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La ictiosis es una enfermedad cutánea de origen genético, que es relativamente común, y provoca que la piel se vuelva seca y escamosa, como la de un pez (ἰχθύς (/ikʰ.tʰy̌ːs/) es "pez" en griego, de ahí el prefijo ictio-).

Etiología

En investigaciones efectuadas en la Universidad Rennes de Francia y en la Universidad de Friburgo en Alemania, se ha podido establecer que la mutación del gen PNPLA1 de razas caninas como el cobrador dorado, jack russell terrier y norfolk terrier está relacionada con la aparición de ictiosis en esta especie y se ha podido comprobar que este mismo gen está alterado en ambas copias de pacientes humanos afectados de ictiosis. La proteína producida por la expresión del gen PNPLA1 pertenece a una familia de enzimas que juegan un papel clave en la descomposición de las grasas, un proceso importante en la formación de las membranas celulares. Cuando los investigadores estudiaron biopsias de piel de cobradores y personas con el trastorno, encontraron membranas de células anormales, a causa de la mutación del gen, en la epidermis.

Síntomas
Entre los síntomas se destacan las lesiones cutáneas, producidas por la sequedad, la aparición de "escamas" y una tendencia a engrosarse; puede aparecer también un leve picor.

Clases de ictiosis

 Ictiosis vulgar o común: es la forma de ictiosis más común y es relativamente benigna. El recién nacido que la porta suele no manifestar ningún signo cutáneo de la enfermedad, la cual se manifestará en los primeros años de vida. Consiste en escamas finas y blanquecinas, que predominan en el tronco y la superficie de extensión de los miembros. La cara, el cuello y las flexuras corporales suelen estar respetadas. Muy a menudo se acompaña de hiperqueratosis folicular en las zonas de extensión de las extremidades, aumento de los pliegues e hiperqueratosis palmo-plantar. Suele mejorar en el verano y empeorar en el invierno. La intensidad de la descamación es muy variable y en los casos leves muchas veces el diagnóstico es consecuencia de un hallazgo en una exploración rutinaria o por otro motivo. La ictiosis vulgar no produce manifestaciones extracutáneas, pero es una asociación frecuente en pacientes con dermatitis atópica.

 Ictiosis recesiva ligada al cromosoma X: el inicio suele ser más precoz que en la ictiosis vulgar; en muchos niños las lesiones están presentes desde el nacimiento y en la mayoría son relevantes antes del año de vida. Esta forma de ictiosis sólo la presentan los varones en tanto las mujeres son las portadoras. Suele ser más intensa que la ictiosis vulgar, con escamas más gruesas y con mayor frecuencia adquieren una coloración marrón o negruzca. Las zonas más afectadas son también el tronco y las zonas de extensión de los miembros, pero también es más habitual la participación de la cara, el cuero cabelludo, el cuello y las flexuras. En cambio, la queratodermia palmoplantar es rara. Al igual que en la ictiosis vulgar, casi todos los casos mejoran durante el verano. Las mujeres embarazadas de fetos con ictiosis ligada a X tienen una incidencia elevada de complicaciones obstétricas y mortalidad perinatal. Se han descrito diversas asociaciones, entre las que se incluyen alteraciones del sistema nervioso central, oculares, genitales y condrodisplasia punctata, pero la gran mayoría de los pacientes no presenta ninguna de ellas y su esperanza de vida es normal. Esta variedad de ictiosis es debida al déficit congénito de una enzima (esteroide sulfatasa) imprescindible para eliminar los sulfatos de colesterol. De esta manera, los sulfatos de colesterol están elevados en la epidermis, el suero, y las escamas.

 Ictiosis laminar o lamelar: actualmente se admite que es un conjunto de enfermedades con distintas bases bioquímicas y manifestaciones clínicas. Es apreciable desde el nacimiento. El niño puede tener inicialmente el aspecto de un bebé colodión (véase más adelante), en el que el cuerpo del infante parece envuelto en una lámina transparente que se desprende a la primera o segunda semana de vida. En las fases evolutivas iniciales suele haber un eritema como base del cuadro ictiosiforme, que en algunos casos tiende a atenuarse o se hace imperceptible con el tiempo. La descamación es generalizada, con tamaño de escamas muy variable. El ectropión, el eclabión, la queratodermia palmoplantar y la alopecia son hallazgos frecuentes. Las principales asociaciones descritas son talla baja y retraso mental.(no hay pruebas de que el retraso mental tenga conexión y la incidencia es baja)

 Eritrodermia ictiosiforme congénita ampollosa: como en la ictiosis lamelar esta variedad de ictiosis es conspicua desde el nacimiento, aunque con menos frecuencia que las ictiosis laminares, puede presentarse como un bebé colodión. La mayoría de las veces el neonato está eritrodérmico y se observan áreas erosivas y denudadas; la observación de ampollas íntegras es posible, pero rara. La eritrodermia tiende a persistir, aunque se puede atenuar y las erosiones y las ampollas van disminuyendo con el tiempo, a la vez que aumenta la hiperqueratosis, sobre todo en las zonas flexurales, donde puede hacerse verrugosa. En conjunto hay una tendencia a la mejoría con la edad.

 Bebé colodión: es una forma de presentación de diversos tipos de ictiosis, sobre todo de las ictiosis laminares. Algunos casos pueden evolucionar hacia la curación. Los niños, que tienden a nacer prematuramente, vienen con una piel eritematosa y con el aspecto de estar envueltos en celofán, apergaminado y tenso. Esta envoltura superficial tiende a agrietarse y más tarde a desprenderse en grandes láminas, tras lo cual se instauran las características clínicas del proceso de base. Es habitual que exista ectropión y eclabión y puede causar dificultad respiratoria por constricción torácica y abdominal, así como dificultad de la succión.

 La Ictiosis Arlequín: es una enfermedad de la piel extremadamente rara del grupo de las llamadas genodermatosis (grupo de dermatosis hereditarias con trastornos metabólicos). Es la forma de ictiosis congénita más grave, se hace evidente ya desde el nacimiento y debe su nombre al aspecto que tienen los recién nacidos con la enfermedad, que recuerda a un disfraz de arlequín.

Ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva: No es estrictamente un tipo diferente de ictiosis sino que engloba tres formas distintas de la enfermedad debido a que comparten la misma forma de herencia. Aunque la mayoría de los neonatos con Ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva son bebés colodión, el cuadro clínico y la severidad de la enfermedad varía desde la Ictiosis Arlequín, la forma más grave, hasta la Ictiosis lamelar y la Eritrodermia ictiosiforme congénita ampollosa. Tal y como indica su nombre, estas enfermedades están asociadas a una herencia autosómica recesiva lo que significa que cada hermano de un individuo enfermo tiene un 25% de probabilidad de estar afectado, un 50% de ser portador asintomático y un 25% de estar sano.

Diagnóstico
Generalmente el diagnóstico es por observación directa de las lesiones cutáneas, sin embargo, el médico tratante puede pedir exámenes para descartar otras enfermedades que puedan causar sequedad cutánea y escamosidad.
El individuo afectado por esta condición tiende a presentar los poros de la piel obstruidos lo cual implica un serio peligro por sobrecalentamiento el cual, en un principio, puede ocasionarle desmayos al no poder irradiar al exterior la temperatura excesiva del cuerpo que, de no corregirse, desemboca en un recalentamiento de los órganos vitales con el grave riesgo para la vida que ello supone.

Hasta ahora se conocen nueve genes cuyas mutaciones están asociadas a la aparición de la Ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva, TGM1, ALOXE3, ALOX12B, NIPAL4, ABCA12, CYP4F22, PNPLA1, LIPN y CERS3. Además de estos, existe al menos un gen más desconocido. Normalmente las mutaciones en estos genes son cambios en la secuencia de ADN o duplicaciones y delecciones del gen. Para detectar los cambios en la secuencia de ADN podemos hacer una PCR, mientras que para delecciones y duplicaciones podemos hacer tanto cariotipo como la técnica FISH. Estas serían las técnicas utilizadas para el diagnóstico molecular de esta enfermedad.

Tratamiento
El tratamiento consiste en humectar la piel, generalmente con cremas y ungüentos, que es mejor aplicarlos después del baño, cuando la piel está aún húmeda, además se pueden prescribir cremas que ayuden a la piel a mudar normalmente. El pronóstico es siempre favorable, aunque puede desarrollarse una infección bacteriana secundaria si el paciente se rasca y rompe la piel.
Se le recomienda a la persona con esta condición baños diarios y luego del baño humectar perfectamente la piel para evitar la sequedad y mutilaciones del mismo cuerpo. No coger sol ni frío en exceso ya que estas condiciones en exceso tienden a empeorar la situación del cuerpo.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ichthyosis Information (en inglés)
 Asociación Española de Ictiosis (en español)
 Mayor Información sobre ictiosis

 Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis (en inglés)

Enfermedades cutáneas


We sure hope you enjoyed the discussion with Tom Kemp about using libraries effectively, and his introduction to GenealogyBank. We touched on a couple of items in that show for which we wanted to give the web links. Tom told us that there was now a free example of a source posted at GenealogyBank, so we wanted to link to that 1819-20 passenger list.
In our review of state libraries, we also mentioned that there is a great list of links to virtually every state repository: archives, libraries and societies. You can find the best list of such websites here at Cyndi's List.
Well, the list could go on and on. Check the state library for your states of research, and then try some local libraries. There'll be some great new finds!
Don't forget the free data site, and those fascinating funeral cards at Genealogy Today. There's a very helpful article that outlines the nature and use of those unheralded records.
Stay tuned, we've got an important show coming up next!
Thank you for highlighting the terrific Library of Michigan website. What you may not be aware of is that the governor of Michigan is considering merging or eliminating the Department of History, Arts, and Libraries, which would be a tragedy for many Michigan genealogists. Read more at my post here.


