A lot of folks have asked me for this recipe. It's one of The Angry Chef's signature dishes, and I was lucky to pry it away from him.
This recipe is a dream come true for garlic lovers like me. It's tart and garlick-y and oh-so-fragrant in all the right ways.
The instructions below are one part recipe, one part technique.
Basically, the chicken breast is dredged in flour, then shallow fried in a bath of bubbling golden olive oil.
It develops a rich brown, garlicky crust and layers of flavor from being flipped and seasoned a handful of times.
Lemon juice, powdered peel, and fresh zest provide a triple dose of bright citrus flavor right near the end of cooking.
The chicken meat itself is moist and tender and infused with lemon-y garlic flavor.
Enjoy this chicken with any sort of hot, spicy rice (I have yet to get the recipe for the Demon Saffron Rice that he made around Halloween), some warm, buttered noodles, or grilled asparagus sprinkled with Parmesan.
Leftovers make killer toasted subs with oodles of melted cheese.
This recipe calls for three different types of garlic—garlic salt, fresh elephant garlic, and jarred minced garlic.
You'll also want to use pure olive oil instead of extra virgin, because it has a higher smoke point (making it better for frying).
Serves 6-8 as a main course.
Peel the elephant garlic and cut it into a coarse dice.
Next, zest your lemon then cut it in half.
Put the flour in a gallon-sized zip-top bag.
Drop it into the bag with the flour.
Take each piece of chicken out of the bag.
Lay the chicken out on a board or plate and set it aside for a minute.
Pour about 1/4 inch of olive oil into a large, non-stick pan.
How much oil you use will depend on the size of your pan.
Heat the oil for a minute or two over medium-high heat.
Add the jarred, minced garlic to the oil.
Sprinkle in the fresh, diced elephant garlic.
Give the garlic and oil a stir.
Cook for a minute or two over medium-high heat to infuse the oil with garlicky goodness.
When the oil starts to bubble, carefully put each piece of chicken in the pan.
Your pan will be crowded. In this case, that's just fine.
Cook over medium-high heat until the oil starts to bubble again.
When it starts to bubble, season it by coating the top of the chicken with a thin layer of onion powder, garlic salt, white pepper, black pepper, dried oregano, and dried parsley.
Cook for 3-4 minutes over medium-high heat.
As it cooks, push the chicken around a little to let the oil flow in between the pieces of chicken.
After 3-4 minutes, flip each piece of chicken over.
Pieces of golden brown garlic should be stuck to the bottom.
That's the start of your chicken's garlicky crust.
Reseason the top of the chicken with a thin layer of onion powder, garlic salt, white pepper, black pepper, dried oregano, and dried parsley.
After about 3-4 minutes, flip each piece of chicken over again.
After you've done that, sprinkle on a layer of powdered lemon peel.
Then sprinkle with the fresh lemon zest.
Squeeze one of the lemon halves over the pan, getting a little juice and lemon pulp on each piece of chicken.
Cook over medium-high heat for 3-4 minutes.
After 3-4 minutes, flip the chicken one last time.
At this point, it should have a handsome brown crust on the bottom.
Squeeze the other half of the lemon over the chicken, getting a little on each piece.
Let it cook for 8-10 minutes more.
After that time, your chicken should have a good brown crust and be cooked completely though (cut and peek to be sure, if you like).
Remove the chicken from the oil and heap on a platter.
This is one of our fav ways to make chicken. Fair warning: This is super garlicky and oh-so-delicious.
Put the flour and chicken in a gallon-sized zip-top bag. Seal the bag well. Shake it around to coat the chicken well with flour.
Take each piece of chicken out of the bag. Shake off any excess flour. Lay the chicken out on a board or plate and set it aside for a minute.
Pour about 1/4 inch of olive oil into a large, non-stick pan. How much oil you use will depend on the size of your pan. Heat the oil for a minute or two over medium-high heat.
Add the jarred, minced garlic and diced elephant garlic to the oil.
Give the garlic and oil a stir. Cook for a minute or two over medium-high heat to infuse the oil with garlicky goodness.
When the oil starts to bubble, carefully put each piece of chicken in the pan. Your pan will be crowded. In this case, that's just fine. Cook over medium-high heat until the oil starts to bubble again.
Sprinkle the chicken with a thin layer of onion powder, garlic salt, white pepper, black pepper, dried oregano, and dried parsley. Cook for 3-4 minutes over medium-high heat. As it cooks, push the chicken around a little to let the oil flow in between the pieces of chicken.
After 3-4 minutes, flip each piece of chicken over. Pieces of golden brown garlic should be stuck to the bottom. That's the start of your chicken's garlicky crust.
Reseason the top of the chicken with a thin layer of onion powder, garlic salt, white pepper, black pepper, dried oregano, and dried parsley. Cook for another 3-4 minutes.
After about 3-4 minutes, flip each piece of chicken over again. Reseason the top of the chicken with a thin layer of onion powder, garlic salt, white pepper, black pepper, dried oregano, and dried parsley. Sprinkle on a layer of powdered lemon peel and fresh lemon zest.
Squeeze one of the lemon halves over the pan, getting a little juice and lemon pulp on each piece of chicken. Cook over medium-high heat for 3-4 minutes.
After 3-4 minutes, flip the chicken one last time. At this point, it should have a handsome brown crust on the bottom. Sprinkle with dried parsley. Squeeze the other half of the lemon over the chicken, getting a little on each piece.
Let it cook for 8-10 minutes more. After that time, your chicken should have a good brown crust and be cooked completely though (cut and peek to be sure, if you like).
Remove the chicken from the oil and heap on a platter. Serve and enjoy!
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yum! this looks great. i love elephant garlic! lemon, pepper and garlic is one of the best combos ever, huh?
Exceptional. No other word to describe it!
Sounds and looks great and let me say all that garlic it must taste awesome!
Yanno... I am not a bit lemon pepper person in general, but these look so good I really want to try them. I know my family would like them... Thanks to the Angry Chef for sharing these with us... give him a hug for me :) And take one for yourself too sweetie!
Splendid looking! You know, so often I'll walk past a restaurant and smell a major garlic scent--or even create one as I'm cooking with garlic in the kitchen, but the finished dish does live up to the heady fragrance. This chicken sounds like it would!
Jessie! Another winner from you - well from your other half :-) Gosh! This dish is garlioactive! Radiates garlic all over! Where do you find the Elephant Garlic? Amazon? :-) Cheers! Gabi @ Mamaliga.
I tried this recipe tonight, a little skeptically--it's sort of an unorthodox method for cooking chicken, what with all the flipping and reseasoning and leaving the garlic in the oil. The chicken, however, turned out fanTASTIC--juicy, with a nice crust, and awesome flavor that was a little sweet from the lemons and not overwhelmingly garlicky. This one's going in the recipe file. A few suggestions: I brined my chicken breasts in a simple solution of 3/4 c sugar, 3/4 c kosher salt, and 1 qt water. Brine improves chicken immensely, especially boneless/skinless. I also found the garlic to start burning and turning acrid after awhile, so I skimmed it off once it turned a deep golden brown. I drained the garlic bits on paper towels and served them on top of the chicken as a crunchy garnish, and it was soooo good (if I do say so myself). Also, to ensure perfectly cooked chicken, I'd suggest you check your internal temperature through the thickest part with a meat thermometer on the last, 8-10 minute cooking stage. Take your chicken out when it hits 150 degrees and let it rest, loosely tented with foil. In about 5 minutes, the residual cooking will bring it up to 160, the ideal temperature for juicy chicken. Pour over any accumulated juices.
Can't wait to try this! I'm putting the link back to yours on my web page. Hopefully you'll get more hits. Keep the recipes coming!
Found this on StumbleUpon, and I'm making the recipe on Tuesday. MAN, I'm looking forward to all that garlic! Also, I'm going to try fresh minced garlic rather than the jarred stuff. For me, fresh is always the way to go!
This looks absolutely amazing. I think I'm gonna make this soon. Thanks!
Hi, just thought I'd let you know that I made the recipe tonight and it was fan-tabulous! The chicken was juicy and the garlic flavor was oh so good -- even the odors while cooking made my mouth water. My wife thought it was great too! We served with a stuffed portobello mushroom and bread rolls for a really scrumptous meal. I heartily recommend this one!
I tried this Sunday night and it was ok. I think I blew a couple things in preparation. First it wasn't overly garlicy. I only used one section of the elephant garlic clove. Should I have used the entire bulb? It wasn't overspiced, I think because it was getting so many layers I was concerned it would be way to spicy so I didn't apply enough at each opportunity. We've been having the chicken cold in salads and it's been good. I was just expecting a much bigger flavor.
Was absolutely delicious! I didn't get the crispy crustiness I was expecting, but I think I may have used too much olive oil - next time I'll try with less - it certainly didn't take away from the gorgeous flavor! I wasn't able to find elephant garlic, so I just used regular garlic, it did the trick! I also couldn't find the dried lemon peel powder, but did find a lemon pepper seasoning, so I used a bit less pepper that time around. Hubby and 4yo LOVED it and ate every bite - the 4yo is the tough critic and it was a huge win with her! THANKS!
Does anyone here cook? what does it TASTE LIKE? Yeah, it looks lovely, but......so?
I am just drooling looking at this....holy schmoly!
Looks terrific, I love how to poached it in the garlic oil and hit it with fresh lemon immediately! Cheers!
RAO'S IN NYC MAKES THIS DISH UNDER THE BROILER WITH OUT FLOUR!
It was super tasty! I didn't have any garlic cloves, so I just used more of the jarred stuff. Good call with the lemon pepper seasoning!
Lemon and garlic...I am in! lol ...I have had this type of dish in the past and i cant wait to try making it at home! hope you dont mind too much but I am posting a link to this on my blog because its a recipe that just needs to be shared!
Tried this tonight for dinner. Came out just like the picture. It was Fan Tab Ulous!!!! Oh My Gracious! Even my picky eater loved it!
Why does the Angry Chef recommend using Elephant Garlic?
This dish was absolutely delicious. It went over very well, even my husband who "doesn't like lemon-pepper" ate seconds. This will definitely be added to the rotation. Thank you so much!
So GOOD.... will likely eat it every day for a while.
Just made this for the 2nd time -- I have an electric (smooth) cooktop and the garlic cooks up much more than the pictures show on Medium heat. It's basically black by the end, but thankfully, not bitter. As someone else suggested, I took a few tablespoons of the sautéed garlic out early on to top the chicken when serving. We find it interesting that even the oregano is not discernible on the finished dish -- it just tastes really good. For the next preparation of this recipe, I would like to find smaller chicken breasts -- perhaps free-range or something more natural than the store-bought breasts on steroids. Thank you for a wonderful dish that my family enjoys!
Okay this is seriously delicious. Just made it and was so grateful for the step by step instructions and pictures!! Perfect amount of garlic and lemon flavor in each bite! I couldnt find elephant garlic though at the grocery store..next time i make this i will make a special trip to the organics store though (they would have it, right?). I didn't get a great crust but I will definitely be making this again so I'll have more practice :) thanks for sharing this!
I made this recipe for my family tonight and it was delicious! I had to substitute for the elephant garlic and lemon zest, (used a clove of garlic and lemon juice instead) because we didn't have them around the house. Served with lemon asparagus, absolutely phenomenal, thank you so much for sharing the recipe!
Planning to make this tonight, but how much onion powder, garlic salt, etc does the recipe call for? I don't see it specified above.
What am I missing? I have no idea how much garlic salt/powder, etc. to include. Is it 3.5 tablespoons?
Can you use only regular garlic? I know I could find elephant garlic, but I'd like to use what I have onhand. Thank you. And is using TrueLemon okay in place of the lemon powder?
Tried this recipe tonight with a few modifications (less garlic for my family!) but otherwise very delicious! Only problem is I wanted to print this out and could not find a way to do so!!! Any help on printing this out is appreciated!!
where do you get lemon powder?
I cut the chicken in strips, used less oil and zest of whole lemon. Smelled amazing, tasted more amazing!
In place of the garlic cloves I used Gilroy garlic spread( they use raw garlic) it tasted great!
While I was cooking, it smelled so yummy! I omitted the flour...I'm a Paleo eater, and it was still a hit among the family. Thanks and Merry Christmas!
This recipe looks amazing. I've always loved lemon pepper chicken and this looks like the perfect recipe for me to try.
I made this tonight with some Alfredo pasta on the side....and it was Amazing!!!
Where does one find lemon powder? Not in any of my grocery stores.
I literally just took this chicken out the pan and all I can say is OMG!!! Me and my daughter love lemon and this will be the only way I make chicken for now on. Thanks for sharing!!!
It seem a great recipe, lemon will make it more delicious. Thanks for sharing.


