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Coluccio Salutati (16 February 1331 – 4 May 1406) was an Italian humanist and man of letters, and one of the most important political and cultural leaders of Renaissance Florence; as chancellor of the Republic and its most prominent voice, he was effectively the permanent secretary of state in the generation before the rise of the Medici.
Salutati was born in Stignano, a tiny commune near Buggiano (today's province of Pistoia, Tuscany). After studies in Bologna, where his father lived in exile after a Ghibelline coup in Buggiano, the family returned to Buggiano, which had become more securely part of the Republic of Florence. There he worked as notary and pursued his literary studies, coming into contact with the Florentine humanists Boccaccio and Francesco Nelli. The refined and masterful classical Latin of his letters to Florentine scholars earned him the admiring nickname of "Ape of Cicero", In 1367 Coluccio was appointed chancellor of Todi in the Papal States. Papal secretary Francesco Bruni took Salutati with him to Rome from 1368 to 1370, as assistant in the Papal curia of Pope Urban V recently returned from Avignon. In 1370, through his connections in the curia he was made chancellor of the powerful Tuscan city of Lucca, a post he quickly lost in internecine struggles there.
In 1374 Coluccio received an appointment in Florence and the following year was appointed Chancellor of Florence, the most important position in the bureaucracy of the Florentine Republic. In his position, Salutati was responsible for the widely circulated official correspondences with other states, drafting confidential instructions to ambassadors, conducting diplomacy and negotiating treaties: "in its chancellor Florence had someone truly exceptional, endowed not only with legal knowledge, political cunning and diplomatic skill, but also with psychological penetration, a gift for public relations, and unusual literary skill." His abilities as a statesman were soon tested as Florence was immediately faced with war with the papacy. Salutati was charged with addressing Pope Gregory XI to assure him that Florence was still a loyal member of the Guelf party. Although he failed to prevent war with the papacy, Salutati soon became the most celebrated chancellor in all of Italy and a master of the formal letter. Florence's principal nemesis during his tenure, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, once remarked that one of Salutati's letters could "cause more damage than a thousand Florentine horsemen." During his life, Florence warred twice against its powerful northern rival, Giangaleazzo Visconti. His treatise De tyranno ("On the tyrant") published in 1400, has, most likely, its model in Visconti, although in it Salutati (despite being a republican) remains a supporter of the providential universal monarch already put forward by Dante. Occasionally his letters had unintended consequences. When he wrote to the people of Ancona in 1376, inciting them, in the name of their freedom, to revolt against the governor imposed by the pope, he called to mind the evils Italy had suffered on behalf of the French. Word of his nasty tone got to the King of France, which prompted a most conciliatory letter from Salutati, assuring the King that he meant no harm and that Florence would always be a friend to France.
In testimony to his service as chancellor the city of Florence paid 250 florins for his funeral in 1406.
Coluccio's cultural achievements are perhaps even greater than his political ones. A skilled writer and orator, Coluccio drew heavily upon the classical tradition and developed a powerful prose style based on the Latin of Virgil and Cicero: "I have always believed," Salutati wrote, "I must imitate antiquity not simply to reproduce it, but in order to produce something new". In this sense his own view of humanism was broader-based than the antiquarianism of the generation of humanists he fostered.
An admiring correspondent of Petrarch, he spent much of his salary on amassing a collection of 800 books, slightly less than his contemporary Niccolò de' Niccoli. He also pursued classical manuscripts, making a number of important discoveries, the most important being Cicero's lost Letters to his Friends (Epistulae ad Familiares), which showed Cicero as a defender of republican liberty. Coluccio also did important studies of history, tying Florence's origin not to the Roman Empire but to the Roman Republic.
He promoted the work of younger humanists such as Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Niccolò de' Niccoli, Leonardo Bruni and Pier Paolo Vergerio.
He also brought the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras to Florence in 1397 to teach one of the first courses in Greek since the end of the Roman Empire. After Boethius, few Westerners spoke or read Greek. Many ancient Greek works of science and philosophy were not available in Latin translation. By Salutati's time, a few Latin texts of Aristotle had arrived in Europe via Muslim Spain and Sicily. These texts, however, had been translated from Arabic, rather than directly from the Greek. By bringing Chrysoloras to Florence, Salutati made it possible for a select group of scholars (including Bruni and Vergerio) to read Aristotle and Plato in the original ancient Greek.
^ Some scholars as Augusto Campana, Mario Martelli (''Schede per Coluccio Salutati'', Interpres, IX, 1989, pp. 237-25) and others support the date of 1332 on the basis of letters in which Salutati writes of his own age. This date of birth is also accepted by Harvard University Press for Coluccio Salutati's works edition (The I Tatti Renaissance Library).
^ Schwartz, Thomas G. (1934). A Biography of Coluccio Salutati (Feb 16, 1331 – May 4, 1406). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Italian "Scimmia di Cicerone", with implied praise. Tanzini, Lorenzo. "Il cancelliere letterato". Medioevo. De Agostini (145/146): 100.
^ The Avignonese papacy lasted from 1305 to 1367.
^ Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: how the world became modern, 2011:123.
^ Tanzini, Lorenzo. "Il cancelliere letterato". Medioevo. De Agostini (145/146): 103.
^ Lauro Martines, The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390–1460 :(Princeton) 1963:25.
^ Brydges, Sir Egerton (1821). Res Literariæ: Bibliographical and Critical, for Oct. 1820. C. Beranger. p. 278. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Halvorson, Michael (29 August 2014). The Renaissance: All That Matters. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 25. ISBN 9781444192964. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Coluccio di Pierio di Salutati" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Pope Gregory XI was pope from 30 December 1370 to his death in 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope and the most recent French pope, in 1377, Gregory XI returned the Papal court to Rome, ending nearly 70 years of papal residency in Avignon, France. His death shortly after was followed by the Western Schism and he was born Pierre Roger de Beaufort in Maumont in the modern commune of Rosiers-dÉgletons, around 1330. The nephew of Pope Clement VI, he succeeded Pope Urban V at the conclave of 1370 and was the seventh. During his pontificate, vigorous measures were taken against proponents of Lollardy, which had found acceptance in Germany and other parts of Europe. Efforts were made to corrupt practices in the various monastic orders, such as collecting fees from persons visiting holy sites. Gregory confirmed a treaty between Sicily and Naples at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon on 20 August 1372, which brought about a permanent settlement between the kingdoms, which were both papal fiefs. The Decadicon was submitted to Pope Gregory XI in the part of the 1370s by French canonist.
Gregory formally condemned fourteen articles of the Sachsenspiegel in 1374 and nineteen propositions of Wycliffes On Civil Dominion in 1377 and his decision to return to Rome is supposedly attributed in part to the incessant pleas and threats of Catherine of Siena. A return had been attempted by Gregorys predecessor, Urban V, but the demands of the Hundred Years War brought him north of the Alps again, and Avignon was still the seat of the Bishop of Rome. The project of returning again to Rome was delayed by a conflict between the pope and Florence, known as the War of the Eight Saints, the pope put Florence under interdict during 1376. The return of the Curia to Rome began on 13 September 1376 and was concluded with the arrival of Gregory XI on 17 January 1377, Gregory XI did not long survive this trip, dying in Rome on 27 March 1378. He was buried the day in the church of Santa Maria Nuova. After his death the College of Cardinals was pressured by a Roman mob that broke into the chamber to force an Italian pope into the papacy.
Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of works, including The Decameron. The details of Boccaccios birth are uncertain and he was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman, Boccaccios stepmother was called Margherita de Mardoli. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank, Boccaccio was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium and he pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies. His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise in the 1330s, at this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as Fiammetta in many of Boccaccios prose romances, including Il Filocolo.
Acciaioli became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually and it seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia, humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, in Naples, Boccaccio began what he considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida, The Filocolo, the period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city and he had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt, the pastoral piece Ninfale fiesolano probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, Boccaccios father remarried to Bice del Bostichi and his children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344.
Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, best known simply as Poggio Bracciolini, was an Italian scholar and an early humanist. He was responsible for rediscovering and recovering a number of classical Latin manuscripts, mostly decaying and forgotten in German, Swiss. His most celebrated find was De rerum natura, the surviving work by Lucretius. Poggio di Guccio was born at the village of Terranuova, since 1862 renamed in his honour Terranuova Bracciolini, near Arezzo in Tuscany. Taken by his father to Florence to pursue the studies for which he appeared so apt, he studied Latin under Giovanni Malpaghino of Ravenna, the friend and protégé of Petrarch. He studied notarial law, and, at the age of twenty-one he was received into the Florentine notaries guild, under Martin V he reached the top rank of his office, as Apostolicus Secretarius, papal secretary. As such he functioned as an attendant of the Pope, writing letters at his behest and dictation, with no formal registration of the briefs. He was esteemed for his excellent Latin, his extraordinarily beautiful book hand, and as liaison with Florence.
Throughout his long office of 50 years, Poggio served a total of seven popes, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Gregory XII, Antipope John XXIII, Martin V, Eugenius IV, Nicholas V. In spite of his salary in the Curia, he remained a layman to the end of his life. The greater part of Poggios long life was spent in attendance to his duties in the Roman Curia at Rome, although he spent most of his adult life in his papal service, he considered himself a Florentine working for the papacy. His five years spent in England, until returning to Rome in 1423, were the least productive, Poggio resided in Florence during 1434−36 with Eugene IV. In spite of the remonstrances and dire predictions of all his friends about the age discrepancy, the marriage was a one, producing five sons. At stake was the new approach of the humanae litterae in relation to the divinae litterae, Valla claimed that biblical texts could be subjected to the same philological criticism as the great classics of antiquity. Poggio held that humanism and theology were separate fields of inquiry, Poggios series of five Orationes in Laurentium Vallam were countered, line by line, by Vallas Antidota in Pogium.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman philosopher, lawyer, political theorist and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy family of the Roman equestrian order. According to Michael Grant, the influence of Cicero upon the history of European literature, Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary distinguishing himself as a translator and philosopher. Though he was an orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. During the chaotic latter half of the 1st century BC marked by civil wars, following Julius Caesars death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. His severed hands and head were then, as a revenge of Mark Antony. Petrarchs rediscovery of Ciceros letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, according to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity.
Cicero was born in 106 BC in Arpinum, a hill town 100 kilometers southeast of Rome and his father was a well-to-do member of the equestrian order and possessed good connections in Rome. However, being a semi-invalid, he could not enter public life, although little is known about Ciceros mother, Helvia, it was common for the wives of important Roman citizens to be responsible for the management of the household. Ciceros brother Quintus wrote in a letter that she was a thrifty housewife, Ciceros cognomen, or personal surname, comes from the Latin for chickpea, cicer. Plutarch explains that the name was given to one of Ciceros ancestors who had a cleft in the tip of his nose resembling a chickpea. However, it is likely that Ciceros ancestors prospered through the cultivation. Romans often chose down-to-earth personal surnames, the family names of Fabius and Piso come from the Latin names of beans, lentils. Plutarch writes that Cicero was urged to change this name when he entered politics. During this period in Roman history, cultured meant being able to speak both Latin and Greek, Cicero used his knowledge of Greek to translate many of the theoretical concepts of Greek philosophy into Latin, thus translating Greek philosophical works for a larger audience.
Durante degli Alighieri, simply called Dante, was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages. In the late Middle Ages, the majority of poetry was written in Latin. In De vulgari eloquentia, Dante defended use of the vernacular in literature, as a result, Dante played an instrumental role in establishing the national language of Italy. In addition, the first use of the interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, Dante has been called the Father of the Italian language and one of the greatest poets of world literature. In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta and il Poeta, he, Dante was born in Florence, Republic of Florence, present-day Italy. The exact date of his birth is unknown, although it is believed to be around 1265. This can be deduced from autobiographic allusions in the Divine Comedy, in 1265, the sun was in Gemini between approximately May 11 and June 11. Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient Romans, but the earliest relative he could mention by name was Cacciaguida degli Elisei, born no earlier than about 1100.
Dantes father, Alaghiero or Alighiero di Bellincione, was a White Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti in the middle of the 13th century. Dantes family had loyalties to the Guelphs, an alliance that supported the Papacy and which was involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines. The poets mother was Bella, likely a member of the Abati family and she died when Dante was not yet ten years old, and Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. When Dante was 12, he was promised in marriage to Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, contracting marriages at this early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, including contracts signed before a notary. But by this time Dante had fallen in love with another, Beatrice Portinari, years after his marriage to Gemma he claims to have met Beatrice again, he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems. The exact date of his marriage is not known, the certain information is that, before his exile in 1301.
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio, in a fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital of the Province of Lucca and it is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls. Lucca was founded by the Etruscans and became a Roman colony in 180 BC, the rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. Traces of the amphitheatre still may be seen in the Piazza dellAnfiteatro, at the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy, Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. Under the Lombards, it was the seat of a duke who minted his own coins, the Holy Face of Lucca, a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742.
During the eighth-tenth centuries Lucca was a center of Jewish life, Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent. After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune, for almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina, Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe, dante's Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca, in 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca, the Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiero, Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy.
The so-called Nicchioni, Roman constructions of uncertain function.
The Duomo in the sloping Piazza del Popolo.
The unfinished façade of San Fortunato.
A bolognino of Urban V.