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Is Russia an imperialist power? Part I: Non-hegemonic gestation
By Claudio Katz, Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal
Abstract: The status of imperial power cannot be clarified by liberal prejudices. The consolidation of capitalism is an existing precondition of that status. But imbalances in the economic model and the country's semi-peripheral insertion undermine this position. Russia is not part of the dominant circuit of contemporary imperialism and is harassed by the United States. It is also developing a policy of active geopolitical intervention, with actions in line with its weight within the military-industrial complex. The concept of a non-hegemonic empire in gestation offers the best definition of its current stage. The outcome of the war in Ukraine will either lead to the consolidation or dissipation of this profile.
[Note by LINKS: This is the first in a four-part series of articles by Argentine Marxist Claudio Katz looking at the issue of Russia's imperial status. Read Part II, Part III and Part IV. Translation by Federico Fuentes. Original in Spanish here.]
No one would have bothered to ask the question as to whether Russia was an imperialist power in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union. At that time, the discussion was limited to whether the country would retain any relevance. The Yeltsin era led to Moscow's international irrelevance, while all discussions on imperialism focused on the United States.
Thirty years later the situation has shifted drastically with the re-emergence of Russia as a major geopolitical actor. This shift has reopened debates on the relevance of using the category of empire to define that country. The concept is associated with the figure of Putin and exemplified by the recent invasion of Ukraine. This incursion is seen as strong proof of renewed Russian imperialism.
The most common view considers this imprint to be an indisputable fact. They stress that Moscow oppresses its neighbours with the aim of undermining freedom, democracy and progress. They also denounce that the Kremlin is intensifying its aggressiveness so as to expand its autocratic political model.
Conventional errors
The main Western governments and media outlets question Moscow's incursions while justifying similar actions carried out by their own camp. The deployment of troops in Ukraine, Georgia or Syria is presented as an unacceptable act, but the occupations of Afghanistan, Iraq or Libya are interpreted as routine events. The annexation of Crimea is categorically repudiated, but the appropriation of land in Palestine is warmly welcomed.
This hypocrisy is combined with implausible allegations that seek to frighten the population. They describe a gigantic Russian power with immeasurable capacity for harm. Moscow's manipulation of the US elections through infiltrators and algorithms has been the most absurd accusation in this campaign.
Every diabolical conspiracy is attributed to Putin. The media often portrays him as the embodiment of evil. He is depicted as a despot rebuilding an empire that rests on brutal methods of internal totalitarianism (Di Palma, 2019). Comparisons are never made with the lauded plutocracies of the United States or Europe, which enforces validation of the domination exercised by ruling elites.
Liberals often describe Russian imperialism as a disease rooted in the country's authoritarian history. They consider that this society drags with it an old compulsion to subjugate other people's territories (La Vanguardia, 2020).
With this view they repeat clichés but never put forward a serious evaluation of the problem. If Russia contains the gene of empire in its DNA, then there is little point to studying the subject in depth. It simply becomes a hopeless cause when compared to the well-known virtues of the West.
With the same ease with which Russia's imperial omnipotence is highlighted, the United States and its partners are exempted from that condition. Imperialism is seen as a corollary of Moscow autocracy that the transatlantic community has avoided due to its attachment to republican tolerance. How this narrative is compatible with the colonial plundering suffered by Africa, Asia and Latin America is an insoluble mystery.
The diatribes against Moscow are taken straight from the old Cold War playbook, which counterposed oppressive Russian totalitarianism to the wonders of US democracy. The dead bodies left behind by the Pentagon as it seeks to guarantee the benefits of that paradise are rigorously concealed. The contrast between US bliss and Russia's dismal survival has persisted as a constant myth.
The Kremlin's imperial compulsion is also observed as an unfortunate resource of a country trying to cope with its grim fate. The most extreme Eurocentric views see Russians as a white ethnic group that failed to assimilate into Western civilisation and remains stuck in the backwardness of the East. The Nazis tried to solve this anomaly through the extermination of part of the Slavs, but Hitler's defeat buried for a long time that denigrating optics. Today, the old prejudices are once again being revived.
Such nonsense must be shelved if we want to evaluate with any seriousness Russia's place in the club of imperial powers. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the status of this country within the universe of capitalism. The presence of this system is a condition for belonging to the imperial swarm. Ignorance of this connection prevents liberals (and their media vulgarisers) from coming to an understanding of the problem.
The restoration of capitalism
For three decades now, the three pillars of capitalism have prevailed in Russia. Private ownership of the means of production has been restored; the norms of profit, competition and exploitation have been consolidated; and a political model guaranteeing the privileges of the new ruling class has been introduced.
The adoption of this system occurred at a dizzying speed. In only three years (1988-1991) Gorbachev's attempt to gradually reform the USSR was buried. As his Perestroika model rejected socialist renewal and popular participation, it facilitated a sweeping restoration of capitalism. The old elite self-demolished its own regime to get rid of all restrictions preventing its reconversion into a propertied class.
Yeltsin steered that breakneck transformation through 500 days of privatisations. He parcelled out public property to his close associates and transferred half of the country's resources to seven business groups. The new system did not emerge, as in Eastern Europe, from outside and under Western influence. It was gestated from above and within the preceding system.
The bureaucracy was transformed into an oligarchy through a simple change of clothing. This same mutation from standard bearers of Communism into proponents of capitalism occurred in all countries associated with the Kremlin.
It is clear that economic stagnation, declining productivity, the inefficiency of compulsive planning, shortages and underproduction underpinned the malaise that precipitated the collapse of the USSR. But the magnitude of these imbalances has been overestimated, forgetting that they never matched the magnitude of the financial collapses suffered by Western capitalism. The Soviet economy did not face, for example, an earthquake equivalent to the collapse suffered by the banks in 2008-09.
The USSR model was buried politically by a ruling class that reshaped the country. In this transformation lies Russia's great difference with China, which kept its traditional government structure intact while operating in a new scenario marked by the protagonistic presence of capitalists.
This difference determines the pre-eminence of a restoration already completed in Russia while still unresolved in China. The management of the state has been the decisive variable in the return to capitalism. This shift had the same historical impact as the fall of the monarchical regimes had in the emergence of that system.
Yeltsin forged a republic of oligarchs who seized control over oil, gas and the export of raw materials. He introduced authoritarian management of executive power and widespread fraud in parliamentary elections.
Putin contained this predatory dynamic through a sustained tension with the new plutocracy. But he did not attack the privileges of the millionaires. In order to curb private indebtedness, external deficit, monetary problems and local disinvestment, he introduced controls and challenged the wealthy when it came to deciding who had the power to make decisions.
This conflict was settled with the imprisonment of Khodorkovsky, the displacement of Medvedev and the harassment of Navalny. In the wake of these events, Putin managed to extend his mandate and asserted his authority. But he also reaffirmed privatisations and the elitist management of strategic sectors of the economy. He only put a limit on the plundering of natural resources to marginalise the wealthy from direct government control.
This double action is often misunderstood by analysts who place Putin in the simplistic pigeonhole of authoritarian ruler. They omit the strategic role he played in the entrenchment of capitalism.
This process required a super-presidential political system, based on bureaucracies and security apparatuses doubled the size of those left behind by Yelstin. Putin ensures his predominance through manipulation of the electoral system and restrictions on who can run as candidate for relevant positions.
But this supremacy does not imply a unipersonal model dependent on the moods of the chief in command. The head of the Kremlin rules in a consensual manner to preserve cohesion among the elites. Through his moderating role, he avoids confrontation among the 100 families that control the economy. This harmonisation requires arbitration, which the president has perfected after two decades of governmental command.
In Russia, therefore, the restoration of capitalism as an unavoidable precondition for any imperial status is corroborated. But the prevailing variety of this system raises other kinds of questions.
A contradictory and uncertain model
For three decades, neoliberal academics have vacillated over just how far the much pondered "transition to a market economy" has matured. They never manage to explain Russia's curious development, which refuted all orthodox predictions of competition and welfare. The promised capitalist prosperity did not emerge from the ashes of the USSR. Bureaucratic-compulsive planning was replaced by a model that brings with it greater imbalances (Luzzani, 2021).
The usual dynamics of the market face unprecedented obstacles in an economy with low productivity, lack of transparency and business practices at odds with the manuals of liberalism. The weight of monopolies is as dominant as the protagonism of mafias in a scheme ironically identified as "Jurassic capitalism".
The process of accumulation is marked by the omnipresence of clans and their consequent modalities of personal dependence. A narrow circle of beneficiaries profit from informal mechanisms of appropriation based on state coercion. Within this framework, capitalism functions in the shadows, favouring an elite that expands its patrimony through limited investment, productive take-off or an expansion of consumption.
Several adversities within the prevailing regime of the USSR (bureaucratism, corruption, uncoordinated administration, inefficiency) have been recycled in an equally inoperative model. Cultural relations forged after many decades of bureaucratic primacy have been recomposed, generating an inertia that enhances inequality without allowing for the kind of development that the Soviet Union was once proud of. The old adversities of the bureaucratic model have converged with the new hardships of capitalism (Buzgalin, 2016).
For thirty years, a regime of raw material exports has prevailed, with large companies specialising in the commercialisation of gas (Gazprom), oil (Rosneft) and natural resources (Lukoil). The weight of the private sector is as spectacular as the enrichment of millionaires linked to these activities. Due to this dependence on exported fuel, Russia has been subjected to the international fluctuation of oil prices.
This pre-eminence of raw materials contrasts with the primacy of industry in the previous regime. Russia preserves an important level of technological development, but the opening up to imports, disinvestment and simple inertia have severely affected the old manufacturing apparatus and obstructed its modernisation. Industry was penalised by a liberal elite of exporters unconcerned about this sector. Small manufacturing production was also affected by the entry of multinational corporations in a context of low domestic financing.
The flip side of this reduced credit provision was the disproportionate levels of foreign indebtedness reached under the elites that demolished the USSR. By means of this mortgage, they precipitated the removal of controls over financial flows. The effect of this drain was the enormous flight abroad of the surplus generated at home.
The gigantic mass of money that the oligarchs disseminated in tax havens abroad was withdrawn from the local accumulation process. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of expatriated capital, with Argentina in third place. The degradation affecting this South American economy illustrates the dramatic consequences of expatriating large patrimonies. In 1998, this decapitalisation led to a huge ruble crisis in Russia.
Putin reacted with drastic changes to contain this neoliberal vulnerability. He stopped the haemorrhaging of funds and built a huge petro-state that retains a trade surplus to facilitate the safeguarding of reserves (Tooze, 2022). This dam serves to counterbalance the fragility of a model affected by primarisation. The durability of such a scheme remains a big question mark for all economists.
Today's semi-periphery
Russia fits into the category of economies that are equally distanced from capitalism's centre and periphery. It is a semi-periphery country, located in the intermediate link of the global division of labour. That insertion is likened by some analysts to the place that India or Brazil occupy in the world (Clarke; Annis, 2016). In all three cases, the enormous size of the country's territory, population and resources are key factors. A similar distance of separation also exists with regards to those economies that are more functional to globalisation (South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia).
Russia is not part of the club of powers that command world capitalism. Structural gaps remain between it and developed countries when it comes to every indicator of living standards, average consumption or size of the middle class. But its distance from the economies of Africa and Eastern Europe is equally significant. It remains in the semi-periphery, as far away from Germany and France as it is from Albania and Cambodia.
Nor does the Eurasian giant act as a mere supplier of raw materials. It asserts its enormous influence in supplying gas to two continents. That is why it competes with other major suppliers in the battle for prices and conditions of supplying this resource.
But none of Russia's energy companies has the strategic relevance of banks or technology firms in the United States, Western Europe or Japan. The country does not compete in the major leagues of globalised competition and digital capitalism.
Russia's semi-peripheral status in global stratification differs from the impressive ascent of China, which has achieved a central place in that hierarchy. Moscow does not come close to that podium.
US imperial hostility