SEVENTY-FIVE years ago, 200 unemployed workers marched from Jarrow in the north-east of England to London. They demanded that the government take action to alleviate high levels of unemployment and the terrible living conditions they faced. Youth Fight for Jobs is retracing their steps. Recent events have shown that, in the years since 1935, capitalism has failed to provide a solution to those problems.
Last month, a tidal wave of discontent swept across Britain. Initially sparked by the fatal shooting of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, north London, rioting broke out across the country. As the politicians and media scrapped around for explanations, Youth Fight for Jobs knew exactly where the blame lay: with the ruling class and its brutal austerity agenda. The shooting of Mark Duggan was the boiling point for tensions that had been simmering away under the surface for years.
While rioting cannot be condoned, and is not a way forward, we have to recognise that the situation facing young people has been combustible for a long time. In February 2008, at the onset of recession, youth unemployment stood at 500,000. By February 2009, it had reached 900,000. The latest figures from the Office for National Statistics show that 973,000 16-to-24 year-olds are now out of work. The figure for 16-17 year-olds is particularly striking, with 347,000 unemployed – one in three – who are not eligible for benefits.
On top of this, the Con-Dem government is taking its axe to over 700,000 public-sector jobs, with a knock-on effect in the private sector. Many companies are losing contracts with the public sector. And with fewer people having less disposable income there has been a bloodbath on the high streets. Five thousand high-street jobs disappeared in June as major chains closed their doors. Many predict that the worst is yet to come.
The only other route out from the dole queue has also been cut off for young people. The rise in tuition fees and scrapping of education maintenance allowance (EMA) mean that, what once provided an opportunity for a decent job and a career, has been turned into little more than an expensive detour to the job centre. This year over 200,000 students leaving further education will not make it to university due to fee hikes and cuts to university courses.
The only choice now for many young people is to sign on. This is likely to mean placement on the government's Work Programme, which is little more than a naked attempt to use the unemployed as cheap labour. David Cameron was crying crocodile tears back in February when he said that youth unemployment was a "matter of deep regret". For his big-business mates, large numbers of unemployed is an opportunity. The Work Programme will see unemployed people taken on for up to three months at a time. They will still receive dole money, with employers paying optional expenses, such as for travel. The employer will then be able to decide whether or not they keep them on. The bosses must be rubbing their hands at the prospect of getting work done for free.
At the same time, services that are supposed to help unemployed youth get back into work have been cut to the bare bones by local councils. In the London borough of Lewisham, an area of very high youth unemployment, we have recently seen services to unemployed youth like Connexions and Opening Doors close because the council has pulled funding. There are countless other examples up and down the country.
It is no coincidence that areas hit by cuts to youth funding saw some of the worst rioting. For example, in Haringey, the borough that includes Tottenham, the Labour council closed eight out of 13 youth clubs. It was a toxic combination of factors that led to the riots. We have harsh attacks on the rights and living standards of young people. The heavy-handed use of stop-and-search has been used by police to harass youth in general, black and Asian people in particular. And we are coming out of a period where most young people have never experienced trade unionism and have no faith at all in politics. The anger, as Youth Fight for Jobs has warned since we launched in 2009, was always in danger of being expressed in the form of riots.
Clearly, the Con-Dem government has aimed for young people because it believes that they are a soft target. When the Con-Dems unveiled their attacks on education last year, this assessment was proven to be very wrong. The demonstration on 10 November led to a wave of strikes, occupations and protests that spread like wildfire across the country. While the movement did show the positive role young people can play in the battle against the cuts, the pusillanimity of the NUS leadership and the mistaken methods of others on the left of the movement mean that it has suffered temporary defeats. EMA has been abolished and tuition fees are set to rise dramatically next year.
Youth Fight for Jobs proposed at the time that, in order for students to win, they had to link up with the wider working class as part of a mass movement to defeat all cuts. The campaign has always driven to link up unemployed youth and students with the best fighting layers of the working class.
The struggle of youth for a decent future is not just confined to Britain. Spain and Greece saw massive movements of indignant youths this summer. In Spain, youth unemployment stands at 45%. Since 15 May Spain has been rocked by demonstrations and protests. It is estimated that 6.5 to eight million young people have taken part in the protests. The movement has held a series of 'Jarrow-style' marches. On 25 July, young people marched from all over Spain to the capital to demonstrate against the government's proposed austerity budget.
The rising tide of youth rebellion has also seen tyrants fall. It was young people in Tunisia and Egypt who triggered the revolutionary tidal waves that swept away the regimes of Ben Ali and Mubarak respectively. Egypt in particular shows the potential when the struggle of youth is connected to the struggle of the working class as a whole. Tahrir Square had been occupied for two months before the Egyptian workers threatened a general strike on 30 February. A day later, Mubarak was gone.
The Jarrow March for Jobs could provide a rallying point for the anti-cuts movement in Britain. We want to bring this renewed spirit of youth rebellion to the streets of Britain. The march has the backing of the RMT, PCS, FBU, UCU, Unite, Bectu and TSSA trade unions. As we go down the country in October we are linking up with union branches and anti-cuts organisations.
We will kick-off in Jarrow with a demonstration on 1 October. At each stage of the march we will link up with other people against the cuts to hold rallies, demonstrations and protests. In Sheffield, deputy prime minister Nick Clegg's constituency, we are linking up with the anti-cuts alliance to hold a demo at the town hall. In Coventry, we will hold a demonstration and gig alongside other campaigners. The march will culminate in London with a national demonstration in Trafalgar Square on 5 November.
Young people face the biggest attacks on the right to a decent future seen in generations. Today's young people are the first in decades to face the prospect of being worse off than their parents or even grandparents, with attacks on the right to an education, no jobs out there and more and more people thrown on the scrapheap. We are also seeing the safety net of the welfare state being pulled out from underneath. Many young people feel they have nowhere to turn and get involved in petty crime and gang culture. We cannot rule out more outpourings of raw anger such as we saw in August. But these will prove to be counter-productive dead-ends.
The perfect storm is brewing. Public-sector workers are set to take the biggest strike action since 1926 in defence of pensions. Now is the right time to bring young people into the workers' movement and combine their creativity and dynamism with the economic might of the working class. The Jarrow March for Jobs is a great opportunity to do just that.


