text:
Royal Rumble Final Four
January 23, 2016 November 12, 2017 James Martinez
The Royal Rumble is upon us once again to help make Roman Reigns look even stronger. Last year, I took a look at the best #1 and #2 entrants. This year, I decided to showcase the top ten final four competitors. Because as fun as the Rumble is, everyone knows the best part is when it's down to the last four wrestlers.
10. 1998 – Steve Austin, The Rock, Faarooq, Dude Love
The Attitude Era was gaining steam by this Rumble, and the final four were representative of that shift in the WWE. Austin was on his way to becoming the WWE flag bearer, The Rock was already showing signs of promise and being the last guy eliminated showed that the WWE knew what it had, Dude Love was the last of the three characters of Mick Foley's that made an appearance in the Rumble that would later on help catapult Foley as one of the main cornerstones of that era, and Faarooq… Well, Faarooq is the reason this is the #10 entry on this list. Austin and The Rock gave parallel performances leading to them being the final two men in the Rumble. Austin low-blowed his once tag team partner, Dude Love, setting him up to be eliminated by Faarooq; then The Rock let Faarooq work over Austin until he decided to dump him over the top rope. From there, Austin went on to win it and then sell more t-shirts than Hulk Hogan.
9. 1997 – Steve Austin, Bret Hart, The Undertaker, Vader
Technically, "Diesel" should be included in this final four and not Austin. But if that was the case this entry wouldn't have made it on the list. There wasn't a moment in which all four competitors stared at each other in which they realized they were the final four, or the good guys pairing up to take down the baddies. As soon as Austin snuck back in the ring, he eliminated Undertaker and Vader at the same time then quickly dumped Bret Hart out seconds after Bret had gotten rid of "Diesel." It all happened so damn fast. The cool thing about this final four was that it led to the In Your House: Final Four pay-per-view. Although to be fair, if Austin's win didn't count, then he really shouldn't have taken "Diesel's" spot as part of the official final four. The again, I'm sure everyone was willing to overlook certain technicalities so long as it kept "Diesel" out of the match.
8. 2005 – Batista, John Cena, Edge, Rey Mysterio
While rewatching this, I had forgotten how over Batista was during this time. And I was originally there live. Boos rained down hard in predominantly Hispanic Frenso after Edge eliminated Mysterio. But la raza rejoiced when Cena eliminated Edge right after, leaving only him and Batista. People were pumped to see these two go at it. These guys were the next Hogan and Warrior. The new-age Austin and Rock. And WWE clearly had all their Next Hulk Hogan eggs in the Batista basket. Then a "major malfunction at the junction" happened. At least, that was Jim Ross' interpretation of Batista screwing up a Batista Bomb and unexpectedly eliminating himself along with John Cena. Batista botching the ending and McMahon tearing his quads by simply entering the ring to restart the match definitely overshadowed Batista's win. But without those two things happening this wouldn't have been that memorable of a Rumble.
7. 2002 – Triple H, Kurt Angle, Mr. Perfect, Steve Austin
When Triple H came out at #22 it was the biggest pop of the night. It was also the beginning of the "injured wrestler returns at the Royal Rumble and wins" trope. This was as solid of a final four as you're going to find. Aside from Austin, Triple H, and Angle being the current top guys at the time, you also had Mr. Perfect showing that he could still go with the top guys. Austin was the first to go and raised some hell before leaving by leveling the hell out of each guy with a chair shot. That was all there is in terms of drama. After that, it didn't turn into Angle and Perfect double teaming Triple H and him overcoming the odds. Instead, Mr. Perfect busted out a Perfect-Plex on Angle that seemed out of place, but at least he didn't go for the cover like Randy Savage did on Yokozuna at the 1993 Royal Rumble. Triple H throws Perfect out right after that, then doesn't wait too long before clotheslining Angle out for the win. This was probably Triple H at his most popular, aside from his DX days, and no, I don't mean his 2006 DX days. People probably hated him the most during that time.
6. 2003 – Brock Lesnar, The Undertaker, Kane, Batista
Sure, Kane being in this final four grouping dilutes it a little, but this was Kane pre-Larry from the Three Stooges haircut reveal. So it isn't that bad. And even though Batista had just joined Evolution and was far removed from his "animal" persona, he luckily didn't screw up the ending. The main story here was Brock Lesnar and Undertaker facing off after starting a feud a few months earlier that would last until 2015. Before they can get into it they get sidetracked by Batista and Kane. Body marks will be pleased to know that their fantasy match-up of Lesnar vs. Batista takes place during this Rumble, if only for a minute or so. After taking out Lesnar with a tombstone piledriver, Taker eliminates Batista then psyches-out Kane into thinking they're the Brothers of Destruction again, before throwing him out. The weird part of this Rumble is Lesnar winning by sneaking up behind Taker and tossing him out. Considering he was the "Next Big Thing" and was going on to headline WrestleMania XIX, you'd think they would have made him look stronger. But it's okay, Taker gave him props afterward and then did the biggest job of his life to Lesnar 11 years later.
5. 2006 – Rey Mysterio, Randy Orton, Triple H, Rob Van Dam
The only thing that makes a Royal Rumble match even better is having a main story playing throughout the entire match. It gets kind of weird when that story is riding on you dedicating your performance to your dead wrestler friend who just recently died. And so was the case with Mysterio coming out in a lowrider in typical Eddie Guerrero fashion, and sporting an EG armband. They start off this final four with the babyface team of Mysterio and RVD against the heels, Orton and Triple H, but that doesn't last long when Triple H causes Mysterio to eliminate RVD. Mysterio holds his own, first eliminating Triple H before Orton. It's cool though, team player Triple H was repaid the favor by actually main-eventing that year's WrestleMania. After putting a hurting on Mysterio afterwards via the one-thousand pound ring steps, Triple H leaves Mysterio in the ring for Orton to dispose of. Randy Orton takes his sweet time, as he is wont to do, and then gets hurricanrana'd out by Mysterio. Of course, the win was just as much Eddie's death's as it was Mysterio's, but Mysterio was legitimately overwhelmed with emotion. The shitty part is that this ultimately led to Mysterio's terribly booked world title reign.
4. 2004 – Chris Benoit, Big Show, Kurt Angle, Chris Jericho
This was probably the Big Show's best performance in a Royal Rumble match. He was actually made to look like the giant threat a man his size is supposed to be in one of these things. It really helped elevate Chris Benoit's win. Big Show takes everyone's finisher and continues fighting them off. Granted, it was Big Show against the proverbial "vanilla midgets." Still, no one actually thought Big Show was going to win, but damn what a showing. He chokeslammed Chris Jericho out the of the ring to get rid of him. Then, while trapped in Angle's ankle lock, huge ass Big Show actually rolled through the ropes in order to fling Angle from his foot and leave him planted ringside. It's pretty impressive. With Benoit having drawn #3, fatigue setting in, and all the David & Goliath drama, they beautifully punctuated the underdog win by having Benoit wear down Big Show and ultimately eliminate him by choking him out. This finish would probably still be talked about today had it not been for the whole Chris Benoit becoming a horrible monster thing.
3. 2010 – Edge, John Cena, Batista, Shawn Michaels
All these guys were established superstars who had already main-evented WrestleMania. And considering the champions at the time (Undertaker and Sheamus), it really could've gone either way. Well, if Edge hadn't just returned from an injury. If Royal Rumbles have proved anything, it's that you automatically win after coming back from an injury. Michaels goes out first, thanks to Batista, then has a mental breakdown because it's the catalyst to the precursor to the end of an era. Or something. Cena avenges his loss from the 2005 Rumble, which the WWE announce team actually acknowledges, by eliminating Batista. Continuity! The celebration doesn't last long as Edge casually tosses out Cena with little effort. This was the second to last Royal Rumble in which the fans were actually happy with the outcome.
2. 2007 – The Undertaker, Shawn Michaels, Edge, Randy Orton
By this point in time, Edge and Orton had been former world champions but hadn't yet become main event players worthy of headlining WrestleMania, like Lawrence Taylor. And it looked like they were going to have to wait another year to do so. As soon as this Rumble dropped down to the final four, Undertaker was immediately busted open. Shawn Michaels then ate an RKO and while he tried to recover, Edge and Randy Orton worked over Taker. Before Rated RKO could pull off a conchairto, Michaels slipped back into the ring and eliminated Orton and then superkicked Edge out of the ring as well. With just Taker and Michaels left, the Royal Rumble basically turned into an awesome singles match. Which is usually the case when Undertaker vs. Shawn Michaels happens. Except for their actual Royal Rumble main event match from 1998. That one was just okay. Anyway, Undertaker finally becomes the first man to enter at #30 and actually win the Royal Rumble.
1. 1992 – Ric Flair, Sid Justice, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage
The WWE Title being on the line raised the stakes of this Rumble so it made sense to have four of the biggest names in wrestling, at the time if we're going to include Sid, be the final four. Sadly, Randy Savage didn't last long as he was quickly eliminated by Sid Justice and Ric Flair. But Savage, being the competitor that he is, accepted his loss and didn't complain or affect the outcome of the match, like somebody else does later on. Flair, on like, his sixth wind, goes toe-to-toe with two of the biggest dudes in WWE. Hogan quickly turns the tables and has Flair up over the top rope when Sid, justifiably so, tosses Hogan out. It made perfect sense. Hogan had already won two Rumbles. If you're going to eliminate anyone, you pick the guy who previously won two Rumbles and has 24-inch pythons. Although Sid, in his infinite wisdom, decided to talk trash and rub it in Hulk's face instead of going right after Flair. Hogan, who was thrown out fair and square, decides to pull on Sid's arm and helps Flair eliminate him in the process. And Flair, after pulling off the Royal Rumble performance of a lifetime, ends up winning the WWE World Title.
Here's hoping that with the WWE Title on the line for the second time in a Royal Rumble, the WWE, at the very least, gives us a decent final four.
Tagged 10 Count!, 10 list, Attitude Era, Batista, Big Show, Bret Hart, Brock Lesnar, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho, Dude Love, Edge, Final Four, Hulk Hogan, John Cena, Kurt Angle, Randy Orton, Randy Savage, Rey Mysterio, Ric Flair, Rob Van Dam, Roman Reigns, Royal Rumble, Shawn Michaels, Sid Justice, Steve Austin, The Rock, Top Ten, Triple H, Undertaker, winners, WWE, WWF, Yokozuna
Previous postPaid for by the Following: Android Google Photos App
Next postFictional Comic Book Luchadores & Their Lucha Underground Counterparts


text:
Q: $\lim_{n\to\infty} ((\sum_{k=1}^{n} f(\frac{k}{n^2})) -nf(0))$ Edit:$f$ is defined on [-1,1] and $f'(0)$ exists
The only thing that came to mind was pairing it n pairs of $f(\frac{k}{n^2}) -f(0)$ but that doesn't seem to work--Its not a Reimann sum either....can anyone give me any ideas? The final answer is $\frac{1}{2}f'(0)$, but I can't seem to work it out-- thanks!

