Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen), Lorraine Franconian pronunciation: [mɛts]) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est region. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, the city forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.
Metz has a rich 3,000-year-history, having variously been a Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of Austrasia, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics in Europe. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history.
Because of its historical, cultural, and architectural background, Metz has been submitted on France's UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List. The city features noteworthy buildings such as the Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral with its largest expanse of stained-glass windows in the world, the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains being the oldest church in France, its Imperial Station Palace displaying the apartment of the German Kaiser, or its Opera House, the oldest one working in France. Metz is home to some world-class venues including the Arsenal Concert Hall and the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum.
Henry II of France entering Metz in 1552, putting an end to the Republic of Metz.
Metz has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. Before the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, it was the oppidum of the Celtic Mediomatrici tribe. Integrated into the Roman Empire, Metz became quickly one of the principal towns of Gaul with a population of 40,000, until the barbarian depredations and its transfer to the Franks about the end of the 5th century. Between the 6th and 8th centuries, the city was the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the Kingdom of Lotharingia and was ultimately integrated into the Holy Roman Empire, being granted semi-independent status. During the 12th century, Metz became a republic and the Republic of Metz stood until the 15th century.
With the signature of the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz passed to the hands of the Kings of France. As the German Protestant Princes who traded Metz (alongside Toul and Verdun) for the promise of French military assistance, had no authority to cede territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the change of jurisdiction wasn't recognised by the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Under French rule, Metz was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics and became a strategic fortified town. With creation of the departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz was chosen as capital of the Department of Moselle. Despite that Metz was a French-speaking city, after the Franco-Prussian War and according to the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, the city was annexed into the German Empire, being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine and serving as capital of the Bezirk Lothringen.
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine region. With the creation of the European Community and the later European Union, the city has become central to the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion.
Metz is located on the banks of the Moselle and the Seille rivers, 43 km (26.7 mi) from the Schengen tripoint where the borders of France, Germany, and Luxembourg meet. The city was built in a place where many branches of the Moselle river creates several islands, which are encompassed within the urban planning.
Like every commune of the present French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor (French: maire) and a municipal council (French: conseil municipal), democratically elected by two-round proportional voting for six years. The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councillors, and the municipal council is held on the last Thursday of every month. Since 2008, the mayor of Metz has been socialist Dominique Gros.
The city belongs to the Metz Metropole union of cities, which includes the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle based in the former Intendant Palace. In addition, Metz is the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est region, hosted in the former Saint-Clement Abbey.
Saint Louis' square with its vaulted arcades and a Knights Templar chapel remains a major symbol of the city's High Medieval heritage. The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages. Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads (French: Maison des Têtes).
The city hall and the buildings surrounding the town square are by French architect Jacques-François Blondel, who was awarded the task of redesigning and modernizing the centre of Metz by the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1755 the context of the Enlightenment. Neoclassical buildings from the 18th century, such as the Opera House, the Intendant Palace (the present-day prefecture), and the Royal Governor's Palace (the present-day courthouse) built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau, are also found in the city.
The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by the German Empire. In order to "germanise" the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque and neo-Classical, mixed with elements of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles. Instead of Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, stone used in the Rhineland, such as pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt were used. The district features noteworthy buildings including the rail station and the Central Post Office by German architect Jürgen Kröger.
Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of French architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960), and Jean Dubuisson (subdivisions, 1960s). The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal as a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Metz Arena in 2002, by Spanish and French architects Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov represent the Postmodern movement.
The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in the Amphitheatre District represents a strong architectural initiative to mark the entrance of Metz into the 21st century. Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof, and integrates concepts of sustainable architecture. The project encompasses the architecture of two recipients of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, Shigeru Ban (2014) and French Christian de Portzamparc (1994). The Amphitheatre District is also conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier, and Jean-Michel Wilmotte and designer Philippe Starck. The urban project is expected to be completed by 2023. Further, a contemporary music venue designed by contextualist French architect Rudy Ricciotti stands in the Borny District.
Under the leadership of such people as botanist Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s. Because of the failure of post-war urban planning and housing estate development in Europe during the 1960s, mostly based on the concepts of CIAM, Jean-Marie Pelt, then municipal councillor of Metz, initiated a new approach to the urban environment.
Based initially on the ideas of the Chicago School, Pelt's theories pleaded for better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered on the relationship between "stone and water". His policy was realized in Metz by the establishment of extensive open areas surrounding the Moselle and the Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. As a result, Metz has over 37 m2 (400 sq ft) of open areas per inhabitant in the form of numerous public gardens in the city.
The principles of urban ecology are still applied in Metz with the implementation of a local Agenda 21 action plan. The municipal ecological policy encompasses the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings, the erection of sustainable districts and buildings, green public transport, and the creation of public gardens by means of landscape architecture.
Additionally, the city has developed its own combined heat and power station, using waste wood biomass from the surrounding forests as a renewable energy source. With a thermal efficiency above 80%, the 45MW boiler of the plant provides electricity and heat for 44,000 dwellings. The Metz power station is the first local producer and distributor of energy in France.
As a historic Garrison town, Metz has been heavily influenced by military architecture throughout its history. From ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified and modified to accommodate the troops stationed there. Defensive walls from classical antiquity to the 20th century are still visible today, incorporated into the design of public gardens along the Moselle and Seille rivers. A medieval bridge castle from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (French: Porte des Allemands), today converted into a convention and exhibition centre, has become one of the landmarks of the city. It is still possible to see parts of the 16th century citadel, as well as fortifications built in the 1740s by Louis de Cormontaigne but based on designs by Vauban. Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city: some, which are of architectural interest, have been converted to civilian use, such as the Arsenal Concert Hall by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill.
The extensive fortifications of Metz, which ring the city, include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line. A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through a former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a vantage point from which to survey the city.
Rue Serpenoise, in the main pedestrian area.
Although the steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts at economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce, tourism, information technology and the automotive industry. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people work daily within the urban agglomeration. The transport facilities found in the conurbation, including the international high-speed railway, motorway, inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have made the city a transport hub in the heart of the European Union. Metz is home to the biggest harbour handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.
Metz is home to the Moselle Chamber of Commerce. International companies such as PSA Peugeot Citroën, ArcelorMittal, SFR, and TDF have established plants and centres in the Metz conurbation. Metz is also the regional headquarters of the Caisse d'Epargne and Banque Populaire banking groups.
Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, consisting of around 2,000 retailers. Important retail companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette, the Printemps department store and the Fnac entertainment retail chain. The historic city centre displays one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre. In addition there are several multiplex movie theatres and malls found in the urban agglomeration.
In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of buildings and public squares. This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010. Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most popular cultural venue in France outside Paris, with 550,000 visitors per year. Meanwhile, Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited building in the city, accommodating 652,000 visitors per year.
The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area in France outside Paris. The museum features exhibitions from the extensive collection of the Centre Pompidou, Europe's largest collection of 20th-century art.
Saint Stephen's Cathedral is the Gothic cathedral of the city built during the 13th century. The cathedral exhibits the collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist. Metz Cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (French: la Lanterne du Bon Dieu), as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world: 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft). These include works by Gothic and Renaissance master glass makers Hermann von Münster, Théobald of Lixheim, and Valentin Bousch, romantic Charles-Laurent Maréchal, tachist Roger Bissière, cubist Jacques Villon and modernist Marc Chagall.
Another of the city's churches displays a complete set of stained glass windows by French modernist Jean Cocteau.
The FRAC Lorraine, a public collection of contemporary art of the Lorraine region. It is located in the 12th-century Saint-Liver Hôtel and organizes exhibitions of local and international contemporary artists.
The Golden Courtyard (French: la Cour d'Or), a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture, and fine arts). The Golden Courtyard displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman and medieval finds and the remains of the Gallo-Roman baths of Divodurum Mediomatricum, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
The Museum of the 1870 War and of the Annexion in Gravelotte, a village located within the Metz-Metropole conurbation and the site of the Battle of Gravelotte, the only museum in Europe dedicated to the Franco-Prussian War. The museum exhibits military and everyday items from the period as well as artworks related to the 1870 war. A mausoleum erected in 1904 honoring the soldiers who died during the battle, the Memorial Hall (French: La Halle du Souvenir), has been included in the museum.
The House for Europe, located on the estate of Robert Schuman in Scy-Chazelles in the Metz-Metropole conurbation, transformed into a museum and convention centre. Across the street is the fortified 12th Century church where Robert Schuman now rests. The Robert Schuman House for Europe organises cultural and educational events that introduce the visitor to Schuman's life and works and to the way Europe has been constructed and continues to develop today.
Verlaine's House (French: la Maison de Verlaine) is a museum located in the house where the poet Paul Verlaine was born, dedicated to his work, featuring permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Solange Bertrand foundation, located in the artist's former house, conserves and displays her artworks. The municipal archives preserve and exhibit Metz's historical municipal records dating from medieval times to the present.
Metz has several venues for the performing arts. The Opera House of Metz, the oldest working opera house in France, features plays, dance, and lyric poetry. The Arsenal Concert Hall, dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics. The Trinitarians Club is a multi-media arts complex housed in the vaulted cellar and chapel of an ancient convent, the city's prime venue for jazz music. The Music Box (French: Boite à Musique), familiarly known as BAM, is the concert venue dedicated to rock and electronic music. The Braun Hall and the Koltès Theater feature plays, and the city has two movie theaters specializing in Auteur cinema. The Saint-Jacques Square, surrounded by busy bars and pubs whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square.
Since 2014, the former bus garage has been converted to accommodate over thirty artists in residence, in a space where they can create and rehearse artworks and even build set decorations. The artistic complex, called Metz Network of All Cultures (French: Toutes les Cultures en Réseau à Metz) and familiarly known as TCRM-Blida, encompasses a large hall of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) while theater and dance companies benefit from a studio of 800 m2 (8,600 sq ft) with backstages.
Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance. For instance, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory. Then called Messin Chant, it remains the oldest form of music still in use in Western Europe. The bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands under the favorable influence of the Carolingian monarchs. Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation, using neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody. Metz was also an important centre of illumination of Carolingian manuscripts, producing such monuments of Carolingian book illumination as the Drogo Sacramentary.
The Metz School (French: École de Metz) was an art movement in Metz and the region between 1834 and 1870, centred on Charles-Laurent Maréchal. The term was originally proposed in 1845 by the poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings. The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the territory by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. The main figures of the Metz School were Charles-Laurent Maréchal, Auguste Migette, Auguste Hussenot, Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christopher Fratin, and Charles Pêtre. Their works include paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows, and sculptures.
A festival named "passages" takes place in May. Numerous shows are presented to it.
The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Saint Clement of Metz, the first Bishop of the city. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of Metz and can be seen in numerous insignia of the city, from the 10th century on. Writers from Metz tend to present the legend as an allegory of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon.
Local specialties include the quiche, the potée, the Lorrain pâté, and also suckling pig. Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle and Damson plums. Also, Metz is the cradle of some pastries like the Metz cheese pie and the Metz Balls (French: boulet de Metz), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel, and dark chocolate. Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer.
The Covered Market of Metz is one of the oldest, most grandiose in France and is home to traditional local food producers and retailers. Originally built as the bishop's palace, the French Revolution broke out before the Bishop of Metz could move in and the citizens decided to turn it into a food market. The adjacent Chamber's Square (French: Place de la Chambre) is surrounded by numerous local food restaurants.
Many events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year. The city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum during the popular Mirabelle Festival held in August. During the festival, in addition to open markets selling fresh plums, mirabelle tarts, and mirabelle liquor, there are live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats, a competition, the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration.
A literature festival is held in June. The Montgolfiades hot air balloon festival is organized in September. The second most popular Christmas Market in France is held in November and December. Finally, a Saint Nicholas parade honors the patron saint of the Lorraine region in December.
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 2, the second division of French football (as of 2018–2019 season). FC Metz has won three times the Ligue 2 (1935, 2007, and 2014), twice the Coupe de France (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998. FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001, and 2010. The Saint-Symphorien stadium has been the home of FC Metz since the creation of the club.
Metz Handball is a Handball club. Metz Handball has won the French Women's First League championship 20 times, the French Women's League Cup eight times and the Women's France Cup seven times. The Metz Arena has been the home of Metz Handball since 2002.
Since 2003, Metz has been home to the Moselle Open, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament played on indoor hard courts, which usually takes place in September.
Metz has numerous high schools, including the Fabert High School and the Lycée of Communication. Some of these institutions offer higher education programs such as classes préparatoires (undergraduate school) or BTS (technician certificate).
Metz is also home to the University of Lorraine (often abbreviated in UdL). The university is divided into two university centers, one in Metz (material sciences, technology, and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, and management). The University of Lorraine, which ranks in 2016 among the top 15 of French universities and among top 300 of the world universities according to the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities,  has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centers organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.
At the end of the 1990s, the city expanded and the Metz Science Park was created in the southern area. Along with this expansion, several graduate schools took the opportunity to establish campuses in the park. At first, facilities were grouped around the lake Symphony, like Supélec in 1985 and Georgia Tech Lorraine in 1990. In 1996, the engineering school Arts et Métiers ParisTech (ENSAM) built a research and learning center next to the golf course. This opened the way to the development of a new area, where the Franco-German university (ISFATES) and the ENIM moved in 2010. These graduate schools often cooperate with the University of Lorraine. For instance, the university and ENSAM share research teams, laboratories, equipments, and doctoral programs.
Public transport includes a bus rapid transit system, called Mettis. Mettis vehicles are high-capacity hybrid bi-articulated buses built by Van Hool, and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with disability access. Mettis has its own planned and integrated transportation system, which includes two dedicated lines that spread out into the Metz conurbation. Mettis lanes A and B serve the city's major facilities (e.g. city centre, university campus, and hospitals), and a transport hub is located next to the railway station.
Metz Railway Station is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to Metz is 82 minutes. Additionally, Metz is served by the Lorraine TGV railway station, located at Louvigny, 25 km (16 mi) to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille and Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains system, Métrolor.
Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Eastern Motorway, itself a part of the European route E50 connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 Motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and south to the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon, and Lyon.
The Luxembourg International Airport is the nearest international airport, connected to Metz by Métrolor train. The Lorraine TGV Station is 75 minutes by train from France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport is located in Goin, 16.5 km (10.25 mi) southeast of Metz..
Metz is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers, both navigable waterways. The marina connects Metz to the cities of the Moselle valley (i.e. Trier, Schengen, and Koblenz) via the Moselle river.
the Gothic Saint Stephen's cathedral built during the 13th century. The cathedral is nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (French: la Lanterne du Bon Dieu), as it has the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world and the tenth highest nave in the world.
the Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica, one of the oldest churches in the world and cradle of the Gregorian Chant.
Saint Maximin's church featuring stained glass windows by French artist Jean Cocteau, and the Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church built by French architect Roger-Henri Expert.
the 13th century Romanesque Knights Templar's chapel, once part of the Templar commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution in the Holy Roman Empire.
the opera house of Metz Metropole built during the 18th century in Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style. It is the oldest working opera house in France and one of the oldest in Europe.
the birthplaces of Paul Verlaine, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, André Schwarz-Bart, Gustave Kahn, Gabriel Pierné, Charles Pêtre, and Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle.
the house of François Rabelais, when he came to Metz - then a free imperial city and a republic - to escape condemnation for heresy by the University of Paris.
numerous medieval edifices including two granaries and several Hôtels.
the town square and its surrounding Neoclassical buildings, built by French architect Jacques-François Blondel.
the Neoclassical courthouse (former Governor's Palace), built by French artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau, location in 1775 of the Diner of Metz when Lafayette met Marquis of Ruffec and Duke of Gloucester and decided to support the American Revolutionary War.
the Romanesque Revival Station-Palace and Central Post Office, built by German architect Jürgen Kröger.
the Northeast France defense headquarters (former Kaiser headquarters), built by German architects Schönhals and Stolterfoth in a neo-Flemish style.
the German's Gate from the 13th century, the last medieval bridge castle in France. The fortification played a crucial defensive role during the siege of Metz in 1552–1553 by Emperor Charles V.
the ruins of the city's defensive walls dating from ancient history to the 18th century, and the extensive 19th- and 20th-century fortifications of Metz.
the Fort of Queuleu, also called the Hell of Queuleu (French: l'Enfer de Queuleu), used by the Germans as a detention and interrogation centre for members of the French Resistance during the Second World War.
the war memorial, art deco sculpture by French sculptor Paul Niclausse representing a mother cradling the dead body of her son.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Metz.
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^ The Mutte is the name of the large bell of the Saint-Stephen cathedral.
^ A law from 1872 forbids the collection by the state of census data based on questions about religious beliefs. The French Third Republic considered that kind of information to be private and that any citizen of the Republic should be considered as equal of his mates, regardless his provocative and potentially divisive. In accordance with the concept of laïcité, this principle was reaffirmed by the current French Fifth Republic in a law from 1978, stating that "it is forbidden to collect or process data of a personal nature related to racial or ethnic origins as well as political, philosophic, or religious opinions."
^ "Database Cassini, EHESS" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "INSEE" (in French). Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b c "Verlaine's native house - House of Verlaine (museum), video clip" (in French). Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ Since March 2009, records of municipal council meetings are available as audio files in French.
^ "Official website of Metz municipality" (in French). Archived from the original (PHP) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
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^ "Towns and Lands of Art and History, official list from the French Minister of Culture, November 2011" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2011.
^ "Official website of the Jaumont stone companies". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Town square webcam". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ "RIBA Awards, 2012 European winners, Centre Pompidou-Metz webpage". Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
^ "Centre Pompidou Metz, innovative architecture. Tribù, the art of leisure". Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ a b "Description of the project of the Amphitheatre District by Metz Metropole" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official Metz municipality website, Amphitheatre District webcam" (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official Website of the BAM musical venue" (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ "INA Archive (1964) Quartiers anciens de Metz, chefs d'oeuvre en péril, ORTF" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "INA Archive (1964) Au secours des quartiers anciens, ORTF" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "INA Archive (1977) Restauration urbaine à Metz, Antenne 2" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ "INA Archive (1980) Urbanisme à Metz : rénovation des quartiers anciens, France 3 Régions" (VIDEO) (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Carbon Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
^ "Official municipal website, municipal council October 2010, Sustainable Energy Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
^ "Official municipal website, municipal council July 2010, Bicycle Plan" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Public garden policy" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
^ "Official website of the power plant of Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ "Official Pressbook of the power plant of Metz" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
^ a b "Tour of Metz:Part 1, trailer from the Iron Men of Metz movie". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "La Citadelle Hotel official website, former edifice of the military citadel of Metz". Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ "Saint-Quentin plateau fortifications dossier" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Saint-Quentin fortification map". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "2nd seminar on the Greater Region transports" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official data sheet of Metz harbor, VNF" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official Metz retailer federation website" (in French). Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official Metz municipality website, municipal council July 2012, local tourism development scheme" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office" (PHP). Retrieved 11 May 2010.
^ Lichfield, John (11 May 2010). "Pompidou centre puts Metz on the map, The Independent". London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
^ "Official website of France tourism survey, 2011 Museum frequentation" (in French). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ "Official website of the Centre Pompidou-Metz". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Saint-Maximin church, Cocteau's artworks" (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Lorraine Contemporary Arts Gallery" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the Golden Courtyard Museum" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Museum of the Franco-Prussion War and the Annexion". LaLorraine, Sites and monuments. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
^ "Scy-Chazelles: the house of Europe, the Robert Schuman Foundation". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
^ "The Verlaine's Friends, International Association of French Poetry" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Solange Bertrand Foundation, gourmet webpage" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official Metz municipal website, Municipal Archives webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Opera House of Metz Metropole" (in French). Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the Arsenal of Metz" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the Trinitaires" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the BAM" (in French).
^ "Official website of the Tcrm-Blida creative center" (in French). 29 June 2014.
^ "Official Metz library website, medieval book webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official Metz library website, Book of Hours of John of Vy" (in French). Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ a b c "Official Metz tourism website, gourmet webpage". Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "France Today magazine, Covered Market webpage" (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office, events calendar (automated updates)" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Festival in Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Christmas Market in Metz" (in French). Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ a b "Official website of the Football Club de Metz, Honours" (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Official website of Metz Handball, Honours" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
^ "ATP official webpage of the Moselle Open".
^ "Official website of the FC Metz" (in French).
^ "Official website of the Metz Handball club" (in French).
^ "Official website of the Metz Hockey Club" (in French). Archived from the original on 3 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Metz TT club" (in French). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012.
^ "Official website of the Moselle Open tournament" (in French).
^ "Allianz Golf Tour official webpage about the Golden Mirabelle Open" (in French). Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Metz Marathon". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
^ "Official website of the University of Lorraine" (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities" (HTL:). Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ "University of Lorraine, key numbers" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Official website of Mettis" (in French). Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "Protestant church webcam". Archived from the original (VIDEO) on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ "Official municipal website, municipal council April 2010, Commemorative plate at Queuleu fort" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
^ "Official website of the Quattropole city union". Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ a b c d "Metz Municipal Council" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ "Metz en visite à Karmiel". City of Metz. 17 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
^ "Kansas City Sister Cities". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Moselle is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the east of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans, Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4,1790. It was created from the province of Lorraine. One of its first prefects was the comte de Vaublanc, from 1805 to 1814, by the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all the territory it had conquered since 1792. In northeastern France, the Treaty did not restore the 1792 borders, however, as a result, France ceded the exclave of Tholey as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains to Austria. France thus became a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger, all these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
However, with the return of Napoleon and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Tholey and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains were still to be ceded as agreed in 1814, at the end of 1815 Austria transferred all these territories to Prussia, making for the first time a shared border for those two states. Thus, by the end of 1815, the Moselle department had finally the limits that it would keep until 1871, between 1815 and 1871, the department had an area of 5,387 km². It had four arrondissements, Briey, France merged the remaining area of Briey with the truncated Meurthe department to create the new Meurthe-et-Moselle department with its préfecture at Nancy. In 1919, following the French victory in the First World War, however, it was decided not to recreate the old separate departments of Meurthe and Moselle by reverting to the old department borders of before 1871. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the part of Lorraine was reconstituted as the new department of Moselle. Thus, the Moselle department was reborn, but with different borders from those before 1871.
The County of Bar, from 1354 the Duchy of Bar, was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire encompassing the pays de Barrois and centred on the city of Bar-le-Duc. Part of the county, the so-called Barrois mouvant, became a fief of the Kingdom of France in 1301, the Barrois non-mouvant remained a part of the Empire. From 1480, it was united to the imperial Duchy of Lorraine, both imperial Bar and Lorraine were ceded to France in 1738. With the death of the last duke, Stanislaus Leszczynski, in 1766, the county of Bar originated in the frontier fortress of Bar that Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine built on the bank of the river Ornain around 960. The fortress was originally directed at the counts of Champagne, who had made incursions into Fredericks allodial lands, Frederick confiscated some lands from the nearby Abbey of Saint-Mihiel and settled his knights on it. The original Barrois was thus a mixture of the dukes allodial lands, on the death of Duke Frederick III in 1033, these lands passed to his sister, who was the first person to associate the comital title with Bar, styling herself Countess of Bar.
Sophias descendants, of the House of Montbéliard, expanded Bar by usurpation, conquest and its population was francophone and culturally French, and the counts were involved in French politics. Count Reginald II married Agnes, a sister of the queen of France and his son, Henry I, died on the Third Crusade in 1190. From 1214 to 1291 Bar was ruled by Henry II and Theobald II, in the Treaty of Bruges of 1301 Henry was forced to recognise all of his county west of the river Meuse as a fief of France. This was the origin of the Barrois mouvant, a territory that was turned into a fief was said to have moved and entered the mouvance of its suzerain and it was subject to the Parliament of Paris. The Treaty of Bruges did not represent any expansion of French territory, the territory to the west of the Meuse was French since the Treaty of Verdun of 843, but in 1301 it became a direct fief of the crown, including its allodial parts. In 1354 the Count of Bar took the title and was thereafter recognised as a Peer of France.
The Mediomatrici were an ancient Celtic people of Gaul, who belong to the division of Belgae. Julius Caesar shows their position in a way when he says that the Rhine flows along the territories of the Sequani, Triboci or Tribocci. Ptolemy places the Mediomatrici south of the Treviri, divodurum was the capital of the Mediomatrici. Besides Metz, settlements in France include the oppidum of Hérapel, other settlements and oppida in Germany were thought to be Saarbrücken, Speyer and Rodalben, although today the ascription of Speyer, Homburg und Rodalben is hotly disputed. The name Mediomatrici has been explained as the people between the Matrona and the Matra and this agrees with Strabo, who says that the Sequani and Mediomatrici inhabit the Rhine, among whom are settled the Triboci, a Germanic nation which had crossed over from their own country. Elements of the Mediomatrici may have settled near Novara, in northern Italy and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, William, ed.
The term Lorraine Franconian has multiple denotations. Some scholars use it to refer to the group of West Central German dialects spoken in the French Lorraine region. In 1806 there were 218,662 speakers of Lorraine Franconian in Moselle and 41,795 speakers in Meurthe. In part from the ambiguity of the term, estimates of the number of speakers of Lorraine Franconian in France vary widely, ranging from 30,000 to 400,000. The most reliable data comes from the Enquête famille carried out by INSEE as part of the 1999 census, approximately 78,000 people were reported to speak Lorraine Franconian, but fewer than 50,000 passed basic knowledge of the language on to their children. Another statistic illustrating the point is that of all adult men who used Franconian regularly when they were 5. Langues régionales et relations transfrontalières dans l'espace Saar-Lor-Lux, la dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle. Bilingualism in North-East France with specific reference to Rhenish Franconian spoken by Moselle Cross-border workers, in Preisler, Bent, et al. eds.
City scape of Divodurum Mediomatricum (ca. 2nd century AD), ancestor of present-day Metz, capital of the Mediomatrici.


