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Debates on the Affirmative Action Policy
Affirmative action, a historically polarizing policy to our country, is widely seen as a noble effort by many but was controversial from its inception in the civil rights era America. By definition, it is the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against in the past. While this may seem to appear beneficial to minorities and those who have been historically discriminated against, there are many Americans who are firmly against this ideology, claiming that it is unnecessary, unfair and that it worsens racial tensions. Richard Rodriguez, the controversial Mexican author of Hunger of Memory, sharply criticizes affirmative action, as he believes that it leverages the force of multiculturalism as a way of reshuffling the idea and image we hold of our countries elites, all the while never redistributing resources or educating underserved communities. As the years go on, the debate on the policy continues, which leaves policy-makers and employers struggling with questions alike. Can employers and colleges make the right decision between promoting minority groups' opportunities and dealing with reverse discrimination? Are affirmative action programs necessary to make minorities equal and have a history of discrimination fixed, or are such programs the wrong way out of an increasingly urgent problem? Is affirmative action necessary in 2019?
Affirmative action, a policy designed to improve the number of minorities and females who have been scarce or nonexistent in schooling and the workforce, was created in the 1960s under the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson administrations as a strategy in the struggle for equal opportunity. The terms first use was actually by Kennedy himself, in a presidential order which encouraged federal contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed…without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin." President Lyndon B. Johnson established affirmative action in 1965, solidifying the strategy as government policy when he signed Executive Order 11246, which created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. To improve the recruitment of minority community employees, the order requires public contractors to adopt "affirmative action." An affirmative action program involves an analysis of the current workforce to determine whether the "protected groups" percentage in a given job classification is similar to those in the surrounding communities. If it is noted that certain practices have a discriminatory impact on the selection method, ethnicity and gender-conscious interventions may be needed to resolve the situation at hand. These actions may be voluntary or court-mandated, and the responsibility for providing equal opportunities would rest solely on the employer. Affirmative action programs had spread throughout the 1960s when schools and universities began recruiting African-American students aggressively. Although only government contractors were required to take such steps, certain personal employers also enacted affirmative policies. Many firms saw a diverse workforce as a competitive benefit and a way to improve their perception of the public and prevent the discriminatory prosecution.
Although the policy has been an accepted strategy for years, it has been argued that affirmative action programs have experienced limited success. Author Augustus J. Jones Jr. claims in his book Affirmative Talk, Affirmative Action that poor communication between the policy-makers and the employers is among one of the many reasons as to why the strategy is not as successful as it should be. These policies need to be clearly explained for employers to administer what needs to be done effectively. Another reason why the procedure is lacking in success is that there is a lack of adequate resources in the workforce for accommodating for affirmative action, as money, authority, and the staff must all be in order before taking on new employees. One tragic reason why affirmative action does not fully succeed is the fact that many employers who are responsible for carrying out the policies may be against the action, and will work against it. Rhetoric like "preferential treatment," "racial quotas," and "reverse discrimination" has created reservations amongst white Americans regarding the legitimacy of affirmative action, and deeply-rooted hatred and racism is something that can nearly never be broken.
Affirmative action critics claim that the policy gives special privileges to groups of individuals whose people are discriminated against. They also retain that affirmative action strategies lay down strict quotas so that possibilities are provided for people who otherwise are unqualified. This results in opposition to affirmative action due to creating "reverse discrimination" against white males. Concepts such as "preferential treatment, "minority set-asides," "managing diversity," and "reverse discrimination" have made white males across America disagree with the concept of affirmative action, and not much will change their stance on the matter, as they are the ones who are threatened by the existence of the policy. Some opponents of affirmative action argue that such strategies are social engineering and breach the Constitution. Discrimination against the white male is almost sanctioned, and thus, the subject of discrimination is merely reversed. The reasoning against reverse discrimination holds that females and members of minority groups receive preferential treatment in the field of employment (e.g., in acquiring employment opportunities) and in higher education institutions, in particular where previous discrimination can be documented.
The opposition has believed that systematically offering preference to individuals depending on the color of their skin or their gender is unfair and unlawful, and this has been a central talking point for the opposers for nearly half a century. In the 1970s, a reaction to affirmative action began to brew as critics, mainly white men, asserted that minorities and females, whom they claimed to be less skilled, were taking positions which they didn't rightfully earn. Richard Rodriguez touched upon this topic in Hunger of Memory, when he said, "White students in the seventies frequently complained to me about affirmative action. They said that the reason they couldn't get admitted to business school or the reason their fellowship application had been rejected was the minorities." (Rodriguez, 178.) This bias towards minorities who weren't fully qualified came to a boiling point in the late '70s, during the legal case of Allan Bakke. In 1978, the Court of Justice reached a landmark decision concerning affirmative action during the trial of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. Allan Bakke, a Caucasian male, filed a lawsuit against the medical school at UC Davis, which had previously rejected his application twice. A quota scheme had been used at the college, with the students of minority groups allocating 16 of its 100 places. Bakke asserted that he was refused entry because of his ethnicity, a breach of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which requires that no State shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws," as well as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prevents organizations receiving public resources from discriminating on the grounds of ethnicity.
Similar situations to this occur to this day, like the case of Fisher v. The University of Texas. Abigail Fisher, a white woman, applied for entry to the University of Texas in 2015 but was rejected. She did not qualify for the Top Ten Percent Plan in Texas, which ensures admission to the top ten percent of all high school graduates in the state. The college sees many variables, including ethnicity, for the remaining places. Fisher sued the University and claimed that the use of ethnicity as a factor in the admission system breached the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The District Court ruled that the entrance process for the University was constitutional and the United States The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal confirmed that. The Court ruled that the appeal court made an error in not implementing the rigorous level of inspection to university policy. The case was referred to the Supreme Court. The case was remitted, and the appeal court reaffirmed the judgment of the lower court by arguing that the use of ethnicity by the University of Texas as a factor in the recruitment system was adequately adapted to the lawful purpose of encouraging academic diversity and therefore met rigorous scrutiny. This goes to show that what the white male believes to be reverse discrimination continues to this day, just as it was in the '70s with Bakke.
As the opposition has long asserted that affirmative intervention is unfair and promotes so-called reverse discrimination against the white male, the supporters have argued that the continuation of affirmative action is essential to further socioeconomic equality between sexes. Affirmative action enables colleges and other organizations to retain diversity, which helps to remove ethnic and gender-based obstacles. Affirmative action is also essential to equalize the playing field after decades of discrimination for members of minority communities.
While many who oppose affirmative action believe that discrimination is a thing of the past, this couldn't be farther than the truth, as gender and race discrimination have been rampant for generations. What many of the ignorant opposition fail to realize is that minority groups genuinely have little to no opportunities when compared to their Caucasian counterparts, which can be exhibited when comparing the income and net worth of the average white household with the average black home. A Pew Research Center survey discovered that in 2013, the net worth of the white people who participated in the study is 13 times greater than that of blacks who participated (Stepler, 2016). According to the Institute for Women's Policy Research, in 2016 – 2017, the average weekly earnings for full-time black and Hispanic men were $710 and $690, while the average weekly earnings for the white male was $971 (Hegewisch, Williams-Baron, 2018). The Institute's article "The Gender Wage Gap: 2017 Earnings Differences by Race and Ethnicity" detailed that these disparities aren't only limited to racial groups, but females of all ethnicities as well. Women from all ethnic groups make significantly less when compared to their male counterparts, with women averaging 19.5 percent lower than men as of 2017. Hispanic women are going to have to wait until 2224, and black women are going to wait until 2119 to get equal pay as white men. It is quite evident that white men have an advantage in most things of the world, and affirmative action is necessary for the fight against discrimination by allowing groups of minorities more opportunities that are typically given to Caucasian males.
These inequities faced by American minorities are also clearly demonstrated in the continuing disparities in home ownership in the United States. Stanford's Center on Poverty and Inequality claims that as of 2014, 41% of black and 45% of Hispanic families live in owner-occupied housing, while this figure is 71% for white families (Martinovich, 2017). In the article "Significant Racial and Ethnic Disparities Still Exist, According to Stanford Report", Stanford's Center on Poverty and Inequality's annual "State of the Union" report found that approximately 1 in 6 black and Hispanic families spend more than 50% of their revenue on housing, leaving them with fewer funds to pay on schooling, health care and other fundamental needs for their children, resulting in a downward spiral into a never-ending pit that is seemingly impossible to escape from. The main disparities are attributed to the development of household mortgages followed by the "New Deal" signed nearly 80 years earlier by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Colored families were disqualified from these mortgages. While white households used them and thrived, other minority families were left behind with nothing, and are still trying to catch up to this day. One out of four blacks and one out of five Hispanics are considered poor. When compared to whites and Asians, that figure is one in ten.