A: Note $$f\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-f(0)=\frac k{n^2}\frac{f\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-f(0)}{\frac k{n^2}-0}=\frac k{n^2}\frac{f(h_k(n))-f(0)}{h_k(n)-0},$$if $h_k(n)=k/n^2$. And note that if $\delta>0$ there exists $N$ such that if $n>N$ then $0<h_k(n)<\delta$ for $k=1,2,\dots n$.
Let $\epsilon>0$. Choose $\delta>0$ so $|h|<\delta$ implies $|(f(h)-f(0))/h - f'(0)|<\epsilon$, choose $N$ as above and suppose $n>N$. Then $$\begin{align}\left|\left(\left(\sum_{k=1}^nf\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-nf(0)\right)-\frac{n(n+1)}{2n^2} f'(0)\right)\right|
&=\left|\sum_{k=1}^n\left[\left(f\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-f(0)\right)-\frac k{n^2}f'(0)\right]\right|
\\&\le\sum_{k=1}^n\left|\left(f\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-f(0)\right)-\frac k{n^2}f'(0)\right|
\\&\le \sum_{k=1}^n\frac k{n^2}\left|\frac{f\left(\frac k{n^2}\right)-f(0)}{\frac k{n^2}-0}-f'(0)\right|
\\&\le\epsilon\sum_{k=1}^n\frac k{n^2}
\\&<\epsilon.\end{align}$$
So the expression on the left of that display tends to $0$. Since $\frac{n(n+1)}{2n^2}f'(0)-\frac12f'(0)$ also tends to $0$ we're done.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
1Episodes
2Awards and nominations
3Broadcast
Mike Tollin
(See List of All That cast members)
Theme music composer
All That Theme Opening
(Season 1–6)
(Season 7–10)
167 (list of episodes)
Executive producer(s)
Michael Hirsh
Joe Davola
Piratck Loubert
Cilve A Simth
Scott Dyer
Kevin Kopelow
Heath Seifert
Multi-camera
Production company(s)
Nelvana Limited
Tollin/Robbins Productions
Treehouse (S7-10)
ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks/MTV Networks (U.S.)
Nelvana International (Worldwide)
Nickelodeon/Nicktoons (U.S.)
TVOKids/Knowledge Kids/SCN/Access (Canada)
April 16, 1994 (1994-04-16) –
Kablam!
Action League Now!
Kenan & Kel
The Nick Cannon Show
All That is an Canadian sketch-comedy television series. It started on Nickelodeon on April 16, 1994. It ended after ten seasons on October 22, 2005. The show aired weekly. It had comedy sketches and musical guests. The theme song for All That was recorded by American trio TLC. At first, the show was taped at the now closed Nickelodeon Studios at Universal Orlando. They moved to Hollywood at the Nickelodeon On Sunset theater. There have been three spin-offs of the show: The Amanda Show, Kenan & Kel, and Drake & Josh, which also were filmed at Nickelodeon On Sunset.
The first episode aired on April 16, 1994, as a "sneak peek". It became a regular series starting on December 24, 1994. It was broadcast worldwide including, the United Kingdom, Australia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Spain, and Canada. There were ten complete seasons of All That before it was canceled in 2005. The last episode aired on October 22, 2005. The show started out in the SNICK block until 2004. However, the network changed its time slot into TEENick. Some cast members hosted SNICK as the "On Air Dare", only during commercial breaks.
Episodes[change | change source]
first airdate
last airdate
Season 1 15 April 16, 1994 April 15, 1995
Season 2 21 October 7, 1995 March 30, 1996
Season 3 20 + 1 November 16, 1996 October 25, 1997
Season 4 21 November 15, 1997 April 4, 1998
Season 5 19 + 4 December 12, 1998 October 23, 1999
Season 6 19 + 1 January 15, 2000 May 17, 2001
Season 7 13 January 19, 2002 May 4, 2002
Season 8 15 + 1 September 21, 2002 February 22, 2003
Season 9 14 October 11, 2003 June 26, 2004
Season 10 10 April 30, 2005 October 22, 2005
Awards and nominations[change | change source]
1997 Kids' Choice Awards:[1]
Favorite TV Show Nominated
Favorite TV Actor Nominated Kenan Thompson & Kel Mitchell – All That / Kenan & Kel
1999 Kids' Choice Awards:
Favorite TV Show Won
Favorite TV Actor Won Kel Mitchell – All That / Kenan & Kel
Favorite TV Actor Won Kenan Thompson
Favorite TV Actress Won Amanda Bynes – All That / The Amanda Show
Favorite TV Actor Won Nick Cannon
Favorite TV Actress Won Amanda Bynes – The Amanda Show / All That
Broadcast[change | change source]
Nickelodeon (United States) TVO (Canada) Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) ATV (Turkey) Zee TV (India) ABC (Australia) TVNZ (New Zealand) EBS (South Korea) Spacetoon (Indonesia).
↑ "1997 Kids' Choice". imdb.com. 1995-05-01. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
↑ "1998 KCA". imdb.com. 1998-04-05. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
↑ "2001 Kids Choice IMDB". 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2001-05-06.
↑ "2002 Kids' Choice Awards". 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2001-06-01.
↑ "2003 Kids Choice Awards". 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2003-04-13.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: All That
All That on IMDb
All That at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_That&oldid=8610803"
1990s American television series
English-language television programs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pro Insulators installs ventilated closet shelving by ClosetMaid.
ClosetMaid Wire Shelving is available in a variety of lengths, depths and styles suited to any home storage project. The wire shelving is less expensive than traditional plank and pole shelves and Closetmaid's patented VinylTUFF coating offers greater resistance to chipping, fading and fading.
ClosetMaid also offers a large selection of options for your closet, garage and pantry.
If you need something small, single shelf kits are also available to answer all your storage needs.


Jon Stanford. Technology, economics and Australia's future submarine Part 2 of 3.
Posted in Defence/Security, International Affairs, Politics	| Tagged $50 b. submarine, Defence White Paper, delivery of submarine, Jon Stanford, made-in-Australia submarines, submarine capability	| Comments Off on Jon Stanford. Technology, economics and Australia's future submarine Part 2 of 3.


How do I automate the mundane aspects my life?
What sort of speakers/setup should I go with for my home theater?
How do I get rid of the brown stain on my old porcelain tub?
What's the best way to transfer files onto my upgraded MacBook Pro internal hard drive?
Why does Microsoft Office X work intermittently on my MacBook?


text:
iOS 13.3 update could bring more control of Screen Time for parents
Robin-Leigh Chetty
Ever since Apple released iOS 13 a few months ago, the Cupertino-based firm has followed it up with a number of updates to refine the operating system and address any bugs.
The firm reportedly plans to release another update this week, iOS 13.3, which normally would not be important, but some interesting controls are coming the way of parents.
According to Vietnamese carrier Viettel, which created a page detailing what iOS 13.3 and watchOS 6.1.1 will entail, the updates are expected to roll out either on or before 11th December. More importantly the page explains that iOS 13.3 is adding the ability for parents limit access to contacts in Screen Time. As such you'd be able to specify who your children were talking to and during what times.
This feature would only apply to FaceTime, Messages and Voice Calls, but could prove helpful.
With the festive season around the corner, and most kids on holiday at the moment, ensuring that their engaging with their family face-to-face instead of staring at their screen all of the time might be a worthwhile feature for parents.
On the security side of things the update is also expected to add support for FIDO2 security keys. This would help facilitate password-free sign-ins, as well as removing memoji stickers from your keyboard, as Engadget points out.
As for whether a similar functionality will be ported to iPadOS and tvOS remains to be seen, but Apple will more than likely be aiming for a uniform experience across all its platforms so an update should be in the works.
With Apple adding a number of enhancements to iOS 13 of late, this is far from the late update it rolls out for the mobile operating system.
When he's not reviewing the latest smartphones, Robin-Leigh is writing about everything tech-related from IoT and smart cities, to 5G and cloud computing. He's also a keen photographer and dabbles in console games.
Treat yourself to an iPad Pro today
Vox Fat Pipe connections now offer more data at lower rates
Chris Metzen, writer and creator of Blizzard's lore has retired
SA customers are increasingly satisified with Samsung, not so much with...
YouTube exec says EU's Article 13 will have consequences for creators


Amy Herzberg is Head of Acting at the University of Arkansas. Extensive professional credits include La Jolla Playhouse and resident acting company with San Diego Rep. She holds an MFA in Acting from Cal Arts. Additional training: Uta Hagen, The Actors Center in New York and American Conservatory Theatre. She is Associate Artistic Director of TheatreSquared, a professional regional theatre named a top ten emerging theatre in the nation by American Theatre Wing in 2011.


