text:
Natural satellite
Astronomical body that orbits a planet
"Moons" redirects here. For Earth's natural satellite, see Moon. For other uses, see Moons (disambiguation).
Charon (left) is a natural satellite of Pluto (right), orbiting around a point
The revolution animation of Charon orbiting Pluto as a natural satellite
A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite). Natural satellites are often colloquially referred to as moons, a derivation from the Moon of Earth.
In the Solar System, there are six planetary satellite systems containing 209 known natural satellites altogether. Seven objects commonly considered dwarf planets by astronomers are also known to have natural satellites: Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, Makemake, Gonggong, and Eris.[1] As of November 2021[update], there are 442 other minor planets known to have natural satellites.[2]
A planet usually has at least around 10,000 times the mass of any natural satellites that orbit it, with a correspondingly much larger diameter.[3] The Earth–Moon system is a unique exception in the Solar System; at 3,474 kilometres (2,158 miles) across, the Moon is 0.273 times the diameter of Earth and about 1⁄80 of its mass.[4] The next largest ratios are the Neptune–Triton system at 0.055 (with a mass ratio of about 1 to 5000), the Saturn–Titan system at 0.044 (with the second mass ratio next to the Earth–Moon system, 1 to 4250), the Jupiter–Ganymede system at 0.038, and the Uranus–Titania system at 0.031. For the category of dwarf planets, Charon has the largest ratio, being 0.52 the diameter and 12.2% the mass of Pluto.
Terminology[]
The first known natural satellite was the Moon, but it was considered a "planet" until Copernicus' introduction of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543. Until the discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610 there was no opportunity for referring to such objects as a class. Galileo chose to refer to his discoveries as Planetæ ("planets"), but later discoverers chose other terms to distinguish them from the objects they orbited.[citation needed]
The first to use the term satellite to describe orbiting bodies was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his pamphlet Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus ("Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed") in 1610. He derived the term from the Latin word satelles, meaning "guard", "attendant", or "companion", because the satellites accompanied their primary planet in their journey through the heavens.[5]
The term satellite thus became the normal one for referring to an object orbiting a planet, as it avoided the ambiguity of "moon". In 1957, however, the launching of the artificial object Sputnik created a need for new terminology.[5] The terms man-made satellite and artificial moon were very quickly abandoned in favor of the simpler satellite, and as a consequence, the term has become linked primarily with artificial objects flown in space.[citation needed]
Because of this shift in meaning, the term moon, which had continued to be used in a generic sense in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite, even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite (using "natural" in a sense opposed to "artificial") is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite (a proper noun), but not when referring to other natural satellites (common nouns).
Many authors define "satellite" or "natural satellite" as orbiting some planet or minor planet, synonymous with "moon" – by such a definition all natural satellites are moons, but Earth and other planets are not satellites.[6][7][8] A few recent authors define "moon" as "a satellite of a planet or minor planet", and "planet" as "a satellite of a star" – such authors consider Earth as a "natural satellite of the Sun".[9][10][11]
Definition of a moon[]
Size comparison of Earth and the Moon
There is no established lower limit on what is considered a "moon". Every natural celestial body with an identified orbit around a planet of the Solar System, some as small as a kilometer across, has been considered a moon, though objects a tenth that size within Saturn's rings, which have not been directly observed, have been called moonlets. Small asteroid moons (natural satellites of asteroids), such as Dactyl, have also been called moonlets.[12]
The upper limit is also vague. Two orbiting bodies are sometimes described as a double planet rather than primary and satellite. Asteroids such as 90 Antiope are considered double asteroids, but they have not forced a clear definition of what constitutes a moon. Some authors consider the Pluto–Charon system to be a double (dwarf) planet. The most common[citation needed] dividing line on what is considered a moon rests upon whether the barycentre is below the surface of the larger body, though this is somewhat arbitrary, because it depends on distance as well as relative mass.
Origin and orbital characteristics[]
Further information: Circumplanetary disk
The natural satellites orbiting relatively close to the planet on prograde, uninclined circular orbits (regular satellites) are generally thought to have been formed out of the same collapsing region of the protoplanetary disk that created its primary.[13][14] In contrast, irregular satellites (generally orbiting on distant, inclined, eccentric and/or retrograde orbits) are thought to be captured asteroids possibly further fragmented by collisions. Most of the major natural satellites of the Solar System have regular orbits, while most of the small natural satellites have irregular orbits.[15] The Moon[16] and possibly Charon[17] are exceptions among large bodies in that they are thought to have originated from the collision of two large proto-planetary objects (see the giant impact hypothesis). The material that would have been placed in orbit around the central body is predicted to have reaccreted to form one or more orbiting natural satellites. As opposed to planetary-sized bodies, asteroid moons are thought to commonly form by this process. Triton is another exception; although large and in a close, circular orbit, its motion is retrograde and it is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.
Temporary satellites[]
Main article: Temporary satellite
The capture of an asteroid from a heliocentric orbit is not always permanent. According to simulations, temporary satellites should be a common phenomenon.[18][19] The only observed examples are 1991 VG, 2006 RH120, 2020 CD3.
2006 RH120 was a temporary satellite of Earth for nine months in 2006 and 2007.[20][21]
Tidal locking[]
Main article: Tidal locking
Most regular moons (natural satellites following relatively close and prograde orbits with small orbital inclination and eccentricity) in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. This phenomenon comes about through a loss of energy due to tidal forces raised by the planet, slowing the rotation of the satellite until it is negligible.[22] The only known exception is Saturn's natural satellite Hyperion, which rotates chaotically because of the gravitational influence of Titan.
In contrast, the outer natural satellites of the giant planets (irregular satellites) are too far away to have become locked. For example, Jupiter's Himalia, Saturn's Phoebe, and Neptune's Nereid have rotation periods in the range of ten hours, whereas their orbital periods are hundreds of days.
Satellites of satellites[]
Main article: Subsatellite
Artist impression of Rhea's proposed rings
No "moons of moons" or subsatellites (natural satellites that orbit a natural satellite of a planet) are currently known. In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable.
However, calculations performed after the 2008 detection[23] of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea indicate that satellites orbiting Rhea could have stable orbits. Furthermore, the suspected rings are thought to be narrow,[24] a phenomenon normally associated with shepherd moons. However, targeted images taken by the Cassini spacecraft failed to detect rings around Rhea.[25]
It has also been proposed that Saturn's moon Iapetus had a satellite in the past; this is one of several hypotheses that have been put forward to account for its equatorial ridge.[26]
Light-curve analysis suggests that Saturn's irregular satellite Kiviuq is extremely prolate, and is likely a contact binary or even a binary moon.[27]
Trojan satellites[]
Two natural satellites are known to have small companions at both their L4 and L5 Lagrangian points, sixty degrees ahead and behind the body in its orbit. These companions are called trojan moons, as their orbits are analogous to the trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The trojan moons are Telesto and Calypso, which are the leading and following companions, respectively, of the Saturnian moon Tethys; and Helene and Polydeuces, the leading and following companions of the Saturnian moon Dione.
Asteroid satellites[]
Main article: Asteroid moon
The discovery of 243 Ida's natural satellite Dactyl in the early 1990s confirmed that some asteroids have natural satellites; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two. Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two comparably sized components.
Shape[]
See also: Satellite planet
The relative masses of the natural satellites of the Solar System. Mimas, Enceladus, and Miranda are too small to be visible at this scale. All the irregularly shaped natural satellites, even added together, would also be too small to be visible.
Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped natural satellite; the shapes of Eris' moon Dysnomia and Orcus' moon Vanth are unknown. All other known natural satellites that are at least the size of Uranus's Miranda have lapsed into rounded ellipsoids under hydrostatic equilibrium, i.e. are "round/rounded satellites" and are sometimes categorized as planetary-mass moons. (Dysnomia's density is known to be high enough that it is probably a solid ellipsoid as well.) The larger natural satellites, being tidally locked, tend toward ovoid (egg-like) shapes: squat at their poles and with longer equatorial axes in the direction of their primaries (their planets) than in the direction of their motion. Saturn's moon Mimas, for example, has a major axis 9% greater than its polar axis and 5% greater than its other equatorial axis. Methone, another of Saturn's moons, is only around 3 km in diameter and visibly egg-shaped. The effect is smaller on the largest natural satellites, where their own gravity is greater relative to the effects of tidal distortion, especially those that orbit less massive planets or, as in the case of the Moon, at greater distances.
Satellite of
Difference in axes
% of mean
Mimas Saturn 33.4 (20.4 / 13.0) 8.4 (5.1 / 3.3)
Enceladus Saturn 16.6 3.3
Miranda Uranus 14.2 3.0
Tethys Saturn 25.8 2.4
Io Jupiter 29.4 0.8
The Moon Earth 4.3 0.1
Geological activity[]
Of the twenty known natural satellites in the Solar System that are large enough to be gravitationally rounded, several remain geologically active today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity and cryovolcanism. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits close to their giant-planet primaries. (This mechanism would have also operated on Triton in the past, before its orbit was circularized.) Many other natural satellites, such as Earth's Moon, Ganymede, Tethys and Miranda, show evidence of past geological activity, resulting from energy sources such as the decay of their primordial radioisotopes, greater past orbital eccentricities (due in some cases to past orbital resonances), or the differentiation or freezing of their interiors. Enceladus and Triton both have active features resembling geysers, although in the case of Triton solar heating appears to provide the energy. Titan and Triton have significant atmospheres; Titan also has hydrocarbon lakes. Also Io and Callisto have atmospheres, even if they are extremely thin.[28] Four of the largest natural satellites, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan, are thought to have subsurface oceans of liquid water, while smaller Enceladus may have localized subsurface liquid water.
Occurrence in the Solar System[]
Euler diagram showing the types of bodies in the Solar System.
Besides planets and dwarf planets objects within our Solar System known to have natural satellites are 76 in the asteroid belt (five with two each), four Jupiter trojans, 39 near-Earth objects (two with two satellites each), and 14 Mars-crossers.[2] There are also 84 known natural satellites of trans-Neptunian objects.[2] Some 150 additional small bodies have been observed within the rings of Saturn, but only a few were tracked long enough to establish orbits. Planets around other stars are likely to have satellites as well, and although numerous candidates have been detected to date, none have yet been confirmed.
Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four Galilean moons, Saturn's Titan, and Neptune's Triton. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and Uranus has five. It has been suggested that some satellites may potentially harbour life.[29]
