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ETF Asset Growth Balloons, But Are Signs of Exhaustion Showing?
I listened to Bob Farrell several times a week. Bob was the chief stock market analyst at Merrill Lynch. Do you remember those old "squawk boxes?" On my desk sat a small speaker box. It was the firm's way of communicating to the thousands of brokers. I'd keep the volume low but when Farrell stepped to the mic, I'd turn the knob to the right. His deep monotone voice would fill my cubical and echo in the office around me. As a young broker, I had little idea as to the way of the financial world. I hung on his every word.
Bob was unique on Wall Street. Most firms pushed out product that had recently worked. Easier to sell, as you might imagine, but rarely worked as those gains were in the past. But Bob was different. He had the trust and the respect and a track record of success that enabled his superiors to let him speak his mind. Following his advice served broker and client well. We investors need to be forward looking. Unfortunately, most are not.
When your caddy is advising you to buy Facebook stock, as mine did recently; or when cab drivers are driving around with quote trek machines trading stocks, as they were in 1999; or when waiters and waitresses are flipping investment properties with access to no-doc mortgages, as they were in 2007, you can't help but scratch your head knowing that this time isn't different. Today we have debt and demographics issues. Asset prices most everywhere are overvalued.
Your starting point conditions matter. In 2009, forward return expectations were in the mid-teens. But really, who do you know that was buying. Certainly not the caddies and cabbies. They couldn't click the sell button fast enough. It was pure panic.
While my rant last summer was about the Fed's apparent willingness to embrace negative rates, we now face the opposite risk. Janet Yellen & Co. are asserting that inflation is such a serious threat that they must tighten policy with a two-pronged approach. They are already raising the federal funds rate and will soon begin reducing the massive bond portfolio accumulated in the QE years.
I don't think these moves will create a crisis on their own. Rather, I think the mentality that they reveal may lead to much bigger mistakes when the next recession arrives. The mistakes may already be unfolding.
When our initial starting conditions are high valuations and low bond yields; well, Bob Farrell says it best, "…in a shift of long-term significance, the markets will be adapting to a new set of rules while most market participants will be still playing by the old rules." It's what happened in 1999 and again in 2007. It's what's happening again today.
Ok Steve, what do I do? First, it's important to know that there are ways to make money in periods like 2000-2002 and 2008-09. One doesn't have to sit on the tracks and get run over by the oncoming train. I have some ideas for you to consider. I advise you to do some research and set a clear game plan in place.
So today, let's first look at some research in order to set the "you get from here to there in good shape" case and then I'll share what I am personally doing with my portfolio. Hint: "Investors need risk management in bear markets, not in bull markets," Ned Davis. Hint: Let the trend be your friend.
Grab that coffee and find that favorite chair. Hopefully, a beach chair. And do have a great holiday weekend.
Are You Prepared For The New Global Bond Market?
Let me begin this section by saying that I am biased. I'm a trend follower and have been since I founded my business in 1992. Maybe I was just optimistic when I started but many years and a track record I'm proud of tells me it works.
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of academic research that evidences the positive benefits of trend following. The reason is tied to our human behavioral tendencies as Bob Farrell taught me years ago. I'm not sure why but we humans seem to wash, rinse, repeat and in that is yours and my opportunity.
If you'd like to take the deep dive into the research paper by Brian Hurst, Yao Hua Ooi and Lasse Heje Pedersen, you can find the link here. I'll try to save you some time and hit the high level points. Please keep in the back of your mind that my message is that there are times to play offense and times to play defense.
In each decade since 1880, trend following has delivered positive average returns with low correlation to traditional asset classes.
Trend following has performed well in 8 out of 10 of the largest crisis periods over the century as defined as the largest drawdowns for a 60/40 stock/bond portfolio.
Trend following has performed well across different macro environments, including recessions and booms, war and peacetime, high and low interest rate regimes and high and low inflation periods.
As an investment style, trend following has existed for a very long time. Some 200 years ago, economist David Ricardo's imperative to "cut short your losses" and "let your profits run on" suggests an attention to trends.
Going long markets with recent positive returns and shorting those with recent negative returns.
Literature shows that time series momentum or trend following has been profitable on average since 1985 for nearly all equity index futures, fixed income futures, commodity futures and currency forwards.
The authors find that trend following has been consistently profitable throughout the past 137 years.
The analysis used monthly returns for 67 markets across four major asset classes: 29 commodities, 11 equity indices, 15 bond markets and 12 currency pairs.
For the study, they used end of month prices and returns.
They created a simple time series momentum strategy that added to the work of Moskowitz, Ooi and Pedersen  and Hurst, Ooi and Pedersen .
What's important is that they add to that prior evidence by taking the same rules and applying the trading rules to periods farther back in time than was previously studied.
For quant geeks this is called "out-of-sample" testing of those prior papers.
The authors construct an equal weighted combination of 1-month, 3-month and 12-month time series momentum strategies for the 67 markets cited above from 1880 through December 2016.
For each of the three measurement periods (1, 3 and 12 months), the position taken in each market is determined by assessing the past return in the market over the 1, 3 and 12 month look back measurement periods.
A positive past excess return is considered an "up" trend and leads to a long position.
A negative past excess return is considered a "down" trend and leads to a short position.
Therefore, each strategy holds one long position and a short position in every market. Move forward a month, run the momentum again and reposition in the strongest price trend and short the weakest price trend.
Finally, the authors subtract transaction costs and fees. Meaning they report the hypothetical performance net of a hedge fund like 2% (base fee) and 20% (incentive fee) and they deduct what they feel might be reasonable trading costs.
Every single recession in the last 100 years has been lead with a Fed tightening cycle. We are four rate hikes into the current cycle.
Next, I share a few ideas.
My personal goal is to get from this side, what Mauldin has termed, "The Great Reset", to the other side. I'm 56 years old and though I have most of my wealth in my business, I do have my and Susan's personal assets.
I believe there are times to play more defense than offense and times to play more offense than defense. I believe in broad asset class diversification. To which end, I think in terms of three asset buckets – equities, fixed income and liquid alternatives.
So my strategy is to overweight equities when, as Warren Buffet has said, "the hamburgers are cheap." That's when we can buy a lot for our money. And underweight equity exposure when they are expensive.
But valuations tell us little about timing. A bull market may run longer than what our personal views might suggest so I favor rules-based "trend following" processes to do my best to both participate and protect. Nothing is perfect in this business so I diversify to different trading strategies.
Each week I post a number of our indicators in Trade Signals. Despite my overvalued, overbought, over leveraged watch out for the Fed view, the markets may continue higher. I want to participate yet protect. I stick to my models and have been fully invested for much of the past few years. Some strategies have performed better than others. But collectively I believe this diversified process can help get me to the next exceedingly attractive equity market buying opportunity. I will adjust my mix then.
If I were smart enough to know, I should have gone 100% to the NDR CMG U.S. Large Cap Long/Flat Strategy and I would have done better over the last year than any of the other strategies performed. I'm thrilled with how the CMG Tactical Fixed Income Strategy performed over the last year in comparison to the bond market in general. Plus 8.23% gross vs. -2.00% gross.
There are more aggressive ways to generate return. For example, I could allocate only to the three equity strategies. Much depends on the risk one is willing to take. I put my money in the same things I recommend to my clients. I believe in the processes and I believe it is the right thing to do. I diversify because I just don't know what strategy will outperform and when.
The above are hypothetical index-based returns shown both gross and net of a max fee. Past performance cannot predict or guarantee future performance. All investing involves risk. You can follow the NDR CMG U.S. Large Cap Long/Flat Index, independently calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices here. You can follow all of the other indices calculated by Solactive here. And you can learn more about some of the processes in the Trade Signals section next. See important disclosures below.
I think Ned Davis said it best. You have to invest differently in bear markets than you do in bull markets. Knowing when can be challenging. Valuations can tell us a lot about coming 10-year returns and right now they don't look so good. GMO is projecting -4% real annualized returns over the coming seven years. I have put forward what I believe is the best way for me to get from here to the next great buying opportunity. There are, of course, many ways to invest.
The short-term Gold Model moved to a sell. The longer-term trend remains bullish. The Ned Davis Research CMG U.S. Large Cap Long/Flat Index remains in a partial sell signal moving from 100% S&P 500 Index exposure to 80% S&P 500 Index exposure (with the 20% balance in T-Bills) on Tuesday, June 13, 2017.
80% exposure is bullish, yet there is reason to take note. The Index is signaling weakening market momentum (trend) and market breadth. Bonds remain in a buy signal. The Zweig Bond Model remains in a buy signal and the High Yield trend model remains bearish. The CMG Tactical Fixed Income Strategy is equally allocated to Treasury bonds and Muni bonds.
Inflationary pressures are high. Risk of recessions in the U.S. is low. Global recession risk is now neutral.
Click here for the charts and explanations.
In 1985, my Merrill Lynch office manager tapped me on the shoulder and told me he needed me to go to a lunch seminar at the Union League in Philadelphia to hear a presentation by Sir John Templeton. I wasn't happy as I walked the few short blocks as I had many cold calls to make.
As I noted last week, we have reached euphoria. Red is bad, green is good. Perhaps the early stage but euphoria nonetheless. I wonder what Sir John might make of all the money racing into passive index funds.
Today's my wedding anniversary and Susan and I are heading out to dinner. She's mending well post-knee surgery and starting to feel like herself again. I'm crazy in love with my beautiful and endlessly optimistic girl. My gift to her (and me) is a long weekend getaway to a quiet island. Date to be determined.
There is a soccer tournament for her youngest son, Kieran, in Virginia this weekend and golf plans for me with my best friend on the 4th. The bottom end of the table Philadelphia Union has a home game Sunday evening. So peanuts and a cold IPA are in my future and hopefully a win.
Travel is picking up again in July. I was in Austin this past Tuesday meeting with a fixed income ETF manager who is doing some interesting work. I like what I saw especially given the challenges of ultra-low bond yields. I'm in Dallas July 8, in Omaha July 11-12, Dallas July 18-19 and from there a direct flight to Chicago for an annual advisor conference. I'm looking forward to seeing some good friends.
Then it's, as the say in Philly, "down the shore." Susan, I and the kids are heading to Stone Harbor, New Jersey from August 5-12 for our annual week at the beach. I see some beach volley ball, a good book and Springers ice cream in my near future.
Have a great 4th of July weekend. Celebrate!