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Richard Rodriguez, the infamous writer of Hunger of Memory, believes that affirmative action keeps things the way they are rather than actually being beneficial to minorities. This is notable in Hunger of Memory, as he writes, "The strategy of affirmative action, finally, did not take the educational dilemma of disadvantaged students seriously. They need good early schooling!" (Rodriguez, 162.) Strongly against affirmative action, he believes categorizing all races in ineffective as well, because the wealth gaps in the minority race groups of America are quite large. In his book Hunger of Memory, he said" The policy of affirmative action, however, was never able to distinguish someone like me (a graduate student of English, ambitious for a college teaching career) from a slightly educated Mexican-American who lived in a barrio and worked as a menial laborer," (Rodriguez, 161,) which perfectly paints a picture of this point. This is not only true within individual race groups themselves, but also with entire race groups as a whole making vastly different amounts of income. Asian men are reportedly making much more when compared to their fellow minorities, as they made nearly double the median weekly earnings of Hispanic men in 2017. This is a result of colorism, which is very much alive today and has an effect on all discrimination to American minorities. A study of immigrants recently linked lighter skin and higher income, which stated that discrimination is the chief reason that lighter-skinned immigrants in the United States make more money than those with darker complexions. Joni Hersch, a law and economics lecturer at Vanderbilt University, examined a public study of 2,084 legal immigrants in the United States from around the globe and discovered that immigrants with the lightest skin gained an average of 8% to 15% more than comparable individuals with much darker skin (AP, 2007). "On average," Dr. Hersch said, "being one shade lighter has about the same effect as having an additional year of education."
Hunger of Memory, the story of Mexican-American Richard Rodriguez, details the evolution of his education, along with his thoughts on affirmative action. Those who were already opposed to affirmative action and bilingual schooling discovered an excellent "minority" witness in Rodriguez. Those who are ideologically devoted to these programs have vilified him as a traitor. Neither party is much concerned in the beauty of his quiet disclosure of the proof of his own experience. He believes that it is unfair, and he does not like that he is considered someone who is under the umbrella of a minority. He believes affirmative action is essentially discriminatory, and fully realizes this while he was in a harsh discussion with an assistant graduate student, who was a Jewish person with an outstanding record as Rodriguez, but who has no work opportunities, while renowned colleges compete to give Rodriguez a position. Rodriguez says during this talk that his "mind reared—spooked and turning—then broke toward a reckless idea: Leave the university. Leave" (Rodriguez, 184.) This talk affected him so much that he gives up all job offers that he had lined up without looking back. Rodriguez also acknowledges that affirmative action harmed learners themselves. There was an evident lack of education and qualifications for many Black Americans who were admitted to a university because they had no prior opportunities at the time. The students in the minority groups struggled as Richard saw that teachers were either leaving them and turning their backs if they were not, or pushing them to the next class out of pity. Some learners were at Richard's graduate college and never wrote a thesis. Richard asks if these consequences help the student in minority progress, which they don't. This is seen in Hunger of Memory when Richard said, "Teachers confronted with evidence of a student's poor comprehension found it easiest to dispense a grade that moved a student toward meaningless graduation. The new minority students had been treated with such generosity before. That is how many of them had passed through twelve years of grammar and high school, in the end still needing to be considered culturally disadvantaged. My experience was different." (Rodriguez, 165.)
In conclusion, there are many pros and cons to the concept of affirmative action, and there is no distinct black or white when comparing the two sides of the coin.
While the noble intentions of the strategy are clear, it is easy to see how it can be discriminatory against the white male in an educational setting or the workforce. Reformation of the policy needs to be done to accommodate both sides better, as it is clear that no one will ever be happy with the system that is in place today. Something needs to be done to equalize the disparity between the average black and average white American household, and this is something that can balance it out, as the concept honestly sounds promising. There needs to be less leniency on the quality of work that the chosen minorities display, as performance is more critical than meeting the quota. In the state affirmative action is in now, it is going to continue to produce nothing, but with the right fixes to the system, it will for sure benefit us all.
Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: the Education of Richard Rodriguez ; an Autobiography. Bantam Books, 1983.
Stepler, Renee, and Renee Stepler. "5 Key Takeaways about Views of Race and Inequality in America." Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 27 June 2016, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/27/key-takeaways-race-and-inequality/.
Hegewisch, Ariane, and Emma Williams-Baron. "The Gender Wage Gap: 2017 Earnings Differences by Race and Ethnicity." Institute for Women's Policy Research, Institute for Women's Policy Research, 7 Mar. 2018, iwpr.org/publications/gender-wage-gap-2017-race-ethnicity/.
Martinovich, Milenko. "Report Finds Significant Racial and Ethnic Disparities." Stanford News, Stanford University, 17 June 2017, news.stanford.edu/2017/06/16/report-finds-significant-racial-ethnic-disparities/.
The Associated Press. "Study of Immigrants Links Lighter Skin and Higher Income." The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Jan. 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/28immig.html.
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At the fifth attempt and after four managers failing, the Hatters are back in the Football League. Recruiting John Still was a master-stroke, the 64 year old showed patience and experience to glide Luton Town to the title. With the largest support onside, Kenilworth Road's pressure filled atmosphere from previous seasons was lifted. A winning margin of 19 points and a goal difference of +67 are Conference records, their unbeaten run of 27 matches a club record as well as their 23 clean sheets. Goalscoring was never a problem, the club fell one shy of equalling another landmark. The second month of 2014 saw the Hatters pull away at the top. February's run included a 7-0 victory over Hereford United followed by scoring five against Nuneaton Town and Wrexham, results which signalled their intent. A century of points and 102 goals, striker Andre Gray grabbed 30 of those to take the golden boot. Still strengthened his personnel throughout the campaign with notable contributions from loanee Paul Benson, who netted 17 goals and midfielder Pelly Ruddock. Supporters will now feel justice has been done on the pitch, after the way the club suffered administration and points deductions leading to the Hertfordshire club's demise. After seven painful years sliding down the football pyramid, Luton Town have begun their climb back up.
Did you know…Luton Town's title party in their penultimate game attracted a crowd of 10044, the highest in the Conference Premier since Oxford United's 10298 versus Northwich Victoria in 2009.
Deservedly promoted, the pace setters at the beginning of the campaign looked to have the makings of a championship winning team. Opening with a 5-1 win against newboys FC Halifax Town, the club set off on a 16 game unbeaten run, the second best start to a Conference Premier season. Not many could breach the U's defence, who along with champions Luton Town conceded the fewest goals. Manager, Richard Money had strikers to his disposal but couldn't find that 20 goal a season man. Kwesi Appiah looked likely scoring ten in 14 league appearances but he was only a loan signing and was recalled, a longer spell may have provided what the U's needed. A tight unit at the back and a strong midfield kept his side in the title race until the end of February. Money made no secret of the fact that the successful F.A Trophy campaign became a distraction. The outspoken boss prioritised promotion and even wanted to be done with F.A Trophy replays. Once Cambridge United reached Wembley then failure wasn't an option, a 4-0 win over Conference South side Gosport Borough handed the U's the trophy. The playoff spot was secured with a 7-2 victory at Hyde, the biggest away win in this season's league. With a trophy in the cabinet and the campaign extended, the U's took their foot off the gas losing their last four matches without scoring. Money and company returned to the venue where they lifted silverware by making the playoff final. It was third time lucky for Cambridge United who became the first team to reach Wembley three times via the Conference Premier playoff, the U's lost both in 2008 and 2009. Former Gateshead striker Ryan Donaldson scored what turned out to be the winner in a 2-1 triumph to take the U's back into the Football League.
Did you know…Cambridge United were the only unbeaten Conference Premier team against champions Luton Town, the run also includes two F.A Trophy ties. The U's also had the best disciplinary record picking up just 29 yellow cards and one red in the 46 league games.
When Gateshead, in one of its former guises exited the Football League 54 years ago the road heading back has been long and windy. Although the club is not there yet, it looked a long way off in August when the Heed lost their first four matches. A draw and a win was not enough for Anth Smith to persuade him to stay as he offered Chairman, Graham Wood his resignation. The news leaked on social media leaving Smith's position untenable, not a ideal start to the campaign. Along came Gary Mills, successful in taking York City to playoff and F.A Trophy glory in 2012. Mills made the Heed a tough team to beat and with the passing style built up over the last few campaigns guided his team upwards. Six wins from seven in late September and to the end of October stealthily moved the Heed into the top half. By mid January the Tynesiders reached fourth and even after a small blip the following month wasn't enough to put Gateshead off. Ending this term on 12 matches unbeaten secured the clubs highest ever non league finish. The form team often triumphs in the playoffs and Gateshead defeated Grimsby Town 4-2 on aggregate, thanks to two late goals. Reaching Wembley for the first time in their history the Heed faced third placed Cambridge United who ended with the worst form out of the playoff contenders. The form book was torn up when Gateshead missed out on a long awaited return to the Football League.
Did you know…Compared to last season's final standings, Gateshead are the biggest movers up the table climbing 14 positions. In 2012/13 the club finished 17th.
