since support groups change or disband without warning we advise you to call before traveling to the group's meeting place for the first time. If you cannot find a group in your area, you may wish to start one. Information about starting your own TBI support group can be obtained from the Brain Injury Association of Missouri:http://www.biamo.org/HomePage.asp.
TBI Support Group
This group meets on the first and third Mondays of the month at 5:00 p.m.
Boys and Girls Club of the Ozarks
1460 Bee Creek Road
Eileen Deaver at (417) 830-6356.
This group meets on the first Monday of the month at 6:30 p.m.
Healthpoint Plaza/SE Outpatient Rehab
2126 Independence St.
Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Cathy Tanksley at (573) 986-4411
Meetings for survivors and families are the second Thursday of the month at 7 p.m.
Rusk Rehabilitation Center
1000 W Nifong Blvd
Eric Hart at (573) 882-8876
This group meets on the last Monday of the month from 6:30 – 8 p.m.
L.I.F.E. Center for Independent Living.
1109 Sainte Genevieve Ave
Farmington, Missouri 63640
Angie at (573) 756-4314 or (800) 596-7273
This group meets every second Tuesday at 6:30 p.m.
Marion County Service
3175 Palmyra Rd.
Lisa L. Curtis at (573) 985-7121
This group meets on the last Monday of every month at 3 p.m.
Independent Living Resource Center
3620 West Truman Blvd.
Sandy Barbour at (573) 556-0400 or (877) 627-0400
Jefferson County/South St. Louis County
This group meets on the third Wednesday of the month at 10 a.m.
DRA Office
420-B South Truman Blvd.
Crystal City, Missouri
Suzan Weller at (636) 931-7696 ext. 126
This group for survivors and families meets on the third Tuesday of the month at 7 p.m.
St. John's Rehabilitation Center
Bill and Penni Fallow at (417) 782-1232
This group meets on the second Tuesday of the month at 6:30 p.m.
Independent Living Center
Joplin, Missouri 64804
Andrea Buening or Dan Rife at (417) 659-8086
This group meets on the second Tuesday of the month at 7 p.m.
Hillside Christian Church
900 NE Vivion Rd
Kansas City, Missouri 64118-5398
Kathryn Dixon at (816) 353-8754
Support Group meetings are held the second Tuesday of the month at 7 p.m.
Truman Medical Center-Lakewood
7900 Lees Summit Rd
Dawn Tish at (816) 404-8426
Forming Family Support Group
*If interested in forming a new family support group, call Dr. Terrie Price at the Rehabilitation Institute (816) 751-8832.
TBI Peer Support Group
The Peer Support Group meets on the last Tuesday of the month from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
Rolla, Missouri 65401-2865
Clarissa White at (800) 890-2867
Sedalia TBI Support Group
The Sedalia Support Group meets the first Monday of every month at 6:30 p.m.
Vocational Rehab Office
Tom Sampson at (660) 530-5560
Springfield TBI Support Group
The Springfield Support Group meets the fourth Tuesday of every month at 5:30 p.m. The BIA Social is held the second Tuesday of every month at 5:30 p.m.
Alternative Opportunities
2626 W. College
Marsha Milleson at (417) 862-1753
St. Charles County Family & Survivor Support Group
The St. Charles County Family and Survivor Support Group meets the second Thursday of the month from 7 – 9 p.m. Call for more information.
St. Joseph's Health Center, 1st Floor,
300 First Capitol Dr.
St. Charles, Missouri 63301
N.W. Missouri Brain Injury Association
The N.W. Missouri Brain Injury Association meets the third Thursday of the month at 6:30 p.m.
4420 S. 40th St. (MERIL)
Lori Hansen at (816) 279-8558 or (800) 242-9326
St. Louis Family and Survivor Support Group
St. Louis Family and Survivor Support Group meets the third Wednesday of the month from 7 – 9 p.m. Call for more information.
BIA office
10270 Page Ave.
SSM Rehab
6420 Clayton Road
Meetings are held every other Friday of each month at 10 a.m., for survivors and family members/caregivers. Call for more information.
Earthwise Industries
Troy, Missouri 63379-2541
Karen Shatto at (636) 528-8869
Groups in neighboring Illinois
Belleville, IL area Survivor Support Group
The Belleville, IL area Survivor Support Group meets the third Friday of the month at 10 a.m. Call for more information.
LINC, Inc.
120 East A Street
Belleville, IL.
