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Archive for the 'A Collection of Hymns (1826)' Tag
Declaring Independence: Moravians, 1849-1922 3 comments
Above: The Flag of the United States of America, 1877
LITURGY IN THE MORAVIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA, PART III
Watch graciously over all governments; establish them in truth and righteousness, and give them thoughts of peace. Bless the President of the United States and both Houses of Congress; the Governor and Legislature of this Commonwealth, and all others that are in authority; and grant us to lead under them a quiet and a peaceable life in all godliness and honesty. Teach us to submit ourselves to every ordinance of man for Thy sake; and to seek the peace of the places where we dwell. Give prosperity, O God, to this land, and salvation to all its people.
—Offices of Worship and Hymns (With Tunes) (1891), page 32
I. PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION
This post stands in lineage with the Preface, Part I, and Part II.
I wrote Part II of this series in August 2014. Since then I have been pursuing other projects, but now I return to this series. I predict that the Liturgy in the Moravian Church in America series will have five installments. The projected Part IV will cover the Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923), the Moravian Youth Hymnal (1942, 1954, 1956, and 1961), and the Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (1969). The projected Part V will encompass the Moravian Book of Worship (1995) and Sing to the Lord a New Song: A New Moravian Songbook (2013).
Part of what I have been doing relative to blogging since August has proven helpful in preparing for the writing of this post and the initial planning of the projected Parts IV and V. Among my other projects is the Ecumenical Calendar of Saints' Days and Holy Days at SUNDRY THOUGHTS, my original weblog. Some of the people I have added to the Ecumenical Calendar have been figures to whom I will refer to in this post and in subsequent posts in this series. When, for example, I read the name "Mrs. J. Kenneth Pfhol" in the Preface to the Second Edition of the Moravian Youth Hymnal (1954), I know that she was actually Harriet Elizabeth "Bessie" Whittington Pfohl (1881-1971), wife of Bishop John Kenneth Pfohl, Sr. (1874-1967). And the name of Francis Florentine Hagen (1815-1907) means something to me, for I have also declared him to be a saint recently.
A few notes regarding sources are appropriate. An invaluable source has been Michael E. Westinghouse's academic paper, "A Look at Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Liturgy" (December 2011), which he wrote in partial fulfillment of his Master of Arts in Liberal Studies at Wake Forest University. I found that resource via an Internet search and downloaded the PDF file. Links to electronic copies of certain books at archive.org populate this post so that you, O reader, will have an opportunity to read those volumes. Finally, I have included a Bibliography of Hardcopy Sources at the end of this post.
Shall we launch into the material without further ado, O reader?
II. ESTABLISHING AN AMERICAN MORAVIAN IDENTITY
Context and Theoretical Approach
Transitions are difficult times, for being betwixt and between, neither one thing or another, is inherently awkward. That is true of individuals, as those familiar with adolescence understand. It also applies to institutions, such as those making the transition from one language to another. The Moravian Church in America struggled with that issue as it contended with problems germane to cultural assimilation and related questions of identity in the marketplace of ecclesiastical ideas in the United States of America. The new shape of American Moravian identity and practice arose from the old and remained easily recognizable as Moravian.
Certain old ways were ceasing to be feasible. Moravian communal living, which had not prevented profitable enterprises among members of the Unitas Fratrum, had made maintaining a rigorous worship schedule possible. Yet, by the late 1850s, as many of the United Brethren accepted mainstream employment and kept schedules consistent with it, attendance at services plummeted. A contributing factor to this change in church attendance was the decline in the number of German speakers and the increase in the number of English speakers. Many liturgical resources were in German, hence irrelevant to English speakers. The production of German-language hymnals continued, with a new hymnbook (containing 836 texts) in 1848 and its revision rolling off the presses in 1885. A constituency for such resources existed for some time, obviously, but it was shrinking. In addition, many English-speaking Moravians departed the Unitas Fratrum for congregations of other Protestant communions, such as the Baptists and the Methodists, which had simpler forms of worship.
During much of the nineteenth century U.S. Moravian worship resources were reprints or adaptations of books from England and Germany. The first original U.S. Moravian liturgies and hymnals debuted in the 1860s and 1870s, a few years after 1857, when the global Moravian Church, accepting an American proposal, restructured itself and granted home rule in the provinces. American Moravian provincial synods, using their domestic autonomy, declared liturgical independence and innovated within their tradition.