Always within a shout for promotion the Mariners matched last year's placing with five fewer points. The backbone of the side remained from last campaign but the managerial team changed. In September, Rob Scott was suspended and left Paul Hurst in sole charge of the club, at this point Grimsby Town's indifferent start left them in eighth. Form was found at the end of September after beating Dartford 5-2, Hurst's team tasted just two defeats in 12 leaving them in a strong position. The nearly men of last season, F.A Trophy runners up followed by a playoff semi-final loss, almost slipped back out of contention and despite a fixture backlog Grimsby Town kept in touch. An incredible 16 league matches in the final two months, playing mostly Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday's the Mariners had a strong end to the season. Ross Hannah top scored for the Lincolnshire club and Craig Disley chipped in from midfield. Once again, Grimsby Town came so close losing two more semi-finals. A two legged defeat against eventual winners Cambridge United in the F.A Trophy was followed by more playoff heartbreak, this time versus Gateshead. No doubt that the Mariners will be amongst the favourites next time round but competition in the Conference Premier is only getting tougher.
Did you know…Out of the 11 away victories Grimsby Town recorded they only conceded three times. On the road, the Mariners boasted the second best record and defence.
An astounding home record and a superb end to the campaign earned 2013's Conference North playoff winners another crack at the end of season lottery. Only this time the jackpot was bigger with a place in the Football League. Since the dissolution of Halifax Town, the new FC Halifax Town continued their rise towards where they feel they belong. Opening their campaign in the worst possible fashion, with a 5-1 away loss at Cambridge United and ending the match with nine men, the Shaymen grew in stature throughout the season. Almost unbeatable in the league at the Shay, the Yorkshire club chalked up 16 wins, six draws and a defeat at home. Outscoring all but the champions with the help of 29 strikes by the excellent Lee Gregory, FC Halifax Town deserved a shot at the playoffs. A run of nine wins from ten in March up to mid April, in which they dropped two points and kept an astonishing seven clean sheets in a row secured fifth spot. The playoffs were a step too far, after an obligatory win at the Shay their one goal lead wasn't enough. Cambridge United turned the tie around in the second leg winning 2-1 on aggregate. However, defeat shouldn't take anything away from what the Shaymen achieved in 2013/14. If Neil Aspin can keep his squad together then it surely won't be long until FC Halifax Town for another shot at the big time.
Did you know…Gregory may have rattled in the goals but it wasn't a one man team in front of the opposition's net. The Shaymen had 22 different goalscorers, the most by any club this term.
Goal difference denied Braintree Town with the tag of best part time team in the country last season. This time the Irons convincingly took the honours but strangely ended up disappointed. With a fixture backlog as horrendous as Grimsby Town's, Alan Devonshire's group of semi-professionals dug deep to the very end to try and gatecrash the playoffs. Unable to overturn FC Halifax Town's three point cushion on the final day of the season, the Essex club can be extremely proud of what they achieved. Once more, Devonshire has guided his team to their highest ever league position for the fourth year in a row, Braintree Town continue to defy the odds. With a small budget and an average attendance of just under 1000, Devonshire kept the majority of last season's squad and that familiarity has been beneficial for the Iron. The Essex club surprisingly kept up with top five pace all campaign. The only reason Braintree Town dropped to 17th is because they played just three league matches throughout the whole of January and February. All of which makes the efforts of the part time squad in the closing stages of the season even more wonderful. Ten games in March and a further nine in April should have tired the Iron out, they kept pushing and against the odds picked up a win at Luton Town to spoil a promotion party. Devonshire certainly got the best out of a small squad and once again the Conference Premier sat up and took notice of Braintree Town's achievement.
Did you know…Braintree Town have improved their final league position for the last five campaigns. The Iron in the Conference South ended 14th, 7th and 1st. Whilst in the Conference Premier they have finished 12th, 9th and 6th.
Runners up a year ago Harriers set their sights high this term. Unfortunately, they couldn't repeat the incredible run of 25 wins from the last 29 games in 2012/13. A decent home record at Aggborough was counteracted by below average away form, including heavy defeats against the top two (6-0 v Luton Town and 5-1 v Cambridge United). In fact it was the thrashing at Kenilworth Road which effectively ended Steve Burr's reign when chairman Mark Serrell sacked him to help achieve thier "aim of promotion to the Football League". Harriers had drawn with League One Peterborough United in the F.A Cup before the announcement. The F.A Cup itself was a welcome distraction with the club reaching the fourth round. Sutton United and Newport County AFC were soundly beaten, Peterborough United defeated in a replay and Premier League Sunderland pushed to the end. A 1-0 defeat at the Stadium of Light brought the cup curtains down but the run put Joe Lolley (nine league goals) in the shop window, snapped up by championship side Huddersfield Town. Immediately after Burr came former Coventry City boss Andy Thorn who lasted two months before the axe fell on him. In February, Mark Serrell was the next to go after online criticism overstepped the mark, the chairman stepped down with Kidderminster Harriers in tenth. Stability was needed and so the club promoted from within. New chairman Ken Rae appointed Gary Whild who was Burr's second hand man, Whild earned the right to become manager in March. With more to talk about off the field than on, the Worcestershire club will want to put this campaign behind them.
Did you know…The Harriers matched last seasons home record with 15 wins, four draws and four defeats, they did score four less goals but conceded the same.
Season number one at the newly built Hive started with a Champions League winner as coach, a 3-0 home win and an opening month of promise. Edgar Davids begun life in the Conference Premier with victory against Chester and ended with defeat versus the same side. At the end of August the Bees were in second spot, hope in North London of a return to the Football League at the first attempt was growing. One win in September put a damper on those hopes and failure to turn a point into three cost the Bees. Barnet lacked goals for the position they finished only grinding out wins and draws. A three month spell of one defeat in 12 lifted the Hertfordshire side to the playoffs. A peak was always followed by a trough and a frustrated Davids ended his coaching role by mutual consent. Barnet were capable of putting a run of victories together, five at the most but they could also suffer consecutive defeats, four in March. A familiar face returned, Martin Allen took charge of the club for a fourth time in his managerial career and his appointment may see a different Barnet next term.
Did you know…Barnet recorded the most wins by a single goal (14) including nine 1-0 wins, the most in the league alongside Cambridge United.
The Cards can be content with their second season back in the Conference Premier. An improvement of six points and three places on 2012/13 consolidated Woking's status. It wasn't all plain sailing for manager Garry Hill who had to tweak his squad to get he desired results. Only three wins in the opening 17 games left the Surrey club in the relegation zone. Averaging a goal a game, Hill felt more was required from his attack so in came Jack Marriott on loan from Ipswich Town. An immediate impact was made when he scored a brace on his debut in a 3-0 win against Dartford. The 19 year old netted 12 in 22 games over two spells with the Cards. The coup of former Luton Town striker Scott Rendell in January added more verve up front, the experienced 27 year old added 17 goals to the for column. When the two played together they combined to score 24 goals in 21 matches. Woking steadily lifted themselves to ninth by close of play, which included a run of six straight victories in March through to the first week of April. Away from the Kingfield Stadium Woking weren't afraid to attack, recording the second highest amount of away goals only bettered by champions Luton Town. Behind the strike force summer signing Josh Payne impressed earning Supporters and Players' Player of the Year awards, the England C international featured in 40 matches. Woking will be delighted with a top ten finish, a stable squad and a boss who will approach his fourth full campaign in charge at Kingsfield Stadium.
Did you know…Woking conceded just four goals in the fifteen minutes leading up to half time, the fewest by any team this season.
Always amongst the favourites come the end of the summer break, their 8-0 opening day win backed up their tag. Starting the season with the attacking force of Wrexham's top scorer in 2012/13 Danny Wright, Matty Taylor, James Norwood and Matthew Barnes-Homer, who top scored for Macclesfield Town the previous season, Rovers on paper looked strong. Dave Hockaday had assembled a squad he felt could mount a challenge knowing this could possibly be his last chance, and it was. Three months into the campaign Hockaday left by mutual consent. Forest Green Rovers were sitting in a disappointing 16th after a run of three points from 24. What Hockaday failed to realise is goals win games but not when you're conceding at the wrong end. Former assistant Gary Seward was placed in charge but he too left after just a game. Seward was hoping to get the job but when he learned he wouldn't, the 52 year old departed. So on to Adrian Pennock, who left Welling United in 2007 for a coaching role at Stoke City. Pennock improved performances ever so slightly but the Gloucestershire club continued to blow hot and cold throughout the campaign. When Barnes-Homer left in January the experienced Lee Hughes arrived to keep an attacking force flowing. In midfield the scoring exploits of Yan Klukowski added a dozen more to the for column, the club finished third highest scorers. Klukowski's own feats broke a club record of 48 Conference Premier goals. Rovers had a decent record on their own patch but failed to record an away win against any team above them in the table. If their defence had been tighter on their travels then certainly Forest Green Rovers would have finished further up the standings. Instead they had to settle for a third consecutive tenth place finish.