Russia's conversion into an imperial power is an open possibility due to the country's weight on the world scene. It exhibits an unstable but fully restored capitalism and an intermediate but very important international insertion. Its geopolitical role is determined by its clash with the dominant world structure, headed by the United States.
Russia is NATO's favourite target. The Pentagon is hell bent on undermining all the defensive devices of its great adversary. It seeks the disintegration of Moscow and came close to achieving it in the Yeltsin era, when US banks were probing around for shareholder control of Russian companies (Hudson, 2022). That failed attempt was followed by systematic military pressure.
The first step was the destruction of Yugoslavia, with the consequent conversion of an old Serbian province into the ghostly republic of Kosova. This enclave now guards the energy corridors of US multinationals in the vicinity of Russia.
NATO transformed three Baltic countries into a missile launching pad against Moscow, but was unable to extend this encirclement to Georgia. The military adventure attempted by its puppet at the time (Saakashvili) failed.
The Pentagon subsequently concentrated its attention on the southern border belt, through a wide range of operations located in Transcaucasia and Moldova. Through this it ended up converting Ukraine into the mother of all battles.
US ruthlessness against Russia includes one touch of inertia and another of historical memory of the experience of the Soviet Union. The goal of demolishing the country that incubated the first socialist revolution of the 20th century is a reactionary one that has survived even after the disappearance of the USSR (Piqueras, 2022). Despite the categorical pre-eminence of capitalism, the West has not incorporated Russia into its current sphere of operation.
The United States has unleashed an endless succession of aggressions to prevent the re-composition of its enemy. It has implemented this escalation through a military alliance forged in the post-war period and operating as if the defunct socialist camp continued to exist. NATO has recreated the Cold War along the same lines of the 20th century and rekindled old international tensions. In the same way that the Holy Alliance continued to harass France after the defeat of Napoleon (simply because of the memory of the revolution), the contemporary aggression against Russia includes traces of revenge against the Soviet Union.
Complicity and reactions
France and Germany participate in the harassment of Russia with their own agenda that prioritises economic negotiation. Moscow offers energy supplies at very convenient conditions for German industries and Berlin has tried to counteract Washington's displeasure at this partnership.
The critical point lies in the construction of the natural gas pipeline under the waters of the Baltic Sea (Nord Stream 2). Already 1230 kilometres of pipelines have been assembled, directly connecting the Russian supplier to the German buyer. The United States has resorted to every conceivable manoeuvre to sabotage this project, which rivals its sales of liquefied gas. That conflict is one of the main undercurrents of the war in Ukraine.
Washington has exerted pressure on all fronts and during the pandemic succeeded in imposing a European veto on the Sputnik vaccine. Now it is demanding total submission to sanctions against Moscow, which tend to undermine the German project of trade agreements with Russia.
Berlin tried to take advantage of the collapse of the USSR to extend its prosperous Eastern European business. It sought to take advantage of the commercial opening initiated by Yeltsin and aspired to forge a Franco-German axis to attenuate Washington's dominance. The State Department escalated clashes with Russia to neutralise this strategy and succeeded in dragging its partners into the great crusade underway against Moscow (Poch, 2022).
The United States imposed a process of NATO rearmament that has widened the military spending gap with Russia. In 2021, the war budget of the largest power reached $811 billion, Great Britain invested $72 billion, Germany $64 billion and France $59 billion. These figures far exceed the $66 billion of the Russian Federation (Jofre, 2021).
The Ukrainian war was preceded, moreover, by an intensification of joint transatlantic exercises. Defender Europe 21 (held in May and June last year) involved 40,000 troops and 15,000 units of military equipment, with simulations very close to the borders on the East.
Russia attempted to stop this advance through several proposals that were ignored by the West. This rejection has been a constant feature of Washington's policy, which has chosen to disappoint Putin time and again. The Kremlin leader began his career with a great expectation of coexistence with the United States. After Yeltsin's traumatic experience, he tried to achieve a status quo based on recognition of Moscow as a power. To that end he issued countless messages of conciliation.
Putin collaborated with the US presence in Afghanistan, maintained cordial terms with Israel, cancelled the delivery of missiles to Tehran and did not interfere with the bombing of Libya (Anderson, 2015). That initial approach went as far as to include a suggestion of partnership with NATO.
The State Department responded to every peace offering with increased incursions and Putin gradually gave up on his illusions of harmonious coexistence. In 2007 he began a counteroffensive, which he consolidated with victories in Georgia and Syria. Regardless, he continued to put forward armistice proposals that Washington simply ignored (Sakwa, 2021).
Russia is harassed, with the same brazenness that the Pentagon exhibits towards all countries that ignore its demands. But the United States is confronted in this case with a rival that is not Iraq or Afghanistan, nor one that it can mistreat as it does in Africa or Latin America.
Foreign interventions and military power
Russia is a capitalist country that has rebuilt its international weight, but until the incursion in Ukraine did not have the general features of an imperial aggressor. This format indicates the deepening of a path of geopolitical offensive that Putin has not yet fully developed, but had already hinted at.
The implosion of the USSR was followed by conflictive tensions in 8 of the 15 former Soviet republics. In all the conflicts in surrounding countries, Moscow has deployed its military force. From a discreet presence before the destruction of Yugoslavia, it moved onto a devastating incursion into Georgia and the current invasion of Ukraine.
Russia is trying to slow down the passage of its old allies to the Western camp and to avoid destabilisation on its borders. An example of this policy was the recent truce it imposed on Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno Karabakh. It endorsed the recovery of territories consummated by the latter, to counter the defeat suffered in 2016.
But faced with the danger of a major conflagration, Putin forced an armistice that displeased his Armenian allies. Moscow displayed its power by imposing an arbitration that postponed the resolution of outstanding conflicts (refugees, local autonomies, corridors linking areas populated by both groups).
This equilibrium, in which all local elites are under its strict command, guides the Kremlin's intervention in the post-Soviet sphere. Russia issues orders in line with the Primakov doctrine, which favours the recovery of the country's influence abroad to counteract US hegemony (Armanian, 2020).
The author of this doctrine gained relevance as a precursor of Putin, promoting the multipolar project as a counterweight to US unilateralism. He promoted a strategic triangle with India and China (later extended to Brazil and South Africa), to create an alternative pole to US primacy.
Putin has followed these guidelines to thwart Washington's unilateral domination and with the aim of turning the Kremlin into a co-manager of international affairs. It is a very active strategy but does not in itself confer imperial status.
Military action is the key ingredient in terms of this status. Russia's war power has gained increased visibility. Moscow has 15 military bases in 9 foreign countries and asserts its gravitas as the world's second largest arms exporter.
This military influence does not compete on an equal footing with the arsenal of its US opponent. The United States has 800 foreign bases and its arms exports are double that of Russia. Of the top 100 companies in this sector, 42 belong to Washington and only 10 to Moscow. Moreover, the defence spending of the 28 NATO members exceeds its Russian equivalent by 10 times (Smith, 2019).
But the incidence of the arms economy in Russia is very significant. It is the only sector exempt from the industrial decline that followed the fall of the USSR. The high competitiveness of that branch already constituted an exception during the decline of that regime and has been consolidated in recent decades.
Putin did not limit himself to preserving the arsenal bequeathed by the Soviet Union. He reactivated the military industry in order to strengthen the country's international presence. This intervention has forced the military complex to extend its functions beyond the logic of deterrence. The defensive dynamic of these devices coexists with their use in foreign interventions.
A non-hegemonic empire in gestation
Russia is not part of the dominant imperialism, nor is it an alter-imperial or co-imperial partner within that network. But it carries out policies of domination through intense military activity. It is globally hostile to the United States, but adopts oppressive behaviours within its own radius. How can we define this contradictory profile? The concept of non-hegemonic empire in gestation synthesises this multiplicity of features.
The non-hegemonic component is determined by the country's positioning in terms of the centres of imperial power. Like China, it is the object of systematic harassment by NATO. This harassment places Russia outside the main circuit of domination in the 21st century.
The imperial element is emerging in embryonic form. Capitalist restoration in a power with centuries of oppressive practices has already been consummated, but indications of imperial policies remain solely as possibilities. The term empire-in-formation highlights a status that is incomplete and, at the same time, congruent with the return of capitalism.
The definition of a non-hegemonic empire in gestation makes it possible to avoid two one-sided views. The first limits itself to merely pointing out conflicts between Moscow and Washington. The second exclusively focuses on oppressive tendencies.
Russia's dual status — as a nascent empire confronted by the US dominator — is overlooked by analysts who opt to merely describe Moscow's policy. They correctly point out that Russia is the largest country on the planet, with no room for partnerships with Europe or Asia. It also has a nuclear arsenal second only to that of the United States.
But Russia's economic performance is very unbalanced and has major weaknesses compared to China. It drags with it the weight of a convulsive capitalist restoration, which obstructs its insertion into the usual models of imperialism.
Comparisons with Brazil or India do not resolve Russia's imperial status, since this condition is equally controversial in both those cases. In the 21st century, it is no longer enough to distinguish between the dominant central powers and subjugated peripheral countries. Nor does the simple observation of similarities between large semi-peripheral economies clarify the geopolitical status of each country. US harassment of Russia does not extend to India or Brazil, but it determines Moscow's very different place in the global order.
The characterisation of Russia as a non-hegemonic empire in gestation contrasts with the image of a power already integrated into imperialism. Semi-peripheral insertion, the limited radius of Moscow's military interventions and the reduced magnitude of Russian transnational firms illustrate the differences with an already established status. But Russia includes clear imperial potentialities due to its capitalist condition and its dominant role in conflicts with its neighbours.
This empire in gestation faces a decisive test in the war in Ukraine. The incursion represents a qualitative shift in Moscow's actions, the results of which will have an impact on the country's international status. The conflict has consolidated Western imperialism's opposition to this Eurasian power, but it has also reinforced the Kremlin's oppressive behaviour in its border radius. The imperial tendencies that appeared as possibilities have been taken to a new level with the military operation against Kyiv (Katz, 2022).
How this war plays out is still open-ended. But it is conceivable that if Russia succeeds in this, its first large-scale incursion, the current embryonic profile could complete its process of maturation and overcome the barrier that currently separates it from a full-fledged empire.
On the contrary, if Moscow faces a sudden defeat or gets bogged down in an exhausting war of attrition, these imperial tendencies could be aborted before becoming effective. Ukraine will define whether Russia consummates or not its leap towards imperialist status.
In either hypothesis it is necessary to clarify more elements of the contemporary meaning of imperialism. We will analyse this problem by reviewing Lenin's thesis in the next article.
Claudio Katz is an economist, CONICET researcher, professor at the University of Buenos Aires, and member of Economists of the Left. His web page is lahaine.org/katz
Anderson, Perry (2015). "Rusia inconmensurable", New Left Review 94, Sept-Oct 2015.
Armanian, Nazanín (2020). "El suicidio armenio y la 'Doctrina Primakov'", 27/11/2020
Buzgalin, A., Kolganov, A., Barashkova, O. (2016). "Russia: A new imperialist power?" International Critical Thought, 6(4), 64.
Clarke, Renfrey; Annis, Roger (2016). "Perpetrator or victim? Russia and contemporary imperialism", LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, February 7, 2016, http://links.org.au/node/4615
Di Palma, Gustavo (2019). "Putin y el nuevo imperialismo ruso", 26-5-2019, https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/putin-y-nuevo-imperialismo-ruso/
Hudson, Michael (2022). "Ucrania los Estados Unidos quiere evitar que Europa comercie con China y Rusia", 12/02/2022, https://rebelion.org/con-el-pretexto-de-la-guerra-en-ucrania-los-estados-unidos-quiere-evitar-que-europa-comercie-con-china-y-rusia/
Jofre Leal, Pablo (2021). "La OTAN contra Rusia", 22/12/2021 https://www.telesurtv.net/bloggers/La-OTAN-contra-Rusia-20211213-0004.html
Katz, Claudio (2022), "Dos confrontaciones en Ucrania", 1-3-2022, www.lahaine.org/katz
La Vanguardia, (2020). "¿Ha vuelto el Imperio Ruso?", 15-2-2020, https://www.lavanguardia.com
Luzzani, Telma (2021). Crónicas del fin de una era, Batalla de Ideas, Buenos Aires,
Piqueras, Andrés (2020). "¿Occidente contra Rusia (y China)", https://redhargentina.wordpress.com/2020/09/22/occidente-contra-rusia-y-china-por-andres-piqueras/
Poch de Feliu, Rafael (2022). "La invasión de Ucrania" 22/01/2022 https://rebelion.org/la-invasion-de-ucrania/
Sakwa, Richard (2021). "Comprender el pensamiento estratégico ruso. El mundo visto desde Moscú", 13/12/2021 https://rebelion.org/autor/richard-sakwa/
Smith, Stansfield (2019). "Is Russia imperialist?" LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, January 21, 2019 http://links.org.au/is-russia-imperialist
Tooze, Adam (2022). "El desafío de Putin a la hegemonía occidental" 29/01/2022, https://www.sinpermiso.info/textos/el-desafio-de-putin-a-la-hegemonia-occidental