U.S. Lutheran minister Philip H. Pfatteicher, writing about the transition from the Service Book and Hymnal (1958) to the Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), including the Contemporary Worship series of ten temporary and provisional volumes in which liturgists experimented from 1969 to 1976, observed:
The revolution of the 1960s and the early '70s was flawed because, as Sigurdur Nordal wisely observes in another context, "The preservation of old values is an indispensable counterpart to the creation of the new." The church needed by trial and occasional error to come to understand that the new is not always found in opposition to the old but arises from the old as its natural growth and development. Stability and continuity are essential elements of catholic Christianity.
—Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context (1990), page 10
Likewise, U.S. Moravian liturgical innovation during the late 1800s arose from old practices and adapted to then-contemporary circumstances.
New Hymnals and Liturgies
The first Moravian liturgical book anyone printed in America was the 1801 hymnal (with the supplement of 1808) of the British Province, in 1813. A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren–New and Revised Edition (composite, 1809) was just one resource Moravians in the United States used in worship. There was also the British Province's revised hymnal of 1826, A Collection of Hymns for the the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren–New and Revised Edition. And there were, of course, German-language resources. Then, in 1849, the British Province published another hymnal, the Liturgy and Hymns for the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren, or Unitas Fratrum–A New and Revised Edition, with 1260 hymns.
The Liturgy and Hymns for the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren, or Unitas Fratrum–A New and Revised Edition (1851)
Two years later the American adaptation of the 1849 British Liturgy and Hymns debuted. The U.S. version dropped some hymns, added others, and offered 1200 hymns. It was a text-only volume, in accordance with Moravian practice at the time. The traditional services, such as the Church Litany, populated the front of the book, but the Litany had been falling out of favor in America.
The Hymns and Offices of Worship, for Use in Schools; With an Appendix of Tunes (1866) and the Offices of Worship and Hymns, Principally for Use in Schools; With an Appendix of Tunes (1872)
Reinvigoration of U.S. Moravian worship began in 1864, with the authorization of the creation of new liturgies. The resulting volume was the Hymns and Offices of Worship, for Use in Schools; With an Appendix of Tunes (1866). The second edition, renamed the Offices of Worship and Hymns, Principally for Use in Schools; With an Appendix of Tunes, debuted six years later. The Offices of Worship marked a turning point in American Moravian liturgical practices. The first volume, intended for occasional use in informal settings, such as Sunday Schools and boarding schools, became popular in more contexts, such as churches and homes, hence the slight difference in the title in the second edition. Peter Wolle (1792-1871), whose Moravian Tune Book, technically Hymn Tunes Used in the Church of the United Brethren (1836) had edited traditional Moravian tunes to make them sound less foreign to native-born Americans, served on the committee for the first edition. One goal of the 1866 edition was that Moravian children would, to quote The Book of Common Prayer with regard to scripture in the collect for Proper 28, to "read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest" the 360 hymns included in the volume and grow up with a better grasp of Moravian hymnody than many Moravian adults had. The first edition introduced seven Offices of Worship (drawn heavily from the Bible) for use alongside the traditional rites. The second edition (1872) revised some of those Offices and added four more.
The Offices of Worship stood within tradition and departed from it simultaneously. Including hymn tunes and texts (seldom on the same page) departed from the then-contemporary practice yet approached a tradition the Moravian Church had abandoned in the seventeenth century. Also, the Offices of Worship, which were consistent with traditional rituals in content were new in structure. Furthermore, the 1866 and 1872 books standardized the American hymn tunes which many congregations had been singing for years. The hymnal portion of the 1872 Offices of Worship, consisting of 365 texts, was small by Moravian standards (1260 in the 1849 British hymnal, 1200 in the 1851 American hymnal, et cetera), but it was a start. And the third edition, that of 1891, contained 1564 hymns.
The Liturgy and Hymns of the American Province of the Unitas Fratrum, or the Moravian Church (1876 and 1890)
The Liturgy and Hymns of the American Province of the Unitas Fratrum, or the Moravian Church (1876) drew from German rites, ecumenical hymnody, and the Offices of Worship. The Liturgy and Hymns, which existed in early and late versions, became more extensive by 1890, when it came to include ten Communion Liturgies and fourteen Liturgical Services for the Church Seasons, including two for Sunday Evening. These Communion Liturgies and Liturgical Services included designated hymns for the congregation to sing. The rubrics for the Liturgical Services gave ministers discretion to use those rites in lieu of the traditional Church Litany. The 1876/1890 book was the first really American Moravian formal liturgy and hymnal. It also reflected the influence of the Oxford Movement within the Anglican Communion and established the template for the beloved Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923). 930 hymns (words only), 28 doxologies and benedictions (also words only), and an index completed the volume.
