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Tag Archives: Girl Scouts
People sometimes complain that the world of a hundred years ago is so picked over that there's nothing left to write about.* After spending a year reading as if I were living in that period, though, I can tell you that there's a treasure trove of subjects just waiting to be turned into books, articles, dissertations, or academic projects. Here are ten topics that I'm mystified that no one has gotten to yet.**
1. Archiving Erté's Harper's Bazar covers
Over the (yikes!) almost four years of this project, I have spent many happy hours finding online copies of Harper's Bazar covers by Erté, the legendary art deco artist, designer, and crossword puzzle clue stalwart who worked as the magazine's regular cover artist from 1915 to 1936. I included him in my Thanksgiving lists of 10 1918 People I'm Thankful For and Ten 1919 Illustrators I'm Thankful For.***
But I have also spent many unhappy hours searching for Erté covers in vain. HathiTrust, the Google Books online archive, is missing some issues from 1918 and doesn't have any at all for 1919 (or from 1923 to 1929, but I'll worry about that in the future). I've found images for some, but not all, of these covers elsewhere, often on Pinterest, which is the source of most of my magazine cover images anyway. Those images that do exist aren't at the level of quality that these important cultural artifacts deserve.
Roman Petrovich Tyrtov (Erté), date unknown
Someone needs to make high-quality digital scans of the full collection and archive them online**** before the original covers deteriorate any further. (Maybe Harper's Bazaar—the extra A was added in 1930—has done this, but, if so, the archive isn't available online, as Vogue's is.) A book or scholarly article about the covers would be good, too. Get on this, digital humanities people!
2. A biography of cartoonist Percy Crosby
From The Rookie from the 13th Squad, 1918
One of the most intriguing people I've written about for this blog is Percy Crosby, who penned the cartoon The Rookie from the 13th Squad. The hapless but ultimately stouthearted Rookie was the Sad Sack of World War I. Crosby, who received a Purple Heart after being hit in the eye with shrapnel, went on to create the popular cartoon Skippy, which the Charles Schulz website cites as an influence for Peanuts. He also, I kid you not, won the silver medal in the 1932 watercolors and drawing event in the 1932 Olympics.
Percy Crosby, date unknown
Crosby's personal life was troubled, though. He ran with a hard-drinking crowd that included Jerome Kern, Ring Lardner, John Barrymore, and Heywood Broun. Following a violent episode, his wife divorced him and got a restraining order, and he never saw her or their four children again. He began taking out two-page ads in major newspapers, espousing left-wing views and taking on targets like the FBI, the IRS, and Al Capone. After a 1948 suicide attempt, he was confined to a mental hospital and diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. One of the purported symptoms of his paranoia was his endless ranting about how Skippy Peanut Butter had violated the trademark on his character's name. Now, I'm no intellectual property rights lawyer, but that doesn't sound all that paranoid to me. Crosby himself believed that his left-wing views contributed to his prolonged confinement. He died in the mental hospital in 1964.
A biography of Crosby was published in 1978, but his life, and his long confinement, deserve a closer look.
3. Girl Scout badges through the ages
What gives you a better sense of what was expected of girls in a given era than its Girl Scout badges? Well, lots of things, probably, given that the 1920 edition of Scouting for Girls included badges for telegraphy ("send 22 words per minute using a sounder and American Morse Code"), bee keeping ("have a practical knowledge of bee keeping and assist in hiving a swarm…"), and rock tapping ("collect two or three scratched or glaciated pebbles or cobblestones in the drift"). But, as I discovered during my quest to earn a 1919 Girl Scout badge,***** Girl Scout badges do provide an interesting window into the era. I learned all about caring for sick relatives and found out what a cruel practice plucking egret feathers for women's hats is.
Junior Girl Scout Handbook, 1960s
My own Girl Scout book was written closer to 1920 than to today (it had been around a while, but still!). There are some cool badges in that book, like Observer, where you learn about constellations and rock formations and make a conservation exhibit. Others, like Indian Lore and Gypsy, wouldn't pass muster today.
The current badges look kind of trippy and feature topics like cybersecurity, coding, entrepreneurship, and preparing for STEM jobs. That all sounds way too stressful and careerist for me. Personally, I'd rather learn telegraphy.
Well, I'd better stop before I end up writing the book myself.
4. Did Daisy Ashford really write The Young Visiters?
Daisy Ashford, frontispiece, The Young Visiters (1919)
The Young Visiters, nine-year-old Daisy Ashford's unintentionally hilarious account of sometimes unsavory high-society goings-on, became a runaway bestseller following its 1919 publication. The manuscript, written in 1890 or so, was discovered by the adult Daisy and circulated among her friends until it reached novelist and publisher's reader Frank Swinnerton, who arranged for its publication, with an introduction by L. Frank Baum.
Or so the story goes. Some reviewers at the time were skeptical, and there was speculation that Baum himself was the author. When Ashford died in 1972 at the age of 90, her obituary in the New York Times mentioned the doubts about her authorship.
Here is the opening paragraph. You decide for yourself whether you buy it as the work of a preteen or if, like me, you're with the skeptics.
Except you don't have to leave it at that! Thanks to the wonders of modern technology, you can figure out the authorship for yourself. In recent years, researchers have used computer software that analyzes similarities between texts to discover new sources for Shakespeare's plays and help unmask J.K. Rowling as the author of the mystery novel The Cuckoo's Calling, published under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. I wonder what a comparison between The Young Visiters and the works of L. Frank Baum (or maybe Frank Swinnerton) would reveal. Go for it!******
5. The Crisis Press, The Brownies' Book, and Jessie Redmon Fauset
The Brownies' Book, May 1920
The life and work of W.E.B. Du Bois is not exactly lost to history. To cite only one recent example of his place in the culture, the novel The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois was an Oprah book club pick and was long-listed for this year's National Book Award. The Crisis, the NAACP magazine that he edited, is rightly celebrated as a groundbreaking publication for and about African-Americans. Less well-known are the side projects of the magazine's publishing company, including books like Hazel, by Ruth White Ovington, the first children's book to figure an African-American protagonist, and The Brownies' Book, an all-too-short-lived magazine "designed for all children, but especially for ours." Recent high school graduate Langston Hughes published his first poems in the magazine. There have been a number of academic articles about The Brownies' Book, as well as a 1996 anthology, but the magazine and the Crisis Publication Company's other ventures deserve to be better known today.
Jessie Redmon Fauset, date unknown
While you're at it, how about a biography of The Brownies' Book managing editor Jessie Redmon Fauset, who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance?
6. Women Illustrators of the 1920s
Career opportunities for talented women in the 1920s were limited, but magazine illustration was one field where women could, and did, succeed. Their work and their lives are worth revisiting.
Why did Helen Dryden, once the highest-paid woman artist in the United States, end up living in a welfare hotel?
Helen Dryden, July 1, 1921
How did Gordon Conway make it to the top of her profession without taking a single art class?
Gordon Conway, January 1918
Why did talented illustrator Rita Senger disappear from the covers of Vogue and Vanity Fair in 1919? (Well, I told you all about that here.)
Rita Senger, April 1918
As for Neysa McMein, suffragist, Saturday Evening Post illustrator, best friend of Dorothy Parker, lover of Charlie Chaplin, Ring Lardner, Robert Benchley, and others, I just want to spend a winter afternoon reading a gossipy account of her life.
Nisa McMein, May 13, 1916
And there are lots more! Edna Crompton!
Edna Crompton, September 1920
Harriet Meserole!
Harriet Meserole, March 15, 1920
Anne Harriet Fish!
Anne Harriet Fish
More on these amazing women, please!
7. The Life of James Hall
James Hall in the Lafayette Escadrille, 1917
In May 2018, I read a May 1918 New York Times article about the apparent death of popular aviator Jimmy Hall, who had been shot down behind enemy lines. I decided to Google him to see if by any chance he had survived. But James Hall is a common name, and I kept getting articles about the co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty. Eventually I realized that the courageous aviator and the successful writer were…one and the same!
First edition, 1932
Hall, it turned out, had been captured by the Germans. After the war, he moved to Tahiti, where he and co-author Charles Nordhoff penned Mutiny on the Bounty and other best-sellers.******* His wife was partly of Polynesian descent. Their son, cinematographer Conrad Hall, won three Oscars, including one for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.
Amazingly, no one seems to have written a biography of this fascinating man. If I haven't done enough to persuade you to take on this project, it would definitely require a trip to Tahiti, where his modest house is now a museum.
8. Edna Ferber biography and revival
Edna Ferber, date unknown (State Historical Society of Wisconsin Visual Archives)
Edna Ferber checks a number of boxes to spark contemporary interest: she took on racism and sexism in her novels and short stories, and she may have been a lesbian. On top of that, she was a wonderful writer, at least judging from the early novel and short stories that I've read, featuring the dreams, disappointments, and, very occasionally, triumphs of department store saleswomen and accountants and stenographers. Ferber was a regular at the Algonquin Round Table, which would make for entertaining research.********
Illustration by James Montgomery Flagg from Roast Beef, Medium, by Edna Ferber (1913)
Harper Perennial Classics has reissued some of Ferber's novels, which is a good start, but she's due the kind of revival that Tim Page sparked for novelist Dawn Powell a few decades back when he published her diaries, her letters, and a biography. Any volunteers?
9. The Illustrators of New Rochelle, New York
Coles Phillips in his New Rochelle Studio, ca. 1921 (saturdayeveningpost.org)
High on the list of nonexistent books I'm longing to read is a group biography of Norman Rockwell, Coles Phillips, the Leyendecker brothers, and the other illustrators who turned suburban New Rochelle, New York, into one of the country's most important artists' colonies. If you can believe Wikipedia, New Rochelle was the source of more than half of the illustrations in major publications in the early 1920s.
I want SO much to read about J.C. Leyendecker's romantic relationship with the model for his Arrow shirt ads
J.C. Leyendecker (vogue.com)
and about his brother Frank's short life and tragic death.
Frank Leyendecker, June 1915
I want to read about Coles Phillips' apparently happy marriage (one of all too few I've read about in the period) to his wife Teresa, who served as his primary model, "making up in keen interest and endurance what I lacked in pulchritude," as she wrote in the Saturday Evening Post after his death in 1927 at the age of 46.
Coles Phillips, October 1916
I want to read about Normal Rockwell's…well, I can't think of anything I want to read about Norman Rockwell. But, if you write it, I'll read it!
Norman Rockwell, February 7, 1920
10. This one's for me!
By now, you may be wondering why I'm asking the rest of the world to do all of these projects and not saving any for myself. Well, don't worry—I've set aside a project, or two, or three. I'm not sure when I'll be able to finish, or, um, start them, but I look forward to telling you more when I can.
In the meantime, get to work, everyone!
*Actually, this is mostly an amateur opinion. The academics I know who are working on this period have more than enough to keep them busy.
**That I know if. If I'm wrong, please let me know!
***I've noticed recently that some of my old posts have gone all Alice in Wonderland on me, with small photos suddenly huge, like this squiggle from the Thanksgiving 2019 post.
I'll get with WordPress to see what this is about and in the meantime am resizing the giant photos as I come across them.
****Or at least the covers (currently up to 1925) that are out of copyright.
*****Actually, a 1916 Girl Scout badge. My logic in using 1919 in the title was that this was the Girl Scout book being used 100 years ago at the time of the post. If I had known that this would go on to be by far my most popular post, read by many people who didn't have a clue about my 100 years ago project, I would have used the 1916 in the blog post title.
******Go for it yourself, you might reasonably say. I tried once, with some different texts, and it's kind of hard.
*******Speaking of fake child authors, Hall confessed in 1946 that he had written the critically acclaimed 1940 poetry collection Oh Millersville!, supposedly the work of a 10-year-old girl named Fern Gravel.
********That's Ferber on the bottom right corner, looking like she's wearing a skeleton mask, in the Al Hirschfeld cartoon of Algonquin Round Table members. I can't post it here because it's still under copyright.
This entry was posted in Advertising, Art and Illustration, Books, Fiction and Poetry, Magazines and tagged Coles Phillips, Daisy Ashford, Edna Ferber, Erté, Girl Scouts, Gordon Conway, Harper's Bazar, Helen Dryden, J.C. Leyendecker, James Hall, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Neysa McMein, Norman Rockwell, Percy Crosby, Rita Senger, The Brownies' Book on November 7, 2021 by Mary Grace McGeehan.
The Top 10 Posts of 1919…and a new name for a new decade
The beginning of a new decade is a good time for a fresh start. A time to review your diet, and your exercise routine, and your blog title. When I launched My Year in 1918 on January 1, 2018, I expected it to be a one-year journey to the world of a hundred years ago. Which it was, in the sense that I spent that year reading ONLY as if I were living 100 years ago. Since this is not something one can do indefinitely, I reentered the 21st century at the beginning of 2019. I found I didn't want to leave the 1910s behind, though, so I continued reading and writing about the world of 1919.
Which, since I didn't listen to my friend Emily, who warned me about this exact scenario, left me with an outdated blog name. I didn't worry about this too much in 2019, seeing the year as an extended victory lap. But, as the 1920/2020s approached, I was growing tired of having to give long-winded explanations about why my blog was called My Year in 1918.
So I'm excited to announce this blog's new, non-expiring, name: My Life 100 Years Ago.*
Now on to the most popular posts of the year.
The Top 10 wasn't as competitive a category in 2019 as it was in 2018, when, posting with monomaniacal zeal, I ended up with 94 contenders. Last year I only published 21 posts. Still, thanks to the magic of Google search engine optimization—the more you've written the more important Google thinks you are, so you end up being, say, the go-to person on glamorous spy ring leader Despina Storch—I ended up with a slightly higher number of views in 2019 than in 2018.**
Here are the top 10 posts, starting with #7 because there is, weirdly, a four-way tie in that position.
#7 (tie). Ten 1919 Illustrators I'm Thankful For
I had a great time learning about the lives and art of these illustrators. My favorite discovery was Coles Phillips, who pioneered the Fadeaway Girl technique.***
#7 (tie). Can you beat me at this 1919 intelligence test? Probably!
Last year, I took a vocabulary-based intelligence test from 1918 and did pretty well. This year, I took a series of intelligence tests from 1919 and, well, the title says it all.
#7 (tie). My Perfect 1919 Summer Morning
I woke up one day in D.C. to find it was a miraculously beautiful August morning, then spent the whole day inside writing this blog post. It was worth it, though. For one thing, I now know way more than I used to about 1919 deodorant.
#7 (tie). Nobel Prize Laureate Selma Lagerlöf: A Swedish storyteller whose own story couldn't be told
While spending a month in Sweden, I looked into the life of the first woman Nobel Prize laureate in literature and found lots of romantic intrigue.
#6. Princeton interlude: Orange and black is the new black
In which I go to my Princeton grad school reunion and take on a burning question: What's with those goofy jackets?
#5. And the best novel of 1918 is…
Good news—clickbait works! So I won't tell you what it is here either. Hint: it's based on the real-life woman pictured with her family in this photograph.
#4. My Quest to Earn a 1919 Girl Scout Badge, Part 2
I have had a huge amount of fun doing this blog. The intelligence tests! The quizzes on What's Your 1918 Girl Job? and Did College Shrink Your Breasts?! The search for 1918 love! But setting out to earn badges from the 1916 Girl Scout handbook was the most fun of all. In this second round, I polished silver and translated Proust and played the recorder and…well, read for yourself!