text:
Q: Node.js setImmediate executed before I/O callbacks (Event Loop) Take a look at the following code:
var fs = require('fs');
var pos = 0;

fs.stat(__filename, function() {
 console.log(++pos + " FIRST STAT");
});

fs.stat(__filename, function() {
 console.log(++pos + " LAST STAT");
});

setImmediate(function() {
 console.log(++pos + " IMMEDIATE")
})

As I execute this code, the following result is displayed:

As Node.js documentation explains, the setImmediate is executed after I/O callbacks, but in this example setImmediate is being executed before I/O callbacks, am I missing something?

A: The result you are expecting would require the fs.stat methods to return instantaneously - basically before the current event loop ends. But your disk will need, let's say, 2ms to complete the I/O operation. Enough time to run through quite a few event loops. What happens (most likely now) is:
Loop 0 starts
fs.stat called
fs.stat called
immediate callback queued
Loop 0 ends
Loop 1 starts
immediate callback gets called
Loop 1 ends
Loop 2 starts
fs.stat completes, I/O callback queued
fs.stat completes, I/O callback queued
Loop 2 ends
Loop 3 starts
fs.stat I/O callback gets called
fs.stat I/O callback gets called

Actually no one even gurantees that fs.stat 1 completes before fs.stat2. So the result you have posted could also be
1 IMMEDIATE
2 LAST STAT
3 FIRST STAT

What you can do:

*

*You can use the sync versions of fs.stat. But although this is comfortable to use it will reduce throughput of your script as you will block the exeuction of your script for the time fs.stat runs. So if you have to run this part of code frequently use one of the following approaches!

*You might want to check out "await" to run the code async but in sequence

*If the order of completion does not matter to you you could also simply use Promises to wrap both fs.stat calls. And then just do a Promise.all. Or you could use async (a library) that provides a lot of features for dealing with asynchronicity

*...

A: setImmediate does NOT wait for all IO operations to finish. It merely gives priority to IO callbacks. At the time that you call setImmediate here the fs.stat calls simply aren't finished yet, and as such their callbacks aren't scheduled for the event loop yet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Iran Lawmakers Protest Arrest And Harsh Sentences Against Labor Activists
Labor Day gathering in Tehran, Iran-- 1 May 2019
In a letter to the head of the Islamic Republic's judiciary, sixteen Iranian legislators have protested the imprisonment of a young photographer, Nooshin Ja'fari, and harsh verdicts issued against labor rights activists.
Four female members of Majles (parliament) are among the signatories of the letter.
Also protesting harsh sentences for three female activists, the MPs have insisted they have not committed any crime and the presence of the detainees at rallies marking the International Labor Day on May 1 were not against the country's constitution.
During the May Day events, security forces detained dozens of workers and civil rights activists who has gathered to mark the occasion outside the Majles.
The detainees were later sentenced to long prison terms, based on ambiguous charges and without due process.
Iran's Chief Justice Lashes Out At Labor Activists, Alleging 'Hidden Agendas'
A young reporter working for pro-reform daily Sharq, Marzieh Amiri has been sentenced to ten years and 148 lashes.
Another court in Tehran sentenced labor rights activist, Atefeh Rangriz, to eleven years and six months in jail and 74 lashes.
The verdict was issued by notorious Judge Mohammad Moqisseh at the Branch 28 of Iran's Revolutionary Court and delivered to Ms. Rangriz's defense lawyer on August 31.
Furthermore, Nasrin Javadi, a retired worker, was sentenced to seven years in prison and 74 lashes. A bus driver, Rasoul Taleb Moqaddam, was also sentenced to 74 lashes, two years behind bars and two years living in exile. Moreover, the judge banned Taleb Moqaddam from using a mobile phone.
The court also sentenced three other detainees from 1-5 years.
The lawmakers in their protest have also highlighted the case of a photographer, Nooshin Jafari, accused of security-related charges.
The Islamic Republic's judiciary announced late Tuesday, August 13, that the prosecutors have charged her with "sacrilege," "denigrating" a religious mourning anniversary and "propaganda against the Islamic Republic." It is not clear to what specific acts of the defendant these charges apply.
Lawyers Demand Open Trial For Two Iran Activists Jailed Since January
In the meantime, the conservative allies of the country's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, have insisted that Ms. Jafari used to run a dissident Twitter account, 'Yar-e Dabestani' (school friend) that they had found to be insulting to Islam.
However, Ms. Jafari's sister, Shahrzad, has denied any connection between Nooshin and the Twitter account.
Jafari, 31, was once before detained in 2010 while working as art and culture reporter for the pro-reform daily Etemad. She was later released and continued her career as a cinema photographer.
Independent labor unions, much like political parties are banned in Iran and once workers and activists form a group, that alone is sufficient for being arrested.
In the past two years worker protests have become more frequent, as wages are often delayed for months, while inflation and the cost of living has been rising.
In a letter to the Islamic Republic's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, eighty trade unions across the world also protested security-related charges against the Labor Day protesters.
However, as in the past, this time also the Islamic republic has not responded to the letter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Campaigners are celebrating victory in their fight to stop a vacant Hackney pub being turned into flats.
Planning inspector John Murray today rejected an appeal by Mukund Patel, the owner of the Chesham Arms in Mehetabel Road, against Hackney Council's enforcement notice. The notice had been issued after Patel converted part of the upper floor into a flat.
It means the Chesham Arms remains in the A4 (pub) planning class but because Patel is using the ground floor as an office he is allowed to continue with that use until March 2016.
The inspector concluded that the loss of the pub, which is registered as an asset of community value, would damage the character of the conservation area.
Save the Chesham secretary James Watson told the PMA: "While this isn't quite the total victory we were hoping for, it's great news that the appeal has been dismissed and the inspector has recognised how important it is that this building remains as a pub.
"Tony Allen, who represents Mr Patel, has stated that no formal offers have been made and said: "The door is always open if somebody wants to discuss a purchase or lease".
What price does a filleted non-trading property shell command for use as a pub?
Oh, I think this maverick is well past the Plan 'B' stage.
Plan 'B' was for him to appeal the Council's grant of ACV status. He lost that appeal, so on to Plan 'C'.
Plan 'C' was to defy the Council's enforcement notice by continuing to illegally convert the upper part of the building into a flat - not his brightest move. So on to Plan 'D'.
Plan 'D' was to challenge the enforcement notice with the Planning Inspectorate at a 3-day public enquiry. The Planning Inspectorate upheld the council's enforcement notice.
Plan 'E' required. With the council's actions being vindicated by the Planning Inspectorate, and the council stating it recognises the historic, cultural and social significance of the Chesham Arms and its insistence that its use class must remain as A4 (pub), one wonders what a viable Plan 'E' might be?
The guy isn't Bovis Homes or Barratt Homes!
For developers to sit on land or property for years. So I don't expect they need advice. They probably anticipated it anyway.
Do you think Mr Taylor they would be stupid enough so as not to have a plan B.


How do you build a big company?
As I sat in a room full of information hungry owner-managers, the question 'how do you build a big company' seemed like a reasonable one. The enquiry was directed at a successful entrepreneur and as she composed herself to answer there was a palpable sense of expectation as the audience prepared themselves to lap up the words of wisdom, to learn the secret formula.
The answer was one of the wisest pieces of advice that I ever heard about building a business. I agreed then and still agree now with the reply. It made sense. It felt logical and doable. My learning journey had been enriched.
The answer was simple. It was, don't!
Instead, concentrate on building a good small company, get that company into profit and use those profits to hire great people. Let them build the big company.
What a perfect philosophy. Start with something manageable to test that your theory works as expected and then use the results to iterate, improve and in time grow.
Building on the thoughts above, the answer is to keep it simple. Concentrate on building a good small programme to get the buy-in and support from a core group of people in the business.
When we launched a maritime maths course for the Marine Society with a few participants, for example, we found this was a great way to raise enthusiasm and deal with initial hiccups. The next stage was to achieve greater reach with the course and included deployment to hundreds of potential Maersk staff. This was consequently easier and better received as a result. New courses are being added to the Marine Society portfolio and so from small beginnings is emerging a suite of targeted support.
By utilising the benefits of an online approach you can offer social media style tools within the course structure to let the project grow and develop. As more people become involved, so feedback and user generated data will start to provide the valuable and necessary information needed to improve the courses. Courses should have a degree of flexibility within them to ensure they stay relevant and whilst releasing updates may be as new versions, the process of monitoring and updating is a continuous cycle.
Giving tools to learners that allow and encourage open and transparent contextual discussions about the content means you are giving yourself the opportunity to let your great people take your small course and make it a big company-wide success. This ongoing discussion about the actual content of a course by the people who are following it is one of the big advantages of e-learning, and it makes sense to encourage it in as many ways as possible.
Having deployed lots of courses over the years, we've developed an arsenal of methods to get this done: surveys, contact forms, and of course the Learning Line, where participants can discuss content among themselves or with their tutors and mentors.