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W.A.M. Awards
Sylvie Marie
Michaël Resin - 'Praying For A Miracle'
Following the heels of a successful run of hit singles, Swiss artist Michaël Resin has released his anticipated, full- length Electronic Dance Music (EDM)/Pop album, 'Praying for a Miracle.' This has been a stellar year for Resin and, judging by the quality of his new release, it is just the beginning of a successful run for this gifted artist. 'Praying for a Miracle' is making its way to Asia: the release will be available in Greater China, Taiwan, Malaysia and other Asian countries through Bongo Boy Records as well as stateside via cdbaby Worldwide distributors.
'Praying for a Miracle' opens with the song "World is Mine." It starts with a heavy, deep foundation of synthesized bass in a sixteenth note pattern. A simple motif in the upper range hovers on top. The bass sounds like it is chasing you, coming for you. Resin enters with a clear, precise tone. "I run here. You run there. Nothing's clear." Later he says, "I walk in. You run out." The verses are delivered in a pointed statement-like fashion which is very effective for this piece. This song talks about the breakdown of a relationship where every move seems polar opposite. A female voice blends perfectly with Resins' adding color to the chorus.
"Viscious Minds" follows with a more subdued and introspective vibe. The song is about being deceived and lied to. It is a mid-tempo ballad that does well to showcase Resin's ability to sing with passion and emotion which can be heard in the subtle nuances of his vocal delivery. Another ballad on the album is "Nothing is Forever." It's a gorgeous song. The track has an arpeggio pattern that lays the foundation for Resin's full vocal expression. Throughout the song, Resin switches from speaking to singing. Towards the end, there is a fantastic change-up into a staccato groove. Resin is clearly a polished composer who can easily move in and out of sophisticated musical changes offering impressive unpredictability and surprise.
A stand-out track on the album, and one of my favorites, is "Gates of Hell." It commences with a funky groove that draws you in. It is easy to dance to. The chorus is extremely catchy, giving it universal appeal, showcasing Resin's strong pop-music sensibilities and ability to appeal to mass audiences. "Play that song again. Play that song for me. Play that song again. The one that sets me free. Play it once in hell." "New Romance" is up next with fantastic, cinematic synth effects. Resin's voice sings, laughs, talks and taunts through multiple effects and a heavy layering of electronica that sounds eerie, mysterious and intriguing.
Breaking for a moment, check out the short film of Falling feat. Benjamin Karmer directed by Resin. The film is as moving, elegant and beautiful as the music, confirming that Resin is a world-class multi-talented artist. "Falling feat. Benjamin Karmer" was televised in New York City prior to gaining heavy rotation across the country on 54 TV channels.
Resin ends the album with a return to "Vicious Minds Project Acoustic." The acoustic version gives you a front row seat to the basic beauty of this song: the piano composition, crying cello lines, and full choral harmonies. I would be hard pressed to name another EDM/Pop album that has this level of composition, pop sensibility and passion; Resin has written hit after hit that will capture fans worldwide. Michaël Resin doesn't need to pray for a miracle – his music is the miracle. The album can be purchased on Cdbaby.
#MichaëlResin #PrayingForAMiracle #BongoBoyRecords
Emily Cole - 'Dead Feelings'
Jenny Vinatieri - 'Phoenix'
Tony Valor - "Unexplainable"
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Psychosocial Characterization of HIV Clients with Potential to be Change Agents for HIV Prevention in Uganda
Christopher Tumwine 1 Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye 2 Peter Mugyenyi 3 Glenn Wagner 4
1Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala-Uganda
2School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences
3Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala-Uganda
4RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90407, United States
New research suggests that people living with HIV have the potential to be strong advocates for HIV prevention by passing on HIV prevention messages within their social networks. However, there is a paucity of research into the nature and prevalence of HIV prevention behaviours engaged in by HIV clients, and the psychosocial correlates of such advocacy, which are the goals of this analysis. We examined engagement in HIV prevention advocacy among 602 new HIV clients at two clinics in Uganda. Eighty nine percent reported encouraging others to get tested for HIV, 79% told people they know to use condoms when they have sex, and 61% reported discussing HIV more generally with friends and family. A client was classified as fully engaged in HIV prevention advocacy if they reported engaging in all three of the measured HIV prevention advocacy behaviors. In the bivariate analysis, being from the rural study site (p<0.001), higher levels of HIV disclosure to friends (p<0.001), greater hopefulness (p<0.001), and lower levels of depression (p<0.001) and internalized HIV stigma (p<0.001) were associated with full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. In the multivariate analysis, being from the rural study site (OR=5.461, 95% CI=3.11-9.61), lower levels of internalized HIV stigma (OR=0.524, 95% CI=0.39-0.70) and higher levels of HIV status disclosure to friends (OR=2.040, 95% CI=1.23-3.38) remained significantly associated with full engagement in prevention advocacy. These data suggest that psychosocial adjustment and functioning may play a key role in empowering HIV clients to be advocates for prevention.
Received 16 Jun 2012; Accepted 9 Nov 2012; Published 5 Dec 2012;
Academic Editor:Larance Ronsard, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067.
Copyright© 2012 Christopher Tumwine, et al.
Christopher Tumwine, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Peter Mugyenyi, Glenn Wagner (2012) Psychosocial Characterization of HIV Clients with Potential to be Change Agents for HIV Prevention in Uganda. Journal of Clinical Research In HIV AIDS And Prevention - 1(1):3-11.
DOI10.14302/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-12-68
Although few interventions have sought to activate people living with HIV (PHAs) to reach out to their social network members and communities with HIV prevention messages, studies such as by Paxton 1 and Tumwine and colleagues 2 show that HIV clients without external motivation do pass on prevention messages to their network and community members. This prevention advocacy initiated by clients targeting their network members can help to reduce the spread of HIV in the community. Although PHAs without any clear external motivation reach out to their social network members with HIV prevention messages (encouraging condom use, abstinence, faithfulness, serosorting), available studies have not clearly presented the characteristics of those likely to engage in this HIV prevention advocacy. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the prevalence of the naturally occurring HIV prevention advocacy among HIV clients in care, and the characteristics of HIV clients most likely to engage in this HIV prevention advocacy. Findings from this analysis could contribute to HIV prevention for positives initiatives 3, 4, 5 by informing who to target as likely clients who might be motivated and ready to engage in prevention advocacy, and what barriers need to be addressed that impede some clients from engaging in HIV prevention advocacy.
HIV prevention advocacy generally involves encouraging persons in one's social network or community to adopt HIV protective behaviours. Few and only qualitative studies have so far been conducted to examine how those who have publicly disclosed their HIV status are engaging in HIV prevention advocacy 1. In a recently completed qualitative study of prevention advocacy among PHAs, Tumwine and colleagues 2 found that 39/40 participants reported having engaged in HIV prevention advocacy with someone. Prevention advocacy to HIV-negative or persons of unknown HIV status tended to consist of encouragement of behaviors to prevent the person from contracting HIV, such as faithfulness, abstinence, and condom use, as well as HIV testing. Prevention advocacy to HIV positives included encouragement of behaviours that can enable them to avoid re-infection and/or passing on the infection to others (e.g., seeking HIV care, adherence to treatment, faithfulness, abstinence, condom use). Further research, including quantitative studies, are needed to better understand the characteristics of the HIV clients who are engaging in prevention advocacy, so as to inform interventions aimed at enhancing the benefits of such actions for both those engaging in such advocacy and the recipients.
Sayles and colleagues 6 describe a psychological process that a person living with HIV goes through from the time they are diagnosed HIV positive. First they deal with the stigma of HIV (internalized and societal stigma), and in the process of coming to terms with the diagnosis they begin to regain a sense of self-acceptance. They then renegotiate social contracts which in turn enables them to reconnect with family, friends and the community 7. These stages are experienced with varying degrees of HIV stigma, discrimination and social support to the HIV positive person, which influence the psychological well-being of the individual. After going through these psychological processes, the individual gains more self-acceptance, and the negative psychological aspects of HIV are reduced, one may feel more comfortable with disclosing their HIV status and gain a sense of empowerment to champion for HIV prevention in the community. In relation to this theoretical framework, we assess PHAs levels of engagement in promoting HIV prevention within their social networks. We also assess the extent to which psychosocial variables such as internalized HIV stigma, discrimination, depression, and social support are associated with PHAs engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. Our guiding hypothesis was: participants who report lower HIV related discrimination, depression, internalized HIV stigma, and higher hope and social support would be more likely to engage in HIV prevention advocacy. The underlying goal of the analysis is to contribute to a better selection of change agents that can work as popular opinion leaders 8, 9 in their networks and to highlight the salient psychosocial barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve a critical mass of change agents for promoting reduction in HIV risk behaviours in their general communities.