Did you know…Outside of the top six Forest Green Rovers had the biggest goal difference of +14. When they finished tenth last season they had the biggest goal difference outside of the top five with +14.
Another improvement on the previous year left Alfreton Town feeling dizzy from such great heights. The Reds best achievement was entering unknown territory by flirting with the idea of reaching the playoffs. When they beat Barnet at home in September and occupied third spot pundits thought it was a one off, and it was for another three months. The Derbyshire club dropped out of the top five until a 2-1 home win versus Southport in their last game of 2013, a win which took them back to third place. What was most surprising was the Reds held their position for the next 13 out of 14 matchdays. By the end of March a serious challenge for the playoffs had reached its pinnacle, Alfreton Town were being taken seriously. The season was a month too long, for a club on a low budget with average crowds of 800 it was always difficult to compete the full distance. In the final months the Reds faded picking up just two points, the Derbyshire side ended the campaign without a win in their final eight fixtures. When chairman Wayne Bradley said in the summer that manager Nicky Law was "possibly worth four places in the league table" he was right. Deducted three points for an illegible player, fielded against Kidderminster Harriers in December, Alfreton Town would have finished ninth, an improvement of four places on the previous campaign. Law kept some key players from last season's squad like Adam Clayton and added John Akinde, experienced John McGrath and later Shaun Harrad. Akinde top scored with 17 whilst Harrad chipped in with seven in 13 starts. A fantastic season for Alfreton Town, all this for a team that reverted back to part time football in the summer.
Did you know…At home Alfreton Town only lost one game against the teams that finished above them. The Reds picked up more points per game than any other club against teams in the top half of the Conference Premier.
Four years on and Salisbury City have gone full circle, in 2010 the Wiltshire club were demoted having finished in twelfth. Two playoff victories in three seasons saw the Whites back in the Conference Premier finishing back in twelfth again. Their return started with the summer news that Darrell Clarke vacated the manager role for an assistant position at Bristol Rovers. Salisbury City appointed the youngest full time manager Mikey Harris, 28 years old. Harris did an excellent job for the Whites but had to learn quickly when his side lost their opening three games. Learn they did, the Whites came back with an eight match unbeaten run where they dropped just four points. The rest of the campaign went by inconsistently and only twice more Salisbury City won consecutive matches but never more than two, likewise the same could be said about draws and defeats. Dan Fitchett contributed with 13 league goals and earned an England C call up and last season's top scorer James White found the net 11 times. Elliott Frear impressed along with team mate Angus MacDonald who was also chosen to wear the Three Lions shirt in a C international. Towards the end of the campaign former Dart, Charlie Sheringham returned to Conference Premier football scoring five in seven appearances. Off the field Salisbury City continue to struggle reaching the crowds they desire, averaging just over a 1000 the Whites initiative to attract double the amount of people walking through the turnstiles haven't paid off. In December 2013, the club confirmed they had exited administration after five years of financial trouble. With crowds as low as they are, the club announced in early April that they still operate at a loss and are struggling to sustain football at Conference Premier level. Off the field Salisbury City could also be heading in a full circle..
Did you know…Salisbury City attempted the fewest shots at goal this season. The Whites had 357 efforts with 46% hitting the target and 58 resulting in goals.
The season was just too long for Nuneaton Town, who were playoff contenders up until the end of March. Incredibly, Boro topped the table after nine games winning seven and going unbeaten. The strike partnership of Andy Brown and Louis Moult flourished in the first ten games of the campaign with the couple scoring 13 of the team's 17 goals. Manager Kevin Wilkin managed to take the tail end of last season's form into 2013/14. The next nine fixtures went by without victory but Boro managed to string four wins in a row to get out of the barren spell. By the end of the year Nuneaton Town were in a very respectable seventh. It was in 2014 when Boro's inconsistencies took over by showing form more akin to where they finished the campaign. Wilkin who had been in charge since 2006, won three promotions via the playoffs, taking Boro from the Southern League Division One Midlands up to the Conference Premier. In March, the 46 year old was tempted by Wrexham and switched allegiances. After the change in manager Nuneaton Town ended the campaign on a slump, winning one from their last nine fixtures. It will be down to former Ayr United boss Brian Reid to lead the club next term, the Scotsman managed the final three games picking up a win, loss and draw. What Boro did do well was beat the teams below them, at Liberty Way they defeated the bottom ten and away from home lost just twice. The Warwickshire club will have good memories of 2013/14 with their time in the early limelight. Performances from certain players were noted such as Gareth Dean, James Belshaw, James Armson and Moult who all represented the England C squad this term.
Did you know…Boro recorded their best unbeaten start (9 games) to any of their previous Conference Premier season's including under their former guise as Nuneaton Borough.
Small progress has been made by the Imps since sliding into the Conference Premier league in 2011. The Imps have gained three positions since their return as they continue to struggle to find the right balance. At Sincil Bank they had the fourth best defence but scored only 30. Whereas the same number of goals scored away from home registered the fourth best attack. A sound start to the campaign featured four wins, a draw and a defeat leaving Lincoln City in fourth spot. An average September threatened to derail Gary Simpson's team and eventually the coming months did. October to early January was bleak, the club picked up just eight points and recorded one victory in 14 attempts. Relegation form had hit the club with Simpson cautiously looking over his shoulder. However, the manager's experience and his side finding the net with more frequency managed to settle nerves around Sincil Bank. The final stretch from February to the end of the season saw a return to earlier form. If the campaign started on 1 February the Imps would have finished in the final playoff spot. Ben Tomlinson who was signed in the summer had a decent début season scoring 18 league goals. In defence Tom Miller impressed winning the club's Player of the Season and being put on England C standby.
Similar to last season, a couple of goalscorers and a F.A Cup run were the highlights of the Silkmen's campaign. In 2012/13 the club reached the F.A Cup fourth round losing to the eventual winners. This time they reached the third round going out to Championship side Sheffield Wednesday, after a replay. A year ago, Matthew Barnes-Homer and Wade Fairhurst scored 31 between them, both players left in the summer. This season Scott Boden top scored with 18 goals and loanee Connor Jennings netted an incredible 14 in 16 appearances, the pair notching more than half the Silkmen's goalscoring total. It was no coincidence that Macclesfield Town's best part of the campaign coincided with Jennings breaking into the first eleven. Before the campaign even started the Cheshire club faced difficulties off the pitch announcing they needed £50,000 to keep going, after ending last term half a million pounds in debt. Desperate for cash the Silkmen toyed with the idea of selling a chance to play hoping to raise £20,000, the offer was later withdrawn. When John Askey opened his first full season in charge with no wins in the first nine fixtures, supporters became concerned. Cue the first of Jennings' goals and a climb up the ladder, until the 22 year old striker left at the end of February. Although safe, March and April just passed the club by. Knowing Conference Premier football was guaranteed the Cheshire side slipped back into their lowest league finish for 21 years.
Did you know…John Askey used just 23 players in this season's Conference Premier campaign, the least amount of players used by any team. It's not surprising the Silkmen only had ten different goalscorers, also the fewest.
Champions of the Conference South returned to the Conference Premier after a thirteen year spell away from the top flight of non league football. Manager, Jamie Day has now spent almost five years at Park View Road and has improved the Wings league status in every full season he has been in the hot-seat. The Kent club had a steady start including a confidence boosting win against Grimsby Town. In September three consecutive victories left Welling United in a dizzy seventh spot. Over the course of the campaign the Wings on paper were inconsistent, but no more than you would expect for a newly promoted part time side with one of the lowest average attendances. Overall, you could argue results were consistent enough to get the job done to survive and build for next term. So much so that Jamie Day and his squad managed to tail off towards the end without fearing the dreaded drop zone. Welling United's mission was well and truly accomplished with the added bonus of reaching the F.A Cup second round. Last season's top scorer Ross Lafayette continued to find the net whilst Kurtis Guthrie impressed. A 5-2 triumph over Forest Green Rovers, reaching sixth in October and Joe Healy's stunning scissor kick which hit national headlines were all highlights. One blemish on record was a home defeat to the lowest ever points scorers in Conference Premier history. In a midweek January game, the Wings lost 1-0 to Hyde.
Did you know…The Wings won 601 free kicks, more than any other side at an average of 13 a game.
What a come down for the Welsh boys this term, finishing in their lowest ever position. Last season the club visited Wembley twice winning the F.A Trophy and losing out on promotion via the playoffs. Andy Morrell remained in charge with the weight of expectation on his shoulders. After three campaigns finishing in the top five and missing out on a return to the Football League, the Reds came nowhere near this time around. An opening day win against Welling United was the highest position they reached all season, the remainder of the campaign disappeared into obscurity. Wrexham failed to win more than two games in a row and the only consistent spell was a six match winless streak after the opening day victory. The third best supported side in the league were left just as disappointed as Morrell and on 24 February he resigned. The Welsh club took their time with a new appointment and a month later Kevin Wilkin joined after impressing at Nuneaton Town. With the strikers at Wrexham's disposal it was Johnny Hunt, not your out and out striker that found the net the most. Coupled with the fact the Reds conceded more goals than ever in any of their previous Conference Premier seasons confirmed why Wrexham finished as lowly as they did. The Racecourse Ground will see some rebuilding in the summer as Wilkin looks to stamp his mark on a club desperate to emulate the recent successes of Welsh sides.