On Sunday 15th of October, a FIFA 18 tournament will kick off at 11am. This time it will be football enthusiasts' turn to show off their moves in the first official FIFA '18 Tournament in Malta! Once again, the most skilful participant will be awarded a trophy and presented with airport shopping vouchers worth €300.


text:
The Chorrillo Formation, also named as Chorillo Formation, is a Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous Epoch, 72.1 - 66 million years ago) geologic formation in southern Patagonia, Argentina. The formation is more than  thick and underlies the Calafate Formation and rests on top of the La Irene Formation.

Fossils
Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Fossils recovered from the formation are:

Dinosaurs
  Isasicursor
  Nullotitan
  Maip
  Kookne
  Yatenavis
 Ankylosauria indet.
 Euiguanodontia indet.
 Hadrosauridae indet.
 Megaraptoridae indet.
 Noasauridae indet.
 Unenlagiidae indet.
Anurans
 Anura indet.
 Calyptocephalellidae indet
Fishes
 Teleostei indet.
 Vidalamiinae indet.
Mammals
 Magallanodon
 Mammalia indet.
 Patagorhynchus
Mosasaurs
 Mosasauridae indet.
Snakes
 Rionegrophis
 Serpentes indet.
Turtles
 Chelidae indet.

Other fossils recovered from the formation are:

Gastropods
 Pomacea sp.
Pleuroceridae indet.
 Potamolithus sp.
 Physa sp.
 Stenophysa sp.
Achatinidae indet.
 Holospira sp.
Bulimulidae indet.

Plants

 Podocarpoxylon dusenii

Pollen

 Baculatisporites comaumensis
 Baculatisporites kachaikensis
 Ceratosporites equalis
 Clavifera triplex
 Clavatipollenites sp.
 Concavissimisporites sp.
 Cyatheacidites annulatus
 Cyathidites australis
 Cyathidites minor
 Cyathidites rafaeli
 Foveosporites canalis
 Gleicheniidites senonicus
 Laevigatosporites ovatus
 Leptolepidites sp. cf. L. major
 Microcachryidites antarcticus
 Peninsulapollis gilli
 Phyllocladidites mawsonii
 Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. ellipticus
 Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. herbstii
 Podocarpidites sp.
 Retitriletes austroclavatidites
 Trichotomosulcites subgranulatus
 Tricolpites reticulatus
 Tricolpites sp.
 Trilites fasolae
 Trilites sp. cf. T. tuberculiformis
 Trilites sp. cf. T parvallatus
 Tuberculatosporites parvus
 Vitreisporites signatus

See also
 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 J. E. Powell. 2003. Revision of South American titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston 111:1-173

Geologic formations of Argentina
Cretaceous Argentina
Maastrichtian Stage of South America
Shale formations
Formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
Paleontology in Argentina
Geography of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Geology of Patagonia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home/Blog :::: KSG Scuba Scoop/Ian's Mission
Ian's Mission
Originally Published @ Scuba Scoop 20 February 2012
When Ian James Brown donned scuba gear to dive off the coast of Cozumel, Mexico, in December, his life had come full circle.
He had been an advanced rescue diver until a motorcycle crash in 2002 left him paralyzed from the chest down. While he had been used to helping other divers, Cozumel was his first open-water dive since the accident.
"It went great," says Ian, who is from New Jersey. "The whole experience was phenomenal. I was so confident underwater again that I was able to help others (including a quadriplegic). It was a nice experience. I had come back full circle and was able to provide help."
The trip was run by Diveheart, an organization devoted to boosting the confidence and independence of people with disabilities by introducing them to scuba diving.
For Ian, Diveheart's mission meshed well with his own outlook on life. A 1st Lieutenant in the United States Air Force at the time of his accident, he knew he had two choices: Feel sorry for himself, or take control of his life and live it to the fullest, despite his injury. Without hesitation, he chose the latter.
"A lot of people have trouble adjusting. They have difficulty in re-identifying themselves," he says. `They spent their life in one direction with one goal and all of a sudden that avenue is closed to them. Many go through a period of limbo. For me that was a short-lived time frame."
Scuba was just one of his interests. He had also been a skydiver and was training as a pilot in the United States Air Force until that avenue was terminated by his debilitating injury.
Undaunted, Ian is moving on and will enrol in medical school this fall. He hopes to work with children with disabilities, including spinal cord problems, brain injury and diseases, as well birth defects. The specialty is known as pediatric neurology.
"I definitely want to go into medicine," says Ian, whose original plan had been to try to get into aerospace physiology and work with pilots.
Ian is part of a group that is pioneering in the use of an "exoskeleton suit" called the ReWalk that enables paraplegics to walk.
The exoskeleton suit has a sensor on the left side of ribs that measures the angle of the person wearing it. When he or she leans forward it triggers a step. The person is also fitted with a watch-like device that changes the mode of the suit. Modes include sitting, standing, walking and ascending or descending stairs.
Ian says the device has been highly successful, with several people now walking in it. Its proponents hope to get people independent within the time frame of one month. It is already approved for use in a clinical setting. The next step is to seek approval for use at home and to certify helpers.
With or without the exoskeleton, Ian has been proactive in his approach to life. Among his post-accident experiences is stock car racing, thanks to an organization known as Accessible Racing that has installed a push-pull hand control system in cars for disabled veterans.
For Ian, who celebrates his 35th birthday in March, scuba diving has been a passion. But his long-awaited resumption of open water diving brought an additional bonus beyond the underwater experience itself.
"I was completely pain free. One of the most debilitating things is the pain. For me, the options were pain medications or (endure) pain. It (diving) took all of the pressure and pain off my back. It was euphoric. It took me a while to process what I was feeling, the lack of pain, the liberating feeling."
The euphoria did not end there. "It took a little time (after returning to dry land) before the pain came back."
Kathy Dowsett
www.kirkscubagear.com
By Kathy Dowsett| 2018-06-18T19:56:19+00:00	February 3rd, 2015|Blog :::: KSG Scuba Scoop|0 Comments


text:
A Spud Specialist
52a13f78-ddf7-461e-b684-ce12cf3f2a9c
Chris celebrates four decades of change at Branston
FROM scaring pigeons in the pea fields, to packing sacks of potatoes for distribution and supervising the factory floor, long-term employee Chris Taylor has worked for leading potato supplier, Branston, for almost four decades. He knows the ins and outs of the business better than anyone and discusses how his career has evolved in that time and how the food production industry has transformed over the years.
Tell us about your early working life
I started working part-time for a local farmer and he told me they needed a pigeon scarer at Branston. So, I joined Branston Produce as it was called back then in 1983, more or less as a human scarecrow. That involved trying to keep the pea crops safe from flocks of birds. Gradually I moved into driving the pea viners and combine harvesters during the summer, and in winter I would pack the 25kg bags of potatoes ready for market.
It was tough, manual work.
Seven years later I was encouraged to start working in the factory as a supervisor. I worked as supervisor for several years then took a sidestep into looking after the fuel management at the factory. Managing our fuel resources has become a core focus of our environment, social and governance (ESG) strategy. All our HGV drivers now undergo additional training on how to improve fuel efficiency and following a successful trial, our fleet will have the refrigeration units switched off during the cooler months when they're not needed.
Why have you stayed at Branston for so long?
I think I've stayed because of the mutual trust and respect I have with the Branston team. They've always been very honest. I've been at Branston for just over half of my life and if I had the chance to do it again, I wouldn't do anything different.
In the early days, I worked across every department Branston had, from engineering to the agronomy side of things. There's nothing I haven't done and that's why I've never been bored.
I've lived the dream, and while I'm going down to a more part-time role, I don't think I'll ever be ready to fully retire.
What are the biggest changes you've seen in the sector over the years you've worked at Branston?
The machinery has developed hugely since I started. All the processes on the production line used to be manual, now an automated machine will pack and load the stock for distribution and monitor the status of every potato from arrival to departure.
Technology at Branston is constantly in the limelight, and the focus on sustainability and strong farming practises that reduce waste are more important than ever to both the end retailer, its consumers and our staff. We're aiming to achieve Net Zero within our supply chain by 2030, and as part of this our teams have recently pitched and won investment across an array of expansion areas from soil management, storage and transport right through to developing a unique fertiliser out of by-product potato pulp, which will reduce in-the-field fertiliser outputs by up to 80%. We've also installed solar panels on our factory roofs and electric vehicle charging points at all sites, our environmental team has even championed legislation changes in the industry to help consumers better store their potatoes.
In partnership with other institutions, such as B-hive Innovations, we're trailing different approaches to reducing our carbon output, with a goal of long-term sustainability within the potato industry in the UK. Data and analytical insights are at the heart of all these developments, and it has been exciting to see the shift in not only how consumers wish to receive their potatoes, but also the changes to variety and enormous improvements made to our production and emissions outputs.
There have been changes in every aspect, even the working patterns. Hybrid working wasn't a thing back when I first started, but it's the norm now.
What does the future hold for Branston?
We're always expanding, we've recently advertised for 45 new factory roles and have plans for a new facility in Lincolnshire focusing on turning waste products from the production process into a vegan protein product. We've seen a huge shift in the consumer demand for sustainable plant-based proteins, as shoppers experiment with vegetarian and vegan diets and want more eco-friendly alternatives to everyday meat products.
Our work on developing new potato varieties will no doubt continue to grow, building on the success of our 'Nemo' variety, which makes delicious crispy roasties in just 35 minutes. Our experts are constantly looking for ways to create new varieties which not only taste amazing, but require less water, fertiliser and cooking time.
Branston also wants to continue being a business that has a positive impact in the local community. We donate roughly just over a tonne of potatoes a month to various charities and local initiatives around Lincolnshire. Recently for example, we donated produce to support local families in the area over the summer holidays who would normally take advantage of free school meals. We also go litter picking in the local village as a team to keep it nice and tidy. It's so important to get involved and develop those relationships with the people around us.
What was the most valuable thing you learned in your time at Branston and what's your proudest achievement?
The biggest thing I've learned is to appreciate what you have. I value the freedom this job has given me — they trust me to do what I need to. I know my routine, and everything just flows from there.
Back in the early days, I used to interview people for jobs at the factory. There are still one or two of those people working for us to this day. One of the gentlemen I interviewed left recently and said he'd never met someone so dedicated to their job. That made me feel proud, because I genuinely love what I do.
Any advice for someone setting out on their first job in food production?
Listen to the people that have worked there the longest. They'll know all the ins and outs of the company and how everything runs. Finally, the most important thing in a job is to enjoy it and to be happy. If you're not happy, you might as well just call it a day because you can't put 100% into your work if you're not happy.
Branston appoints new director
MD appointed to lead prepared team at Branston
BRANSTON ON TRACK TO TRAVEL THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS


