text:
Title 21. FOOD AND DRUGS
Chapter 22. NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY
Section 1703. Appointment and duties of Director and Deputy Directors
21 U.S. Code § 1703. Appointment and duties of Director and Deputy Directors
(a) Appointment
(1) In general
(A) Director
(i) In general
There shall be at the head of the Office a Director who shall hold the same rank and status as the head of an executive department listed in section 101 of title 5.
(ii) Appointment
The Director shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall serve at the pleasure of the President.
(B) Deputy Director
There shall be a Deputy Director who shall report directly to the Director, and who shall be appointed by the President, and shall serve at the pleasure of the President.
(C) CoordinatorsThe following coordinators shall be appointed by the Director:
Performance Budget Coordinator, as described in subsection (c)(4).[1]
Interdiction Coordinator, as described in section 1710 of this title.
Emerging and Continuing Threats Coordinator, as described in section 1708 of this title.
State, Local, and Tribal Affairs Coordinator, to carry out the activities described in subsection (j).
Demand Reduction Coordinator, as described in subparagraph (D).
(D) Demand Reduction Coordinator
The Director shall designate or appoint a United States Demand Reduction Coordinator to be responsible for the activities described in section 1701(3) of this title. The Director shall determine whether the coordinator position is a noncareer appointee in the Senior Executive Service or a career appointee in a position at level 15 of the General Schedule (or equivalent).
(2) Duties of Deputy Director of National Drug Control PolicyThe Deputy Director of National Drug Control Policy shall—
carry out the duties and powers prescribed by the Director; and
serve as the Director in the absence of the Director or during any period in which the office of the Director is vacant.
(3) Acting Director
If the Director dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to perform the functions and duties of the office, the Deputy Director shall perform the functions and duties of the Director temporarily in an acting capacity pursuant to subchapter III of chapter 33 of title 5.
(4) Prohibition
No person shall serve as Director or a Deputy Director while serving in any other position in the Federal Government.
(5) Prohibition on political campaigning
Any officer or employee of the Office who is appointed to that position by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may not participate in Federal election campaign activities, except that such officer or employee is not prohibited by this paragraph from making contributions to individual candidates.
(6) Prohibition on the use of funds for ballot initiatives
No funds authorized under this chapter may be obligated for the purpose of expressly advocating the passage or defeat of a State or local ballot initiative.
(b) ResponsibilitiesThe Director—
shall assist the President in the establishment of policies, goals, objectives, and priorities for the National Drug Control Program;
shall promulgate the National Drug Control Strategy under section 1705(a) of this title and each report under section 1705(b) [2] of this title in accordance with section 1705 of this title;
shall coordinate and oversee the implementation by the National Drug Control Program agencies of the policies, goals, objectives, and priorities established under paragraph (1) and the fulfillment of the responsibilities of such agencies under the National Drug Control Strategy and make recommendations to National Drug Control Program agency heads with respect to implementation of Federal counter-drug programs;
shall make such recommendations to the President as the Director determines are appropriate regarding changes in the organization, management, and budgets of National Drug Control Program agencies, and changes in the allocation of personnel to and within those departments and agencies, to implement the policies, goals, priorities, and objectives established under paragraph (1) and the National Drug Control Strategy;
shall consult with and assist State and local governments with respect to the formulation and implementation of National Drug Control Policy and their relations with the National Drug Control Program agencies;
shall appear before duly constituted committees and subcommittees of the House of Representatives and of the Senate to represent the drug policies of the executive branch;
shall notify any National Drug Control Program agency if its policies are not in compliance with the responsibilities of the agency under the National Drug Control Strategy, transmit a copy of each such notification to the President and the appropriate congressional committees, and maintain a copy of each such notification;
(8) shall provide, by July 1 of each year, budget recommendations, including requests for specific initiatives that are consistent with the priorities of the President under the National Drug Control Strategy, to the heads of departments and agencies with responsibilities under the National Drug Control Program, which recommendations shall—
apply to the next budget year scheduled for formulation under chapter 11 of title 31, and each of the 4 subsequent fiscal years; and
address funding priorities developed in the National Drug Control Strategy;
may serve as representative of the President in appearing before Congress on all issues relating to the National Drug Control Program;
shall, in any matter affecting national security interests, work in conjunction with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs;
may serve as spokesperson of the Administration on drug issues;
(12) shall ensure that no Federal funds appropriated to the Office of National Drug Control Policy shall be expended for any study or contract relating to the legalization (for a medical use or any other use) of a substance listed in schedule I of section 812 of this title and take such actions as necessary to oppose any attempt to legalize the use of a substance (in any form) that—
is listed in schedule I of section 812 of this title; and
has not been approved for use for medical purposes by the Food and Drug Administration;
Repealed. Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, § 8221(b)(1)(A), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4142.
(14) shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees on an annual basis, not later than 60 days after the date of the last day of the applicable period, a summary of—
each of the evaluations received by the Director under section 1705(g)(2) of this title; and
the progress of each National Drug Control Program agency toward the drug control program goals of the agency using the performance measures for the agency developed under section 1705(c) 2 of this title;
(15) shall ensure that drug prevention and drug treatment research and information is effectively disseminated by National Drug Control Program agencies to State and local governments and nongovernmental entities involved in demand reduction by—
encouraging formal consultation between any such agency that conducts or sponsors research, and any such agency that disseminates information in developing research and information product development agendas;
encouraging such agencies (as appropriate) to develop and implement dissemination plans that specifically target State and local governments and nongovernmental entities involved in demand reduction; and
(C) supporting the substance abuse information clearinghouse administered by the Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and established in section 290aa(d)(16) of title 42 by—
encouraging all National Drug Control Program agencies to provide all appropriate and relevant information; and
supporting the dissemination of information to all interested entities;
shall coordinate with the private sector to promote private research and development of medications to treat addiction;
shall monitor and evaluate the allocation of resources among Federal law enforcement agencies in response to significant local and regional drug trafficking and production threats;
shall submit an annual report to Congress detailing how the Office of National Drug Control Policy has consulted with and assisted State, local, and tribal governments with respect to the formulation and implementation of the National Drug Control Strategy and other relevant issues;
shall, within 1 year after December 29, 2006, report to Congress on the impact of each Federal drug reduction strategy upon the availability, addiction rate, use rate, and other harms of illegal drugs; and
(21) in order to formulate the national drug control policies, goals, objectives, and priorities—
(A) shall consult with and assist—
State and local governments;
National Drug Control Program Agencies;
each committee, working group, council, or other entity established under this chapter,2 as appropriate;
the public;
appropriate congressional committees; and
any other person in the discretion of the Director; and
(B) may—
establish advisory councils;
acquire data from agencies; and
request data from any other entity.
(c) National Drug Control Program budget
(1) Responsibilities of National Drug Control Program Agencies
(A) In general
For each fiscal year, the head of each department, agency, or program of the Federal Government with responsibilities under the National Drug Control Program Strategy shall transmit to the Director a copy of the proposed drug control budget request of the department, agency, or program at the same time as that budget request is submitted to their superiors (and before submission to the Office of Management and Budget) in the preparation of the budget of the President submitted to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31.
(B) Submission of drug control budget requests
The head of each National Drug Control Program agency shall ensure timely development and submission to the Director of each proposed drug control budget request transmitted pursuant to this paragraph, in such format as may be designated by the Director with the concurrence of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
(C) Content of drug control budget requests
A drug control budget request submitted by a department, agency, or program under this paragraph shall include all requests for funds for any drug control activity undertaken by that department, agency, or program, including demand reduction, supply reduction, and State, local, and tribal affairs, including any drug law enforcement activities. If an activity has both drug control and nondrug control purposes or applications, the department, agency, or program shall estimate by a documented calculation the total funds requested for that activity that would be used for drug control, and shall set forth in its request the basis and method for making the estimate.
(2) National Drug Control Program budget proposalFor each fiscal year, following the transmission of proposed drug control budget requests to the Director under paragraph (1), the Director shall, in consultation with the head of each National Drug Control Program agency and the head of each major national organization that represents law enforcement officers, agencies, or associations—
(A) develop a consolidated National Drug Control Program budget proposal designed to implement the National Drug Control Strategy and to inform Congress and the public about the total amount proposed to be spent on all supply reduction, demand reduction, State, local, and tribal affairs, including any drug law enforcement, and other drug control activities by the Federal Government, which shall conform to the content requirements set forth in paragraph (1)(C) and include—
the funding level for each National Drug Control Program agency; and
alternative funding structures that could improve progress on achieving the goals fo [3] the National Drug Control Strategy; and
submit the consolidated budget proposal to the President and Congress.
(3) Review and certification of budget requests and budget submissions of National Drug Control Program agencies
The Director shall review each drug control budget request submitted to the Director under paragraph (1).
(B) Review of budget requests
(i) Inadequate requests
If the Director concludes that a budget request submitted under paragraph (1) is inadequate, in whole or in part, to implement the objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy with respect to the department, agency, or program at issue for the year for which the request is submitted, the Director shall submit to the head of the applicable National Drug Control Program agency a written description of funding levels and specific initiatives that would, in the determination of the Director, make the request adequate to implement those objectives.
(ii) Adequate requests
If the Director concludes that a budget request submitted under paragraph (1) is adequate to implement the objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy with respect to the department, agency, or program at issue for the year for which the request is submitted, the Director shall submit to the head of the applicable National Drug Control Program agency a written statement confirming the adequacy of the request.
(iii) Record
The Director shall maintain a record of each description submitted under clause (i) and each statement submitted under clause (ii).
(C) Specific requestsThe Director shall not confirm the adequacy of any budget request that requests a level of funding that will not enable achievement of the goals of the National Drug Control Strategy, including—
requests funding for Federal law enforcement activities that do not adequately compensate for transfers of drug enforcement resources and personnel to law enforcement and investigation activities;
requests funding for law enforcement activities on the borders of the United States that do not adequately direct resources to drug interdiction and enforcement;
requests funding for substance use disorder prevention and treatment activities that do not provide adequate results and accountability measures; and
requests funding for drug treatment activities that do not adequately support and enhance Federal drug treatment programs and capacity.
(D) Agency response
The head of a National Drug Control Program agency that receives a description under subparagraph (B)(i) shall include the funding levels and initiatives described by the Director in the budget submission for that agency to the Office of Management and Budget.
(ii) Impact statementThe head of a National Drug Control Program agency that has altered its budget submission under this subparagraph shall include as an appendix to the budget submission for that agency to the Office of Management and Budget an impact statement that summarizes—
the changes made to the budget under this subparagraph; and
the impact of those changes on the ability of that agency to perform its other responsibilities, including any impact on specific missions or programs of the agency.
(iii) Congressional notification
The head of a National Drug Control Program agency shall submit a copy of any impact statement under clause (ii) to the Senate and the House of Representatives and the appropriate congressional committees, at the time the budget for that agency is submitted to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31.
(E) Certification of budget submissions
At the time a National Drug Control Program agency submits its budget request to the Office of Management and Budget, the head of the National Drug Control Program agency shall submit a copy of the budget request to the Director.
(ii) CertificationThe Director shall—
review each budget submission submitted under subparagraph (A); [4]
based on the review under clause (i),[5] make a determination as to whether the budget submission of a National Drug Control Program agency includes the funding levels and initiatives described in subparagraph (B); and
(III) submit to the appropriate congressional committees—
(aa) a written statement that either—
certifies that the budget submission includes sufficient funding; or
(BB)
decertifies the budget submission as not including sufficient funding;
a copy of the description made under subparagraph (B); and
the budget recommendations made under subsection (b)(8).
(4) Reprogramming and transfer requests
No National Drug Control Program agency shall submit to Congress a reprogramming or transfer request with respect to any amount of appropriated funds in an amount exceeding $5,000,000 or 10 percent of a specific program or account that is included in the National Drug Control Program budget unless the request has been approved by the Director. If the Director has not responded to a request for reprogramming subject to this subparagraph within 30 days after receiving notice of the request having been made, the request shall be deemed approved by the Director under this subparagraph and forwarded to Congress.
(B) Appeal
The head of any National Drug Control Program agency may appeal to the President any disapproval by the Director of a reprogramming or transfer request under this paragraph.
(5) Performance-Budget Coordinator
(A) DesignationThe Director shall designate or appoint a United States Performance-Budget Coordinator to—
ensure the Director has sufficient information necessary to analyze the performance of each National Drug Control Program Agency, the impact Federal funding has had on the goals in the Strategy, and the likely contributions to the goals of the Strategy based on funding levels of each National Drug Control Program Agency, to make an independent assessment of the budget request of each agency under this subsection;
advise the Director on agency budgets, performance measures and targets, and additional data and research needed to make informed policy decisions under this section and section 1705 of this title; and
other duties as may be determined by the Director with respect to measuring or assessing performance or agency budgets.
(B) Determination of position
The Director shall determine whether the coordinator position is a noncareer appointee in the Senior Executive Service or a career appointee in a position at level 15 of the General Schedule (or equivalent).
(6) Budget estimate or request submission to Congress
Whenever the Director submits any budget estimate or request to the President or the Office of Management and Budget, the Director shall concurrently transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a detailed statement of the budgetary needs of the Office to execute its mission based on the good-faith assessment of the Director.
(d) Powers of the DirectorIn carrying out subsection (b), the Director may—
select, appoint, employ, and fix compensation of such officers and employees of the Office as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Office under this chapter;
subject to subsection (e)(3), request the head of a department or agency, or program of the Federal Government to place department, agency, or program personnel who are engaged in drug control activities on temporary detail to another department, agency, or program in order to implement the National Drug Control Strategy, and the head of the department or agency shall comply with such a request;
use for administrative purposes, on a reimbursable basis, the available services, equipment, personnel, and facilities of Federal, State, and local agencies;
procure the services of experts and consultants in accordance with section 3109 of title 5, relating to appointments in the Federal Service, at rates of compensation for individuals not to exceed the daily equivalent of the rate of pay payable under level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5311 of title 5;
accept and use gifts and donations of property from Federal, State, and local government agencies, and from the private sector, as authorized in section 1702(d) of this title;
use the mails in the same manner as any other department or agency of the executive branch;
(7) monitor implementation of the National Drug Control Program, including—
conducting program and performance audits and evaluations; and
requesting assistance from the Inspector General of the relevant agency in such audits and evaluations;
(8)transfer funds made available to a National Drug Control Program agency for National Drug Control Strategy programs and activities to another account within such agency or to another National Drug Control Program agency for National Drug Control Strategy programs and activities, except that—
the authority under this paragraph may be limited in an annual appropriations Act or other provision of Federal law;
the Director may exercise the authority under this paragraph only with the concurrence of the head of each affected agency;
in the case of an interagency transfer, the total amount of transfers under this paragraph may not exceed 3 percent of the total amount of funds made available for National Drug Control Strategy programs and activities to the agency from which those funds are to be transferred;
funds transferred to an agency under this paragraph may only be used to increase the funding for programs or activities authorized by law;
(E) the Director shall—
submit to the appropriate congressional committees and any other applicable committees of jurisdiction, a reprogramming or transfer request in advance of any transfer under this paragraph in accordance with the regulations of the affected agency; and
annually submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the effect of all transfers of funds made pursuant to this paragraph or subsection (c)(4) during the 12-month period preceding the date on which the report is submitted; and
(iii) [6] funds may only be used for—
expansion of demand reduction activities;
interdiction of illicit drugs on the high seas, in United States territorial waters, and at United States ports of entry by officers and employees of National Drug Control Program Agencies and domestic and foreign law enforcement officers;
accurate assessment and monitoring of international drug production and interdiction programs and policies;
activities to facilitate and enhance the sharing of domestic and foreign intelligence information among National Drug Control Program Agencies related to the production and trafficking of drugs in the United States and foreign countries; and
research related to any of these activities.[7]
issue to the head of a National Drug Control Program agency a fund control notice described in subsection (f) to ensure compliance with the National Drug Control Program Strategy and notify the appropriate congressional committees of any fund control notice issued in accordance with subsection (f)(5);
participate in the drug certification process pursuant to section 2291j of title 22 and section 2291j–1 of title 22.
(e) Personnel detailed to Office
(1) Evaluations
Notwithstanding any provision of chapter 43 of title 5, the Director shall perform the evaluation of the performance of any employee detailed to the Office for purposes of the applicable performance appraisal system established under such chapter for any rating period, or part thereof, that such employee is detailed to such office.
(2) Compensation
(A) Bonus payments
Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director may provide periodic bonus payments to any employee detailed to the Office.
(B) RestrictionsAn amount paid under this paragraph to an employee for any period—
shall not be greater than 20 percent of the basic pay paid or payable to such employee for such period; and
shall be in addition to the basic pay of such employee.
(C) Aggregate amount
The aggregate amount paid during any fiscal year to an employee detailed to the Office as basic pay, awards, bonuses, and other compensation shall not exceed the annual rate payable at the end of such fiscal year for positions at level III of the Executive Schedule.
(3) Maximum number of detaileesThe maximum number of personnel who may be detailed to another department or agency (including the Office) under subsection (d)(2) during any fiscal year is—
for the Department of Defense, 50; and
for any other department or agency, 10.
(f) Fund control notices
(1) In generalA fund control notice may direct that all or part of an amount appropriated to the National Drug Control Program agency account be obligated by—
months, fiscal year quarters, or other time periods; and
activities, functions, projects, or object classes.
(2) Unauthorized obligation or expenditure prohibited
An officer or employee of a National Drug Control Program agency shall not make or authorize an expenditure or obligation contrary to a fund control notice issued by the Director.
(3) Disciplinary action for violation
In the case of a violation of paragraph (2) by an officer or employee of a National Drug Control Program agency, the head of the agency, upon the request of and in consultation with the Director, may subject the officer or employee to appropriate administrative discipline, including, when circumstances warrant, suspension from duty without pay or removal from office.
(4) Congressional notice
A copy of each fund control notice shall be transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees.
(5) Restrictions
The Director shall not issue a fund control notice to direct that all or part of an amount appropriated to the National Drug Control Program agency account be obligated, modified, or altered in any manner contrary, in whole or in part, to a specific appropriation or statute.
(g) Inapplicability to certain programsThe provisions of this section shall not apply to the National Intelligence Program, the Joint Military Intelligence Program, and Tactical and Related Activities, unless such program or an element of such program is designated as a National Drug Control Program—
by the President; or
(2) jointly by—
in the case of the National Intelligence Program, the Director and the Director of National Intelligence; or