text:
Jimmy Nail
Highest Rated: 73% Still Crazy (1998)
Lowest Rated: 64% Evita (1996)
Birthday: Mar 16, 1954
Birthplace: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK
A working-class stiff from Newcastle, rough-hewn actor-singer-writer Jimmy Nail first came to prominence as one of the gang of bricklayers in the immensely popular British TV series "Auf Wiedersehen Pet" (1983-84) and, after appearing on American TV in the miniseries "Master of the Game" (CBS, 1984) and "Wallenberg: A Hero's Story" (NBC, 1985), reprised his role as Oz for a second "Auf Wiedersehen Pet" (1986) series. Nail co-created and starred as the melancholy detective "Spender" (BBC, 1991-93) before writing, co-executive producing and starring in "Crocodile Shoes" (BBC, 1994), playing a Newcastle factory worker and budding country singer-songwriter. Outstanding as Latin lover Augustin Magaldi, the tango singer who first introduces the young Eva Peron to Buenos Aires, in the film version of "Evita," he returned to the small screen for the sequel "Crocodile Shoes II" (1997). He also reteamed with the writers of "Auf Wiedersehen Pet" (Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais) for the feature "Still Crazy" (1998), about the reunion of a British rock band in which he played a singer now working as a roofer.
Highest rated movies
Still Crazy
73% 84% Still Crazy Les Wickes (Character) $477.9K 1998
64% 68% Evita Agustín Magaldi (Character) $50.0M 1996
No Score Yet No Score Yet Spender: The French Collection Freddie Spender (Character) - 1993
No Score Yet 40% Dream Demon Paul (Character) - 1988
71% 43% Crusoe Tatik (Character) - 1988
No Score Yet No Score Yet Diamond's Edge Boyle (Character) - 1988
No Score Yet No Score Yet Shoot for the Sun Geordie (Character) - 1986
No Score Yet 42% Morons From Outer Space Desmond Brock (Character) $72.3K 1985