The research questions to be addressed in this analysis are: How prevalent are specific HIV prevention advocacy behaviors occurring among PHAs? And what are the demographic and psychosocial characteristics of PHAs who are more engaged in HIV prevention advocacy?
Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal prospective cohort study in Uganda to examine the impact of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) on multiple dimensions of health.
The study was conducted between January 2008 and October 2009 at two clinics operated by the Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), one in Kampala and the other in Kakira 10, 11. Kakira is a small town located about 100 km outside Kampala next to a sugar plantation. A client was eligible if he/she was (1) age 18 or older, (2) new to the clinic and had just completed evaluation for ART eligibility, and (3) had CD4 cell count < 400 cells/mm3 if not eligible for ART. While statistics on eligible clients who refused to participate were not collected, the study interviewers reported few clients declined to participate after being informed of the study.
Eligible clients were informed of the study by a clinic staff member after their eligibility for ART was determined; those who expressed interest were referred to the study interviewer for consent procedures and administration of the baseline interview. Participants were paid 5000 Uganda shillings (~ 2.00 USD) as compensation for the extra time spent at the clinic to complete the interview. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at RAND and JCRC, as well as Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. Participants went on to be scheduled for follow up interviews at month 6 and 12; however, only baseline data are included in the analysis for this paper.
All measures were translated into Luganda, the most common language in the study settings, and interviewer-administered.
Information about the patients' demographic and background characteristics including age of the participant, gender, education level (highest level of formal schooling including primary grades, secondary, technical/trade school, and university) and HIV test date were collected.
We developed three items to measure engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. Respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the following statements on a 4-point Likert scale from '1 strongly agree' to 4 'strongly disagree': "I like to talk to friends and family about HIV"; "I encourage others to use condoms every time they have sex"; and "I encourage others to get tested for HIV". For analysis, the three prevention advocacy variables were dichotomized with strongly agree and agree merged into one category defining engagement in the behavior, and strongly disagree and disagree merged into the category of non-engagement.
Internalized HIV stigma was assessed with an 8-item scale developed by Kalichman and colleagues 12. Participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with statements such as "I feel guilty that I am HIV positive" using a 5 point rating scale; mean item scores were computed and higher scores represent greater stigma.
HIV discrimination was measured using an 8-item scale developed by Berger and colleagues 13. Participants used a 4-point scale to rate their level of agreement with statements indicating the presence of discriminatory events due to their HIV status such as loss of friends, people avoiding touching them, and people not wanting them around their children; mean item scores were computed and higher scores represent greater discrimination.
Hope was assessed using 2 items from the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the following statements: "I look forward to the future with hope and enthusiasm", and "I might as well give up because there's nothing I can do about making things better for myself" 14; a 4-point rating scale was used for each item and a mean item score calculated (after the latter item was reverse coded), with higher scores representing greater hope.
General social support was assessed using a single item: "I can count on my family and friends to give me the support I need", and a 4-point rating scale with higher scores representing greater support.
Depression was assessed with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) 15. The 9 items are the 9 DSM symptom criteria for Major Depression; a "past 2 weeks" time frame is used and each item is scored from 0 'never' to 3 'every day'. Total score ranges from 0-27 and is the sum of all the items. Higher scores represent greater depression.
HIV disclosure was assessed with regard to friends and response options for this were 'none,' 'some' or 'all.'
In bivariate analysis, factors associated with engagement in HIV prevention advocacy were analyzed using the Chi-square test of significance for categorical variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables. All p values were two tailed and considered significant at p <0.05. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the psychosocial factors that were independently associated with engagement in HIV prevention advocacy (non full engagement vs. full engagement). Independent variables included in the regression model consisted of HIV clients' self reported levels of hope, HIV status disclosure to friends, internalized HIV stigma, depression and demographics (age, gender, level of education, marital status and study site). All analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0.
Enrollment consisted of 602 clients, 300 from JCRC Kakira and 302 from JCRC Kampala. The demographic and background characteristics of the total sample are listed in Table 1. The majority 68.3% (411) of the participants were female, mean age was 36 (SD = 8.5) years (range of 20 to 75 years), 45.9% (249) had attained some secondary level of education or higher, 44.9% (270) were married or in a committed relationship, and 73.9% (445) had disclosed to some or all of their friends.
Table 1. Demographic and background characteristics of the total sample, as well as by level of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy
Engagement in HIV Prev. Advocacy
Demographic and Background characteristics Total sample (N=602) Not fully engaged(N=300) Fully Engaged (N=302) p-value (x2)
Study Site
JCRC Kampala 50.2% 75.7% 24.8% 0.000
JCRC Kakira 49.8% 24.3% 75.2%
Male gender 31.7% 31.8% 31.7% 0.974
Mean (SD) age (years) 36 (8.5) 35.3 (8.8) 36.1 (8.2) 0.282 (t- test)
Married/ in a committed relationship 44.9% 44.1% 45.7%
Single/divorced/separated/widowed 55.1% 55.9% 54.3% 0.703
Primary School or less 54.1% 53.3% 54.9%
Secondary school or more 45.9% 46.7% 45.1% 0.704
Disclosure to some or all friends 73.9% 66.3% 81.5% 0.000
Engagement in Prevention Advocacy Behaviors
We first examined the proportion of study respondents who reported engaging in the three prevention advocacy behaviors; 89% reported encouraging others to get tested for HIV, 79% encouraged people they know to use condoms every time they have sex, and 61% reported talking to friends and family about HIV. The three dichotomous variables representing whether or not the participant engaged in each of the three HIV prevention advocacy behaviours were summed (possible range of 0 to 3) into one four level composite variable: 4.5% (27) of participants reported never engaging in any of the three behaviours, 11.8% (71) engaged in just one of the behaviours, 33.6% (202) in two behaviours, and 50.2% (302) of the participants engaged in all three prevention advocacy behaviours. The 4 level composite variable was then also dichotomized; participants who reported engaging in 0, 1 or 2 prevention advocacy behaviours were classified as "not fully engaged" in HIV prevention advocacy, while those who reported engaging in all three behaviours were classified as "fully engaged" in HIV prevention advocacy. On the basis of this classification, 50.2% (n=302) of the participants were fully engaged in HIV prevention advocacy. Table 1 lists the demographic and background characteristics of the subgroup of participants who were fully engaged in prevention advocacy, as well those not fully engaged. The two variables that differentiated the two subgroups were HIV disclosure to friends, as those who were fully engaged in prevention advocacy were more likely to have disclosed to some or all of their friends; and study site, with clients from JCRC Kakira/the rural site, more likely to have engaged in HIV prevention advocacy.
Table 2 presents the bivariate relationships between the psychosocial measures (hope, general social support, depression, internalized HIV stigma, discrimination) and each of the dichotomous indicators of the three prevention advocacy behaviors, as well as the dichotomized composite variable (fully versus not fully engaged in prevention advocacy). Higher internalized HIV stigma was associated with lower engagement in each of the individual prevention advocacy behaviours, as well as the composite variable. Higher depression was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of generally liking to talk to friends and family about HIV and marginally associated with a lower likelihood of telling people one knows to use condoms when they have sex), as well the composite variable. Higher hopefulness was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of generally liking to talk to friends and family about HIV, telling one knows to use condoms when they have sex, and moderately associated with a higher likelihood of encouraging others to get tested for HIV), as well the composite variable.
Table 2. Bivariate psychosocial correlates of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy
Psychosocial measures Engagement in HIV prevention advocacy p-value
I encourage others to get tested for HIV
Not Engaged (N=65)Mean (SD) Engaged (N=537)Mean (SD)
General social support 3.3077(0.92) 3.3724 (1.01) 0.623
Depression 0.9192 (0.53) 0.85 (0.54) 0.301
Internalized HIV Stigma 2.8288 (0.92) 2.3689 (0.97) 0.000
Discrimination 1.1692 (0.54) 1.2318 (0.62) 0.436
Hope 3.5462 (0.50) 3.6676 (0.49) 0.060