text:
There Is No Stabilization Fund Any More, It Was Quietly Halved
The Russian stabilization fund stopped its existence. The representative of the Ministry of Finance Peter Kazakevich informed today about it. Reserve Fund and Fund of National Well-Being will appear instead of Stabilization Fund which since 2004 has saved up almost 4 billion roubles. They are formed, as Stabilization Fund before - from oil-and-gas incomes.
The Reserve Fund can be spent on financing of the budget or preschedule repayment of external debt. The Fund of Well-Being is created for co-financing of voluntary pension accruals. They promised to invest the funds not so conservatively as before.
- Briefly it can be formulated as "dark business", - editor-in-chief of FORUM.msk Anatoly Baranov commented on it. - Stabilization Fund was based unexpectedly and not quite lawfully. It was filled in absolutely obscure way and its means were somehow invested in something, it brought some percents, then percents brought other percents and all that, I shall repeat, was controlled in absolutely obscure way. Both to parliament and society only one parameter was known - for today in there are so and so money in the "All-Russian egg-pod". Now we are informed - Stabilization Fund is divided into two parts, both of them will be obscure as well as a whole. They also promise that expense part of these obscure schemes will be "less conservative". And what about the budget for 2008? There is Stabilization Fund concretely stated there, meanwhile there is nothing what we have now instead. So, how is Ministry of Finance going to follow this law?
"The most harmless that could be here is political strategist the decision, - Anatoly Baranov noticed. - Stabilization Fund as an idea and practice is unpopular among people and it was decided to replace it with something different, having told thus that it would work in a different way, that is better. Certainly, they will steal all the same but not so much. But only 2 months ago Maxim Kalashnikov published on FORUM.msk a material under the heading "Whether They Will "Saw" Stabilization Fund and Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves?" Well, there is no such question any more - they sawed. I can't restrain myself, I will broadly quote Kalashnikov".
Arrest of Storchak, most likely, means aspiration of Putin's grouping to take Stabilization Fund and, probably, gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank under control of the governments. Till now liberally-fundamentalist, westernized grouping (Kudrin, Ignatyev and Chubays standing behind them) controlled it. They poured showers of gold on the West, deducing enormous money from economic turn of the Russian Federation, "sterilizing" them. (...)
I shall stipulate at once: I would like very much to be mistaken in my calculations. But present time is so ugly that everything could turn out to be real.
The Russian Federation - is the country of the won gangsters. The first series of Criminal revolution - mafia-thievish 1990th years, especially their first half. A threat of recurrence of the same story is now on hand. But with much more destructive consequences. The criminal aposteme in the central authority had time to ripen.
Situation is approximately as follows: already in the end of Putin's boarding (2000-2008) the most supreme hierarches of a mode, probably, ate to repletion and would be glad to stop general larceny of officials so that not to ruin the Russian Federation.
There are people of the second-third echelons of authority and they are still hungry. They continue to steal and plunder, not caring a bit about the future of the country. Meanwhile the supreme hierarches of the Russian Federation are too weak and irresolute so that, similar to Stalin, to bridle these bureaucrats of "silver" and "bronze" parts.
Discord is on in the supreme echelons of power in the Russian Federation, simultaneous action of absolutely opposite aspirations - development and degradation.
There is no wondering about it. It is necessary to remind that Leningrad-Petersburg in the beginning of 90th years was supervised by mayor Sobchak. It had a reputation of the center of criminality, bribery of officials and the center of numerous criminal-corruption scandals those years. The mode that was in the country from 2000-2008 has grown from Sobchak's mayoralties. This is the staff that went up in that very "gangster Petersburg". It is natural that, having come to the Kremlin, those creatures-mutants did not hurry up to change former habits. They had time to eat to their fill - but now the mutants of the lesser ranking want to eat.
Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation and Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves appeared to be under their formal control over the end of the first decade of the twenty first century. All in all - nearby one and a half trillion dollars. (On demand of Washington these money are in the western banks and western securities). But curious process has begun at once: quasi-state companies ("Gazprom", "EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY", "Rosneft", "RZhD") controllable by successors of Yeltsin's mode got fantastic debts in foreign banks. To 2007 - it's 300 billion dollars.
There is quite real threat that these companies will fail to repay the debts and - the West will take Stabilization Fund from the Russian Federation.
The critical moment comes now for the Russian Federation. Banks of the Russian Federation are in a fever: they suffer from the lack of liquidity. "Gazprom" is unsteady under a cargo of foreign credits. It, "Rosneft" and others quasi-state got inadmissibly great sums of foreign loans. They have all the time to get new loans to pay off old credits. But if the West tormented by the sharpest bank crisis, would cease to give them, a default will follow. Then, who knows, it will be really necessary to give abroad more than a half of the reserves saved by the government and Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Great danger is on hand: "privatization" of gold and foreign exchange reserves and stabilization fund of the Russian Federation. Just think: corrupted officials in large corporations will get the western credits, will use them in no-purpose way (will get enriched personally) - and then a default will come. The state will have to pay for the debts with the West. Meanwhile stolen billions will remain in personal pockets...
