text:
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Diary of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/12/1918
Diary of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels
1918 TUESDAY 12 FEBRUARY
Lt. Comdr Babcock, aide for Sims,1 talked about Sims who is very popular in Great Britain. Said he had heard much talk here that Sims was pro-English, but it was true - Sims believed in trusting our allies & was really more devoted to the French than the English- He had instructed all naval officers not to criticize what they did not approve in English or French navies- A Pay Master told him he suspected English holding back truth about oil. Sims said "Accept their statement; if they are lying it will come out to their discredit". Supposed French were not fully co-operating. Not a word from us- Strange the feeling between allied nations- One did not know what the other was doing & a great Eng. general had said "Before this war is over, we will be fighting among ourselves"
Lansing2 caused a laugh by reading a message from members of Russian Mission urging US Govmt not to recognize the Bolshevik Government until Trotsky paid the ten dollars he borrowed from Mr. Crane's cook.3
Wm Bayard Hale4 wrote asking whether he should print the interview he had with German Emperor5 in 1908- Emperor praised Roosevelt6 and denounced England for trying to make trade agreements that would bottle up Germany
Baker read telegram from Pershing, Encouraging[.]7 Burleson8 predicted 3 years war
Source Note: D, DLC-MSS, Josephus Daniels Papers, Diaries, Roll 1.
Footnote 1: Lt. Cmdr. John V. Babcock; VAdm. William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters.
Footnote 2: Secretary of State Robert Lansing. He must have done this in a meeting of President Woodrow Wilson's cabinet.
Footnote 3: Leon Trotsky, who was then serving as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. Charles R. Crane had been a member of the American Mission to Russia that visited that country in 1917.
Footnote 4: Author and editor who had been active in the campaign of Woodrow Wilson in 1912.
Footnote 5: Wilhelm II.
Footnote 6: Former President Theodore Roosevelt.
Footnote 7: Secretary of War Newton D. Baker; commander of the American Expeditionary Force Gen. John J. Pershing.
Footnote 8: Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson.
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/1/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Commander, United States Naval Forces Based in France, 2/1/1918
More Documents (140)
Sir Joseph P. Maclay, Minister of Shipping, to Bainbridge Colby, United States Shipping Board, 2/1/1918
Captain William V. Pratt, Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/1/1918
Commander Joseph K. Taussig to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/1/1918
Captain Dudley W. Knox to Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, 2/1/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/1/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/2/1918
Lieutenant Commander Charles Belknap Jr. to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/2/1918
Rear Admiral Herbert O. Dunn, Commander, United States Naval Forces Based in the Azores, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/3/1918
War Diary of U.S.S. Aylwin, 2/4/1918
Edward N. Hurley, Chairman, United States Shipping Board United States Shipping Board to Commander Paul Foley, 2/4/1918
War Diary of U.S.S. Conyngham, 2/4/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Captain Hutchinson I. Cone, United States Naval Aviation Forces, Foreign Service, 2/6/1918
Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief Constructor and Chief of Bureau of Construction and Repair, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/6/1918
Plan for Defense against a Submarine Attack in Home Waters, Submitted to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, 2/6/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/7/1918
Surgeon General of the Navy William C. Braisted and Surgeon General of the Army William C. Gorgas, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/7/1918
Commander Paul Foley and L. I. Thomas to Edward N. Hurley, Chairman, United States Shipping Board, 2/7/1918
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché at Washington, D. C., to British Admiralty, 2/7/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/9/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff for Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/9/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff for Vice Admiral William S.Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Sir Charles L. Vaughan-Lee, R.N., Director of Air Services, Air Board, 2/9/1918
Diary of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/9/1918
Irwin B. Laughlin, Secretary to the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Walter Hines Page, to United States Department of State, 2/9/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/10/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/10/1918
Rear Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Commander, United States Naval Forces in France, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/10/1918
Memorandum on Otranto Barrage, 2/10/1918
Bainbridge Colby, United States Shipping Board, to Sir Joseph P. Maclay, Minister of Shipping, 2/10/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Anne Hitchcock Sims, 2/10/1918
Rear Admiral Albert P. Niblack, Commander, Patrol Squadron Based on Gibraltar, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/10/1918
Captain Nathan C. Twining, Chief of Staff, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/11/1918
Staff of Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/11/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, 2/12/1918
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/13/1918
Secretary of State Robert Lansing to United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Walter Hines Page, 2/13/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Commander, United States Naval Forces Based in France, 2/13/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Captain Samuel S. Robison, Commander, Submarine Force, 2/13/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/14/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Herbert O. Dunn, Commander, Azores Detachment, 2/14/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Bureau of Construction and Repair, 2/14/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Captain Joel R. Poinsett Pringle, Chief of Staff, Destroyer Flotillas, 2/15/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, R.N., Commander, Naval Forces, Southern Ireland, 2/15/1918
Rear Admiral Herbert O. Dunn, Commander, United States Naval Forces Based in the Azores, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/15/1918
Lieutenant Commander Charles R. Train, United States Naval Attaché in Rome to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/15/1918
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, 2/15/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Rear Admiral Augustus F. Fechteler, Commandant, Fifth Naval District, 2/15/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Staff of Rear Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Commander, United States Naval Forces in France, 2/15/1918
Mark L. Requa, Director of Oil Division, United States Fuel Administration, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/15/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Captain Richard H. Jackson, United States Staff Representative, Paris, 2/16/1918
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/16/1918
Rear Admiral William F. Fullam, Commander, Division Two, United States Pacific Fleet, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/16/1918
Log of Battleship U. S. S. New York, 2/16/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Commander Charles R. Belknap Jr., 2/18/1918
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, to Rear Admiral Albert T. Gleaves, Commander, Cruiser and Transport Force, and Rear Admiral Marbury Johnston, Commander, Squadron Two, Cruiser Force, 2/18/1918
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to Captain Richard H. Jackson, United States Staff Representative, Paris, 2/19/1918
Captain Richard H. Jackson, United States Liaison to the French Ministry of Marine, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/19/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/19/1918
Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, R.N., Commander, Naval Forces, Southern Ireland to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/19/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral William Fullam, Commander, United States Pacific Fleet, Division Two, 2/20/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Brigadier General Chauncey B. Baker, Chief of Embarkation Service, U.S.A., 2/20/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to All United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/21/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Bureau of Navigation, 2/21/1918
Captain Hutchinson I. Cone, United States Staff Representative, Paris, France, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/22/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Lieutenant Commander Charles R. Train, United States Naval Attaché in Rome, 2/23/1918
Professor J. A. Field, Representative to United States Transportation Board, to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/23/1918
Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, R.N., Commander, Naval Forces, Southern Ireland, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/23/1918
Commander Allen Buchanan to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/24/1918
Admiral William S. Benson, Commander, Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 2/25/1918
J. A. Field to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2/25/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Commander Joseph K. Taussig, 2/26/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Leigh C. Palmer, Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, 2/26/1918
Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger, Senior Member, General Board of the United States Navy, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 2/26/1918
Admiralty to Commodore Lionel de Vere Wells, R.N., 2/26/1918
Lieutenant Commander Allen Buchanan to Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, R. N., Commander, Naval Forces, Southern Ireland, 2/27/1918
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, 2/28/1918
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, General Order, 2/28/1918
Lieutenant John L. Callan, U.S.N.R.F., to Captain Thomas T. Craven, 2/28/1918
Captain Richard H. Jackson, United States Staff Representative in Paris, to Rear Admiral Henry B. Wilson, Commander, United States Naval Forces in France, 2/28/1918
Post-War: Transporting the AEF
Post-War: The Role of the CNO
Post-War: Naval Aviation
Post-War: Demobilization
Post-War: Sweeping the Northern Barrage
Post-War: Northern Russia
Post-War: Humanitarian Aid and Relief
Post-war: Armistice and Final Treaty
Josephus Daniels, Robert Lansing, William S Sims, John V Babcock, Woodrow Wilson
Naval Leadership
Additional Resources for February 1918
Open for print...