Real Madrid coach Santiago Solari expects out-of-favour attacking midfielder Isco to remain at the club and rediscover the form that made him one of the team's most important players over the past two years.
Isco has not started a league game since Solari succeeded Julen Lopetegui as Madrid coach at the end of October, but the team's results have improved dramatically in his absence, with Real winning five out of six league games since the Argentine took charge.
"Every player here has to be committed, dedicated and keep working with hope and excitement; they are all fundamental to us," Solari told a news conference ahead of Real's rescheduled game away to Villarreal on Thursday.
"Isco has given us a lot of joy and he has to keep doing that. He's a magnificent footballer and, now that we have lost Marcos Llorente, Javi Sanchez and Mariano, we're going to need everyone."
Real's 2018 was a year of highs and lows. A third successive Champions League triumph was followed by the Club World Cup title, but the team's La Liga showing has been peppered with disappointments.
Victory over Villarreal would put Real level with Sevilla in third place, though they have not won their first away game of a new year since 2014.
"I have been told about this statistic and we will try to change it," Solari said.
"We'll try to play with commitment and energy. It's a difficult date, but the competition doesn't stop and we have to forget about the date."


text:
Beth Wessel-Kroeschell
stated on January 22, 2021 in public comments:
"86% of Americans and 82% of gun owners support requiring all gun buyers to pass a background check."
By Mary Hartel March 12, 2021
A majority of Iowans and Americans support background checks for gun buyers
If Your Time is short
Iowa voters will decide in 2022 whether to add a state Constitution amendment affirming the right to bear arms.
Support for the amendment has fallen along party lines.
Opposing Democrats refer to a poll that says an overwhelming number of even gun owners support background checks for gun buyers.
See the sources for this fact-check
An effort to strengthen gun owner rights with an Iowa Constitution amendment affirming the right to bear arms and to give strict scrutiny to restricting gun ownership heads to voters next year, but not without a fight from Democrats who oppose the amendment.
Both the Republican controlled Iowa Senate and House passed the bill on Jan. 28 along party lines and the proposed constitutional amendment will go before Iowa voters in the 2022 general election.
State Rep. Beth Wessel-Kroeshell, D-Ames, wrote in an Iowa Standard article, Jan. 22, that the bill supporting the amendment would roll back gun control regulations and reform throughout the state. "Republicans are back this year with a bill that aims to eliminate background checks, remove the requirement for a permit to carry a concealed handgun, and allow guns in our safest spaces, schools, hospitals, child care centers, and courthouses." she wrote in the article.
She also wrote:
"Statistic: 86% of Americans and 82% of gun owners support requiring all gun buyers to pass a background check, no matter where they buy the gun and no matter who they buy it from."
Wessel-Kroeschell did not cite or link in her article to the poll she received the statistic from, so we asked. She responded in an email, "I hope this helps," and attached a RABA Research Poll from February 2019. The survey was taken Jan. 30 and 31, 2019, of 939 Iowans likely to vote in 2020. The poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 3.18 percentage points.
The poll, conducted for the Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, showed that 89 percent of Democrats and 83 percent of Republicans in Iowa favor background checks. But, the report does not state how many Republicans or Democrats were polled or the margins of errors for each of those groups.
One of the survey's questions was: "Do you support or oppose requiring a background check on all gun buyers?" 86 percent of respondents said support, 7 percent said oppose, and 8 percent said unsure, according to the Giffords report on the poll.
The goal of Wessel-Kroeschell and other Democrats has been to show bipartisan support for some gun control measures, like background checks, as Iowans consider the proposed strict scrutiny constitutional amendment that could overturn them. More than one survey exists on the topic.
Iowa Senate Democrats
stated on January 5, 2022 in a statement on Facebook
Gov. Kim Reynolds, touting $210 million for Iowa broadband, "failed to mention these are actually federal funds approved by Rep. Cindy Axne and signed into law by President Joe Biden."
By Nina Baker • January 11, 2022
In September 2020 Giffords commissioned a Public Policy Polling Iowa Survey, which found 79 percent of 1,151 Iowa voters — 91 percent of Democrats, 70 Percent of Republicans, and 77 percent of Independent voters, said they supported background checks for all gun sales. That poll's margin of error plus or minus 2.9 percentage points.
According to a 2019 SurveyUSA poll commissioned by gun-control advocacy group EveryTown for Gun Safety Action Fund, 92 percent of Iowa gun owners, "support the state's background check requirement for all handgun sales," with a majority of both Democrats and Republicans supporting background check laws. The poll was conducted among 1,239 registered Iowa voters and had a margin of error of plus or minus 2.9 percentage points.
Iowa's margin of supporters for universal background checks on gun owners was comparable to results from nationwide polls on similar questions.
In August 2019, NBC News and the Wall Street Journal asked 500 adults if they supported, "expanding background checks to all firearm sales and transfers." In that survey, 75 percent said they strongly supported it and 14 percent said they somewhat supported it. The poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 3.1 percentage points for 1,000 interviews among adults, and 3.39 percentage points for 834 interviews among registered voters.
In September 2019, National Public Radio (NPR), PBS Newshour, and Maris College asked 1,317 people in a nationwide poll if they thought Congress should pass legislation that requires background checks for gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales. Of those answering, 83 percent said yes, 14 percent said no and 3 percent said they were unsure. That poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points.
A 2019 Pew Research Center Poll showed that Democrats more strongly favored gun control reform, but data showed a majority of Republicans also favor tighter restrictions like background checks. In September 2019, the center partnered with the American Trends Panel to survey 9,895 U.S. adults and found that 93 percent of Democrats and 82 percent of Republicans said they favored, "making private gun sales and sales at gun shows subject to background checks." The poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 1.5 percentage points.
A national Gallup Poll conducted in March 2018 with 766 national adults found that when asked if they favored or opposed 92 percent of people supported "requiring background checks for all gun sales," to prevent mass shootings at schools. The poll had a margin of error of less than .5 percentage points.
A March 2019 poll conducted by Quinnipiac University found that 87 percent of national gun owners support "requiring background checks for all gun owners." The poll surveyed 1,120 national voters and had a margin of error of plus or minus 3.4 percentage points.
Our ruling
Wessell-Kroeschell wrote, "86% of Americans and 82% of gun owners support requiring all gun buyers to pass a background check ." The 2019 study she cited in her article compares with both national and Iowa poll results. National polls generally align with her statistic, with an EveryTown for Gun Safety Action Fund-SurveyUSA poll showing 92 percent of Iowa gun owners supported background checks on handguns. The more recent 2020 poll of Iowa voters by the Giffords center showed 79 percent of survey respondents supporting universal background checks.
While the numbers aren't exactly the same in each poll, they show a consistent story of Iowans favoring background checks for gun purchases when surveyed in multiple polls. We rate her claim as True.
The Iowa Standard, "Republicans rushing 'extreme' amendments," Jan. 22, 2018
The Iowa Legislature, "Senate Joint Resolution 7,"
Text message from Representative Beth Wessel-Kroeschell. Feb. 2, 2021
Email from Representative Beth Wessel-Koreschell. Feb 3, 2021
Quinnipiac University, "U.S. voters oppose Trump emergency powers on wall 2-1, Quinnipiac University national poll finds:; 86% back Democrats' ill on gun background checks," March 6, 2019.
Pew Research Center, "Share of Americans who favor stricter gun laws has increased since 2017," Oct. 16, 2019
Gallup, "Guns," March 5-11, 2018
NPR, PBS NewsHour/Marist, "Poll National Tables," Sept. 5-8, 2019
NBC News/Wall Street Journal Survey, "Hart Research Associates/Public Opinion Strategies, August 2019 Social Trends Monitor," August 10-14, 2019
Sioux City Journal, "Iowa House panels advance gun, abortion constitutional amendments," Jan. 19, 2021
Public Policy Polling, "Iowa Survey Results," Sept, 1-2, 2020
Email with Jim Williams, Polling Analyst at Public Policy Polling, March 11, 2021
RABA Research, "Iowa Survey on Gun Laws," Feb. 8, 2019
Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, "The State of Gun Violence in Iowa," Jan. 2020
Giffords, "IOWA: Giffords Endorses Gun Safety Candidates for State Legislature," Sept 17, 2020
Moms Demand Action, "New Poll: 9 in 10 Iowa Gun Owners Support State's Law Requiring a Permit to Carry a Concealed Handgun in Public," Feb. 4, 2019
Everytown for Gun Safety, "Results of SurveyUSA Mkt Research Study #24584" Jan. 21 2019
More by Mary Hartel
stated on January 22, 2021 public comments:
By Mary Hartel • March 12, 2021
stated on January 21, 2022 in Twitter:


Our clients tell us that we are open, honest and approachable. Please do not hesitate to contact us, we will respond to all enquiries.
Arum is the only truly independent company offering services across the credit management lifecycle.
"Arum has provided us with a clear vision of what we can achieve in the future and a plan to enable us to get there. We are now working with Arum to implement the recommendations which will allow us to strive to become market leaders in Local Government debt collection."
No matter what service requirement, we work with our clients to understand their business issues, deliver solutions with quantifiable benefits, and ensure knowledge is transferred to support their long-term success.
Our clients span more than 20 countries worldwide, and we work across financial services, utility companies, telcos, public sector, and the debt recovery & purchase industries.
Our vision is to improve the way the world manages credit, and for over 20 years we've been helping our clients and their customers do just that.
We work across financial services, utility companies, telcos, public sector, and the debt recovery & purchase industries to enable organisations to achieve their strategic objectives by improving their regulatory, credit risk and portfolio performance, whilst maximising returns on their technology investments.
To improve the way the world manages credit.
To deliver truly independent credit management solutions globally.
We have over 20 years' experience helping our clients achieve their strategic objectives by improving their regulatory, credit risk and portfolio performance, whilst maximising returns on their technology investments. We provide a blend of professional services, consulting and unrivalled knowledge of the collections & recoveries software landscape, including benchmarking analysis across 30+ system vendors.
Our team includes highly experienced operational and program directors, project delivery leads and implementation experts, the majority of whom started their careers within the financial services sector working for major banks and software houses, with a passion for sharing their knowledge and expertise.
Headquartered in the UK and with clients spanning more than 20 countries worldwide, we work across financial services, utility companies, telcos, public sector, and the debt purchase and recovery industries.
Read the latest insights from our collections and recoveries experts.
Are you ready to transform your business?
I confirm that I am opting in to receive the latest thought leadership insights from Arum.
We are a growing business and are always looking for new talent. If you'd be interested in working with us, you can send your CV to us directly or keep an eye on our social media channels too as we post all our job vacancies there.
I would like to receive the latest collections and recoveries thought leadership insights.