It seems to me, such script is quite real...
"The same with me, - Anatoly Baranov added. - Michael Deljagin a month earlier than Kalashnikov gave to FORUM.msk the following comment: "There is such an impression that someone from the upper staff considers Stabilization Fund his own pocket". It's strange, but I have the same impression. One more time I quote Deljagin".
Make-out from the beginning of operations on accommodation of Stabilizations Fund's means weighed according to its currency structure made 10,23% of annual in US dollars. So high level of profitableness forces to suspect that operations with its means are more risky, than they are usually considered to be. Currency difference on the rests of means on its accounts in foreign currencies from the beginning of the year made-53,10 billion roubles. (1,8% from the mid-annual rest of all its means). Item-by-item financing of expenses of the federal budget remains quite irregular. At the general lack of financing on 4.9% no direction was financed entirely. Best of all - on 99,2 and 98,8% accordingly - defense and safety with law enforcement bodies. Ecology (97.6%), social sphere (97.3%), interbudgetary transfers (96.8%), education (96,4%) were financed better than average level. A little bit worse than average level were financed housing and communal services (93.4%), culture (93.2%) and ostensibly priority public health services (92,7%). Amazingly that federal expenses without expenses on state debt service, financed only on 84.0%, appeared to be the main "castaway" of Ministry of Finance in January-September, 2007 and not economy. Thus, a real priority of the Ministry of Finance is replenishment of Stabilization Fund which is carried out even with advancing of the schedule; meanwhile supply services for the sake of which it, as a matter of fact, exists, appear to be minor business which can to be sacrificed not even at the shortage of means, but at simple reduction of additional incomes.
- And now it is high time to cover up traces, - Anatoly Baranov believes. - There is a month up to presidential elections and not everything is smooth with a rating. Then there will be a long-long term transfer of powers, their sharing and re-sharing and then there will be summer. Well, by the autumn there will be no alive witnesses of what happened then with Stabilization Fund in the previous reign. I shall not be surprised, if Stabilization Fund will be divided in two literally, that is it will be halved. What?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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| 4001 Птолемей (Ptolemaeus)||1949 PV||2 серпня 1949||Обсерваторія Гейдельберг-Кеніґштуль||К. В. Райнмут
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| 4002 Сінаґава (Shinagawa)||1950 JB||14 травня 1950||Обсерваторія Гейдельберг-Кеніґштуль||К. В. Райнмут
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| 4003 Шуман (Schumann)||1964 ED||8 березня 1964||Обсерваторія Карла Шварцшильда||Ф. Бернґен
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| 4004 Лістьєв (Listʹev)||||16 вересня 1971||КрАО||КрАО
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| 4005 Дягілєв (Dyagilev)||||8 жовтня 1972||КрАО||Журавльова Людмила Василівна
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| 4006 Сандлер (Sandler)||1972 YR||29 грудня 1972||КрАО||Смирнова Тамара Михайлівна
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| 4007 Euryalos||1973 SR||19 вересня 1973||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
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| 4008 Корбін (Corbin)||1977 BY||22 січня 1977||Астрономічний комплекс Ель-Леонсіто||Обсерваторія Фелікса Аґілара
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| 4009 Дробишевський (Drobyshevskij)||||13 березня 1977||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
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| 4010 Нікольський (Nikolʹskij)||||21 серпня 1977||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
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| 4011 Бахарєв (Bakharev)||||28 вересня 1978||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
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| 4012 Ґебалле (Geballe)||||7 листопада 1978||Паломарська обсерваторія||Е. Гелін,Ш. Дж. Бас
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| 4013 Огіріа (Ogiria)||||21 липня 1979||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
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| 4014 Хайцман (Heizman)||||28 вересня 1979||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
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| 4015 Вілсон-Гаррінгтон (Wilson-Harrington)||1979 VA||15 листопада 1979||Паломарська обсерваторія||Елеанор Ф. Хелін
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| 4016 Самбр (Sambre)||1979 XK||15 грудня 1979||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Анрі Дебеонь,Едґар Нетто
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| 4017 Діснея (Disneya)||||21 лютого 1980||КрАО||Карачкіна Людмила Георгіївна
|-
| 4018 Братислава (Bratislava)||1980 YM||30 грудня 1980||Обсерваторія Клеть||Антонін Мркос
|-
| 4019 Клаветер (Klavetter)||||1 березня 1981||Обсерваторія Сайдинг-Спрінг||Ш. Дж. Бас
|-
| 4020 Домінік (Dominique)||||1 березня 1981||Обсерваторія Сайдинг-Спрінг||Ш. Дж. Бас
|-
| 4021 Денсі (Dancey)||||30 серпня 1981||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4022 Нонна (Nonna)||||8 жовтня 1981||КрАО||Черних Людмила Іванівна
|-
| 4023 Ярнік (Jarnik)||1981 UN||25 жовтня 1981||Обсерваторія Клеть||Ладіслав Брожек
|-
| 4024 Ронан (Ronan)||1981 WQ||24 листопада 1981||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4025 Рідлі (Ridley)||1981 WU||24 листопада 1981||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4026 Біт (Beet)||||30 січня 1982||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4027 Міттон (Mitton)||1982 DN||21 лютого 1982||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4028 Панкрац (Pancratz)||||18 лютого 1982||Сокорро (Нью-Мексико)||Лоренс Тафф
|-
| 4029 Бріджес (Bridges)||||24 травня 1982||Паломарська обсерваторія||Керолін Шумейкер
|-
| 4030 Архенголд (Archenhold)||||2 березня 1984||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Анрі Дебеонь
|-
| 4031 Мюллер (Mueller)||1985 CL||12 лютого 1985||Паломарська обсерваторія||Керолін Шумейкер
|-
| 4032 Чаплигін (Chaplygin)||||22 жовтня 1985||КрАО||Журавльова Людмила Василівна