Among the objects generally agreed by astronomers to be dwarf planets, Ceres and Sedna have no known natural satellites. Pluto has the relatively large natural satellite Charon and four smaller natural satellites; Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.[30] Haumea has two natural satellites; Orcus, Quaoar, Makemake, Gonggong, and Eris have one each. The Pluto–Charon system is unusual in that the center of mass lies in open space between the two, a characteristic sometimes associated with a double-planet system.
The seven largest natural satellites in the Solar System (those bigger than 2,500 km across) are Jupiter's Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa), Saturn's moon Titan, Earth's moon, and Neptune's captured natural satellite Triton. Triton, the smallest of these, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. Similarly in the next size group of nine mid-sized natural satellites, between 1,000 km and 1,600 km across, Titania, Oberon, Rhea, Iapetus, Charon, Ariel, Umbriel, Dione, and Tethys, the smallest, Tethys, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. As well as the natural satellites of the various planets, there are also over 80 known natural satellites of the dwarf planets, minor planets and other small Solar System bodies. Some studies estimate that up to 15% of all trans-Neptunian objects could have satellites.
The following is a comparative table classifying the natural satellites in the Solar System by diameter. The column on the right includes some notable planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and trans-Neptunian objects for comparison. The natural satellites of the planets are named after mythological figures. These are predominantly Greek, except for the Uranian natural satellites, which are named after Shakespearean characters. The twenty satellites massive enough to be round are in bold in the table below. Minor planets and satellites where there is disagreement in the literature on roundness are italicized in the table below.
Satellites of planets
Satellites of dwarf planets
Satellites of
minor planets
Non-satellites
Gonggong
Callisto Titan Mercury
Moon Io
Triton Eris
Tethys Titania
Ariel Charon Makemake
Gonggong,
Enceladus Dysnomia Sedna, Ceres,
Salacia, Orcus,
Pallas, Vesta,
Varda, Ixion
many more TNOs
Hyperion Miranda Proteus
Nereid Vanth Hiʻiaka Varda I Ilmarë
Salacia I Actaea
Lempo II Hiisi 10 Hygiea
704 Interamnia
87 Sylvia
47171 Lempo
Thebe Phoebe
Epimetheus Sycorax
Portia Larissa
Despina Namaka S/2015 (136472) 1 S/2005 (82075) 1
Sila–Nunam I
Ceto I Phorcys
Patroclus I Menoetius
Lempo I Paha
~20 more moons of TNOs 3 Juno
15760 Albion
5 Astraea
617 Patroclus
42355 Typhon
Pasiphae Prometheus
Pandora Caliban
Desdemona
Bianca Thalassa
Naiad Weywot Xiangliu (probably) 90 Antiope I
Typhon I Echidna
Logos I Zoe
5 more moons of TNOs 90 Antiope
58534 Logos
253 Mathilde
Lysithea
Ananke Siarnaq
Albiorix
Pan Ophelia
Setebos
Stephano Sao
Laomedeia
Psamathe
Hippocamp Hydra
Nix[31] Kalliope I Linus 1036 Ganymed
243 Ida
Deimos Leda
Adrastea Telesto
Paaliaq
Kiviuq
Ijiraq
Erriapus Mab
Trinculo Kerberos
Styx 762 Pulcova I
Sylvia I Romulus
624 Hektor I Skamandrios
Eugenia I Petit-Prince
121 Hermione I
283 Emma I
1313 Berna I
107 Camilla I 433 Eros
66 moons 57 moons Sylvia II Remus
Ida I Dactyl
and many others many
Visual summary[]
Solar System moons we have seen clearly
(moon of Jupiter)
(moon of Saturn)
(moon of Earth)
(moon of Neptune)
(moon of Uranus)
(moon of Pluto)
Telesto
(moon of Mars)
Daphnis
(moon of Ida)
(moon of Didymos)
Largest moons to scale with their parent planets and dwarf planet.
Circumplanetary disk – Accumulation of matter around a planet
Co-orbital moon
Exomoon – Moon beyond the Solar System
Inner moon – Natural satellite orbiting inside the orbit of a larger moon
Irregular moon – Captured satellite following an irregular orbit
List of natural satellites
Naming of moons
Quasi-satellite
Subsatellite – A satellite that orbits a natural satellite (aka Moonmoon)
Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
Trojan moon
Tug of war (astronomy) – Ratio of gravitational forces on a satellite from the Sun and host planet
Moons of planets[]
The Moon, Earth's natural satellite
Moons of Mars
Moons of Jupiter
Moons of Saturn
Moons of Uranus
Moons of Neptune
Moons of dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies[]
Minor-planet moon
Moons of Pluto
Dysnomia, Eris's natural satellite
Moons of Haumea
S/2015 (136472) 1, Makemake's natural satellite
Xiangliu, Gonggong's natural satellite
Weywot, Quaoar's natural satellite
Vanth, Orcus's natural satellite
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^ a b c Wm. Robert Johnston (30 September 2018). "Asteroids with Satellites". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ Canup, Robin M.; Ward, William R. (June 2006). "A common mass scaling for satellite systems of gaseous planets". Nature. 441 (7095): 834–839. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..834C. doi:10.1038/nature04860. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16778883. S2CID 4327454.
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^ Therese Encrenaz, et al. "The Solar System". 2004. p. 30.
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^ David Andrew Weintraub. "Is Pluto a Planet?: A Historical Journey Through the Solar System". p. 65 quote: "... the general concept of a "moon" as a satellite of a planet and "planet" as a satellite of a star."
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^ Stillman, Dan (16 June 2015). "What Is a Satellite?". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
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^ Canup, Robin M.; Ward, William R. (30 December 2008). Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites. University of Arizona Press. p. 59. arXiv:0812.4995. Bibcode:2009euro.book...59C. ISBN 978-0-8165-2844-8.
^ D'Angelo, G.; Podolak, M. (2015). "Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks". The Astrophysical Journal. 806 (1): 29–. arXiv:1504.04364. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806..203D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/203. S2CID 119216797.
^ Encyclopedia of the Solar System, page 366, Academic Press, 2007, Lucy-Ann Adams McFadden, Paul Robert Weissman, Torrence V. Johnson
^ Canup, RM & Asphaug, E (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature. 412 (6848): 708–12. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633. S2CID 4413525.
^ Stern, SA; Weaver, HA; Steffl, AJ; Mutchler, MJ; et al. (2006). "A giant impact origin for Pluto's small natural satellites and satellite multiplicity in the Kuiper belt". Nature. 439 (7079): 946–49. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..946S. doi:10.1038/nature04548. PMID 16495992. S2CID 4400037.
^ Camille M. Carlisle (30 December 2011). "Pseudo-moons Orbit Earth". Sky & Telescope.
^ Fedorets, Grigori; Granvik, Mikael; Jedicke, Robert (15 March 2017). "Orbit and size distributions for asteroids temporarily captured by the Earth-Moon system". Icarus. 285: 83–94. Bibcode:2017Icar..285...83F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.022.
^ "2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)". Great Shefford Observatory. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ Roger W. Sinnott (17 April 2007). "Earth's "Other Moon"". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ Barnes, Rory, ed. (2010). Formation and Evolution of Exoplanets. John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 978-3527408962.
^ Jones, G. H.; et al. (2008). "The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea – Jones et al. 319 (5868): 1380 – Science" (PDF). Science. 319 (5868): 1380–1384. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1380J. doi:10.1126/science.1151524. PMID 18323452. S2CID 206509814. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018.
^ Jeff Hecht (6 March 2008). "Saturn satellite reveals first moon rings". New Scientist.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natural satellites.
All moons[]
Natural Satellite Physical Parameters (JPL-NASA, with refs – last updated July 2006)
Moons of the Solar System (The Planetary Society, as of March 2009)
The JPL's Solar System Dynamics page
"How Many Solar System Bodies". NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
Planetary Names: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers
"Upper size limit for moons explained" Kelly Young. Nature (vol 441, p. 834) 14 June 2006
Images of planets and major moons (not to scale)
The Planetary Society – Moon Montage(s)
Album of moon images by Kevin M. Gill
The Atlas of Moons by the National Geographic Society
Jupiter's moons[]
Sheppard, Scott S. "The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carnegie Institution for Science. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
Outer Satellites Discovered Around Jupiter in 2002 Scott S. Sheppard
New Satellites of Jupiter Discovered in 2003 Scott S. Sheppard
Saturn's moons[]
Satellite-hunters find four new moons of the planet Saturn David Brand | 26 October 2000
Saturn's New Satellite S/2003 S1 Scott S. Sheppard
Natural satellites of the Solar System
Moons of terrestrial planets and asteroids
Earth Mars Asteroid moons
Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter
Inner moons (4)
Adrastea
Galilean moons (4)
Themisto group (1)
Himalia group (9)
Pandia
Carpo group (2)
Valetudo group (1)
Ananke group (25)
Euporie
Jupiter LV
Eupheme
Jupiter LII
Jupiter LIV
Mneme
Euanthe
S/2003 J 16
Harpalyke
Orthosie
Helike
Praxidike
Jupiter LXIV
Jupiter LXVIII
Thelxinoe
Thyone
Iocaste
Hermippe
Jupiter LXX
Carme group (28)
Pasithee
Jupiter LXIX
Chaldene
Isonoe
Kallichore
Erinome
Eirene
Aitne
Eukelade
Taygete
Jupiter LXXII
Herse
Jupiter LXI
Jupiter LI
Jupiter LXVI
Kalyke
Pasiphae group (18)
Philophrosyne
Eurydome
Jupiter LVI
Jupiter LXVII
Hegemone
Sponde
Megaclite
Jupiter LIX
Aoede
Autonoe
Callirrhoe
Rings of Jupiter
Jupiter's moons in fiction
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn
Ring shepherds
S/2009 S 1
Ring moonlets
Co-orbitals
G Ring
Aegaeon
Alkyonides
Anthe
Pallene
Inner large
(with trojans)
Polydeuces
Outer large
Inuit group (8)
Saturn LX
Tarqeq
Norse group (46)
Skathi
Hyrrokkin
Greip
Mundilfari
Gridr
Bergelmir
Jarnsaxa
Suttungr
Eggther
Bestla
Farbauti
Thrymr
Gunnlod
Skrymir
Alvaldi
Thiazzi
Saturn LXIV
Fornjot
Saturn LVIII
Gallic group (4)
Bebhionn
Erriapus
Prograde outer satellites
Rings of Saturn
Cassini–Huygens
In fiction
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Uranus
Rings of Uranus
Major (spheroid)
Outer (irregular)
Sycorax
Geological features
Arielian
Kachina Chasmata
Yangoor
Mirandian
Verona Rupes
Oberonian
Mommur Chasma
Puckian
Titanian
Messina Chasmata
Rousillon Rupes
Umbrielian
Wunda
Vuver
Skynd
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Neptune
Regular (inner)
Naiad
Despina
Hippocamp
Nereid
Neptune trojans
Rings of Neptune
Moons of likely dwarf planets
Pluto Haumea Eris Makemake Gonggong
Hiʻiaka
Dysnomia
Xiangliu
Quaoar Orcus Salacia Varda 2013 FY27
Weywot
Vanth
Ilmarë
2013 FY27 I
Minor-planet
Near-Earth:
Didymos (Dimorphos)
Moshup (Squannit)
2001 SN263
Main belt:
Kalliope (Linus)
Euphrosyne
Daphne (Peneius)
Eugenia (Petit-Prince)
Sylvia (Romulus · Remus)
Minerva (Aegis · Gorgoneion)
Kleopatra (Alexhelios · Cleoselene)
Ida (Dactyl)
Roxane (Olympias)
Pulcova
Balam
Jupiter trojans:
Patroclus (Menoetius)
Hektor (Skamandrios)
Eurybates (Queta)
TNOs:
Lempo (Hiisi · Paha)
2002 UX25
Sila–Nunam
Salacia (Actaea)
Varda (Ilmarë)
Gǃkúnǁ'hòmdímà (Gǃò'é ǃHú)
2013 FY27
Planetary-mass moon
largest: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths
Discovery timeline
Inner moons
Irregular moons
Planetary-mass moons
Regular moons
Trojan moons
Small Solar System bodies
Meanings of names
Aten asteroid
Asteroid belt
Jupiter trojan
Near-Earth
Spectral types
Distant minor planet
Cis-Neptunian object
Neptune trojan
Damocloid
Trans-Neptunian object
Scattered disc
Halley-type
Long-period
Near-parabolic
Sungrazing
Cosmic dust
Meteoroids
bold - Star ~ Normal - Planets ~ Italics - Dwarf Planets
Planets and
dwarfs
other near-Earth objects
S/2015 (136472) 1
Saturnian (Rhean)
Charikloan
Chironean
Uranian
Neptunian
Haumean
Damocloids
names and meanings
Planetesimal
Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
Trojan camp
Greek camp
Saturn Moons
Near-Earth objects
Hygiea
first 1000
Kirkwood gap
Cis-Neptunian objects
Trans-Neptunian objects
Cubewanos
Plutinos
Detached objects
Sednoids
Hills cloud
Fifth giant
Planet Nine
Planet V
Subsatellites
Vulcanoids
(outline)
Space probes
Accretion disk
Circumplanetary disk
Circumstellar disc
Circumstellar envelope
Coatlicue
Debris disk
Detached object
EXCEDE
Exozodiacal dust
Extraterrestrial materials
Sample curation
Sample-return mission
Frost/Ice/Snow line
Giant-impact hypothesis
Gravitational collapse
Hill sphere
Interplanetary dust cloud
Interplanetary medium/space
Interstellar cloud
Interstellar space
Kuiper cliff
Molecular cloud
Nebular hypothesis
Merging stars
Protoplanetary disk
Ring system
Roche limit
vs. Hill sphere
Rubble pile
Possible dwarf planets
Gravitationally rounded objects
Natural satellites
Solar System models
Solar System objects
by discovery date
Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
Outline of the Solar System
Solar System portal
Earth sciences portal
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → KBC Void → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".