Did you know…Leading up to half time, Wrexham lacked concentration conceding the most (16) in the fifteen minutes before the break.
A home record worthy of the top ten was the main reason the Sandgrounders survived with a game to spare. Southport picked up one win on the road all season against bottom club Hyde. Heavy defeats included 5-1 away to Aldershot Town and 4-1 losses at Tamworth and Hereford United, all teams around them in the league standings. At Haig Avenue, the Merseysiders beat the top five, Luton Town and Cambridge United 1-0 and Gateshead, Grimsby Town and FC Halifax Town 2-1. All was going just swimmingly in the first month with Southport winning four from six and ending August in fifth. Then the next 24 matches yielded just three wins as the club slid into a relegation battle. During that run the club would bid farewell to Alan Wright who lasted just seven months in charge. Southport opted for experience to keep the side afloat and out of harms way, John Coleman who had success with Accrington Stanley. It took a while for Coleman to get his side to gel, picking up one league win in his first nine Conference Premier matches. In February and March the Sandgrounders found form with Dan Hattersley and Karl Ledsham finding the net more regularly. Out of the teams down at the bottom, Southport looked like they had the capabilities to survive but it wasn't easy. The final month of the campaign started slowly but then a win versus Tamworth edged the club closer to remaining a Conference Premier outfit, a feat confirmed on Easter Monday when they played FC Halifax Town at Haig Avenue.
Did you know…Southport's home form was their best in any of their previous Conference Premier campaigns. The Sandgrounders picked up 44 points at Haig Avenue and just nine points away from home.
It took the Shots seven games to break even after having ten points deducted at the start of 2013/14. That type of form would have had the Hampshire club safe by mid March but that would be too comfortable for their supporters. Two key factors in Aldershot Town's survival was the goal scoring prowess of Brett Williams, who finished behind Luton Town's Andre Gray and FC Halifax Town's Lee Gregory in the goalscoring chart, and a decent goal difference. If the club hadn't entered administration and suffered a points deduction they would have finished 15th. At home the Shots beat, with the exception of a final day defeat to Hereford United, everyone around them giving Andy Scott's side an edge in the battle. A second relegation in a row would have been disastrous for Aldershot Town but with a clean slate next term, under chairman Shahid Azeem, who took over the club in August, the Shots can look to the future. The Hampshire outfit will hope that glimpses of that future comes from back to back home games when they beat Southport 5-1, Braintree Town 2-1 and Tamworth 6-0. Prior the trio of triumphs Aldershot Town lost succesive away matches 4-0 to Cambridge United and FC Halifax Town. As the club was still involved in a battle to stave of Conference South football, in April with four to play they were in the relegation zone. Andy Scott and company showed character in the final stretch with an inspired Williams firing them to within safety. On the final day a bizarre set of results was required to condemn the Shots to the second tier of non league football. Had it not been for a Good Friday win at Woking their final game versus Hereford United would have potentially been win or bust.
Did you know…The Recreation Ground hosted the most Conference Premier goals this season when 80 were scored, the same amount as Luton Town's Kenilworth Road.
For the Bulls instructions for the final day of the season was to win. If ever their was a hero in Herefordshire in 2013/14 then step forward Michael Rankine. After Good Friday, Hereford United were two points behind Chester going into the last match of the campaign. All the club could do was beat Aldershot Town and hope results go their way, anything less then the financial mess would get worse with a drop down a division. At 3.15pm the Bulls looked down and out when news filtered through that Chester took the lead against Salisbury City. Sam Smith gave Hereford United hope with a goal against the Shots and when Salisbury City levelled that hope grew. Chester went ahead once more and even worse the Bulls conceded, the clock ticked down, the direction Hereford United were heading. With four minutes of the season remaining drama unfolded, James White equalised at Chester to make it 2-2. Then, Michael Rankine added his name to Hereford United folklore netting the winner two minutes from time, the Bulls survived. Confidence at Edgar Street had nose dived so quickly in 2014 and the off field problems accelerated the decline. A dozen games without a win included a 7-0 thrashing against champions Luton Town, and five games without a goal. February and March saw Martin Foyle's side score just three times and poor form ended Foyle's spell in charge. Caretaker Manager, Peter Beadle saw out the campaign leaving him with plenty to do in the final month of the season. Throughout the last two years the club has struggled financially, so desperate for cash bucket collections were organised and donations accepted. To the teams around them this was a bitter pill to swallow as the club survived on goal difference.
Did you know…The Bulls were the slowest starters this season when they registered just two goals in the opening the fifteen minutes of league games.
After one season the Blues return to the Conference North in heartbreaking circumstances. From the very beginning Chester struggled to adapt to the step up losing their opening five matches. Fans were given an August Bank Holiday to remember as over 6000 turned out at Wrexham's Racecourse Ground to see Chester win 2-0 in the cross border derby. Although in the next four months wins were hard to come by, the defeats were less frequent and the Blues ability to draw kept them within touching distance of safety. Neil Young who had taken Chester up the pyramid left by mutual consent in January with the club third from bottom. Former Kidderminster Harriers boss Steve Burr arrived and made an immediate impact winning his first two games. For the first time the Blues had a long spell out of the relegation zone which lasted 19 matches, the run needed to last just one more. Facing Salisbury City in the final game, the Blues held a two point advantage which increased a couple of times before being pegged back to two points again. Twice Chester took the lead and at 2-1 up with four minutes to go a four point cushion was enough but then Salisbury City equalised reducing the gap to two again. Two minutes later in Hampshire, the favour they wanted from Aldershot Town wasn't forthcoming and Hereford United's late winner closed that two point gap. Finishing level on points is a harsh way to go down, the Blues outscored Hereford United throughout the campaign but the extra goals conceded were costly. Chester were relegated on goal difference, a heartbreaking way to drop out of the Conference Premier.
Did you know…Chester picked up the most yellow and red cards this season as they finished bottom of the fair play league. The Blues racked up 95 cautions and 11 dismissals.
History repeated itself for the Darts as they suffered the second season syndrome becoming synonomous with Conference South playoff winners. Twenty eight years ago, Dartford followed up a third place finish with relegation in the next campaign, this time last term's eighth place was overshadowed by another relegation. From best part time team in the country to the Conference South, Dartford struggled to attract enough firepower despite the signings of Adam Birchall and Jason Prior in the summer, Birchall's loan was not renewed and Prior suffered injury. Away from Princes Park goals leaked at the wrong end and by October the Darts were just above water. Tony Burman lost the services of creative winger Ryan Hayes in November, a ten game losing streak that month through to December left the club in perilous trouble. Relying on the loan market for Cambridge United's Rory McAuley and Luton Town duo Jim Stevenson and Alex Wall temporarily turned fortunes around. In January and February, the Kent side were defeated only once in eight games with their defence tightening up. Crucial dropped points against relegation rivals Aldershot Town, Southport then Chester and with Wall being recalled, hopes of a an escape ended on Easter Monday with the season ending on a four game losing streak.
Did you know…In their 125th year, Dartford equalled a club record of ten defeats in a row. The Darts suffered the same fate in November and December that they did in the 1938/39 and 1952/53 seasons.
A five year stay in the Conference Premier ended before Easter. During their spell in the top tier of non league they never finished higher than 16th. When Tamworth were relegated seven years ago it took the club just two attempts to return, fans will be hoping for a swift comeback. The Staffordshire side once again went through a large turnover of players, stability on the pitch cost Tamworth. An unbeaten run of three matches at the beginning of the campaign was as good as life got for the Lambs, back to back wins only arrived once relegation was confirmed. Dale Belford led the club for a full term having previously been caretaker manager on three occasions. With an experienced front-line in Darren Byfield, Justin Richards and Nick Chadwick the trio failed to score the goals the club hoped. Only Hyde stopped Tamworth from finishing bottom in a few main statistics, the Lambs had the second worst home record, goals scored away from home and overall defence. Only five players started more than 30 games compared to 24 players who managed less than ten starts. From 21 December 2013, Tamworth climbed out of the drop zone once and that was when they drew with Hyde. Belford's boys soon fell back through the trapdoor and one win in 17 attempts made the Lambs certain for relegation, the poor sequence also included a five match spell without a goal. Last season Adam Cunnington's goals kept Tamworth up, this time there was no one to make up for a leaky defence resulting in a poor campaign and a bottom four finish.
Did you know…The Lambs conceded 592 free kicks, the most by any Conference Premier side and used the most players (43).