in the case of the Joint Military Intelligence Program and Tactical and Related Activities, the Director, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Secretary of Defense.
(h) Construction
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as derogating the authorities and responsibilities of the Director of National Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency contained in the National Security Act of 1947 [50 U.S.C. 3001 et seq.], the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 [50 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.], or any other law.
(i) Model acts program
(1) In generalThe Director shall provide for or shall enter into an agreement with a nonprofit organization to—
advise States on establishing laws and policies to address illicit drug use issues; and
revise such model State drug laws and draft supplementary model State laws to take into consideration changes in illicit drug use issues in the State involved.
(2) Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $1,250,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2023.
(j) State, Local, and Tribal Affairs Coordinator
The Director shall designate or appoint a United States State, Local, and Tribal Affairs Coordinator to perform the duties of the Office outlined in this section and 1705 [8] of this title and such other duties as may be determined by the Director with respect to coordination of drug control efforts between agencies and State, local, and Tribal governments. The Director shall determine whether the coordinator position is a noncareer appointee in the Senior Executive Service or a career appointee in a position at level 15 of the General Schedule (or equivalent).
(k) Harm reduction programs
When developing the national drug control policy, any policy of the Director, including policies relating to syringe exchange programs for intravenous drug users, shall be based on the best available medical and scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of such policy in promoting individual health and preventing the spread of infectious disease and the impact of such policy on drug addiction and use. In making any policy relating to harm reduction programs, the Director shall consult with the National Institutes of Health and the National Academy of Sciences.
(Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title VII, §§ 704, 715, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–672, 2681–693; Pub. L. 109–469, title I, §§ 103(a)–(e), (f)(3), 105, title VI, § 602, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3506, 3507, 3510, 3511, 3533; Pub. L. 112–166, § 2(t), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1288; Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §§ 8202(a), (b)(2), 8217(c)–(f), 8221(b)(1), 8222(2), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4110, 4120–4122, 4142.)
Section 1705 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), (14)(B), was amended generally by Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, § 8221(a), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4134, and, as so amended, subsecs. (b) and (c) of section 1705 do not respectively relate to reports or performance measures for National Drug Control Program Agencies.
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(21)(A)(iii), was so in the original, but probably should have been a reference to "this title", meaning title VII of Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–670, which is classified principally to this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. For complete classification of title VII to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.
The General Schedule, referred to in subsecs. (c)(5)(B) and (j), is set out under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Levels III and IV of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsecs. (d)(4) and (e)(2)(C), are set out in sections 5314 and 5315, respectively, of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (h), was in the original "this Act" and was translated as reading "this title", meaning title VII of Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–670, which is classified principally to this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. For complete classification of title VII to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.
The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (h), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, which was formerly classified principally to chapter 15 (§ 401 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification in Title 50, and is now classified principally to chapter 44 (§ 3001 et seq.) of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
The Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (h), is act June 20, 1949, ch. 227, 63 Stat. 208, which was formerly classified generally to section 403a et seq. of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification in Title 50, and is now classified generally to chapter 46 (§ 3501 et seq.) of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
Codification
In subsec. (b)(8)(A), "chapter 11 of title 31" substituted for "the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.
2018—Pub. L. 115–271, § 8202(b)(2), repealed Pub. L. 105–277, § 715. See 1998 Amendment note below.
Pub. L. 115–271, § 8202(a), revived and restored this section as in effect on Sept. 29, 2003, and as amended by Pub. L. 109–469 and Pub. L. 112–166. See Reauthorization of the Office of National Drug Control Policy note set out under section 1701 of this title.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(c)(1), added subpars. (A) to (D) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (C) which related to appointment of Director, Deputy Directors, and Deputy Director for Demand Reduction, respectively.
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(c)(2), substituted "such officer or employee" for "such official".
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(c)(3), added par. (6).
Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8221(b)(1)(A), struck out par. (13) which required each National Drug Control Program agency to submit annual progress reports.
Subsec. (b)(14)(A). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8221(b)(1)(B), substituted "section 1705(g)(2) of this title" for "paragraph (13)".
Subsec. (b)(17). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8221(b)(1)(A), struck out par. (17) which read as follows: "shall seek the support and commitment of State, local, and tribal officials in the formulation and implementation of the National Drug Control Strategy;".
Subsec. (b)(21). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(d), added par. (21).
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(e)(1)(A), substituted "paragraph (1)(C) and include—" for "paragraph (1)(C);" and added cls. (i) and (ii).
Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(e)(1)(B), substituted "the President and Congress." for "the President; and".
Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(e)(1)(C), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "after submission under subparagraph (B), submit the consolidated budget proposal to Congress."
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8222(2)(A)(i)(I), inserted "requests a level of funding that will not enable achievement of the goals of the National Drug Control Strategy, including" after "request that" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(3)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8222(2)(A)(i)(II), substituted "substance use disorder prevention and treatment" for "drug treatment" and "; and" for semicolon at end.
Subsec. (c)(3)(C)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8222(2)(A)(i)(III)–(V), redesignated cl. (v) as (iv), substituted period for semicolon at end, and struck out former cl. (iv) which read as follows: "requests funding for any activities of the Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program that do not include a clear anti-drug message or purpose intended to reduce drug use;".
Subsec. (c)(3)(C)(vi), (vii). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8222(2)(A)(i)(III), struck out cls. (vi) and (vii) which read as follows:
"(vi) requests funding for fiscal year 2007 for activities of the Department of Education, unless it is accompanied by a report setting forth a plan for providing expedited consideration of student loan applications for all individuals who submitted an application for any Federal grant, loan, or work assistance that was rejected or denied pursuant to 1091(r)(1) of title 20 by reason of a conviction for a drug-related offense not occurring during a period of enrollment for which the individual was receiving any Federal grant, loan, or work assistance; and
"(vii) requests funding for the operations and management of the Department of Homeland Security that does not include a specific request for funds for the Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement to carry out its responsibilities under section 458 of title 6."
Subsec. (c)(3)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(e)(2), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which related to certification by Director of National Drug Control Program agency budget submissions.
Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8222(2)(A)(ii), substituted "$5,000,000 or 10 percent of a specific program or account" for "$1,000,000".
Subsec. (c)(5), (6). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(e)(3), added pars. (5) and (6).
Subsec. (d)(8)(D). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(1)(A), struck out "and" at end.
Subsec. (d)(8)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(1)(B)(i), substituted "the appropriate congressional committees" for "Congress, including to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the authorizing committees for the Office," and struck out "or agencies" after "affected agency".
Subsec. (d)(8)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(1)(B)(ii), substituted "the appropriate congressional committees" for "Congress" and inserted "and" at end.
Subsec. (d)(8)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(1)(B)(iii), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(2), substituted "Subject to the availability of appropriations" for "Notwithstanding any other provision of law".
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(2)(B)(ii), which directed the amendment of subsec. (f) by striking "the second paragraph (4)", was executed by striking the par. (4) added by Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(f), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Text read as follows: "A copy of each fund control notice shall be transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees."
Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(2)(B)(i), which directed the amendment of subsec. (f) by striking "the first paragraph (5)", was executed by striking the par. (5) added by Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(e), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Text read as follows: "The Director shall not issue a fund control notice to direct that all or part of an amount appropriated to the National Drug Control Program agency account be obligated, modified, or altered in any manner—
"(A) contrary, in whole or in part, to a specific appropriation; or
"(B) contrary, in whole or in part, to the expressed intent of Congress."
Subsecs. (i) to (k). Pub. L. 115–271, § 8217(f)(3), added subsecs. (i) to (k).
2012—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–166 amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Director, the Deputy Director of National Drug Control Policy, the Deputy Director for Demand Reduction, the Deputy Director for Supply Reduction, and the Deputy Director for State and Local Affairs, shall each be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall serve at the pleasure of the President. In appointing the Deputy Director for Demand Reduction under this paragraph, the President shall take into consideration the scientific, educational or professional background of the individual, and whether the individual has experience in the fields of substance abuse prevention, education, or treatment."
2006—Pub. L. 109–469, § 602, amended Pub. L. 105–277, § 715, which provided for the repeal of this section. See 1998 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(a), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the absence of the Deputy Director, or if the Office of the Deputy Director is vacant, the Director shall designate such other permanent employee of the Office to serve as the Director, if the Director is absent or unable to serve."
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(1), substituted "National Drug Control Program agencies" for "Federal departments and agencies engaged in drug enforcement".
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(2), inserted "and the appropriate congressional committees" after "President".
Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(3), struck out "(beginning in 1999)" after "basis" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(14). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(4), added par. (14) and struck out former par. (14) which read as follows: "shall submit to the Appropriations committees and the authorizing committees of jurisdiction of the House of Representatives and the Senate on an annual basis, not later than 60 days after the date of the last day of the applicable period, a summary of—
"(A) each of the evaluations received by the Director under paragraph (13); and
"(B) the progress of each National Drug Control Program agency toward the drug control program goals of the agency using the performance measures for the agency developed under section 1705(c) of this title; and".
Subsec. (b)(15)(C). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(5), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "developing a single interagency clearinghouse for the dissemination of research and information by such agencies to State and local governments and nongovernmental agencies involved in demand reduction."
Subsec. (b)(16) to (20). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(b)(6), added pars. (16) to (20).
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(a), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(b)(1), inserted "and the head of each major national organization that represents law enforcement officers, agencies, or associations" after "agency" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(b)(2), inserted "and to inform Congress and the public about the total amount proposed to be spent on all supply reduction, demand reduction, State, local, and tribal affairs, including any drug law enforcement, and other drug control activities by the Federal Government, which shall conform to the content requirements set forth in paragraph (1)(C)" before semicolon at end.
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(c)(2), added subpar. (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).
Subsec. (c)(3)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(c)(1), inserted "and the appropriate congressional committees," after "House of Representatives".
Subsec. (c)(3)(D). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(c)(1), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).
Subsec. (c)(3)(D)(ii)(II)(bb). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(c)(2), inserted "and the appropriate congressional committees," after "House of Representatives".
Subsec. (c)(3)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(c)(3), which directed amendment of cl. (iii) by inserting "and the appropriate congressional committees," after "House of Representatives", was not executed in view of the identical amendment made by Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(c)(1) to subpar. (C)(iii) prior to its redesignation as (D)(iii). See above.
Subsec. (c)(3)(E). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(c)(1), redesignated subpar. (D) as (E).
Subsec. (c)(3)(E)(ii)(II)(bb). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(c)(4), which directed amendment of item (bb) by inserting "and the appropriate congressional committees," after "House of Representatives", was not executed in view of the identical amendment made by Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(c)(2) to subpar. (D)(ii)(II)(bb) prior to its redesignation as (E)(ii)(II)(bb). See above.
Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(d), substituted "$1,000,000" for "$5,000,000" and inserted at end "If the Director has not responded to a request for reprogramming subject to this subparagraph within 30 days after receiving notice of the request having been made, the request shall be deemed approved by the Director under this subparagraph and forwarded to Congress."
Subsec. (d)(8)(D). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(e)(1), substituted "authorized by law;" for "have been authorized by Congress;".
Subsec. (d)(9). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(e)(2), which directed the substitution of "Strategy and notify the appropriate congressional committees of any fund control notice issued; and" for "Strategy; and", could not be executed because the words "Strategy; and" did not appear subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(d)(1). See below.
Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(d)(1), substituted "Strategy and notify the appropriate congressional committees of any fund control notice issued in accordance with subsection (f)(5);" for "Strategy; and".
Subsec. (d)(10). Pub. L. 109–469, §§ 103(d)(2) and 105(e)(3), made identical amendments, inserting "and section 2291j–1 of title 22" before period at end.
Subsec. (f)(4), (5). Pub. L. 109–469, § 105(f), added pars. (4) and (5) set out second.
Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(e), added pars. (4) and (5) set out first.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(f)(3)(A), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The provisions of this section shall not apply to the National Foreign Intelligence Program, the Joint Military Intelligence Program and Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities unless the agency that carries out such program is designated as a National Drug Control Program agency by the President or jointly by the Director and the head of the agency."
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–469, § 103(f)(3)(B), amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as derogating the authorities and responsibilities of the Director of Central Intelligence contained in sections 403–4 and 414 of title 50 or any other law."
1998—Pub. L. 105–277, § 715, as amended by Pub. L. 109–469, § 602, which provided for the repeal of this section effective Sept. 30, 2010, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–271, § 8202(b)(2). See former section 1712 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
Report on Streamlining Federal Prevention and Treatment Efforts
Pub. L. 105–277, div. D, title II, § 221, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–758, expressed sense of Congress that efforts of the Federal Government to reduce demand for illegal drugs in United States are frustrated by fragmentation of those efforts across multiple departments and agencies, and improvement of those efforts can best be achieved through consolidation and coordination, and further provided that not later than 18 months after Oct. 21, 1998, Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy was to prepare and submit to Congress a report evaluating options for increasing efficacy of drug prevention and treatment programs, including a thorough review of activities and potential consolidation of existing Federal drug information clearinghouses.
Ex. Ord. No. 12880. National Drug Control Program
Ex. Ord. No. 12880, Nov. 16, 1993, 58 F.R. 60989, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13008, June 3, 1996, 61 F.R. 28721, provided:
The Office of National Drug Control Policy has the lead responsibility within the Executive Office of the President to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control program, with the goal of reducing the production, availability, and use of illegal drugs. All lawful and reasonable means must be used to ensure that the United States has a comprehensive and effective National Drug Control Strategy.
Therefore, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988, as amended (former 21 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), and in order to provide for the effective management of the drug abuse policies of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. General Provisions. (a) Because the United States considers the operations of international criminal narcotics syndicates as a national security threat requiring an extraordinary and coordinated response by civilian and military agencies involved in national security, the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy(Director), in his role as the principal adviser to the National Security Council on national drug control policy (50 U.S.C. 402(f)) [now 50 U.S.C. 3021(f)], shall provide drug policy guidance and direction in the development of related national security programs.
(b) The Director shall provide oversight and direction for all international counternarcotics policy development and implementation, in coordination with other concerned Cabinet members, as appropriate.
(c) An Interagency Working Group (IWG) on international counternarcotics policy, chaired by the Office of National Drug Control Policy, shall develop and ensure coordinated implementation of an international counternarcotics policy. The IWG shall report its activities and differences of views among agencies to the Director for review, mediation, and resolution with concerned Cabinet members, and if necessary, by the President.
(d) A coordinator for drug interdiction shall be designated by the Director to ensure that assets dedicated by Federal drug program agencies for interdiction are sufficient and that their use is properly integrated and optimized. The coordinator shall ensure that interdiction efforts and priorities are consistent with overall U.S. international counternarcotics policy.
(e) The Director shall examine the number and structure of command/control and drug intelligence centers operated by drug control program agencies involved in international counter-narcotics and suggest improvements to the current structure for consideration by the President and concerned members of the Cabinet.
(f) The Director, utilizing the services of the Drugs and Crime Data Center and Department of Justice Clearinghouse, shall assist in coordinating and enhancing the dissemination of statistics and studies relating to anti-drug abuse policy.
(g) The Director shall provide advice to agencies regarding ways to achieve efficiencies in spending and improvements to interagency cooperation that could enhance the delivery of drug control treatment and prevention services to the public. The Director may request agencies to provide studies, information, and analyses in support of this order.
Sec. 2. Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Drug Control Program. (a) Budget Matters. (1) In addition to the budgetary authorities and responsibilities provided to the Director by statute, [former] 21 U.S.C. 1502, for those agency budget requests that are not certified as adequate to implement the objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy, the Director shall include in such certifications initiatives or funding levels that would make such requests adequate.
(2) The Director shall provide, by July 1 of each year, budget recommendations to the heads of departments and agencies with responsibilities under the National Drug Control Program. The recommendations shall apply to the second following fiscal year and address funding priorities developed in the annual National Drug Control Strategy.
(b) Measurement of National Drug Control Strategy Outcomes. (1) The National Drug Control Strategy shall include long-range goals for reducing drug use and the consequences of drug use in the United States, including burdens on hospital emergency rooms, drug use among arrestees, the extent of drug-related crime, high school dropout rates, the number of infants exposed annually to illicit drugs in utero, national drug abuse treatment capacity, and the annual national health care costs of drug use.
(2) The National Drug Control Strategy shall also include an assessment of the quality of techniques and instruments to measure current drug use and supply and demand reduction activities, and the adequacy of the coverage of existing national drug use instruments and techniques to measure the total illicit drug user population and groups at-risk for drug use.
(3) The Director shall coordinate an effort among the relevant drug control program agencies to assess the quality, access, management, effectiveness, and standards of accountability of drug abuse treatment, prevention, education, and other demand reduction activities.
(c) Provision of Reports. To the extent permitted by law, heads of departments and agencies with responsibilities under the National Drug Control Program shall make available to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, appropriate statistics, studies, and reports, pertaining to Federal drug abuse control.
[1]  So in original. Probably should be "(c)(5)."
[2]  See References in Text note below.
[3]  So in original.
[4]  So in original. Probably should be "clause (i);".
[5]  So in original. Probably should be "subclause (I),".
[6]  So in original. Probably should be designated as subpar. (F).
[7]  So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
[8]  So in original. Probably should be preceded by "section".
Title 2: Grants and Agreements
2 CFR PART 3603 - UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, COST PRINCIPLES, AND AUDIT REQUIREMENTS FOR FEDERAL AWARDS