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
NIST Study Identifies Chemical Blend ...
31-May-2019 - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
NIST Study Identifies Chemical Blends as Possible Alternative Refrigerants
Credit: Jimmie Pike/U.S. Air Force
A heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) unit gets a cleaning at an Air Force base in Nigeria.
More than a dozen chemical blends could serve as alternative refrigerants that won't heat the atmosphere as much as today's refrigerants do, or catch fire, according to a new computational study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
The NIST study identified the 22 "best" nonflammable or marginally flammable blends with lower global warming potential (GWP)—a measure of how much heat a gas will trap if released into the atmosphere—than the current standard refrigerant for vehicle air conditioning (AC), called R-134a (tetrafluoroethane).
Most of the identified blends combine R-134a with one or two other commercial refrigerants.
The new NIST analysis, which was conducted for the U.S. military but also applies to civilian applications such as AC systems for homes and cars, is a follow-up to a 2017 NIST study that found that all single-component, climate-friendly refrigerants were at least marginally flammable. That study suggested blends might offer the optimal solutions.
"The military is insistent about wanting non-flammable blends, but the civilian applications are moving more and more toward at least marginally flammable mixtures," NIST mechanical engineer and study lead author Ian Bell said.
To help reduce global warming, nearly 200 nations, including the United States, agreed in 2016 to amend the Montreal Protocol to phase down by mid-century the refrigerants used in most AC systems. The partial phasedown, rather than a complete phaseout, recognized the complicated choices that will need to be made to select replacements.
For the new study, NIST researchers selected 13 fluids within a range of pressure, flammability, and GWP values that might produce a blend with the desired characteristics. All fluids were low in toxicity and commercially available. The researchers conducted an extensive evaluation of all possible combinations of two or three of the 13 fluids.
The fluids included hydrofluoroolefins, which have very low GWP but are mildly flammable; nonflammable hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with moderate-to-high GWP; mildly flammable HFCs; and carbon dioxide, which is nonflammable and also has a very low GWP of 1, but would raise the operating pressure of a blend, which is undesirable.
NIST researchers did not find any blends that met all desired constraints—nonflammability, low GWP, high efficiency (cooling per unit of work), and overall cooling capacity similar to that of the R-134a baseline system.
The study identified 14 nonflammable blends that offered a reduction in GWP of, at most, 51 percent compared to R-134a's GWP of 1300. An additional eight blends that were marginally flammable were identified with GWP reductions of as much as 99 percent. Researchers simulated the performance of these 22 blends in a detailed refrigeration cycle model. The study was performed using computational tools; researchers plan to carry out laboratory experiments to verify the results.
The study revealed several trends. The most promising nonflammable blends have slightly lower efficiency compared to R-134a. These nonflammable blends have a lower GWP limit of 640; this is due to the need for a lot of R-134a in the mixture to suppress the flammability of low-GWP fluids. Other blends containing a significant amount of carbon dioxide were also nonflammable, but these had very low efficiencies compared to R-134a and were not considered viable alternatives.
There is also a general trend of efficiency increasing in tandem with GWP and flammability. This is because lower-GWP fluids tend to be more complex molecules and this complexity can hinder refrigeration performance.
"The 'good' blends that we found are very borderline nonflammable," Bell cautioned. "That doesn't mean that they won't still burn given the right environment. We need to be cautious, because this is sort of a dark art. There is a fundamental trade-off: If you really want nonflammability and efficiency, you won't get both. You will get one or the other."
I. Bell, P. Domanski, M.O. McLinden, G.T. Linteris; "The hunt for nonflammable refrigerant blends to replace R-134a."; International Journal of Refrigeration. 2019.
tetrafluoroethane
hydrofluoroolefins
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text:
Il santuario di San Michele Arcangelo al Monte Faito è una chiesa di Vico Equense, ubicata sul Monte Faito.