#3. Children's Books: Your 1919 Holiday Shopping Guide
This was another of my favorite projects of the year, and readers must have agreed—this post shot up to #3 in only twelve days. One surprise was the amount of violence in children's books of 100 years ago. The illustration here is from a NURSERY RHYME.
#2. April 1919 Ladies' Home Journal Ads: A Riot of Color for Spring
The popularity of this post taught me this lesson: "People don't care what you write, just put up a bunch of cool pictures and they'll be happy."
#1. My Quest to Earn a 1919 Girl Scout Badge
The humongous success of this post—it had three time as many views as the next most popular post of the year—shows that readers had as much fun as I did with the Girl Scout badge quest. Luckily, there are more badges to be earned this year, with a new edition of the Girl Scout handbook out in 1920. And if you missed the second installment, it's just a click away at #4!
Exploring Provo–and Mormon History: Sometimes initial popularity hurts a post in the stats, because if you read the post at the top of the blog without clicking on it then it's credited to the home page. This is what happened with this post, which tied the record for daily views when first published but ended up as #18 of 21 for the year.
Celebrating 100 Posts: 2017 Me Interviews 2019 Me about My Year in 1918: There's no particular reason to give this post an honorable mention except that I like it, it wasn't far out of tied-for-tenth place, and it's a good introduction to the blog if you're just discovering it now.
Dishonorable Mention
More beautiful images from 1918: I always hope that the least-viewed post of the year doesn't turn out to be a labor of love that I spent days and days on. Luckily (and perhaps not coincidentally), this hasn't been the case so far. 2019's worst performer, with 10 views**** (which is at least better than last year's two), is one of three posts of images that I published in the first weeks of 2019, when I was shell-shocked after emerging from 1918. So I guess the "people only want to look at pictures" rule isn't infallible.
Best-Performing Post from 2018
In search of a good mother poem: Posts originally published in 2018 didn't qualify for Top 10 honors. Which is bad luck for this one, which only came in 17th last year but was this year's second most viewed overall. I hope that all these visitors weren't seeking inspirational Mother's Day verse, since they would have been disappointed. That is, I think "Dedication for a Plot of Ground," William Carlos Williams' tribute to his fierce grandmother, is inspiring, but I can't imagine it on a needlepoint sampler.
All the best for the new year! I'm looking forward to sharing the Roaring Twenties with you.
*UPDATE 1/2/2020: This blog's URL is now officially mylife100yearsago.com. Myyearin1918.com redirects to this site, so everything should happen seamlessly from your end regardless of how you access it, except maybe RSS feeds. (Drop me a line if it doesn't.) Everyone on the internet made this process sound incredibly scary–"you'll want to brush up on your FTP skills," etc.–but it ended up taking five minutes on WordPress.
**Another thing about search engine optimization: Google severely punishes broken links, which my blog suddenly has lots of. The Modernist Journals Project recently revamped its site, breaking my many links to magazines such as The Smart Set, The Crisis, and The Little Review. I'm fixing them one by one. If you encounter a broken link to something you need (or just want) to see, send me a message on the Contact page and I'll send you the link. (To the person who clicked eight times last week trying in vain to get to the issue of The Smart Set with H.L. Mencken's review of My Ántonia in it, here it is.)
***Phillips seems to have been the inspiration for Grace Lin's children's book A Big Bed for Little Snow, which was just reviewed in the New York Times, with a fadeaway illustration from the book of a mother and child. In the book, Lin writes, "Little Snow listened to Mommy's footsteps fade away," which I suspect is a shout-out. (UPDATE 1/18/020: I sent a message to Grace Lin's website to ask about this and got a response saying that Lin discusses the connection in this video. It's well worth watching if you've got five minutes, and not just because of the Phillips connection.)
****But, remember, more people read it on the home page.
New on the Book List:
I have been very lazy about updates. I've recently added mini-reviews for the latest (and last) entries for 2019:
The Girl from the Marsh Croft, by Selma Lagerlöf (1908; translated 1910)
Understood Betsy, by Dorothy Canfield Fisher (1916)
Pictures of the Floating World, by Amy Lowell (1919)
This entry was posted in Advertising, Art and Illustration, My Life in 1918 and tagged children's books, Girl Scouts, intelligence tests, Ladies' Home Journal, Mormons, Princeton, Selma Lagerlöf, Smart Set, William Carlos Williams on January 1, 2020 by Mary Grace McGeehan.
My Quest to Earn a 1919 Girl Scout Badge
Back in the day, I was really into Girl Scouts. Like, really into it. I had so many badges that they went all the way down the front of my sash and halfway up the back.*
So I was eager to set about earning some Girl Scout badges from a hundred years ago.
First, though, I needed to figure out what was going on in Girl Scouting back then. I had a head start because in fifth grade I wrote, directed, and starred in a play my troop put on about Girl Scouting founder Juliette Gordon Low.** But not a huge head start, because the only things I could remember about her were that she was born in Savannah, Georgia, and that she went deaf in one ear following a rice-throwing mishap at her wedding.
Juliette Gordon Low, 1917 (Harris & Ewing Collection/Library of Congress)
Low was born in, yes, Savannah, in 1860, the daughter of a wealthy cotton broker who fought for the Confederacy yet somehow ended up being close friends with General Sherman. At age 25, she married William Mackay Low. They moved to England, where their social circle included Rudyard Kipling and the Prince of Wales. Her husband proved to be a drinker, gambler, and philanderer, though, and they separated in 1901. He died in 1905.
Robert Baden-Powell, ca. 1919 (Library of Congress)
Low met Boy Scouts founder Robert Baden-Powell in 1911, and the two became close friends. She got involved with the Girl Guides, which were headed by Baden-Powell's sister Agnes, and traveled with Baden-Powell to the United States in 1912 to launch the American Girl Guides, soon renamed the Girl Scouts.
Other interesting things happened, like a feud with the Campfire Girls, who refused Low's merger proposal because they thought some GS activities were too masculine, and controversy over the "Girl Scouts" name, which some thought would have a sissifying effect on the Boy Scouts. But I skimmed over this in my eagerness to set about earning some badges.
I got hold of the Girl Scout handbook of the time, a 1916 update of the original 1913 edition. It's titled How Girls Can Help Their Country, and I was delighted to see that it's chockablock with badges—36 in all.
I knew going in that I couldn't hold a candle to a 1919 Girl Scout in some respects—animal husbandry, for instance. Still, How Girls Can Help Their Country informs us that the purpose of scouting is to prepare girls to be housewives. I've been a wife for almost sixteen years now, so how hard could it be?
Well, let's see.
#1. To obtain a badge for First Aid or Ambulance a Girl Scout must have knowledge of the Sylvester or Schafer methods of resuscitation in case of drowning. Must complete one year of regular attendance and know:
What to do in case of fire.
How to stop a runaway horse.
To obtain an artist's badge a Girl Scout must draw or paint in oils or water colors from nature; or model in clay or plasticine or modeling wax from plaster casts or from life; or describe the process of etching, half-tone engraving, color printing or lithographing; or
Arts and Crafts:
Carve in wood; work in metals; do cabinet work.
When I was in kindergarten, our teacher asked us what we wanted to be when we grew up and wrote down the answers, which I still have in a scrapbook. The girls mostly said mommy. One aspired to be a teenager. Another wanted to be a cheerleader. I wanted to be an artist. Admirable from a gender equality perspective, but delusional. To check whether I was underestimating myself, I tried to draw a dog. This is, I swear, my best effort:
I can do some of these things! This, for example:
#4. Must be able to float, swim, dive and undress in water.
(Okay, I've never actually tried the undressing part, but I bet I could do it if I could find a pool that allowed this kind of shenanigans.)
Others posed more of a challenge.
#3. Understand the rules of basket ball, volley ball, long ball, tether ball, and captain ball.
I'm solid on basket ball, volley ball, and tether ball. Long ball turns out to be a simplified form of cricket. But I got totally muddled up trying to master the rules of captain ball.
Captain Ball diagram, funandgames.org
(There's no picture of this badge, but it's a silver star, they tell us.)
Must complete one year of regular attendance.
So participation trophies aren't just a millennial thing! Not in the cards for me, though.
AUTOMOBILING
#1. Must pass an examination equal to that required to obtain a permit or license to operate an automobile in her community.
I live in Cape Town, and I'll be able to convert my U.S. license to a South African one without taking a test once my South African ID comes through. Just as well, because I took a practice test and got 4 out of 10. In my defense, the questions were like this:
salearners.co.za
Since I never, ever park anywhere near a bridge or abandon my car on a rural road for even one minute, I'm not too worried. But I'm not getting a badge either.
To obtain a merit badge for aviation, a Scout must:
Have a knowledge of the theory of the aeroplane, helicopter,*** and ornithopter, and of the spherical and dirigible balloon.
Have made a working model of any type of heavier than air machine, that will fly at least twenty-five yards; and have built a box kite that will fly…
BIRD STUDY
To secure this badge, a Scout must:
#1. Give list of 50 well-known wild birds of the United States.
#2. State game bird laws of her state.
#3. Give list of 50 wild birds personally observed and identified in the open…
#5. Name 10 birds that destroy rats and mice….
#8. Tell what the Audubon Society is and how it endeavors to conserve the birds of beautiful plumage.
#9. What an aigret is, how obtained, and from what bird.
I can answer #9! It's a long, colorful feather, usually from an egret, used for adorning a hat. (Thank you, Google!) You presumably obtain it from plucking it out, which the Audubon folks might take a dim view of. (UPDATE 11/5/2019: For the horrifying truth about aigret feathers, see the comment from Witness2Fashion below.)
Chapeau à Aigrette, Maison Lewis, 1911
#1. Be able to tie six knots.
#2. Be able to row, pole, scull, or steer a boat.
#3. Land a boat and make fast.
#4. State directions by sun and stars.
#5. Swim 50 yards with clothes and shoes on.
#6. Box the compass and have a knowledge of tides.
I lived on a lake when I was growing up and we used to putter around in canoes, rowboats, and small sailboats, so I'm pretty confident of my ability to do most of these things. And I bet that, if I tried, I could swim 50 yards with clothes and shoes on, although can't I can just take them off like in the Athletics badge? Boxing the compass sounded daunting but turns out just to mean reciting the 32 points and quarter points on a compass, North by Northwest and the like.
Telling direction by the stars, though? Especially in the southern hemisphere, with no Little Bear to guide me?
CHILD-NURSE
#1. Take care of a child for two hours a day for a month, or care for a baby for one hour a day for a month.
#1. Must have legible handwriting;
ability to typewrite;
speedytypingonline.com
a knowledge of spelling and punctuation;
You can judge for yourself, but I'm giving myself this one.
a library hand;
Wait! What's a library hand?
It turns out to be a special kind of handwriting taught in library school to make card catalog entries legible. It looks like this:
A Library Primer, John Cotton Dana, Chicago Library Bureau, 1899
Here is my library hand:
Not great, but not terrible. I'm on the edge here. But it's a moot point because of
#4. Keep complete account of personal receipts and expenditure for six months.
I majored in government in college, and I worked for the government for 28 years. Feeling good about this one!
#1. Be able to recite the preamble to the Constitution.
I knuckled down and memorized it in fifteen minutes. Check!
#2. Be able to state the chief requirements of a voter, in her state, territory, or district.
I looked at the West Virginia state website and nailed down some details I was wobbly on, like how long you have to have lived in the state to vote (30 days). Check!
#3. Be able to outline the principal points in the naturalization laws in the United States.
I was a consular officer at one point, so it was my job to know this. Check!
#4. Know how a president is elected and installed in office, also method of electing vice-president, senators, representatives, giving the term of office and salary of each.
President Woodrow Wilson addressing a joint session of Congress, April 2, 1917 (AP)
Solid on this except some of the salaries. I knew the president's ($400,000) and looked up the vice president's ($235,100) and senators' and representatives' ($174,000).**** Check!
But then I got to:
#5. Be able to name the officers of the President's Cabinet and their portfolios.
Like, all of them? Even the ones who are about to resign?
Maybe this will be it. I cook every day! Okay, every day that we don't eat out or get takeout or have leftovers. Okay, once a week.
#1: Know how to wash up, wait on table, light a fire, lay a table for four, and hand dishes correctly at table.
Me, Christmas 2015
#2: Clean and dress fowl.
INVALID COOKING
#1. How to make gruel, barley water, milk toast, oyster or clam soup, beef tea, chicken jelly, and kumyss.
In case you're wondering, kumyss, or kumis, is fermented mare's milk. It's an important part of the diet of the people of the Central Asian Steppes. Whom I don't anticipate ever having to cook for when they're sick.
#1. Own a bicycle.
Check! (Okay, it doesn't get out a lot.)
#3. Pledge herself to give the service of her bicycle to the government in case of need.
I'm on board with this, although I doubt South Africa will ever need this particular bicycle.
#4. If she ceases to own a bicycle, she must return the badge.
Harsh! Having some kid steal your bike is bad enough without having to turn in your badge like a disgraced FBI agent. But I think I can hold on to mine, and if I don't I have another one in D.C.
#2. Be able to mend a tire.
#1. Know how to test cow's milk with Babcock test.
Hoard's Dairyman, 1904
Oh well, this badge is a little too Bolshiviki to be walking around with in 1919 anyway.
(No picture of this one either, but it's lightening. (UPDATE 10/21/2019: I mean lightning! So much for spelling and punctuation.))
#1. Illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical attraction and repulsion are shown.
#2. Understand the difference between a direct and an alternating current, and show uses to which each is adapted. Give a method of determining which kind flows in a given circuit.
#3. Make a simple electro-magnet.
An Elementary Book on Electricity and Magnetism and Their Applications, 1919.
Here in Cape Town, we're experience "load shedding," a euphemism for power cuts, and I'm sitting here in the dark. I wish some Girl Scout would come along and straighten out the whole mess. It's not going to be me, though.
What? Not farmerette?
#1. Incubating chickens, feeding and rearing chickens under hens.
There's lots more, knowledge of bees and curing hams and the like. The only one I got was
#2. Storing eggs.
#1. Participate in the home and school garden work of her community.
#2. Plan, make and care for either a back-yard garden, or a window garden for one season.
Here's my back-yard garden:
I have a good excuse for this. Cape Town was under severe water restrictions during last year's drought, so I let my garden die. But they don't give badges for good excuses.
So here I am, halfway through and no closer to earning a badge than I was at the beginning.
My quest has left me full of admiration for those model airplane-flying, milk-testing, bird-identifying, chicken jelly-making, electricity-explaining 1919 Girl Scouts. And for Juliette Gordon Low, who, for all her talk about "hussifs," didn't dumb down these badges for the girls. But will I ever be able to earn one? I'm beginning to despair.
But then that old Girl Scout spirit kicks in. I turn for inspiration to the words of our founder and find…well, this:
But also this:
Which turns out to be mostly about the joyful exercise of vigorous outdoor games, but good enough.
I will go on! Stay tuned for Part 2.
In the meantime, you can try for a badge yourself. Drop me a line if you earn one!
*Unfortunately I have no photos of myself as a Girl Scout. My dad was an excellent photographer, but he wasn't into candid shots. Anyone looking through our family scrapbooks would get the impression that I spent my entire childhood sitting in a wicker chair outdoors in darling outfits.
Me, ca. 1967
**Like I said: really into it. Although, in my defense, Girl Scouts is, or at least was back then, a bit of a JGL personality cult.
***What??? I thought helicopters weren't invented yet!
****In 1919, the salaries were $75,000 for the president, $15,000 for the vice president, and $7,500 for senators and representatives.
This entry was posted in My Life in 1918 and tagged 1919, Girl Scouting, Girl Scouts, history, Juliet Gordon Low, Robert Baden-Powell on October 19, 2019 by Mary Grace McGeehan.