Collinsville Support Group
The Collinsville Support Group meets the first Tuesday of the month at 7 p.m. Call for more information.
Anderson Hospital
6800 State Rt. 162
Maryville Illinois 62062
Brain Trauma Awareness Organization Support Group
The Quincy, IL Support Group, now known as the Brain Trauma Awareness Organization Support Group, meets on the third Thursday of the month at 7 p.m. Please call for more information.
Blessing Hospital
Quincy, IL 62301-2834
Margie Williams at (217) 223-8566
Karen Campbell at (217) 223-5296


Gray, G., R. Murray-Smith, K. Thomson and D. J. Murray-Smith (2003). Investigation of Gaussian process modelling applied to laboratory equipment. Technical Report TR-2003-151. University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
A case based comparison of identification with neural networks and Gaussian Process models, Kocijan,J. Banko,B. Likar,B. Girard,A. Murray-Smith,R. Rasmussen,C.E., IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control Systems and Signal Processing Faro, Portugal, April 08-11, 2003, International Federation of Automatic Control.
Dynamic systems identification with Gaussian Processes, Kocijan,J. Girard,A. Banko,B. Murray-Smith,R., 4th Mathmod conference, Vienna, Int. Association. for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 2003.
Murray-Smith, R., R. Shorten and D. Leith (2002). Nonparametric models of nonlinear dynamics. In: IEE Workshop of Nonlinear and Non-Gaussian signal processing -N2SP, Peebles (C. Cowan, Ed.).
D.J. Leith, W.E. Leithead, E. Solak, R. Murray-Smith, Divide & Conquer Identification: Using Gaussian Process Priors to Combine Derivative & Non-Derivative Observations in a Consistent Manner, Conference Decision and Control, Las Vegas, 2002.
R. Murray-Smith, A. Girard, Gaussian Process priors with ARMA noise models, Irish Signals and Systems Conference, p147-153, Maynooth, 2001.
This project aims to develop modern statistical theory and methodology to improve the performance and interpretability of the multiple-model approach to modelling and control of dynamic systems in engineering. (Concentrating on computationally-intensive methods such as Gaussian Process priors, or the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo samplers). The primary application will be in rehabilitation engineering, where improved modelling and control methods are needed. Further test cases will be provided by aerospace engineering and automotive engineering problems. The work will link into existing research projects in the departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Glasgow University, as well as the research labs of SINTEF in Norway, and DaimlerChrysler in Germany.
1. To investigate statistical weaknesses in models fitted according to classical approaches to transient (off-equilibrium) regimes in nonlinear plants, and to develop improved methods for state-dependent estimates of uncertainty which will lead to more robust control law development.
2. To develop new algorithms and interpretation tools based on the theoretical developments in part 1, and to implement these algorithms in MATLAB. The basic routines will be made available over the world-wide web.
3. To apply and validate the methods applicability to modelling and control in the target domain of rehabilitation engineering. We expect significant performance gains, as well as improved understanding of the physical systems under investigation. Further results will be obtained in automotive and aeronautical examples.
This project runs from April 1st, 2000-March 31st 2003.
Jian Qing Shi worked on the project until August 2002 as a post-doctoral Research Fellow.
John Williamson is a Research Assistant on the project from August-November 2002.
Roman Kamnik of the University of Ljubljana has cooperated intensively with the work on modelling and F.E.S.
Gary Gray joined the project from November-March.
The project will be to discuss the problems of heterogeneity and the implementation by a mixture model of Gaussian processes (Shi et al. 2001b). The main idea is to define a hierarchical models for a dataset based on repeated experiments involving similar objects and processes: a lower-level basic model is defined to fit the data corresponding to each replication (i.e. within a group) separately; and a higher-level model is defined to model the heterogeneity among different replications (groups). We applied the mixture of Gaussian processes model to several practical projects in system control. In one application we analyzed the data related to functional electrical stimulation assisted standing-up manoeuvres by paraplegic patients. In the case of standing up, the knee-joint extensor muscles, the quadriceps group, are stimulated by two surface electrodes on each leg. To use the supportive force information, which is considered to be a potential cource of feedback, we need a model that relates the supportive forces and the output trajectory. The mixtures of Gaussian processes model has been used to build the model very successfully, compared to previous engineering approaches; the details are presented in (Kamnik et al. 2003). (R. Kamnik is based in Slovenia, but was a visiting scientist in Mechanical Engineering, with Prof. Hunt, when this work started).