Book now for a free skin consultation.
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Helps dissolving fat. This is a phospholipid colonic base that contains 80% linoleic acid, 15 % oleic acid and 5 % oleic acid.
Massage therapy can lower blood pressure, help prevent colds, enhance skin tone and more. Massage therapy improves general blood flow and relieves muscle soreness after training.
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We are glad that you choose beauty dream, the house rules page explain how we operate and how to contact us in case you need our assistance, there is very significant information to avoid any disappointments.
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My 4th time going here for hollywood wax, consistently great service and very professional work! Highly recommended.
Consistently amazing wax and great value. Lovely staff!
At BeautyDream, we believe that beauty is more than it seems. Our unique and integrated approach to health and beauty aims to help achieve a goal of a surprising sense of a balanced well-being for mind, body and soul.
What advice we give clients before their first Brazilian or Hollywood wax? Comments Off on What advice we give clients before their first Brazilian or Hollywood wax?


A family run business building and improving family homes.
Mark Whyte Builders is a family run business which has been operating since 1986. With over 40 years experience in the building trade, the main nucleus of the business comprises of Mark Whyte a carpenter and joiner since 1974, Tom Whyte a bricklayer and Angela Whyte the administrator.
We have carried out a wide scope of works including extensions of all shapes and sizes, all types of alterations, modernising, refurbishment,renovation, structural work, roofing, guttering, fencing and building garden walls. We only use qualified tradesmen and cover all trades.
The majority of our work is based in and around Warwick, Leamington Spa, Kenilworth and the surrounding villages.
We are full members of the Federation of Master Builders and the Government's Trustmark scheme. All information on these can be obtained from their websites or by following the links below. If needed we can provide references from clients or we can arrange for potential clients to view some of our previous work and talk to the homeowners.
Whatever your requirements you can be assured that Mark Whyte Builders can meet them.


October's Children's Book Club selection was Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman.
This novel is based on the traditional Norse mythological gods Thor, Loki, and Odin, and their kingdom, Asgard. Gaiman creates a new twist to the classic tale by inserting a very human, very likable twelve-year old as the main protagonist of the story.
Odd is an unlucky boy. His father has died, his mother has remarried an unkind man, and his village is in a perpetual state of winter. Odd decides to set off on his own, intending to leave behind all of the bickering that has ensued from the bad weather. What he ends up doing is befriending the famous gods who have been banished from Asgard. In the guise of a bear, a fox, and an eagle, the gods and their young human friend travel back to Asgard in order to reclaim their kingdom from the powerful Frost Giants. Unsurprisingly, Odd ends up the hero of the story, using brains over might in order to defeat the dreaded enemy.
This month's Book Club pick was highly praised by its participants. Our third and fourth grade readers loved the plotting of the book, as well as the interactions between the main characters. They all felt that Odd would be a pretty cool friend to have.
Harry liked the fact that the book was a fantasy. As he stated, "fantasies are a good show of your imagination." Essentially, if you have an imagination, you can do anything. Andreas learned a bunch of new words with this book, including "fjord" and "squall". And Cameron loved the way that Gaiman thought out the book as a whole. When I asked the group if there were any flaws in the book, Cam said "there were no waves, no ripples. The tide was flat." Nothing was wrong with this book! In one word, the book was "fantabulous"!
November's Children's Book Club selection is Loser by Jerry Spinelli and December's selection is The Magician's Elephant by Kate DiCamillo. I look forward to seeing you all there!