text:
The history of today's "Bayerische Motorenwerke" began in 1916, when on 07.03. the "Bayerische Flugzeugwerke" were founded by a descendant of the developer of the Otto engine. It was not until 6 years later that it was renamed "Bayerische Motorenwerke", although cars were still not produced. This came about only in 1928 after the takeover of Eisenacher Stahlwerke, where a car brand known at the time, "Dixi", was manufactured. Until 1928 the company actually focused on the manufacture of aircraft engines and from 1923 on the manufacture of motorcycles as well. Only after the Second World War did the focus shift to the manufacture of cars, with BMW being one of the largest manufacturers in the world with 2,36 million cars. The tuning of the models of this company is also popular because the cars of the company with headquarters in Munich and almost 100000 employees are bought by discerning people with taste. The vehicle tuning makes these already luxurious models of the company even more original, which is why the business is thriving.
Would you like more competition? BMW M2 Comp. with 570 PS!
30. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, News vehicles
According to a new study that scrutinized motorists and car brands around the world, BMW and Audi drivers are most likely to speed and not obey traffic rules. We don't know if that's true, but it ...
Hybrid M-Power SUV with 750 PS: BMW Concept XM!
30. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, M-GmbH (+ M Performance Parts), News vehicles, Videos
As part of Art Basel Miami Beach 2021, BMW M GmbH is presenting an expressive new vehicle concept to the global public for the first time: the BMW Concept XM. The model gives a glimpse of the most powerful BMW M ever built in series ...
Video: 700 HP BMW M6 vs. 800 HP Toyota GR Supra!
29. November 2021 BMW, Porsche, Toyota, Videos
The following video shows a BMW M6 of the F13 generation that has to prove itself in a drag race against the current Toyota GR Supra. And both vehicles are significantly modified. The race goes over half a mile ...
Slotted, classic BMW 518i (E12) in sky blue from Russia!
29. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, Premium Cars, Tuning classics
Even in its day, it was the number 1 sports sedan when it came to driving dynamics in connection with comfort and prestige. Back then, at the time of the "Sharknose" BMWs, who have never heard of the giant kidney grille of today's models, dad was ...
Subtly carbonized: BMW M4 (G82) by 3D Design!
29. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, 3D design, BMW, Premium Cars
The Japanese tuner 3D Design has made the G82 BMW M4 Coupe. The extremely aggressive design ex works has already been discussed extensively and one would actually think that there is no further scope for even more aggressiveness. ...
Video: Test - BMW M135i (F40) with Stage 1 tuning kit!
29. November 2021 BMW, Videos
A standard BMW M135i xDrive is currently far from being able to compete with the Mercedes-AMG A45 S or the new Audi RS3. The opponents of the M135i are more likely to be called A35 AMG, Audi S3 or Golf R. But for those ...
Video: BMW M2 Competition becomes a CSL Track Tool!
29. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, News vehicles, Videos
From the factory, the BMW M2 Competition is a thoroughbred fun car with which you can hammer straight down the racetrack. But the owner of this M2 wanted to take the sports coupé to a whole new level. The potent two-door should even ...
BMW X50 UAE 7th Year Edition limited to 50 pieces!
26. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, BMW, News vehicles
BMW announced a special model for the United Arab Emirates earlier this week. Although the vehicle is not available in Germany and not even in Europe, we would like to show it to you anyway. Specifically, it is the ...
BMW 3 Series Sedan (E90) with fake G80 M3 XXL kidneys!
26. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, Tuning Fails
It could always be worse! After seeing a defaced E60 5 Series BMW with M3 fake kidneys in April, the little brother is now following. In the form of an E90 sedan. Inspired by the current M3 and M4 family, as well as the normal ...
Video: Joshua Vides & Toyo show BMW M3 E30 one-off!
26. November 2021 BMW, Tuning classics, Videos
It is and will remain the eternal legend and icon of BMW history! The BMW M3 of the first series, the E30! Equipped ex works with wide wheel arches and rear spoiler, the classic is still fascinating today. And on the past ...
A question of attitude: H&R coil springs for BMW M3 + M4
26. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, MR, News vehicles, zzz
[Advertisement] After the sport spring set for the M3 / M4 models, the H&R engineers have now also approved the coil springs. This allows a variable lowering of the vehicle's center of gravity, but the original dampers remain on board and thus all functions of the active ...
Video: 740 PS in the 2021 BMW M3 (G80) manual switch!
Here we see a G80 BMW M3 hand switch tuned by PureBoost, on a Mustang Dyno with 740PS / 900Nm torque engine power. And the Munich-based company achieves this performance with 102 octane normal gasoline. Such a car is drivable with a little less power ...
AVK innovation award 2021 for BMW CFRP development!
25. November 2021 BMW, Tips, products, information & Co
Landshut. The BMW Group plant in Landshut has once again received an innovation award for its future-oriented and sustainable production processes, this time from the AVK - Industrievereinigung Reinkte Kunststoffe eV It annually awards innovations in the field of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) / composites. Excellent …
M&D exclusive cardesign BMW M550d xDrive (G31)
25. November 2021 -> Cars from AZ, -> Tuner from AZ, BMW, M&D Exclusive Cardesign, News vehicles
The following pictures show the counterpart of our BMW G30 M550i xDrive sedan. You can see an M550d xDrive Touring (G31). So instead of the sedan, the practical station wagon variant, and instead of the V8 BiTurbo, with a high-tech diesel engine. In contrast to the gasoline engine ...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sherman Bergman
In 1950, my dad Hyman "Hank" Bergman left his hometown of Baltimore, Md. to study at the University of Miami on the G.I. Bill.
During World War II, he was a war hero (awarded the Silver Star medal, Bronze Star medal, 4-Bronze Battle Stars, and the Combat Infantryman's Badge) who served with the "Blue Devils" of the U.S. Army's 88th Infantry Division.
My mom Anne joined my dad, and the newlyweds moved to Third Street and Jefferson Avenue on Miami Beach. My dad attended college in the mornings and in the afternoons he trained in boxing at the newly opened 5th Street Gym run by Chris and Angelo Dundee. My dad had been an undefeated amateur boxer in Maryland (9-0, 9 knockouts) and thought about a professional career. However, after a 1951 sparring match with local welterweight contender, Bobby Dykes, my dad retired from boxing.
After graduating from the University of Miami in 1952 with a bachelor's degree in elementary education, my dad began a teaching career for Miami-Dade County Schools. He taught 6th grade for more than 30 years at Central Beach Elementary School, later renamed Leroy D. Fienberg Elementary.
In 1957, my family moved to the North Beach section of Miami Beach, where I was born in Mt. Sinai Hospital. I was the only child. Back then, many of the side streets in North Beach were unpaved and covered in white sand.
Growing up in Miami Beach during the 1960s and 1970s was a wonderful time. There were 13 movie theaters (Beach, Carib, Flamingo, Lincoln, Colony, Cameo, Roxy, Cinema, Plaza Art, Sheridan, Roosevelt, Surf, and Normandy) and many showed double features for 35 cents.
There were live Yiddish shows at the Beach Theater on Lincoln Road during the peak winter months. I'd go with my grandmother, Fannie, and we saw such stars as Georgie Jessel and Henry "Henny" Youngman. During the summer, I went to special kiddy shows on Saturday morning, and later as a teenager, to midnight movies.
On Miami Beach, everyone knew most police officers by their first names. Rocky Pomerance was the "coolest" police chief in Miami Beach, and Mayor Chuck Hall drove around in a car passing out candy bars to the kids. I remember the big library bus, which would park in front of Stillwater Park on 85th Street, and I would check out books about Davy Crockett, Kit Carson and Buffalo Bill Cody.
My cousin Harvey Steckler and I appeared on popular local kids' television shows in the 1960s. We were seen on the Skipper Chuck Show, Banjo Billy, Charlie Baxter's Circus Big Top, and Jumpin' Jack. I won free tickets on the Jumpin' Jack show to the premiere of the movie Operation Crossbow, starring George Peppard, at the Loew's 170th Street theater.
Royal Castle on 72nd Street and Collins Avenue was my favorite place to eat. They had the best mini burgers, birch beer soda, and lemon pie. A whole meal was less than one dollar.
I went to Biscayne Elementary School where I was a member of the service league in the fifth grade and the co-captain of the patrols in sixth grade. In those days, patrols went outside, even in the pouring rain, to stop traffic, so kids could cross the street.
My first field trip was in the fourth grade to Cape Canaveral. We traveled by Greyhound Bus and it was the first time I traveled away from home without my parents, and the first time I was on an air-conditioned bus.
At Nautilus Junior High, I met the first African-American students who were bused to the Beach to attend classes. At Miami Beach Senior High School, I was a sports writer for the school's newspaper, The Beachcomber. I also studied acting with the legendary drama teacher Jay W. Jensen. Jay and I remained friends until he passed away in 2007. Jay and I even worked together as movie extras in Last Plane Out and Let It Ride.
Beach High students were allowed to leave the campus for lunch in those days. My favorite place to hang out: Ollie's and Lums on Lincoln Road. I had a mustache and beard in the 11th grade and was able to order and drink my first beer at Lums in 1975.
In 1972, I followed in my father's footsteps and trained to be an amateur boxer. My dad took me to the 5th Street Gym. Outside the gym, former heavyweight contender of the 1930s, King Fish Levinsky, would be selling neckties for one dollar. Inside the gym, I met world champions Muhammad Ali, Jimmy Ellis, Willie Pastrano, Luis Rodriguez and Roberto Duran. My nickname was "Big Train" because my opponents said my punch felt like they were being hit by a train.
In 1975, I worked (for free) as a sparring partner for Ken Norton. In one of my first amateur matches, I lost by a knockout to a fighter named Phil Rourke. Phil would go on to become movie star Mickey Rourke.
I also trained at the Elizabeth Virrick Gym in Coconut Grove. When I fought in the 1981 Golden Gloves against Larry Byrd, the price of a ticket was two dollars. My amateur career ended in 1983 and I compiled a record of 17-4 (17 knockouts). I also kickboxed and fought future action film star Jean-Claude Van Damme in 1979. I ended up winning 61 of 71 kickboxing matches.
I graduated from Miami-Dade College, Florida International University, and earned a master's degree from Nova Southeastern University. Like my father, I became a Miami-Dade County school teacher. I taught English as a second language for adult and vocational education at Fienberg-Fisher Adult and Community Education Center (now Miami Beach Adult Education Center) for more than 30 years.
I've seen Miami-Dade County change over the years. I've seen good times and bad. My life in South Florida has been an exciting and rewarding one. But, one thing is for certain, there has never been a dull moment living here.
Jim Dunn says
Myself and my family acted in several Jay Jensen plays. He and his Mom "Billy," were two very interesting talented people. Mickey Rourke also was taught acting by Jay. When Jay died he gave the University of Miami 3 million dollars to establish an acting student scholarship.