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Q: Laravel Cashier (Stripe) - get all payments How to get a list of all customer's payments? Most of them are monthly subscriptions.
I am currently using Auth::user()->invoices() but not sure if it is correct.
Laravel 9, laravel/cashier 13


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Xbox Series X – Redefining The Next Generation Consoles | Analysis Part 1
CrimsonRayne 23rd December 2019 0 Comments
The eighth console generation was a radical departure to what we saw in the ones which proceeded it as both Microsoft and Sony launched their upgraded, mid-generation refreshes to satisfy gamers who demanded consoles capable of running titles at 4K (or at least close to it) with improved graphical fidelity.
Sony's Playstation 4 Pro launched in November 2016, but Microsoft would wait about a year to launch Xbox One X. Both machines sported vastly increased technical specifications over their 'vanilla' counterparts, with the Xbox One X easily the most powerful of these upgraded systems. The on-paper specs were impressive, with AMD tasked to create a massive APU, sporting 40 Polaris Comput Units outputting 6TFLOPs of raw performance. All of this computing power was tied together with 12GB of GDDR5 memory.
The only negative remained the Jaguar CPU, which was tweaked and enhanced, running at a nippier 2.3GHz, a 550MHz boost over the original Xbox One. Lots of performance on tap indeed, although console was arguably even more unbalanced and skewed towards GPU performance than the other consoles. Either way though, TSMC's 16NM process used to great effect, with a die area of 359mm2 and coming in at a hefty 7 billion transistors.
If you've wondered why I've spent so long prattling on about the previous generation systems, when their history is somewhat established, it's because these mid-gen refreshes created a bit of a problem. The previous generation architecture was still ingrained deeply within them, and limitations such as their slower CPU, lower IO (such as with the 5400RPM disk) and the like were starting to hold developers back.
The 1.31 TFLOPS of the Xbox One looked paltry compared to the Xbox One X, but developers still had to code for it. This provided two problems, one – developers had to worry about performance limitations of the base consoles, while still having some hardware limitations because of their roots. While simultaneously, marketing a console on say, raw TFLOPS was now much more difficult.
Playstation 4 Playstation 4 Pro Xbox One Xbox One X
CPU AMD Jaguar 8 Cores 1.6GHZ AMD Jaguar 8 Cores 2.1GHZ AMD Jaguar 8 Cores 1.75GHZ AMD Jaguar 8 Cores 2.3GHZ
GPU Architecture Based On GCN 1.1 Based on GCN 4 with some GCN 5 Based On GCN 1.0 Based On GCN 4 (Polaris)
GPU Specs 18 Compute Units @ 800MHz 36 Compute Units @ 911MHz 12 Compute Units @ 853MHz 40 Compute Units @ 1172MHz
TFLOPS 1.84 4.2 1.31 6
RAM 8GB GDDR5 8GB GDDR5 & 1GB DDR3 For OS 8GB DDR3 & 32MB eSRAM 12GB GDDR5
Bandwidth 176GB/s 217.6GB/s DDR3 68GB/s eSRAM 204GB/s 326GB/s
In the so-called "bit wars" in the early days of consoles, marketing could often be boiled down to 8-bit is worse than 16-bit, and so on. Of course, this wasn't strictly true, and anyone who saw the Jaguar 64 wheeze running code compared to any of its competitors (such as the PS1, Saturn or N64) would tell you that bits aren't the be-all and end-all. But just like that era, it was now all about TFLOPS – with Sony advertising heavily of its TFLOP lead over the original Xbox One, and then Microsoft happily turning the tables on Sony for the Xbox One X, trumpeting its 6TFLOPS performance over the PS4 Pro's 4.2TFLOPs.
https://youtu.be/6b1rqlCtW_E
But now, efficiency in performance and features are the name of the game, as is almost certainly increased power consumption and a shift in marketing messaging. Things are still developing for the next-generation Xbox, and we'll be doing a deeper dive versus the Playstation 5 soon (I'm currently working on that too), but for now, I felt that any such content would be lacking context and so this piece was born.
The Xbox Series X is said to be (in terms of case size) about double the physical dimensions of the Xbox One X, a drastically increased volume which caused polarizing opinions over its design. It's not the small, discrete box which can be tucked into your media center, instead, it looks much more like a small form factor PC build, designed to house high-end performance parts, but also without them catching on fire. While I've not had chance to inspect the inner mechanisms of the console, it doesn't take much to assume that we'll see a return of a robust cooling system like the Xbox One X (which used a custom Vapor cooling solution), particularly given Phil Spencer is pledging that the console will be 'as quiet as the Xbox One X'.
Funnily enough, and circling back to my Jaguar comment earlier – Microsoft has actually asked users to "do the math". Ironically, this was a key marketing message from Atari in the Jaguar 64 too. This isn't to say for one moment I am equating the two consoles, it's obvious Xbox will be a resounding success, but still, I find it personally amusing.
Microsoft is keen to point to a 4-fold increase in raw performance from the CPU alone, and with a 2x increase in GPU performance, which would pin the console down to be about the 12 TFLOPS mark. There is some debate whether this is 'really' 12 TFLOPS, or closer to 9TFLOPS with RDNA's efficiency making up the remainder (given Navi/RDNA is way more efficient than Polaris, we'll get to that more in a moment), but I am fairly confident this isn't the case.
Firstly – subtle nuance like how efficient a GPU architecture is will be lost on the majority of individuals, and Phil Spencer and his team would get called out at failing to live up to the promise of 2x the performance if the GPU was only 9TFLOPS, no matter what the actual capabilities of the machine were. The second is several leaks and sources from websites such as EuroGamer and Windows Central who have stated 12TFLOPS is accurate.
I, myself have seen an alleged internal document which is apparently from the early concept of the machine and here 10TFLOPS+ was the minimum target (I cannot share this image as I was asked to not do so by the individual in question, and of course I will respect their wishes). I was told however that the team have since blown past that figure and for Xbox Series X (which was previously known only as of the codename Anaconda) is hitting 12 TFLOPS.
So, before we get into speculation for a moment – let's go with things we do know. The RX 5700 XT is currently the highest-end Navi SKU we know (though it's using the first-gen RDNA, once again we'll talk about that more in a moment). This particular piece of silicon isn't small – weighing in at 251mm2, and housing 40 Compute Units. These chips are capable of hitting 2GHz, albeit with higher power consumption and heat output than would be ideal.
For the Playstation 5, we've seen several APU and GPU benchmarks pegging the GPU at between 1800 to 2GHz, and assuming the same holds true for the Xbox Series X, 40CU is not going to cut it. You can do the maths yourself if you'd like. 40 (Compute Units) x 64 (number of ALU per CU) x Clock Speed x 2 (2 operations per clock). Even at 2GHz, MS would only hit 10.2 TFLOPS for the Xbox Series X.
So, we're likely looking at more than this – 48 would be the minimum number to achieve this, but then if one of these CU is defective, the whole APU would need to be ditched (or used for LockHart, the reported 4 TFLOP lower end SKU in the next-gen Xbox Family). Realistically though, this isn't the case – and Microsoft would instead have a margin of error built into the APU.
For both the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 for example, there were an additional 2 CU present on-die which were disabled, and existed purely for yields. The Playstation 4 has 18 CU enabled for example, running at 800MHZ to give the 1.843 TFLOPS of GPU performance. But, if one of those CU were damaged, the APU would be useless – so, Sony's contingency plan was simple. Manufacturer an APU with 20CU, and if 1 or 2 of those CU were damaged, not a problem, there was still 18 'good ones'. Of course, it didn't matter which of the 20 CU was damaged, or if none were damaged, two would still be disabled.
It's hard to believe that Microsoft (and Sony) wouldn't follow suit for the next-generation consoles.
However, given the verbal and written confirmation of Microsoft that we'll see hardware-accelerated Ray Tracing in the new Xbox, and several comments of "next-gen" RDNA, it's almost 100 percent Microsoft are opting for RDNA 2.0 for their Xbox Series X console. I was the first to break that RDNA 2 (known as Navi 2x) would have hardware Ray-Tracing, and also leaked the existence of Navi 21 and 23, the latter of which is known as "the Nvidia Killer".
Hyperbole aside, I have recently been told that RDNA 2.0 actually is even more efficient than RDNA 1.0, which itself put out about 25 percent more work than Vega per shader running at the same clock speed (Instructions Per Clock). Details are scarce on AMD or Microsoft's implementation of Ray Tracing, but it looks like its a hybrid approach, and I'll go deeper into this in the future. Although a few patents and Microsoft's recent tweaks to their DXR (DirectX RayTracing) API likely holds some clues, as they've recently nudged it to Tier 1.1 with numerous enhancements and improvements.
I will delve further into what this underlying technology (such as Ray Tracing and Variable Rate Shading) will mean for games in the not to distance future, but I want to keep things somewhat organized, less risk this becoming a sprawling article trying to tackle too many subjects.
So what about the CPU then? As I mentioned near the start of this, the CPU inside both Microsoft's and Sony's current-gen efforts is easily their weakest link, with the PS4 base console using a 1.6GHz Jaguar CPU, running with 8 CPU cores, cranking this up to a 2.1GHz speed for the PS4 Pro. Not all of these cores are allocated to games, of course. Sony (and Microsoft) did release an update unlocking some of the 7th CPU cores time to game code should developers wish it.