I tell people I know to use condoms when they have sex
Not Engaged (N=126) Engaged (N=476)
General social support 3.3651 (0.95) 3.3655 (1.01) 0.996
Depression 0.9335 (0.55) 0.8329 (0.53) 0.062
I like to talk to friends and family about HIV
HIV Prevention Advocacy composite variable
Not fully Engaged (N=300) Fully Engaged (N=302)
Multivariate Analysis of factors associated with Engagement in HIV prevention advocacy
All psychosocial variables that were significantly associated with at least one individual prevention advocacy item and or the dichotomized composite variable in the bivariate analysis were entered into the logistic regression model to ascertain the independent predictors of full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. These variables included depression, internalized HIV stigma, and hope. Demographics (gender, age, marital status, and level of education), HIV disclosure to friends and study site were also included in the model as covariates. Table 3 lists the results of the logistic regression model that predicts full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy.
Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression for full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy
Odds Ratio p-value 95% CI
JCRC Kakira site (base=JCRC Kampala site) 5.461 0.000 (3.105-9.607)
Female gender 1.025 0.915 (0.649-1.620)
Age in years 0.985 0.272 (0.960-1.012)
At least some secondary school education (base=none or primary education) 1.389 0.137 (0.900-2.143)
Single (base=Married/in committed relationship) 1.138 0.560 (0.737-1.759)
Disclosure to some or all friends (base=no disclosure) 2.040 0.006 (1.233-3.376)
Hope 1.381 0.209 (0.834-2.287)
Depression 1.234 0.373 (0.776-1.962)
Internalized HIV stigma 0.524 0.000 (0.391-0.703)
Disclosure to some or all friends, internalized HIV stigma and being from the rural study site (JCRC Kakira) were the only independent predictors of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. A unit increase in internalized HIV stigma for instance reduced the odds of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy by a factor of 0.52. And disclosure to some or all friends (compared to disclosure to none), increased the odds of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy by a factor of 2.04.
Our study findings suggest that most HIV clients convey HIV prevention messages to members in their social networks. When individual prevention messages are considered, 89% reported encouraging others to get tested for HIV, 79% tell people they know to use condoms every time they are to have sex, and 61% talk to friends and family about HIV in general. With full engagement stringently defined (to only include those engaged in all 3 prevention behaviours), 50% of the participants still could be classified as fully engaged in HIV prevention advocacy. Most participants reported engaging in the above HIV prevention messages, and did so without monetary or any other kind of incentive. We believe, with a properly designed intervention, PHAs can pass on more of such HIV prevention messages among their social network and community members.
In the bivariate analysis, most aspects of healthy psychosocial functioning were associated with full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. In the multivariate analysis too, HIV status disclosure to some or all friends, and lower HIV internalized stigma remained significantly associated with full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. These findings generally support the framework developed by Sayles and colleagues 6, and which we adopted to provide the lens through which we could interpret our findings. This framework suggests that poor psychosocial functioning (as a result of getting to know that one is HIV positive) among most PHAs is common in the period immediately after receiving HIV results, but HIV clients often adjust and restore psychosocial functioning after this initial period. During the period of poor psychosocial functioning, the HIV client withdraws from community activities, but during the period of better psychosocial functioning and adjustment to being HIV-positive, the client gains self-acceptance and re-engages in community activities.
In the multiple logistic regression analysis, higher internalized HIV stigma was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. Also, disclosure to some or all friends was significantly associated with full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. The current finding on HIV status disclosure is partly consistent with other studies such as by Calin and colleagues 16 and Patel and colleagues 17, which showed that the psychosocial variable of perceived stigma is a predictor of disclosure among the HIV clients. This finding implies that HIV disclosure has the potential to be a strong moderator between psychosocial functioning and full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy. The more someone is comfortable being open about their HIV status, the more likely they are to feel comfortable discussing HIV, and perhaps the more effective and credible they will be with regard to conveying messages related to HIV prevention advocacy.
The study has limitations that are worth noting. Engagement in HIV prevention advocacy assessed in this analysis was limited to only three behaviors (encouraging condom use, HIV testing and generally talking about HIV/AIDS with family and friends), where as prevention advocacy can include many other aspects such as encouraging other HIV protective behaviours like male medical circumcision, HIV status disclosure, and for the HIV positives –seeking HIV treatment. Some of the variables (social support, disclosure, hope) were measured with only one or two items, which can be prone to poor reliability. The study findings cannot be generalized to all PHAs, since the sample consisted of only those clients just starting HIV care who may be different from clients in care for a longer period of time or those who are not in care at all. Also, no causal inferences can be made as to whether poor psychosocial functioning precedes limited engagement in HIV prevention advocacy since this is only a cross-sectional analysis. There is need for further longitudinal studies that can examine the causal relationships between full engagement in HIV prevention advocacy and psychosocial functioning.
Further research that takes into account the nature of recipients of the prevention advocacy, and more specific descriptions of the prevention advocacy behaviours enacted by PHAs, is needed to enable a more complete assessment of the potential for PHAs to be effective change agents. Also, there is need for further research that strives to determine the factors that explain the different levels of engagement in HIV prevention advocacy between rural and urban areas in Uganda that this study highlights.
In conclusion, these findings reveal a fairly high prevalence level of HIV prevention advocacy among clients attending the two HIV clinics in Uganda. The findings further reveal a strong relationship between healthy psychosocial adjustment and functioning and greater prevention advocacy among PHAs. Those with better psychological well-being (lower depression and greater hope) and greater acceptance of their HIV status (lower internalized stigma) were more likely to be fully engaged in prevention advocacy behaviors. Interventions aimed at empowering HIV clients as change agents for HIV prevention within their social networks and communities need to address these psychosocial factors so that PHAs can fulfill their potential to have a critical impact on HIV prevention. Activating PHAs to be agents for HIV prevention behaviors provides HIV clients with an opportunity to see themselves and be seen by others as a vital part of the solution to the HIV epidemic and not just part of the problem.
This research was funded by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation (Grant No. HE 007, PI: G.Wagner).
1.PaxFton S.(2002)The paradox of public. HIV disclosure.AIDS Care.14(4): 559-567.
2.Tumwine C.(2011)An exploratory study of HIV prevention advocacy by persons. in HIV care inUganda.African,journal ofAIDS,Research.10(4): 427-433.
3.J D Auerbach.(2004)Principles of positive prevention.J. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.37 Suppl 2: 122-5.
4.Bunnell R, Mermin J, Cock K M De. (2006) prevention for a threatened continent: implementing positive prevention in Africa.JAMA.296(7):. 855-8.
5.C M Gordon.(2005).Prevention interventions with persons living with HIV/AIDS: state of the science and future directions.AIDS. Educ Prev.17(1 Suppl A): 6-20.
6.Sayles J.. (2007)Experiences of Social Stigma and ImplicationsForHealthcare Among a Diverse Population of HIV Positive Adults.(6): 814-828.
7.S L Nam.(2008)The relationship of acceptance or denial of HIV-status to antiretroviral adherence among adult HIV patients in urban Botswana.Soc Sci Med.67(2):. 301-10.
8.J A Kelly.(2004)Popular opinion leaders and HIV prevention peer education: resolving discrepant findings, and implications for the development of effective communityprogrammes.AIDS Care.16(2):. 139-50.
9.J A Kelly. (1991) risk behavior reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis.Am J Public Health.81(2):. 168-71.
10.G J Wagner.(2011)Depression in the Pathway of HIV Antiretroviral Effects on Sexual Risk Behavior Among Patients in Uganda.AIDS Behav.
11.G J Wagner.(2010)Factors associated with condom use among HIV clients in stable relationships with partners at varying risk for HIV in Uganda.AIDS Behav.14(5):. 1055-65.
12.S C Kalichman.(2005)Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigmas. in South Africa.AIDS Behav.9: 135-143.
13.B E, C E Ferrans, F R Lashley. (2001) stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale.Res Nurs Health.24(6):. 518-29.
14.A T Beck, A R.Steer.(1988)Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale. San Antonio:Psychological Corporation.
15.Kroenke K, R L Spitzer, Williams J B W.(2001)ThePHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure.J. Gen Intern Med2001.16: 606-613.
16.Calin T.(2007)Disclosure of HIV among black African men and women attending a London HIV clinic.AIDS Care.19(3):. 385-91.
17.Patel R.(2011)HIV disclosure patterns, predictors, and psychosocial correlates among HIV positive women in Zimbabwe.AIDS Care.
DOI : 10.14302/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-12-68
MZ id : JCRHAP-12-68
prevention with positives