Storia
La storia del santuario di San Michele Arcangelo è strettamente legata alle figure di San Catello e Sant'Antonino: quest'ultimo, scappato dall'abbazia di Montecassino a seguito del saccheggiamento da parte dei longobardi, verso la fine del VI secolo, arrivò a Stabia, dove il vescovo del tempo, Catello, con il quale aveva stretto una profonda amicizia, gli affidò la diocesi, per ritirarsi alla vita contemplativa sul monte Faito, all'epoca chiamato Aureo; poco dopo le parti si invertirono ed Antonino si trasferì sul monte, vivendo in solitudine in una grotta e cibandosi di erbe. Ben presto anche Catello ritornò sul monte, sia per il desiderio di continuare una vita in meditazione, sia per seguire buona parte della popolazione della zona, che a causa delle incursioni longobarde, aveva deciso di rifugiarsi sulle pendici della montagna. Una notte, San Michele arcangelo apparve in sogno ai due santi, ordinando loro la costruzione di una cappella in sua onore: in poco tempo, sulla cima più alta dei monti Lattari, ossia Monte Sant'Angelo, conosciuto anche con il nome di Molare, fu costruito un primo tempio in legno ed in seguito rifinito con un tetto in piombo, grazie ad una donazione della Santa Sede. Dopo essere stato imprigionato a Roma, in quanto accusato di stregoneria, Catello ritornò nuovamente sul monte per dedicarsi all'ampliamento della chiesa, mentre Antonino divenne abate del monastero benedettino di Sorrento; con il passare degli anni il tempio divenne uno dei più importanti d'Europa, meta di numerosi pellegrini, tant'è che si celebrava la messa ogni giorno e nel 1392 era già stato riconosciuto con il titolo di abazia.