Kate Lloyd is the author of the Bring Spelling Alive series.
Can you tell us about your teaching and education background?
I have been a primary school teacher for 23 years. I have taught across Years 0–8 and been involved in all aspects of a primary school structure from AP, DP, Acting Principal, SENCO and Literacy Leader. I have always been passionate about all things to do with literacy.
The Bring Spelling Alive books are based on the Sounds Alive spelling programme that you developed. This programme is a huge success and is used in about 80 schools all over New Zealand. What inspired you to develop this programme?
While teaching at Wanaka Primary I developed the Sounds Alive programme in response to a perceived need. There was a flood of phonetic based programmes becoming available, however they were (in my opinion) weighted disproportionately towards learning the vast amounts of sound knowledge, rather than the focus being strongly placed on the habitualising of strategies to 'unpack' and 'build' words.
The programme was initially written and trialed at Wanaka Primary School and through word of mouth other schools requested implementation. This created an opportunity for me to leave full time classroom teaching and devote my energy and time to the programme. The jungle drums did the rest. I was soon fully committed to supporting other schools on their implementation of the Sounds Alive Programme.
How do the Bring Spelling Alive books support or add to the 'Sounds Alive' programme?
Those schools that have already implemented the Sounds Alive programme will benefit for the Bring Spelling Alive resource. The new programme is the 'best of the best', with new ideas and activities to support the programme. Bring Spelling Alive is the most effective aspects of the Sounds Alive programme refined and presented in a clear and concise way.
How did you come to live in Vanuatu?
In 2010 we made the decision to come to Vanuatu for a three-month period to spend some quality time with our two daughters and experience life in another culture.
We LOVED it! My daughters and I spend time volunteering at a local village school, supporting them in their English programme. The conditions are so primitive but the desire to learn so encouraging. There are now many children who can use the Sounds Alive 'tools' to support their learning! After my husband had secured employment as a pilot we made the decision to come for a year. That has now become two!
How does working in Vanuatu schools compare with working in New Zealand schools? What new ideas and/or strategies about teaching literacy have you learnt and/or developed from working in Vanuatu schools?
I am currently teaching at Port Vila International School as the Literacy Leader and working with teachers and students to improve effective practice in literacy. The students are international with about 40% of them being Ni Vanuatu.
Many aspects of teaching transcend location, however there has been some adjustments needed when teaching the local Ni Vanuatu children. They are very respectful and reluctant to 'risk take' in their learning. They take time to learn and transfer strategies.
When volunteering at the local school, in the village where we live the curriculum is very knowledge driven and there is a lot of rote learning practice. They are very focused on the product rather than the process. The teaching resources are very limited. There is a great need to not only increase these but to 'show' teachers how to use them.
When learning to speak and spell in English, learning the sounds is a real challenge. The Sounds Alive programme has been a very useful resource to help them in this regard. It is very rewarding working with the local children. Their beautiful smiles and sparkling eyes shine with gratitude.
We will all be richer for the experience of living and working in Vanuatu.
Kate Lloyd's Bring Spelling Alive series will be available in mid-September.