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rekha, is a Sanskrit word, meaning line. It is a common feminine given name in India and Nepal.

Rekha

There are various figurative meanings of the name Rekha.  Some are:
 the lines of adorning deities or their followers, such as the three cross-wise white lines adorning Shiva's forehead or the two vertical lines adorning Rama's
 the written lines of the Vedas—the visual rendering of the text itself—considered sacred and beautiful as the means by which the tradition is preserved
 lines of light such as the radiance of the sun, moon or the halo of a deity
 the arc, journey, or path of a person or character in a story, or plot of the story itself

Notable people
 Rekha, Indian Bollywood actress
 Rekha Mallick (born 1928), Indian Bollywood actress
 Rekha (Tamil actress), Indian Tamil film actress
 Rekha Bhardwaj, Indian playback singer
 Rekha Godbole, former Indian cricketer
 Rekha Hande, former Indian model and Miss India
 Rekha Punekar, former Indian cricketer
 Rekha Sharma, Canadian actress
 Rekha Thapa, Nepalese actress and model
 Rekha Yadav, Indian politician
 DJ Rekha, Indian musician and disco jockey
 Rekha Vedavyas, also known as Akshara, Indian Kannada film actress
 Rekha Maruthiraj, better known by her stage name Monica, Indian film actress
 Rekha, also Parvati/Sita and better known as Sugar and is life of Shiva/Ram

References

Indian feminine given names
Nepalese given names

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Facebook Is Developing a Cryptocurrency for WhatsApp Transfers.
Blythe Masters left JPMorgan Chase in 2014 to become CEO of Digital Asset Holdings. Now, three and a half years later she is stepping down.
You Guess: What's the Debt Burden for Americans Entering Retirement?
Experian have announced they will start factoring in bill payment information for some consumers early next year.
San Francisco based crypto investment platform has raised a $2.1m Series Seed led by Peter Thiel and Digital Currency Group.
Palo Alto based employee cash advance platform has raised a $125m Series C led by Andreessen Horowitz.
Munich based cloud pricing software company has raised $28.5m in Series B funding led by Digital+ Partners.
New York based post-retirement financial advice platform has raised a $9m Series A from Point72, Anthemis, and Clocktower.
London based international money transer startup has raised a $17.6m Series B led by Vostok Emerging Finance and Hard Yake.
Los Angeles based live event ticket insurance startup has raised an $8m Series A led by American Family Ventures and IA Capital Group.
Toronto based ecommerce financing startup has raised a $50m debt facility from Upper90.
Recode has captured 2018's tech tribulations and trends in 14 charts.
San Francisco based 401(k) startup has raised a $35m Series C led by Tiger Global.
In addition to the 3% yield, Robinhood customers will have access to 75k ATMs and around-the-clock customer service.
New York based mobile point of sale startup has raised $65m in equity and debt financing led by Tribeca Venture Partners.
Chicago based crypto spot and futures exchange has raised $27.5m from Fidelity and Nasdaq Ventures.
If Lubin is still a billionaire, he may be able to sustain ConsenSys for several years—even at its $100 million-plus annual burn rate.
California based business management platform for the salon, spa and fitness industry raised $63m in growth equity led by FTV.
New Jersey based bank-as-a-service platform has raised a $100m financing led by KKR.


text:
Q: How to create an OrderedDict in Python? I tried to maintain the order of a Python dictionary, since native dict doesn't have any order to it. Many answers in SE suggested using OrderedDict.
from collections import OrderedDict

domain1 = { "de": "Germany", "sk": "Slovakia", "hu": "Hungary",
    "us": "United States", "no": "Norway"  }

domain2 = OrderedDict({ "de": "Germany", "sk": "Slovakia", "hu": "Hungary",
    "us": "United States", "no": "Norway"  })

print domain1
print " "
for key,value in domain1.iteritems():
    print (key,value)

print " "

print domain2
print ""
for key,value in domain2.iteritems():
    print (key,value)

After iteration, I need the dictionary to maintain its original order and print the key and values as original:
{
    "de": "Germany",
    "sk": "Slovakia",
    "hu": "Hungary",
    "us": "United States",
    "no": "Norway"
}

Either way I used doesn't preserve this order, though.