Nel 1558 venne descritto per la prima volta il miracolo della sudorazione di manna dalla statua di San Michele
 si narra, che durante l'invasione dei turchi a Sorrento, nel 1558, un gruppo di fuggitivi, scampati al saccheggio e alla prigionia, si rifugiarono sul Faito per chiedere l'aiuto del santo, il quale fece sgorgare dalla statua gocce di sudore; il giorno dopo la città fu liberata dagli invasori. Negli anni successivi, soprattutto nel periodo compreso tra il XVII e XVIII secolo, il miracolo fu molto frequente ed in particolar modo abbondante il 31 luglio 1714, come documentato da scritti dell'epoca; anche monsignor Pio Tommaso Milante descrive una sudorazione avvenuta nel 1750:

Nel 1689 la chiesa fu colpita da un fulmine che ne provocò il crollo del tetto: si decise quindi di affrontare importanti lavori di ristrutturazione, a cui se ne aggiunsero altri nel 1694. Nel 1703 San Michele fu proclamato compatrono di Castellammare di Stabia, mentre il 28 settembre 1762 la chiesa fu consacrata da monsignor Giuseppe Coppola. In questo stesso periodo, nel giorno della festività di San Catello, il 19 gennaio, il sacerdote Giuseppe Cerchia, si recò al Faito per celebrare il patrono stabiese e con grande stupore si accorse che il prato intorno alla chiesa era ricoperto di tulipani, fiore inconsueto sia per l'altezza che per la stagione: i fiori, visti come segno divino, furono raccolti e mostrati alla popolazione. Nel 1818 il santuario fu distrutto da un incendio: ricostruito, consacrato il 29 luglio 1843 da monsignore Angelo Scanzano ed il santo in segno di gratitudine, due giorni dopo, rinnovò il miracolo della sudorazione, che venne mostrata al re Ferdinando II, in vacanza nel palazzo reale di Quisisana.

Nel 1862, a causa delle scorrerie dei briganti, cessò ogni forma di pellegrinaggio ed il tempio cadde in rovina: il 20 dicembre la statua, pesantemente vandalizzata e colpita da un fulmine, fu recuperata e portata nella cattedrale stabiese, dov'è custodita. Successivamente si susseguirono invano tentativi di riedificazione della chiesa come nel 1899 per volere del conte Girolamo Giusso o il 2 luglio 1935 per volere del vescovo Pasquale Ragosta, progetto poi abbandonato a causa della Guerra d'Etiopia.

I lavori di costruzione del nuovo santuario, per opera del commendatore Amilcare Sciaretta iniziarono il 24 ottobre 1937 a seguito della benedizione della prima pietra da parte del vescovo Federico Emanuele, anche se in un luogo diverso da quello dov'era ubicata la vecchia abazia: il nuovo tempio sorgeva in una zona chiamata Cercasole e circa 1.200 metri di altezza. La nuova chiesa fu consacrata il 24 settembre 1950, dopo una lunga interruzione dovuta allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale: tutti i mattoni che servirono per la costruzione furono portati dai devoti a piedi come dono a San Michele; nel corso degli anni il culto per San Michele aumentò notevolmente. Dal 1971 al 1973 furono approntati dei lavori di riqualificazione per volere di monsignor Oscar Reschigg.

Struttura

La chiesa si presenta con la facciata, ricoperta da pietre grigie, sulla quale si apre un ampio portale con arco al cui centro è posto il portone d'ingresso; sulla sommità della facciata un finto rosone. All'interno la navata è unica: l'altare è in legno, precisamente in rovere di Slovenia e realizzato da scultori della Val Gardena, mentre il tabernacolo è opera di Raffaele Scotti; sull'altare principale, in un tronetto opera dell'architetto Dimetta, è posta la statua di San Michele, realizzata da Edoardo Rubino ed offerta al santuario dalla Banca d'Italia: la statua, benedetta da papa Pio XII, fu adornata nel 1992 da diadema, spada e scudo in argento.

La vecchia statua di San Michele, presente nell'antica abazia e oggi conservata nella concattedrale di Castellammare di Stabia, è invece alta 102 centimetri, in marmo bianco e risalirebbe al VI secolo, offerta come dono di papa Gregorio I a San Catello: da studi recenti risulta più probabile che sia opera della scuola di Francesco Laurana, e risalente al XV secolo. La statua presenta molti segni di rottura ed, a seguito di un restauro spartano, ha il braccio destro attaccato male ed il sandalo del piede sinistro messo in quello destro: il santo si presenta come un guerriero longobardo, vestito con una grossa tunica e con un'espressione quasi femminea, che riconduce ad una raffigurazione presente nella grotta di San Biagio; nel 1864 la statua fu adornata con una lancia, uno scudo ed un diadema d'argento.

Nelle due cappelle laterali sono poste le sculture di San Catello e Sant'Antonino, opere di Francesco Jerace; il campanile, costruito insieme alla chiesa, non presenta particolari elementi architettonici di rilievo: le campane furono realizzate dalla fonderia Capezzuto e donate dalle città di Castellammare di Stabia, Sorrento, Pompei e Pimonte. Il santuario si completa esternamente con una statua della Madonna dell'Accoglienza, realizzata nel 1988 e da un gruppo di sculture in bronzo, raffiguranti San Michele, San Catello e Sant'Antonino, realizzate, nel 2000, da Giovan Battista Marello su commissione del vescovo Felice Cece. Adiacente al santuario è presente un piccolo rifugio.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
Arcidiocesi di Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia
Castellammare di Stabia
Penisola sorrentina
Sorrento
Vico Equense

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Michele
Michele
Vico Equense
Michele

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Tonight's show is a rebroadcast of our show with drummer Lenny White. And we have more listings for you this week as the summer winds down.
Drummer Jeff "Tain" Watts is at the Jazz Standard from September 5-10 with an Elvin Jones tribute. Saxophonist Ravi Coltrane is a special guest on September 5 and bassist Charnett Moffett joins the band from the 8-10.
Pianist Onaje Allen Gumbs leads a trio at Club Bonafide on September 8.
Pianist Harold Mabern leads a trio at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Dizzy's Club on September 8-9 and at Smalls on the 13.


Every other paper that you want to write about has some specific rules that govern how you are supposed to get about it. This is often the case particularly with things like scientific papers like biology. When you are working on some of these papers, it would be a good idea for you to try and make sure that you get everything into perspective, so that by the time you are sending in your paper, you can get to do so without so much as a struggle or a shed of doubt.
In the event that you are ever looking for some good work, make sure that you put in some really good research too. These two always go hand in hand.
A good paper is often based on factual information. You have to make sure that you present some good work based on facts.
The information that you make available as evidence for this task is supposed to be relevant to the title that you chose. Do not ignore this because it might cost you dearly.
The appendices are an important part of your paper that your teacher will look into, so that they can find some samples that you attached.
The validity of the sources you use for this paper is something that you cannot discuss anymore. Make sure that you use sources that are relevant.
How relevant is your study? Do you think that what you are working on is something that can be taken up as a study in the future?
In as much as there is so much that has already been done, feel free to borrow ideas from anywhere, but never make the mistake of plagiarizing someone else's work.