Fortress Forever was a community built Team Fortress mod intended to serve as an unofficial sequel to the popular shooter. At the time, the Team Fortress community had been waiting nearly ten years for Valve's sequel, prompting the mod community to take their own action.
There was a problem, though: after all that effort, Valve ended up releasing Team Fortress 2 on October 9, 2007. That's less than a month after Fortress Forever rolled out. While Fortress Forever did win PC Gamer's 'Mod of the Year' award in 2007, it inevitably languished once Valve's official sequel became available.
Now it has a new lease on life. Fortress Forever has appeared on Steam as a free-to-play title, so if you were disappointed by the slower pace of Team Fortress 2 or just want a super fast shooter it's well worth checking out. Better still, it has its own dedicated servers, which you can read about over on the official Fortress Forever forum.


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Your Second Job, as a Facebook User
October 13, 2014 January 24, 2019 / Stakeholder Well Being / Leave a Comment
Many of us have a second job. We steal time from our family, from our employer and from our hobbies in order to work on it. It doesn't pay anything, in spite of the tremendous amounts of creativity and time we invest in it. Somehow, we convince ourselves it's worth doing (perhaps because we know everyone else is doing it too).
I'm talking about your second job as a Facebook user. Or maybe it's a Twitter, Google+ or LinkedIn contributor. I'll concentrate on Facebook though, since so many of us use it. According to Mark Zuckerberg, "people on Facebook in the US spend around 40 minutes each day using our service." So, it's really just a part-time job. We do it for a little over four and a half hours a week, on average; some of us obviously much more, and some of us much less.
We don't get paid for these hours, so really it's more of a volunteer gig. Except that, in this case, we're not really doing it for a charitable, nonprofit organization, but for an entity whose net profits were $1.5 billion last year and whose revenues are now growing at around 55% a year.
The Exchange of Value on Facebook
But we all get something from all that time we invest in Facebook. There's value there, or we wouldn't be doing it. We get to stay up on what our friends are up to and keep them informed on our latest puppies, trips, anniversaries and even our little rants and raves over the news and other stuff. Despite how easy it is to make fun of our addiction and our time spent there, it's actually a very valuable service.
The same could be argued for watching TV – and we still actually spend a lot more time there. As hard as it is for me to believe, Americans spend some five hours a day watching TV, on average.
With TV, we play a critical role as watchers of the stream of content and the advertising neatly tucked between the crevices of what we actually want to see. Without our eyeballs, there's no advertising revenues. As media consumers, we play a critical role the value proposition to the actual customers: – the advertisers.
This is true with Facebook too, but there's also a critical difference because, with Facebook, I'm not just consuming the media, I'm also creating it. In fact, without you, me and the billion-plus other nodes in that network, nothing would flow through it.
I'm telling you this like it's news or something. But it's not, of course. We all know that it's our content that makes Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+ and Twitter actually work, but somehow, we've convinced ourselves that contributing all this time and energy for free is absolutely normal.
But is it?
Facebook Users: the Value of Volunteer Labor
When you look at the market capitalization of media firms, you see that new media is valued much more highly than old media. Take the total value of outstanding shares of a company and divide it by its revenues, and you end up with a ratio that can help show the market's expectations of these stocks (I use revenues versus earnings because LinkedIn and Twitter still have negative earnings, and because revenues are less easily manipulated than earnings).
Most of what this chart shows is what you'd expect to see in any comparison of growth stocks vs. more mature stocks: the market anticipates growth into the price of the stock, and the law of numbers dictates that it's easier to grow from a small number than a larger one.
And yet, what if there were a class of media properties that were just intrinsically more profitable than others because of the way that they were built? What if a media firm designed itself to no longer rely on paid employees to produce content? What if it could automate the outsourcing of this work, not to developing economies, but to end users?
A firm like this would still have employees, but most of them – certainly the highest paid ones – would be extremely technical software engineers charged with building the technological platforms needed to enable end users to contribute free content.
A company like this could be extremely profitable, especially if it built sufficient critical mass to be the go-to place for end users to contribute content and know it would be seen by others. This is exactly what we're seeing with our newly emerging media titans, and it's a bigger pattern of technology: displacing jobs, increasing profits. I cover this shift in media in more detail in "A Pattern Language for New Media."
It's Our Decision
This isn't just about Facebook social sharing. The Huffington Post operates a version of this, using bloggers for its workforce, and now LinkedIn has perfected that approach with its new, and fast-growing, bureau of Long-Form Posts writers, a number of whom are quite good.
I actually thought about sharing these thoughts on Huffington Post or LinkedIn. But then I decided that wasn't my job – and so posted it here on the Vital Edge instead.
not assigned Facebook | FeaturedStakeholder | st! | stakeholder

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


reduce its precision to lower th…e possible to argue against release under the "personal information" exemptions found in many laws. When releasing individual data, it's a good idea to reduce its precision to lower the risk of reidentification. One simple method is to, round times to the nearest hour and publish GPS coordinates at no more than two or three decimal places of precision.
…eloped. However, it is clear that accurate data will be a part of any regulatory program. At scale, it may be impossible to enforce rules, such as prohibited riding or parking zones, without precise information about vehicle movements.
…e we acknowledge it. Nothing below would be possible without the active partnership of governments. Civic tech efforts that ignore or disdain the domain knowledge of civil servants rarely succeed; going forward, we need to make long-time public servants founding members of any effort.