A: You need to pass it a sequence of items or insert items in order - that's how it knows the order. Try something like this:
from collections import OrderedDict

domain = OrderedDict([('de', 'Germany'),
                      ('sk', 'Slovakia'),
                      ('hu', 'Hungary'),
                      ('us', 'United States'),
                      ('no', 'Norway')])

The array has an order, so the OrderedDict will know the order you intend.

A: In the OrderedDict case, you are creating an intermediate, regular (and hence unordered) dictionary before it gets passed to the constructor. In order to keep the order, you will either have to pass something with order to the constructor (e.g. a list of tuples) or add the keys one-by-one in the order you want (perhaps in a loop).

A: Late answer, but here's a python 3.6+ oneliner  to sort dictionaries by key without using imports:
d = { "de": "Germany", "sk": "Slovakia", "hu": "Hungary",
    "us": "United States", "no": "Norway"  }
d_sorted = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])}
print(d_sorted)

Output:
{'de': 'Germany', 'hu': 'Hungary', 'no': 'Norway', 'sk': 'Slovakia', 'us': 'United States'}

Python Demo

A: You can use OrderedDict but you have to take in consideration that OrderedDict will not work outside of your running code.
This means that exporting the object to JSON will lose all the effects of OrderedDict.
What you can do is create a metadata array in which you can store the keys "de", sk", etc. in an ordered fashion. By browsing the array in order you can refer to the dictionary properly, and the order in array will survive any export in JSON, YAML, etc.
Current JSON:
{ "de": "Germany", "sk": "Slovakia", "hu": "Hungary", "us": "United States", "no": "Norway"  }

New object countries:
countries = {
  "names" : {
    "de": "Germany", "sk": "Slovakia", "hu": "Hungary", "us": "United States", "no": "Norway"
  },
  "order" : [
    "de", "sk", "hu", "us", "no"
  ]
}

Code that will print the long names in order:
for code in countries['order']:
 print(countries['names'][code])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
iProMTG
Art Deco Architecture
July 9, 2018 July 9, 2018 payjuku
One lasting influence of the Art Deco art movement is in architecture. This page is dedicated to Art Deco architecture in all it's luxurious forms. Started in the 1920s and continued into the inter-war years, Art Deco buildings sprang up on every continent as the movement spread world wide. Cities, large and small, suddenly had public and private buildings either designed and build in the Art Deco style, or decorated with Art Deco motifs and decorations.
For many the symbolism of prosperity and glamour was important: for example solid bank buildings were designed to convey confidence – cinemas and theatres, the glamorous lifestyle of the swinging '20s. The depression years following the Wall Street Crash saw little Art Deco building in the US but it continued to flourish elsewhere in the world especially following the First World War when the world looked forward to a rosy future. Then, optimism and hope were key in a world reeling from the effects of war.
The influence of Art Deco in architecture appeared in buildings as diverse as diners and railway stations, museums, banks and theatres to name only a few. This architectural period deserves a much more in-depth review than can be attempted in this short article but included are some fine examples that will wet your appetite to learn more plus links on where you can find out more information on Art Deco architecture.
Characteristics of Art Deco architecture
interesting facts on Art Deco
1.Clean lines
2.Distinct geometric shapes
3.Accents in bold colors for example in gold accents and stained glass windows.
4.Decorative features and motifs with wide-ranging influences.
5.Early Art Deco = vertical emphasis
Late Art Deco = horizontal emphasis
6.Linear symmetry
7.Streamlining
8.Use of unusual materials for the times, for example the new pressed concrete, glass and metals.
9.Staggered or tiered pyramid shapes
10.Clear influences from Cubism, Expressionism, Futurism, Modernism.
The Chrysler Building
The Chrysler Building in New York is probably the most famous and most iconic Art Deco building in the world. It was designed by architect William Van Alen and was completed in 1930. This 77 story skyscraper with tiered structure is typical of Art Deco architectural design. It's clear, elegant lines are made with brick, and a metal cladding over a steel frame.
Even it's method of construction was designed to be dramatic with the final spire being assembled inside before being hoisted into position. Suddenly the New York skyline was changed forever with it's appearance, and though it is by no means the tallest building in New York today, it continues to dominate in it's own way.
As befitting the period it takes many of it's decorative influences from the car industry with radiator-cap gargoyles, metal hubcaps, car fenders, hood ornaments and a band of abstract automobiles. Internally there are also scenes from the Chrysler assembly line.
The lobby is one of the most beautiful examples of Art Deco work today. It is clad in different kinds of marble, onyx and amber and has clear Art Deco motifs. Included is an Edward Trumbull ceiling fresco entitled "Transport and Human Endeavor".
Art Deco Book
American Art Deco: Architecture and Regionalism by Carla Breeze
Rockefeller Center in New York City
Art Deco Plaza
Atlas in front of Rockefeller CenterNamed for the principal financier family of John D. Rockefeller, the Rockefeller Center originally consisted of 14 buildings over 22 acres. Construction began in 1930 and the project was completed in 1939 driven forward by Nelson Rockerfeller. The architectural design was largely done by Raymond Hood and was assisted by several architectural firms. There are now 19 buildings on the site – the later ones being added in the 1960s.
Rockefeller envisioned this project as a 'plaza for the people', somewhere for business but also for communities to interact and nowhere was his vision more evident than in the observation deck where anyone can still come and marvel at the view of Manhatten.
During the Depression thousands of labourers worked on the project. In his book 'The Epic of Rockefeller Center' Okrent describes in detail the whole project from its inception to completion. He enthuses over the flamboyant Radio City Music Hall and the modernism of the RCA Tower. To him this was a complex that was, the joyful Deco flamboyance of RadioCityMusic Hall to the elemental inevitability of the Modernist RCA tower, the complex was "as innovative as it was impeccable, as smart as a business venture as it was eloquent as an artistic statement. "
Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center
Art Deco Train Stations
examples of Art Deco architecture
Southgate Station BuildingIn countries as diverse as Greece, Russia, Britain, Brazil and America, Art Deco inspired public buildings such as railway stations sprang up from the late 1920s. For example, architect Charles Holden designed several buildings for the London Underground system including this stunning example of late Art Deco buildings (more correctly termed Streamline Modern) at Southport. He used brick, reinforced concrete and lots of glass to create his take on the style. This is typical of a style that spanned continents and continues to inspire today.
To name only a few more examples:
Pennsylvania Station-30th Street built in 1933
Aeroport Metro Station in Moscow
Union Station in Los Angeles built in 1939
Victoria Station in Athens
Fort Worth's Texas & Pacific Railroad Passenger Station in 1931.
Book: Art Deco London
author Colin Hines
Joseph B. Strauss, Irving Morrow, Leon Moisseiff
Golden Gate BridgeThe idea to build a bridge connecting the city of San Francisco to San Francisco Peninsula was mooted long before it actually came into being. The final design was completed in 1937. This steel suspension bridge measure almost 2 miles in length, has elegant towers and sweeping cables that give it its distinctive Art Deco feel. The Art Deco theme is continued in railings, lights and walkways and were designed by Irving Morrow. In keeping with Art Deco style, the iconic orange color the building was finally painted was also his. Under his guidance, vertical ribbing was added to the towers to accentuate the effect of the sun on the bridge and they were tapered toward the top to further the Art Deco geometric shaping. He placed simplified railings for the pedestrian walkways and added clean lines in lamp posts all of which are still much admired as examples of the Art Deco period today.
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The Circle Journal – Creating Yours Today
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10 Great Websites For Free Knitting Patterns
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Two Wings of a Great Eagle – James Becton Ministries/ EaglesVision Apostolic Co!
I have long been intrigued by eagles and the fascination of watching them. We know in scripture we have some great references to eagles. Our Jehovah God is Himself typified as the "Great Eagle!" Hosea 8:1- SET the trumpet to thy mouth. He shall come as an eagle against the house of the LORD, because they have transgressed my covenant, and trespassed against My law. In Exodus 19:4, He bore them on eagles' wings, and brought them unto Himself. In Deut. 32:11, "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, and bears them on her wings. Psalms 105:5- Who satisfies thy mouth with good things; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's.
Many years ago, in fact, 20 years ago, Pam and I founded "The Eagles Nest", a prophetic-apostolic training center, in DeRidder, La. Naturally, we taught about the eagle, about being "Eagle Christians", or saints, caught up in soaring in the heavenlies in Christ Jesus! Here are some of the facts about eagles: 1) Their strength, 2) Fly High, 3) keen eye sight, 4) wing span 4-6 feet, 5) enemy- man, 6) nest, high above earth, and 7) they don't fly by "flapping" their wings, they SOAR on the Wind, high above the storms and clouds!
Now, what about those two wings? We had another teacher teach that the two wings represented 1) Prayer, and 2) Praise. We also have a strong "right angle of Faith", which helps us face the "storms of life!" Prayer and Praise defeats unbelief, discouragement and fear. In fact, there is "nothing too difficult for our God through prayer and praise!" In Acts 16, when Paul and Silas were cast in jail, they Prayed, and sang praises to God! They had plenty of opportunities to complain, and entertain self-pity,but instead looked to The Lord. Prayer and praise affects the physical realm and brings deliverance.
As some has said, "there are only two times when we should pray and give praise:" When we feel like it, and when we don't!!!!