text:
Covered Mining Pits Are Not Point Sources
Environmental Environmental & Chemical Regulation
Recognizing that mining pits with engineered covers do not serve to collect or channel stormwater, a federal appeals court has refused to expand the reach of the Clean Water Act over certain mining waste accumulations.
The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires permits and imposes other requirements on discharges of pollutants from point sources into waters of the United States. The EPA and private plaintiffs have attempted to broaden the reach of the CWA by expanding the definition of "point sources." In Greater Yellowstone Coalition v. Lewis, 2010 WL 5191370 (9th Cir. Dec. 23, 2010), a citizen suit over a proposed phosphate mine expansion in Idaho, the Ninth Circuit held that mining pits containing waste rock with engineered covers are not point sources for purposes of the CWA. This important decision provides much-needed clarification of the reach of the CWA and the scope of the definition of "point source," as earlier case law suggested increasingly expansive views of the definition of "point source." See, e.g., Sierra Club v. Abston Construction Co., 620 F.2d 41, 44 (5th Cir. 1980), a point source may exist "where miners design spoil piles from discarded overburden such that, during periods of precipitation, erosion of spoil pile walls results in discharges into a navigable body of water by means of ditches, gullies, and similar conveyances"; Williams Pipe Line Co., 964 F.Supp. 1300, 1319 (S.D. Iowa 1997), "an entire facility or industrial plant may be a point source."; Friends of Santa Fe County v. LAC Minerals, Inc., 892 F.Supp. 1333, 1359 (D.N.M. 1995, "overburden pile deemed a human-made discernable, confined, and discrete conveyance but seeps emanating from pile deemed nonpoint sources."
In GYC v. Lewis, GYC and other non-profit groups alleged that the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service failed to comply with the CWA by not obtaining a § 401 certification prior to authorizing the expansion of mine operations onto two federal land parcels. Section 401 of the CWA requires applicants for federal licenses or permits to construct what may result in a discharge into navigable waters to obtain a certification from the relevant state that any such discharge will comply with, among other things, state water quality standards. Plaintiffs alleged that a § 401 certification was required for the potential "discharge" of pollutants from the mine to surface water via hydrologically-connected groundwater. At the proposed mine, waste rock from mining operations is used to reclaim the surface mining pits and placed in external piles. In both situations, engineered covers were proposed to minimize the infiltration of stormwater into and through the waste rock. Plaintiffs alleged that stormwater that infiltrated the engineered covers and passed through the waste rock to reach surface water constituted a discharge. Although the parties addressed potential hydraulic connections between the waste rock areas and surface water through ground water, the court focused on the more fundamental issue—is a mining pit a point source?
The Ninth Circuit explained that the § 401 certification requirement is inapplicable to the proposed project because it only applies to discharges from point sources, and covered mining pits do not qualify as point sources. The court's analysis begins, as it should, with a discussion of the definition of point source, noting that: "The text of § 401 and the case law are clear that some type of collection or channeling is required to classify an activity as a point source." Greater Yellowstone Coalition v. Lewis, 2010 WL 5191370 at *20 (9th Cir. Dec. 23, 2010) (citing Trustees for Alaska v. EPA, 749 F.2d 549, 558 (9th Cir. 1984)). Indeed, a review of the relevant case law shows that most of the cases that have been relied upon to assert that the mine pits are point sources involved either discharges from a pipeline, tank, or other structure designed to collect or convey stormwater or wastewater (see Williams Pipe Line Co. v. Bayer Corp. (leaks from crude oil pipeline breaks and other spills at above-ground tank facility); Washington Wilderness Coalition v. Hecla Mining Co., 870 F.Supp. 983 (E.D. Wash. 1994) (tailings impoundment); Umatilla Water Quality Protective Ass'n, Inc., v. Smith Frozen Foods, Inc., 962 F. Supp. 1312 (D. Or. 1997) (brine pit); United States v. Earth Sciences, Inc., 599 F.2d 368 (10th Cir. 1978) (leachate management system); and Sierra Club v. El Paso Gold Mines, Inc., 421 F.3d 1133 (10th Cir. 2005) (underground tunnel used to drain inactive mine)), or pollution otherwise traceable to a discharge into a containment structure or via a discernable conveyance (see In re: Phelps Dodge Corp., 10 E.A.D. 460, 2002 WL 1315601 (E.A.B. 2002) (municipal wastewater discharged into tailings impoundment); League of Wilderness Defenders/Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Forsgren, 309 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2002) (aerial insecticide spraying); Quivira Mining Co. v. United States EPA, 765 F.2d 126 (10th Cir.1985) (discharges from uranium mining and milling facilities into gullies or "arroyos")).
The mining pits at issue in GYC v. Lewis, as well as surface accumulations of waste rock, were to be overlain by a cover system designed to impede stormwater infiltration through the overburden. Engineered covers shed stormwater over their surface and impede infiltration rather than collect or channel stormwater. Thus, the court logically concluded that water seeping through the cover and into the pits containing waste rock "is nonpoint source pollution because there is no confinement or containment of the water; the cover is designed to divert water away from the pits." Because stormwater is not collected or channeled and then discharged, these mining pits "do not constitute point sources within the meaning of the CWA." GYC v. Lewis, 2010 WL 5191370 at *20-21. Therefore, a § 401 certification was not required for water traceable to the mine pits.
Taken together, prior case law and GYC v. Lewis establish, as a matter of law, that pollution is not "from a point source" when it is traceable to structures designed to contain waste and prevent groundwater contamination through the use of engineered covers, unless stormwater or leachate is otherwise collected and discharged. The reasoning of the court further dictates that uncovered waste piles in mining pits or on the surface are also not point sources because they do not serve stormwater collection or transportation functions, and are not, therefore, "discernable, confined and discrete conveyance[s]." 33 U.S.C. § 1362 (14) (defining "point source"). Thus, pollution from uncovered waste piles is also not directly regulated under the CWA in the absence of a discharge from a point source (such as the addition of stormwater or wastewater onto or the collection of leachate from such waste piles, or subsequent channeling of runoff).
In addition, GYC v. Lewis shows that merely alleging a hydrologic connection between contaminated groundwater and surface waters is not enough. Litigants contemplating such suits must first establish the existence of a point source to which pollutants can be attributed. Unless groundwater-transported pollution is traceable to a point source such as a leaky tank, pipeline, ditch or other such conveyance, it is not subject to § 401 certification or permitting requirements. Despite its brevity, the CWA portion of this case is one of great importance for the regulated community.
For more information, contact your Husch Blackwell attorney or one of the attorneys in our Environmental & Natural Resources practice group.
Carlota Hopinks-Baul


text:
Primary school absenteeism rates in Limerick second-highest in the country
By Cillian Sherlock
Primary school students in Limerick have the second-highest rate of absenteeism and suspensions in the country, the Limerick Voice can reveal.
According to reports by Tusla, Limerick-based primary school pupils are consistently ranked as having significantly above average rates of non-attendance and suspensions, second only to Dublin.
For the school year of 2014/2015, primary school students had almost double the mean percentage of suspensions against the national average and this figure itself was almost triple the rates of 2013-2014.
Seanad Spokesperson on Education & Skills Senator Maria Byrne described the high rates of absenteeism and suspensions as "very alarming."
"Funding has been made available in Budget 2017 to employ additional Educational Welfare Officers. Funding has also been provided for further reform of the governance of the Schools Completion Programme which was identified by the ESRI last year as in need of urgent attention," according to Senator Byrne.
Tusla's publications on school attendance show that there is a well-establish impact of poor attendance on 'a student's educational outcomes', their ability in exams and likelihood to enter further study, as well as 'wider aspects of a student's life, such as weak peer relationships, risks of engagement in anti-social activity and poor family relationships'.
Primary schools in Limerick also reported the country's third highest rate of students missing more than 20 days of school in the last school year, behind Dublin and Louth.
Former Minister for Education Jan O'Sullivan believes "we need more research as to the reasons children miss school and what supports make a difference in improving this."
"I think part of the explanation is that rates are generally higher in urban than in rural areas and the percentage of the population of the counties of Dublin and Limerick that are in urban communities is high relative to other counties," according to Ms O'Sullivan TD
"While this may explain the high rates in Limerick, it does not mean we should not be concerned. Every effort has to be made to bring down these rates, through the schools themselves working with families, with the support of the Department of Education, Home School Community Liaison services and Tusla Education Welfare Officers," she added.
Tusla, also known as the Child and Family Agency, state that there is rarely a single factor that influences persistent non-attendance but identify school and classroom climate, student-teacher relationships, teacher expectations, and school organisation as potential areas that influence engagement.
"The best gift that anybody can give a child is to offer a child the opportunity to fulfil his or her potential. Every day should be a day of wonder and of learning for a child," according to Director of Educational Welfare Services Eibhlin Byrne.
Negative attitudes to school, lower academic self-rating, peer influences, socio-economic and family factors all have an impact on the likelihood of students missing school, according to the Agency.
It was found that students in urban schools were much more likely to have been suspended or have lower attendance than those in rural schools.
Limerick students perform much more in-line with the national averages on attendance, suspensions, and expulsions at secondary level.
However, Tusla's reports show that the 2014/2015 school year reversed a four-year trend of decreasing levels of non-attendance for Limerick post-primary students, with figures almost returning to 2011/2012 levels.
The figures also show that despite falling in-line with national averages, Limerick is second only to Waterford in terms of expulsions in Munster, and has the highest rate of students missing more than 20 days of school in the province.
Tusla have published guidelines for schools to help develop their strategies for school attendance which must be prepared and submitted to the Agency under the Education (Welfare) Act 2000.
Related Items:Absenteeism, children, Education, ESRI, Featured, Limerick, Limerick city, Limerick County, Primary School, School, Schools Completion Programme, Student, Tusla
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text:
Q: How can I upload two files of the same name to AWS amplify and get unique keys for each of them? Below I have the index page of a Next.JS app configured with an AWS S3 backend:
import styles from "../styles/Home.module.css";
import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
import { Storage } from "aws-amplify";

export default function Home() {
  const [songs, setSongs] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchSongs();
  }, []);

  async function fetchSongs() {
    let songKeys = await Storage.list("");
    console.log("before signing", songKeys);
    songKeys = await Promise.all(
      songKeys.map(async (k) => {
        const signedUrl = await Storage.get(k.key);
        return signedUrl;
      })
    );
    console.log("after signing", songKeys);
    setSongs(songKeys);
  }

  async function onChange(event) {
    const file = event.target.files[0];
    const result = await Storage.put(file.name, file, {
      contentType: "audio/*",
    });
    console.log(result);
    fetchSongs();
  }

  return (

Music Streaming Site

        <input type="file" onChange={onChange} accept="audio/*" />
        {songs &&
          songs.map((song) => (