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Justia Patents Compound DocumentUS Patent for Reference line setting device, reference line setting method and reference line setting program Patent (Patent # 10,311,318)
Reference line setting device, reference line setting method and reference line setting program
Jul 17, 2015 - Rakuten, Inc.
A reference line setting device includes an image acquisition means to acquire an image containing a character region, a recognition means to recognize characters from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method, a line position information acquisition means to acquire line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized by the recognition means with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning a position which at least two reference lines pass through in a vertical direction of characters, the reference lines being lines drawn in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed, and a setting means to set each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired by the line position information acquisition means.
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INFORMATION PROCESSING DEVICE, INFORMATION PROCESSING METHOD AND INFORMATION PROCESSING PROGRAM
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2015/070600 filed Jul. 17, 2015, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to a reference line setting device, a reference line setting method, and a reference line setting program.
There is an increasing demand for a technique to recognize characters from an image taken by a camera or the like. In order to appropriately recognize characters contained in an image, it is required in some cases to set reference lines along which characters are to be placed. For example, a technique that represents the outline of a region where each character is shown by a feature vector and sets reference lines to the character in an image on the basis of the feature vector is known (for example, see Patent Literature 1).
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
PTL1: United States Patent Publication No. 8588529
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
However, in the technique according to the related art described above, a character region is not appropriately recognized when the outline of a character in an image is not clear, when the contrast between a character region and its background is not high enough and the like, failing to correctly set reference lines in some cases. As a result, the accuracy of character recognition from an image is degraded.
In view of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to highly accurately set, to characters contained in an image, reference lines along which characters are to be placed.
To solve the above problem, the reference line setting device according to one aspect of the present invention includes an image acquisition means configured to acquire an image containing a character region, a recognition means configured to recognize characters from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method, a line position information acquisition means configured to acquire line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized by the recognition means with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where at least two reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed, and a setting means configured to set each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired by the line position information acquisition means.
A reference line setting method according to one aspect of the present invention is a reference line setting method in a reference line setting device, the method including an image acquisition step of acquiring an image containing a character region, a recognition step of recognizing characters from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method, a line position information acquisition step of acquiring line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized in the recognition step with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where at least two reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed, and a setting step of setting each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired in the line position information acquisition step.
A reference line setting program according to one aspect of the present invention causes a computer to function as a reference line setting device, the program causing the computer to function as an image acquisition means configured to acquire an image containing a character region, a recognition means configured to recognize characters from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method, a line position information acquisition means configured to acquire line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized by the recognition means with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where at least two reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed, and a setting means configured to set each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired by the line position information acquisition means.
According to the above aspects, based on the line position information of characters recognized from an image, reference lines are set to the image containing the characters. Because the line position information is acquired from a storage means that previously stores the line position information for each character, and the reference lines are set on the basis of the acquired line position information, the reference lines can be set with high accuracy. Further, because the reference lines are set on the basis of the line position information of characters that have been able to be recognized, it is possible to set the reference lines highly accurately to the whole character string shown in the image, which contains characters that have not been able to be recognized.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the line position information acquisition means may acquire line position information indicating a position which one first reference line passes through, and the setting means may set the first reference line by a method of least squares based on the line position information of the first reference line of a plurality of characters.
According to the above aspect, because one reference line that serves as a reference for placing characters is set by the method of least squares on the basis of the line position information of the reference line, it is possible to set the reference line highly accurately to a character string shown in an image. The first reference line is a base line for alphabetic characters, for example. Further, the first reference line is a reference line along which the lower end of hiragana, katakana and kanji characters is to be placed, for example.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the line position information may be composed of a mean and a variance of a distribution of coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, and the setting means may summarize a distribution of the line position information of one reference line out of the reference lines other than the first reference line of a plurality of characters recognized by the recognition means, and set, as the one reference line, a line passing through a position with highest probability obtained by summation of the distribution of the line position information and having the same slope as the first reference line.
In the above aspect, because reference lines other than the first reference line are set to pass through a position at which a probability obtained by summarizing the line position information composed of a mean and a variance is the highest with the same slope as the first reference line that serves as a reference for placing characters, it is possible to appropriately set those reference lines.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the line position information may be composed of a mean and a variance of a distribution of coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, and the setting means may summarize a distribution of the line position information of two or more reference lines out of the reference lines other than the first reference line of a plurality of characters recognized by the recognition means, and set the two or more reference lines passing through a position with highest probability obtained by summation of the distribution of the line position information and intersecting with the first reference line at one point.
In the above aspect, it is possible to appropriately set a plurality of reference lines that have a different slope from the first reference line and intersect with the first reference line at one point.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the character may be an alphabetic character, the reference lines may include an ascender line, a mean line, a base line and a descender line, the line position information acquisition means may acquire the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line for each character, and the setting means may set each of the reference lines based on the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line of a plurality of characters.
According to the above aspect, because the line position information concerning the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line are acquired when the character is an alphabetic character, it is possible to set those four reference lines highly accurately.
The reference line setting device according to another aspect may further include a learning means configured to calculate the line position information of each character based on a plurality of images showing a plurality of characters to which the reference lines are set, and store the calculated line position information for each character into the storage means.
According to the above aspect, the position of each reference line for each character is calculated on the basis of a plurality of images showing characters, and the calculated position of the reference line is stored for each character as the line position information in the storage means. It is thereby possible to previously store the line position information to be used for the setting of reference lines with high accuracy.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the learning means may calculate, as the line position information, a mean and a variance of coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where each reference line extend in an alignment direction of characters based on the plurality of characters shown in the plurality of images.
According to the above aspect, because the line position information is calculated as a mean and a variance on the basis of characters shown in a plurality of images, it is possible to previously store information about the positions of reference lines as a result of the summation of many images showing characters. It is thereby possible to set the reference lines highly accurately on the basis of such information.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the character may be an alphabetic character, and the line position information acquisition means may acquire the line position information of a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are not similar in shape.
When a recognized character is a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape, it is highly likely that the determination as to whether the character is an uppercase character or a lowercase character is incorrect. Characters whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape are alphabetic characters "S" and "s", "O" and "o" and the like, for example. According to the above aspect, because the line position information of a character that is recognized as a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape in recognition results is not used for the setting of a reference line, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the position of the reference line to be set.
In the reference line setting device according to another aspect, the recognition means may calculate a reliability score indicating a probability of results of character recognition from an image, and the line position information acquisition means may acquire the line position information of a character where the reliability score is equal to or more than a specified value.
The position of the reference line that is set on the basis of the line position information of a character with the low reliability in recognition results is not likely to be appropriate as the position of the reference line for a character string containing that character. According to the above aspect, because the line position information of a character where the reliability score in recognition results is less than a specified value is not used for the setting of the reference line, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the position of the reference line to be set.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