Julie Eakes is pushing the boundaries of extrusion-based mosaics again. This time she used a looser palette and a more stylized image as her starting point. Would the image still be discernable?
This is the small version of the finished cane. I'm partial to the dimensional original cane. Mixing the palette for one of these works is an arduous dance between Photoshop and the pasta machine. She created 2,000 color samples on the computer to arrive at her last palette. No small feat! Read her story here.
The cable guy appeared and we're back in business. Heaven!
Brava Julie!! Her canes are simply amazing… if you ever get a chance to see her cane work in person, grab it. I acquired one of her necklaces (inspired by her trip to Africa), and have it hanging in my studio to inspire my muse and stretch my brain.
As you can see I finally finished my second mosaic cane. I remember when I finished the first that I really liked the "dimensional" ends of the cane. Unfortunately taking a slice of the cane proved to be a giant obstacle. This time as I finished a row I trimmed and added it to a sheet of raw clay. I have only two of those. I will bake them and show them to you when I get a chance. Maybe next time I'll bypass the cane completely and just make boards. (Maybe I should say canvas?) Thanks for the post.
This beautiful mosaic is indeed stylized. That's what makes it art that goes beyond craft. Two possible things you can do while trying to see the image at its earliest stage is: 1) look at it through the wrong end of a handheld telescope or the wrong end of one lens of binoculars. The other thing is to photograph it, bring it up on your computer and then reduce the picture until you have a good idea of what the finished product will look like. Keep up the great work!
Julie, this cane is truly fabulous!! I am very detail oriented …. but this is nuts!!! I am soooo impressed and I love the image. Keep it coming girlfriend!!
Incredible mosaics picture and a lot of hours to see the talent she has.
Cinderella cane is amazing work the colors her poise is incredible.