              <audio controls>
                <source src={song} type="audio/mpeg" />
              </audio>

          ))}

  );
}

Currently, when I upload two files of the same name, AWS takes the first file, and the UI updates. But when the second file of the same name is uploaded, AWS takes it, and replaces the original file with it, or in other words, modify the file since the Last Modified column of my AWS console gets a new timestamp at the time the second file was uploaded.
I would like unique keys to be generated each time I upload a file. I would also like to be able to get the file by these unique keys individually, and present them via the UI.
If there's any way for AWS to prevent two of the same file with different names from being uploaded, that would be cool too.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


2017 LIMITED EDITION IN LONDON.
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Corporación Habanos, S.A. is the world leader in the commercialisation of Premium cigars both in Cuba and the rest of the world. It has a network of exclusive distributors present in five continents and in over 150 countries.
Habanos, S.A. commercialises 27 premium brands made Totalmente a Mano-Totally by Hand- under the Protected Denomination of Origin (D.O.P.), including important brands such as Cohiba, Montecristo, Partagás, Romeo y Julieta, Hoyo de Monterrey and H. Upmann, among others. Habanos are the only cigars that, after over 200 years, continue to be made Totalmente a Mano- Totally by Hand, and have been a benchmark for the entire world ever since.
For more information: Habanos, S.A.
Previous Previous post: News: Michael Giannini is Bringing his creative Genius to Ventura Cigars.
Next Next post: News: Debonaire House and Drew Estate announce Debonaire Daybreak rising onto the market!
The Average Joe's Cigar Blog News: Habanos, S.A. Introduces The Cohiba Talalisam 2017 Limited Edition in London.


text:
Dublin High School is a public high school located in Dublin, Texas (USA) and classified as a 3A school by the UIL.  It is part of the Dublin Independent School District located in northeastern Erath County. In 2011, the school was rated "Academically Acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Athletics
The Dublin Lions compete in the following sports

Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Powerlifting, Golf, Tennis, Track, Softball & Baseball

State Titles
Boys Golf
1979(1A)

References

External links
Dublin ISD
Dublin Lions Football

Schools in Erath County, Texas
Public high schools in Texas


text:
News Dec 30, 2015
What Business Owners, Budtenders, and Marijuana Lovers Regret About 2015
Discussed: Last-Minute Cannabutter, Too Many Skittles, and Amorphous Blobs of Semisolid Reality
Alex "Magic" Johnson (center) and friends: He regrets not buying more weed. Diana Linde
"I regret dabs. When I do them, my heart starts to beat so fast that it goes supernova and the force of my social anxiety becomes so strong that my personality can't escape." —Kat Kranzler, cat lover and marijuana enthusiast
"I regret not keeping better track of the things I like. I think cannabis journals are gonna blow up. There should really be an Untappd-style app for weed." —Ananda Green, store manager at Ganja Goddess
"I regret not trying more things this year. Trust me, I've had plenty of years of trying things... but this year, I just couldn't find the time." —Deborah Semer, creator of Joyboxx
"I regret being the R&D tester for an infused product that got me so intensely stoned that I had to leave quietly and quickly before anyone noticed I was turning into an amorphous blob of semisolid reality. It was raining hard, and I had left without a jacket or my phone. The only place I could think of within walking distance from our Sodo facility that would provide some anonymity and solitude was Grand + Benedicts display and mannequin store, where I stayed for well over two hours trying to look purposeful. I was in full-fledged body/mind blur mode and I can't believe they didn't call the police on me. I bought a countertop display rack to assuage the feeling of discomfort as I left." —Lena Davidson, marketing manager at botanicaSEATTLE
"My regret was in not fully planning and preparing in advance, leaving something to the last minute. What pops into my mind is what happened when I was asked to bring pot brownies to a potluck party with fellow hikers of my husband (the Breakfast Club, who hike in the Cascades every Thursday followed by a large breakfast). I left it to the day of the event and then realized I did not have an actual recipe. I just remembered vaguely making them a long time ago while in graduate school. All recipes I found online indicated the absolute need to use cannabis-infused butter, but I did not have the time to prepare. I immediately called a friend who drove right over to give me some. So I did finish making them—with the infused butter that my friend brought over—along with a "regular" batch of brownies, both batches labeled at the party. Guess which batch was the big hit!" —Jeanne Kohl-Welles, Washington State senator
"We regret that the state of Washington made cannabis consumption lounges illegal on June 30. We regret that Oregon is also doing the same starting in 2016. We regret that the next step in legalization is being hampered by wrong-minded laws hastily tacked onto larger bills at the last minute in hopes that no one will notice. We regret that this forces users into mass illegal public consumption and under-the-radar dab bars springing up everywhere instead of a responsible and regulated response. We deeply regret we could not serve the numerous responsible adult cannabis users of Washington with a safe, legal, and fun place to enjoy their legal rights." —Mike McKenney, co-owner of Zero Cannabis Lounge
"For my 30th birthday I went to Vegas. I took a 100 mg edible, and I regret not waiting for it to kick in before I started taking birthday shots." —Brian Sablan, budtender at Ganja Goddess
"I think that the biggest regret I have is one that we had no control of anyway. It was that it rained so hard on the Friday of Hempfest. While that may sound trivial, it was a hard-driving rain that kept a lot of people away, causing the event to lose money. I hope that people will consider donating to Hempfest. This will be its 25th year serving our community, and it deserves to continue to do so." —Trey Reckling, cofounder of Science of Cannabis Institute
"I regret the hours I have spent wasting away in front of a computer screen while being held hostage by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board traceability software. Many a workday has started in despair after getting kicked out after 10 minutes of being idle or when it decides to move products around in a game of digital hide-and-seek. I am not suggesting that the software has tracked and traced so much weed that it is a perpetually stoned computer program, but it does have difficulty with staying focused, remembering where it left things, coordinating its movements, communicating coherently, and falling asleep in the middle of fairly important tasks." —Mindon Win, fulfillment manager at botanicaSEATTLE
"I regret most the sheer number of Skittles I've consumed in the past year of recreational cannabis consumption. All those calories saved by switching from social relaxation with alcohol to cannabis were replaced by uncontrollable munchies... I swear I should buy stock in the Mars company. Also, I call BS on their switching lime to green apple." —Bobby Hines, co-owner of Confidence Analytics
"I regret that working in the cannabis industry means I no longer enjoy consuming the end product. At this point, I mostly smoke pot socially only to be polite. Seventy percent of my life is work and 25 percent is sleep. When I get to that precious 5 percent personal time, the last thing I want to do to relax and unwind is something that reminds me of work. So I drink and take Xanax. I don't regret even one little bit how hard I work, because I love my job and I will always give it everything I have. But I do regret the long, silent, pitying stares I get from my friends, family, and hairdresser when I tell them about it. Stop looking at me like that!" —April Roth, purchasing manager at Uncle Ike's
"I so regret that the residents who are 21 and older in the state of Washington did not win the fundamental right to grow cannabis plants in our own home and to have the ability to share one ounce with our friends. Not having these rights has only enhanced the less scrupulous aspects of the I-502 system, which actually works against the greater success of I-502. We need the right to grow our own and share a doobie with our friends, and hopefully this happens in 2016." —Muraco Kyashna-tochá, medical marijuana advocate and founder of Green Buddha Patient Co-op
More than ever, we depend on your support to help fund our coverage. Support local, independent media with a one-time or recurring contribution. Thank you!
"My only regret is that I didn't buy more of it." —Alex "Magic" Johnson, Seattle resident
"I regret nothing, it's been a fucking dope year." —Jess Henson, lead market analyst at Headset.io
The Stranger depends on your continuing support to provide articles like this one. In return, we pledge our ongoing commitment to truthful, progressive journalism and serving our community. So if you're able, please consider a small recurring contribution. Thank you—you are appreciated!
Cops Arrest Three During Abolish ICE March on Inauguration Day
by Rich Smith
Activists Hold Funeral for "Death of Identity Politics" in Front of City Hall
SPD Now Admits Five Seattle Cops Attended Trump's Insurrection Rally
by Nathalie Graham