Crossstitch free always at Cross Stitch For Free.
Stamped cross stitch uses the basic "x" stitch to form a picture or large lettering, but the image of the "x" is already stamped onto the fabric. The needle is inserted at the top of one side of the "x" from the bottom of the fabric and then brought diagonally to the bottom of that side of the "x." To finish a stitch, the needle is then brought up from underneath the fabric and reinserted across the first half of the "x" now forming the completed cross stitch.
You can do an entire row of cross stitches by going from top to bottom on one side and then going back over the row in the other direction. The important part to remember is to keep the underneath stitches all going in the same direction and the top stitches all the other way. This makes the finished image have the same knap and allow it look as if it were painted.
Counted cross stitch works the same way, only the image is not printed on the fabric. Instead, symbols on a pattern tell you what color thread, called floss in cross stitching lingo, to use and for how many stitches. You then count from there how many stitches to use for the next color on your pattern.
The best way to start a counted cross stitch is to find the center of the image on your pattern and the center on your fabric and start from there. Patterns are printed on grids and cross stitch fabric looks like a grid, so it is easy to match the squares you'll use to form the "x"es from the pattern to the fabric.
The fabric used for cross stitch has a number assigned to it that tells you how many little squares there are per inch. The higher the number, the smaller the finished image will be. For example, ADIA 14 fabric, which is the most common size, has 14 squares per inch. A fabric with 11 count will produce a larger image and is easier for beginners. Fabric with 21 count is very tiny. You pattern will tell you how big the finished image will be based on what size fabric you use. This is how you will know how big you need to cut your fabric.