According to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible highly accurately set, to characters contained in an image, reference lines along which characters are to be placed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of a reference line setting device.
FIG. 2 is a view showing a hardware configuration of a reference line setting device.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of calculating line position information to be stored in a reference line position storage unit.
FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of line position information stored in the reference line position storage unit.
FIG. 5 is a view showing an example of setting a base line.
FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of setting an ascender line, a mean line, and a descender line.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a process of a reference line setting method performed in a reference line setting device.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the detail of the reference line setting process in FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a view showing a structure of a reference line setting program.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
An embodiment of the present invention is described hereinafter in detail with reference to the appended drawings. Note that, in the description of the drawings, the same or equivalent elements are denoted by the same reference symbols, and the redundant explanation thereof is omitted.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of a reference line setting device 1 according to this embodiment. The reference line setting device 1 is a device that sets a plurality of reference lines to a character string contained in an image. The reference lines are virtual lines that are drawn in the alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character contained in a character string is to be placed. When the characters are alphabets, there are four reference lines: an ascender line, a mean line, a base line, and a descender line.
The image is an image that is taken by a camera or the like, for example. There is an increasing demand for a technique to recognize characters from an image containing characters, and it is necessary to appropriately set reference lines to a character string in the image in order to achieve accurate character recognition. A scene image taken by a camera or the like contains various kinds of character information such as road signs and advertising signs, for example. Characters in a scene image, compared with characters printed on paper, have many problems that make recognition difficult, such as having a unique font or style and having a low resolution. Because the reference lines set to a character string in an image can restrict a region where characters are shown in the image, the setting of appropriate reference lines contribute to accurate character recognition from the image.
As shown in FIG. 1, the reference line setting device 1 functionally includes a learning unit 11 (learning means), an image acquisition unit 12 (image acquisition means), a recognition unit 13 (recognition means), a line position information acquisition unit 14 (line position information acquisition means), and a setting unit 15 (setting means).
Further, the reference line setting device 1 can access a storage means such as a reference line position storage unit 21. The reference line position storage unit 21 may be included in the reference line setting device 1 or may be configured as an external storage means that is accessible from the reference line setting device 1.
FIG. 2 is a hardware configuration diagram of the reference line setting device 1. As shown in FIG. 2, the reference line setting device 1 is physically configured as a computer system that includes a CPU 101, a main storage device 102 such as memory like RAM and ROM, an auxiliary storage device 103 such as a hard disk, a communication control device 104 and the like. The reference line setting device 1 may further include an input device 105 such as a keyboard, a touch panel and a mouse, an output device 106 such as a display and the like.
The functions shown in FIG. 1 are implemented by loading given computer software onto hardware such as the CPU 101 or the main storage device 102 shown in FIG. 2, making the communication control device 104 and the like operate under control of the CPU 101, and performing reading and writing of data in the main storage device 102 or the auxiliary storage device 103. Data and database required for the processing is stored in the main storage device 102 or the auxiliary storage device 103.
The functional units of the reference line setting device 1 are described hereinafter. The learning unit 11 is a part that calculates line position information about coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where each reference line extend in an alignment direction of characters. The learning unit 11 stores the calculated line position information into the reference line position storage unit 21. The line position information is information that indicates the positions of reference lines for each character.
The calculation of the line position information by the learning unit 11 is described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of the calculation of the line position information.
The learning unit 11 acquires, as learning data, an image where characters are shown, in which a bounding box and a character set of each character are given. On the basis of a large amount of learning data, the learning unit 11 acquires information about a portion through which each reference line passes for 62 characters in total: 26 uppercase alphabetic characters, 26 lowercase alphabetic characters and 10 numeric characters from 0 to 9, by the following method, calculates the line position information for each character, and then stores the calculated line position information into the reference line position storage unit 21.
The learning unit 11 first acquires an image containing a character string W31 as an example of learning data. The character string W31 includes characters C31 to C34. A character set and a bounding box are provided in advance for each character. The bounding box is a rectangular frame circumscribing a character region. Specifically, the character set of the character C31 is the uppercase alphabetic character "S". Further, the bounding box B1 is provided for the character C31.
Likewise, the character sets of the characters C32 to C34 are the lowercase alphabetic character "p", the lowercase alphabetic character "o", and the lowercase alphabetic character "t". Further, the bounding boxes B2 to B4 are provided for the characters C32 to C34, respectively.
The learning unit 11 extracts the center of the upper side and the center of the lower side of the bounding box of each character as an upper contact point and a lower contact point, respectively. Specifically, the learning unit 11 extracts, from the bounding box B1, the upper contact point BU1 and the lower contact point BL1. Likewise, the learning unit 11 extracts, from the bounding boxes B2 to B4, the upper contact points BU2 to BU4 and the lower contact points BL2 to BL4, respectively.
The upper contact point and the lower contact point of the uppercase alphabetic characters and the numeric characters correspond to the positions of the ascender line and the base line, respectively. Further, the upper contact point and the lower contact point of the lowercase alphabetic characters b, d, f, h, i, k, l and t correspond to the positions of the ascender line and the base line, respectively. Further, the upper contact point and the lower contact point of the lowercase alphabetic characters g, j, p, q and y correspond to the positions of the mean line and the descender line, respectively. The upper contact point and the lower contact point of the other lowercase alphabetic characters correspond to the positions of the mean line and the base line, respectively.
The learning unit 11 sets reference lines to a character string of an image by using a plurality of points corresponding to the positions of the respective reference lines out of the extracted upper contact points and the lower contact points. In the example of FIG. 3, the learning unit 11 sets the reference lines as shown in the character string W32. Specifically, with use of the two upper contact points BU1 and BU4, the learning unit 11 sets the ascender line LA3 to the character string W32 by the method of least squares.
Likewise, with use of the two upper contact points BU2 and BU3, the learning unit 11 sets the mean line LM3 to the character string W32 by the method of least squares. Further, with use of the three lower contact points BL1, BL3 and BL4, the learning unit 11 sets the base line LB3 to the character string W32 by the method of least squares.
Note that, in order to set lines by the method of least squares, information of two points or more is required. In the example of FIG. 3, because the point corresponding to the position of the descender line is only the lower contact point BL2, the descender line LD3, which is indicated by a dotted line, is not set. The learning unit 11 calculates the line position information on the basis of a large amount of learning data, and therefore it is possible to calculate the line position information of the descender line by acquiring an image that contains a plurality of characters having the lower contact point corresponding to the position of the descender line as the learning data.
The learning unit 11 acquires the positions at which each of the set reference lines intersects with vertical lines VL1 to VL4 that pass through the center of the bounding box of each character as the line position of each reference line in each character. In the example of FIG. 3, the learning unit 11 acquires the positions of the upper contact point BU1, the point MP31 and the lower contact point BL1 as the positions of the ascender line, the mean line and the base line of the character C31, which is the uppercase alphabetic character "S". Note that, if the descender line LD3 is set, the learning unit 11 acquires the position of the point DP31 as the position of the descender line of the character C31, which is the uppercase alphabetic character "S". Note that the learning unit 11 converts the position of each reference line in each character into a value that is normalized by the height of each character region (bounding box).
Likewise, the learning unit 11 acquires the positions of point AP31, the upper contact point BU2, the point BP32 and the lower contact point BL2 as the positions of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the line of the character C32, which is the lowercase alphabetic character "p".
Further, the learning unit 11 acquires the positions of the point AP33, the upper contact point BU3 and the lower contact point BL3 as the positions of the ascender line, the mean line and the base line of the character C33, which is the lowercase alphabetic character "o". Note that, if the descender line LD3 is set, the learning unit 11 acquires the position of the point DP33 as the position of the descender line of the character C33, which is the lowercase alphabetic character "o".
Further, the learning unit 11 acquires the positions of the upper contact point BU4, the point BP34 and the lower contact point BL4 as the positions of the ascender line, the mean line and the base line of the character C34, which is the lowercase alphabetic character "t". Note that, if the descender line LD3 is set, the learning unit 11 acquires the position of the point DP34 as the position of the descender line of the character C34, which is the lowercase alphabetic character "t".
The learning unit 11 performs the above-described processing of acquiring the positions of the reference lines of each character for a wide variety of images and different types of fonts to which a character set and a bounding box for each character are provided, and thereby accumulates and learns a large amount of information about the positions of the reference lines for every character. Then, the learning unit 11 calculates the line position information on the basis of the accumulated and learned information.
For example, the learning unit 11 calculates, as the line position information, the mean of the position of each reference line for each character set, and stores the calculated line position information into the reference line position storage unit 21. Further, the learning unit 11 may calculate, as the line position information, the Gaussian distribution that is obtained by statistically processing a large amount of information about the positions of the reference lines for every character. In this case, the learning unit 11 stores the mean and the variance of the position of each reference line for each character set as the line position information into the reference line position storage unit 21.