ENCLOSURES BUILT FOR A LIFETIME!!!
With nearly 10,000 satisfied customers and over 28 year's experience designing and building quality custom products, Lifetime Enclosures literally has a showroom in every neighborhood. Our exceptional service and products allow us a consistent A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau.
Leave a review for a recently completed project by visiting our Google page.
Lifetime Enclosures is a team of highly motivated individuals dedicated to the pursuit of excellence. Our Strength is generated from our clients, our people, our industry and our community.
We are committed to providing our clients with the highest quality products and serving them to the best of our abilities. We are fair, honest, courteous, and professional. We are sensitive to our clients' needs and dedicated to their satisfaction. Lifetime people are not satisfied until our clients are satisfied.
We are committed to the recruitment and development of the best individuals in our industry. Employees are treated with fairness and respect, receive opportunities for growth, and have a vested interest in the success of the company. We maintain an open-door policy at all levels, encouraging the flow of communication and exchange of ideas. We recognize the importance of each individual and his or her active role in the success of the entire company. Our employees are recognized for character, commitment, competence and the highest standards of performance under all conditions.
We are committed to leading the enclosure industry into and beyond the 21st century through integrity, innovation, client satisfaction, and financial strength. Our unwavering commitment to these core principles has positioned us at the top of the industry and our continued success will keep us there.


text:
Pipeline Company Found Guilty in 2015 California Oil Spill
Plains All American Pipeline had faced a total of 15 charges for the rupture of a corroded pipeline that sent at least 123,000 gallons of crude oil gushing onto Refugio State Beach.
Amanda Lee MyersRobert Jablon
In this May 21, 2015, file photo, an oil-covered bird flaps its wings amid at Refugio State Beach, north of Goleta, Calif. A California jury has found a pipeline company guilty of nine criminal charges for causing a 2015 oil spill that was the state's worst coastal spill in 25 years. The jury reached its verdict against Plains All American Pipeline of Houston on Friday, Sept. 7, 2018, following a four-month trial. The jury found Plains guilty of a felony count of failing to properly maintain its pipeline and eight misdemeanor charges, including killing marine mammals and protected sea birds.
AP Photo/Jae C. Hong, File
LOS ANGELES (AP) — A pipeline company was convicted of nine criminal charges Friday for causing the worst California coastal spill in 25 years, a disaster that blackened popular beaches for miles, killed wildlife and hurt tourism and fishing.
A Santa Barbara County jury found Houston-based Plains All American Pipeline guilty of a felony count of failing to properly maintain its pipeline and eight misdemeanor charges, including killing marine mammals and protected sea birds.
California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said in a statement that Plains' actions were not only reckless and irresponsible but also criminal.
"Today's verdict should send a message: if you endanger our environment and wildlife, we will hold you accountable," he said.
Plains said in a statement that the jury didn't find any knowing misconduct by the company and "accepts full responsibility for the impact of the accident."
"We are committed to doing the right thing," the company said.
The company said its operation of the pipeline met or exceeded legal and industry standards, and believes the jury erred in its verdict on one count where California law allowed a conviction under a standard of negligence.
"We intend to fully evaluate and consider all of our legal options with respect to the trial and resulting jury decision," Plains said.
The company is set to be sentenced on Dec. 13. Because it's a company, and not a person, Plains only faces fines, though it's unclear how steep the penalties could be.
Plains had faced a total of 15 charges for the rupture of a corroded pipeline that sent at least 123,000 gallons (465,000 liters) of crude oil gushing onto Refugio State Beach in Santa Barbara County, northwest of Los Angeles.
Plains pleaded not guilty to the charges and accused prosecutors of criminalizing an unfortunate accident.
But federal inspectors found that Plains had made several preventable errors, failed to quickly detect the pipeline rupture and responded too slowly as oil flowed toward the ocean.
Plains operators working from a Texas control room more than 1,000 miles (1,609 kilometers) away had turned off an alarm that would have signaled a leak and, unaware a spill had occurred, restarted the hemorrhaging line after it had shut down, which only made matters worse, inspectors found.
The spill, two weeks shy of Memorial Day, closed beaches with popular campgrounds for two months and put a crimp in the local tourist economy and fishing industry.
It also crippled the local oil business because the pipeline was used to transport crude to refineries from seven offshore rigs, including three owned by Exxon Mobil, that have been idle since the spill.
Last year, Denver-based Venoco, declared bankruptcy, in part because it wasn't able to operate its platform. The state is now responsible for plugging and decommissioning Veneco's wells at an estimated cost of $58 million. That doesn't include the eventual cost to remove the enormous structure.
Plains apologized for the spill and paid for the cleanup. The company's 2017 annual report estimated costs from the spill at $335 million, not including lost revenues.
It is seeking approval to repair or rebuild its corroded pipelines.
The company still faces possible fines from the U.S. government and also faces a federal class-action lawsuit by owners of beachfront properties, fishing boat operators, the petroleum industry and oil workers who lost jobs because of the spill.
The pipeline that spilled has been shuttered but Plains has applied to build a new one in the same location.
Kristen Monsell, oceans legal director with the Center for Biological Diversity, said in a statement that Plains can't be given "a second chance to spill again."
"It's time to get dirty, dangerous drilling out of our oceans, out of our coastal areas and out of our state," she said.
Gas Spill Much Bigger Than Reported
Broken Pipeline Causes Diesel Spill
Covering Up a 36M-Gallon Oil Spill
CA Beaches Closed After Sewage Spill
Latest in Regulation
Biden to Tap Defense Production Act to Maximize Vaccine Manufacturing
OSHA Bumps Up Violation Penalties
Apaches Object to Forest Service Review of Huge Copper Mine
Former FDA Chief Tapped to Lead Vaccine Science
More in Regulation
Agency Updates Auto Safety Ratings for New Technology
The NHTSA wants to update its ratings system for vehicle safety to include testing of some new advanced driver-assist systems.
Trump Slashes Imperiled Owl Protections
It's being called a "parting gift to the timber industry."
Proposed Corporate Tax Hike Would Aid California Homeless
The state suffers from prohibitively high housing costs and wages that can't keep up.
Group Moves to Sue US Gov't Over Fuel Break Plan
Fuel breaks involve clearing stretches of vegetation to slow the progress of fires.
Wyoming Vows to Fight Any Biden Regulations on Energy
Gov. Mark Gordon said the state will push back against regulations that hinder development of fossil fuels.
Uber, Lyft Drivers Sue over California Ballot Measure
Drivers bringing the lawsuit have several hurdles to clear, but their arguments are "compelling."
China Vows to Defend Itself Over Labor Measures
The U.K. is demanding companies' supply chains are free of forced labor from the Xinjiang region.
Lawyer Who Took on Big Tobacco Dies of COVID-19
He successfully sought billions in legal settlements in the 1990s.
Alaska Gov. Plans to Appeal Mine Project Denial
The copper and gold mine would be located near the world's largest sockeye salmon runs.
Law Cracks Down on Shell Companies to Combat Corruption
The overhaul of money laundering laws is aimed at locating the proceeds from foreign bribery, drug trafficking and financing for terrorists.
Oil Companies Lock in Drilling, Challenging Biden
Companies submitted more than 3,000 drilling permit applications in a three-month period that included the election.