The Offices of Worship and Hymns (With Tunes) (1891)
The next liturgical development was the Offices of Worship and Hymns (With Tunes) (1891), which returned to the long-abandoned Moravian tradition of pairing words and tunes in hymnals consistently. This book, which arranged the tunes by meter, provided the tune (usually without words inside the systems) then the hymns one could sing to it. This, the third and greatly expanded edition in the Offices of Worship series of volumes, was for use in churches, homes (at morning and evening worship), schools, et cetera. Whereas the first edition (1866) had offered 360 hymns and the second edition (1872) had contained 365 hymns, the third edition boasted 1564 hymns, indexed thoroughly in various indices. Furthermore, the 1891 Offices of Worship offered 31 services, including one for a national holiday, in contrast to the seven services in the 1866 book and the eleven services in the 1872 volume. The 1891 Offices of Worship resembled the 1876/1890 Liturgy and Hymns, down to the tables for the festivals and the lectionary for the church year.
The Liturgy and Offices of Worship and Hymns of the American Province of the Unitas Fratrum, or the Moravian Church (1908)
The merged form of the Offices of Worship (1891) and the Liturgy from the Liturgy and Hymns (1876 and 1890) was the Liturgy and Offices of Worship and Hymns of the American Province of the Unitas Fratrum, or the Moravian Church (1908). Two standard works became one. The Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923) succeeded it in 1923.
One should not imagine, however, that adherence to the official Moravian rituals, even allowing for substituting another rite for the Church Litany, was uniform in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Sometimes extemporaneous prayer replaced litanies, for example. Furthermore, congregations adapted liturgical practices. The Reverend Otto Dreydoppel, Jr., in Chapter 1 of The Moravian Book of Worship Manual for Worship Planners (1995), quoted Bishop Edwin W. Kortz, who said that the Moravian Church
is not so much a liturgical church as it is a free church with a long and rich tradition of liturgical prayer.
That description is consistent with the liturgical deviations I mentioned earlier in this paragraph.
III. CONCLUSION
Some of the old problems persisted after the publication of the Offices of Worship (1866, 1872, and 1891) and the Liturgy and Hymns (1876 and 1890). Although the Offices of Worship and Hymns (1891) had congregations singing hymns such as "Rock of Ages, Cleft for Me" in particular services, the Reverend Francis Florentine Hagen (1815-1907), a great Moravian composer, found cause to complain about the detrimental effects of singing German chorale tunes badly upon the life of the Church in 1893:
By forcing upon English-speaking American Churches foreign tunes, which but few are able to sing properly, we estrange from our services the very people among whom God has placed us to work. Need we wonder at our stunted growth?
–Quoted in The Music of the Moravian Church in America, edited by Nola Reed Knouse (2008), page 255
The saga of liturgy and hymnody in the Moravian Church in America is far from over.
FEBRUARY 19, 2015 COMMON ERA
THE FEAST OF SAINT NERSES I THE GREAT, CATHOLICOS OF THE ARMENIAN APOSTOLIC CHURCH; AND SAINT MESROP, BIBLE TRANSLATOR
THE FEAST OF BERNARD BARTON, ENGLISH QUAKER POET AND HYMN WRITER
THE FEAST OF SAINT ELEUTHERIUS OF TOURNAI, ROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOP AND MARTYR
THE FEAST OF MILES COVERDALE, BIBLE TRANSLATOR
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HARDCOPY SOURCES
The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church Together with The Psalter or Psalms of David According to the Use of The Episcopal Church. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1979. Reprint, 2007.
Burcaw, Robert T., ed. The Moravian Book of Worship Manual for Worship Planners. Bethlehem, PA: Interprovincial Board of Publications and Communications, 1995.
Engel, Katherine Carte. Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
Frank, Albert H. Companion to the Moravian Book of Worship. Winston-Salem, NC: Moravian Music Foundation, 2004.
Hutton, James E. A History of the Moravian Church. London, England, UK: Moravian Publication Office, 1909. Reprint.
Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum). Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church in America, 1923.
Knouse, Nola Reed, ed. The Music of the Moravian Church in America. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2008.