text:
import contextlib
import os
import re
import shutil
import string
import subprocess
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, Union

import setuptools.command.sdist

DIR = Path(__file__).parent.absolute()
VERSION_REGEX = re.compile(
    r"^\s*#\s*define\s+PYBIND11_VERSION_([A-Z]+)\s+(.*)$", re.MULTILINE
)
VERSION_FILE = Path("pybind11/_version.py")
COMMON_FILE = Path("include/pybind11/detail/common.h")

def build_expected_version_hex(matches: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
    patch_level_serial = matches["PATCH"]
    serial = None
    major = int(matches["MAJOR"])
    minor = int(matches["MINOR"])
    flds = patch_level_serial.split(".")
    if flds:
        patch = int(flds[0])
        if len(flds) == 1:
            level = "0"
            serial = 0
        elif len(flds) == 2:
            level_serial = flds[1]
            for level in ("a", "b", "c", "dev"):
                if level_serial.startswith(level):
                    serial = int(level_serial[len(level) :])
                    break
    if serial is None:
        msg = f'Invalid PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH: "{patch_level_serial}"'
        raise RuntimeError(msg)
    version_hex_str = f"{major:02x}{minor:02x}{patch:02x}{level[:1]}{serial:x}"
    return f"0x{version_hex_str.upper()}"

# PYBIND11_GLOBAL_SDIST will build a different sdist, with the python-headers
# files, and the sys.prefix files (CMake and headers).

global_sdist = os.environ.get("PYBIND11_GLOBAL_SDIST", False)

setup_py = Path(
    "tools/setup_global.py.in" if global_sdist else "tools/setup_main.py.in"
)
extra_cmd = 'cmdclass["sdist"] = SDist\n'

to_src = (
    (Path("pyproject.toml"), Path("tools/pyproject.toml")),
    (Path("setup.py"), setup_py),
)

# Read the listed version
loc: Dict[str, str] = {}
code = compile(VERSION_FILE.read_text(encoding="utf-8"), "pybind11/_version.py", "exec")
exec(code, loc)
version = loc["__version__"]

# Verify that the version matches the one in C++
matches = dict(VERSION_REGEX.findall(COMMON_FILE.read_text(encoding="utf8")))
cpp_version = "{MAJOR}.{MINOR}.{PATCH}".format(**matches)
if version != cpp_version:
    msg = f"Python version {version} does not match C++ version {cpp_version}!"
    raise RuntimeError(msg)

version_hex = matches.get("HEX", "MISSING")
exp_version_hex = build_expected_version_hex(matches)
if version_hex != exp_version_hex:
    msg = f"PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX {version_hex} does not match expected value {exp_version_hex}!"
    raise RuntimeError(msg)

# TODO: use literals & overload (typing extensions or Python 3.8)
def get_and_replace(
    filename: Path, binary: bool = False, **opts: str
) -> Union[bytes, str]:
    if binary:
        contents = filename.read_bytes()
        return string.Template(contents.decode()).substitute(opts).encode()

    return string.Template(filename.read_text()).substitute(opts)

# Use our input files instead when making the SDist (and anything that depends
# on it, like a wheel)
class SDist(setuptools.command.sdist.sdist):  # type: ignore[misc]
    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir: str, files: List[str]) -> None:
        super().make_release_tree(base_dir, files)

        for to, src in to_src:
            txt = get_and_replace(src, binary=True, version=version, extra_cmd="")

            dest = Path(base_dir) / to

            # This is normally linked, so unlink before writing!
            dest.unlink()
            dest.write_bytes(txt)  # type: ignore[arg-type]

# Remove the CMake install directory when done
@contextlib.contextmanager
def remove_output(*sources: str) -> Iterator[None]:
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        for src in sources:
            shutil.rmtree(src)

with remove_output("pybind11/include", "pybind11/share"):
    # Generate the files if they are not present.
    with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        cmd = ["cmake", "-S", ".", "-B", tmpdir] + [
            "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=pybind11",
            "-DBUILD_TESTING=OFF",
            "-DPYBIND11_NOPYTHON=ON",
            "-Dprefix_for_pc_file=${pcfiledir}/../../",
        ]
        if "CMAKE_ARGS" in os.environ:
            fcommand = [
                c
                for c in os.environ["CMAKE_ARGS"].split()
                if "DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX" not in c
            ]
            cmd += fcommand
        subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, cwd=DIR, stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr)
        subprocess.run(
            ["cmake", "--install", tmpdir],
            check=True,
            cwd=DIR,
            stdout=sys.stdout,
            stderr=sys.stderr,
        )

    txt = get_and_replace(setup_py, version=version, extra_cmd=extra_cmd)
    code = compile(txt, setup_py, "exec")
    exec(code, {"SDist": SDist})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rudy: "The countdown is underway to an event organizers are billing as the cultural event of the millennial year, as if we haven't heard that before. But this really is a big deal because it's the first World Exposition to be hosted in Germany. Hanover, Germany to be exact. Let's get right to the details with Michelle Kholos and this week's Culture Watch. So Michelle, what's the theme for this expo?"
Michelle: "Well, the theme is 'Humankind... Nature... and Technology; a New World Arising'. And it's tied to the U.N.'s program for sustainable development."
Rudy: "I hear that it's not just about technology. There's also a lot of emphasis on the arts, right?"
Michelle: "Yes, what's being billed as the 'Festivals of the world' looks like it's going to be packed with performances by international musicians and artists of all kinds. Plus, organizers say that visitors will get to see some traditional rituals from around the world that are thousands of years old, some that have never been seen outside their native countries."
Michelle: "Well, like these beautiful, artistically-decorated Moroccan horse riders that demonstrate a 1,500 year-old desert ritual. And, I don't really know how ancient this practice is but, one of the cultural contributions from Spain is going to be a nine-story tower made from 200 human bodies. That's the plan, anyway."
Rudy: "Wouldn't want to be on the bottom of that heap!"
Michelle: "No kidding! Let's see, what else. Well, from Mexico there's a show featuring a group who fly from the top of a large mast to offer gifts from the sun to the earth, and the reason is that they're begging their ancestors for protection."
Rudy: "Lots of people expected?"
Michelle: "Yeah, I'd say 40 million people is a pretty good size crowd, but that's over the course of the entire event. Some pretty high-profile guests are making the trip."
Michelle: "Well, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess Caroline and Prince Rainier of Monaco, and King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. On the political front, British prime minister Tony Blair, not sure if he's bringing the new baby, and France's prime minister Jaques Chirac plan to stop by."
Rudy: "But you don't have to be royalty or a politician to go."
Michelle: "Nope, it's open to everyone and it stretches from June 1st through October, so there's plenty of time to get to Hanover. And that's this week's Culture Watch."


text:
require 'active_support/configurable'

module Vkontakte
  def self.configure(&block)
    yield @config ||= Vkontakte::Configuration.new
  end

  def self.config
    @config
  end

  class Configuration
    include ActiveSupport::Configurable
    config_accessor :client_id
    config_accessor :client_secret
    config_accessor :base_url
    config_accessor :authorize_base_url
    config_accessor :acess_token_base_url
    config_accessor :api_base_url
  end

  configure do |config|
    config.base_url = 'http://vk.com'
    config.authorize_base_url = 'https://oauth.vk.com/authorize'
    config.acess_token_base_url = 'https://oauth.vk.com/access_token'
    config.api_base_url = 'https://api.vk.com/method'
  end
end


The Library has activeted a new trial for The Wall Street Journal platform. The access allows to explore a 7-year archive, save and/or share your favorite articles and go mobile.
Trial ends on March 8th, 2019. For further information, visit the page (in Italian).