text:
Category: Earthquake
A 6.1-magnitude earthquake strikes Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Greece.
Image Credit: VolcanoDiscovery Minutes ago, the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) reported a 6.1-magnitude earthquake in Eastern Mediterranean Sea in Greece at a depth of 58.5km. Since the earthquake has just […]
truthisacommodity	 October 19, 2021	 Leave a Comment
A 4.8-magnitude strikes Caraga, Philippines.
Image Credit: Earthstar Geographics Minutes ago, the Indonesia's Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency reported that a 4.8-magnitude earthquake struck 4.2 km northeast of Veruela, Province of Agusan del Sur, Caraga, […]
Strong 5.7-magnitude strikes Indonesia.
Image Credit: VolcanoDiscovery According to German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), a 5.7-magnitude just struck the Northern Molucca Sea in Indonesia at a shallow depth of 10km. Since the earthquake […]
A 6.6-magnitude earthquake hits Crete, Greece.
Image Credit: VolcanoDiscovery Minutes ago the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) reported a 6.6-magnitude earthquake in Crete, Greece at a shallow depth of 10km. Since it is still early, […]
A 6.1-magnitude earthquake strikes Naalehu, Hawaii.
Image Credit : Earthstar Geographics Minutes ago the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported that a 6.1-magnitude earthquake struck the North Pacific Ocean, 23 mi southeast of Hawaiian Ocean View, […]
A 5.0-magnitude earthquake struck Australia.
Image Credit: Earthstar Geographics Minutes ago, the seismological agency Geoscience Australia (GeoAu) reported a 5.0-magnitude earthquake in Southern Mallee, 92 km northeast of Keith, Tatiara, Australia at a very shallow […]
A 6.0-magnitude earthquake strikes near Honshu, Japan.
Image Credit: VolcanoDiscovery Another earthquake struck Japan minutes ago. Japan has been struck by a series of medium to strong earthquakes over the past few days. The German Research Centre […]
A 4.0-magnitude earthquake strikes Chile.
Image Credit: VolcanoDiscovery The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) reported a 4.0-magnitude earthquake moments ago in El Loa, 101 km north of Calama, Provincia de El Loa, Antofagasta, Chile at a […]
A 5.8-magnitude earthquake strikes Iwate, Japan.
Image Credit: Earthstar Geographics Moments ago the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) reported a 5.8-magnitude earthquake in the North Pacific Ocean, 52 km northeast of Miyako, Iwate, Japan at […]
A 3.5-magnitude earthquake strikes California, USA.
Image Credit: Earthstar Geographics Minutes ago the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported that a 3.5-magnitude earthquake struck 3km north of San Leandro, Alameda County, California, USA at a shallow […]
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I don't think this is necessarily true. There are Shias who are sufi and Sunnis that are sufi. Sufism is just an ethereal take on whatever aqeedah (faith principle, Sunni/Shia/etc) one already has. So a Shia sufi might believe for example that one can become attuned to the will of the 12 Imams whilst a Sunni sufi might believe the same about the Rashidun caliphate.
For example I know a sufi who follows the Maliki madhab of Sunni Islam (ie he's a sunni), but he's also a sufi because he believes, or at least talks of, things like wilaya, tariqas, etc.
Agreed.. I was not clear with the statement but sufism is described below in great/good detail by this NY times article. Also explains why the fundamentalist hate them.
One World is enlightened. He is basically near the level of Ancient One lol.
Missed your posts. It's a privilege to have you in the forum.
And no I used unsalted Keri Gold grass fed butter.
Had to appreciate such warm acknowledgment.
A big welcome hug for you!
LOL it wasn't directed at you. But I missed your comebacks! Ah reminds me off the good old days.
And to Tonmoy, no offense intended. You should feel free to share your opinions and theology discussions. I am not even a mod and so my word has little value and can ignore me.
So why did you mention my name then?
Don't backtrack. And you are still deflecting.
I don't wanna drag past issues, but let us not forget didn't you act all nice and chummy on forum and in Facebook inbox amake okothyo vashay tui tokkari kore rastaar cheleder moton gali galaj kora hoyeche?
YOU thought that since I practice Taoism and follow Buddhist concepts which talk of passivity, peace and killing the ego and being submissive and yielding.... YOU thought I will not react.
YOU thought you could abuse the hell out of me and my hands would be tied. Don't for a moment think we don't see through it all.
You act all nice and the moment you gain my trust, you lash out and make personal attacks either sub rosa or publicly in passive-aggressive manner. I wish you the best and hope you get therapy as this is a classic ploy of narcissistic personality disorder.
I am an a---- but at least I am consistently an a---- and don't hide it.
Not only that but Zaved also partook it in. And it's only because of my stance on Islam. Not only that - and damn right I am publicly calling out Orpheus/iDumb- why is it that he always strategically picks fight with people who has "Islamophobia"?
And God knows who else. This is a strategic, concentrated concerted effort to subtly bully people whose ideas you dissent and the plot and machination of which takes place in BC "meetups". I brought it numerous times in PM to mods's attention but sadly it fell into deaf ears.
Only person I am letting off the hook is Roman. Something tells me the dude don't wanna partake in libel, backbiting and slander.
And you still haven't apologized for it.
Tell me Mustafa, is that how a Muslim carries himself? I ask.
Edit: Water under the bridge. Past is past. I return here in peace.


Madore, Barry F. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, California.
The big bang model of the universe makes a number of profound and testable predictions. In a uniformly expanding universe, galaxies would have been closer together in the past. Early in the universe, the density (and temperature) of matter would therefore have been very high. The discovery of the expansion of the universe by E. Hubble in 1929, the discovery of a (now) cool remnant cosmic background radiation by A. Penzias and R. W. Wilson in 1965, and the observed relative abundances of the lightest elements (notably, hydrogen and helium) provide compelling evidence in support of the big bang model.


Protection of the public, and private entities against loss, injury and criminal damage.
To value our customers through delivery of the best service possible. This will be achieved by concentrating on Shield Security Services Limited core values, which will enable the sustained growth, and main the success that has been achieved.
Demonstrate a commitment to safety, environment and social responsibilities.
Being open and honest and acting at all times with integrity and transparency.
Embracing diversity and inclusion, enhancing leadership, team work and involvement to engender a culture where staff are loyal and both ambition and talent are nurtured.
Achieve high performance, results and an innovated programme of continual improvement.
Create sustainability long-term commercial partnerships with customers, employees, suppliers and greater community.
Existing owner of all businesses is actively involved.
Recruitment of a senior experienced security executive in each business already in place.
Strategic business and marketing plan for all three business areas.
Effective targeting across all areas of the businesses sectors.
Quality systems, policy and procedure fit for purpose to achieve best practice.
Fair recruitment, selection and onwards employee advancement.
Remuneration to attract high calibre workforce.
Rewarding success through employee recognition scheme.
Full administration support from head office.
Good open communication with the employees by the Leaders to set the tone and direction of the business.
To establish Shield Security Services Limited as the preferred leading independent provider of Security solutions in the market.
Our clients' success is our success; we seek to create and maintain lasting relationships based on trust and shared objectives.
Shield Security Services adopts a proactive approach to security issues. We stop potential issues from occurring in the first place and limit the damage caused when unavoidable problems arise. By using security management techniques, such as risk analysis, we target and reduce the threat of crime and loss.
Shield applies Manunta's diagram to all its operations. Manunta's diagram of a security system is designed to create a well-protected and safe environment, through the adoption of effective management activities.
Since incorporation, Shield has been an advocate for the training of individuals in the security industry. All Shield's staff are experienced and highly trained and Shield offers a range of security training for the wider community.
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Steeple Study organizes our various sermon series (whether current or classic) into convenient "packages" that are ideal for self study. And because each study has its own dedicated RSS Feed, delivering them to your favorite listening device just became easier. You'll find a listing of our current Steeple Study offerings below (organized by preacher) as well as in the STEEPLE STUDY drop down in the header menu.