I am honored to be this year�s recipient of the Augie�s Quest Tradition of Hope Courage Award �given to an individual who exemplifies courage in the face of Adversity. A person who uses their spirit and zest for life to turn misfortune into a beacon of hope�. I can only hope to live up to this ideal, and for a long time.
John Hamburger, President of Franchise Times and Restaurant Finance Monitor helped announce the launch of BeyondALS.org in a recent issue of The Monitor.
I had the great pleasure and honor to speak to the fans and throw out the first ball at the Fourth of July game of the Bellingham Bells in Washington State. My thoughts included the goal of finding a solution for ALS and having the Iron Horse's name return for being synonymous with outstanding baseball and not with a deadly disease.
When we asked Eddie Poplawski, owner of the Bellingham Bells Baseball Club, to help raise awareness and funds, he did not hesitate. He, his GM Nick Caples and the entire Bells crew have put together a great event on the 75th anniversary of Lou Gehrig's Yankee Stadium farewell speech.
Today we a launching a new tool in our battle to find a solution for ALS. The BeyondALS.org website will help readers find resources focused against Lou Gehrig's Disease and links to the latest research in combating it. Ben Trust and I will share our own insights into what is to live with the disease and to live with someone who has it.


text:
Quacks have emerged as a strong Mafia, a Dinosaur and it requires concerted efforts to eliminate them - Dr. Ajmal Khan
Islamabad: Quacks and quackery has been flourishing in the country for the last over sixty years and by now they have emerged as a strong well-knit Mafia, developed into a Dinosaur and it requires concerted efforts of all of us to eliminate them. It was for the first time that Punjab Health Care Commission organized and initiated a campaign against quacks in Five Divisions of Punjab and so far taken action against three thousand five hundred quacks and their establishments. Some of these establishments were closed and we also recovered a fine of over Rs. Two crore from them. However, what is very depressing and disgusting to note is the fact that over 30% of these quacks are flourishing and practicing under the patronage of qualified healthcare professionals who back them.
Carelessness about Hepatitis-C will result in great destruction and devastation-Musadik Malik
KARACHI: Indus Hospital which is known for providing quality care absolutely free of cost has embarked upon yet another ambitious project to eliminate Hepatitis-C. To achieve this objective, it has formed an NGO "Umeed Hai Zingi Foundation" in collaboration with PharmEvo Pharmaceuticals and few other strategic partners including Meezan Bank, Ihsan Trust, Benazir Income Support Programme, WHO, Aaj TV and Nutshell Forum to create awareness, prevention and treatment of this disease. The programme was formally launched on the World Hepatitis Day July 28th 2016.
Obsession with 'better data' was driving a management rather than an academic culture in our universities
LAHORE: The experts believe that a university's worth is more than the criteria and data used in its ranking. Ideally, a university's impact on innovation, socio-cultural promotion and development of a region should be assessed.
WHO highlights key challenges to global HIV response
The World Health Organization has flagged four key challenges as the international community met at the International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, from 18–22 July 2016. The Organization has emphasized the need to renew attention to HIV prevention, whilst maintaining momentum on scaling up access to HIV treatment. It is also signaling the growing emergence of antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance and the need for sustainable financing of the global response.
WHO encourages countries to reduce deaths from Viral Hepatitis
GENEVA: World Health Organization (WHO) has called upon countries to take rapid action to improve knowledge about the viral hepatitis, and to increase access to testing and treatment services. Today, only 1 in 20 people with viral hepatitis know they have it. And just 1 in 100 with the disease is being treated.
Patients with high risk of CVD should be put on regular use of low dose Aspirin therapy - Dr. Fawad Farooq
ISLAMABAD: Identifying and treating single risk factor is not enough to reduce cardiovascular diseases. It requires composite risk assessment of modifiable risk factors and then treatment with low dose Aspirin Therapy should be the goal. This was stated by Dr. Fawad Farooq, Assistant Professor of Cardiology at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi. He was speaking on Medical Uses of Aspirin with special reference to primary prevention at the recently held MID YEAR DOCTORSCON 2016 organized by Pakistan Academy of Family Physicians at Islamabad on July 17th 2016.
Young Doctor movements engaging in Rural Health Policy
Many family doctors will find themselves working in a rural area at some point during their career. This can be a daunting concept, especially for newly qualified family doctors, as many countries do not have the infrastructure in place to provide adequate healthcare in rural areas or a support network for new colleagues. An important part of this issue is engaging with policy makers to improve working conditions and health outcomes in rural areas. Doctors play a crucial role in rural communities and should be patient advocates, however, they often do not have an idea how to do this.
Experts call for better health facilities for growing elderly population in Pakistan
KARACHI: Number of elderly people including those having 65 years of age or above is around nine million in Pakistan, of which around 30 percent are suffering from one or other type of neurological and psychological disorders. Only a few thousand have access to proper diagnosis and treatment of their age-related neurological and psychological issues. These views were expressed by renowned neurologists and psychiatrists at an awareness seminar on the eve of World Brain Day, which is observed on July 22 around the globe to draw the attention towards issues facing aged people.
KARACHI: Pricking of IV Infusion preparations is a unique occupational hazard, which is preventable by adopting simple operating protocol and its implementation. This was stated by Dr. Shabnam Shamim Asim, Professor and Head of Department Gyne Unit III Abbasi Shaheed Hospital & Karachi Medical & Dental College Karachi. She was performing the Otsuka Lucky draw in connection with Otsuka awareness campaign against Hepatitis held at Otsuka Head Office on 26th July 2016.


text:
Real-time Translation
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High FPS
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BlueStacks Roundups
Gunship Battle Total Warfare
How to Play Gunship Battle: Total Warfare on PC with BlueStacks
Posted by: BlueStacks Content Team
Download Gunship Battle: Total Warfare on PC
Discover an exciting strategy game filled with naval warfare when you play Gunship Battle: Total Warfare! The seas have become a battlefield for countless admirals trying to secure themselves as the strongest commander that has ever sailed the seas. This is your chance to prove your skills as a leader as you are given your own fleet that will follow you into battle. That's not all! Take control of your own base as you manage different resources and tasks to ensure that your armada is well supplied!
Gunship Battle: Total Warfare is a real-time strategy game, a genre that involves players managing their own base using limited resources that are used for a variety of things. The biggest charm of this game is highlighting players' abilities to build a very successful base from scratch and using that advantage to attack other players or monopolize specific areas of the map. Gunship Battle: Total Warfare takes this genre and makes it unique by adding the naval aspect which isn't common in games like these.
How To Set Up Gunship Battle: Total Warfare on BlueStacks
Games like Gunship Battle: Total Warfare have been designed so that you can always play this game on the go. The problem is that games like these aren't sustainable when playing on your phone because it takes up a lot of your time. Smartphones are used for a variety of things so having this game active for hours at a time can be an unreasonable request. This is why you should install Gunship Battle: Total Warfare on your PC with BlueStacks. Here's a simple step-by-step guide on how you can do so:
Complete Google Sign-in to access the Play Store, or do it later.
Look for Gunship Battle: Total Warfare in the search bar at the top-right corner of the Game Center or at the Google Playstore.
Click to install Gunship Battle: Total Warfare from the search results.
Complete Google Sign-in (if you skipped step 2) to install Gunship Battle: Total Warfare.
Click the Gunship Battle: Total Warfare icon on the home screen to start playing.
Useful Features When Playing Gunship Battle: Total Warfare
BlueStacks has a lot of utility options that make it such an excellent platform for playing every Android game, not only Gunship Battle: Total Warfare. Playing on BlueStacks will give you access to features that every gamer has been asking for when playing on their phones but can't get because smart devices aren't meant to handle such heavy tasks. Now that you're on your computer, there's nothing that will limit you from playing the best way possible on all your favorite Android games.
Multi-Instance Function
The Multi-Instance Function allows players to open a separate window where they can open other games simultaneously. If you were playing on your phone, you'd have to exit the game and open another app, which can be a bit of a hassle. On BlueStacks, you can have as many instances and games as you want at the same time without worrying about shuffling through your apps. This saves a lot of time and effort for the user since they don't have to do it all on one screen.
Gunship Battle: Total Warfare is a game that requires you to monitor your activities constantly but isn't one that forces the player to actively do anything in the game. This can be quite boring and is a big waste of time but closing the app to play another game will affect your progress in Gunship Battle: Total Warfare negatively. Try playing other mobile games as you keep Gunship Battle: Total Warfare active with this function. This should give players more freedom to try out all the games they want to play without feeling bored with the others.
Macro Feature
The Macro Feature is a function that allows players to simulate an auto-play feature, which is useful when playing real-time strategies that have scheduled actions that are repeatable. This feature works simply by recording a series of commands, copying the timing of each command used at a later time. There's no limit to the number of commands you can place in a single macro, so you can essentially create a handy macro for everything in the game so that you don't have to actively play tedious game modes anymore.
You can use this function in Gunship Battle: Total Warfare to schedule tasks like collecting resources or mobilizing your fleet to attack an enemy. There's a lot of ways you can utilize the macro feature in this game and it all depends on how creative you can be.
The Eco Mode is the final feature that you might find helpful when playing the game. This feature, in short, cuts down the processing consumption of the instance you put it on, which allows your PC to run other programs better and save a lot of energy in the process. The feature works well in combination with the Multi-Instance Function and Macro Feature since both use a lot of power to run.
When playing Gunship Battle: Total Warfare, you'll find yourself leaving the game for an extended period of time because there's nothing much to do. However, closing the game leaves you in a vulnerable state but having it open consumes a lot of power. Activate the eco mode to save energy and allow your computer to perform smoother despite having one or more instances open at the same time.
Take Control of the War-torn Seas!
Gunship Battle: Total Warfare will test your ability to perform under pressure and work with extremely limited resources to prove yourself as an admiral worthy of commanding an entire fleet of ships. This game is extremely fun to play because every moment fills you with the thrilling experience of trying to survive in a war-torn environment.
There's so much to expect from Gunship Battle: Total Warfare that it can be quite intimidating to jump right into it if you're a total beginner. Keep yourself updated with some upcoming guides that will definitely help you get started on learning how to play this game at a higher level. There are so many ways you can play the game but it requires that you have an excellent start.
Game Guides Jan 12, 2022
How to Raise Your Combat Power in Gunship Battle: Total Warfare
BlueStacks' Beginners Guide to Playing Gunship Battle: Total Warfare
Gunship Battle: Total Warfare – A Guide to Building Your Military
Play Gunship Battle Total Warfare on PC
Best Android Games Like World of Warcraft
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Black Clover Mobile Game 2022: Release Date, Game Details And More
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Play your favorite Android games on PC.
is a PC platform.
Since you are on your phone, we are going to send you to the Google Play page.
(In some cases BlueStacks uses affiliate links when linking to Google Play)
Sorry, BlueStacks is available only for PC or Mac
BlueStacks 4 is not available on Windows XP. You must have Windows 7 or higher. Windows 10 is recommended.