>TIGR02324 CP_lyasePhnL phosphonate C-P lyase system protein PhnL; InterPro: IPR012701 Members of this family are the PhnL protein of C-P lyase systems for utilization of phosphonates. These systems resemble phosphonatase-based systems in having a three-component ABC transporter, where IPR005769 from INTERPRO is the permease, IPR005770 from INTERPRO is the phosphonates binding protein, and IPR012693 from INTERPRO is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein. They differ, however, in having, typically, ten or more additional genes, many of which are believed to form a membrane-associated C-P lyase complex. This protein (PhnL) and the adjacent-encoded PhnK (IPR012700 from INTERPRO) resemble transporter ATP-binding proteins but are suggested, based on mutagenesis studies, to be part of this C-P lyase complex rather than part of a transporter per se ..


I am a retired science teacher, who has studied and travelled widely – from chemistry at Oxford University to business studies at INSEAD, Fontainebleau, from making batteries in Zaire to implementing banking software in the Urals, from selling refractory shapes across Europe to teaching science to prep school boys in Buckinghamshire, from working on a refinery in Canada to running a company in Barbados. It has been a lot of fun.
Now I'm gardening and writing in Broad Haven, Pembrokeshire.
I love books especially fictional adventure books with foreign locations.
Igor Pavlovich Radiorksy's death in a car accident on a Moscow road marks an ominous start for Peter (Pyotr) Cuthbert as Head of Operations of Goldberg Bank's Russian subsidiary. Quickly, he discovers that the computer problems at the bank run deep and perhaps Radiorksy's death was not accidental. Things are compounded when the head of the payments section is found dead. And are the newly promoted chairman, a young Kazakh and the ravishing Tatiana Sholokova all they appear to be? Pressure from headquarters in New York and demands from a major client mean a trip a fifteen hundred miles east of Moscow to Chelyabinsk for Peter Cuthbert and the new chairman with fateful consequences.
In late 1976, Dr. Helen Robinson undertakes a field study trip in the Zaire. Gerald Smelzer, a young adventurer is having an affair with a beautiful researcher at the Zaire research station, Salumbobo. As storm clouds brew in post-colonial Africa, their paths bring them face to face with Elakat Wangombe who is leading a pre-emptive rebel strike to free Katanga, now known as Shaba, and make it into an independent state.
Set in the Edwardian London, this is the story of Matilda, a working woman, who becomes involved in the suffragette movement with unexpected consequences. At the same time, it is a bildungsroman for the narrator, her daughter Dorothy, who watches the family cope with hardship as it struggles against the backdrop of poverty, inequality, and, in 1914, the Great War.
Dorothy's transition to a young woman and her fascination with her stepfather's heritage intertwine with the main theme. As she develops at school and in domestic service, the family struggles on account of the suffragist actions of Matilda and the Great War. Ultimately, when her employer is murdered she has to make the biggest decision of her life.
Richard – this is Ian Elliott – received your letter. Thx. Hoping we can exchange email addresses.


Michigan State University (MSU)'s implementation of on-campus support services and pre-college initiatives within the community is one of the many reasons it makes Diverse's Top 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs for minority students.
James Cotter, MSU's director of the office of admissions, calls MSU the "institution of the people" as well as the "institution of the state" because it is considered the original land-grant university.
"We see more applications from the state of Michigan, we admit more students from the state of Michigan and we enroll more students from the state of Michigan than any of the other institutions in the state of Michigan," says Cotter.
In the fall of 2016, of the 50,344 students enrolled, MSU had representations from all of Michigan's 83 counties, all 50 states and 138 countries around the world. Among the 7,950 students from the incoming class, 24.7 percent were minority students, 13.6 percent were international students, 9.7 percent were first-generation college students and 18.5 percent were Pell Grant recipients, according to MSU's website.
To keep the focus on Michigan communities, MSU established pre-college programs for local youth. The Summer Scholars Program is a three-week program to help prepare first, second and third year high school students for the college environment. In order to apply, students must be a part of the urban school districts of Benton Harbor, Chicago, Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Lansing and Saginaw, according to the program's website.
According to MSU officials, the Native American Business Institute program was created due to low Native American enrollment. The college-readiness program specifically targets Native American high school students. Participants can get a sense of academic and professional opportunities available to them.
Over the past two years, MSU has seen a 7 percent decrease among Black students on academic probation. Additionally, this year, the six-year graduation rate for Black students' is now at 65 percent with an increase of 6 percent, according to Russell.
In comparison to MSU's total student average of 91 percent for first-year retention rate, African-American student's rate is 86 percent, American Indian student's rate is 65 percent, Asian student's rate is 88 percent, Latino student's rate is 85 percent, two or more race student's rate is 88 percent and White student's rate is 93 percent, according to "Diversity at MSU: 2016-17 Student and Workforce Data Report".
"Our goal is to continue to close any gaps between our students of color and majority students," says Russell.
MSU is one of 11 schools part of the University of Innovation Alliance (UIA), which aims to increase the number of low-income students with degrees.
As part of the initiative, which began in 2014, the 11 university members "pledged to scale successful programs across their campuses to graduate an additional 68,000 students in the next decade," according to a UIA press release.
Thus, MSU reorganized its housing system and broke the areas into five "neighborhoods" including the Brody Neighborhood, North Neighborhood, South Neighborhood, River Trail Neighborhood and East Neighborhood. Within each neighborhood, students have access to academic, career and purpose, intercultural, health and wellness and community living support services.
MSU also has culture and identity programs available on campus including the LGBT Resource Center, Mosaic: The Multicultural Unity Center, the Multi-Racial Unity Living Experience and Intercultural Aid Program and Office of Cultural and Academic Transitions.


We saw the following two-way frequency table in Algebra 1. Two hundred and forty people were surveyed as to their preference for a sport utility vehicle (SUV) or a sports car.
Let's take a look at how two way frequency tables are associated with probability.
Look to where the TWO events intersect with one another - where the column and row intersect.
Look for the total of females + the total of Sports Cars, but remember to subtract where these two sets intersect (overlap). In this problem the total number of females choosing a sports car (45) will appear in the total of "all females" and in the total of "all sports cars", thus being counted TWICE. Subtracting ONE of the 45's will give the correct total.
Task 3: Find the probability that a person chosen at random will be a male who prefers a sport utility vehicle.
"the person is a male AND the person prefers a sport utility vehicle"
Where n(S) = number in sample space (or the Total of the table).
Task 4: Find the probability that a person chosen at random will be a female or a person who prefers a sports car.
"the person is a female OR the person prefers a sports car"
Two formulas are possible for "OR".
Task 5: Consider a two way relative frequency table.
A series of fractions and decimals are created. The decimals may be rounded to two decimal places if needed.
These fractions and decimals represent the probability that each cell of the table will occur.
For example, the probability of choosing a male who prefers sports cars is 39/240 or 16%.
The probability of choosing a male is 60/180 = 25%.
While this information is valuable, this table will not yield the probability of more complex situations such those dealing with "OR" situations.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.conf import settings
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    initial = True