Did you know…Hyde have set a new unwanted record of lowest points (10) gained in a Conference Premier season breaking the 18 points Leigh RMI managed in 2004/05.


GR: You may find it interesting that Indians are calling for government intervention to slow population growth. They already tried that beginning in the 1960's. They failed. Stephen Hawking believes that humanity will destroy life on this planet and must move to the stars or die. Notwithstanding the emigration imperative, I plan to refuse to enter the B Ark when exit time comes.
"India has made great economic strides in recent decades. During that time, the country's middle class has grown considerably even as there is controversy as to how much. Nevertheless, a dark cloud hangs over India's future, and that cloud is overpopulation.There may be as few as 2,200 wild tigers in India today. In 1900,there were an estimated 100,000 in multiple countries.
"With a current population of 1.25 billion, India is a country with approximately four times the population of the United States with only one-third the land area. And the numbers continue rising. Within the next ten years, India will pass China to become the world's most populous country. By 2050, if current trends hold, India will add 450 million more people – a figure considerably higher than the current U.S. population of 320 million.
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Gertrude Krupa, 93
McMinnville resident and Van Buren County native Gertrude Krupa, 93, was born Jan. 7, 1924 and died June 11 at Webb House Retirement Center in McMinnville.A homemaker and a member of Central Church of Christ, she was the daughter of the late V.B. and Cordelia Davis Carmack. She was married to Andrew Krupa, who preceded her in death on Feb. 11, 2002. In addition to her husband and parents, she was preceded in death by three sisters, Stella Burks, Ruth Kennerly and Zella Curtis; and two brothers, Elmer and Lester Carmack.She is survived by four daughters and sons-in-law, Carol and Gary Johnson of Warren, Mich., Anita Pahman of Town Creek, Ala., Janet and Willie Taylor of Chase, Mich. and Janice and Larry Boyd of McMinnville; son and daughter-in-law, Ronald and Gala Krupa of Laceys Spring, Ala.; 14 grandchildren, 26 great-grandchildren and one great-great-grandchild; and two sisters, Dorothy Cope of Spencer and Bobbie Hall of Nashville.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Business Blogging
Best Tech Blogs and Websites You Must Follow 2020
By Nob6 Team October 15, 2020 Business Blogging, Featured, Tech, Technology, Top 10 0 Comments
Is your browsing history teeming with technology-related sites? Are you looking for the best tech blogs worldwide to follow on the Internet? Are you concerned about yourself as a tech enthusiast?
There are so many best tech bloggers or tech creatives who are respected nationally and have expertise in their field.
I have addressed the top 10+ best tech blogs and websites here, which are constantly updated with fresh content and ready to serve you the latest tech news worldwide.
Create A Blog – Free Guide
The latest research has shown that blogs are read by 77% of Internet users. In order to draw and engage more viewers, blogs have enormous strength. As the study indicates, based on the information in the blog, 84% of people purchased goods. Per day, 1/3 out of 25 35-year-olds read 2 to 5 blogs.
Top 10+ Technology Blogs and Websites
1. Phelix Info Blog
2. Technosharad
3. The Verge
4. Your Story
5. HellBound Bloggers
6. ReCode
7. Gizmodo
8. ITHubs
9. ReadWrite
10. LifeWire
Here is a list of the Best Tech Blogs and websites for technology that understand the role of words. Visitors should be well aware of modern gadgets, developments, and inventions by publishing insightful and engaging content from emerging technologies.
Phelix Info Solution listing in one of the highest growing Mobile App Development Companies they have highly expired in mobile app development and mobile app design. They deliver a premium product at Phelix Info Solution that can help customers increase these sales and expand the business quickly. They are experienced in the creation of mobile applications, web design, custom production, and web promotion. Since 2010, more than 3500 + projects have been active.
Technosharad is one of the best blog creators across the world catering to the niche of technology and blogging. Technosharad is the original home for the latest update and viral content having an intersection in the niche of technology, earn money online, and many more. Technosharad is building the next generation of tech media companies based on delivering valuable content in a manner that encourages the efficiency of readers rather than page views and on-site time. Techno Sharad aggregates technical groups dedicated to particular topics of interest, such as affiliate marketing, Web Site Designing, blogging, and utilizing this modern and powerful form of content.
From the ground up, Technosharad in-house marketing specialists have revamped high-quality content blogs to Technosharad's dedicated audience. Technosharad offers better outcomes at an unrivaled value in partnership with our team of top-vetted freelancers from around the globe.
Because of Technosharad's quick growth and developments, Technosharad is humbly considered thought leaders by many in our room. You will still find Techno Sharad leading the way, regardless of market dynamics or emerging trends, to help our audience achieve sustainable business advantage and remain ahead of the curve where they will have all the latest updates and knowledge coping up with the latest trend in the market.
The Verge is a Vox Media-operated American technology news website that publishes news, feature stories, guidebooks, product reviews, and podcasts.
For those who want to learn about mainstream tech and its future effect on the environment, The Verge is an outstanding blog. In addition to cybersecurity, artificial intelligence ( AI), and other technologies that change the way we communicate with each other, this blog covers a wide variety of consumer technology topics.
Shradha Sharma is the founder and CEO of YourStory, a start-up, and entrepreneurial digital-media platform. Shradha served as an assistant vice president at CNBC TV18 and also as a brand consultant at The Times of India before starting YourStory in 2008.
Shradha's YourStory is the country's leading Internet Start-up media house. Having 10 million monthly hits, YourStory is the ideal place on the Internet to discover how the great leader was made.
With success stories, market guidelines, and entrepreneurs, YourStory mainly writes about the Indian start-up ecosystem.
With articles on blogging and effective content marketing, HellBoundBloggers is regularly updated. Finding tips, resources, and strategies to strengthen content marketing, blogging skills, and corporate storytelling is a great resource.
Pradeep Kumar, HBB 's creator, is also one of India's top bloggers who strives to create a brand for himself.
Currently owned by VOX media, Recode offers the most updated coverage, analytical trends, and reviews of independent technology from the most respected and knowledgeable journalists as well as media and technology bloggers.
By concentrating on Silicon Valley firms, Recode is uncovering and describing how our tech landscape is shifting. Kara Swisher, its founder, has all the links to the latest tech tips and products, making it a detailed technology blog to read!
Gizmodo is the best online tech portal to keep track of all the latest gadget coverage. Here, you can read guides and watch tutorials that illustrate more about the market's new gadgets. In addition, this technology blog still provides the latest updates on creative technology.
For its followers, the famous tech blog and news site keep their fingers on the world of updates. Worth noting is that Gizmodo holds a progressive edge, like most technology sites. Anyone and everyone are therefore welcome to pay a visit to this place!
ITHubs is a comprehensive site for research and analysis that allows product and service seekers to look for the best product or business. It also helps to increase user acquisition figures, market share, and brand recognition of these manufacturers and software vendors at the same time. As the name suggests, ITHubs is a dedicated community of' working' and software solutions for IT businesses.
You read the best tech blogs post at Nob6 Blog.
ITHubs have developed a system by conducting comprehensive research into these agencies that make it easier for you, prospective customers, to pick and choose which agency best suits your business objectives.
In 2003, Richard MacManus founded this website as ReadWriteWeb and grew his blog into an international team of journalists about the changing Internet.
ReadWriteWeb is building the next generation of tech media companies based on delivering valuable content in a manner that encourages the productivity of readers rather than page views and on-site time. ReadWrite aggregates technical groups dedicated to particular topics of interest, such as connected vehicles, smart homes, AR / VR, fintech, and APIs, utilizing this modern and powerful form of content.
Lifewire is a platform with information and guidance on technology. In 2017, it was a top 10 technology information platform, hitting 6 million unique US users monthly per month. The owner of the website is Dotdash, which was originally About.com, which launched Lifewire as one of its vertical spin-off sites in 2016.
For more than 10 million users like you every month, Lifewire provides expert-created, real-world technology content. Lifewire has over 50 technology experts, all creating articles with insightful visuals and simple instruction: software developers, educators, web designers, speakers, consultants, and more.
Tags:Best 10 Tech Blogs, Best Tech Blogs, Best Tech Blogs 2020, Best Tech Blogs 2021, top 10 Tech Blogs, Top 10 Tech Blogs 2020, Top 10 Tech Blogs 2021
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Q: Past perfect or past simple I know, that question is simple, but i can't understand past perfect clearly enough.
There are part of text with gaps:

The chart shows the percentage of people aged 65 and over in the US
  between 1900 and 2000. In the year 1900 just over 4% of the population
  was aged over 65. However by 1960 this figure had doubled.

Why this sentence "However by 1960 this figure had doubled." can't be in past tense? for example "However by 1960 this figure doubled".
I think, this text in right chronological order. But my book disagree with me=(

A:

The chart shows the percentage of people aged 65 and over in the US
    between 1900 and 2000. In the year 1900 just over 4% of the population
    was aged over 65. However by 1960 this figure had doubled.