Posted February 19, 2015 by neatnik2009 in Moravian (General)
Tagged with A Collection of Hymns (1801), A Collection of Hymns (1809), A Collection of Hymns (1826), Edwin W. Kortz, Francis Florentine Hagen, Harriet Elizabeth "Bessie" Whittington Pfohl, Hymn Tunes Used in the Church of the United Brethren (1836), Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (1969), Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923), Hymns and Offices of Worship (1866), J. Kenneth Pfohl, Liturgy and Hymns (1849), Liturgy and Hymns (1851), Liturgy and Hymns (1876), Liturgy and Hymns (1890), Liturgy and Offices of Worship and Hymns (1908), Lutheran Book of Worship (1978), Michael E. Westmoreland Jr., Moravian Book of Worship (1995), Moravian Church in America, Moravian Tune Book (1836), Moravian Youth Hymnal (1942), Moravian Youth Hymnal (1954), Moravian Youth Hymnal (1956), Moravian Youth Hymnal (1961), Offices of Worship and Hymns (1872), Offices of Worship and Hymns (1891), Otto Dreydoppel Jr., Peter Wolle, Philip H. Pfatteicher, Renewed Unitas Fratrum, Service Book and Hymnal (1958), Sing to the Lord a New Song: A New Moravian Songbook (2013), Unitas Fratrum
Adjusting to America: Moravians, 1735-1848 12 comments
Above: A View of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Publication Date = May 20, 1761, by Thomas Jeffreys
Artist = Thomas Pownall (1722-1805)
Painter and Engraver = Paul Sandby (1731-1809)
Reproduction Number = LC-DIG-pga-04087
LITURGY IN THE MORAVIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA, PART II
Grant us to bless them that curse us, and to do good to them that hate us;
Have mercy upon our slanderers and persecutors; and lay not this sin to their charge;
Hinder all schisms and scandals;
Put far from thy people deceivers and seducers;
Bring back all that have erred, or have been seduced;
Grant love and unity to all our congregations;
Hear us, gracious Lord and God!
–From the Church Litany, in A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the Protestant Church, of the United Brethren; New and Revised Edition (1809), page x
This post stands in lineage with the Prelude and Part I.
Immigrant and emigrant traditions intrigue me. One reason for this fact is the reality of my ancestry, for I descend primarily from English people, some of whom settled in North America during the colonial era. Some of my ancestors fought under the command of General George Washington during the U.S. War for Independence, in fact. So I, a Caucasian, English-speaking male with deep roots in the United States of America, feel as non-ethnic as one can. The closest I come to a sense of ethnicity is, to quote Gilbert and Sullivan's H. M.S. Pinafore, "I am an Englishman." Indeed, "God Save the Queen," er, "My Country, "Tis of Thee." Do you want tea with that?
People whose roots do not run deeply in the country in which they live occupy a different cultural space than do the rest of us. Xenophobes and nativists consider that different cultural space inherently negative. I reject the extremes of ethnocentrism, which holds up one's culture as the ideal, and cultural relativism, which rejects the existence of standards and considers one culture just as good as any other. No, I stand in the middle, where I welcome the positive influences and reject the negative ones, regardless of cultural origin. Emigrants and immigrants have enriched this nation in countless ways, from cuisine to physical infrastructure. Nevertheless, my digestive tract rejects much of their spicy food, so I practice considerable caution in the realm of culinary multiculturalism, much to the approval of my innards.
One of my the themes of this post is the struggle of many American Moravians with many of their fellow Americans who misunderstood them. "Why do you use different hymn tunes than we do at the Methodist (or Baptist, Presbyterian, et cetera) Church?' some asked, sometimes with hostility. "What is the reason you insist on being different from other Protestants?" many wanted to know. And, given the prominence of the nativistic politics of the American Party/Native American Party/American Republican Party in the middle third of the nineteenth century, these were serious questions which pointed to profound issues with which the Moravian Church in America had to struggle.
One lesson I have learned is that, despite the frequency of repetition of the ethic of "live and let live" or even to embrace and learn from certain differences, many people are unapologetic conformists. This reality becomes obvious in a plethora of locations, from schools to places of employment. I argue, however, that if God had intended us to be alike, God would not have created us to be different.
A few words about sources are appropriate before I delve headlong into the material. I have listed hardcopy sources at the end of the post. You, O reader, will find links to other posts behind parts of the text. And I have found much useful information in an academic paper, "A Look at Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century American Moravian Liturgy" (December 2011), which Michael E. Westmoreland, Jr., wrote for his Master of Arts in Liberal Studies degree at Wake Forest University. I found the paper via an Internet search and downloaded the PDF file. That document will also prove useful when I start taking notes for Part III of this series.