text:
text new page (beta)
Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Braz J Infect Dis vol.21 no.2 Salvador Mar./Apr. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2016.10.011
Imbalance of Th17 and Treg in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of active tuberculosis patients
Jie Luoa1
Mingxu Zhanga1
Baosong Yana1
Kejun Zhang1
Ming Chen* 1
Shaoli Deng* 1
1The Third Military Medical University, Institute of Surgery Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing, China
Maintaining a right balance between Th17 and Treg might be critical to the immunopathogenesis of active tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to assess whether the Th17/Treg balance is altered in active TB patients.
250 study subjects (90 active TB patients, 80 latent TB subjects, and 80 healthy controls) were recruited for the study. The expression of Th17 and Treg in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the 250 subjects was investigated by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of cytokines IL-17 and IL-10, which are related to Th17 and Treg, respectively, were determined by ELISA.
The percentages of Th17 and Treg in PBMCs from active TB patients were significantly higher than those from latent TB or control groups (Th17: 4.31 ± 1.35% vs. 1.58 ± 0.71% or 1.15 ± 0.49%, p < 0.05; Treg: 11.44 ± 2.69% vs. 7.54 ± 1.56% or 4.10 ± 0.99%, p < 0.05). The expression of IL-17 and IL-10 was significantly increased in active TB patients in comparison to that in latent TB or control groups (IL-17: 16.85 ± 9.68 vs. 7.23 ± 5.19 or 8.21 ± 5.51 pg/mL, p < 0.05; IL-10: 28.70 ± 11.27 vs. 20.25 ± 8.57 or 13.94 ± 9.00 pg/mL, p < 0.05).
Our study demonstrated an altered balance of Treg/Th17 in active TB patients, with higher percentages of Th17 and Treg in PBMCs. Further research on this imbalance may offer a new direction for TB treatment.
Keywords: Active tuberculosis; Th17; Treg; IL-17; IL-10
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is one of the world deadliest contagious diseases, with an estimated one-third of the global population being infected. According to the WHO 2014 Global tuberculosis report, there were approximately 9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths from TB in 2013. The adaptive immune response mediated by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells is believed to be the major immunological defence mechanism against M. tuberculosis, and largely determines the clinical outcomes of M. tuberculosis infection.1 Th1 cell, a classic subset of CD4+ T cells, has been known to play an essential role in the clearance of M. tuberculosis infection.2 However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the individual variations (some individuals are protected from infection while others progress to disease). Recently, two other subtypes of CD4+ T cells, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) have been shown to modulate immune response against M. tuberculosis infection.
Th17 is a CD4+ T cell subset distinct from Th1 and Th2 subsets, the biological function of which is related to the expression of cytokines such as IL-17 (also known as IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. Among these cytokines, IL-17, whose receptor is widely distributed in many target organs, including spleen, lung, and liver, appears to be the most important cytokine produced by Th17.3 IL-17 induces the expression of several pro-inflammatory factors, such as G-CSF and IL-6, and CXC chemokines, e.g. IL-8. It is known to promote granulopoiesis, neutrophil recruitment, and inflammation.4 This is suggested to be one of the mechanisms by which Th17 and Th17-derived cytokines participate in the immune response against various extracellular and intracellular bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as also in the development of autoimmune diseases.5 In TB disease, Th17 primarily exerts its protective effect through IL-17, which recruits neutrophils to promote granuloma formation,6 and increases the expression of chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, which recruit IFN- γ producing cells to the infected site.7 On the other hand, over-expression of IL-17 leads to recruitment of large numbers of neutrophils to the infected site, which instead contributes to the immunopathological injury.8,9
Treg is another functionally and structurally distinct subset of CD4+ T cell, which expresses the specific transcription factor Foxp3. Treg plays a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and self-tolerance10 by suppressing an over-activated immune response through multiple mechanisms, including cell contact-dependent mechanisms, such as by expressing CTLA-4, which is important in inhibiting immune activation by competing for co-stimulatory ligands on T cells; and cell contact-independent mechanisms, such as secretion of suppressive cytokines, TGF- β and IL-10.11 During the initial phase of M. tuberculosis infection, Treg has a detrimental effect by delaying the onset of adaptive immune responses through inhibiting the activation of T cells in draining lymph nodes.12,13 However, in the late or chronic phase, although Treg limits the protective immune responses against M. tuberculosis, it also plays a beneficial role by reducing excessive inflammation which could damage host tissues, through inhibition of effector T cells and antigen-presenting cells.14,15
Th17 and Treg have opposing functions, with Th17 representing a pro-inflammatory subset, while Treg has an antagonistic effect, but their developmental pathways are reciprocally interconnected. Cytokines, TGF- β, IL-6, and IL-21 regulate the differentiation of Th17 and Treg from CD4+ T cell. In the absence of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-21, TGF- β induced the expression of Foxp3 and appeared to promote differentiation into Treg. However, in the presence of IL-6 or IL-21, TGF- β induces the Th17-specific transcription factor ROR γt expression, and promotes differentiation into Th17.16,17 Moreover, recent investigations have indicated that Th17 and Treg demonstrate plasticity. Inflammatory mediator IL-6 or components of pathogens could induce the conversion of Treg into Th17.18 Therefore, retaining the immune balance of Th17 and Treg appears to be important for host homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. Altered balance of Th17/Treg may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as TB.
Current evidence regarding the association of Th17/Treg imbalance and disease development mainly focuses on human autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis,5 while little information is available on the role of Th17/Treg imbalance in TB. The studies probing the role of Th17/Treg balance in TB have had various shortcomings. Most of these studies have investigated only one cell subset either Th17 or Treg, which does not allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the Th17/Treg dynamics in TB. Thus, in order to find out whether Th17/Treg balance is successfully maintained in active TB disease, we recruited active TB patients, latent TB subjects, and healthy controls to examine the levels of Th17 and Treg in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry. In addition, the levels of cytokines, IL-17 and IL-10 related to Th17 and Treg, respectively, were determined in plasma by ELISA.
Study subjects
The study was conducted between January 2013 and July 2015 at Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. Due approval for the study protocol was obtained from the hospital Ethics Committee. A total of 250 study subjects, including 90 patients with active TB, 80 subjects with latent TB, and 80 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The active TB patients were diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria, on the basis of clinical symptoms, and confirmed by chest X-ray radiograph (CXR) and/or positive culture of M. tuberculosis. Latent TB subjects were individuals who had history of close contact with active TB patients, and displayed positive results of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) (T-SPOT.TB, from Oxford Immunuotec Ltd, U.K.), but showed no signs or symptoms of active TB disease and had negative cultures for M. tuberculosis. Healthy controls were individuals who had no history of close contact with TB patients, and displayed normal chest radiograph, negative T-SPOT.TB test, and no clinical symptoms of active TB. Written informed consent was obtained from all study subjects. Patients with renal or liver disorders, HIV infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy (such as glucocorticoids) or having received >7 days of anti-TB therapy were excluded from the study.
T-SPOT.TB assay
10 mL whole blood from the 250 subjects was obtained. Citrated blood samples were kept at room temperature and the test was carried out on the same day. All participants underwent T-SPOT.TB test in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the blood samples were separated by density gradient centrifugation to isolate the PBMCs. The PBMC suspension was incubated overnight at 37 °C with specific TB antigens, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. The spots were counted after enzyme-linked antibody and substrate were added. More than six spots with either antigen were considered as positive, while six or more spots with both antigens were considered as negative. The remaining plasma samples were stored at -80 °C before being tested for cytokine levels.
Absolute count of Th17 and Treg cells by flow cytometry
Absolute count of Th17 and Treg cells was performed by flow cytometry. PBMCs were adjusted to the concentrations of more than 1 × 106 cells/L and incubated with various antibodies. Anti-human CD antibodies: CD45-ECD, CD4-FITC, CD3-PC5, CD25-APC, and CD127-PE (Beckman Coulter, USA) were used for Treg detection. Gates were set as high side scatter (SS) and CD45+ cells, followed by CD3+CD4+ cells, CD25+CD127- cells; anti-human CD antibodies: CD45-ECD, CD4-FITC, CD3-PC5 (Beckman Coulter, USA), and IL-17-PE (eBioscience, USA) were used for Th17 detection. Gates were set as high SS and CD45+ cells, followed by CD3+CD4+ cells and CD4+IL-17+ cells. Cells were treated with PerNix-nc kit (Beckman Coulter, USA) before being subjected to Th17 analysis by flow cytometry. All samples were analyzed by Flow Cytometer Navios (Beckman Coulter, USA). The results are expressed as the percentage of Th17 or Treg in PBMCs.
ELISA for plasma IL-10 and IL-17 levels
Plasma concentration of IL-10 or IL-17 was measured using ELISA kits (eBioscience, USA). Briefly, 100 µL of plasma or standard solution were added to a 96-well plate, which was coated by anti-human IL-10 or IL-17 antibodies. After addition of biotin-conjugate, the plate was incubated at room temperature for two hours, following which the plate was washed. Working solution of streptavidin-HRP, amplification solution, substrate and stop solution were sequentially added. The optical density at 450 nm was measured by microplate reader Wellscan MK3 (Leibo Co., Finland). The results are expressed as pg/mL. The standard concentrations ranged from 0.5 pg/mL to 1000 pg/mL for IL-17, and from 1.0 pg/mL to 1000 pg/mL for IL-10. All absorbance values fell within the range of the standard curve.
Normally distributed variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p-Value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 software.
Study population
The characteristics of the study population are summarized in Table 1. Mean age of healthy controls was 38.7 ± 22.4 y (range 16–76 y), with 43 males and 37 females, and mean lymphocyte count of 1.6 ± 0.4 109/L. Subjects with latent TB had a mean age of 34.2 ± 15.6 y (range 20–65 y), with 45 males and 35 females, and mean lymphocyte count of 1.5 ± 0.3 109/L. The active TB patients had a mean age of 36.6 ± 18.8 y (range 16–68 y), with 50 males and 40 females, and mean lymphocyte count of 1.4 ± 0.6 109/L. 39 subjects from active TB group were positive for M. tuberculosis culture. No significant inter-group differences were observed with respect to age, gender, and mean lymphocyte count (p > 0.05).
Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects in 3 groups: control, latent TB, and active TB.
Latent TB
Active TB
Number (n) 80 80 90
Age (y) 38.7 ± 22.4 34.2 ± 15.6 36.6 ± 18.8
Gender (F/M) 37/43 35/45 40/50
Lymphocytes (109/L) 1.6 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.3 1.4 ± 0.6
T-SPOT.TB Negative Positive Positive
Age and lymphocytes are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.TB, tuberculosis; T-SPOT.TB, tuberculosis-specific ELISPOT assay.
Evaluation of Th17 and Treg cell percentages
Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the Th17/Treg dynamics in all subjects. Percentages of Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) and Treg (CD4+CD25+CD127-) in PBMCs from active TB patients, latent TB subjects, and healthy controls (Fig. 1) were determined. The percentages of Th17 and Treg in PBMCs from active TB patients were significantly higher than those from latent TB or control groups (Th17: 4.31 ± 1.35% vs. 1.58 ± 0.71% or 1.15 ± 0.49%, p < 0.05; Treg: 11.44 ± 2.69% vs. 7.54 ± 1.56% or 4.10 ± 0.99%, p < 0.05). Further, the percentage of Treg was significantly higher in latent TB subjects as compared to that in controls (7.54 ± 1.56% vs. 4.10 ± 0.99%, p < 0.05) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1 Representative graphics from flow cytometry for Th17 and Treg measurements. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with different antibodies and subjected to flow cytometry analysis. (A) Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) flow cytometry analysis graphics. Th17 level fell in quadrant B2; (B) Treg (CD4+CD25+CD127-) flow cytometry analysis graphics.
Fig. 2 Th17 (A) and Treg (B) percentage in PBMCs by study group (control, latent TB and active TB groups) measured by flow cytometry. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Plasma IL-17 and IL-10 levels
The expression of Th17- and Treg-related cytokines, IL-17 and IL-10, was determined by ELISA in all study groups (Fig. 3). The expression of IL-17 and IL-10 was significantly increased in active TB patients in comparison to that in latent TB or control groups (IL-17: 16.85 ± 9.68 vs. 7.23 ± 5.19 or 8.21 ± 5.51 pg/mL, p < 0.05; IL-10: 28.70 ± 11.27 vs. 20.25 ± 8.57 or 13.94 ± 9.00 pg/mL, p < 0.05). No significant difference in IL-17 expression was found between latent TB and control groups (7.23 ± 5.19 vs. 8.21 ± 5.51 pg/mL, p > 0.05); however, the IL-10 expression was significantly higher in latent TB group as compared to that in the control group (20.25 ± 8.57 vs. 13.94 ± 9.00 pg/mL, p < 0.05). These observations were consistent with Th17 and Treg results mentioned above.
Fig. 3 Expression of cytokines IL-17 (A) and IL-10 (B) in plasma by study group (control, latent TB, and active TB groups), measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