Why this sentence "However by 1960 this figure had doubled." can't be in past tense?

The Perfect, as the name suggests, is about completion.
The Past Perfect is about completion "up until sometime ago," as the present perfect is about completion "up until now."
The part "by 1960 this figure had doubled" is talking about a completion in the past. The expression 'by 1960' has the sense of duration as already commented up there, so it goes well with the perfect form.
Logically speaking, the perfect actually exists to add the sense of completion to the finite verb such as infinitives, participles, and modal verbs because these verbs are tenseless and can not talk about past events by themselves. The perfect itself is also tenseless, and thus it's vague in nature and has the sense of duration. That is why when used with a verb that has tense, it ends up saying 'up until now or sometime ago.'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The napkins I made last year are great except making them was kinda a pain in the neck with all the ironing and looking for little folds, etc. Don't get me wrong, that Katy is brilliant! I also used the same method to make my scrap color baby quilt backing. When I decided to give these as gifts for christmas this year, I discovered an even faster way to do the corners which makes the whole project a snap!
UPDATE! I have a youtube video I made to show clearly how to make these napkins. If you prefer a video format for learning, this will work great for you!
Let's begin by choosing our fabric and how much to use. To switch your family over to fabric napkins you need to make at least 8 napkins and 12 is even better. We have 5 in our family and 12 works great so that I wash every few days. To make 12 you need 2.7 yards of 100% cotton fabric. I like to make my napkins 16″ x 16″. This is a good size for grown ups and kids. If you have only grown ups and teenagers using the napkins, then you could go up to 18″ x 18″. That is too big for the little hands in our house right now.
Using a rotary cutter, self healing mat, and a large clear ruler, cut squares that are 16″ x 16″. Try to make your squares as "square" as possible!
Next you will mark off a 45 degree angle on each corner of the fabric piece. Do this on the wrong side of the fabric. Most self healing mats will have markings to guide you. I just use a pencil to make this mark 1 inch down from the corner tip. I don't like how chalk rubs off and you need to be able to see this line in several steps.
Now over to your sewing machine. Sew a short line from the fabric fold edge to the pin you placed in the middle of the line you made in the last step. Make sure you do a backstitch at the beginning and end of this small stitched line. It will only be about 1/2″.
Next, with your scissors, clip off each corner about 3/16″ above your corner guide line. In this step, also clip off those threads from the stitches of the last step. Clip all 4 corners.
Now that you have ironed all 4 sides, go back and fold that edge under again to make a hem that is about 3/8″ wide. Take advantage of how the edge naturally folds under from when you made the corner.
Iron the hem nice an flat. The corners should lay flat too. It there is a slight imperfection, don't fuss too much since it works out nicely in the end.
Now, if you feel like you can't live without pins here, go ahead and use some, but i think it is easier to not use pins and let the fabric make natural adjustments as you sew around your edges. Begin a couple inches above one of your corners (starting at a corner usually ends up badly!), and sew around all four sides of your napkin until you overlap where you began. Clip your threads and move on the next napkin!
I printed out the page on cardstock and then cut out the shapes. I then used a small hole punch and strung some bakers twine (yes! I am now officially a user of bakers twine. I don't really get what the big deal is but since i bought so much, you'll be seeing lots of it here!) through to make this cute presentation.
This is such a nice idea! I know this is an absolutely dorky request, but can you please do a tutorial on how to use all those funky quilting rulers like the one in this tutorial??? Those things make me feel like I'm back in college algebra again. Heeelllp!
Ooh fun, thanks for the great idea!
Fantastic tutorial – thanks for sharing. I see lots of these napkins in my future!
those are adorable and I love the way you did the corners!!! The little tag is so cute too! I know what I'm making for christmas next year (and every hostess gift in between!)!!
Love this! Now, do you have any thoughts on material. Do you just use a quilter cotton, polyester blend? Does it matter? I've had this on my to do list for 3 months and now I'm going to try it!
Thanks for the awesome tutorial! I can see myself making tons of these as gifts (and for me!). I'm really excited to try them.
I might give these a try. I just wrote down that we need more cloth napkins around here. I'd like to do some in fun fabric. I'll let you know how it goes if I do it.
Thanks for this wonderful tutorial. I'm saving this idea for this year's CHristmas gifts. Hope you won't mind me pinning it to Pinterest for reference. Many thanks again!
I've been giving 2 cloth napkins as wedding gifts for the last few years. And I have a stash of about a dozen that I use.
Thanks for posting. I made a set of 8 after dinner one night and plan on making a few more for give-a-ways! It's a great way to use funky fabrics!
I'm trying to make these napkins, but I think I'm doing something wrong. I have folded over all the edges and corners and I'm ready to sew. But if I just sew around the square, there is some left unsewn at each corner. Am I supposed to miter the corners? I'd appreciate your help.
What an awesome tutorial! I just wanted to thank you for your time, effort & inspiration. I have some lovely new napkins… WhooHoo!!
Love these! Can't wait to make a stack for my house. I can't open the file for the tags, is there another way to access it? I would love to make some as gifts. THANKS!
That technique for the corners is seriously brilliant! I just used it and couldn't believe how easy it was and how well it worked. Thank you so much!
Brilliant…I love this trick and I'm going to try this. Cloth napkins have been on my "to-do" list for a while!! Thanks for sharing!
I just bought fabric for a new set of napkins and I was slightly dreading all of the pinning and such. I'm a very novice sewer. I am so excited to make my next set now!! Thank you for a great method and tutorial!
I love using cloth napkins and use to make them especially for the holidays, but this is the best method I've seen. Thank you so much for the miter corner tutorial. It is so easy and neat! Wish I knew about it years ago when I needed 12 napkins for the holidays.
If you cut them into exact 16″x"16″ squares wont this bring them down some in size?
I actually need 18′ x 18″ napkins and not sure if I should cut at 18 and 1/2″ or 18 and 1/4″ inch to get the actual 18″ x 18″ I need. Any help?
hi Jennifer! The solution for you would be to cut them 18.5" x 18.5". then you would have an 18" napkin in the end.
Do you wash the fabric before sewing into the napkin? I really love this idea!!! Thank you for sharing!!
What a handy way of hemming these! Thank you!
Right out of college I lived in Southeast Asia for a couple of years. Paper napkins weren't so readily available, so we used cloth napkins every meal in the family I stayed with. To cut down on laundering we each had a different napkin ring. That way we always knew which napkin was our own. When the napkin was too soiled we could get a fresh one, but this way we didn't need to put barely used napkins in the laundry.
Do you prewash the fabric? What type of fabric do you use?
I have a dozen to make and this will definitely make the job fast and easy.
Thank you so much for this wonderful tutorial. I used it to make 200 20 inch muslin napkins for my son's October 7, 2017 wedding, which was held in an old warehouse. The cost of purchasing/renting "rustic" napkins was unbelievable. It was more cost effective to purchase muslin online, and I used the Quilt in a Day 22″ square up ruler to make the perfectly sized 20″ napkins. It was a labor of love for this total DIY wedding. My husband made pallet wood walls, donut boards, hexagon wall decor, my father made a custom metal cross, rusty and galvanized metal table numbers, and a "whale" shaped brand that we heated and branded whales on some of the wood items….the couple collect whales. We all worked closely with the brides family to bring the rustic yet romantic wedding together. Imagine my dismay when the wedding coordinator put all the napkins in a black trash bag and they were accidentally thrown in the trash!!!! Thankfully my husband made the hour drive the next day and retrieved them!!!! Love this tutorial! Thanks again!!
Yay, been wanting to make "tea towels" from some 1950s tablecloths, but the corners made me hesitate. This is great, thank you.


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Rockets pound Israel, Gaza as Netanyahu alleges 'double war crime'
Josh Levs, Sara Sidner and Talal Abu-Rahma, CNN
Updated 7:07 AM EST, Mon November 19, 2012
A boy stands in the rubble of a destroyed shop in Beit Lahia, in northern Gaza, on Monday, November 26.
PHOTO: MAHMUD HAMS/AFP/Getty Images
Photos: Israel-Gaza conflict
Israel says 422 rockets fired from Gaza into Israel in past two days
Warplanes bomb sites in Gaza City overnight
Both sides tweet photos of children struck by the violence
Egyptian PM, delegation head to Gaza on Friday morning
Are you there? Share your story with CNN iReport, but please stay safe. Or read more at CNNArabic.
(CNN) —
Explosions rumbled through Gaza City all night into Friday, and shortly after sunup, two detonations landed just 500 to 600 yards away from CNN's team sending it running for cover inside the hotel.
A litany of bombardments provided for a sleepless night of hearing and feel incoming ordinance exploding and watching rockets leaving Gaza for Israel.
Falling bombs made doors clatter and sometimes even one's bones. Clouds of smoke sprouted into the sky paralleling the repetition of thunderous booms.