As we celebrate the success of community businesses this week and mark the opening of our new £10 million fund to support them, we are sharing blogs from a number of our grantees. Today we hear from David Case, Chairman of the Diss Corn Hall Trust in Norfolk about their journey towards transforming a hall previously described as 'old and smelly' into a cultural hub for the community to enjoy.
It's been a long haul since we set up an arts centre in an elegant, but run down, corn exchange in Diss in Norfolk in 2010. It was clear to us from the word go that the project would have a limited life unless we could give the building a complete makeover – it felt a bit like a jumped up village hall, and was described by one teenager as 'old and smelly'.
We realised pretty early on that we had to do more than just improve the hall; the whole of the historic centre of the town was declining with the changes in shopping patterns. So our Trust that runs the hall developed an economic and social regeneration plan with the Town Council for the whole centre, with the Corn Hall as its centrepiece and the catalyst for change.
The project was going to cost £3 million which was well outside any of our resources, and realistically the only source of major funding was the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). It took three years and a couple of attempts, but they finally awarded us £1.65 million, leaving us to find a mere £1.35 million. But with the positive vote from the HLF and a lot of hard work, we managed to fund the main part of the project. A huge boost for us was the community support, not just in their comments but with their donations – our small town of 7,000 contributed £125,000! We still needed to fit the hall out and provide additional staff. This is where Power to Change stepped in and helped us fill this vital gap with a grant of £72,000 – a life saver.
So we could go ahead. So far we have stripped out the building and demolished some scruffy old extensions, and we can see the interior of the splendid Victorian building in all its potential glory. Refurbishment will start shortly and we will build a sympathetic and elegant extension to give us a new foyer, gallery, café and bar. The opening date is January 2017. It used to seem a long time ahead – it now looks terrifyingly close!
The community is full of expectation and we have to fulfil it. But already we are seeing signs of revival in the area in anticipation of the reopening. The number of empty shops is declining, and new jobs have been created. Perhaps just as importantly, the community believes the project will work and will make the town a more exciting place to live.


text:
Q: How is dynamic linker linked when executable using shared library is loaded? I'm reading about the process of dynamic linking currently, and I read that the dynamic linker is also a shared library(ld.linux.so). Then how is ld.linux.so linked?
Is it linked in a static way?

A:
Is it linked in a static way?

Yes. It's a shared library which itself has no dependencies on other libraries  (and can't have any, since there is nothing that would resolve such dependencies) -- it must be entirely self-contained.
In particular, ld.so contains its own copies of many libc routines (malloc, mmap, strcpy, etc.). You can see them with nm /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (if your distribution doesn't strip symbols from ld-linux).
Further, this special shared library is mmaped by the kernel at random address, and it must relocate itself when it starts (since again, there is nothing else that would perform such relocation).
This self-relocation could be rather involved on platforms which don't allow PC-relative data addressing.

A: When the kernel loads an excecutable, it looks for the .interp section of the ELF file; short for interpreter. For dynamically linked executables this will be set to 'ld-linux' by the static linker during build time. During runtime, the kernel loads this interpreter which handles the linking of other libraries.
You can see this using readelf -p .interp <executable>. For example, on my system running readelf -p .interp /bin/ls outputs
String dump of section '.interp':
  [     0]  /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2

See also the manual for ld-linux.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Swedish appeals court nixes Assange's plea
Teri Robinson November 21, 2014
A Swedish appeals court nixed Julian Assange's request to have a warrant for his arrest struck down.
Assange had asked the court to rescind the warrant, which keeps him tethered to the Ecuador embassy in the U.K. where he sought asylum more than two years ago. Ostensibly, Assange is wanted for questioning by Swedish authorities for crimes, including rape. He contends that the accusations are trumped up and are being used as an opportunity to get him back to Sweden where he could be extradited to the U.S. on charges regarding WikiLeaks.
U.S. prosecutors have wanted to question Assange regarding any connections he had with Bradley Manning, the Army soldier who ferreted some 250,000 secret records from a State Department database and delivered them to WikiLeaks.
"There is a great risk that he will flee and thereby evade legal proceedings if the detention order is set aside," the court said in a statement, according to a report in Wired. "In the view of the court of appeal, these circumstances mean that the reasons for detention still outweigh the intrusion or other detriment entailed by the detention order."
In view of the court's ruling, Assange will have to remain in Ecuador's embassy in the U.K. or risk being picked up by authorities. He claims that he has been willing to meet in London with authorities to be questioned, but they have not agreed. However, last month, according to Wired, the U.K. Foreign Minister Hugo Swire said that if the Swedish prosecutor wanted to "question Mr Assange in the embassy in London, we would do absolutely everything to facilitate that."
Teri Robinson
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Myth-busting the common info blocking, interoperability misconceptions of electronic health info
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SCHealth eConference: Shoring up security for the sake of patient care and privacy
Mon Dec 6 - Tue Dec 7
eSummit
Enterprise Data Security: Scaling data protection beyond discovery and classification


Even the best software is just that – software – if it's not implemented properly. Now that you've chosen Second CRM, it's time to ensure that the investment you've made delivers real results. Second CRM professional services help you get up and running fast to deliver better experiences for your customers and make life easier for your staff.
Second CRM's technically advanced design offers many configurable options for users to tweak Second CRM according to their needs. Some options are designed to allow even very complex configurations, which at times are overwhelming and users may end up spending too much time configuring and delay going live.
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Integrating with other systems can get complicated as it involves data transfer between systems which do not have a standardized mode of communication. Second CRM web API's plays a critical role in such integration projects.
Talk to Second CRM today to find out more about how you can integrate Second CRM with your existing backend systems to extract more value.


Kenton Kyron Chambers, 27 of Rome, was jailed this week after reports said he grabbed a cellphone from his wife's ear, placing her in fear of an injury.
The incident occurred during a verbal altercation at their apartment on Dodd Blvd.
Chambers is charged with simple assault and probation violation.


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Q: the sign of a real function Let us define:
$$P(m)=96 m^8 - 2112 m^7 + 19392m^6-79872 m^5 + 117600 m^4 +17472 m^3 -162432 m^2+99072 m-9216$$
for
$$m \in \mathbb{R}$$
How can I show that: $P(m)>0 $ for $ m \geq 9 $.
PS: Please note that I have already drawn the graph of $P$ with "MAPLE" and it gives  what I want to proof.

A: If you show it is positive for a value $m>9$ and then show that all $9$ roots are $\le 9$ then the values cannot proceed below the vertical axis.

A: As a polynomial of degree $8$ with a positive leading coefficient, we know that it opens up towards the positive y-axis after its last root is achieved.
Note that
$$P(m) = 96 (m - 1)^2 (m - 2) (m^5 - 18 m^4 + 125 m^3 - 240 m^2 - 396 m + 48)$$
The irreducible polynomial of degree $5$ has roots that can be numerically confirmed to have the following approximate values:
$$x=-1.09834$$ $$x=0.113819$$ $$x=5.53445$$ $$x = 6.72504 + 4.91435 i$$ $$x = 6.72504 - 4.91435 i$$
And the largest of these roots is less than $9$, hence $P(m) > 0$ for $x \geq 9$.
(In fact, $P(m) > 0$ for $x > 5.54$)

A: i have use a numerical method, here are all roots in an approximative form
$$-2.15533752664163, 0.0277005296499047-0.0662778779440053i, 0.0277005296499047+0.0662778779440053i, 1.21497451131535-3.57762045136675i, 1.21497451131535+3.57762045136675i, 6.94587700876063-5.43061456034008i, 6.94587700876063+5.43061456034008i, 7.77823342718986$$


E! Terrell Entertainment Series is proud to present our 2018-2019 concert series for our 16th season. Please select from the available season membership subscriptions below. Each season membership subscription includes tickets to all 7 concerts in the 2018-2019 concert series.


When I first moved into my host families house in Carpuela I noticed this bottle in the house. I didn't think much of it because I assumed it was a bottle filled with hibiscus flowers.
One day while I was in the kitchen making myself a plate for lunch I noticed the bottle. While I examined the bottle I realized it was almost completely filled with scorpions.
I then asked my host mother about the bottle. She explained to me the oil was used for sore muscles and bug bites.
bites. So she sat me on the couch, got a rock and began to exfoliate my legs one by one. Then she grabbed the scorpion oil and rubbed my legs with the oil. Later that night I noticed the intense inching sensation I usually experienced was almost completely gone.
I have been living in Carpuela for months now and always get bitten by biting flies. And the scorpion oil has become a part of my regular routine.
So for this blog I decided I would do a step by step tutorial on how to use the oil to treat bug bites.
Grab a rock and scrub your leg.
Apply the scorpion oil all over your legs.
Continue to apply the oil whenever you feel the itching sensation coming back.