    dependencies = [
        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Applicant',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('created_at', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
                ('updated_at', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
                ('battletag', models.CharField(max_length=24)),
                ('wow_class', models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, 'Death Knight'), (1, 'Demon Hunter'), (2, 'Druid'), (3, 'Hunter'), (4, 'Mage'), (5, 'Monk'), (6, 'Paladin'), (7, 'Priest'), (8, 'Rogue'), (9, 'Shaman'), (10, 'Warlock'), (11, 'Warrior')], default=0)),
                ('wow_mainspec', models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, 'Blood'), (1, 'Frost'), (2, 'Unholy'), (3, 'Havoc'), (4, 'Vengeance'), (5, 'Balance'), (6, 'Feral'), (7, 'Guardian'), (8, 'Restoration'), (9, 'Beast Mastery'), (10, 'Marksmanship'), (11, 'Survival'), (12, 'Arcane'), (13, 'Fire'), (14, 'Frost'), (15, 'Brewmaster'), (16, 'Mistweaver'), (17, 'Windwalker'), (18, 'Holy'), (19, 'Protection'), (20, 'Retribution'), (21, 'Discipline'), (22, 'Holy'), (23, 'Shadow'), (24, 'Assassination'), (25, 'Outlaw'), (26, 'Subtlety'), (27, 'Elemental'), (28, 'Enhancement'), (29, 'Restoration'), (30, 'Affliction'), (31, 'Demonology'), (32, 'Destruction'), (33, 'Arms'), (34, 'Fury'), (35, 'Protection')], default=0)),
                ('wow_item_level', models.IntegerField()),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Application',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('created_at', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
                ('updated_at', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
                ('approved', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('rejected', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('applicant', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='guildapp.Applicant')),
                ('approved_by', models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='application_approved_by', to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
                ('rejected_by', models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='application_rejected_by', to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
            ],
        ),
    ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ArtArts & EntertainmentLocal News
Our Own Artist
Ste7en Foster Send an email September 1, 2009
Artists John Palmer, Will Brooks, and photographer David Lewis
By Steven Foster
A Very Busy Brush
A Will Brooks' cube
With two recent high-profile projects, John Palmer continues painting a name for himself
Seems painter John Palmer's work is showing up everywhere these days. The limited edition lithograph "Our Relief" is a
collaboration between the white-hot painter and sculptor David Adickes. Proceeds from the work go to the American Red Cross, helping victims of Hurricane Ike—fitting since Houston and the nation prepare for another round of storms that seems to be getting off to a rip-roaring start with Bill. Another joint effort, this time with psychotherapist
Christopher Brown, may not have the size of a painting, but it has all the physical heft of a coffee-table art book and the meta-inspiration behind today's emotional fixer-upper bestsellers, albeit this one features prettier pictures. The 128-page The Art of Meaningful Living is available for about $22 on Amazon. For collectors, there are a few numbered, signed, and sealed copies at the John Palmer Gallery for $300, each with an original painting in the back of the book. 1218 Heights Blvd. 713/861-6726. JohnPalmerArt.com
Hip To Be Square
Our Relief, by John Palmer and David Adickes
Will Brooks's art cubes may be numbered, but their impact is infinite
In any art gallery or museum, you're constantly made aware through small plaques or shadowy docent that you are not to touch the artwork. Will Brooks's art isn't meant to be just touched, but to touch others. Brooks created, constructed, and painted 12 vivid cubes. Each four-inch cube is numbered, and each panel is painted with a similar, yet unique color scheme, pattern, or texture. And because it's a cube, the work doesn't just hang flat like a painting, you can reposition or redirect it, making it a different piece of art every day. But the very cool bit? If you receive or find one of these cubes, it's yours to keep. There's just one catch. In return, you are to sacrifice, say, one green tea chai a week and give those twenty-something bucks to charity. It's urban art meets Obama pass-it-on social responsibility. Very meaningful living indeed. If you need some suggestions, visit cubes.willbrooksart.com for a listing of local organizations in need.
Not Letting The Sun Go Down On Him
Houston photographer David Lewis one of top 10 finalists
David Lewis's photograph
Pharmaceutical giant Bristol-Myers Squibb announced the short list for their annual "Fight HIV Your Way" photography contest, and local lensman
David Lewis is one of 10 finalists. In addition to the panel of judges, public voting is also allowed this year. But even if you don't cast a vote for Lewis' subtle, tranquil shot of a Texas sunset, check out the site anyway. If the entries are half the caliber of last year's, art fans are in for aphotographic feast. Stunning scenery, meditative portraiture, trippy symbolic shots, and vivid visual poems make this contest one of the best on-line galleries around. Every picture here tells some kind of story, and these photographs are no different. Whether you're living with HIV, you
know someone who has the disease, or, worse, you've lost someone to the illness, these images will still have an emotional resonance. Lewis understands this, and that's what makes a photograph that could be looked at as a rather static, unoriginal image, wholly unique.
The 10 finalists will be featured at the contest website at FightHIVyourWay.com, where you can cast a vote for Lewis in their Public Voting Round.
John Palmer photographer David Lewis Will Brooks
Ste7en Foster
Steven Foster is a regular contributor to OutSmart Magazine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Real Housewives of New Jersey viewers are coming back in droves! A promo for a knock-down-drag-out fight will do that, I guess?!
The Bravo heavy hitter has seen a drop in viewers since the premiere of season 5 which pulled in 2.84 million fans, but this week they managed to climb back up to a whopping 2.7 million (last week was just 2.1). I can't wait to see what the numbers will be after the Joe vs Joe vs everyone brawl actually airs this coming Sunday!
Also doing well – much to the dismay of many – is Keeping Up with the Kardashians. It's holding steady at 2.5 million again this week.
Princesses Long Island hasn't been able to break that 1 million mark since its premiere episode, so it'll be interesting to see if Bravo goes forward with a season 2.
Hollywood Exes proved that making the move to Sunday nights was a bad, bad, bad idea! The show premiered its second season last week on Monday night to an impressive 1.7 million viewers tuning in. However, they made the move to Sunday this week (the new permanent night) and lost almost half of their audience, plummeting to just 895,000!
I've said it before – spread it out! I'm so tired of the networks trying to cram SO many shows in on Sundays! Give us some other shows to look forward to the rest of the week! Hopefully VH1 will see the error in judgment and they'll announce a night change.
Nicole Murphy Talks Being Real, Getting Married, & Spinoffs! Plus Shamika Lawrence Said Martin Supported Her Doing Hollywood Exes!


Sunday, December 18th, 2016This entry was posted on at and is filed under Technology, Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


text:
Additional Information about October 10 Hearing in USA v. Youssef, 09-cr-000617-CAS
An initial appearance in USA v. Nakoula, 09-cr-00617-CAS
Pharrell Williams, et al. v. Bridgeport Music, Inc., et al.
USA v. Youssef, 09-cr-000617-CAS
Home » Newsworthy » Cases of Interest
Pharrell Williams, et al. v. Bridgeport Music, Inc., et al. (Amended)
The trial in Pharrell Williams, et al. v. Bridgeport Music, Inc., et al.(LA CV13-06004 JAK (AGRx)) is continued to 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, February 24, 2015, in Courtroom 750 of the Edward R. Roybal Federal Building and Courthouse, which is located at 255 E. Temple Street in downtown Los Angeles. This date may change.
Unless a request for a closed hearing has been submitted by a party and approved by the Court, some seats will be available in Courtroom 750 for those who are interested in viewing the proceeding. Seats will be available on a first-come, first-served basis. There will be no special seating for the media. Additional seating will be made available in Courtroom 740 in which there will be a live audio/video feed.
All cell phones, cameras, laptops, PDAs, and other devices capable of the taking or making of photographs or video or sound recordings or for broadcasting will be collected at the entrance to both Courtrooms. These devices will be returned to their owners at the end of each day, or when the owner(s) leave the proceedings for the day.
Notices from the Clerk
View all notices »


text:
Q: Count the number of repeating elements in an array The question is to count the number of repeating elements in  the given array:
Suppose the input is:

*

*1

1 2 3 3 3

*

*2

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5

Then the output should be 3 for the first input and  5 for the second one.
I have written the code, according to logic its output should be 3 but I'm getting the output as 5 could anyone spot the error.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

int main() {
  int a[5] = {
    1,
    4,
    2,
    4,
    4
  };
  int b[101];
  memset(b, 0, 101);
  int cp = 0, i = 0;
  b[a[i]] = 1;

  for (int j = i + 1; j < 5; j++) {

    if (b[a[j] > 0]) {
      if (b[a[j]] == 1)
        cp++;
      cp++;
      b[a[j]]++;
    } else
      b[a[j]] = 1;

  }
  cout << cp;

  return 0;
}

A: There is a typo in your code - you wrote if(b[a[j]>0]) instead of if (b[a[j]] > 0), which produces completely different behavior.
To avoid such mistakes, you should format your code properly and give meaningful names to variables. For example, your main function could be rewritten as:
int main() {
    const size_t SIZE = 5;
    int a[SIZE] = {1, 4, 2, 4, 4};
    const int MAX_VALUE = 100;
    int count[1 + MAX_VALUE] = {};
    int duplicates = 0;

    for (int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
        if (count[a[j]] > 0)
            duplicates++;
        if (count[a[j]] == 1)
            duplicates++;

        count[a[j]]++;
    }

    cout << duplicates;
}

Note how I also removed a special case for the first array element - it is unnecessary and often prone to errors.

A: If I read something like
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

and the variable names, then I assume that this question is related to some competetive programming site. So, my guess is that there are more constraints that we do not know. We see for example the magic number 101 here. Maybe there is a constraint that we have only integers in the range 0..100. Anyway, we do not know.
I would like to show a C++ solution. Basically this is using the standard approach for counting items, by using a std::map or std::unordered_map.
Please see the following code which basically consists of 2 lines. I will explain it afterwards:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <numeric>

std::vector testData{ 1,4,2,4,4 };

int main() {

    std::unordered_map<int, size_t> counter{};

    // Count the occurence of each integer value
    for (const int i : testData) counter[i]++;

    // Accumulate repeating values and show result
    std::cout << std::accumulate(counter.begin(), counter.end(), 0U, [](size_t c, const auto& p) { return c+(p.second > 1 ? p.second : 0U); });

    return 0;
}

As said, we use the standard approach with maps. The important point here is to understand the index operator of a map. Please see here. And read:

Returns a reference to the value that is mapped to a key equivalent to key, performing an insertion if such key does not already exist.

The important point is: It will either return a reference to a value, if it is already in the map. If not, it will create the value in the map and again return a reference to the value. And because we get a reference to the value in any way, we can simply increment it.
After we have done this for all source values from our "testData"-vector in a very simple for loop, we have the count of all values. If the count for one value is greater then 1, then it is a duplicate or "repeated".
Therefore, we just need to accumulate all counters that are greater than 1. And for this we use the dedicated function std::accumulate.
If you should have any questions, then please ask.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Coming all the way from Washington State in USA!
Great color genetics, with being heterozygous for tobiano, black, cream and agouti, so will produce a variety of colors from traditional to fancy.
Estimation of the market for Curly Ponies in Europe.
25%-50% of children and young people suffer from some kind of allergy, asthma or hypersensitivity. Around 7% suffer from horse allergy specifically. In Europe there are around 7 million horses. To be very restrictive, can we assume that 1% of the horse population is kids' ponies. That means a potential market of 50000 hypoallergenic ponies in Europe. Even if only a fraction actually can and will buy a Curly Pony, there should be plenty opportunity to sell curly ponies. And if you want to offer riding lessons or theurapeutic riding with hypoallergenic ponies, you will be the first in Europe to do so.
Bucky's first European offspring was foaled summer of 2008, *Pennsylvania Dream (Penny), which we have kept as riding pony for our son. Penny was the smallest curly foal ever in Europe.
The year after we got *Carolina Dream, a full sister to Penny, which sold as a foal to a family in Norway. We also got a unique pair of medium size ponies, out of our larger mares. Those are *Washington Dream and *Wisconsin Dream.
Bucky was then sold to UK and produced several foals there before being sold to France.
free running in the arena, veterinary inspection with flex test, driving test and measuring.
We are waiting outside the arena to go in for the final appearance and receive the judging.
Finally! The Yellow Ribbon (for approved stallions) is ours!