It's not 'all' of the 7th core, and is about 50 percent of the 7th core for both machines, so 6 "full" AMD Jaguar cores and 50% of core 7. The remaining being allocated to system tasks.
The Playstation 5 and Xbox Series X are confirmed to use Zen 2, in an 8 core configuration with SMT (Simultaneous Multi Threading). Clock speeds aren't official yet, but the leaked APU for the Playstation 5 seems to show a 3.2GHz clock speed for the CPU, while the Xbox Series X is reported to run at 3.5GHz.
So, how does this compare to the Playstation 4 and Xbox One's Jaguar processor? It doesn't compare – it trashes them. There's a rather interesting series of benchmarks from a user who'd gotten GeekBench 4 running on a PS4 Pro, thanks to an exploit to run Linux. Here, his geekbench 4 score was 1400 for a single core, and 7684 for multi-core.
I did a few runs using a Ryzen 7 3700X, which is a good stand-in for the 8 core CPU inside the next-gen consoles (likely the consoles will tweak things, but we'll discuss that another time). These runs were on Windows versus Linux, which means scores aren't a direct apples-to-apples comparison, but still, we have a ballpark figure.
Even disabling SMT of the 3700X and running at the same clock speed as the PS4 Pro's Jaguar processor, you can see scores are about doubled for Zen 2. GeekBench 4 isn't indicative of all workloads by any stretch of the imagination, and clearly as developers optimize their code for consoles things will likely differ, but it does illustrate a rather simple performance comparison between the CPUs inside the current console versus their upcoming replacements.
We've seen recent demos of AMD's FEMFX which is code running on CPUs with the ability to better mimic how materials deform, bend and react in the natural world. Realistic graphics are of course important, but we've all played a game and run into things which totally break realism because material such as a piece of cloth acts more like a piece of plywood, or wondered why you use a flamethrower on a tin can and notice how indestructible it is.
Of course, some physics and workloads will likely still run on the GPU as compute commands, but with vastly more CPU performance, developers are given access to create richer worlds, and also CPU performance will no longer be the limiting factor in higher frame rates too. High refresh rate gaming was often held back on console because of the lackluster processors inside the machine, but now for competitive FPS titles, 120FPS could now be targetted, dialing back other details as necessarily and focusing on high response and frame rates above all else.
We've very little information right now on the APU of the consoles, although perhaps we saw a sneak peak of the APU at E3 2019, with Microsoft's first reveal of the console. This APU looks monstrous, and given the angles it's very difficult to get an accurate measurement of the beast, but it appears to about on par with the size of the Scorpio Engine found inside the Xbox One X (so about 350 – 370mm2 by my guess). Given this APU is using TSMC's 7nm+ process, this gives a great insight into just how much compute power is being stuffed into the APU.
In terms of CU, a workgroup processor inside the original RDNA architecture came in at about 4.5 to 4.6mm2, and each WGP is 2 CU. Liabe Brave over at NeoGaf did a nice breakdown on the Navi 10 silicon which is featured inside the RX 5700 series. He also tried estimating the size of the WGP inside the next-gen RDNA, however we don't much how the architecture will evolve, but realistically it won't get much bigger, and given we're likely gonna see the console manufactured on TSMCs 7nm+ process, this is probably all offset anyway.
In terms of raw size then, the low 50 CU active, running at a nippy clock speed and backed up by 8 Zen 2 cores seems probable. I speculate to save a decent chunk of die space, the Zen 2 CPUs will have their L3 cache snipped by 50 percent. This isn't confirmed, but of the 74nm chiplets of the Ryzen 3000 series (for example), just over half of the space is taken up by L3 cache, so halving it to just 16MB might be a nice way to claw back a bit of die space, if push came to shove.
Above photo is based on this die shot – https://www.flickr.com/photos/130561288@N04/48350029156
Microsoft would likely be eager at this point I discuss one element of the next-generation Xbox which is a huge upgrade compared to the current Xbox One consoles, and that's the storage. One of the worst kept secrets of the next-generation is the virtual elimination of load times in games thanks to the massive increase in IO available to these SSDs.
While on the surface this might seem like a nice quality-of-life improvement, and not necessarily something that'll impact your enjoyment of games other than not having to watch a loading screen tick by for a minute or two, it does actually drastically change how a game can be constructed, and also provide a lot of additional options.
Do you remember the first time you loaded up CastleVania Symphony Of The Night and the 'areas' of the game were disguised as a corridor which you had to walk through while the PS1's CD drive stuffed the data of the next location into the PS1's meagre RAM? Or, how about Mass Effect and the elevators, which seemed to last for just a bit too long because the game was doing much the same thing, albeit with shinier graphics?
This isn't a criticism of those games, merely pointing out how a seamless world could potentially be constructed with the ability of the system to stream vast amounts of data. You could instantly teleport (or fast travel I suppose) with the game barely missing a beat between one location and another, and this alone could lead to some very interesting experiences.
Unfortunately, information on what exactly the Xbox Series X (and we can presume the Lockhart will be the Xbox Series S) will be outfitted with, but it's not difficult to imagine that it'll be similar to the faster NVMe SSD's available now, with read speeds capable of hitting several thousand MB/s, and with no seek times either. Seek times are a necessary evil with a spinning mechanical platter of the current generation and means that if the read head is the other side of the disk it takes time for it to physically travel and locate that missing piece of data.
Microsoft's PR slide to 'explain' the esram inside the console.
Some will point to the fact you can use SSD's on say the PS4 right now, and it helps loading times but doesn't really provide a huge performance benefit. This is true, but by design. The PlayStation 4 launched with a paltry SATA 2 interface, which was subsequently upgraded to SATA III later on (with the arrival of the PS4), but compared to an NVMe SSD, SATA is still rather slow.
This is further compounded by developers simply not coding experiences designed to take advantage of an SSD, when the console simply doesn't have one by default.
The next generation will be a very interesting one – and while I don't believe graphical upgrades will be slim on the ground, they might not be what we saw with say the original Xbox to the Xbox 360. Instead, these new boxes will provide graphical and resolution upgrades, but also finally provide developers the ability to fulfil a promise they've struggled with for decades – deeper immersion.
Seamless game worlds, better lighting, more accurate physics, and hopefully AI which acts in a realistic way.
Hopefully you've enjoyed part one of this analysis and with luck you'll stick around for the part two, where we'll start going deeper into the technical aspects of the machine and explore Ray Tracing and other technologies.
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Tagged with microsoft, playstation 5, ps5, rdna, xbox, xbox anaconda, xbox lockhart, xbox one x vs xbox series x, xbox ray tracing, xbox series x, xbox zen 2, zen, zen 2.
Ryzen 3700X Vs 1700X – Zen 1 ROCKS But Should You Upgrade For Gaming 1 view


Hyderabad, October 30: The deadline for submitting the application forms for Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas Selection Test is set to end on Monday, 31st October 2011. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas Samithi has issued notification for admissions in to 595 JNVs are spread in 27 States and 7 Union Territories. The JNVs admission to Class-VI for the academic session 2012-13.
If some body wants to submit the application for Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas Selection Test in the last minute, they have to contact their block education officer or Mandal Education officer immediately.
JNVST will be held on On Sunday, the 12th February, 2012 at 9.30 A.M. in the State of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, West Bengal (except Darjeeling) Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh (except Chamba, Kinnaur, Mandi, Sirmour, Kullu, Lahaul & Spiti and Shimla Districts), Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh (except Tawang District), Union Territories of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry .
The test will be conducted On Saturday 14th April, 2012 9.30 A.M. in the States of Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim ,Jammu and Kashmir (except Leh & Kargil) and in the District of Tawang of Arunachal Pradesh, in the Districts of Chamba, Sirmour, Kullu, Kinnaur, Mandi, Shimla of Himachal Pradesh, in the District of Darjeeling District of West Bengal.
On Sunday 10th June, 2012 9.30 A.M. in the Districts of Leh, Kargil of J&K State and in the District of Lahaul & Spiti of Himachal Pradesh State.
Admit Cards, duly prepared by the Principal, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya will be issued to the candidates through the office of the Block Education Officer. Candidates, who do not receive their Admit cards one week before the JNVST, they should immediately contact to Principal, JNV/BEO/DEO for the same.