Over the past 6 months our range range has expanded tremendously, one of main focus was bring you products that have been scarce on the Australian market. Along with Sher-wood and Warrior we now carry the full range of CCM Hockey Skates, Sticks, Protective and a small range of accessories.
Today we are taking a look at the range of CCM Sticks available at Power Play Sports.
CCM's RBZ Revolution features the same custom kick point found in all of its predecessors, such as the RBZ, RBZ Stage 2, Superfast, and Speedburner. This custom kick point means the stick's shaft will flex wherever the lower hand is placed when shooting or passing. This will result in hard, accurate shots and crisp passes time and time again.
The biggest new feature found in the RBZ Revolution is the FacePlate Technology with Power Alloy found on the blade. The Power Alloy works in the same way as a Taylor Made golf driver – it adds strength and stability for a hotter face to maximize power.
While the RBZ stick line is great for shooters, it's not really ideal for danglers or puck handlers because it doesn't have great puck feel. Although CCM made some improvements to the Revolution's blade to improve it, both the Tacks and Ribcor lines have much better puck feel.
In terms of kick point and shooting, the RBZ stick line is most similar to the Bauer Nexus stick family.
The new Super Tacks stick is considered to be CCM's true all-in-one stick. Trusted Tacks performance has been taken to the next level with its two distinctive loading zones. It allows for maximum loading on both wrist and slap shots due to the different stiffness zones. The Aculite blade is even lighter than the Ultra Attack Frame from the Super Tacks and the durability of the shaft has been increased. The new Super Tacks is a stick you can rely on no matter what the game situation.
The Tacks line features a mid-kick point with great puck feel which makes it ideal for heavy and precise slap shots, accurate saucer passes, and incredible stick handling. It is also perfect for players who are looking for a durable stick that will be put to the test game after game. CCM Tacks sticks are most similar to Bauer's Supreme stick line.
NHL players using a CCM Super Tacks stick: Connor McDavid (EDM), Patrice Bergeron (BOS), Seth Jones (CBJ), Evgeni Malkin (PIT).
The CCM Ribcor Trigger ASY brings players a low-kick point with amazing puck feel, thanks to the Ascent II blade. This blade has a soft heel for puck handling and a super stiff toe for shooting power. Therefore, the CCM Ribcor line is designed for players who like to stick handle through traffic and snipe one home with a lightning-fast release.
NHL players using a CCM Ribcor Trigger ASY: Vladimir Tarasenko (STL), Matt Duchene (COL), Sidney Crosby (PIT), Nathan MacKinnon (COL).
In conclusion, each type of stick is designed for a specific playing and shooting style. When shopping for new CCM stick, the flex point, curve and features should just be the starting point for your research.
The stick that will work the best for you is the one that suits your style of play. All sticks are available in store, so if your local don't hesitate to pop in say G'day and test out some of the awesome CCM sticks on our puck passer / Stick handling board.
The post CCM Hockey Stick Guide appeared first on Power Play Sports.


text:
MyThreeDaughters
A Dad's Guide to Raising Girls, One Mistake at a Time
« Are We There Yet?
Seriously, Is this a Joke? First-grade, first-class terror »
Questionable Results in Family Election
December 15, 2008 by daddywags
It was about 11:15 Sunday morning, when Fontaine became bored with the family's lack of leadership.
"Alright everyone, we're having a family meeting!" the six-year-old announced.
Wife and I were slow to report to the conference/family room, so once I plopped on the couch, Fontaine declared:
"O.K., we're starting the meeting."
A chart had already been drawn up, offering various options as to what the family should do next. The choices were: Church; Walk; Playground; Just Play Outside; Drebble a ball; and Eat Lunch Now.
The Future Middle Manager instructed that she would be voting first, but I interrupted.
Can each person only vote once, or can we vote for more than one option as second and third choices?
There's always some loser at work who makes a meeting longer by asking questions like this, so I thought I'd be that guy.
Middle Management seemed pleased to hear this question, and allowed that each could vote three times.
Middle Management then cast its vote.
I went second.
"Just Play Outside," I called out. Middle Management nodded in seeming approval.
Wife arrived and voted for Dribble a Ball.
"Dribble a ball!?" Middle Manager chortled, as she made the tally. "I thought no one was going to vote for that."
Dribble the Ball, it seems, is like throwing a vote to Ralph Nader.
Next up, four-year-old.
"Elizabeth, it's your turn."
"I'm not Elizabeth, I'm Sarah."
(Forgot, we were playing the pretend-I'm-somebody-else game during the family meeting.)
Finally, we all finished voting. I thought.
"O.K., who needs to vote again?" Middle Manager called out.
So we all voted again.
I looked at the tally sheet.
Church sure got a lot of votes, I said.
"That's from Mr. Moose," Fontaine explained, glancing at the stuffed moose sitting near her. "He voted three times."
Oh man, the unpredictable Moose vote swayed it. Shades of the old Bull Moose party. Church in a landslide.
Wife then noted that it was already 11:30, and church was out of the question.
Meeting adjourned/exploded into chaos, and we all went and stood in the kitchen.
I popped a bagel in the toaster. Two other voices said they were hungry.
And in the end, an option that garnered no votes won: Eat Lunch Now.
No sweat. Fontaine got the chart, put 28 tallies after Eat Lunch Now and declared it the winner.
Never too late to have a clean outcome.
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Back Issues (Archives)


1 We are looking for a man photo using popular search engines.
When it becomes necessary to find a person by photos available, make it quite feasible. But first try, so the photo was clear, rather than vague. If there is a paper photograph, be sure to scan it, and if it's badly damaged otrestavrirovali.
We are looking for a man photo using popular search engines.
Internet today is the concentration of a variety of information, place of work and communication of millions of people around the world. Many people share their photos on social networks, forums, insert them into avatars and profiles.
That is why there is a real chance to find the right person for his photo.
Consider the details handy "search by image" of similar images from the service Google.
Just drag and drop the image from your desktop computer to the search box, holding his left mouse button.
Click on the camera icon in the search box, then select "Upload file" and click on "Select a file". In the next window on your computer and select a file with photos, clicking on "Open".
If the photo is on the network, it is possible to insert into the search link to it, using the option "Specify a link". Search begins, and extradition will show all the results of similar photos.
However, often the search engine produces in this case a lot of photos of similar people, here will be useful at least some data by the, in which area the desired person works, where lives and others. By considering the data obtained, comparison of the available information, Search is quite a success.
In the network, there are special websites to search for people, where you can try to find the man photos available. The most famous - is site of the TV program "Wait for me", where you can place a request for search and photos. Visitors to these sites, when, if you have some information, can contact those, who put a photo and share it.