FIG. 4 is a view schematically showing the structure of the reference line position storage unit 21 and an example of data stored therein: As shown in FIG. 4, the reference line position storage unit 21 stores the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line for each of uppercase alphabetic characters, lowercase alphabetic characters, and numeric characters. In this embodiment, the line position information contains the mean and the variance of the position of each reference line.
Referring back to FIG. 2, the image acquisition unit 12 is a part that acquires an image containing a character region. The image acquisition unit 12 acquires an image taken by a camera, for example, as an image for which reference lines are to be set.
The recognition unit 13 is a part that recognizes characters from a character region contained in an image by a specified recognition method. For example, the recognition unit 13 may extract a connected region where the same color continues in the image, and acquire the extracted connected region as the character region. For the extraction of the connected region, the recognition unit 13 may perform binarization of the image.
For example, the recognition unit 13 may perform character recognition in the character region by using a so-called character classifier. The method using a character classifier is a known method called HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradient)-SVM(Support Vector Machine), for example. The HOG-SVM is a method that uses the HOG feature quantity as a feature quantity and uses a known SVM as a classifier. Information to be referred to for character recognition by the character classifier is previously stored in a storage means, and the storage means stores data that is referred to for character recognition using the character classifier by the HOG-SVM, such as data that is learned about uppercase alphabetic characters A to Z, lowercase alphabetic characters a to z, and numeric characters 0 to 9, for example.
The HOG feature quantity is a feature quantity that represents the gradient direction of the luminance of a local region (cell) in an image by a histogram. Cells composed of a specified number of pixels are set to be arranged all over an image from which characters are to be recognized, a multi-dimensional feature vector of the HOG feature quantity is acquired for each cell, and further a multi-dimensional feature vector of all connected cells is acquired from the whole image. Note that, in character classification by the HOG-SVM, it is preferred to further use the aspect ratio.
The recognition unit 13 acquires the HOG feature vector and the aspect ratio vector from the character region. The recognition unit 13 then performs classification using the SVM classifier by reference to the learning data previously stored in the storage means. As a result of classification, the recognition unit 13 can acquire characters (alphabetic characters and numeric characters) and reliability scores output from the classifier.
Note that the recognition that is performed by the recognition unit 13 is not limited to a method by a character classifier such as the HOG-SVM. Because a purpose of character recognition by the recognition unit 13 is not to output accurate character recognition results, various known methods may be applied as long as it can recognize characters from an image. Note that, as described later, a specified recognition method is preferably a method that can acquire information about the reliability of a result of recognition of each character.
The character string W51 shown in FIG. 5 is a character string composed of characters C51 to C54 that have been recognized by the recognition unit 13. Specifically, in the example shown in FIG. 5, the recognition unit 13 outputs, as a result of character recognition from the image, the character "C51", which is the uppercase alphabetic character "L", the character "C52", which is the lowercase alphabetic character "i", the character "C53", which is the lowercase alphabetic character "n", and the character "C54", which is the lowercase alphabetic character "n".
The line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized by the recognition unit 13. To be specific, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information from the reference line position storage unit 21.
The setting unit 15 sets each reference line to the image on the basis of the plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired by the line position information acquisition unit 14.
A process of setting the reference lines in this embodiment is specifically described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. First, the setting unit 15 sets a first reference line. The first reference line is a reference line that serves as a reference for placing characters, and, for example, it is a base line for alphabetic characters. Further, the first reference line is a reference line along which the lower end of hiragana, katakana and kanji characters is to be placed, for example. The setting unit 15 may set the first reference line by the method of least squares. FIG. 5 is a view showing an example of setting a base line. FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of setting an ascender line, a mean line and a descender line, which are reference lines other than a base line.
The line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information BP51 to BP54 of the base line of the characters C51 to C54 in the character string W51 shown in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the mean value of the line position information of the base line.
Next, based on the line position information of the base line of a plurality of recognized characters, the setting unit 15 sets the base line by the method of least squares. In this embodiment, the setting unit 15 sets the base line LB5 calculated by the method of least squares to the image that contains the character string W51 based on the line position information BP51 to BP54 of the base line of the characters C51 to C54.
Then, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line for each of the characters C51 to C54 in order to set the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line.
As shown in the character string W51 of FIG. 6, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information AP61, MP61 and DP61 of the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line, respectively, of the character C51. The acquired line position information AP61, MP61 and DP61 is represented as the distribution of the positions of the reference lines in the character, which includes the mean and the variance. Likewise, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information AP62, MP62 and DP62, the line position information AP63, MP63 and DP63, and the line position information AP64, MP64 and DP64 of the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line of the characters C52 to C54, respectively.
After that, the setting unit 15 summarizes the distribution of the line position information of a reference line other than the base line of the plurality of recognized characters, and sets, as the reference line, a line that passes through the position with the highest probability obtained by the summation of the distribution of the line position information and that has the same slope as the base line.
The setting of the three reference lines other than the base line is specifically described hereinafter. An arbitrary two-dimensional coordinate system is set to an image that contains a character region, one reference line 1 among the three reference lines other than the base line is represented by the equation y=kx+b1 where k is the slope and b1 is the intercept. The slope k is the same as the slope of the base line that has been already set.
Further, for the reference line 1, a value that maximizes the likelihood when the slope k is determined can be set as the intercept. It is assumed that, when a character region of N number of characters is given in the acquired image, c1, c2, . . . , cN is the character class of each character, and x1, x2, . . . , xN is the position in the x direction of the coordinate system of the center in the crosswise direction of the character region of each character. When p(yil|ci) is the probability that the intercept at xi of the reference line 1 is yi when the i-th character class is ci, the intercept b1 of the reference line 1 is calculated by the following equation (1):
b l =  arg b l  max  ∑ i = 1 N  ln   p  ( y il | c i ) =  arg b l  max  ∑ i = 1 N  - ( μ l _ c i - y il ) 2 2  σ l _ c i 2 =  ∑ i = 1 N  1 σ l _ c i 2  ( μ l _ c i - kx i ) ) ∑ i = 1 N  1 σ l _ c i 2
where ∥lci and σlci are the mean and the variance of the position of the reference line 1 for each character class ci obtained as the line position information.
As indicated by the arrow in FIG. 6, the setting unit 15 sets the ascender line LA6 based on the line position information AP61 to AP64 of the ascender line of the characters C51 to C54. Specifically, the ascender line LA6 is set at the position with the highest probability in the distribution calculated by the summation of the mean and the variance of the line position information AP61 to AP64.
Likewise, the setting unit 15 sets the mean line LM6 based on the line position information MP61 to MP64 of the ascender line of the characters C51 to C54. Further, the setting unit 15 sets the descender line LD6 based on the line position information DP61 to DP64 of the descender line of the characters C51 to C54.
In the case where the recognition unit 13 calculates and outputs a reliability score indicating the probability of results of character recognition from an image, the line position information acquisition unit 14 may acquire the line position information of a character where the reliability score calculated by the recognition unit 13 is a specified value or more. For example, in the example of FIGS. 5 and 6, when the reliability scores in the recognition results of the characters C51 and C54 are a specified value or more, and the reliability scores in the recognition results of the characters C52 and C53 are less than a specified value, the position information acquisition unit 14 acquire the line position information of the characters C51 and C54. Thus, the setting unit 15 uses only the line position information of the characters C51 and C54 for the setting of the reference lines, and does not use the line position information of the characters C52 and C53 for the setting of the reference lines.
Because the position of the reference line that is set on the basis of the line position information of a character with the low reliability in recognition results is not likely to be appropriate as the position of the reference line for a character string containing that character, by not using the line position information of a character where the reliability score in recognition results is less than a specified value for the setting of the reference line, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the position of the reference line to be set. Further, it is possible to set the reference line in an appropriate position for a character where the reliability in recognition results is low.
Further, when a character for which recognition and setting of reference lines are to be performed is an alphabetic character, the line position information acquisition unit 14 may acquire the line position information of a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are not similar in shape. In this case, the setting unit 15 does not use, for the setting of reference lines, the line position information of a character that is recognized as an uppercase character or a lowercase character of the character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape. Specifically, when the character recognized by the recognition unit 13 is an uppercase character or a lowercase character of the character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape, it is highly likely that the determination as to whether the character is an uppercase character or a lowercase character is incorrect. In light of such a possibility, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the position of the reference line to be set by not using, for the setting of the reference line, the line position information of the character that is recognized as a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are similar in shape in recognition results.
Note that, although the case where the slope of the reference lines other than the base line is the same as the slope of the base line is shown in this embodiment, the slope of the reference lines other than the base line may be different from the slope of the base line. For example, each reference line may have the slope with which the four reference lines converge at one point.