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\section{Introduction}

Ever since the start of Run~II, the bunches in the Tevatron have been
observed to have longitudinal oscillations which persist
indefinitely. The reason for the persistence of these oscillations
have been traced to the loss of Landau damping (LLD) caused by the
inductive impedance of the Tevatron \cite{ronmoore}; these
oscillations are colloquially called "dancing bunches". At the
injection energy of 150~GeV, these oscillations do not seem to yield
any emittance growth or any beam loss. But at the flattop energy of
980~GeV, they lead to an effective bunch length growth which reduces
luminosity. In order to stop the dance, a longitudinal damper system
has been built which damps it out \cite{dampers}.

Recently, theoretical work has predicted that the dance can also be
stopped by flattening out its phase space distribution at low
synchrotron frequencies \cite{burov1, burov2}. In particular, this
flattening can be achieved by shaking the RF phase at the synchrotron
frequency of the low amplitude particles \cite{burov3}. The goal of
this paper is to demonstrate experimentally that the dance can be
stopped by changing the beam distribution appropriately.

\section{Theory}

The Boltzmann-Jeans-Vlasov (BJV) equation \cite{henon} is
conventionally used to describe longitudinal motion of bunched
beams. This equation has a continuous spectrum and, possibly, a
discrete one \cite{kampen, ecker}. The discrete van Kampen modes are
described with regular functions and some of them do not decay.
Therefore, in principle, any coupled bunch wake drives an instability
when there is LLD. However, in practice, the coupled bunch wake has to
be high enough to give an observable growth rate. If the growth rate
is too small, LLD results in persistent oscillations caused by initial
perturbations.

For bunched beams, LLD was first discussed and estimated by F.~Sacherer \cite{sacherer}.
Later, his main results were re-derived and discussed in more details
by other authors \cite{besnier, hofmann, ng, metral, gonzalez}. For a
dipole mode, all the approaches were actually based on an assumption
that the bunch moves as a rigid body.  However, recent solutions of
the eigenvalue problem \cite{burov1, burov2} show that the rigid bunch
approximation can lead to significant over estimations of the LLD threshold.

As it is known since the original Sacherer's paper \cite{sacherer},
the threshold bunch population $N_{\rm th}$ is a strong function of
the bunch length $\ell$. In particular, for an inductive wake above
transition,
\begin{equation}
N_{\rm th}\propto \ell^5 .
\label{threshold}
\end{equation}
This scaling law can be derived from an idea that Landau damping is
lost whenever the incoherent tune shift $\Delta\Omega\propto N
Z_{||}(\ell^{-1})/\ell^2$ exceeds the incoherent tune spread
$\delta\Omega\propto \ell^2$.  For the inductive impedance, the
incoherent tune shift decreases with the bunch length as $\Delta
\Omega \propto \ell^{-3}$. The combined action of this decrease with
increasing nonlinear tune spread $\delta \Omega \propto \ell^2$
results in $\ell^5$ in Eq.~\ref{threshold}.  This high sensitivity on
the bunch length indicates that approximations of the bunch profile or
arbitrary assumptions about the eigenfunctions can lead to significant
errors in the calculated LLD threshold because they can change the
effective bunch length. For example, for a full bucket of a
single-harmonic RF system with an inductive impedance above
transition, the threshold relative tune shift $\Delta \Omega / \Omega$
was found to be as low as 10\% for the Hofmann-Pedersen distribution,
and just $\sim\!  1$\% for a model of the Tevatron coalesced
\footnote{One coalesced bunch means that 7 bunches from the Main
  Injector are ``coalesced'' into one high current bunch and injected
  into the Tevatron. For our experiment, two coalesced bunches
  separated by 21 buckets are used.}  bunch \cite{burov1}.  In terms
of bunch population, the two thresholds differ by almost two orders of
magnitude. It turns out that the onset of LLD is highly sensitive to
the steepness of the distribution function at low amplitudes: the
flatter the distribution, the more stable it is.  This prediction
appears to be generally correct when the bare RF synchrotron frequency
monotonically decreases with amplitude and the wake field is
repulsive, i.e.~the wake lowers the incoherent synchrotron
frequencies.  This conclusion agrees with Ref.~\cite{metral}, where
the LLD threshold was calculated for several distributions with the
inductive impedance above and below transition. It was shown there
that below transition LLD is sensitive to the edges of the
distribution, while above transition, it is sensitive to the flatness
of the bunch core.

As was discussed in Ref.~\cite{burov1}, in the case of a sinusoidal RF
system, any combination of inductance, wall resistivity, or high order
cavity modes above transition, or space charge below transition will
shift the incoherent spectrum down to lower frequency and the coherent
mode emerges above it. Since the incoherent frequencies of low
amplitude particles are close to the mode frequency, their wieght in
the mode dominates. Hence, for a single-harmonic RF and a repulsive
wake function, the discrete mode causes dipole motion of the bunch
center while its tails remain still.  This is the behavior of the
bunches in the Tevatron \cite{ronmoore}.

\subsection{Flattening out the distribution for particles with small
  amplitudes}
\label{flattening.sec}

To flatten out the bunch distribution at small amplitudes, resonant
shaking of the RF phase was suggested for the Tevatron \cite{burov3},
with an idea to use anomalous diffusion within a controlled phase
space area; see Ref.\cite{jeon, huang, syleebook} and references
therein.

Let it be assumed that the RF phase is modulated at a frequency
$\Omega_m$, which is close to the synchrotron frequency
$\Omega_s$. Let the amplitude of the modulation $\phi_m(t)$
adiabatically grow from zero, then stay a while at some value $\phi_0$
and then adiabatically decrease to zero. To prevent excitation of the
tail particles and the coherent modes, the process has to be
adiabatic. However, even when the process is generally adiabatic,
i.e.~when $|d\phi_m/dt| \ll \Omega_s \phi_0$, the adiabaticity for
some particles is going to be broken. Indeed, resonant RF shaking
results in either one or two stable fixed points (SFPs) inside the
bucket. In the last case, there is an inner separatrix between the two
SFPs and when the modulation amplitude changes, the separatrix moves and
some particles cross it. Separatrix crossing is a non-adiabatic
process resulting in classical chaos and anomalous diffusion.

Thus, the phase space density can be changed only in the case of two
SFPs which occur when the modulation frequency is
lower than the synchrotron frequency, $\Omega_m < \Omega_s$, and the
modulation amplitude is lower than its bifurcation value, $\phi_m <
\phi_b = 3.08\epsilon^{3/2}$ with $\epsilon
=1-\Omega_m/\Omega_s$. When the modulation amplitude grows from zero
to its bifurcation value, and when it comes back to zero later, the
irreversible change of the phase space density occurs for the phase
space area
with action $J \leq J_{\lim}$, where
\begin{equation}
J_{\lim} \approx 6\epsilon J_{\rm{bucket}},
\label{Jlim}
\end{equation}
and $J_{\rm{bucket}}$ is the bucket acceptance. For dimensionless
variables associated with the unperturbed Hamiltonian
$H(z,p)=p^2/2+1-\cos z$, the acceptance $J_{\rm{bucket}}=8/\pi$. The
numerical factor ``6'' in Eq.~(\ref{Jlim}) was approximated from a
numerical solution discussed below and it
is about two times larger than the separatrix border at zero
amplitude. After this adiabatic cycle, the phase space density becomes
nearly constant for the entire area $J<J_{\lim}$, provided that the
shaking amplitude crosses its bifurcation value, i.e.

\begin{equation}
\phi_0 \geq 3.08\epsilon^{3/2}
\label{phi_0}
\end{equation}

It is worth mentioning that the adiabatically ramped modulation does
not excite any coherent motion when the modulation is turned
off. Thus, to make a flat phase space density within a certain action
$J_{\lim}$, the adiabatic RF phase modulation has to be applied
slightly below the synchrotron frequency, $\epsilon =
0.16J_{\lim}/J_{\rm{bucket}}$, and its amplitude must cross the
bifurcation, Eq.~(\ref{phi_0}).