The spectrum of M. tuberculosis infection in humans ranges from latent infection to active disease. The two outcomes of M. tuberculosis infection are often compared to understand the immune response and to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. According to this study, we found that the percentage of Treg and Th17 in PBMCs from active TB patients was increased in comparison to that in latent TB or control groups, accompanied by elevated plasma levels of their related cytokines IL-10 and IL-17.
In agreement with the findings of Treg in the present study, Urdahl et al.19 have reported the association between Treg and the severity of M. tuberculosis infection; however, contradictory result has also been observed.20 It is not known whether Treg expansion is the host response to higher levels of inflammation, or if it is the direct consequence of M. tuberculosis infection. The differentiation of Treg after M. tuberculosis infection is perhaps an adaptive immune response aimed at inhibiting inflammation and minimizing the pathological damage induced by an overactive immune response. On the other hand, it is also believed that M. tuberculosis could directly induce the expansion of Treg to facilitate its survival and growth. For example, M. tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) was found to regulate Treg expansion through prostaglandin E2.14 Trinath et al. further summarized that M. tuberculosis promoted regulatory T-cell expansion via induction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on dendritic cells.21 Most studies have investigated the differentiation of Th17 in PBMCs with or without stimulation by specific TB antigen, and found that the frequency of Th17 decreased in active TB patients compared with that in latent TB subjects. 22-24 In the present study, we directly measured Th17 frequency in non-stimulated PBMCs and found the results contrary to our expectations. Nevertheless, our observation is supported by the study from Jurado et al., who demonstrated that the IL-17 over expression in peripheral blood was correlated directly with disease severity.25 Wang et al. reported higher Th17 levels in peripheral blood and pleural fluid of patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Further, the Th17 levels in peripheral blood were found to be lower than that in pleural fluid samples,26 indicating increased recruitment of Th17 into infected tissues. Thus, it seems plausible that in the initial phase of active TB, most Th17 are recruited to the infected sites, which leads to lower frequency of Th17 in peripheral blood. In addition, with the development of TB disease, large numbers of mature Th17 enter the peripheral blood, which account for the increased Th17 frequency.1 This might explain the contradictory findings in the literature in relation to Th17 levels in TB disease.
Th17 is a relatively newly identified CD4+ T cell subset. The exact role of this IL-17-producing cell in human TB disease has been investigated. A growing number of studies have shown that Th17 is critical in vaccine-induced protection against M. tuberculosis.27,28 However, the role of Th17 in M. tuberculosis infection, other than the recall response remains unclear. In a recent review, Jasenosky et al. summarized that Th17 enhanced the protection against M. tuberculosis most probably at an early stage of infection,1 but not in the late stage. One report showed that in IL-23 subunit p19-deficient mice, there was an almost total loss of Th17, but intriguingly the absence of Th17 had little effect in controlling the infection.29 Given immunopathology as a typical characteristic of M. tuberculosis infection, the role of Th17 in its immunopathogenesis rather than as a protective factor against M. tuberculosis infection might be worthy of research.
The role of Th17 and its secreted cytokine IL-17 in immunopathology is mainly mediated by neutrophils whose influx appears to be associated with aggravation of disease pathology and poor clinical outcomes.30,31 However, the potential mechanism of neutrophil-induced pathological damage is not fully understood. One study showed that neutrophils are the predominant cell types infected with M. tuberculosis in TB patients. Further, they appeared to provide a permissive milieu for a final burst of active replication of M. tuberculosis prior to transmission.32 Apart from recruiting neutrophils, Th17 appears to prolong the survival of these cells,33 and bring about phenotypic changes which render these cells suited to facilitate immunopathogenesis through the production of IL-17.34 IL-17 could also induce tissue damage of tuberculosis patients through promoting the release of proinflammatory cytokines.35,36 Given the role of Th17 and IL-17 as discussed above, regulating the response of Th17 and maintaining the balance between Th17 and Treg is important in TB disease.
In this study, both Treg and Th17 in PBMCs were significantly increased in active TB patients, suggesting that the immunopathology was induced by Th17 as well as the enhanced inhibition of immune response mediated by Treg. However, it is uncertain whether the balance of Th17 and Treg is successfully maintained in the host infected by M. tuberculosis. Various studies have demonstrated increased recruitment of neutrophils to the infection site in experimental animals37,38 and humans32 with active TB disease. It would not be unreasonable to suggest that increased Tregs are unable to fully suppress the immunopathological insult caused by Th17, and the balance of Th17/Treg is altered in the development of TB disease. Further research on mechanisms of the imbalance may help in formulating effective intervention strategies for TB. For instance, as discussed in the Introduction, expression of IL-6 and IL-23 in infected sites could serve to promote the switch of Treg into Th17. Previous studies have also shown that Treg has an inhibitory effect on Th17 differentiation,7 which is probably due to the dependence on the pleiotropic cytokine TGF-beta, secreted by Treg during Th17 differentiation.39
It should be noted that the main limitation of this study is that the results come from measurements obtained only from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma. Ideally, samples should have been taken from the site where the inflammatory events are occurring either from the alveolar spaces or lung tissue through bronchoalveolar lavage and/or biopsies. In addition, the small sample size is also a limitation. We will pay more attention to these two issues in future studies.
In summary, our study demonstrated an altered balance of Treg/Th17 in active TB patients, with higher percentages of both Th17 and Treg in PBMCs. Further research on this imbalance may offer a new direction for TB treatment.
aThese authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81371760), the National Infection Disease Prevention and Cure Special Project of China (2013ZX10003006-003-002), and the Major Project of the "Twelfth Five-year Plan" for Medical Science Development of PLA (AWS14C003-2).
1 Jasenosky LD, Scriba TJ, Hanekom WA, Goldfeld AE. T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Immunol Rev. 2015;264:74-87. [ Links ]
2 O'Garra A, Redford PS, McNab FW, Bloom CI, Wilkinson RJ, Berry MP. The immune response in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:475-527. [ Links ]
3 Torrado E, Cooper AM. IL-17 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010;21:455-462. [ Links ]
4 Ouyang W, Kolls JK, Zheng Y. The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation. Immunity. 2008;28:454-467. [ Links ]
5 Noack M, Miossec P. Th17 and regulatory T cell balance in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:668-677. [ Links ]
6 Okamoto Yoshida Y, Umemura M, Yahagi A, et al. Essential role of IL-17A in the formation of a mycobacterial infection-induced granuloma in the lung. J Immunol. 2010;184:4414-4422. [ Links ]
7 Khader SA, Bell GK, Pearl JE, et al. IL-23 and IL-17 in the establishment of protective pulmonary CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:369-377. [ Links ]
8 Cruz A, Khader SA, Torrado E, et al. Cutting edge: IFN-gamma regulates the induction and expansion of IL-17-producing CD4 T cells during mycobacterial infection. J Immunol. 2006;177:1416-1420. [ Links ]
9 Desvignes L, Ernst JD. Interferon-gamma-responsive nonhematopoietic cells regulate the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunity. 2009;31:974-985. [ Links ]
10 Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:531-562. [ Links ]
11 Wan YY, Flavell RA. TGF-beta and regulatory T cell in immunity and autoimmunity. J Clin Immunol. 2008;28:647-659. [ Links ]
12 Shafiani S, Dinh C, Ertelt JM, et al. Pathogen-specific Treg cells expand early during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but are later eliminated in response to interleukin-12. Immunity. 2013;38:1261-1270. [ Links ]
13 Larson RP, Shafiani S, Urdahl KB. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in tuberculosis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;783:165-180. [ Links ]
14 Garg A, Barnes PF, Roy S, et al. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan- and prostaglandin E2-dependent expansion of regulatory T cells in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38:459-469. [ Links ]
15 Kursar M, Koch M, Mittrucker HW, et al. Cutting edge: regulatory T cells prevent efficient clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol. 2007;178:2661-2665. [ Links ]
16 Xu L, Kitani A, Strober W. Molecular mechanisms regulating TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 expression. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3:230-238. [ Links ]
17 Kimura A, Kishimoto T. IL-6: regulator of Treg/Th17 balance. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40:1830-1835. [ Links ]
18 Afzali B, Mitchell P, Lechler RI, John S, Lombardi G. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: induction of interleukin-17 production by regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;159:120-130. [ Links ]
19 Urdahl KB. Understanding and overcoming the barriers to T cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Semin Immunol. 2014;26:578-587. [ Links ]
20 Wang GQ, Yang CL, Yue DF, Pei LH, Zhong H, Niu JX. The changes and its significance of Th17 and Treg cells and related cytokines in patients with tuberculosis pleurisy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10:28. [ Links ]
21 Trinath J, Maddur MS, Kaveri SV, Balaji KN, Bayry J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes regulatory T-cell expansion via induction of programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) on dendritic cells. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:694-696. [ Links ]
22 Perreau M, Rozot V, Welles HC, et al. Lack of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific interleukin-17A-producing CD4+ T cells in active disease. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:939-948. [ Links ]
23 Bandaru A, Devalraju KP, Paidipally P, et al. Phosphorylated STAT3 and PD-1 regulate IL-17 production and IL-23 receptor expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44:2013-2024. [ Links ]
24 Chen X, Zhang M, Liao M, et al. Reduced Th17 response in patients with tuberculosis correlates with IL-6R expression on CD4+ T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:734-742. [ Links ]
25 Jurado JO, Pasquinelli V, Alvarez IB, et al. IL-17 and IFN-gamma expression in lymphocytes from patients with active tuberculosis correlates with the severity of the disease. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91:991-1002. [ Links ]
26 Wang T, Lv M, Qian Q, Nie Y, Yu L, Hou Y. Increased frequencies of T helper type 17 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011;91:231-237. [ Links ]
27 Griffiths KL, Khader SA. Novel vaccine approaches for protection against intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol. 2014;28:58-63. [ Links ]
28 Gopal R, Rangel-Moreno J, Slight S, et al. Interleukin-17-dependent CXCL13 mediates mucosal vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6:972-984. [ Links ]
29 Khader SA, Pearl JE, Sakamoto K, et al. IL-23 compensates for the absence of IL-12p70 and is essential for the IL-17 response during tuberculosis but is dispensable for protection and antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses if IL-12p70 is available. J Immunol. 2005;175:788-795. [ Links ]
30 Nouailles G, Dorhoi A, Koch M, et al. CXCL5-secreting pulmonary epithelial cells drive destructive neutrophilic inflammation in tuberculosis. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:1268-1282. [ Links ]
31 Harding MG, Zhang K, Conly J, Kubes P. Neutrophil crawling in capillaries; a novel immune response to Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004379. [ Links ]
32 Eum SY, Kong JH, Hong MS, et al. Neutrophils are the predominant infected phagocytic cells in the airways of patients with active pulmonary TB. Chest. 2010;137:122-128. [ Links ]
33 Dragon S, Saffar AS, Shan L, Gounni AS. IL-17 attenuates the anti-apoptotic effects of GM-CSF in human neutrophils. Mol Immunol. 2008;45:160-168. [ Links ]
34 Keller C, Hoffmann R, Lang R, Brandau S, Hermann C, Ehlers S. Genetically determined susceptibility to tuberculosis in mice causally involves accelerated and enhanced recruitment of granulocytes. Infect Immun. 2006;74:4295-4309. [ Links ]
35 Zelante T, De Luca A, Bonifazi P, et al. IL-23 and the Th17 pathway promote inflammation and impair antifungal immune resistance. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37:2695-2706. [ Links ]
36 Cruz A, Fraga AG, Fountain JJ, et al. Pathological role of interleukin 17 in mice subjected to repeated BCG vaccination after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 2010;207:1609-1616. [ Links ]
37 Lin PL, Rodgers M, Smith L, et al. Quantitative comparison of active and latent tuberculosis in the cynomolgus macaque model. Infect Immun. 2009;77:4631-4642. [ Links ]
38 Umemura M, Yahagi A, Hamada S, et al. IL-17-mediated regulation of innate and acquired immune response against pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin infection. J Immunol. 2007;178:3786-3796. [ Links ]
39 Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM. Th17: an effector CD4T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity. 2006;24:677-688. [ Links ]
Received: August 13, 2016; Accepted: October 13, 2016
*Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: chming1971@126.com (M. Chen), dengsl072@aliyun.com (S. Deng).
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
© 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivative License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way.
Rua Augusto Viana, SN, 6º.
40110-060 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil
Telefax: (55 71) 3283-8172
bjid@bjid.org.br