text:
Q: Storing a Dictionary or KeyValuePair in a database I wanted to see what others have experienced when working with types like List<> or Dictionary<> and having in turn storing and retrieving that data?
Here's an example scenario: users will be creating their own "templates", where these templates is essentially a collection of Dictionary, e.g. for user1, values are (1, Account), (2, Bank), (3, Code), (4, Savings), and for user2, values (unrelated) could be (1, Name), (2, Grade), (3, Class), and so on. These templates/lists could be of varying length but they will always have an index and a value. Also, each list/ template will have one and only one User linked to it.
What types did you choose on the database side?
And pain-points and/or advice I should be aware of?

A: List or any collection's representation in databases are supposed to be tables. Always think of it as a collection and relate it to what a database offers.
Though you can always serialize a collection, i do not suggest it since updating or inserting records, you'd always update the whole record or data whereas having a table, you'd only have to query for the KEY wherein Dictionary, you already have it.

A: As far as the types within the collection go, there is a fairly 1-to-1 mapping between .Net types and SQL types: SQL Server Data Type Mappings. You mostly need to worry about string fields:

*

*Will they always be ASCII values (0 - 255)? Then use VARCHAR. If they might contain non-ASCII / UCS-2 characters, then use NVARCHAR.

*What is their likely max length?

Of course, sometimes you might want to use a slightly different numeric type in the database. The main reason would be if an int was chosen on the app side because it "easier" (or so I have been told) to deal with than Int16 and byte, but the values will never be above 32,767 or 255, then you should most likely use SMALLINT or TINYINT respectively. The difference between int and byte in terms of memory in the app layer might be minimal, but it does have an impact in terms of physical storage, especially as row counts increase. And if that is not clear, "impact" means slowing down queries and sometimes costing more money when you need to buy more SAN space. But, the reason I said to "most likely use SMALLINT or TINYINT" is because if you have Enterprise Edition and have Row Compression or Page Compression enabled, then the values will be stored in the smallest datatype that they will fit in.
As far as retrieving the data from the database, that is just a simple SELECT.
As far as storing that data (at least in terms of doing it efficiently), well, that is more interesting :). A nice way to transport a list of fields to SQL Server is to use Table-Valued Parameters (TVPs). These were introduced in SQL Server 2008. I have posted a code sample (C# and T-SQL) in this answer on a very similar question here: Pass Dictionary<string,int> to Stored Procedure T-SQL. There is another TVP example on that question (the accepted answer), but instead of using IEnumerable<SqlDataRecord>, it uses a DataTable which is an unnecessary copy of the collection.
EDIT:
With regards to the recent update of the question that specifies the actual data being persisted, that should be stored in a table similar to:
UserID INT NOT NULL,
TemplateIndex INT NOT NULL,
TemplateValue VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL

The PRIMARY KEY should be (UserID, TemplateIndex) as that is a unique combination. There is no need (at least not with the given information) for an IDENTITY field.
The TemplateIndex and TemplateValue fields would get passed in the TVP as shown in my answer to the question that I linked above. The UserID would be sent by itself as a second SqlParameter. In the stored procedure, you would do something similar to:
INSERT INTO SchemaName.TableName (UserID, TemplateIndex, TemplateName)
    SELECT  @UserID,
            tmp.TemplateIndex,
            tmp.TemplateName
    FROM    @ImportTable tmp;

And just to have it stated explicitly, unless there is a very specific reason for doing so (which would need to include never, ever needing to use this data in any queries, such that this data is really just a document and no more usable in queries than a PDF or image), then you shouldn't serialize it to any format. Though if you were inclined to do so, XML is a better choice than JSON, at least for SQL Server, as there is built-in support for interacting with XML data in SQL Server but not so much for JSON.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
'We're listening,' Department of Transportation says on the future of driverless cars
By Ashley Halsey III
Ashley Halsey III
Reporter covering national transportation
The visionary world where cars will travel about without drivers will be shaped by a third set of federal guidelines this summer, one that seeks to nudge the nascent industry rather than regulate it.
"We are not going to be selecting what [technology] should be used," Derek Kan, undersecretary for transportation policy said. "We're looking at ways to evaluate outcomes. Instead of a regulation that says, 'Machine must have A, B and C in a vehicle', we hope to look at how safe a vehicle is at the other end."
Kan spoke Thursday at what the Department of Transportation billed as a "listening session" for automakers, tech companies and state officials.
The federal government finds itself in a balancing act, trying to avoid onerous regulations that might inhibit an emerging technology while ensuring a safe transition to a game-changing future.
Transportation Secretary Elaine L. Chao acknowledged the tightrope in remarks at the event.
"The department is holding this summit and taking other steps to gather information as we move forward on the regulatory front," Chao said.
She also pointed out that a recent AAA survey found 63 percent of Americans said they were afraid to ride in a fully autonomous car.
"That's down from 78 percent reporting such fears in early 2017, but it's still a pretty big number," Chao said.
All that will change in relatively short order, said Steven G. Bradbury, general counsel at DOT, who pointed to the transition from horse travel to the first autos early in the 20th century.
"Once consumers became convinced that this dangerous new unknown technology was safe and was productive and was useful, everything changed and consumers went for motorcars like crazy," Bradbury said.
He predicted that autonomous vehicles were "coming really fast" and that regulators may need to catch up once the cars have debuted, or adapt existing regulations to driverless cars.
"We don't want to have to reinvent the wheel and start from the ground up and rewrite all of our regulations if we don't have to," Bradbury said.
Twice, in the latter days of the Obama administration and again last year, the Department of Transportation has laid out in an advisory framework its vision for autonomous vehicles.
The most recent iteration, released in September, contains the phrase "voluntary guidance" five times in its first five paragraphs.
[Updated federal driverless policy continues, and expands, hands-off approach]
"We are not in the business — we don't know how — to pick the best technology," Chao said. "We're not in the business of picking winners and losers. The market will decide."
The delicate issue of how best to handle the impending advent of autonomous vehicles has been a challenge for federal regulators, state authorities and automakers.
The traditional divide between federal and state governments has been relatively simple. On the federal side, authorities could dictate national safety standards — sometimes by threatening to withdraw federal highway funding — and issue model recalls if they found flaws in safety features, like Takata's exploding air bags or Ford's 2005 cruise control problems with pickup trucks and SUVs.
The states issued driver's licenses and regulated driver behavior by setting speed limits, enforcing drug and alcohol limits, and myriad other driver limits.
"What happens when some of those operations are now done by a computer?" Kan said. "Is that the role of the federal or state government? We hope to clarify some of these questions."
In future decades, as driverless cars become more dominant, the role of the states may shrink and that of the federal side may grow. More immediately, however, states are being asked to allow autonomous test vehicles to use their roadways and have appealed to Washington for guidance.
"The department will work with the states to avoid a patchwork approach [of state laws] that could inhibit innovation," Chao said.
California is one of several states that have allowed the vehicles, granting 50 companies the right to test them on public roads.
The other looming question is whether, or to what degree, federal regulators should set standards for autonomous cars before their rubber hits the road. Despite numerous exceptions — seat belts, back up cameras, and eye-level brake lights — the federal government has focused more on recalling the bad than dictating what comes off the auto assembly line.
"Literally, we're bringing science fiction into reality," Kan said. "We must ensure that the policy we set, the ground rules, the frameworks, enable all of these technologies."