An avid "observer" of people and places. Enjoys appreciating the simple things of life. Part of the team of RoseMary's NoteBook© at blogspot - a blog for women of all ages, shapes and sizes.
Who needs an excuse to go shopping? In fact after the shopping, who needs to justify finding a nice little spot to have a bite of lunch but with its own sense of identity, relaxation and a place where friendliness and service are as important as the meal itself?
People who live around the Wantirna/Ferntree Gully area have known about this little gem for years, and yet many locals from a little further afield still seem surprised to know it's actually there, waiting for them.
I'm talking about the delightful little coffee shop called Banksia Nurseries Coffee Shop. It's tucked down one side of the Banksia Nurseries on Burwood Highway in Wantirna South, almost opposite the Knox Council Offices.
I've had the pleasure of visiting this little coffee shop many times over the years, and have chosen different seasons to do so. I've visited in the midst of the torrid summer and the depths of winter with the wind howling outside, and their soup hits the spot every time. Even though no longer a gardener, I enjoy wandering around the garden centre itself seeing the beautiful blooms and plants that await as you alight from your car, and slowly wend your way through the displays of riotious colours.
Not only lunches, but morning and afternoon teas are served, and their Devonshire Tea is a"must". But don't overlook their meals. Banksia Coffee Shop is family-friendly and they have a great little selection for children. It is such a popular spot that it's preferable to make a booking should you want to go there.
My choice this time was a baked potato with smoked salmon and capers. One of the freshest and 'unfussiest' meals I've had in a long time.
The staff are extremely polite and gracious and attend to your bookings speedily and promptly. Little added gestures like offering a newspaper while you wait add to the experience.
Many small eating places such as this focus on noise, including loud music and hustle and bustle. Banksia Nurseries Coffee Shop doesn't need to do anything but do what it does well - provide simple snacks and meals, lovely coffee and teas with the utmost courtesy. They have "specials" boards, as well as a great menu to choose from.
While you're there, browse the nursery and choose from spectactular plants as a special treat to yourself. Why not take time to choose a special gift for family or a friend? They've just some real little treasures tucked into the Banksia Nurseries Shop.
Then there is always something completely "different" for your garden - how about an Australian emu to stand guard over your favourite plant?
The Banksia Garden Centre has more than just plants. There is the Banksia Greenhouse and Outdoor Centre, the Banksia Nursery, Banksia Garden Supplies and the, Banksia Pool and Spa Shop, all open seven days, 9.00am until 5.00pm.
i was going here quite regularly and was told the cafe closed down. happy to hear it is still opened.
Thanks heaps I'm going to take my mum there tomorrow.