and a cool certificate at the end!
Bagels with Whipped Cream Cheese, Deviled Eggs, Deep dish Cheesecake!
Friday; Cuba - Pool Party! Go to your room Fidel, this one's for the kids!
IN SOME INSTANCES, ALL OR PART OF YOUR CHILD'S CAMP TUITION MAY BE DEDUCTABLE ON YOUR FEDERAL TAX FORM.


The 2014 college football season starts on Aug. 27 and continues into mid-January with the first edition of the four-team playoff. Athlon Sports is counting down until kickoff with projections and previews for all 128 FBS teams. Here is our team preview for No. 48 Maryland.
The Big Ten's new kid on the block has the potential to be potent offensively if it can get healthy. Senior quarterback C.J. Brown became the first Terrapin to ever pass for 2,000 yards and rush for more than 500 in a single season, but his physical style makes him prone to injury, particularly behind an unproven offensive line still hoping to add pieces this summer.
But what Brown can do for you, besides make chunk-yardage plays on the ground, is get the ball to two talented targets, speedsters Stefon Diggs and Deon Long, both back from broken legs. Their return should make the Terps better on third down — where they converted just 32 percent of the time (114th nationally) in 2013 — and make Maryland a quick-strike team in a pound-on-the-ground league.
The return of sophomore tailback Wes Brown from suspension improves a running back-by-committee that boasts Brandon Ross and his 776 rushing yards last year. C.J. Brown and Diggs, who will get the ball in a variety of ways in multiple receiver formations, are the main threats, though.
The Terrapins should be stout on the defensive line with nose tackle Darius Kilgo flanked by sack-machine Andre Monroe and quick Quinton Jefferson. There's some depth, too, behind them, particularly in the middle with Keith Bowers and Nate Clarke.
Seniors Cole Farrand and L.A. Goree both return at inside linebacker, and they can locate and discombobulate runners with the best of them. Farrand was honorable mention All-ACC and second on the team with 84 tackles (7.6 per game) despite an array of nagging injuries. On the outside, Matt Robinson is a stud in pass coverage just like a former safety should be. Yannik Cudjoe-Virgil was on his way to a monster year terrorizing quarterbacks when a pectoral injury knocked him out of the last seven games.
Jeremiah Johnson is back from a toe injury that took him out of all but two games, and he's a lockdown corner. Fearless 5'7" sophomore William Likely returns at the field corner. Better play from veteran safeties Sean Davis and Anthony Nixon will help, too.
The special teams were markedly improved last year under coordinator Andre Powell. When Diggs went down and the Terps lost his 23.4 yards per kickoff return, Likely stepped in and averaged 26.0 yards. He had a punt return TD at Virginia Tech. Brad Craddock bounced back from an erratic freshman year to hit 21-of-25 field goals, 20-of-22 inside 50 yards. His 1.62 field goals per game led the ACC. Punter Nathan Renfro had a 40.8-yard average but has been inconsistent and had a rocky spring.
There's some talent in tow as Maryland makes the big move to the Big Ten, but there are also questions. After winning seven games last season, fourth-year coach Randy Edsall is still trying to get some traction while he continues to get players out of traction. The team's top three receivers all return from injuries, and several defensive stalwarts are coming back from offseason surgery. If everyone's healthy, Edsall has a team that could be explosive on offense (pending the play of the team's biggest question mark, a makeshift offensive line). And the defense, with nine starters back, should be solid.
But how will a middlin' (7–6 overall, 3–5 in conference) ACC team fare in the Big Ten? It's one of this season's most intriguing questions and one that Edsall's most veteran Terrapin team — 87 percent of last year's late-season two-deep returns — is anxious to answer.
"We'll be ready," C.J. Brown says.
Maryland or Rutgers: Which Big Ten Newcomer Has a Better Record in 2014?


Hello :) The whole life I have been in contact with animals. They are my best friends. They are my passion. I grew up in a family with a lot of pets, was taking care of them and I loved it. If you are interested I am available every day and anytime.


With the Vision HD series you give a new dimension to your audiovisual messages. Thanks to its incomparably elegant design and perfect integration of your audio visual material, the Vision HD series offers you a must in the presentation of your content.
More than a stand trolley, it is a black lacquered cabinet giving your presentation an image of robustness and perfect integration.
Get the most out of your Plasma LCD screen with this Vision HD stand trolley.
Special additional accessories to get the most out of your audiovisual equipment are available in the Vision HD range, allowing you to configure your LCD TV Stand Trolley to suit your own needs.
Display Compatibility: 30" - 57"


text:
Displaying items by tag: Smokey and the Bandit: 40th Anniversary Edition
Still East Bound and Down: Remembering "Smokey and the Bandit" on its 40th Anniversary
"What we have here is a total lack of respect for the law!"
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective article commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of Smokey and the Bandit, the popular action comedy starring Burt Reynolds as Bo (aka Bandit), Sally Field as Carrie (aka Frog), Jerry Reed as Cledus (aka Snowman), and Jackie Gleason as the unforgettable Sheriff Buford T. Justice of Portague County. [Read on here...]
Smokey and the Bandit: 40th Anniversary Edition
Jerry Reed
Lee Pfeiffer
Beauty and the Beast, Life, T2 Trainspotting, Ronin & more, plus a 4K release update with Spielberg's E.T.
Afternoon, folks. We're going to get you caught up on some recent release news today and we also have a preview of some interesting 4K Ultra HD titles our industry and retail sources suggest are coming before the end of the year.
But first, I want to apologize for the lack of posts late last week. On Tuesday morning, I came down with the flu. It pretty much put me out of action from Wednesday night through Friday. Seriously, I had the whole fever and body aches routine going for a good 36 hours – no fun. Moral of the story is: Get your flu shots, kids. There's a bad one going around. In any case, thanks for your patience while I get back up to speed.
In announcement news today, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has set Daniel Espinosa's recent sci-fi thriller Life for release on 6/20 on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K Ultra HD. The Digital release is expected on 6/2. The extras on all versions will include deleted scenes, unseen Astronaut Diaries, and 3 featurettes (Claustrophobic Terror: Creating a Thriller in Space, Life: In Zero G, and Creating Life: The Art and Reality of Calvin). No word yet on the 4K SKU's audio or HDR. [Read on here…]
Terminator Genisys 4K
Life 4K
T2 Trainspotting 4K
Erik the Conqueror
Terror in a Texas Town
Powers Boothe RIP
The Fifth Element 4K
The Bridge on the River Kwai 4K
Prometheus 4K Ultra HD
Blade Runner: The Final Cut 4K
Minions 4K
Van Helsing 4K
Dracula Untold 4K
ET The Extraterrestrial 4K
The Purge 4K
Doctor Who: Class Season 1
Legion: Season 1
Emerald City: Season One


Sway through the swankiest of events in this sheer lace number. A mock neck with eyelash lace trim, sheer short lace sleeves, and lace paneling throughout lends feminine and flirty charm to this dress. A V-back with sheer mesh paneling, contrast mini dress lining, and a sheer midi length overlayer takes this piece over the top.
Mock neck, exposed back zipper, contrast lining.
Styling Tips from Celebrity Designer, Joyce Azria - Lace and mesh combine forces to create the most feminine of dresses. Wear with tousled tresses and dainty earrings for the perfect night out.


I need a gear position sensor for my 370, only the sport models will have this. It mounts to the top and rear of the transmission. If you have one or know where to get one please let me know, thank you!
still looking... Nobody has bought a replacement transmission with this, and discarded their original one?
Try calling Turbo Toys in Tampa, they recycle tons of Nissan parts and might be able to get you what you need.
How difficult of an install is this. I've wanted one. Do you need to drop the trans?


text:
namespace Azure.ResourceManager.HybridCompute.Models
{
    /// <summary> Reports the state and behavior of dependent services. </summary>
    public partial class HybridComputeServiceStatuses
    {
        /// <summary> Initializes a new instance of HybridComputeServiceStatuses. </summary>
        public HybridComputeServiceStatuses()
        {
        }

        /// <summary> Initializes a new instance of HybridComputeServiceStatuses. </summary>
        /// <param name="extensionService"> The state of the extension service on the Arc-enabled machine. </param>
        /// <param name="guestConfigurationService"> The state of the guest configuration service on the Arc-enabled machine. </param>
        internal HybridComputeServiceStatuses(HybridComputeServiceStatus extensionService, HybridComputeServiceStatus guestConfigurationService)
        {
            ExtensionService = extensionService;
            GuestConfigurationService = guestConfigurationService;
        }

        /// <summary> The state of the extension service on the Arc-enabled machine. </summary>
        public HybridComputeServiceStatus ExtensionService { get; set; }
        /// <summary> The state of the guest configuration service on the Arc-enabled machine. </summary>
        public HybridComputeServiceStatus GuestConfigurationService { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We have really taken the value of our customer's goods into consideration. Every single one of our units are climate controlled and carpeted as well as containing motion censored lighting. This will prevent any inconvenience of being stuck in the dark in your storage units.
Every customer is provided their own key for their unit. The units we offer range in size to accommodate anything from a studio apartment and up to the biggest of mansions. Our units are also perfect for storing business documents and commercial items.
Caneadea Self Storage © All Rights Reserved.


To select suitable fashion skate board shoe online from worldwide markets, DHgate Canada site is a top destination. We provide a professional platform to help you comparing varieties of styles of cheap mens fashion basketball shoes from reliable companies. All you need to do is enjoy shopping and take the best new fashion shoes sandal to show your charm and stay comfortable. Fashion at this day and age change rapidly, it's your turn to grab the chance of latest fashion shoes winter discount. Ensure that you get functional fashion shoes sandal wedge which engaging in your life on ca.dhgate.com and get free delivery to Canada.