text:
Q: Error: Duplicate foreign key constraint name I exported a schema from workbench and now trying to use that script to create table in my server, But getting error
I tried to change the table and also tried to find duplicate foriegn key.
ERROR 1826: Duplicate foreign key constraint name 'bank_id'
SQL Statement:

-- Table aditya.users_has_bank

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `aditya`.`users_has_bank` (
  `users_user_id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `bank_id` INT NOT NULL,
  `user_id` INT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`users_user_id`),
  INDEX `bank_id_idx` (`bank_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
  INDEX `user_id_idx` (`user_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
  CONSTRAINT `bank_id`
    FOREIGN KEY (`bank_id`)
    REFERENCES `aditya`.`bank` (`bank_id`)
    ON DELETE NO ACTION
    ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
  CONSTRAINT `user_id`
    FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`)
    REFERENCES `aditya`.`users` (`user_id`)
    ON DELETE NO ACTION
    ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB

A: High possibility that FK name is used in other tables within your schema. Please do practice good FK naming convention
Source: Foreign Key naming scheme


I reached that place to find a group standing on the footpath and found out that they are from Anonymous and they had masks with them and some posters .
Walked slowly to find the swecha group , notably happy to meet Sunil Mohan after many years . I kind of told how we organised some gimp telugu events and plan/efforts to create telugu gnome glossary . He admitted that it was hard .
Swecha did bring out some cool goodies in form of Tshirts and posters hand drawn by volunteers in contrast to the Anonymous printed posters . Also was glad to meet Srikar who came from Bangalore .Me and praveen went for a small walk around and found that police have approached anonymous and were trying to stop them from protesting . I was asked by one of them to bring both groups together and approach the police unitedly . Back in swecha group after exchanging pleasantries I was ale to meet Kiran Chandra and discussed the situation between those two groups and police . He pointed me out to the FSMI page on protest and the reasons why were doing it . As we moved ahead with our posters , I had choosen a poster with swecha written in "telugu" which was later stolen by a girl lol . Well the argument with police which was to come did turn out to be quite long and it did unite the Anonymous and swecha groups to an extent . I was lucky enough to find neenaoffline in the anonymous group thatnks to that as the arguments went on I was catching up with neenaoffline who is now doing his google summer of code.
We will take your Tshirts and posters !!
Those above arguments did irritate the crowd and the some of our teams did bring out some good reasons on freedom or right to protest which definitely fell to the deaf ears of police who were unrelenting . The police even shouted at anonymous group very loudly in a fiercely manner so that everyone removed their masks . Around the end of the argument did meet old swecha buddies like Kiran baddi , sandeep , divya and medhamsh who just reached the venue .
We are allowed to protest at the Bandh chowk near indira park . We should be following the police jeep . Even there we were to be monitored and allocated a particular time limit so as that we protest in that stipulated place and time frameworks defined by the police .
Here we embark on a exciting charged up journey to indira park with guys and girls on bikes . As if to interest us or to provoke us by their rules and regulations we did make some extra rounds like one near the imax circle and all the way round turn on main tankbund to reach the lower tankbund region of Indira park instead of going below the telugu talli flyover .
We started out coolly with all the anonymous and swecha posters coming out high from their folded avatars and we went with a driver on bike with protest posters by the pillion rider , those who haven't any posters( my bike ) collected from others who were travelling in a group .
We started with our placards and slogans , we also were approached by the press who were curious to know about what was happening over there .
We all formed a human chain and started with our slogans .
I liked these 3 slogans especially the 2nd one which has been my slogan all of my techie life.
Swecha volunteers did a great job by giving voices by sharing and chanting the slogans all over the human chain . There were people who did observe us and were curious . They were given pamphlets about how govt is taking away our internet freedom .
After the Human Chain we all gathered at one place and as a group our slogans were more audible and press did take out some photographs .
Here is an article published in sakhi district edition .
After that there was this exciting freedom song by a guitarist . We all sang by him in the occupy style of singing .
We all sang on the lines "I want my freedom set me free "
I also could meet swecha volunteers like medhamsh and others who were interested in my N900 and how debianised it is and I was surprised that they consider it as a smart phone .
Then farewell and a promise to neenaoffline after that more farewells and also promised to meet sasi bhusan later . police were bugging us to leave so had to leave in midway of discussion . After that had sugarcane juice with praveen with whom I went to his place and had a lil chat with him .
so, the police dont seem to bother public concerns!
Pavi, good job! Keep it up! Good narration and took me back to that day.


Out of the hundreds of UNIX commands that have been developed, the commands for editing files are probably among the first that you should learn. As you become more familiar with other UNIX commands, you can customize your working environment and also create commands to do just what you need.
We have mentioned earlier that the shell is the system's command interpreter. It reads each command you enter at your terminal and performs the operation that you called for. The system administrator decides the type of shell that runs when you log in to your account.
The shell is just an ordinary program that can be called by a UNIX command. However, it contains some features (like variables, control structures, and so on) that make it similar to a programming language. You can save a series of shell commands in a file, called a shell script, to accomplish specialized functions.
Programming the shell should be attempted only when you are reasonably confident of your ability to use UNIX commands. UNIX is quite a powerful tool and its capabilities become more apparent when you try your hand at shell programming.
Take time to learn the basics. Then, when you're faced with a new task, take time to browse through references to find programs or options that will help you get the job done more easily. Once you've done that, learn how to build shell scripts so that you never have to type a complicated command sequence more than once.


text:
Lesley Elizabeth Harris (* 18. Oktober 1954 in  Kuala Lumpur) ist eine kanadische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Lesley Harris wurde 1971 im Badminton Dritte bei den kanadischen Winterspielen gefolgt von drei Titeln bei den kanadischen Juniorenmeisterschaften. 1975 wurde sie kanadische Vizemeisterin im Dameneinzel und Vierte im Uber Cup, der Weltmeisterschaft für Damenmannschaften. Bei der Einzelweltmeisterschaft 1977 schied sie dagegen schon in Runde eins aus und wurde 33.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Bob Ferguson: Who's who in Canadian sport, Prentice-Hall of Canada, Scarborough, 1977

Badmintonspieler (Kanada)
Kanadier
Geboren 1954
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.likethecolor.alchemy.api.entity;

import org.apache.commons.lang.builder.ToStringBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang.builder.ToStringStyle;

import java.util.Iterator;

/**
 * Named entity data for the detected subject and object (sent only if entity
 * extraction is enabled).
 *
 * @see http://www.alchemyapi.com/api/relation/urls.html
 */
public class AlchemyEntity {
  private DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity disambiguatedAlchemyEntity;
  private String text;
  private String type;

  public AlchemyEntity() {
    this(null, null);
  }

  public AlchemyEntity(final String text, final String type) {
    setText(text);
    setType(type);
    this.disambiguatedAlchemyEntity = new DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to USA Census.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param census link to USA Census
   */
  public void setCensus(final String census) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setCensus(census);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to USA Census.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to USA Census
   */
  public String getCensus() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getCensus();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to CIA World Factbook.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param ciaFactbook link to CIA World Factbook
   */
  public void setCIAFactbook(final String ciaFactbook) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setCIAFactbook(ciaFactbook);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to CIA World Factbook.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to CIA World Factbook
   */
  public String getCIAFactbook() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getCIAFactbook();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to CrunchBase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param crunchbase link to CrunchBase
   */
  public void setCrunchbase(final String crunchbase) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setCrunchbase(crunchbase);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to CrunchBase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to CrunchBase
   */
  public String getCrunchbase() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getCrunchbase();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to DBpedia.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param dbpedia link to DBpedia
   */
  public void setDBPedia(final String dbpedia) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setDBPedia(dbpedia);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to DBpedia.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to DBpedia
   */
  public String getDBPedia() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getDBPedia();
  }

  /**
   * Set the {@link DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity} for this entity.
   *
   * @param disambiguatedAlchemyEntity {@link DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity} for this entity
   */
  public void setDisambiguatedAlchemyEntity(final DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity disambiguatedAlchemyEntity) {
    this.disambiguatedAlchemyEntity = disambiguatedAlchemyEntity;
  }

  /**
   * Return the {@link DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity} for this entity.
   *
   * @return {@link DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity} for this entity
   */
  public DisambiguatedAlchemyEntity getDisambiguatedAlchemyEntity() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity;
  }

  /**
   * Set link to Freebase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param freebase link to Freebase
   */
  public void setFreebase(final String freebase) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setFreebase(freebase);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to Freebase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to Freebase
   */
  public String getFreebase() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getFreebase();
  }

  /**
   * Set the geographic coordinates associated with this concept tag.
   *

   * latitude longitude
   *
   * @param geo latitude longitude
   */
  public void setGeo(final String geo) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setGeo(geo);
  }

  /**
   * Return the geographic coordinates associated with this concept tag.
   *

   * latitude longitude
   *
   * @return latitude longitude
   */
  public String getGeo() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getGeo();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to Geonames.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param geonames link to Geonames
   */
  public void setGeonames(final String geonames) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setGeonames(geonames);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to Geonames.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to Geonames
   */
  public String getGeonames() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getGeonames();
  }

  /**
   * Set the latitude.
   *
   * @param latitude latitude
   */
  public void setLatitude(final double latitude) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setLatitude(latitude);
  }

  /**
   * Set the latitude.
   *
   * @param latitude latitude
   */
  public void setLatitude(final String latitude) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setLatitude(latitude);
  }