|-
| 4033 Яцуґатаке (Yatsugatake)||1986 FA||16 березня 1986||Кобусізава||Масару Іноуе,Осаму Мурамацу
|-
| 4034 Vishnu||1986 PA||2 серпня 1986||Паломарська обсерваторія||Е. Гелін
|-
| 4035 1986 WD||1986 WD||22 листопада 1986||Тойота||Кендзо Судзукі,Такеші Урата
|-
| 4036 Вайтхаус (Whitehouse)||||21 лютого 1987||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Анрі Дебеонь
|-
| 4037 Ікея (Ikeya)||1987 EC||2 березня 1987||Тойота||Кендзо Судзукі,Такеші Урата
|-
| 4038 Христина (Kristina)||||21 серпня 1987||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Ерік Вальтер Ельст
|-
| 4039 Сосекі (Souseki)||1987 SH||17 вересня 1987||Обсерваторія Ґейсей||Тсутому Секі
|-
| 4040 Перселл (Purcell)||||21 вересня 1987||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4041 Міямотойохко (Miyamotoyohko)||||19 лютого 1988||YGCO (станція Тійода)||Такуо Кодзіма
|-
| 4042 Охотськ (Okhotsk)||||15 січня 1989||Обсерваторія Кітамі||Кін Ендате,Кадзуро Ватанабе
|-
| 4043 Перолоф (Perolof)||1175 T-3||17 жовтня 1977||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
|-
| 4044 Ерікгоґ (Erikhog)||5142 T-3||16 жовтня 1977||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
|-
| 4045 Ловенграб (Lowengrub)||1953 RG||9 вересня 1953||Обсерваторія Ґете Лінка||Університет Індіани
|-
| 4046 Свейн (Swain)||1953 TV||7 жовтня 1953||Обсерваторія Ґете Лінка||Університет Індіани
|-
| 4047 Чан'Е (Chang'E)||||8 жовтня 1964||Обсерваторія Цзицзіньшань||Обсерваторія Червона Гора
|-
| 4048 Семвестфолл (Samwestfall)||1964 UC||30 жовтня 1964||Обсерваторія Ґете Лінка||Університет Індіани
|-
| 4049 Норагаль (Noragalʹ)||||31 серпня 1973||КрАО||Смирнова Тамара Михайлівна
|-
| 4050 Мібейлі (Mebailey)||1976 SF||20 вересня 1976||Обсерваторія Квістаберг||Клаес-Інґвар Лаґерквіст,Ганс Рікман
|-
| 4051 Хатанака (Hatanaka)||1978 VP||1 листопада 1978||Коссоль||Коїтіро Томіта
|-
| 4052 Кровізьє (Crovisier)||||28 лютого 1981||Обсерваторія Сайдинг-Спрінг||Ш. Дж. Бас
|-
| 4053 Черкасов (Cherkasov)||||2 жовтня 1981||КрАО||Журавльова Людмила Василівна
|-
| 4054 Турнов (Turnov)||1983 TL||5 жовтня 1983||Обсерваторія Клеть||Антонін Мркос
|-
| 4055 Magellan||||24 лютого 1985||Паломарська обсерваторія||Е. Гелін
|-
| 4056 Тімварнер (Timwarner)||||22 березня 1985||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4057 Demophon||1985 TQ||15 жовтня 1985||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4058 Сесілґрін (Cecilgreen)||1986 JV||4 травня 1986||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4059 Бальдер (Balder)||||29 вересня 1987||Обсерваторія Брорфельде||Поуль Єнсен
|-
| 4060 Deipylos||||17 грудня 1987||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Ерік Вальтер Ельст,Ґвідо Пізарро
|-
| 4061 Мартеллі (Martelli)||||19 березня 1988||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||В. Феррері
|-
| 4062 Скіапареллі (Schiaparelli)||1989 BF||28 січня 1989||Обсерваторія Сан-Вітторе||Обсерваторія Сан-Вітторе
|-
| 4063 Euforbo||||1 лютого 1989||Обсерваторія Сан-Вітторе||Обсерваторія Сан-Вітторе
|-
| 4064 Марджор (Marjorie)||2126 P-L||24 вересня 1960||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
|-
| 4065 Meinel||2820 P-L||24 вересня 1960||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
|-
| 4066 Гаапавесі (Haapavesi)||1940 RG||7 вересня 1940||Турку||Гейккі Алікоскі
|-
| 4067 Міхельсон (Mikhelʹson)||1966 TP||11 жовтня 1966||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
|-
| 4068 Menestheus||1973 SW||19 вересня 1973||Паломарська обсерваторія||К. Й. ван Гаутен,І. ван Гаутен-Ґроневельд,Т. Герельс
|-
| 4069 Блакі (Blakee)||||7 листопада 1978||Паломарська обсерваторія||Е. Гелін,Ш. Дж. Бас
|-
| 4070 Розов (Rozov)||||8 вересня 1980||КрАО||Журавльова Людмила Василівна
|-
| 4071 Ростовдон (Rostovdon)||||7 вересня 1981||КрАО||Карачкіна Людмила Георгіївна
|-
| 4072 Яйої (Yayoi)||||30 жовтня 1981||Обсерваторія Кісо||Хірокі Косаї,Кіїтіро Фурукава
|-
| 4073 Жуйаньчжунсюе (Ruianzhongxue)||||23 жовтня 1981||Обсерваторія Цзицзіньшань||Обсерваторія Червона Гора
|-
| 4074 Шарков (Sharkov)||||22 жовтня 1981||КрАО||Черних Микола Степанович
|-
| 4075 Свиридов (Sviridov)||||14 жовтня 1982||КрАО||Карачкіна Людмила Георгіївна
|-
| 4076 Дорффель (Dorffel)||||19 жовтня 1982||Обсерваторія Карла Шварцшильда||Ф. Бернґен
|-
| 4077 Асука (Asuka)||||13 грудня 1982||Обсерваторія Кісо||Хірокі Косаї,Кіїтіро Фурукава
|-
| 4078 Поласкіс (Polakis)||1983 AC||9 січня 1983||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Браян Скіфф
|-
| 4079 Бріттен (Britten)||1983 CS||15 лютого 1983||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4080 Ґалінський (Galinskij)||1983 PW||4 серпня 1983||КрАО||Карачкіна Людмила Георгіївна
|-
| 4081 Тіппетт (Tippett)||||14 вересня 1983||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4082 Суонн (Swann)||||27 вересня 1984||Паломарська обсерваторія||Керолін Шумейкер
|-
| 4083 Джоді (Jody)||1985 CV||12 лютого 1985||Паломарська обсерваторія||Керолін Шумейкер
|-
| 4084 Холіс (Hollis)||1985 GM||14 квітня 1985||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4085 Вейр (Weir)||1985 JR||13 травня 1985||Паломарська обсерваторія||Керолін Шумейкер
|-
| 4086 Podalirius||||9 листопада 1985||КрАО||Журавльова Людмила Василівна
|-
| 4087 Пярт (Part)||||5 березня 1986||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4088 Беґґесен (Baggesen)||1986 GG||3 квітня 1986||Обсерваторія Брорфельде||Поуль Єнсен
|-
| 4089 Ґалбрайт (Galbraith)||1986 JG||2 травня 1986||Паломарська обсерваторія||Паломарська обсерваторія
|-
| 4090 Рісегвезд (Risehvezd)||||2 вересня 1986||Обсерваторія Клеть||Антонін Мркос
|-
| 4091 Лове (Lowe)||||7 жовтня 1986||Станція Андерсон-Меса||Едвард Бовелл
|-
| 4092 Тюр (Tyr)||||8 жовтня 1986||Обсерваторія Брорфельде||Поуль Єнсен
|-
| 4093 Беннетт (Bennett)||1986 VD||4 листопада 1986||Обсерваторія Сайдинг-Спрінг||Роберт МакНот
|-
| 4094 Аошіма (Aoshima)||1987 QC||26 серпня 1987||Шідзуока||М. Кідзава,В. Какеї
|-
| 4095 Ісідзутісан (Ishizuchisan)||1987 SG||16 вересня 1987||Обсерваторія Ґейсей||Тсутому Секі
|-
| 4096 Кусіро (Kushiro)||1987 VC||15 листопада 1987||Обсерваторія Кушіро||Сейджі Уеда,Хіроші Канеда
|-
| 4097 Цуруґісан (Tsurugisan)||1987 WW||18 листопада 1987||Обсерваторія Ґейсей||Тсутому Секі
|-
| 4098 Тран (Thraen)||||26 листопада 1987||Обсерваторія Карла Шварцшильда||Ф. Бернґен
|-
| 4099 Віґґінс (Wiggins)||||13 січня 1988||Обсерваторія Ла-Сілья||Анрі Дебеонь
|-
| 4100 Суміко (Sumiko)||1988 BF||16 січня 1988||Окутама||Цуному Хіокі,Нобухіро Кавасато
|}