With 10,000 steps a day, three quarters of all Americans will experience foot or ankle problems in their lifetime.
The ankle joint is formed by three bones, the tibia, fibula, and talus. The bones are held together by several strong ligaments, which provide stability to the ankle joint. A sprain is a tear, or injury to a ligament, of varying severity.
Twisting injuries to the ankle. Seen with rapid pivoting in soccer and basketball. Stepping off of a curb or step can twist or rotate the ankle. Depending on the direction the foot is twisted, different ligaments can be injured.
Pain in the ankle, varying from mild to quite severe. Often there is swelling, especially in the outside of the ankle. Walking and weight bearing may be difficult, with pain and feelings of instability.
Tenderness over ligaments of the ankle. Swelling may be noted. Stress of the involved ligaments is quite uncomfortable.
History, physical examination, and x-rays are usually adequate to make the diagnosis. Occasionally, special stress x-rays are used to determine chronic instability.
Treatment depends on the severity, or grade of the sprain. For mild, or grade 1 sprains, support until symptoms resolve. Moderate, or grade 2 sprains are treated with functional bracing, for several weeks. Severe, grade 3 sprains may require immobilization in a cast or brace to heal.
Surgery is rarely indicated for an acute ankle sprain, except perhaps in the high-performance athlete. Ligament repair is effective for chronic instability.
The Achilles tendon is a very strong tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel. When the calf muscles contract, they pull on the heel, pushing the foot down. Thus the Achilles tendon lets us run, jump, and walk.
Typically an overuse injury, due to excessive jumping, or running up hills.
Pain in the back of the heel, increased with activity. Aching in the back of the heel when starting to walk.
Tenderness along the Achilles tendon near its insertion into the heel. Often there is thickening or swelling of the tendon.
Diagnosis is made by history and physical examination.
Rest, icing, avoidance of aggravating activity, and anti-inflammatory medications. Shoe heel lifts, and immobilization (casting or bracing) for severe cases. NO corticosteroid injections (can rupture the tendon-big problem).
Debridement of the tendon, or repair of the tendon for an Achilles tendon rupture.
Generally successfully treated with non-operative care.
The plantar fascia is a broad band of tissue that runs from the heel to the base of the toes, on the sole of the foot. It helps to support the normal arch of the foot. It is usually under tension, much like the string that holds the bow part of a bow and arrow bent, or arched. The plantar fascia may become partially torn or inflamed at either end.
Overuse, seen with a change in running habits, poor running shoes, footwear with poor arch support, walking on hard floors. Associated with weight gain.
Pain in the sole of the foot, either at the base of the heel, or in the arch. Patients are generally comfortable sleeping, but report sharp or cramping pain with the first step in the morning. Often they find themselves hobbling around for several minutes. Symptoms typically ease during the day, but may become painful at the end of the day.
Tenderness along the plantar fascia. Often patients have a tight Achilles tendon.
The diagnosis is made primarily by history and physical examination. X-rays of the heel may coincidentally show 'heel spurs', but the spur is not part of the problem (the fascia doesn't even attach to the spur).
A combination of plantar fascia and Achilles tendon stretching, anti-inflammatory medication, arch supports, good shoes, avoiding walking barefoot, and avoiding aggravating activities. Nighttime splints are irritating to wear, but are very helpful. A trial of a single corticosteroid injection may be helpful, but should not be done repeatedly.
The good news is that over ninety percent of patients can be successfully treated without surgery. The bad news is that it probably takes between six months and a year for a cure, and exacerbations are common.
The posterior tibial nerve runs down along the inside of the ankle, down to the foot. It passes between the inside of the ankle, and under a thick band of tissue. If the nerve gets compressed, or squeezed, then it will not work properly.
May be due to direct trauma, or following an ankle injury. Swelling or inflammation of the other tendons inside the tarsal tunnel besides the nerve also increase pressure on the nerve.
Usually a vague burning or tingling running down along the inside and sole of the foot. Usually aggravated by activity, and relieved by rest.
Tenderness along the course of the nerve, with reproduction of symptoms by pressure on the nerve.
History, physical examination, and possibly nerve conduction studies. X-rays are generally negative.
Rest, avoiding aggravating activity, orthotics, anti-inflammatory medication, and a trial of a corticosteroid injection may all be helpful in reducing symptoms.
Decompression of the nerve by releasing the compressing structures, through a small incision, is generally curative.
This is an uncommon injury, and is frequently confused with other foot conditions.
This condition develops when one of the nerves running along the sole of the foot becomes squeezed, or inflamed between two of the bones of the foot (metatarsals).
Usually related to poor shoe wear, or increase in running/standing. When the toes and foot are unnaturally squeezed, there is pressure created on the nerves in the foot. The nerve becomes chronically thickened and inflamed.
Pain in the ball of the foot, often described as burning, or numbness, that may radiate into the toes. The space between the third and fourth toes is most common, but may occur in the space between the second and third toes as well.
Tenderness, pain, or numbness in the third or fourth webspace with direct pressure on the nerve.
Diagnosis is based almost entirely on history and physical examination. X-rays are usually normal. Ruling out other causes of foot pain is required.
Modification of shoewear, with a wider toe box, and good arch and metatarsal support. Orthotics may be helpful. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication , and rest. A trial of a corticosteroid injection may be of both diagnostic and therapeutic benefit.
Excision of the swollen nerve (neuroma) is generally curative, also mild numbness between the involved toes may result.
Often simple, inexpensive measures can relieve this problem, before it becomes a much more difficult situation.


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Nicolas Cage's Spider-Man Noir Is Not In 'Across The Spider-Verse'
Stephen Amell Returns To The Arrowverse In 'The Flash' Season 9 BTS Photo
The Real Reason Behind Miguel Sapochnik's 'House Of The Dragon' Exit
'The Flash' Director Andy Muschietti Teases Central City With New BTS Photo
'Avatar: The Way Of Water': Second Trailer For James Cameron's Sequel Drops
Return to Pandora this Holiday season!
by Noah Villaverde on November 2, 2022
The second trailer for James Cameron's upcoming sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water just dropped during Good Morning America.
Avatar: The Way of Water had its first official teaser debut back in May in front of Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. The footage teased some of the visceral imagery in audience's return to Pandora for the first time in 13 years, and also showcased what James Cameron has been up to since then.
Pandora is as beautiful as ever
The latest trailer for James Cameron's long-awaited sequel has been released, following a special premiere on the ABC show Good Morning America. You can check it out below, along with an official poster for the movie.
On December 16, return to Pandora.
Watch the brand-new trailer and experience #AvatarTheWayOfWater in 3D. pic.twitter.com/UtxAbycCIc
— Avatar (@officialavatar) November 2, 2022
On December 16, experience #AvatarTheWayOfWater. pic.twitter.com/WcQOlu9yLD
As reported earlier this week, The Way of Water has a running time of about 3 hours and its 10 minutes, making it 28 minutes longer than the original Avatar movie, which was released in 2009. The reported runtime also makes it James Cameron's second longest movie to date, behind 1997's Titanic.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II To Play Wonder Man In Marvel's Disney Plus Series
Here is the synopsis for James Cameron's Avatar: The Way of Water:
Set more than a decade after the events of the first film, "Avatar: The Way of Water" begins to tell the story of the Sully family (Jake, Neytiri, and their kids), the trouble that follows them, the lengths they go to keep each other safe, the battles they fight to stay alive, and the tragedies they endure.
Directed by James Cameron from a script he co-wrote with Josh Friedman, the seuqel stars Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang, Cliff Curtis, Joel David Moore, CCH Pounder, Edie Falco, Jemaine Clement, Giovanni Ribisi, and Kate Winslet.
Avatar: The Way of Water hits theaters on December 16, 2022. Stay tuned for the latest news on the upcoming James Cameron film, and subscribe to Heroic Hollywood's YouTube channel for more original video content.
Nicolas Cage's Spider-Man Noir Is Not In 'Across The Spider-Verse'
Stephen Amell Returns To The Arrowverse In 'The Flash' Season 9 BTS Photo
The Real Reason Behind Miguel Sapochnik's 'House Of The Dragon' Exit