text:
WorkForce Software Named HR Technology Solution Provider of the Year by the 2022 Stevie® Awards for Great Employers
WorkForce Software earns the highest STEVIE® Gold award for its modern workforce management platform, WorkForce Suite, which helps organizations create better operational results by providing user-friendly and smart technologies that support the needs of their workforce
LIVONIA, Mich., Aug. 17, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Today, the first global provider of integrated employee experience and workforce management solutions, WorkForce Software, is proud to be named the Gold Winner for HR Technology Solution Provider of the Year by the 2022 Stevie® Awards for Great Employers in the solution providers category. More than 950 nominations from organizations of all sizes in 26 nations, and in virtually every industry, were submitted this year for consideration in a wide range of HR-related categories.
The Stevie® Awards for Great Employers recognize the world's best employers and the human resources professionals, teams, achievements and HR-related products and suppliers who help to create great places to work. Winners of the awards, named the Stevies from the Greek word meaning "crowned," will be recognized during a gala awards dinner on Saturday, September 17 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas.
"We are honored to be named HR Technology Solution Provider of the Year by the 2022 Stevie Awards for Great Employers," said Sandra Moran, Chief Marketing Officer at WorkForce Software. "Our global customers are proving that empowering all employees with the smartest modern workforce communication technology is an investment that pays dividends for everyone. As businesses are facing continued disruptions and labor shortage, greater challenges are also placed on the workforce – including shift-based and deskless workers. These workers are demanding more from their employers including access to modern technology, so that no matter where an employee is doing their job, they feel heard, valued, and engaged."
WorkForce Software and its WorkForce Suite were also recently recognized by industry analyst groups with distinguished honors. WorkForce Software earned the leadership position in Nucleus Research's 2022 Workforce Management Technology Value Matrix report, ranking higher than all other software providers, and Oracle named WorkForce Software the Cloud HCM ISV Partner of the Year and Winner of the 2021 Oracle Cloud HCM HR Heroes Visionary Award. WorkForce Software was also named Champion in SoftwareReviews' Workforce Management Emotional Footprint report for the enterprise market, surpassing all other vendors, and was honored as the Gold STEVIE® award winner in 2022 American Business Awards® for Innovation of the Year – Business Products Industries. Employees ranked WorkForce Software highest, earning honors alongside IBM and Google in Comparably's Annual Ranking of Top Companies for having the Best Leadership Team. WorkForce Software was recognized as a Gold Winner in the Most Innovative Company of the Year Best in Biz Awards 2021 for the Company's innovative and modern workforce management and employee experience platform, and was a Winner in the 2021 Brandon Hall Group Excellence in Technology Awards and received top honors for product innovation and value realized by its customers with its modern workforce management and integrated employee experience platform in the 'Best Advance in Emerging Workforce Management' category. WorkForce Software was also recognized by Ventana Research as Exemplary Value Index Leader for creating the best customer experience and delivering the best return on investment to its global customers.
Details about the Stevie® Awards for Great Employers and the list of 2022 Stevie winners are available at www.StevieAwards.com/HR.
Learn more about WorkForce Software's award winning WorkForce Suite and see how their customers across industries are leveraging WorkForce Experience to engage with all their employees and to rapidly respond to change and retain their valuable staff. Download the free "Make Every Moment Matter" guide and read how to improve employee experience for the modern workforce.
Stevie Awards are conferred in eight programs: the Asia-Pacific Stevie Awards, the German Stevie Awards, the Middle East & North Africa Stevie Awards, The American Business Awards®, The International Business Awards®, the Stevie Awards for Great Employers, the Stevie Awards for Women in Business, and the Stevie Awards for Sales & Customer Service. Stevie Awards competitions receive more than 12,000 entries each year from organizations in more than 70 nations. Honoring organizations of all types and sizes and the people behind them, the Stevies recognize outstanding performances in the workplace worldwide. Learn more about the Stevie Awards at http://www.StevieAwards.com.
About WorkForce Software
WorkForce Software is the first global provider of workforce management solutions with integrated employee experience capabilities. The company's WorkForce Suite adapts to each organization's needs—no matter how unique their pay rules, labor regulations, and schedules—while delivering a breakthrough employee experience at the time and place work happens. Enterprise-grade and future-ready, WorkForce Software is helping some of the world's most innovative organizations optimize their workforce, protect against compliance risks, and increase employee engagement to unlock new potential for resiliency and optimal performance. When your employees include deskless or hourly workers, unionized, full-time, part-time, or seasonal, WorkForce Software makes managing your global workforce easy, less costly, and more rewarding for everyone. For more information, please visit www.workforcesoftware.com.
SOURCE WorkForce Software
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Next post:Sports betting roundtable planned for Thursday to focus on initial preparations and timelines


The Collingwood Wellness Market takes over 5 Easey Street, Collingwood on Saturday February 23 from 10am-3pm. Head to the Facebook page for more info.
Grab all your Halloween goodies at Lombard Party Stores in Preston, Cranbourne, Epping, Fountain Gate, Keilor Park, Moonee Ponds, Moorabbin and Taylors Lakes. Head to the Lombard website for more details.
It's all going down on Saturday October 20 at 44 Harmsworth Street, Collingwood. Head to the Facebook event for more details.
GUAU! will play at Errol's & Co from Thursday September 29 until Saturday September 29. Tickets are $18/$13 conc.
You can check out Stef Jaric: Urban Comedyist shows from Thursday September 13 until Saturday September at 6pm at Magnet Galleries. Tickets are $15/$10 conc.
This Woman's Work – the Kate Bush Rock Show will be performed at the Lithuanian Club's Main Theatre on Friday September 14 at 8pm. Tickets start from $28.
Love/Hate Actually plays at The Ballroom, Lithuanian Club from Saturday September 22 to Saturday September 29 at 8pm (7pm Sunday). Tickets are $28.
Labelled plays from Monday September 24 to Wednesday September 26 at Hares and Hyenas. Tickets are $20/$15 conc.
Nico: Songs They Never Play on the Radio will play at the Main Theatre, Lithuanian Club from Friday September 14 to Sunday September 16. Ticket prices start at $22.
Ascent plays at Theatre Works from Friday September 28 until Sunday September 30 and tickets are $32/$28 conc. The project is generously supported by the Ron and Margaret Dobell Foundation and Sam and Monica Abrahams, as part of ShowSupport.
You can stroll the streets of Fitzroy with The Video Suitcase Walk Rebooted on Friday September 14, Saturday September 22 and Sunday September 23 from 7pm. It's a free event.


text:
Crossodactylus schmidti är en groddjursart som beskrevs av José María Alfono Félix Gallardo 1961. Crossodactylus schmidti ingår i släktet Crossodactylus och familjen Hylodidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Stjärtlösa groddjur
schmidti


If it is at all feasible to have a crush on a 13th century Persian poet and mystic, then I am definitely smitten with Rumi. I love, love, love that he was voted America's favourite poet in 2007 :). How's that for working beyond the grave?
Dive into the heart of the flame!
Become fearless! Be like a moth!
and tear down the house!
Then, come and dwell in the house of love!
Be a lover! Live with lovers!
Clean your chest from all hostility.
Then, fill it with the wine of love!
Be a chalice for love! Be a chalice!
to be worthy of the beloved.
be a drunk! Become drunk!
be a precious pearl. Be a pearl!
dissolve in the melody of love.
Be a love song! Be a song!
Don't dread the darkness of denial.
Be the radiance of creative power.
Be the light! Be a haven of the spirit!
Be a haven of light! Be a haven!
dragging you in its wake.
Let your heart lead! Be the leader!
are locks leashing our hearts.
Become the key to the locks!
Open your heart! Be the key!
You are surely more than a post!
Yearn for love! Be the moaning!
I absolutely LOVE this Sara. Thank you for sharing it!


text:
Q: Trying to build an R function to randomly pair groups together each week but keep the new group sizes the same if we have data:

group
group_size

a
2

b
3

c
1

d
4

e
2

f
4

g
1

h
3

i
1

j
3

k
1

l
1

*

*Code for input data:

df <- data.frame(group = c("a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k","l"),
                 group_size = c(2,3,1,4,2,4,1,3,1,3,1,1))

and I want to randomly pair or trio groups into larger groups that are all the same size how would I do this in R? For my results - I would want all of the groups to be matched up with another group randomly and have each of the 4-5 new groups be of equal size. I need to redo this every week randomly, so I want to make sure the results can be randomized everytime.
Thanks.
sample desired output:

new_grp
members
new_grp_size

group 1
a,c,e
5

group 2
b,l,g
5

group 3
d,k
5

group 4
j,h
6

group 5
i,f
5

notice all groups are as close to the same size as they can get.

A: Simple approach adapted from CrossValidated: Partition a vector into equally sized groups. You can generate a new grouping by adjusting the seed.
Code
group_size <- 5

set.seed(2021)
sample_groups <- sample(groups, length(groups))

f <- approxfun(
    c(0, cumsum(sample_groups)/sum(sample_groups)),
    c(0, seq_along(sample_groups))
)

i <- f(seq(0, 1, length.out = group_size + 1))
j <- rep(0, length(sample_groups))
j[round(1 + i[-length(i)])] <- 1
grouping <- cumsum(j)

Result
tibble(
    group = names(sample_groups),
    n = sample_groups,
    grouping = grouping
) %>%
    group_by(
        grouping
    ) %>%
    summarise(
        n = sum(n),
        groups = paste(group, collapse = ", ")
    )
# A tibble: 5 × 3
  grouping     n groups
     <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1        1     5 g, f
2        2     4 j, l
3        3     7 d, h
4        4     5 k, c, b
5        5     5 i, a, e

Data
library(tidyverse)
groups <- c(
    "a" = 2,
    "b" = 3,
    "c" = 1,
    "d" = 4,
    "e" = 2,
    "f" = 4,
    "g" = 1,
    "h" = 3,
    "i" = 1,
    "j" = 3,
    "k" = 1,
    "l" = 1
)


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https://www.aphrodite1994.com/paul-smith-black-wallet-leather?___store=default 45834 Black Leather Wallet https://www.aphrodite1994.com/media/catalog/product/p/a/paul_smith_black_wallet_1.jpg 75 150 GBP OutOfStock Paul Smith Accessories Black Wallet in Calf Leather. This wallet is perfect for the man about town, with plenty of card slots for all your important documents. In such a classic style and colouring it is a piece that will stand the test of time.
Paul Smith Accessories Black Wallet in Calf Leather. This wallet is perfect for the man about town, with plenty of card slots for all your important documents. In such a classic style and colouring it is a piece that will stand the test of time.


Make a personal commitment to safeguarding two grizzly bears!
Support grizzlies by giving Grizzly Guardians! This twin-set makes a great gift for two people. With your support we can protect this ecologically important North American icon - give a Grizzly Guardian today.
This item is eligible for a $120 charitable receipt.


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