4000

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Take control of multimedia work — single handedly.
The Contour ShuttlePRO v2 is an innovative time-saving desktop mouse for audio/video/photo editors, graphic designers and other creative computer users. You can easily programme 15 buttons with customisable functions. Contour ShuttlePRO v2 simplifies the navigation of multiple software programmes to allow you to get more work done, with less effort.
The AppDetection feature will even detect which programme you're using and switch its configuration accordingly, a real perk if you're using multiple apps in one project.
Breeze through work with unprecedented control thanks to the jog/shuttle wheel, a throwback to reel-to-reel analog control editing. This allows you to move through your timeline at variable speeds, giving you frame-by-frame control over your work. Great for audio editing too.


text:
Home Tips, Tricks & Trends
2020 Nissan Murano vs. Maxima: How Much Space Do You Really Need?
by Leigh Fields on December 2, 2020
If you're interested in a Nissan that skirts the lines of luxury, you'll probably lean toward the Maxima or the Murano. Both the Maxima and the Murano are smooth cruisers that offer lots of charms. But how would you decide between the two?
Driving the 2020 Nissan Murano
2020 Nissan Murano | Nissan
Nissan's Murano has fierce competition thanks to newcomers like the Kia Telluride and consistent favorites, including the Toyota Highlander. Even so, the Murano has earned fans thanks to its powerful engine and unique, curvy shape. It has decent fuel economy ratings for the midsize SUV class too.
The Murano features a 260-hp, 3.5-liter V6 engine linked to a continuously variable automatic. Front-wheel drive is standard; all-wheel-drive is available. This Nissan did well overall in its Consumer Reports road test. In CR's test, the Murano went from 0-to-60 mph in under eight seconds and returned a combined 21 mpg.
While the Murano gets kudos for its comfortable driving experience, there are some flaws to consider. The Murano's slanted design can impede a driver's outward view. Its CVT is "quirky." Additionally, CR found that its vague steering "robs" a driver's confidence. Still, it's a secure ride overall.
Driving the 2020 Nissan Maxima
2020 Nissan Maxima | Nissan
RELATED: The Best Used Nissan Maxima Years You Shouldn't Ignore
The Maxima is a mixed-bag performance-wise. Its strengths are its speedy acceleration and fuel efficiency. Plus, the Maxima has the same V6 engine that the Murano does. However, the Maxima's is more powerful. It produces 300-hp, which gives you 40 more horses than the Murano can.
In CR's road test, the Maxima hit 60 mph in under seven seconds and returned 25 mpg overall. Many reviewers admit that the Maxima is enjoyable to drive, but it's not as sporty as Nissan claims it to be. That said, you may be interested in one of the Maxima's direct rivals, the Mazda6.
Other critiques for the Maxima are similar to the Murano's. The Maxima's CVT isn't for everyone. Steering is vague. Outward visibility isn't the greatest either.
Comparing car cabins
2020 Nissan Murano with leather seats | Nissan
RELATED: Does the 2020 Honda Passport Have Enough to Beat the Nissan Murano?
The Murano can comfortably seat five. Critics praise the Murano for its plush cabin that's reminiscent of a Lexus. The Murano is standard with cloth upholstery; synthetic leather and genuine leather are available. In addition to its roomy cabin, the Murano also provides sufficient cargo space. With the seats folded down, the Murano has 67 cubic feet of cargo space.
2020 Nissan Maxima interior with quilted leather | Nissan
Especially compared to the Murano, the Maxima's standard interior looks plain. You can spice it up with leather also, which gives it a more luxurious feel. Like the Murano, the Maxima has seats for five people. The drawback, though, is that its cabin space is so-so. It doesn't have much headroom for taller passengers and only has 14.3 cubic feet of cargo room. That's low for the large sedan class.
Both the Murano and the Maxima come with modern infotainment features including, an 8-inch touchscreen, Apple CarPlay, and Android Auto. They also have a long list of active safety features. These include forward-collision, blind-spot monitoring, and driver drowsiness monitoring.
So, would you pick the Murano or the Maxima?
The Nissan Murano on display | Raymond Boyd/Getty Images
The MSRP range for a 2020 Murano is $31,730 – $45,530; the 2020 Maxima's is $34,450 – $41,840. You'll want to go with Murano for a plush ride with extra cabin space. But if you can live without the extra room, the Maxima is a better choice for a quicker driving experience and fuel efficiency.
Tags: maxima murano nissan