  /**
   * Return the latitude.
   *
   * @return latitude
   */
  public Double getLatitude() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getLatitude();
  }

  /**
   * Set the latitude.
   *
   * @param longitude longitude
   */
  public void setLongitude(final double longitude) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setLongitude(longitude);
  }

  /**
   * Set the longitude.
   *
   * @param longitude longitude
   */
  public void setLongitude(final String longitude) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setLongitude(longitude);
  }

  /**
   * Return the longitude.
   *
   * @return longitude
   */
  public Double getLongitude() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getLongitude();
  }

  /**
   * Set the disambiguated entity name.
   *
   * @param name disambiguated entity name
   */
  public void setName(final String name) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setName(name);
  }

  /**
   * Return the disambiguated entity name.
   *
   * @return disambiguated entity name
   */
  public String getName() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getName();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to MusicBrainz.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param musicBrainz link to MusicBrainz
   */
  public void setMusicBrainz(final String musicBrainz) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setMusicBrainz(musicBrainz);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to MusicBrainz.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to MusicBrainz
   */
  public String getMusicBrainz() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getMusicBrainz();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to OpenCyc.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param opencyc link to OpenCyc
   */
  public void setOpencyc(final String opencyc) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setOpencyc(opencyc);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to OpenCyc.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to OpenCyc
   */
  public String getOpencyc() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getOpencyc();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to Semantic CrunchBase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param semanticCrunchbase link to Semantic CrunchBase
   */
  public void setSemanticCrunchbase(final String semanticCrunchbase) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setSemanticCrunchbase(semanticCrunchbase);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to Semantic CrunchBase.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to Semantic CrunchBase
   */
  public String getSemanticCrunchbase() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getSemanticCrunchbase();
  }

  /**
   * Set the disambiguated entity subType.  SubTypes expose additional
   * ontological mappings for a detected entity, such as identification of a
   * Person as a Politician or Athlete.
   *
   * @param subtype disambiguated entity subType
   */
  public void addSubtype(String subtype) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.addSubtype(subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Return the disambiguated entity subType.  SubTypes expose additional
   * ontological mappings for a detected entity, such as identification of a
   * Person as a Politician or Athlete.
   *
   * @return disambiguated entity subType
   */
  public Iterator<String> subtypeIterator() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.subtypeIterator();
  }

  /**
   * Return the number of subtypes.
   *
   * @return number of subtypes
   */
  public int getSubtypeSize() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getSubtypeSize();
  }

  public void setText(String text) {
    if(text != null) {
      text = text.trim();
    }
    this.text = text;
  }

  public String getText() {
    return text;
  }

  public void setType(String type) {
    if(type != null) {
      type = type.trim();
    }
    this.type = type;
  }

  public String getType() {
    return type;
  }

  /**
   * Set link to UMBEL.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @param umbel link to UMBEL
   */
  public void setUmbel(final String umbel) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setUmbel(umbel);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to UMBEL.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * that exist in this linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to UMBEL
   */
  public String getUmbel() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getUmbel();
  }

  /**
   * Set the website associated with this concept tag.
   *
   * @param website website associated with this concept tag
   */
  public void setWebsite(final String website) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setWebsite(website);
  }

  /**
   * Return the website associated with this concept tag.
   *
   * @return website associated with this concept tag
   */
  public String getWebsite() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getWebsite();
  }

  /**
   * Set link to YAGO.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * linked data-set.
   *
   * @param yago link to YAGO
   */
  public void setYago(final String yago) {
    disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.setYago(yago);
  }

  /**
   * Return link to YAGO.  Note: Provided only for entities that exist in this
   * linked data-set.
   *
   * @return link to YAGO
   */
  public String getYago() {
    return disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.getYago();
  }

  /**
   * Return a copy of this object.
   *
   * @return copy of this object
   */
  public AlchemyEntity clone() {
    final AlchemyEntity clone = new AlchemyEntity(getText(), getType());
    clone.disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.copy(disambiguatedAlchemyEntity);
    return clone;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if(this == o) {
      return true;
    }
    if(o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
      return false;
    }

    AlchemyEntity that = (AlchemyEntity) o;

    if(disambiguatedAlchemyEntity != null
       ? !disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.equals(that.disambiguatedAlchemyEntity)
       : that.disambiguatedAlchemyEntity != null) {
      return false;
    }
    if(text != null ? !text.equals(that.text) : that.text != null) {
      return false;
    }
    if(type != null ? !type.equals(that.type) : that.type != null) {
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    int result = super.hashCode();
    result = 31 * result + (disambiguatedAlchemyEntity != null
                            ? disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.hashCode() : 0);
    result = 31 * result + (text != null ? text.hashCode() : 0);
    result = 31 * result + (type != null ? type.hashCode() : 0);
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * @return string representing this object
   *
   * @see #toString(org.apache.commons.lang.builder.ToStringStyle)
   */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return toString(ToStringStyle.DEFAULT_STYLE);
  }

  /**
   * @return string representing this object
   *
   * @see ToStringBuilder
   */
  public String toString(final ToStringStyle style) {
    // note - do not do super.toString
    // it will result in a StackOverflowError from ToStringStyle
    return new ToStringBuilder(this, style)
        .append("text", getText())
        .append("type", getType())
        .append(disambiguatedAlchemyEntity.toString(style))
        .toString();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Víctor da Conceição Soares  is an East Timorese politician and academic, and a member of the Fretilin political party. He is the incumbent Minister of Petroleum and Minerals, serving since June 2020 under the VIII Constitutional Government of East Timor led by Taur Matan Ruak.

Early life and career
Soares is originally from Baucau, in eastern East Timor. In 1992, he obtained a bachelor's degree in mechanical production from Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. In 1999, he was awarded an honours degree in mechanical engineering from , Indonesia, and in 2004, he completed a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. Since then, he has obtained a PhD in technical science of territorial planning and environment from the University of Évora, Portugal, majoring in biosystems engineering and renewable energy-wind power.

From 1999 to 2001, Soares served as a UN local staff member in East Timor, and was the Supervisor for UNAMET-UNTAET Security Services. Since 2000, he has been a lecturer in mechanical engineering at the National University of East Timor (UNTL), and has also been a researcher in mechanical engineering and renewable energy, including wind power. From 2007 until 2010, he was Dean of the Faculty of Technical Engineering at UNTL.

Political career
From 10 July 2006 to 8 August 2007, Soares was also Vice Minister for Technical and Higher Education in the II Constitutional Government under Prime Minister José Ramos-Horta, and the III Constitutional Government led by Prime Minister Estanislau da Silva, respectively.

Soares was later appointed as an advisor to the East Timor Coffee Academy (ETICA) (now the ). From 2017 to 2020, he was a Member of UNTL General Council, and a Member of the Scientific Council of the National Institute for Science and Technology ( (INCT)).

On 24 June 2020, following a change in the governing coalition, and the admission of Fretilin to the VIII Constitutional Government, Soares was sworn in as Minister of Petroleum and Minerals.

Soares took that office intending to undertake a restructuring of East Timor's oil and gas sector, with the objective of improving the quality of the services provided in that sector. Soon afterwards, as part of a new policy of limiting the time that any person would hold a position in public administration, he controversially replaced two long serving executives, Francisco Monteiro as the chief executive of , and Gualdino da Silva as the President of National Petroleum & Minerals Authority. Additionally, the proposal for the Tasi Mane LNG project was sent to the national audit office for re-evaluation.

In an interview published at the end of August 2020, Soares said that oil and gas industry strategy had given priority to policy ahead of technical issues and economic viability, and that the strategy had to be reversed. He also claimed that the government had made a big mistake in investing in the Greater Sunrise consortium, and that the investment had been a purely political decision, not based on the technical analysis of the company or the technicians.

Honours
In 2000, Soares was awarded a UN Certificate as a UNAMET Staff Member, and in 2013 he was decorated by the government of East Timor as a Combatant of National Liberation.

References

External links

Bandung Institute of Technology alumni
Fretilin politicians
Government ministers of East Timor
Living people
University of Évora alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

21st-century East Timorese politicians


When it comes to communicable illnesses, it is not hard to imagine why it would spread so rapidly in cities with people who live in close proximity. Sneezing or coughing through a subway tunnel has the potential to spread a sickness like wildfire. But is there scientific evidence to support this notion?
A study was conducted to examine the spread of seasonal flu throughout rural communities and densely populated cities like New York City and Miami.
Using medical claims data gathered from over 400 cities in the U.S. and climate data, scientist were able to find that influenza spreads more rapidly in small cities with the right weather conditions.
Dealing with the outbreak of an infectious disease can overwhelm health clinics, hospitals, and the cities in which they occur. Having information like this at the ready will allow scientists and doctors to determine how best to deal with outbreaks.
With influenza now evolving at an alarming rate every year, every minute of research conducted is extremely valuable. This will hopefully prevent the untimely death of children, the elderly and those in already failing health.
Influenza should be taken very seriously, regardless of whether you've been infected or not. The next time you go to your doctor, ask for the flu shot.