Specifically, the setting unit 15 may summarize the distribution of the line position information of two or more reference lines other than the base line of a plurality of characters recognized by the recognition unit 13, and set the two or more reference lines that pass through the position with the highest probability obtained by the summation of the distribution of the line position information and that intersect with the base line at one point.
Further, although the case where the base line is a straight line is shown in this embodiment, the base line may be a quadratic curve, a Bezier curve or a spline curve, for example. When the base line is such a curve also, the base line can be calculated by the method of least squares or another known method based on the line position information indicating the position of the base line. When the base line is such a curve, the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line may be calculated as lines having the same curve as the base line.
The operation of the reference line setting device 1 according to this embodiment is described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 is a flowchart Showing a process of a reference line setting method performed in the reference line setting device 1.
First, the image acquisition unit 12 acquires an image containing a character region (S1). Next, the recognition unit 13 recognizes characters from the character region contained in the image by a specified recognition method (S2).
Then, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information of a plurality of characters out of the characters recognized by the recognition unit 13 (S3). To be specific, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information from the reference line position storage unit 21. The line position information stored in the reference line position storage unit 21 has been calculated on the basis of a plurality of characters shown in various images by the learning unit 11.
After that, the setting unit 15 performs a reference line setting process that sets reference lines based on the line position information acquired in Step S3 (S4). The reference line setting process in Step S4 is described with reference to FIG. 8.
First, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information of the base line of each recognized character (S41). Next, the setting unit 15 sets the base line by the method of least squares based on the line position information of the base line acquired in Step S41 (S42).
Then, the line position information acquisition unit 14 acquires the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line of each recognized character (S43). After that, the setting unit 15 summarizes the distribution of the line position information of a plurality of recognized characters for each of the reference lines other than the base line (S44). Specifically, the setting unit 15 summarizes the distribution of the positions of the reference lines represented by the line position information for each of the ascender line, the mean line and the descender line.
The setting unit 15 then sets, as the reference line, a line that passes through the position with the highest probability obtained by the summation of the distribution of the line position information and that has the same slope as the base line (S45).
A reference line setting program that causes a computer to function as the reference line setting device 1 is described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 9. A reference line setting program p1 includes a main module m10, a learning module m11, an image acquisition module m12, a recognition module m13, a line position information acquisition module m14 and a setting module m15.
The main module m10 is a part that exercises control over the reference line setting. The functions implemented by executing the learning module m11, the image acquisition module m12, the recognition module m13, the line position information acquisition module m14 and the setting module m15 are respectively equal to the functions of the learning unit 11, the image acquisition unit 12, the recognition unit 13, the line position information acquisition unit 14 and the setting unit 15 of the reference line setting device 1 shown in FIG. 1.
The reference line setting program p1 is provided by a storage medium d1 such as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or semiconductor memory, for example. Further, the reference line setting program p1 may be provided as a computer data signal superimposed onto a carrier wave through a communication network.
According to the reference line setting device 1, the reference line setting method and the reference line setting program p1 described above, based on the line position information of characters recognized from an image, reference lines are set to the image containing the characters. Because the line position information is acquired from a storage means that previously stores the line position information for each character, and the reference lines are set on the basis of the acquired line position information, the reference lines can be set with high accuracy. Further, because the reference lines are set on the basis of the line position information of characters that have been able to be recognized, it is possible to set the reference lines highly accurately to the whole character string shown in the image, which contains characters that have not been able to be recognized.
An embodiment of the present invention is described in detail above. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment. Various changes and modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention.
For example, although this embodiment is described using the example of setting reference lines to an alphabetic character string contained in an image, it is not limited to this example. The present invention may be applied to other types of characters, and it is applicable to a Japanese character string, for example. In this case, the number of reference lines to be set may be two or three, for example, rather than four in the case of alphabetic characters. For example, when a character string is composed of hiragana, katakana and kanji characters, two reference lines may be set at the lower end and the upper end of the characters. Further, the third reference line may be set in the middle of the two reference lines at the lower end and the upper end of the characters.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
1 . . . reference line setting device, 11 . . . learning unit, 12 . . . image acquisition unit, 13 . . . recognition unit, 14 . . . line position information acquisition unit, 15 . . . setting unit, 21 . . . reference line position storage unit, d1 . . . storage medium, p1 . . . reference line setting program, m10 . . . main module, m11 . . . learning module, m12 . . . image acquisition module, m13 . . . recognition module, m14 . . . line position information acquisition module, m15 . . . setting module
1. A reference line setting device comprising:
at least one memory configured to store computer program code;
at least one processor configured to access said computer program code and operate as instructed by said computer program code, said computer program code including:
image acquisition code configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire an image containing a character region;
line position information acquisition code configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire line position information of a plurality of characters out of characters recognized from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where at least two reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed; and
setting code configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to set each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired.
2. The reference line setting device according to claim 1, wherein
the line position information acquisition code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire line position information indicating a position in which a first reference line passes through, and
the setting code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to set the first reference line by a method of least squares based on the line position information of the first reference line of a plurality of characters.
the line position information is composed of a mean and a variance of a distribution of the coordinate positions in the vertical direction of characters where reference lines extend in the alignment direction of characters, and
the setting code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to summarize a distribution of the line position information of one reference line out of the reference lines other than the first reference line of a plurality of characters recognized from the character region of the image, and set, as the one reference line, a line passing through a position with highest probability obtained by summation of the distribution of the line position information and having the same slope as the first reference line.
the setting code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to summarize a distribution of the line position information of two or more reference lines out of the reference lines other than the first reference line of a plurality of characters recognized from the character region of the image, and set the two or more reference lines passing through a position with highest probability obtained by summation of the distribution of the line position information and intersecting with the first reference line at one point.
the character is an alphabetic character,
the reference lines include an ascender line, a mean line, a base line and a descender line,
the line position information acquisition code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line for each character, and
the setting code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to set each of the reference lines based on the line position information of the ascender line, the mean line, the base line and the descender line of a plurality of characters.
6. The reference line setting device according to claim 1, further comprising:
learning code configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to calculate the line position information of each character based on a plurality of images showing a plurality of characters to which the reference lines are set, and store the calculated line position information for each character into the storage means.
the learning code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to calculate, as the line position information, a mean and a variance of the coordinate positions in the vertical direction of characters where each reference line extend in the alignment direction of characters based on the plurality of characters shown in the plurality of images.
the character is an alphabetic character, and
the line position information acquisition code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire the line position information of a character whose uppercase and lowercase versions are not similar in shape.
the line position information acquisition code is configured to cause at least one of said at least one processor to acquire the line position information of a character where a reliability score indicating a probability of results of character recognition from the image is equal to or more than a specified value.
10. The reference line setting device according to claim 1, wherein the alignment direction of characters include a horizontal direction.
11. A reference line setting method in a reference line setting device, the method comprising:
acquiring an image containing a character region;
acquiring line position information of a plurality of characters out of characters recognized from the character region of the image by a specified recognition method with reference to a storage means storing, for each character, line position information concerning coordinate positions in a vertical direction of characters where at least two reference lines extend in an alignment direction of characters, along which a certain part of each character is to be placed; and
setting each of the reference lines to the image based on a plurality of line position information for each reference line acquired.
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Date of Patent: Jun 4, 2019
Patent Publication Number: 20180046873
Assignee: Rakuten, Inc. (Setagaya-ku, Tokyo)
Inventors: Ryota Hinami (Tokyo), Naoki Chiba (Tokyo)
Primary Examiner: Gregory M Desire
Current U.S. Class: Compound Document (715/209)
International Classification: G06T 7/10 (20170101); G06K 9/32 (20060101); G06K 9/48 (20060101); G06K 9/46 (20060101); G06T 1/00 (20060101);