This natural toothpaste is so fresh, and gentle enough for your whole family to use. It's been made with a blend of special ingredients like peppermint oil and xylitol to look after your teeth and gums. Plus the baking soda will get rid of stains, so you can show off your pearly whites. And if that doesn't give you enough to smile about, this toothpaste is also 100% fluoride-free, safe and biodegradable.


Water is an important thing in daily life and pipelines are essentially required for maintaining the flow. But, this may require the assistance of a plumbing service that works wonder. In this regard, Plumber Point Cook is the one that can be opted. With expert plumbers available in this region, it becomes easy for the people or organizations to get their plumbing tasks done without much difficulty. When it comes to the point of selecting the most suitable plumber, it is noted that they should be certified.
Plumbing is the multifaceted arrangement of assembly devices, fittings, pipes, drains, tubes and valves that tend to dispense water in a home for varied tenacities as well as remove waste water from conveniences. Plumbing is noticeably diverse from sewage systems; by this, it means that plumbing can be utilized to pay attention to the water supply and drainage lines in a home. On the other hand, sewage systems are linked with a group of edifices.
A recognized and skilled plumbing contractor has to comprehend a home or a family's requirement for a rationalized plumbing system and there are varied areas where they can spread their assistance as well as services. In this manner, one gets to know that they have the requisite expertise in dealing with numerous conditions at domestic and commercial level.
With a variety of options available in a residential plot, the plumbing services are made mandatory for bathrooms, kitchen, laundry room, water heater installations, hot or cold water system installation, water pipeline structure, and even downpipe cleaning. As there are numerous options available for hiring qualitative plumbing services, it is recommended to go for plumber Point Cook. Holding certification in fixing pipes and a variety of concerned issues, the experts ensure excellent services.
Besides serving the needs of residents, the plumbing services are aimed at delivering high-quality facilities for the companies and organizations too. Right from carrying out periodic maintenance to clearing blocked sewers, cleaning grease lines, trade waste systems, compressed airline installation, valve repairs, electric eel drain cleaning, commercial water storage and even backflow prevention. The plumbers opting for commercial tasks are equipped with latest tools too.
At times, it is possible that the plumbing equipment meant for a fixture may not be accessible in the market. In such matters, one might end up purchasing parts that do not match the fixture and the problem would continue. Such a thing might turn out to be risky as a normal leakage mat leads to complicated conditions. The further matters can turn as disasters with increased water logging and damage to the internal structure of the house. Here is the point that a professional plumber would be aware of the suitable parts for fixtures. Even if the right parts are not available, the professionals will have knowledge on the most suitable options available in the market.
The plumber will also be able to offer advice on the latest products in the market that can be used for updating the system. This will help you save on the money that the old fixtures could be costing you. The plumber will be able to identify whether a particular aspect of the plumbing can pose issues in the future and what steps can be taken to prevent it. This can be especially useful if the plumbing in your house is quite old. The professional plumber will be able to give you expert opinions on which parts of the plumbing are intact and which need to be changed.
In this matter, NLK Plumbing is a renowned name in Australia that can be trusted for qualitative plumbing services. As a family owned business conducted from past 30 years, the company is aimed at solving the leakage and other pipeline fixing matters. Having a team of experts, they are extensively wonderful in sending the plumbers quickly because each task is taken seriously. And what make them a favored choice are the rates that they charge. It is the affordable plumber Point Cook services that have enabled them to carve a niche in the market. Certainly, best of services are given to establish long term relationships with the clients. Every team member is an expert in their services too.


Make your own Bunny and bunny's clothes to dress up!
Clothes are a little more challenging!
The kits contains: instructions, embroidered fabric, fabric for making bunny and clothes, fluffy tale, thread, elastic, button and pattern and instructions. Fabrics for clothes may vary.
All you need is a sewing machine, an iron, a pair of scissors and a pair of hands!