With its immense tropical area with lots of rivers and lakes, Brazil has very good conditions for tilapia aquaculture. As the fishing industry cannot satisfy the domestic demand for fish and shrimps, the farming of Oreochromis niloticus increases year after year and is the most consolidated of the Amazonian fish farming. Official figures are unknown but several private (like PEIXE BR) and public authorities estimate that in 2016 the total production of tilapia exceeded 300,000 tonnes, although this is not yet visible in FAO statistics. All Brazilian states practice some type of tilapia farming but the most advanced in the state of São Paulo. This region has a favorable climate, three large rivers, several reservoirs and it is close to the large consumer markets like São Paulo City. However, 2014 was characterized by a severe drought, which especially hit the state of São Paulo. Researchers are saying that it was the worst drought in the last 100 years. As result, it is estimated that tilapia harvest declined by 30% compared to 2013 figures. Other important regions for tilapia farming are Paraná, Ceará, Paulo Afonso and Goiás.
As the US has increased tariffs on Chinese tilapia, Brazilian tilapia fillets producers and exporters have an opportunity to increase their business in the United States.
Since 2010 there has been no Brazilian authority that has kept the statistics on national fishing practices, so only FAO data is used. It is estimated by private and public authorities that tilapia is the main farmed species responsible for around 39% of freshwater production. Overall, it is believed that during the last 10 years there has been an average increase of 8% per year on the Brazilian fish farming activities, which is likely to continue in the coming years as long as there are no more severe droughts.
When it comes to the national production of tilapia, there are basically three main areas in Brazil: Northeast Region, northwest region of São Paulo state, and west of Paraná state. The state of São Paulo has definitely secured a prominent position in the recent years for tilapia farming. This region has a favorable climate, three big rivers and lots of reservoirs. However, production in Rondonia and Mato Grosso has increased sharply recently due to a new aquaculture strategy in large, already existing ponds that have allowed for an increase in production area with minimum extra investments.
Exports of tilapia are virtually non-existent. The United States was the only importer of Brazilian 2016, which did show a large increase in export volume from previous years. Due to its large population and relatively limited fish farming activities, Brazil is currently a net importer of seafood. The domestic demand is still much bigger than Brazil can offer from their own fishing and aquaculture industry.
There are virtually no exports of farmed tilapia to Europe at the moment although there were in the past. Due to the high exchange rate and strong domestic market, producers prefer to sell the tilapia locally. The exporters do export tilapia by-products. Actually, this is one of Brazil's largest export products (18,000 tonnes). This consists mainly of tilapia skins, grates and heads which are used as inputs for collagen production for the cosmetic industry.
The largest tilapia production in ponds is concentrated in the state of Sao Paulo and west region of State of Paraná.
According to the mentioned study, 41% of the fish farmers use net cages, especially the tilapia farmers. Northeast and southeast are important regions of intensive cage farming.
Some vertical integrated companies like Netuno and Royal Fish have their own hatchery on site. There are some companies specialized in reproduction, that sell their fingerlings to the smaller farmers. Lots of internationally known feed producers operate in Brazil.
Hundreds of small tilapia farmers are illegal, informal and unregistered which makes it very difficult to control this sector. The bigger vertically integrated tilapia farmers use intensive cage farming.
The smallest farmers even sell the fish to regional traders and local consumers, even in live condition. Mid-scale farmers bring the fish directly to fish markets or sell it to processing plants of larger companies or to specialized processing facilities.
For local consumption there is no real processing. Fish is sold alive or fresh gutted in small fish markets. The bigger vertically integrated companies have modern processing facilities even some with BRC and IFS certification.
Infrastructure is quite good in Brazil for export purposes. There are a good number of bigger seaports and airports. However, due to the strong domestic demand, there is almost no export of tilapia to Europe.


We really enjoyed celebrating Atlas Week 2019 earlier this month at SLU. A special thanks to our Saint Louis University Communication Sciences and Disorders Cultural and Linguistic Diversity students and faculty for hosting a unique event, "Non-Spanish Speakers at the Border: What to Know about Meso-American Languages". Here are a few photos from the event!


Have you found it difficult to grasp any sense of order in the Psalter? Do you have trouble locating the right psalm for a particular need? Since the time of Augustine until today, the Psalms have been read as individually wrapped treasures that stand alone rather than having inner connections within the book as a whole.
Over the weekend of June 20-21, we will have the pleasure of welcoming Dr. O. Palmer Robertson to help us grow in appreciation of the Bible's Songbook, the Psalms. Along with Dr. Robertson, five students from the African Bible College Choir will be accompanying him to encourage us with song as they boost our voices in singing the Psalms.
We will be hearing from Dr. Robertson and the choir several times. We will be having a special Saturday event on June 20 at 10am to 12pm, dedicated to Dr. Robertson's new book , "the Flow of the Psalms".
Immediately after we will be lead in song by the student choir as we sing the Psalms together. On Sunday, Dr. Robertson will be teaching Sunday School (9:30am) as well as preaching during the morning service (11am) and accompanying the choir as they sing throughout the service.
The Flow of the Psalms explores the fascinating structures of psalm groupings that will enable a person to place as many as 80% of the psalms in their relationship to the whole of the Book. Discovering groupings that feature psalms celebrating creation, psalms of corporate praise, psalms of the innocent sufferer, psalms of the guilty sufferer, psalms anticipating prosperity and long life, psalms of personal and national disaster, will enable you to "find your way" to the right psalm for a specific occasion. Understanding these inherent connections can only enrich the understanding of each individual psalm. Throughout the whole, the promised Messiah and his universal reign provide a unifying focus. Charts displaying the structure inherent in each of the five Books of the Psalter make it possible to visualize the progression in redemptive truth from Psalm 1 to Psalm 150.
If you are interested in attending, no need to sign up, just show up on Saturday with your signing voices and then join us again for worship on Sunday Morning!
Here's a little promotional video to introduce our friends to you!


This technical article is designed to give value to the reader through more knowledge on the benefit of monitoring shcok absorber temperatures.
There is a great article by Matt Raudonics on a trek through the Canning Stock Route with a fleet of Mercedes G Wagons.
"Mercedes Benz had become the first vehicle manufacturer to take a convoy of standard vehicles up the 1600km of the Canning Stock Route, one of the harshest tracks in the country. There had been trials, tribulations and added expenses but all seven vehicles had made it on schedule.
The total damage toll ran to five tyres, four cracked wheel carriers, one rear view mirror knocked off and a few more damaged, two G 350s with non-operative airconditioning, two AdBlue tanks breaking their mounts, 10 shock absorbers and a cracked radiator hose from a reversing incident. "
The number that jumps off the page is "10 shock absorbers".
When travelling over corrugations and difficult road/track terrain, significant energy is generatedin the shock absorbers and tyres. This increases the temperature of the tyres and shock absorbers.
The tyres and shock absorbers dissipate the heat. However, if more heat is being created than the tyres/ shock absorbers can dissipate, the oil in the shock absorber will over-heat causing the shock absorber to fail.
If the tyre sidewalls are generating too much heat, they can be vulnerable to failure too.
Over corrugations, the distance the shock absorber travels is very little. So the heat build up is concentrated. See the photo below of the "blue heat ring" on the shaft of the shock absorber caused by extreme temperature build up.
The design of the shock absorber is to efficiently dissipate this heat. If the heat build up is greater than the rate that the heat can dissipate, the shock absorber increases in temperature. If the temperature goes above 170C, even high temperature seals like "Viton®" will fail, the oil/nitrogen will dissipate, and the shock absorbers fail.
The simple way to prevent this is to monitor shock absorber temperature.
Connected with stainless steel braid. Avoid any rubber as this will just melt and potentially cause a fire.
The sensor will be facing down with the entrance to the stainless steel head "open". So, the Sensor needs to be long so that the seal can be waterproof.
The sensor is clamped twice around the shock with pipe clamp ring.
Use the T107 Module or the SCQ25t. Both of these take 4 temperature inputs.
Use 20 degrees below this to a max of 140C to start with.
Do a simple calibration test of ambient temperature on a typical day forst thing in the morning.
SIMARINE has calibration and temperature adjustment.


text:
Tuesday night, the Melbourne City Council discussed the fiscal status of Crane Creek Reserve Golf Course and Mallards Landing Golf Course during a special workshop.
Roughly 50 golfers and nearby homeowners attended — many of whom feared the city might sell or shut down the golf courses.
Melbourne's discussion is not an isolated case. Across the Sunshine State, municipal golf courses have lost nearly $100 million during the past five years, an investigation by USA TODAY Network-Florida revealed.
In March, the Brevard County Commission voted to transfer The Habitat in Grant-Valkaria and Spessard Holland south of Melbourne Beach to Golf Brevard, a new nonprofit group. The county's third golf course, The Savannahs on Merritt Island, will be controlled by The Savannahs at Sykes Creek Homeowners' Association.
"When I was first elected, I was gung-ho in getting rid of the golf courses. Mr. (City Manager Mike) McNees can testify to that," Melbourne City Councilwoman Teresa Lopez said during Tuesday's workshop.
"Since Oct. 1, 2013, to March 31, 2017, we have given the other recreational activities $5.6 million. So giving the golf from that period of time $1.3 million doesn't really bother me, to tell you the truth," Lopez said.
"So I think we should keep them," she said, garnering applause from the audience.
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Lopez was referring to a report by Robert Ober, senior compliance and management analyst. He compared the golf courses with an array of popular Melbourne parks and recreation attractions, in terms of cost per participant in general fund dollars.
The general fund provided $1.3 million for golf course personnel and other expenses from October 2013 to March 2017. Likewise, the general fund financed $5.6 million for the Melbourne Auditorium, Eau Gallie Civic Center, four community centers (Lipscomb Park, Joseph H. Davis, Wickham Park and Crane), tennis courts and swimming pools.
How did the golf courses stack up? Cost per round of golf was $3.60 — cheaper than $8.20 per participant at the other combined recreational facilities.
"There are so many people that golf is so important to. And it's part of the whole quality of life thing," Palm Bay golfer Sally White told council members.
White plays in the Thursday night league at Crane Creek Reserve, and she has played golf at both courses for 30 years. This is her fifth year working as a starter at Crane Creek Reserve.
"I feel like I'm the Walmart greeter there. I have so much fun with the customers. And this year, this season, I have talked to people from 42 different states, six Canadian provinces, and 21 different countries. And I think that is pretty amazing," White said.
Next, McNees said City Hall officials will craft a 2018-19 balanced budget for the golf course enterprise fund; continue to squeeze expenses; and closely monitor the number of rounds played.
"It's going to be very important to watch this industry. And if the golf industry continues to shrink as a whole, that's a tide that is way bigger than we are," McNees said.
John Francey chairs the Melbourne Golf Courses Advisory Board, and he has played golf in the Harbor City for 30 years.
"Yeah, not as many people play golf. But I think the biggest problem we really have here is, the course conditions really hit the toilet at one time. I don't know any other way to put it," Francey told council members.
"We're starting to see people come back from the Baytrees and the Suntrees. And it's great to see," he said.
Neale is South Brevard watchdog reporter at FLORIDA TODAY.
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