To challenge all students to maximize their learning and provide instruction needed to prepare them for high school and beyond.
We believe all students can learn through the support of our professional learning community. We are dedicated to equipping students with the essential skills for a successful transition to the secondary level. We are committed to providing a learning environment that promotes lifelong learning for our students and our extended community.
We will ensure curriculum, instruction, and assessment represent the best practice of our profession through a common rigorous curriculum that actively engages all students while emphasizing effective first teaching strategies.
We will challenge each student to give his or her best intellectually and ethically through genuine care and concern for each child. Opportunities to access the curriculum at its most rigorous levels and extended time for learning to maximize student achievement will be provided for all students.
We will commit to ongoing professional development as a model of lifelong learning. Professional learning communities, where collaborative teams focus on student achievement via learning, experimentation and reflection, will be the core of our commitment.
We will provide an emotionally and physically safe and supportive learning environment where our diverse community of students and staff is treated with respect, consideration, and acceptance. We recognize that learning is an interactive process where quality relationships with peers and staff will be cultivated and nurtured.
We will value the importance of collaborative relationships with our extended community (families, residents, businesses, government agencies, and educational systems). We strive for excellence every day in our pursuit of fostering interactive partnerships where students are always the primary emphasis.


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text:
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
import { ChartComponent } from './chart.component';
import { CORE_DIRECTIVES } from '@angular/common';
import {Router,Routes,ROUTER_DIRECTIVES} from '@angular/router';