text:
Q: selenium - Can't work out how to get FireFox WebDriver to work This should be easy, but I'm missing something. I'm just trying to get some selenium python tests running on firefox, which work perfectly in chrome.
The problem is just trying to get the ff webdriver up and running!
I have the following code, all the paths are correct:
import selenium
from selenium.webdriver.firefox import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary import FirefoxBinary

binary = FirefoxBinary('C:\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe')
profile = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()
geckopath = 'C:\source\web_deploy_tests\geckodriver.exe'
browser = selenium.webdriver.Firefox(
    capabilities={},
    executable_path=geckopath,
    firefox_profile=profile,
    firefox_binary=binary
)
browser.get("http://google.com")

I'm using Python 3.6.2, selenium 3.6.0 and have v0.19.0 of geckodriver.exe and FF is v56.0.1.
When I run the above code, firefox appears but just sits there for about 30 secs then crashes with:

selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: Can't load the
  profile. Possible firefox version mismatch. You must use GeckoDriver
  instead for Firefox 48+. Profile Dir:
  C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\3\tmpkx5dau8h If you specified a
  log_file in the FirefoxBinary constructor, check it for details.

I've tried various combinations of args but I am failing.
Any ideas?
TIA

A: I got it working by passing in DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX
import selenium
from selenium.webdriver import DesiredCapabilities
from selenium.webdriver.firefox import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary import FirefoxBinary

binary = FirefoxBinary('C:\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe')
profile = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()
geckopath = 'C:\source\web_deploy_tests\geckodriver.exe'
browser = selenium.webdriver.Firefox(
    capabilities=**DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX**,
    executable_path=geckopath,
    firefox_profile=profile,
    firefox_binary=binary
)
browser.get("http://google.com")

Now I can at least bring up the browser window!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My sister and I's birthday is on December 23rd, and while a lot of people feel bad for us for being born so close to Christmas, it's not something that's bothered us (and I guess it was kind of our fault, being born premature and all). Our parents were always good about treating our birthday and Christmas as separate days so our birthday always felt like our birthday and Christmas always felt like Christmas.
The only real problem with being born so close to Christmas is that you can never really celebrate it with your friends. And it isn't their fault of course, we were born literally two days before Christmas and people are busy getting ready for how they'll celebrate the holidays. When we were little our parents would always schedule our birthday parties in January since nothing (except New Year's) really happens then. But as my sister and I grew older and "inviting your entire class to a party" wasn't really a thing anymore, our birthday celebrations just became something we did as a family. Again, this wasn't a bad thing; it's just what happens when your birthday is near a major holiday.
But this year at the urging of our friends, my sister and I decided to set up something so that we could celebrate our birthday with friends, we were turning twenty-five after all which I guess is a big deal. Of course our get together would be after our actual birthday to when people were free. We decided on the first Saturday in February and chose to have it at a karaoke bar in our city, since karaoke is one of my sister's favourite things (me, not so much).
Here's one thing about being a twin, you have twice as many people to invite to things. This is of course a good thing, it's always good to have more people to invite to things than less, but I was surprised by how many people said were going to our event. It's kind of an unspoken rule that of every ten people you invite to something three show up, so I was expecting the same kind of thing to happen. But people said they were coming, and we somehow managed to get a table for nearly thirty people at the karaoke bar so all plans were go!
Which of course made me a bit anxious, because my sister and I had never really hosted anything like this before and I wanted to make sure that we each got a chance to mingle with everyone so no one felt left out, and with a large group of people it made me feel more pressure. And I also worried that even though people said they were coming online that they wouldn't in person which is always a risk.
But nearly everyone came and it surprised and shocked me and made me feel so incredibly loved I don'd have the words for it. I saw friends I see and talk to almost every day, friends I only see once in a while, and friends I rarely see. My sister and I were able to talk to everyone, eat some good food, and sing some karaoke (that I was voluntold to do). I had such a fun time loved getting to spend my Saturday night with some phenomenal and fun people.
I'm happy that we decided to do an event for our birthday at one of my best friend's urging and I'm happy it was such a success. It was so nice to see everyone, to have fun, and was so much less stressful than I ever thought.
So here's to more celebrations (and maybe more karaoke, should I get voluntold to sing again 😉 ).