New destruction will await Egypt's new Prime Minister Hesham Kandil, when he arrives Friday morning in Gaza to meet with Palestinian officials.
Israel reported three people were killed, and Palestinians reported 19 deaths, including at least three killed late Thursday. Hamas gave conflicting information as to how many of them were Hamas militants.
At least 422 rockets from Gaza have been fired into Israel since "Operation Pillar of Defense" began Wednesday, the Israeli military said. Israel's Iron Dome defense system has intercepted 130, the Israel Defense Forces said. The al-Qassam Brigade, Hamas' military arm, said on its Twitter feed that it had shot 527 projectiles at Israel in that time.
Q&A: Gaza strikes could be beginning of ground attack
One rocket struck an open area near Rishon LeZion, an Israeli city with more than 200,000 residents just south of Tel Aviv, the IDF said.
Israel at a tipping point?
Are Israeli ground forces moving into Gaza?
Israel, Hamas trade shots on Twitter
Blasts interrupt interview in Gaza
Map: Israel
PHOTO: Google, Basarsoft, Mapa GIsrael, Orion-ME
Also, air sirens went off inside and outside the Israeli Defense Ministry in Tel Aviv. The building was evacuated briefly, and employees were allowed back in when the sirens stopped. An explosion was heard far off in the distance.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was in the building at the time of the evacuation, ministry officials said.
Israel has targeted more than 300 "terror sites" in Gaza, the IDF said. The military said it targeted scores of "medium and long range rocket launch and infrastructure sites across the Gaza Strip." The Israeli navy has taken aim at targets along Gaza's shoreline, the IDF said.
Airstrikes continued overnight, with planes striking sites in Gaza City.
Sources with Hamas, which controls the government in Gaza, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad said that more than 140 strikes had hit Gaza.
The al-Qassam Brigade said its operatives downed a military drone east of Gaza. An Israeli military spokeswoman told CNN that no IDF aircraft was shot down.
At least three Israelis were killed and four were wounded when a rocket struck an apartment building in the town of Kiryat Malakhi on Thursday, an Israeli police spokesman said.
Israeli military spokeswoman Avital Leibovich tweeted a photo that she said was a baby wounded from a rocket attack in Israel. The baby's face is blurred, but the child appears to be spattered with blood.
The al-Qassam Brigade tweeted a screen shot from Hamas-run al Aqsa TV, showing the mangled body of a child. "Israel's military kills Palestinian children in cold blood in #Gaza," the tweet said.
Al-Aqsa TV quoted the health ministry as saying 19 people had been killed, among them six children and two "elderly."
The channel said more than 180 people have been wounded since the Israeli strikes began this week in Gaza. Israel has reported several people wounded, including another three soldiers injured Thursday morning by rockets from Gaza.
Israel denies attacks linked to upcoming election
Hamdan insisted that Israel "started the war."
"We are defending ourselves," he said, arguing that Netanyahu was looking to cement support in advance of an election in two months.
Rocket fire escalates in Israel, Gaza
What life is like near Gaza border
Blair: 'Israel will retaliate'
'Raining bombs' on Gaza Strip
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak denied that any politics are involved in the decision.
Speaking to CNN, Barak said Israel has destroyed most of the "heavy long-range rockets" used by militants in Gaza and is working to "systematically destroy" installations in which other rockets are produced.
"It will take some time," he said.
Israeli forces are going after Hamas weapons, storage bunkers, weapons labs and workshops, an Israeli official told CNN. The official has direct knowledge of Israeli plans but declined to be identified because of the sensitive nature of the information.
The Israeli army moved nearly a division's worth of troops – perhaps 1,500 to 2,000 – to the border, the official said.
While multiple militant groups are behind the rocket attacks, Israel holds Hamas responsible ever since it took control of Gaza, Barak said.
Hamas' military wing has claimed responsibility for numerous operations in the past. The U.S. government and the European Union consider Hamas a terrorist organization.
Photos: Deadly attacks in Gaza and Israel
Netanyahu issued a statement Thursday saying, "In recent days and weeks, Hamas and the other terrorist organizations in Gaza have made normal life impossible for over 1 million Israelis. No government would tolerate a situation where nearly a fifth of its people live under a constant barrage of rockets and missile fire."
He added, "The terrorists are committing a double war crime. They fire at Israeli civilians, and they hide behind Palestinian civilians. And by contrast, Israel takes every measure to avoid civilian casualties."
Ghazi Hamad, Hamas' deputy foreign minister, told CNN that Hamas was sending rockets toward Israel's population because Israel thinks "that it is easy to kill people in Gaza," enter the area and "do everything" it wants in Gaza. "We send a message to them that Gaza is not an easy bone. … You can't eat Gaza in one minute. If you do something, we will react."
Palestinian lawmaker Mustafa Barghouti said the Israeli government has "proven that it is a government of war and not peace."
Israel is "the oppressor," not the victim, he said.
Concern over possibility of a ground assault
The sudden increase in violence has raised fears of a widening conflict that could lead to an Israeli ground assault.
Tony Blair, envoy for the Middle East Quartet, which is working to bring about a peace agreement, said on Thursday: "I don't think we should be of any doubt at all that if this situation continues and it escalates, it's going to be really serious and tragic – not just for Israelis and Palestinians, but actually it will cause a huge amount of upheaval right across the region, and this is a region, as you know, that doesn't require more upheaval right now."
British Foreign Secretary William Hague issued a statement saying he is "gravely concerned" and calling on all sides to avoid civilian casualties.
"Hamas bears principal responsibility for the current crisis. I utterly condemn rocket attacks from Gaza into southern Israel by Hamas and other armed groups. This creates an intolerable situation for Israeli civilians in southern Israel, who have the right to live without fear of attack from Gaza. The rocket attacks also risk worsening the plight of Palestinian civilians in Gaza, which is already precarious."
Read more: Palestinians: 13-year-old boy killed in Gaza
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, who leads the Palestinian Fatah movement based in the West Bank, is cutting short a visit to Europe to follow developments of "the Israeli aggression on the Gaza strip," PLO Executive Committee member Saeb Erakat said.
Israel says it has called thousands of residents in Gaza to warn them of strikes and dropped leaflets in Gaza warning Palestinian civilians to "avoid being present in the vicinity of Hamas operatives," the IDF said.
It also uses "roof knocking" – targeting a building "with a loud but nonlethal bomb that warns civilians that they are in the vicinity of a weapons cache or other target. This method is used to allow all residents to leave the area before the IDF targets the site with live ammunition."
Read more: Israel: 'All options on the table in Gaza'
Roar of planes followed by 'kaboom'
At one point Thursday morning, 13 rockets were fired in quick succession from Gaza into Israel. A CNN crew could see trails of smoke as they reported from the Israeli side of the Erez Crossing on Gaza's northern border.
The crew was forced to take cover after rockets struck near the border crossing.
Later, reporting from Gaza City, the crew witnessed airstrikes and plumes of black smoke in many parts of the city.
Read more: Violence flares as Israelis, Palestinians trade fire
Watch: Israel's deputy PM on Gaza strikes
Watch: Senior Hamas member on strikes in Gaza
Egypt watches with interest
The escalating violence is likely to further erode Israel's fragile relationship with Egypt, which recalled its ambassador to Israel on Wednesday in protest over the ongoing strikes. It also delivered a formal protest to the Israeli government.
On Thursday, when asked by CNN's Hala Gorani if treaties between Egypt and Israel are in danger, the chief of the Egyptian presidential cabinet said no.
"Not at all. Because we have declared several times, repeatedly, that we abide by our international commitments," Mohamed Refa'a al-Tahtawi said. "But respecting a peace treaty does not mean to stay idle or indifferent to what is going on along our borders.
A spokesman for Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy said the Arab League will meet Saturday in emergency session to discuss the violence.
"Egypt is taking all diplomatic measures with all parties involved to reach some sort of immediate truce or cease fire," Yaser Ali added.
A senior official in U.S. President Obama's administration told CNN that the White House is asking Egypt and Turkey – two nations that have influence with Hamas – to urge the group to de-escalate the rocket attacks.
But a Hamas deputy foreign minister told CNN: "I am in touch with the Egyptians they are very angry and very upset because they feel that Israel put a knife in their back" by attacking sites in Gaza.
Egypt's Prime Minister Hesham Kandil will travel on Friday morning to Gaza with a team of presidential advisers and ministers to meet with Palestinian officials.
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon also will go to Egypt and Israel next week, because of the rising tensions between Israel and Hamas, a Western diplomat told CNN. The diplomat said the Secretary General has canceled a trip to Mozambique, Botswana, Seychelles and Mauritius to go to the Middle East.
CNN's Sara Sidner and Talal Abu-Rahma reported from southern Israel and Gaza City; CNN's Josh Levs and Chelsea Carter reported from Atlanta; CNN's Jessica Yellin, Saad Abedine and Joe Vaccarello as well as journalists Per Nyberg and Mohamed Fadel Fahmy contributed to this report.
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