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2018 Aurora Prize for…
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2018 Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity
Nominations for 2020 Aurora Prize for…
Received submissions feature 593 unique…
Nominations for the 2020 Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity are now closed. The nomination period had officially opened on May 16, 2019, the International Day of Living Together in Peace declared by the UN to uphold the desire to live and act together in order to build a sustainable world of peace, solidarity and harmony. Since then, hundreds of submissions have been received, featuring an unprecedented 593 unique candidates.
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STATEMENT BY CO-FOUNDERS AND CHAIR
Aurora Humanitarian Initiative Statement on the…
On behalf of the partners and supporters of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative, we would like to extend our gratitude to the United States House of Representatives for passing H. Res. 296 405-11, which recognizes by its true name, a genocide, the extermination of 1.5 million innocent Armenians by Ottoman Turkish Empire a century ago.
Lord Ara Darzi to Chair the Aurora Prize…
The announcement was made during the inaugural…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative has announced the appointment of Lord Ara Darzi as Chair of Aurora Prize Selection Committee. Academy-award winning actor and director and philanthropist George Clooney will remain on the Committee as its Honorary Co-Chair, sharing this position with world famous peace and human rights activist Benjamin Ferencz. The announcement was made during the inaugural Aurora Forum taking place in Armenia in October 2019.
2019 Aurora Prize Laureate announced as…
Aurora honors the Yazidi activist for rescuing…
The fourth annual Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity was awarded today to Mirza Dinnayi, Co-Founder and Director of Luftbrücke Irak (Air Bridge Iraq). Driven by his passion to save lives, the Yazidi activist has found a way to overcome numerous bureaucratic and logistic obstacles to help the most vulnerable members of the Yazidi community during numerous conflicts in Syria and Iraq.
Stamp for Humanity
New stamp features 2018 Aurora Prize Laureate…
A special ceremony dedicated to the cancellation of a new international postage stamp by HayPost, featuring 2018 Aurora Prize Laureate Kyaw Hla Aung, was held on October 16, 2019, during the inaugural Aurora Forum, in the Kamar Business Center in Yerevan.
GENERAL SPONSORS OF THE INAUGURAL AURORA…
The Forum is thankful to its generous supporters:…
Yerevan, Armenia – The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative and organizing partners of the inaugural Aurora Forum are pleased to announce that the Yerevan Brandy Company, Armenia TV and The Alexander, a Luxury Collection Hotel, Yerevan are the event's general sponsors. The Co-Founders are proud that such respected and well-known Armenian organizations have come on board to sponsor the Aurora Forum.
Сall Opens for Research Grant Applications
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative kicks off the…
On the second Saturday of October, the Holy Translators Day, Aurora Humanitarian Initiative has announced a call for applications for the 2019-2020 Vartan Gregorian Scholarship (Research Grants) Program. The scholarship, launched in 2018, was created for early-career scholars and researchers who study the underexplored aspects of the history of Armenia and Armenian Diaspora in the 20th century.
Aurora Humanitarian Initiative receives…
A delegation from the Aurora Humanitarian…
The visit was part of a wider trip from the group to Rome, during which a series of meetings with Vatican and community leaders was held.
Commemorative Tree Planting Ceremony to Be…
Armenia Tree Project and Aurora Humanitarian…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative and the Armenia Tree Project are glad to announce that a tree-planting event in Tsitsernakaberd will be organized during the inaugural Aurora Forum on October 20, 2019. A new grove of trees to be planted will be named after Aurora Mardiganian, one of the Armenian Genocide survivors remembered for her extraordinary resilience and generosity, in spite of the suffering she had faced, and being the inspiration behind the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity.
Gratitude in Action Takes Center Stage at…
Aurora Prize Ceremony and Aurora Tribute and…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative announced that the Aurora Prize Ceremony to take place on October 19, 2019 will be open to the public. The Initiative also confirmed a tribute and fundraising concert featuring the Mariinsky Theatre Symphonic Orchestra conducted by Valery Gergiev to take place on October 20, 2019.
Aurora Forum Goodwill Ambassador and Two…
World-renowned musician, humanitarian to headline…
September 23, 2019 – Dana Leong, the world's top electric cellist and trombone player, will participate in the #AraratChallenge Fest to take place at the Freedom Square in Yerevan, Armenia on October 19 and 20, 2019, during the inaugural Aurora Forum. Aimed at inspiring a grassroot movement around humanitarian actions, the two-day festival combines culture and education, and features inspiring public talks, musical performances, discussions, lectures and masterclasses.
2019 Young Aurora: The Three Finalists
All three teams will present their projects…
It is our pleasure to announce that after a highly competitive process involving student-initiated projects from across UWC schools and colleges and the African Leadership Academy, the three project teams selected for the final stage are: Smokeless Kitchens from UWC East Africa, Precious Plastic from UWC Pearson College and Young Voices from UWC Atlantic College. We congratulate all three teams as they prepare to present their projects during the inaugural Aurora Forum in Armenia on October 18.
#AraratChallenge Global Campaign Inspires…
Aurora celebrates the participants of the …
September 6, 2019 – Aurora Humanitarian Initiative celebrates the participants of the global #AraratChallenge crowdfunding campaign who have donated $1 per month or more to give a second chance to the world's most vulnerable.
Maison Shalom, Home to Burundian and East…
Aurora Humanitarian Initiative Co-Founder Ruben…
Maison Shalom, an international NGO that cares for thousands of orphan children and refugees from war-torn Burundi, will celebrate its 25th Anniversary with a program featuring public talks and discussion panels by distinguished philanthropists and experts on topics such as humanitarianism, education, among other pressing global issues.
Aurora Prize Laureate Tom Catena to Speak at…
Chair of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative will…
Dr. Tom Catena, Aurora Humanitarian Initiative Chair and 2017 Aurora Prize Laureate, will participate as speaker at the 2019 World Health Summit to take place on October 27-29, 2019 in Berlin, Germany. Dr. Catena will join leading healthcare experts and decision-makers from around the globe to discuss ways to advance global health agendas and promote science thought leadership.
Distinguished Peace Activist Benjamin…
Prominent international lawyer will become the…
July 29, 2019 – The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative is honored to announce that Benjamin Ferencz, world famous peace and human rights activist, has joined the Selection Committee of the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity as its Honorary Co-Chair. The well-known Romanian-born American lawyer, who has been promoting the establishment of an international rule of law for many years, will be a global ambassador of the Aurora Prize.
Volunteer Now to Take Part in the Inaugural…
Aurora Forum is calling for volunteers to…
Responsible and energetic individuals are welcomed to become part of a groundbreaking event and contribute to the international Aurora Forum, which will take place on October 14-21, 2019 and bring together change-makers of the world and global leaders to discuss and share knowledge on today's most advanced humanitarian and educational practices to further social, cultural, scientific, and technological transformation.
Ararat Challenge: The Second Chance Our…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative launches the …
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative has announced the #AraratChallenge, a new crowdfunding campaign aimed at supporting those in urgent need of basic humanitarian aid around the world. The #AraratChallenge is a video-based crowdfunding campaign set to increase the impact and reach of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative, whose projects combat poverty, improve healthcare and provide education to those in need. This call-to-donate seeks to inspire and engage people to embrace Aurora's mission of empowering successive generations of humanitarians.
2019 AURORA PRIZE CEREMONY TO TAKE PLACE ON…
Restructured event will feature a special charity…
The fourth Aurora Prize Ceremony will take place in Yerevan on October 20, 2019 and will be divided into a two-part ceremony, featuring the Aurora Prize itself and a concert by the remarkable Mariinsky Theatre Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Valery Gergiev. This unique global humanitarian Prize is awarded annually by the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative on behalf of the survivors of the Armenian Genocide and in gratitude to their saviors. The Ceremony will showcase Aurora Humanitarians – individuals who have done extraordinary work and had exceptional impact on human life by saving the desperate and abandoned and advancing the cause of humanitarianism in the face of adversity. One of these three Aurora Humanitarians will receive a $1 million grant to continue the cycle of giving by supporting the organizations they have chosen.
2019 Aurora Humanitarians
The Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity…
The Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity's Selection Committee has named three outstanding 2019 Aurora Humanitarians, recognized for performing acts of exceptional courage and their commitment to saving human life. The 2019 Aurora Prize Laureate will be announced at a ceremony in Armenia on October 20, 2019. With a $1 million award the Laureate will get an opportunity to continue the cycle of giving and support the organizations that have inspired their work.
Students from United World Colleges to…
Aurora Humanitarian Project will provide UWC…
Applications for the 2019 Aurora Humanitarian Project for UWC schools and colleges are now being accepted. The project, recognized as "Young Aurora," is a partnership between the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative, United World Colleges (UWC), Scholae Mundi and Teach for All. It provides an opportunity for UWC schools and colleges to design projects that will drive positive change in the community through humanitarian solutions. The winning team will be awarded a $4,000 grant to implement their project. Now in its third year, 17 schools and colleges have participated in the Young Aurora Project till date. Previous project proposals have presented solutions to a diverse range of critical humanitarian issues identified near their schools and colleges in countries including Eswatini, Germany, India and China.
111 PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS FROM AROUND THE…
The Aurora Forum is proud to announce that 111 influencers from political, academic, entertainment, and business sectors around the world have joined the Aurora Forum as Goodwill Ambassadors, showing their dedication to tackling some of our time's and future generation's most pressing global challenges. Aurora Forum Co-Founders Noubar Afeyan, Vartan Gregorian, and Ruben Vardanyan welcome the Goodwill Ambassadors as luminaries of Aurora's vision to promote innovative and effective approaches to advancing positive social change in Armenia and beyond.
Aurora Will Help Matenadaran Present…