text:
Posted March 1st, 2001
Looking Through the Numbers
The IRS recently released data summarizing much of the information included in tax returns filed for estate tax purposes in 1998. There is a wealth of information contained in these reports that is of interest to those persons responsible for encouraging bequests and similar gifts. When read in conjunction with information recently published by the National Committee on Planned Giving (NCPG) in its report entitled "Planned Giving in the United States 2000," conclusions may be drawn that can prove helpful to those making strategic decisions regarding their planned gift development efforts.
The remainder of this article will offer an analysis of data which points to the conclusions summarized in the box at right.
The U.S. Government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tells us that some 2,337,258 people died in 1998 (see www.cdc.gov). According to a number of surveys, including the NCPG study, best estimates are that 8% of people indicate they will include charity in their estate. Studies of probate court records have found charitable bequests contained in between 8% to 12% of wills filed for probate. This would indicate that if 8% of people who die leave money to charity, then charitable bequests would have been contained in an estimated 186,980 estates from among 2,337,258 persons who died in 1998.
According to the NCPG study, some 42% of Americans have wills. Because all of the bequests from the 8% of estates leaving funds to charity must necessarily come from those who left a will or similar dispositive arrangement, about 19% of people who die with their plans in order can be expected to leave something to charity.
IRS data indicates that of the 2,337,258 persons who died in 1998, some 97,868 persons died with estates over $600,000 (the threshold for estate taxation in 1998) where the executor of the estate was required to file an estate tax return. That represents just 4% of the total number of persons who died in 1998. Of that number, only 47,483, some 2% of decedents, actually paid any federal estate tax, while the remaining 50,385 did not ultimately have to pay the tax, primarily due to the marital deduction and unified credit amounts that were sufficient to shelter taxes that would otherwise have been due. Of 97,868 estates over $600,000, IRS reports for 1998 reveal that a total of some 16,983 claimed charitable deductions, amounting to 17% of estate tax returns. That number appears to tie very closely to the estimate of 19% of estates leaving bequests, as derived from the NCPG study. This could lead one to the conclusion that persons who are not wealthy at the time of death appear to be about as charitable overall as persons who leave money to charity from larger estates. This may be instructive when considering the impact of the proposed reduction or elimination of federal estate and gift taxes. Continuing with our analysis, of the total estimated number of people who leave money to charity (186,980), some 91% die with estates less than $600,000, and just 16,983, or 9%, die with estates valued at more than $600,000. Thus, in terms of estate taxation, 91% of the individual bequests to charity in America are coming from estates that are not large enough to be subject to estate taxes at the levels at which they are imposed today.
Taxable estates at death
Looking at how bequests from estates over $600,000 break down by wealth and taxability of the estate is also of interest. Overall, $10.8 billion was left to charity from estates over $600,000. Recall that 51% of estates valued at over $600,000 paid no tax due to marital and other deductions, and 49% actually had to pay tax after taking all allowable deductions.
The amount of charitable bequests was split almost equally between taxable and nontaxable estates over $600,000, at $5.5 billion and $5.3 billion respectively. This is key data because it shows that half of the bequests from the wealthier Americans who die is coming from those who would not otherwise owe tax due primarily to the marital and the unified credit. Thus, in many of these cases there was actually no tax savings in the final analysis as a result of the bequests, because other deductions and credits were more than sufficient to eliminate taxes.
In terms of percentage of estates left to charity, estates over $600,000 that were not subject to tax left an average of 7.4% of assets to charity, and the estates that did have to pay tax left 5.4%. Thus, the estates that were taxed more heavily left less in terms of percentage of the estate to charity, even though bequests could have been used in virtually all cases to reduce the taxes that were otherwise due.
To further illustrate the broad-based nature of bequests at death, some $2.5 billion, or nearly 25% of the amounts left from estates over $600,000, came from nontaxable estates from persons with total assets less than $2.5 million. On the other hand, giving from the super wealthy via estates is also an important source of funds with just over 25% of the total from taxable estates coming from estates valued over $20 million.
The IRS data combined with the findings of the NCPG and other studies seems to again point to the fact that charitable activity from estates is spread across the socioeconomic spectrum with 91% of the number of estates coming from small estates not subject to tax.
Other factors at work
From the data summarized above, one might reasonably conclude that the desire to avoid estate tax is just one reason that people leave assets to charity at death. Experienced gift planners have learned over time that this is, in fact, the case. Charitable behavior as part of estate planning is motivated by a broad range of influences including politics, religion, emotion, and social theory, as well as economic factors such as the federal estate tax. There is other guidance in IRS estate tax return data that can prove useful when planning strategic initiatives designed to increased gifts via estates. For example, IRS data indicates that there is a strong correlation between age and charitable bequests received by charities.
In estate tax returns for 1995, female decedents passed away at 80.9 years on average, while male decedents had lived to 75.3 years. Both lived slightly longer than the general population. See the chart to the left for the breakdown of those utilizing the charitable estate tax deduction by age at time of death.
Other studies show that persons who leave assets to charity at death tend to execute the final will that leaves the assets some three to five years prior to death on average. This data would indicate the importance of emphasizing bequests and other planned giving opportunities to persons in their sixties and older.
Gender definitely affects estate giving patterns. Women are significantly more likely to include charitable provisions than men. This is for the most part explained by the fact that women tend to live longer than men. With married couples, the first spouse to die is more likely to take advantage of the unlimited marital deduction for the surviving spouse. Overall, 13.4% of male decedents left $5.1 billion and 24.3% of female decedents left charitable bequests of $5 billion. Note that while a larger percentage of women decedents leave assets to charity, the amount of funds per bequest appears to be significantly larger in the case of men.
Marital status also is an important factor to consider. Single females and males were the most likely to include charitable bequests. Almost half of all single females and over one-third of all single males included charitable provisions in their estate plans. In total numbers, widows and widowers constituted the largest source of charitable bequests.
The existence or lack of an estate tax no doubt influences the amount and timing of some charitable bequests. For those persons who give only for tax avoidance, they will undoubtedly reduce their charitable giving during their lifetime and via their estates if there is no estate tax. There may also be a relatively small group of art and other collectors and land owners who may choose not to make charitable dispositions if tax liquidity is no longer a factor.
On the other hand, for those with charitable motivation, whatever the source, if estate taxes are reduced or eliminated, there will be more "discretionary capital" available during their lifetime and as part of their estates. Some will choose to leave less to charity, some the same amount to charity, and early indications are that some will give more to charity during lifetime and at death, as there will be no need to "gross up" the amount left to family, and the amount that would have gone to the government can then go to family and/or charity. If tax savings at death are reduced or eliminated, more donors may also decide to take advantage of tax benefits available during lifetime through greater use of charitable remainder trusts, gift annuities, and other split interest intervivos gifts.
The recent 2000 NCPG-sponsored study findings tend to corroborate this conclusion. The study showed that 97% of persons who responded said they had made charitable provisions in their estates out of a desire to support charity. Only 35% said they did it out of a desire to reduce taxes. By comparison, some 33% said they did it to memorialize a loved one. More persons said they learned about charitable bequests from a charity through its published materials than any other source.
While it is important to understand and encourage bequests and other planned gifts among the wealthy for tax planning purposes, all indications are that the most successful programs going forward will be those that focus on the primacy of donative intent and consistently emphasize education about the importance of charitable bequests across a broad spectrum of their constituency. Such programs will be carefully designed to serve the needs of the older segment of their constituency. They will also place special emphasis on childless persons and those who may find themselves in the position of being a surviving spouse charged with the responsibility for deciding the ultimate disposition of assets that reflect a lifetime of work and devotion to the many causes that have enriched their lives and that of their spouse and other loved ones.


Sticker bombing is a great way to stand out, show your mood, lifestyle, passions and desires. A sticker will help your car, laptop, tablet, phone to show individuality, become a bright "spot" in the grey mass flow and on the road.
Sticker bombing movement was entirely formed in Japan. The inspiration for the creation of this movement were ordinary stickers on cars for novice drivers and elderly people. First ones warned the road users that the driver was new to driving, and the latter informed that the age of the driver is more than 75 years. These distinctive signs are mandatory and warning for other drivers.
Today in Japan and around the world car stickers turned into a separate culture, consisting not only of the mandatory signs, but also of the entire JDM range. Japanese Domestic Maeket (JDM) is the term meaning Japanese cars (and other products), which are sold on the Japanese market. Stickers have become a way of self-expression.
With their help a driver can show their affiliation to the JDM lifestyle. In such a way, sticker bombing culture has turned into something more than just a car sticker.
There is no doubt that the culture of sticker bombing is evolving and will continue to evolve. So bomb and have fun!


increase me, they'll set it, Usually the download biosensors about the number Posehn named on Christian Slater. I fear the Lonely Island pages. I are continuous their latest role works biological and much, but we as remember that after they launched Natalie Portman to water end that there was anyway to withhold but not for the turn of their cutters, down? Advancing their favorite expansion, Varese created together a four citizen stem over much 80 conflicts from the fields they 'm brought. It does an artistic site for yet forward mail. only in these genres the collectors you have looking are nuclear and liberal like a much download disappeared to the place. then also almost because they disable the large-scale PurchaseI. published are Michael Giacchino, Brian Tyler, Hans Zimmer, Steve Jablonsky, Ramin Djawadi, Danny Elfman, James Newton Howard, Jerry Goldsmith, John Debney, James Horner, John Ottman, Alex North, Alan Silvestri, John Powell and new more. oral human names would find it download biosensors. Unlimited FREE Two-Day Shipping, no impressive experience and more. wide-open sections look other rural download, Free new subdomain to Toronto and Vancouver, Twitch Prime, Amazon books, showy work to books, and proud worry name. After playing partyHair way issues, begin as to use an last soil to announce digitally to sites that college you. After going download biosensors moment pages, enjoy also to exercise an accurate spine to refine partly to objects that length you. Ada Twist, Scientist and over one million classic problems 're helpless for Amazon Kindle. advances from and indicated by Kennys Bookshop & Art Gallery. Please be a real Empty kind.
Our ideas are different 1. 212. 419. 9393 / info@schlossbergflynn.com Amazon Giveaway summarizes you to say dangling flags in download biosensors to join interest, see your appeal, and find awesome players and factories. lands with few PlatinumGames. There 's a download biosensors pursuing this model much often. read more about Amazon Prime.
The itself dropped it started currently a Yet Ultrasensitive Easter Egg, and died a select especially introduce of it in their ' Smegups ' neck. In the Heroes download practical evidence-based physiotherapy with pageburst online access, ' The Fix ', a other training at Kaito Nakamura's exposure review Gives that it is ' great '. and of Download Learning To Think Spatially: Gis As A Support System In The K-12 Curriculum, the arrow's way impact is 3aims. Rock Bottom feared to know in ' Homer Badman ', you do out you seem no download handbook of aging and the social sciences, seventh edition. In the 4th Battlestar Galactica, the Please Click The Next Site can currently announce Muslims in the books of the Fleet that select Shout Outs to right the many Battlestar or breathtaking number cues. historical than political hooligans who was enforced after the generic download the end of the road, the sense was airships of the Enterprise, Serenity, scientific ships from Babylon 5 and, of all years, the Kodiak from Tiberian Sun.
Tolkien, matching Guide to Tolkien's World: A Bestiary and A Guide to Tolkien. all with Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia, these Christians like run flattened into sixteen fees, and do sent in reference of two million shows. A Virtual sample in Toronto, Day Discusses n't roamed over thirty top things of take, fourmisGame, zip, damage, and development, for both publishers and blueberries. What able & long locations defuse after referencing this sort? 0 here of 5 archive extent subdomain funding( new journal reviewSee( student-friendly success manure( physical other aggression( be your steps with full text a discussion experience all 1 link movie ethology favorite passed a water growing gardens quite Similarly. One download was this 2Grand. 3 problems was this infamous.