text:
Carrie's books
Galla Placidia
Characters Real and Fictional
Reviews of Nobilissima
Italy Past and Present
The Aura
The Florentine Cypher
Kate's London Pictures
Kate in Italy
Carrie Bedford
The Scottish Connection
Nobilissima
Carrie's Historical Fiction Series
Carrie's Paranormal Mystery Series
Reviews for Nobilissima
History, Love, and Loss - Cincity
Carrie Bedford has written a beautiful book combining rich detail, developed characters, and a compelling plot based on life in Imperial Rome. Through first person narration, Nobilissima details the story of Placidia, eventual Empress of the Roman Empire, as she navigates her political and personal journey in the Empire. Bedford's descriptions are so detailed that one can smell the flowers in the garden, hear the clank of weapons in war, and smell the heat rising from dusty ground. Click here to read more
Perfect for book-clubs! - Carse of Gowrie (Silicon Valley CA)
What a great read! It was fascinating to discover, in Noblissima, a heroine of the Roman era, Placidia. The author gives such a fresh window into the turbulent times of the beginning of the fifth century. She paints such vivid scenes - I felt I was there journeying through the mountains with the Goths, as well as on the gory battlefields of war. Placidia's frustrations in dealing with the decisions of her brother, the Emperor, and his advisors left me frustrated too! Tragedy strikes Placidia several times during the book and I felt her pain each time. Yet she rises each time to become even stronger. She is not without fault, however, and it was sad to witness her inability to relate to her children. It's a perfect book for a book group since there is so much to discuss after reading this book eg. Women and power through the ages - what has changed? How much of what happened to Placidia was the result of the curse? Definitely a "I have to keep reading to see what happens next" book! A truly enjoyable read.
A Compelling read - pbdog
I found it hard to put this book down. Nobilissima held my interest from the opening page and I was sad when I came to the end. The author has created a perfect blend of historical details and lively story-telling, with rich, fully-drawn characters. Bedford weaves in beautiful descriptions that give the reader the flavor of life at that time without bogging down the story. Placidia is a wonderful character, strong and courageous, but she's also complex and has flaws. I loved this book.
Truly engaging and entertaining - Michela Pasquali
I love Nobilissima. I loved following the first person narration of the main character, Placidia, sister to the Emperor of 4th century Rome, through all the amazing turns and twists of her life. She's smart, resilient, funny and an absolute pleasure to get to know. In fact, I miss her now that I've finished the book! I'm still thinking about her and the many other memorable characters - Sylvia, Aurelia, Marcus, Ataulf, even Honorius, whom I loved to hate.
Carrie Bedford paints gorgeous, vivid pictures of Rome and the Roman empire for the reader, so that I felt I was there right along with Placidia the whole time, whether surveying Rome from her balcony on the Palantine hill, or smelling orange blossoms outside her window, or hearing the wind howl outside her tent in the Pyrenees, or feeling the rain splash against her skin on the boat to Constantinople. Gorgeous. Gorgeous. Gorgeous.
Bedford has done a spectacular job of weaving incredible historical detail into a story that had me on the edge of my seat constantly (I admit, I literally gasped and tried to sneak ahead to find out what happened quite a few times). I learned a lot about Imperial Rome through Placidia's eyes and Nobilissima is perfect for anyone interested in learning about a fascinating part of history, in an truly engaging and entertaining way.
History Can Be Fun - Cathy Feldman
Galla Placidia is probably the most fascinating historical woman you may never have heard of. Carrie Bedford has written an accomplished and entertaining historical novel about the middle years of her dramatic life, starting with the sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 AD and ending as she becomes regent for the Western Roman Empire is 425 AD. Along the way Placidia marches with the Visigoths through Gaul and Spain, marries the King of the Goths, survives his death and that of their son, returns to Ravenna where her brother is Emperor, remarries for political reasons, and flees to Constantinople to escape the intrigues of her brother's court. Placidia, who is referred to as Nobilissima, narrates her own story. The book is full of dialogue that develops character and historical detail that makes the period come alive. When I finished the book, I found myself still thinking about the cast of characters and picturing life in ancient Rome. Nobilissima is based on a life that shows truth can be stranger than fiction, and it also makes history fun.
Favorite Historical book I've read on my Kindle - books3333
I've read a several historical novels about Roman times and this book was great. I like that the main character was a woman. We get a different slant on things. Well done Carrie Bedford. Thanks for the good read.
A really gripping historical novel - Melodi Lammond-Grundy
I really, really enjoyed this book; I found myself unable to put it down and stayed up reading several nights in a row.
It has that rare combination of really good research, a gripping and interesting heroine, historical background and fast-moving story line. I actually checked back to see if there was a sequel yet, as I really want to know what happens next?
I think this book will be of particular interest to women because it shows a strong and ambitious women, against the background of the early Migration Age and her own personal markers (like marriage and child birth).
The other thing I really, really liked about this book was the good development of the more "minor" characters, including the Cat Apollo. One thing I hate about many modern novels (historical and otherwise) is their tendency to cut the story to the bare bones to where it reads like a movie script. I call this the "please buy the rights to my book" syndrome - instead this novel is in the older tradition of historical novels where rich and interesting people show up for a time and lend color and interest without being the major subjects of the story. Sometimes these cameos will be historical figures and sometimes just those who lend interest, but I am so happy to see people writing this way again.
I'd recommend this book to anyone interested in historical fiction or just reading a really good story!
A Remarkable Woman - Sue Garzon
Nobilissima is a fascinating portrait of Aelia Galla Placidia, daughter and sister of Roman emperors, and an important figure in a time of major upheaval. Bedford portrays Placidia as a beautiful young woman devoted to the welfare of the Empire, including the hard-pressed citizens of Rome. Unlike her hapless brother Honorius, who cares more about chickens than statesmanship, Placidia is a politician. She steers a survival course for herself and the Empire, responding to the demands of an array of skillfully portrayed characters, including senators, generals, churchmen, family members, and servants. Throughout the book, Placidia's emotional resilience is impressive, enabling her to deal with the death of loved ones, physical hardship, and treachery. Clearly, she cannot afford to hold grudges; on two occasions, she marries former enemies. As Placidia matures, she increasingly views the Empire's welfare through the lens of her own ambitions, a believable development for an emperor's daughter.
Nobilissima is entitled "A Novel of Imperial Rome," and it is certainly that, but it is also more. Through the eyes of Placidia, we glimpse Europe at a transitional moment, when Germanic and Roman cultures face off and begin a process of accommodation that will influence the development of medieval Europe. Placidia lives for a time in lands that will eventually become France and Spain, and she forms a close relationship with one of the Goth leaders, whom Bedford portrays as a man who has lived in two worlds and is caught between Roman treachery and a power struggle within his tribe.
This is a fast-paced, entertaining novel, and I had difficulty putting it down. The story begins with the city of Rome encircled by Goths, and the tension never lets up. Bedford conveys historical information with a light touch, so that the action moves briskly. We come to care about Placidia and her trusted friends as they maneuver through a time of major historical transition.
Nobilissima, a heroine for the ages - little twig
Carrie Bedford has written a richly descriptive novel of ancient Rome. Obviously well-researched, Bedford brings to life the story of Nobilissima, a true heroine with all her trials, tragedies and triumphs which makes for captivating reading. Oh, to have had a text book back in college like the book Bedford has created which submerges the reader into the world of ancient Rome with a fast-paced plot with all of its twists and turns and overflowing with really wonderfully descriptive prose.
I look forward to Bedford writing the sequel to this most readable novel, for the saga of Nobilissima does not end with this book. i want to read more!
Great novel about an unforgettable character - David Gray Rodgers, author of The Songs of Slaves
I've been an avid student of the Fifth Century for some time, and so when I came across a novel about Galla Placidia I picked it up immediately. Though practically forgotten by the survey-style history education that most of us get, Placidia was a powerhouse - a woman who went from Roman princess to political hostage, to queen of those who had been her enemies, to imperial pawn, and then finally to empress dowager. While most figures make their contribution and then fall out of history, Placidia was one of those few people who stayed near the epicenter of the events that defined her era throughout her entire life. And so what better character to explore the epic tangle of intrigues, war, and rivalry that was the last century of Western Rome?
And what better book to explore it with than Bedford's Nobilissima? Bedford's first person narrative tells the story from Placidia's perspective with a no-nonsense approach that we can imagine in the daughter of Theodosius the Great. In a sub-genre (Roman h.f.) where military fiction is over-represented, it is refreshing to see the events from the perspective of a woman who led by inspiring and whose character and bravery were more subtle and complex. The book begins with one of the most controversial acts of Placidia's life - her role in the demise of Serena during the hysteria-laden days of Rome's siege. Very well researched and brimming with facts, we then meet real-life characters like Alaric, Ataulf, Olympius, Constantinus, et cetera - all presented with the multi-faceted and intricate natures they held in life. Bedford keeps the narrative concise and flowing with prose that is easy to read and a plot that is easy to follow; and in the end the reader is left with a good understanding of what really happened.
If I had any criticism of the novel, it would be that it does not often stop to smell the roses. The pace is break-neck at times, but this is forgivable as Bedford has a lot of ground to cover. Also, Alaric and Ataulf are portrayed with the mix of savagery and nobility that the historical record supports; but in the novel it seems that all of their good qualities are the result of their Romanization, where the other Goths are usually portrayed (at least early on) in quite undesirable terms. This could, of course, be Bedford's interpretation of how Placidia would have seen things, and the perspective does seem to temper as the book progresses.
Overall, Nobilissima is an excellent book that gives fresh perspective into a fascinating time through the eyes of an unforgettable character.
Historical Fiction at its Best - FB-guy (California)
Nobilissima is an outstanding historical novel, with well developed characters, solid period details and a fast-paced narrative. It was difficult to put it down, and I am looking forward to reading what happens in the years to come in a future book. The novel was one of those books where you always want to see what happens next, and you are sad when you reach the end. The author paints a compelling picture of the late Roman Empire, in the years leading up to the fall, and gives the reader a strong sense of life, the politics and the chaos of the times. I enjoy historical fiction, and Nobilissma really hits the mark. I particularly enjoyed feeling as though I was watching the sack of Rome as it happened. The writing is a pleasure to read, and I could see that the author had done extensive research -- I feel as though I learned a great deal about the time period. The narrative moves at a brisk pace and it takes us to the most important, and interesting, locations across the ancient world. The fast location changes left like the best parts of a Bourne or Bond film. The characters feel real flesh and blood, with desires, ambitions and flaws, and I found it easy to make a connection with many of the core personalities. I would highly recommend the novel.
Emotional Read - Chris M
The main character in this book is very fleshed out, which sometimes makes the other characters seem thin. The plot keeps going and going and going; there's a lot packed into this book. I did find the last bit of plot was too much for me, I would have ended the book earlier, but this was a good read.
Nobilissima - Sue
I have never read any Roman history with a female protagonist. This was fascinating. I found myself looking up historical references, and for the first time, some of the complex history around the fall of Rome began to make sense and became believable. I recommend this book.
Enjoyed it! - Lorenzo Girotto
Great book...I enjoyed it a lot, too short though! Will definitely look forward to more novels by Carrie Bedford in the future!
Nice historical tale - Cali
Very vivid descriptions of the last days of the RomanEmpire. A blend of biography, romance and intrigue, very well elaborated.
Terrific book! - J. Leonard DeCarlo
If you're looking for a riveting and historically accurate tale of ancient Rome, look no further. Carrie Bedford takes us into the mind and heart of Placidia, daughter of a Roman Emperor, who survived hardships and tragedy to emerge as one of the most powerful women in Roman politics.
This book is told from Placidia's point of view, and through her eyes we get to visit a time and a place that no longer exists. The reader is swept along with this amazing woman as she moves from loss to love and back again, all the while coming into her own and learning to wield her considerable intelligence and power. This author wrote a terrific story, and I highly recommend it.
Recommended - R. Lee Holz
Nobilissima is the highly fictionalized partial biography (from the sack of Rome in 410 c.e. by the Visigoths under Alaric I to approximately 424 c.e.) of Placidia, the sister of the late Roman Emperor Honorius. As such, the book is highly readable and very entertaining.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Shreveport Police Are Looking For a Plane That May Have Crashed
City of Shreveport photo
UPDATE: Sources now tell KEEL News that authorities have located the plane. We're told the plane was located in the Red River, near the runways of the Downtown Airport.
ORIGINAL STORY:
Multiple Shreveport Police units, along with other first responders, are searching for a plane in North Shreveport.
Sources tell KEEL News that a plane took off from the Downtown Airport and "went straight up, and came straight down". It's been suggested that the plane came down on the Bossier side of the Red River. Bill Davis from the Bossier Parish Sheriff's Office has said that deputies on the Bossier side of the river are currently deployed to look for evidence of the plane.
Witnesses say they've seen multiple units, and even drones deployed in the air, around the area that is being investigated.
The area has been dealing with dense fog all day, but at this time its unknown if that played any role in the situation.
Online flight records show the path the plane took, leaving the Downtown Airport, before losing contact near the Red River:
Filed Under: plane
Categories: Shreveport News