Aurora Humanitarian Initiative continues to support the Matenadaran, Armenia's national repository of ancient manuscripts, with a new grant of $20,000. With these funds, the Matenadaran will commission the preparation and design of an interactive table-map of Armenian Scriptoria.
Surgeon and Missionary Dr. Tom Catena…
Co-Founders kick-start global Aurora Movement by…
12 December 2018 – The Co-Founders of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative have announced Dr. Tom Catena, an American physician and Catholic missionary from Amsterdam, New York has joined the organisation as Chair.
VARTAN GREGORIAN SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM…
New $30,000 research grants for academics and…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative announces a call for applications for new research grants. The Vartan Gregorian Scholarship (Research Grants) Program will support exceptional early-career scholars and researchers, with a specific focus on historians and social scientists, in their efforts to study the unexplored questions of the 20th century history of Armenia.
Eleven refugees and at-risk youth receive…
Aurora Humanitarian Initiative puts Gratitude…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative has announced eleven recipients of Aurora Gratitude Scholarships. Young people from seven Middle Eastern countries began their studies at United World Colleges (UWC) around the world in September 2018. The scholarships allow students to live safely, with support and receive a strong education. All recipients are either refugees, living with the loss of one or both parents, or come from marginalized communities.
NOMINATIONS NOW OPEN FOR $1.1 MILLION 2019…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative is calling for…
George Clooney Honors Vartan Gregorian for…
Kyaw Hla Aung Announced as 2018 Aurora Prize…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative honors the…
Aurora Dialogues conference 2018
The 2018 Dialogues conference at the Matenadaran …
Ambassador Samantha Power and John…
Aurora Prize Selection Committee member…
2018 Aurora Humanitarians visit Armenia
2018 Humanitarians tour of Garni, Geghard, and…
2018 Aurora Humanitarians visit Armenian…
Presentation of the book "Armenian Legacy in…
Three Inspirational Humanitarian Activists…
24 APRIL 2018 – YEREVAN – Today, the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity Selection Committee announced three humanitarians as potential recipients of the 2018 Prize. Each individual was chosen for their exceptional courage, far-reaching impact and endless commitment to preserving human life and advancing humanitarian causes in the face of adversity.
Ambassador Samantha Power Joins the Aurora…
Leading humanitarian luminary Ambassador Power…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative announces Former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power as the newest member of the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity Selection Committee. As a part of the Selection Committee, Ambassador Power will join the other esteemed humanitarians, human rights activists and former heads of state to determine future recipients for the annual $1.1 million Aurora Prize.
Aurora Dialogues Berlin
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative Hosts an…
Aurora Dialogues Berlin, "Millions on The Move: Need for Development and Integration," will explore how the European Union, and Germany specifically, can contribute to humanitarian solutions by supporting development and integration. The event will be held on December 4-5, 2017 at the Robert Bosch Stiftung Representative Office in Berlin, Germany. The conference is a joint effort of the Aurora Humanitarian Initiative, the Stiftung Mercator, the Robert Bosch Stiftung and the Global Perspectives Initiative.
Bernard Kouchner Joins the Aurora Prize…
Médecins Sans Frontières co-founder and former…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative is pleased to announce that Bernard Kouchner, the co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), is joining the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity Selection Committee. The committee, which selects the annual Aurora Prize finalists and laureate, is comprised of humanitarians, human right activists and former heads of state, and is chaired by Academy-award winning actor and philanthropist George Clooney.
750 Nominations Submitted for the 2018…
Unique candidates for the Prize increased by 100%
In its third year, the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity has received 750 submissions for 509 unique candidates.
Lord Darzi Joins Aurora Prize Selection…
World famous surgeon and health policy maker…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative is pleased to confirm the appointment of Lord Ara Darzi to the Aurora Prize Selection Committee. The Selection Committee is comprised of a select group of humanitarians, human right activists and former heads of state, and is chaired by Academy-award winning actor and director, and a humanitarian in his own right, George Clooney.
Dates Announced for the Third Annual Aurora…
Armenia to Host Aurora Humanitarian Initiative's…
The Aurora Humanitarian Initiative today announced that the 2018 Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity ceremony, Aurora Dialogues and weekend of inspirational events, will take place June 8-10, 2018 in Armenia. Pre-eminent humanitarians, academics, philanthropists, human rights defenders, government officials, journalists and business leaders from around the world will gather for the purpose of galvanizing action to address today's most pressing humanitarian challenges and to celebrate the best of humanity. The weekend will culminate with the presentation of the third annual $1.1 million Aurora Prize, a global humanitarian award given to an individual for the exceptional impact their actions have had on preserving human life and advancing humanitarian causes. The laureate is invited to share $1million with organizations which inspire their work.
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Have you ever received an email with a symbol at the end, like a little green tree or a dragonfly, and a message asking, "Please — Only print this email if necessary"? Then you've been exposed to Green IT.
You can expect to hear lots more about the term, which covers a whole bunch of initiatives related to diminishing the environmental footprint of technology.
At the other end of the scale, Google Inc. put acres of photovoltaic solar cells on the roofs of its headquarters building in California and invested in a hydroelectric dam in Washington state to find "greener" power.
Jessica Vreeswijk of Terrabytes Consulting is a consultant in Victoria who does conventional information technology work. She was IT manager for two years at the Royal B.C. Museum but, last year, started to specialize in the green side.
Her definition says Green IT "refers to initiatives that reduce the environmental footprint of technology." It covers more than just switching off a computer when not in use. It can mean that, plus measures such as swapping older PCs for more efficient equipment, educating staff, and making different choices in business operations.
Even just shutting down a desktop computer after business hours can make IT managers in an organization nervous. As Vreeswijk explains, how can they distribute software fixes to the office network if some of the machines are turned off?
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"We weren't just looking at energy; we're looking at ways to run your business," says Vreeswijk, who has produced a manual called the Green IT Guide with ideas and best practices for businesses and organizations, including a list of websites for information. It also has background white papers and suggested measurement tools for business.
A recent energy-efficiency project Vreeswijk did for a Victoria public-sector organization, where IT uses nine per cent of all energy, will reduce power use for IT functions by 60 per cent.
"What I'm seeing in Green IT is it's all starting with the big companies," she says.
It got going several years ago and now is starting to become more common, especially with large organizations looking for ways to save money in the recession. For example, B.C. Hydro is now subsidizing something called "network power management" for its major corporate power customers, the ones who spend at least $100,000 a year on electricity. IT power use isn't a small part of your electric bill. From 10 to 30 per cent of power use is from IT equipment: PCs, servers, printers, modems, routers, and so on.
Another Green IT venture is 80Plus, which aims to improve the efficiency of power supplies in PCs. Computer workstation efficiency now averages between 55 and 75 per cent.
One useful but simple gadget Vreeswijk uses is a power-consumption device. (One brand is the "Kill A Watt" meter sold at Canadian Tire and elsewhere for about $25.) It plugs into a power outlet, and your computer or server plugs into the meter, which stores information on electricity consumption. Computer power use can vary widely — anywhere from 65 to 250 watts per hour, according to Vreeswijk's Green IT Guide.
"Server virtualization" is a technique being adopted to reduce the number of servers — computers that power a business network or allow websites to be accessed by many users — and, thus, cut power consumption.Companies like VMWare of Seattle market software that makes one server function like two or more. Data servers use a lot of power. BC Hydro estimates electricity use for these devices is doubling every five years. The power company says as many as 30 physical servers can be consolidated into one.
Vreeswijk says there is more information available all the time on the subject, and she's attempted to "dig through all the vendor mumbo jumbo" and make recommendations for IT managers "in a vendor-neutral way."
More energy-efficient hardware is a big part of the Green IT movement, but it also covers business practices and behaviours. "Can you print double-sided, is your printer capable?… Do you buy all new [equipment] or incrementally upgrade?" asks Vreeswijk.
Another part of the green computing movement is responsible recycling. Look for manufacturers and retailers that take back the waste packaging and the hardware once it's obsolete.
She likes EPEAT — the "electronic product environmental assessment tool" developed in North America a couple of years ago that now ranks more than 1,000 manufacturers of computers as either gold, silver, or bronze for energy use and other environmental aspects. See www.epeat.net
A note for individuals looking for an EPEAT-rated home computer: its website says the rating system was developed for institutional and corporate purchasers, who are the major buyers of computers. PCs for business or government can be different from products aimed at home users. At home, we like more memory, faster processing, better sound and video, all of which consume more power. Business computers listed with EPEAT "may have fewer bells and whistles than a consumer model," so the rating may not translate exactly. "Consumers are historically very sensitive to price, performance, and flashiness and have not expressed any clear preference for environmentally friendly electronics, so manufacturers have generally designed accordingly.
"For example, a high-efficiency power supply can reduce the life-cycle cost and environmental impacts of a computer but adds a few dollars to the up-front retail price, so a high-efficiency power supply has rarely been part of the configuration of consumer oriented PCs," says EPEAT.
As a related feature, EPEAT asks whether manufacturers offer to take back the product, packaging, and dead batteries.
All of these Green IT fixes aren't cost-free, but most have a payback of less than a year, says Vreeswijk. On average, you can reduce energy costs by an average of 15 per cent, and, with B.C. Hydro about to boost power rates by 11 per cent over the next two years, Green IT may be worth looking at.
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