A simulation of how the bunch distribution is modified with RF phase
shaking has been done using the following map
\begin{align}\nonumber
z_{n+1} &= z_n + p_n\Delta t \\
p_{n+1} &= p_n - \Delta t\sin\bigg[z_{n+1} - \phi_m(t_n)\sin(1-\epsilon)t_n\bigg]\\
\nonumber
t_{n+1} &= t_n + \Delta t
\label{bs.1}
\end{align}
where $z_n$ and $p_n$ are the coordinate and momenta respectively in
dimensionless units, $t_n$ is the time variable in radians of the
synchrotron oscillation, $\Delta t$ is its numerical step. The
amplitude of the RF phase modulation $\phi_m(t)$ was taken as a
trapezoid similar to Fig.~\ref{ramp.eps}.

Here are the typical parameters used in the simulations:
\begin{itemize}
\item the adiabaticity parameter $\dot{\phi_m}/(\Omega_s \phi_0)\sim
  200$.
\item $\Delta t=0.01$ radians which is small enough for the results to be
  independent of its specific value.
\item Initial phase space density is assumed to be $F(J) \propto
  (J_{\rm  max}-J)^2$ with the emittance $J_{\rm max}$ set close to the bucket
  acceptance.
\item Number of macro-particles $N=4 \times 10^4$.
\end{itemize}

The simulation results before and after shaking are shown in
Fig.~\ref{PDF12.eps} for $\epsilon=0.03$, $\phi_0=0.025$ and two
consecutive shaking cycles with $T_{\rm{sim}} = 600$ radians or about
90 synchrotron periods each. Each cycle time was equally divided into
three parts of about 30~synchrotron periods each: a linear growth of
the modulation amplitude from 0 to $\phi_0$, staying at $\phi_0$, and
a linear decrease from $\phi_0$ back to 0.

Clearly the action distribution {\tt PDF[J]\/} has
successfully flattened out and there is even a little divot that is less
pronounced after the second shaking cycle. Except for this small
difference, the second cycle does not significantly change the
distribution. The phase distribution {\tt PDF[$\psi$]\/} after every
cycle is as flat as before, showing that no coherent oscillations were
excited.

The time dependence of the unperturbed Hamiltonian $H(z,p)=p^2/2 +
(1-\cos z)$ calculated for the bunch average values of the canonical
variables $\langle z\rangle$ and $\langle p\rangle$ is shown in
Fig.~\ref{HamT.eps}. This simulation shows that the adiabaticity of
shaking is really important: after every cycle, the Hamiltonian goes
to zero. The irregular features of this plot probably reflect the
chaotic nature of the anomalous diffusion responsible for the
flattening of the distribution.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f1a.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f1b.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f1c.eps}

 \caption{(a) distributions over action {\tt PDF[J]}, original (blue) and after
   the first ramp (pink); the overlapped area is in
   violet. (b) a similar comparison of the distributions before and
   after the second ramp. (c) a comparison of the phase
   distributions {\tt PDF[$\psi$]} before and after the first ramp.}
  \label{PDF12.eps}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f2.eps}

 \caption{Time dependence of the unperturbed Hamiltonian taken for the bunch-average coordinate and momentum.}
  \label{HamT.eps}
\end{figure*}

\section{Experiment}

The block diagram of the phase modulation hardware used for shaking
the beam is shown in Fig.~\ref{setup.eps}. A signal generator
generates a sine wave where its amplitude and frequency can be
programmed and its output is fed into a phase shifter module. The
phase shifter modulates the Tevatron low level RF (LLRF)
and the result is fed into the Tevatron high level RF (HLRF).
Essentially, the block diagram produces the following
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm HLRF} = A \sin\bigg[2\pi f_{\rm LLRF}t + \phi_m(t)\sin( 2\pi f_mt)
+ \theta\bigg]
\label{expt.1}
\end{equation}
where $f_{\rm HLRF}$ is the phase modulated signal sent to the HLRF, $A$ is
the amplitude of the signal sent to the HLRF, $f_{\rm LLRF}$ is the frequency from the
LLRF, $\theta$ is an arbitrary phase,  and the signal generator produces
the amplitude $\phi_m$ and frequency $f_m$ for the phase modulation.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f3a.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f3b.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f3c.eps}
 \caption{The block diagrams of the bunch shaker and detectors used to
   monitor the bunches for the experiments.}
  \label{setup.eps}
\end{figure*}

The time evolution of the bunch during the experiment are measured
using the Sampled Bunch Display (SBD) \cite{pordes}. Its block diagram
is shown in Fig.~\ref{setup.eps}.  The SBD measures the bunch profile
from a resistive wall current monitor with an oscilloscope that has a
2~GHz bandwidth and the collected data is processed with a
LabView program which calculates the following parameters:
\begin{itemize}
\item bunch centroid,
\item  bunch current,
\item rms bunch length.
\end{itemize}
These parameters are then returned to the
control system and can be plotted to give
Figures~\ref{lumber150.eps} and \ref{datalogger.eps}. Furthermore, the
snapshots of the bunch from the resistive wall signal can also be
downloaded. The SBD trigger has been set up to take five consecutive
snapshots of the bunch that are 1~s apart. These snapshots are
presented in the figures below.

The block diagram of the phase detector used to measure the
longitudinal motion of the bunch w.r.t.~the Tevatron RF is shown in
Fig.~\ref{setup.eps}. The $I/Q$ phase detector is a part of the Tevatron
longitudinal damper system \cite{dampers} which essentially takes the sum
signal from a stripline pickup, down-converts it with the Tevatron LLRF and low pass
filters it to produce a quadrature signal. The quadrature signal is then
measured with a spectrum analyzer.

The Tevatron parameters relevant to the experiment are shown in
Table~\ref{tab:table1}. This experiment only uses two coalesced proton
bunches and measurements are either taken at the injection energy of
150~GeV or at the flattop energy of 980~GeV.

\begin{table}[b]
\caption{\label{tab:table1}%
Tevatron Parameters Relevant To The Experiment
}
\centering
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\textrm{Parameter}&
\textrm{Value}&
\textrm{Units}\\
\colrule
Injection energy & 150 & GeV \\
Flattop energy & 980 & GeV\\
Synchrotron frequency at 150 GeV & $87.47$ & Hz\\
Synchrotron frequency at 980 GeV & $34.75$ & Hz\\
RF frequency at 150 GeV & $53.103$ & MHz\\
RF frequency at 980 GeV & $53.104$ & MHz\\
Harmonic number & 1113 & --\\
Buckets between two injected bunches & 21 & -- \\
Intensity per bunch & $(200 - 300) \times 10^9$ &--\\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Results at the injection energy of 150 GeV}

The results in this section have been performed at the injection energy of
150~GeV. At injection, the bunch nearly fills the bucket and so there
are small beam current losses whenever the bunch is shaken. (Results
at flattop do not have this problem. See section~\ref{980GeV.sec}).
In this experiment, $f_m$ has been set to $87.47$~Hz because it is the
measured synchrotron frequency $f_s$ and the bunch is shaken one time for
14~s. (Note: theoretically, $f_m$ should have been set to a frequency
which is {\it smaller\/} than $f_s$. However, at the time, this
criterion was not appreciated and the experiment was not done.)
The phase ramp used in the 150~GeV experiments is not adiabatic
and is shown in Fig.~\ref{ramp.eps}.  The maximum amplitude of the shake
has been tested for $\phi_0 = 1^\circ$, $2^\circ$ and $3^\circ$
respectively and experimentally, $\phi_0=3^\circ$ has been found to
produce the best effect for the duration of the shake.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 {\includegraphics*[width=100mm,clip]{f4a.eps}}
 {\includegraphics*[width=100mm,clip]{f4b.eps}}
 \caption{These are the phase ramps $\phi_m(t)$ used at
   150~GeV and 980~GeV. For the 150~GeV experiments, $t_{\rm stop}$ is user defined.}
  \label{ramp.eps}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{lumber150.eps} shows the shake duration and the behavior of
the bunch current, centroid, and rms bunch length before and after
shaking. The beam current drops by about $2.3$\% and the rms bunch length
grows by about $1.8$\% after being shaken. The beam current drop is not
surprising because of the filled bucket. And the change in rms bunch length
comes from the shape change which is clearly seen in
Fig.~\ref{beforeafter150.eps}. After the shake is turned off, a nice
divot structure forms which confirms the prediction previously
discussed in section \ref{flattening.sec}.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f5.eps}
 \caption{The data from the SBD system is plotted here: T:SBDPWS,
   T:SBDPIS and T:SBDPCS. The beam is shaken for 14~s and there is some beam loss and
   bunch length growth. Although the measured bunch centroid looks like it is
 still oscillating, the snapshots show that the dancing has
 stopped. See Fig.~\ref{beforeafter150.eps}.}
  \label{lumber150.eps}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f6a.eps}
\includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f6b.eps}
\caption{These are snapshots taken by the SBD before and after
  shaking. Before any shakes, the bunch is dancing. The result after
  shaking the beam for 14~s is the creation of a divot structure in the bunch and
  stoppage of the tip motion.}
  \label{beforeafter150.eps}
\end{figure*}

\subsubsection{Contrast to Dampers}

The bunch distribution after it has been shaken can be contrasted to
the distribution when dampers are used instead to stop the
dancing. The before and after distributions are shown in
Fig.~\ref{beforeafterdampers.eps}. The effect of dampers on the bunch
distribution is to make it more triangular. This can be contrasted to
the shaking technique shown in Fig.~\ref{beforeafter150.eps} where the
distribution becomes more rotund. Also, after the dance stops and the
dampers are turned off, the bunches do not start dancing again even
after the dampers have been off for 5 min.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f7a.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f7b.eps}
 \caption{The before and after effects of using the damper to stop the
 dance. The distribution after the dampers have stopped the dancing is
to make the distribution more triangular in shape.}
  \label{beforeafterdampers.eps}
\end{figure*}