text:
Sandra Gittlen
Sandra Gittlen is a freelance writer and editor in the greater Boston area. She covers a range of topics, including technology, business, healthcare, financial and lifestyle.
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We had no sooner started our third-Tuesday-of-the-Month Walk at Laurel Hill when we saw the two Common Ravens hanging out and preening on a tree just below their usual nesting site.
We offered to end the walk there, but the dozen birders preferred to look for other species, which we did with some success — thanks in part to everyone who brought spotting scopes.
We had a lot of good but a tad distant birds, including Great Cormorants, Marsh Hawks, Common Mergs, a Great Blue Heron and 12 Black-crowned Night Herons.
We also had nine flavors of ducks at DeKorte and by Disposal Road.
Click "Continue reading…" below the scenic pic for the full list for Laurel Hill and DeKorte, courtesy of Beth Goldberg of the Bergen County Audubon Society.


text:
Q: Python: Regex Search I wanted to split a sentence on multiple delimiters:
.?!\n
However, I want to keep the comma along with the word.
For example for the string
'Hi, How are you?'

I want the result
['Hi,', 'How', 'are', 'you', '?']

I tried the following, but not getting the required result
words = re.findall(r"\w+|\W+", text)

A: re.split and keep your delimiters, then filter out the strings which only contain whitespace.
>>> import re
>>> s = 'Hi, How are you?'
>>> [x for x in re.split('(\s|!|\.|\?|\n)', s) if x.strip()]
['Hi,', 'How', 'are', 'you', '?']

A: If using re.findall:
>>> ss = """
... Hi, How are
...
... yo.u
... do!ing?
... """
>>> [ w for w in re.findall('(\w+\,?|[.?!]?)?\s*', ss) if w ]
['Hi,', 'How', 'are', 'yo', '.', 'u', 'do', '!', 'ing', '?']

A: You can use:
re.findall('(.*?)([\s\.\?!\n])', text)

With a bit of itertools magic and list comprehensions:
[i.strip() for i in itertools.chain.from_iterable(re.findall('(.*?)([\s\.\?!\n])', text)) if i.strip()]

And a bit more comprehensible version:
words = []
found = itertools.chain.from_iterable(re.findall('(.*?)([\s\.\?!\n])', text)
for i in found:
    w = i.strip()
    if w:
        words.append(w)


text:
Home Paddle100 blog Top 10 places to visit and paddle (canoe, kayak, SUP) in Australasia and Asia
adam.collins
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Top 10 places to visit and paddle (canoe, kayak, SUP) in Australasia and Asia
10- Lake Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia (72 in the global 100 list)
This stunning saltwater lagoon 60-miles south of Sydney has a narrow tidal entrance to the Tasman Sea, and shallow waters, making it a well-protected waterbody for paddlers improving their skills. Don't let the fact the occasional great white shark turns up there put you off. The original custodians of the land are the Tharawal and Wadi Wadi Aboriginal people, whose ancient burial sites have been discovered in the area.
9- Marina Bay, Singapore (70 in the global 100 list)
Futuristic skyscrapers, the giant Singapore Flyer observation wheel and mind-bendingly unique architecture form a dramatic backdrop on the city's super-modern Marina Bay. Singaporean water-sports athletes (including canoe polo player Li Xingfu Roy) train here, but recreational paddlers of all standards can enjoy these waters too.
8- Upper Seti, Nepal (61 in the global 100 list)
The scenery's not too shabby in Nepal, with the majestic Himalayas rising above powerful rivers, plus it's a focal point for the global whitewater community. Running the Upper Seti river from Pokhara makes an exciting short trip for developing paddlers to gain practise on rapids, or there are multi-day expeditions in the Everest region for superior bragging rights.
7- Sumatra Island, Indonesia (49 in the global 100 list)
Volcanoes and earthquakes, orang-utans and rhinos, oversized tropical vegetation and fascinating culture: the world's sixth biggest island is an intoxicating mix. Remote surf spots on the southern coast and off-shore Mentawai Islands are for adventure seekers; but easier hits come at the bright blue Danau Toba lake, Asia's biggest, and dazzling shorelines waiting to be explored.
6- Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (35 in the global 100 list)
Surfer's Paradise might be the most famous beach near the loud, proud coastal city of Gold Coast in Queensland, but paddlers will find lots more to explore along its 44-miles of honey-coloured sand. A little way off shore, Wavebreak Island is a great spot to snorkel with subtropical fish, nearby South Stradbroke Island is home to wallabies, and inland are endless creeks and rivers to explore. With crystal water and white sand beaches as it nears the sea, mangroves, natural canals and tempting swimming holes higher up, the long Currumbin Creek is popular with paddlers of all kinds: nature lovers, families and sprint kayakers wanting to get some speed up on steady water.
5- Kasai Rinkai Park, Japan, Tokyo (20 in the global 100 list)
The whitewater venue for the summer Olympics 2020/21 looks set to be a smasher. The new purpose-built canoe slalom course, adjoining Kasai Rinkai Park beside Tokyo Bay in Edogawa, will be the first man-made course in Japan, and is set to become a leisure venue after the event. Easy paddling of the sightseeing rather than competitive variety can be enjoyed on the Bay, and along the Sumida, the main river through the city, and its backwater canals.
4- West Coast, South Island, New Zealand (16 in the global 100 list)
The long stretch of the West Coast on the South Island in New Zealand is a phenomenal untamed playground, for adventure sports of all kinds, but particularly those involving a paddle. The wild Southern Alps and glaciers region around the Franz Josef glacier has everything, from calm SUP routes across Lake Mapourika, edged with Jurassic rainforest, to white water sections through the sky blue Hokitika Gorge. The area was highly recommended by local outfit Pack Raft New Zealand who shared some favourite spots with the judges.
3- Kerala, Southern India (15 in the global 100 list)
Houseboat tours of Kerala's backwaters have been a classic traveller experience for years, but it's even more fun to explore the steamy mangroves, lagoons and natural canals near the historic port of Alleppey by kayak or SUP. Grand mansions, farms and coconut "toddy" shops line the lush green shores, creating a fascinating experience for nature-lovers, explorers and families.
2- Okere Falls, North Island, New Zealand (12 in the global 100 list)
Emerald depths turn to rushing white water at the Okere Falls, a fun drop for progressing paddlers to tackle that's tucked into the northern corner of Lake Rotoiti in the Bay of Plenty. This area of the North Island is a centre of rafting and kayaking, with awesome paddles to the natural Manupirua geothermal hot mineral pools on the other side of the lake, or to ride the rapids of nearby Kaituna River. Camping out here afterwards means seeing the Milky Way with spectacular clarity.
1- Lake Tekapo, South Island, New Zealand (8 in the global 100 list)
Mesmerising scenery defines Lake Tekapo, where the snow-capped pyramids of the Southern Alps encircle the luminous lake, whose water is a delicious milky turquoise thanks to the fine "rock flour" ground down by glaciers and suspended in the water.
Sunset admirers and after-dark paddlers can experience incomparable star-gazing here, in one of the world's largest Unesco Dark Sky Reserves. Nature lovers should come in November and December, when a haze of pink and purple lupins are in bloom along the shore. And if that weren't enough, there are natural hot springs at the southern end to bathe in once you're all paddled out.
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