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India#39;s own GPS: Know more about NavIC positioning system and how it works
DoT approves 100% FDI limit in Bharti Airtel
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has approved a 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) limit for Bharti Airtel, the company announced after market hours...
Metropolis Healthcare signs binding agreement to buy Shraddha Diagnostics
By Hema Singh on January 16, 2020
Leading pan-India pathology specialist Metropolis Healthcare Ltd. has signed a binding agreement to acquire Ahmedabad-based Shraddha Diagnostics Pvt Ltd.
With this acquisition, Metropolis has expanded its lab footprint from 17 to 20 in 9 cities and towns including Ahmedabad, Surat, Baroda, Mehsana, Rajkot, Navsari, Jamnagar, Bharuch and Gandhidham. At present, the company has 300 patient service network centers across Gujarat and services over 1500 clients through its B2B network.
Ameera Shah, Promoter and Managing Director, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd said that through the acquisition, the company looks to gain profitable market share even as it aims to enhance operational capabilities and expand its testing menu.
"Gujarat has always been an important market for us. In October 2019, we acquired four laboratories in Surat that increased our market share and we are now leaders in the region. Our immediate focus would be to fully integrate and modernize these laboratories and in terms of diagnosis, deliver on our promise of integrity, empathy, and accuracy," Shah added.
Since, 2002, Metropolis has used its brand strength to establish large networks through acquisitions in Chennai, Rajkot, Surat, Bangalore, Pune as well as outside India.
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Bishop & Wolf future uncertain when tenant leaves
The Bishop & Wolf on St Mary's currently has no-one to take over when the current tenant leaves.
Emma Squire has announced that she is leaving the pub at the end of this month and the brewery has been advertising for a couple to replace her. However, the search has so far been unsuccessful.
A St Austell spokeswoman told This is Scilly: "Unfortunately we are currently yet to find a tenant for the Bishop & Wolf when our current tenant leaves in October. Please be assured we are actively seeking."
Emma recently posed on Facebook: "As I come to my final 4 weeks in the Bishop I would like to celebrate my happy memories of the place. I would also like to thank my amazing staff who have worked so hard for me this year and my loyal customers because without you there would be no Bishop and Wolf!
"We have a lot to look forward to over next 4 weeks with some great bands on, disco, karaoke, quiz night and folk night so please try and pop in and have a final farewell drink at some point with me, James, Ben, George, Heather, Mark, Cheryl and Charlie before we all hang up our key fobs and aprons!
"Thank you for all making last few years at the bishop an amazing experience and memorable."
St Austell's advert for the pub reads: "A great opportunity has arisen to take the tenancy of a well-established pub in the heart of Hugh Town on St Mary's. The pub has recently undergone a full refurbishment to the downstairs trade area.
"Would suit a couple who are familiar with island life, enjoy being part of the community, who thrive with a busy seasonal trade and have a strong catering background."
The pub consists of the main trade area, upstairs restaurant (currently being used as a Children's indoor soft play area) and terraced wall garden. There is also a two bedroom flat, plus six staff bedrooms with en-suites.
Find out more about the opportunity here.


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SEFs Almost Open for Business
By Terry Flanagan
After three years of intensive dialogue between regulators and the derivatives industry, swap execution facilities, one of the foundations—along with swap data repositories (SDRs) and designated clearing organizations (DCOs)-of the OTC reforms embedded within the Dodd-Frank Act, will officially open for business on October 2.
To date, there are close to two dozen SEFs that have already registered and been approved by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, with more to come.
Rishi Nangalia, Redi Global Technologies
The advent of SEFs represents a milestone in the history of interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, and other OTC derivatives. For the first time, OTC contracts that meet basic criteria of liquidity as set forth by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission must be executed on either a SEF or a designated contract market (i.e., an exchange), reported to an SDR, and cleared via a DCO.
"The OTC trading community has undergone more change over the past six months as the Dodd-Frank rules have become finalized than it has in 20 years," said Rishi Nangalia, CEO of Redi Global Technologies, a former electronic trading subsidiary of Goldman Sachs that was spun off earlier this year. "As SEFs come online, there will be a greater move of OTC trading from voice, fax, and IM to fully electronic."
The newly regulated marketplaces will operate technology platforms that offer different derivatives trading methodologies, allowing market participants to execute strategies in different ways to meet their unique liquidity needs, whether that's through a disclosed request-for-quote, a central limit order book, or a hybrid voice/electronic model.
Emerging Infrastructure
Interdealer broker Icap has registered as a multi-asset SEF and intends to offer trading in many of the OTC swaps previously brokered by its various affiliates. The SEF will offer trading in swaps designated as both Permitted and Required Transactions, including rates, credit, FX, commodities and equity derivatives.
Clearing messages will be sent via Markit. "We are looking toward the day when pre-trade credit hubs like Traiana and MarkIt are in place for mandatory cleared products," said Icap managing director Chris Ferreri. "We will be using DTCC for the SDR."
To get an idea of the change in market structure, Icap managing director Ferreri suggests picturing three concentric circles, similar to a Target store logo. At the center are the Interdealer Brokers, in the middle ring are the sell side dealers, and in the outer ring is the buy side. "Now picture 11 or 12 Target logos with the SEFs in the middle and the lines blurred by impartial access requirements, each interacting with DCOs and SDRs," he said. "I think you can see that this represents a sea change in the markets and one that is happening in a relatively short time."
Icap's voice and hybrid clients will be able to access the Icap SEF via their existing Icap broking relationships, several of which have registered with the CFTC to become introducing brokers in order to place and execute orders on the SEF.
Operators of SEFs and DCMs are working with their clients to address the implications of this compliance, in particular the need to enforce trading limits on a pre-trade basis. "For IRS trading on the iSwap platform, we provide clients with the ability to set limits for a market participant against all resting orders on a pre-trade basis," Ferreri said.
Although the CFTC finalized its rules for SEFs on May 16, 2013, there are still issues that need to be addressed, especially the Commission's determination—contained in footnote 88 in the final SEF core principles rule—that a facility will be required to register as a SEF if it operates in a manner that meets the SEF definition, even though it only executes or trades swaps that are not subject to the trade execution mandate.
"With footnote 88, the CFTC states that it doesn't use the clearing mandate to determine SEF trading status but rather the mode of execution. Any multiple to multiple platform that intermediates CFTC-regulated swaps must register as a SEF. This broadens the scope of products that are added to the IDB universe of products that will be executed on SEFs and does have a significant impact on the industry," said Ferreri.
Mandating full compliance of U.S. trading platforms as of October 2, 2013 for all permitted transactions will impose the burden of registering market participants and capturing granular data on each party.
Since footnote 88 was not previously contemplated in the Commission's proposed rules, implementation creates significant logistical issues and serious time pressures. "Footnote 88 says in effect that all products, including non-deliverable forwards and equity derivatives, will have to be traded on SEFs," said Ferreri. "Footnote 88 tells natural intermediaries, that is, brokers, that if they want to execute swaps they must register as SEFs and follow SEF rules."
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Doylestown Health congratulates Lenape Valley Foundation on its 60th anniversary. The foundation recently marked its milestone with a celebration event that included several award presentations. Doylestown Health and Doylestown Hospital's own Edwin R. Knopf, MD accepted honors.
Lenape Valley Foundation's mission is to partner with members of the community encountering mental health, substance use, intellectual or developmental challenges as they pursue their personal aspirations and an enhanced quality of life. Lenape Valley Foundation was founded in 1958 by community leaders who believed that persons with serious mental illness could be effectively treated in their community. Lenape Valley offers a wide range of services for children and adults.
Lenape Valley Chief Executive Officer Alan Hartl presented Doylestown Health with the Health and Wellness Champion award at the celebration dinner in October. The award recognizes the efforts of a health care provider supporting the mission of Lenape Valley Foundation and those it serves.
"The actions of Doylestown Health speak to an enduring organizational commitment to the health and wellness of those with mental illness," said Hartl. "We thank past and present leadership of Doylestown Health for their support of Lenape Valley Foundation and our consumers."
The partnership with Lenape Valley Foundation and Doylestown Hospital spans more than 20 years. Lenape Valley psychiatrists provide consultation services to hospital inpatients, and foundation crisis services are embedded in the Doylestown Hospital Emergency Department.
"We have been fortunate to have this level of service at Doylestown Hospital," said Doylestown Health COO Eleanor Wilson, who accepted the award.
Former Doylestown Hospital chief medical officer Edwin R. Knopf, MD received the Inner Circle Award for five decades of serving Lenape Valley Foundation. Dr. Knopf came to the foundation in 1968 as a psychiatric resident out of Norristown State Hospital and served as the foundation's Medical Director from 1972 to 1982. Dr. Knopf was instrumental in forming the collaboration between Doylestown Hospital and Lenape Valley Foundation. He joined the foundation's Board of Directors in 2004 and continues to serve as a Board member.