At first glance, the stability of the bunch after the dampers are off
contradicts the described theory of LLD. Indeed, according to this
theory, the LLD threshold is lowered when the distribution function
becomes more steep and thus the beam distribution shown in
Fig.~\ref{beforeafterdampers.eps} has to be less stable after the
dampers are turned off than it was before they were on. A resolution
for this seemingly contradictory observation relies on the necessity
to distinguish between LLD and instability. Indeed, if Landau damping
is lost, the growth rate is determined by the coupled bunch wake
forces. If these forces are weak enough, the instability takes too
long to grow and so it cannot be observed. There are two types of long
range wake fields that can be considered as possible candidates for
driving the longitudinal coupled bunch instability (LCBI): cavity
modes and the resistive wall wake. Direct calculations show that the
resistive wall wake is extremely weak and has to be removed from this
list. Even for 36 Tevatron bunches, the calculated resistive wall LCBI
growth time is $\sim\! 10$ days and so the only remaining candidate is
the RF cavity modes. According to Ref.~\cite{tan2005}, the LCBI
observations at the top energy for 36 proton bunches can be explained
by higher order modes at 311~MHz with caveats: the calculated growth time
using the rigid bunch approximation is an order of magnitude faster
than the measured one. There can be two reasons for this discrepancy:
the first is a decreased Q-value compared to its measured value done
in 2000 \cite{tan2005, HOM} and the second is that the rigid bunch
approximation overestimates both the threshold and the
growth rate of the instability by several times.

\subsubsection{Initial Bunch Shape Effects}

The number of shaking cycles required to stop the bunch varied from
case to case. Most likely, this is due to the non-optimized detuning
of the shake frequency and some variations in the bunch intensities
and profiles which cause variations in the incoherent tune
shifts. Perhaps, a better choice of the detuning parameter $\epsilon =
1-f_m/f_s$ can lead to single shake damping of the dance, but there
was no opportunity to test this.

In this experiment five bunch coalescing is used rather than the usual
seven. The initial bunch distribution between bunch 1 and 2 are quite
different because the Main Injector has not been tuned up for five
bunch coalescing. Therefore, the random effects of untuned coalescing
has made bunch 1 dance a lot more than bunch 2 before shaking is
applied.  Figure~\ref{b12eforeafter.eps} shows the result of shaking
the two bunches {\it at the same time\/}. The bunches are shaken for
$7-8$~s at $\phi_0=3^\circ$ and the first bunch does not stop dancing
while the second bunch stops dancing and gets a divot.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
\centering
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f8a.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f8b.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f8c.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f8d.eps}}\\
\caption{The initial bunch shape can have an effect on how strongly it
  must be shaken to stop the dancing.}
\label{b12eforeafter.eps}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Results at the flattop energy of 980 GeV}
\label{980GeV.sec}

The bucket is about a factor of two larger than the beam size at
980~GeV, and thus allows the beam to freely change shape without being
constrained by the bucket edges. A $\phi_m$ ramp has been created so
that there are no abrupt changes in the RF as shown in
Fig.~\ref{ramp.eps}. Previous experiments have shown that sudden
turn-ons can cause some beam loss even though the bucket is large
compared to the beam size.

In this experiment, the total time the phase is ramped is 3~s. The
rise and fall time of the ramp has been chosen to be 1~s because it is slow
compared to the synchrotron period of 29~ms. The flattop period
can be varied, but for this experiment it has been set to 1~s.

The modulation frequency $f_m$ has been set to the measured synchtron
tune $34.75$~Hz and the bunch is shaken seven
times with the $\phi_m$ ramp.

Figure~\ref{datalogger.eps} shows the seven $\phi_m$ ramps and the
behavior of the bunch current, centroid, and rms bunch length for the
duration of the experiment.  The beam current is constant throughout
the experiment but the rms bunch length grows by about $18$\% (from
$1.67$~ns to $1.97$~ns) at the end of the experiment. It is
interesting to notice that the rms bunch length grows after each shake
because of the shape change. A comparison of the bunch shapes before
and after the shakes shows that the rms bunch length growth comes from
the flatter core of the bunch while its tails remain unchanged.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f9.eps}
 \caption{The beam is shaken seven times using the $\phi_m$ ramp shown
   in Fig.~\ref{ramp.eps} at 980~GeV. After the seventh shake the dancing stops but
   there is growth in rms bunch length because of the shape change.}
 \label{datalogger.eps}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{before7.eps} shows the bunch shape and the spectrum before
shaking starts. The spectrum shows the revolution frequency and the
synchrotron sidebands which are about $6$~dB smaller than the
revolution harmonic. The beam has no quadrupole motion because there
are no resonances at twice the synchrotron frequency.

Figure~\ref{beforeafter.eps} shows both the the bunch shape evolution
and the spectrum from the phase detector after the first, third, fifth
and seventh shakes.  It is clear from these plots that after the first
shake the amplitude of the dance has increased by about 14~dB relative
to the amplitude before shaking. And after each subsequent shake, the
amplitude becomes smaller, which after the seventh shake, the dance
amplitude has decreased by $14$~dB relative to the amplitude before
shake. The shape of the bunch after the seventh shake has clearly changed.
Figure~\ref{superimpose.eps} superimposes the before and
after the seventh shake snapshots where the shape change is clearly
evident.

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f10a.eps}
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f10b.eps}
 \caption{These figures show the bunch dancing in both the time domain
   and the frequency domain before any shaking is done at 980~GeV. The
   synchrotron sidebands which are $\pm34.75$~Hz away from the first
   revolution harmonic are indicated here.}
  \label{before7.eps}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[htb]
\centering
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11a.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11b.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11c.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11d.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11e.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11f.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11g.eps}}
{\includegraphics*[width=60mm,clip]{f11h.eps}}
\caption{These figures show how the bunch shape evolves after the
  first, third, fifth and seventh shake. After the seventh shake, the
  synchrotron amplitude is reduced by about 14~dB w.r.t.~its size
  before any shake.}
\label{beforeafter.eps}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[htb]
  \centering
 \includegraphics*[width=120mm,clip]{f12.eps}
 \caption{All the traces which are collected before and after the
   seventh shake
   are plotted together here which clearly shows the shape change at
   the end of the experiment.}
 \label{superimpose.eps}
\end{figure*}

\section{Conclusion}

Similar ideas for bunch distribution flattening have been suggested
and implemented in the KEK-PS \cite{toyama1, toyama2} and the KEK
Photon Factory \cite{sakanaka}. This technique is also routinely
applied in the CERN SPS to blow up the longitudinal emittance for
stabilizing the beam \cite{shaposhnikova}. However, in all these
cases, narrow band RF noise around the synchrotron sidebands are
excited. In the KEK-PS and SPS, the RF perturbation is applied to the
voltage amplitude while at the KEK Photon Factory, noise is applied to
the RF phase. The experiments described in this paper take a different
approach: instead of noise, the RF phase is excited at the synchrotron
frequency, and its amplitude is ramped adiabatically. This technique
works because anomalous diffusion flattens the bunch distribution. It
is also possible that this technique is able to finely regulate the
width where the distribution is flattened while keeping the remaining
distribution untouched. Unfortunately, due to the lack of machine
studies time and the shutdown of the Tevatron \footnote{The Tevatron
  was retired from service on 30 Sep 2011.}, there was no opportunity
to pursue these ideas further.

All the Tevatron experiments discussed here
show that an RF phase modulation that is ramped to an amplitude of a
few degrees for a duration of a
few seconds can flatten the low amplitude distribution of the beam. In
some cases, a divot forms {\it \`a la\/} computer simulations.  These
beam studies show that stabilization really does happen and confirms
the proposal that resonant RF shaking can stop the beam from dancing.

\section{Acknowledgments}

The authors wish to thank R.~Madrak for reading and correcting errors
in this manuscript.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Professionalism, globalisation, commercialisation and global health issues have catapulted sport and physical education into the business arena causing an exponential growth in career opportunities. Picking up this enormous development in sport, issue number 52 features "Selected Sport and Physical Education Career Opportunities", including e.g. "Careers in Sport Law" by Mary A Hums, Anita M. Moorman and Anastasios Kabourakis, "Teaching Physical Education – Career Opportunities" by Claudette S. Jones, or "Being a Sport Coach" by Catherine Sellers. In addition, there are articles on "Breaking the culture: The UCI's recent strategies for the detection and deterrence of doping in cycling" by Anne Gripper; on "Civilised Games?: Beijing 2008, Power Politics, and Cultural Struggles" by Joseph Maguire; "Health Status, Needs and Attitudes Toward People with Intellectual Disability" by Stephen Corbin and Heather Driscoll and much more.
We are pleased to offer you now the archived issues of the Bulletin No. 52. Please download the file below.


>> build the gcc-2.95 AIX cross compiler.
>> Any ideas?  If gcc can't make libgcc1.a by itself, how can I make it?
>> Any help would be greatly appreciated!
>> body of the message.
>What steps are you using?
>What did you have on your configure line?
>what did you type to make?
steps  that  I  send  U .
to  the host  machine .


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