@Component({
  selector: 'my-app',
  directives:[ChartComponent,CORE_DIRECTIVES,ROUTER_DIRECTIVES],
  template: `

Loocho Charts

      <button class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown">Type of the Graph
 	    </button>

{{ cType.value }}

      <my-chart></my-chart>
      <router-outlet></router-outlet>
    `
})

@Routes([
  {path: '/:type', component: ChartComponent},
])

export class AppComponent {
  public charTypes=[
    {
	  'name': 'BarChart',
	  'value': 'Bar Chart'
	},
	{
	  'name': 'BubbleChart',
	  'value': 'Bubble Chart'
	},
	{
	  'name': 'ColumnChart',
	  'value': 'Column Chart'
	},
	{
	  'name': 'LineChart',
	  'value': 'Line Chart'
	},
	{
	  'name': 'PieChart',
	  'value': 'Pie Chart'
	},
  ];

  public columns=[
    {
	  'name': 'contact',
	  'value': 'Contact'
	},
	{
	  'name': 'meeting',
	  'value': 'Meeting'
	}
  ];
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Phone support: We are happy to set up a phone support session, service@augustwonder.com to schedule.
Setting up my Market in the App hangs without completing.
The Value showing for the index on the app does not match the current market data from Yahoo/Google finance or other stock sites.
How do I maximize battery life?
I can't see my Market when in the list of networks/devices.
My Market appears to be stuck. It updates but then doesn't move.
How do I wake The Market up from sleep mode?
My Market is not reading accurately.
Setting up my Market in the App hangs without completing the final step.
If configuration doesn't complete, and if the scope light is blinking green, retry the configuring via the app and confirm your WIFI network and password are correct.
Confirm your WIFI network is 2.4ghz or dual band 5ghz/2.4ghz. The Market does not work with 5ghz WIFI networks.
Confirm that your WIFI network name and password are correct. BOTH are case sensitive.
Move your market closer to your WIFI router.
Be sure your Market is powered on and in access mode. To power on, press the lower reset button on the back of the base. To Enter access mode, hold top button on back of your market down for 10 seconds until it flashes white, then release the button. Your Market should breathe blue indicating it is in access mode.
Try calibrating your Market. If your Market is in sleep mode, take it out of sleep mode by pressing the lower rest button on the back of the base. Go to the August & Wonder app on your device and go to the Status tab. Tap the Calibrate button. Your market should tilt all the way left, then all the way right before centering at 0. It will then tilt to reflect current index or cryptocurrrency selected.
Try calibrating your Market. If your Market is in sleep mode, take it out of sleep mode. Go to the August & Wonder app on your device and go to the Status tab. Tap the Calibrate button. Your market should tilt all the way left, then all the way right before centering at 0. It will then tilt to reflect current index or cryptocurrrency selected.
There are two things you can do to maximize battery life. The first is to enable Power Save mode. To enable power save mode, go to the August & Wonder app and tap to get to the Status Page. Tap the Power Saving button to toggle on/off.
In Power Save mode, the Market will go into deep sleep mode between updates and whenever the markets are closed. In deep sleep mode the scope light will be turned off and the Market will not respond to the app. The Market will wake up at the Update Interval set in the app to update the latest market data and tilt accordingly before going back to sleep.
The second thing you can do to extend battery life is to increase the update interval. The longer the interval the longer the battery will last between charges.
Just push the reset button on the back of the base. The reset button is the lower button.
The Market tracks the 11 market indices by tracking an ETF associated with that index (symbol shown in the parenthesis of the Index list). The app shows % change and value of the ETF. The value of the ETF will not match the value of the Index, but the % change will track very closely, though not exactly. This is commonly known as tracking error, but should be within tenths of a percent.
Here are the ETFs used by The Market to track available indices.


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text:
HomeNew musicWatch HD HAUSMANN 'Old Satellites' video directed by Nicholas Jones
Watch HD HAUSMANN 'Old Satellites' video directed by Nicholas Jones
October 28, 2015 Mark Millar New music, News, Videos 0
In the run up to the release of their debut album on 06 November,hd hausmann present this video for 'Old Satellites', produced and directed by short film and documentary maker Nicholas Jones. His film 57degrees North – a poignant insight into the traditional island lifestyle of John Jo MacDonald, a 67 year old fisherman received official selections for many global film festivals, as well as winning Nicholas the Cinematographer of the Month prize for The Monthly Film Festival. His latest short film, A World For Her, is screening at the London Short Film Festival.
"Upon listening to and reading the lyrics for 'Old Satellites', I was struck by the idea of a person trying to grasp back control and I decided I wanted to represent this with the idea of loneliness in contrast to solitude. These days we rarely get a chance to be alone and appreciate the benefits of solitude. We are inundated by information, technology and people, feeling lost when we don't have access to the world through our phones or social media. Our everyday lives can be overwhelming, seeking out solitude could be a path to understanding ourselves and others.
This film juxtaposes images of claustrophobic crowds against isolation in nature, in an attempt to analyse that no matter how many people are around us, if we don't know ourselves, we are ultimately alone." Nicholas Jones
"I liked the idea of a band going under a moniker that could umbrella them as a single individual", says LP, the primary songwriter behind the geographically disparate group hd hausmann. "I wanted to create ambiguity and a certain amount of anonymity". The name itself is an amalgamation of different influences working in different disciplines such as A.E Housman, E.E. Cummings and S.E. Hinton as well as the architecture of Georges-Eugène Haussmann who gives his name to the boulevard where Marcel Proust wrote most of In Search of Lost Time.
If the name seems like a melding of genres and platforms it's only because that's emblematic of the music itself. Sonically it draws from a vast range of influences, from the synergy of Teho Teardo & Blixa Bargeld's recent collaborations, to the textural explorations of Philip Jeck and Yellow Swans, the songs of Micah P. Hinson and Angel Olsen and to those who blur the lines between soundscape and structure, such as Grouper. It's the latter that hd hausmann find themselves most comfortably occupying, weaving between dense, layered atmospheres that fill the record like a moorland mist, to formed, song-based compositions that allow LP's deep, looming vocals to rise to the surface and carry the tracks. "I got into this project via the route of soundscape and noise music. I'd been making some very basic noise tracks under the moniker of ayppl", LP says, "and I wanted to try and bridge the gap between the drawn out soundscapes and more traditional song."
By distorting the lines between structure and ambience, vocals and silence and phrase and melodic antipathy it has allowed the group to operate within a vast experimental space and whilst, "almost everything has been done in isolation", it allowed LP to bring in a series of musicians from across the country to contribute to the album's palate. Drums by RH in London, backing vocals/keyboards by AS in Manchester, random horn players found online, experimental piano parts played by JH without having heard the songs
themselves; and when the whole lot was finally finished, it nearly broke LP's computer, so he passed it onto SD who mixed the whole thing and laid down the bonding glue.
Lyrically the songs are intentionally straight forward."For the most part, lyrically they were a little more simplistic than anything I'd done before, perhaps less abstract and more to the point. This could be because they came from snippets of poems I'd written down over time and when looking for melodies just tried a few to see what would fit". There's a recurring theme of water that crops up in the song titles too. "I've always liked the ocean as a timeless existence. When you can only see miles of ocean you have a viewpoint that could be anchored to any point in the history of time – kind of. I find such expansive images to be quite evocative and they also reflect well against the soundscape floor of the backdrop. 'An Island Without' was written in particular as a response to Joan Eardley's paintings of the sea. I found them to be unlike anything I'd seen before, and upon reading about her life she came across as such a wonderful inspiration."
The album, released on an ultra limited edition run of 20 vinyl, will come in hand painted sleeves, with each one being unique. For now it remains a recorded project as none of the musicians have ever been in the same room together, but this may change in the future. What this album has done however, is kick start the project into life as a properly functioning musical outlet. More new material is already being written with gusto. "My main plan for the end of this album is to finish the second one. It's already written, as is the majority of the third one. It's just finding the time to get them recorded.
HD HAUSMANN
Nicholas Jones
THE JAPANESE HOUSE – shares new track 'Letter By The Water' + video
ALBUM REVIEW: HOLY HOLY – WHEN THE STORMS WOULD COME