Before starting the MMM dual degree (MBA + MS – Design Innovation) at Kellogg, Mukunth worked in a wide variety of roles at Rolls-Royce for over seven years. Most recently, he worked in the strategy and business development team at Rolls-Royce, creating business plans for products, technologies and countries. Prior to this role, he worked in various engineering functions such as design and manufacturing at Rolls-Royce. His engineering projects included managing manufacturing simulation research in university research centres and leading the design of aero-engine structural components.
What inspired you to study for an MBA?
My interest and knowledge of aerospace markets led me to the strategy and business development team at Rolls-Royce. I enjoyed this role and the intellectually stimulating challenges that it presented. This experience inspired me to pursue an MBA in order to create a foundation in business for my future career.
I have a passion for sustainability. By pursuing an MS in Design Innovation in conjunction with an MBA as part of the MMM dual degree at Kellogg, I wish to develop a design-thinking mindset alongside business acumen in order to lead the development of market-aligned, innovative and sustainable products and solutions.
How did you learn about the SMF scholarship?
I learned about the SMF scholarship from a personal friend and colleague who was also applying to MBA programmes. I was pleasantly surprised to find several former colleagues in the list of previous scholarship winners. I reached out to them and received lots of insightful advice on admissions and scholarships. The SMF network helped me even before I became a part of it.
What does winning the scholarship mean to you?
I am truly honoured to join the SMF Fellowship, which contains some of the most successful engineers in business. I am looking forward to receiving advice, guidance and mentoring from the SMF network to help me navigate some crucial career decisions that I will be making over the next few years. I'm grateful to SMF and the Royal Academy of Engineering for relieving some of the large financial burden that I am about to take on for my professional and personal development at Kellogg. I hope to contribute to the SMF community in the future as a mentor and donor.
What is your first impression of business school?
I am part of the first batch of students to enter Kellogg's brand new ultra-modern $250 million campus on the shore of Lake Michigan outside Chicago. It's truly impressive. The Kellogg community is also very diverse and inclusive.
The academic experience has been very enriching. I have been learning everything from marketing and strategy to leadership from some very articulate and passionate professors. I am also pushing myself to get out of my comfort zone and get involved in a wide variety of activities outside academics.
How do you think your MBA skills will take you forward in your career?
I would like to strengthen my functional, leadership, communication and interpersonal skills to better influence customers, colleagues and other stakeholders in my future business career. I will also seek to develop my global cross-cultural perspectives during my time in Kellogg. I look forward to building lifelong relationships within the Kellogg community and with classmates who share similar interests and aspirations.


text:
Yevhen Serhiyovych Past (; born 16 March 1988) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Chornomorets Odesa.

Club career

Early years
He is a product of the Chornomorets Odesa academy and played for the club's reserve squad and youth squad.

Chornomorets Odesa
Past was born in Odesa, Soviet Union. A Chornomorets Odesa youth product, he initially played for the club's reserves making his first appearance in the 2005–06 season. He made his first-team debut in a Ukrainian Premier League match against SC Tavriya Simferopol on 28 February 2010.

On the season 2010–11 he got promoted  to Ukrainian Premier League and in the season 2012–13, he got into the final of Ukrainian Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk.

Yevhen Past got to the Round of 32, of the Europe League in the season 2013–14 and he played 2 games against Lyon.

Zirka Kropyvnytskyi
In 2015 Past moved to Zirka Kropyvnytskyi and in the season 2015–16 he won the Ukrainian First League.

Desna Chernihiv
In 2018 Past moved Premier League side FC Desna Chernihiv. Here he found Andriy Mostovyi that he played with him in Zirka Kropyvnytskyi.

In the 2019–20 season Past saved a penalty by Benjamin Verbič in a Ukrainian Premier League match against Dynamo Kyiv at the Chernihiv Stadium. He also saved a penalty by Vitaliy Havrysh in a Championship round match against Kolos Kovalivka helping his club win 2–0. He saved another penalty in the Championship round on 6 June 2020, from by Shakhtar Donetsk's Marlos.

In the 2019–20 season he was the goalkeeper with most clean sheets in 11 matches together with the international Ukrainian goalkeeper Andriy Pyatov. He was also the goalkeeper with most minutes played in 30 games, in the  2019–20 season and included in the best squad of the Ukrainian Premier League of the season 2019–20 season.

Past with the club of Chernihiv qualified for the first time in the history of the club for the Europa League third qualifying round. On 14 August 2020, Past extended his contract with Desna for two years.

On 24 September Past played again in UEFA Europa League, he was included as the first goalkeeper in the team of Desna Chernihiv against VfL Wolfsburg for the Europa League third qualifying round at the AOK Stadion. On 6 December 2020 during the winning victory of 1–0 against Vorskla Poltava at the Stadion Yuri Gagarin, Past riched 150 caps in Ukrainian Premier League. Past got the 7th place in the Ukrainian Footballer of the Year in 2020 and he was the best goalkeeper in Ukraine

On 5 July 2021, after three amazing years he ended the cooperation with FC Desna Chernihiv.

Dnipro-1
On 5 July 2021 he signed two years contract with Dnipro-1 in Ukrainian Premier League.

Chornomorets Odesa
In January 2022, he moved Chornomorets Odesa, where on 22 January 2022, he made his debut with the new club in the friendly match against Prishtina.

Outside of professional football
In March 2022, during the Siege of Chernihiv, Past helped to provide Chernihiv defenders with thermal underwear. The footballer also transferred to the account of volunteers the funds that will be spent for the needs of the Armed Forces.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Chornomorets Odesa
 Ukrainian First League: 2010–11
 Ukrainian Cup runners-up: 2012–13
 Ukrainian Super Cup runners-up: 2013

Zirka Kropyvnytskyi
 Ukrainian First League: 2015–16

Individual
 Most clean sheets in Ukrainian Premier League: 2019–20 (shared with Andriy Pyatov)

Gallery

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Odesa
Association football goalkeepers
Ukrainian footballers
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
FC Desna Chernihiv players
SC Dnipro-1 players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players


text:
The First Griffith Ministry was a ministry of the Government of Queensland and was led by Premier Samuel Griffith. It succeeded the First McIlwraith Ministry on 13 November 1883 after the latter lost the 1883 election. It was succeeded by the Second McIlwraith Ministry on 13 June 1888 after itself losing the 1888 election.

The ministry
On 13 November 1883, the Governor, Sir Anthony Musgrave, designated 6 principal executive offices of the Government, and appointed the following Members of the Parliament of Queensland to the Ministry as follows:

References

 Brisbane Courier, 13 November 1883.

Queensland ministries


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