II. GERMAN LEGACIES
The origins of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum were, of course, Germanic. Central to it were Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) and his estate near Berthelsforf, Saxony. On that estate, in 1722, Moravian exiles had settled and formed a community, Herrnhut. Developments there and elsewhere in Europe functioned as background to American settlements and influenced them.
Many of the influences (some of which I covered in Part I) pertained to rituals of varying degrees of formality. There was, for example, the Church Litany, based on a litany which Martin Luther had revised from the Roman Catholic Liturgy of the Saints. Luther had translated that text into German and removed all references to saints and the Pope. The revised version was never as popular with Lutherans as with Moravians. The Moravian revision debuted at Herrnhut in 1731 and became the center of Moravian liturgical practice and reinforced the communal nature of Moravian religious life.
More informal was the Singstrunde, or the "Singing Hour," which started in 1727. Across the Moravian world in the 1700s this constituted a standard part of evening devotions. At Bethlehem, Pennyslvania, for example, the community held such a service each Saturday, in the late 1740s. The form of Singstrunde was to sing stanzas and half-stanzas of hymns based on a theme, thereby creating a sermon in song. This, of course, required great knowledge of hymnody. By 1770 readings from the Bible had become part of the service.
Related to the Singstrunde was the Love Feast, which had become the high point of Moravian festivals by the 1750s. Composers wrote anthems for Love Feasts, which included common meals.
The Moravian practice of saying the Litany of the Wounds every Friday in communal settings in the 1700s pertained to the fact of Good Friday. When people said it less frequently, they did so at least once a month, one week before Communion Sunday. (The scheduling of Moravian Communion services has varied from once a quarter to once a month.) Other times for the saying the Litany of the Wounds included days in the season of Lent. Since 1753 the Litany has existed in two parts: the Litany of the Life, Suffering, and Death of Christ, and the Hymn of the Wounds.
Forms were ordered and usually simple, although occasionally elaborate. The purpose of worship was to promote love for Jesus and each other, and the forms were flexible with constant cores, so as to meet needs in various circumstances. Related to that norm of ordered simplicity was the basic ministerial garment for Baptism, Communion, Marriage, and Confirmation. The white surplice (often with a white belt) debuted in Moravian worship at a Communion service in Europe on May 2, 1748. It, like other vestments, functioned as a uniform, thereby preventing the minister's wardrobe from becoming a distraction. My survey of websites of North American Moravian congregations has yielded images of clergymen and clergywomen leading worship while wearing a white surplice, a black Geneva robe (without a stole), and secular clothes. This is consistent with the optional nature of Moravian vestments outside of those four rites.
The focus on divine (rather than on human) authority became more apparent than it was already in the Moravian Church in 1741. There has been a series of Chief Elders, spiritual leaders of the Unitas Fratrum. That year, however, Johann Leonhard Dober (1706-1766) resigned the position. The job had become impossible due to the recent global expansion of the Church. Also, Dober had no desire to function as a kind of Moravian Pope, which was what his office might have come to entail had he not resigned his post. On November 13, 1741, the Church announced formally that Jesus Christ was the Chief Elder. Since then November 13 has been the Festival of Christ the Chief Elder. The designated parament color is White and the readings are Ezekiel 34:11-16, 23-24; Psalm 8; Hebrews 4:14-16; and John 10:1-10.
Moravians arrived on the North American mainland in 1735. The first group settled in Savannah, Georgia. The initial Georgia mission (1735-1779) failed primarily due to internal divisions. Outside pressures made matters worse, for the pacifistic Moravians refused to take up arms against the Spanish in the late 1730s. This fact did nothing to endear them to the British military authorities. Most of the Georgia contingent departed for Pennsylvania in 1740 and founded the settlement of Nazareth the following year. The founding of other Moravian settlements ensued, such as at Bethabara (1753) and Salem (1766), in North Carolina.
Early Moravian settlements were communes which emphasized the self-sufficiency of the community and members' responsibilities to and for each other. Musical skills carried a high priority, but church music did not require professionalism. Practice time was important and distracted people from dubious pursuits, but too much practice time detracted from communal duties. Survival mattered, as did the rigorous daily worship schedule, which included morning, midday, and evening prayers.
The hymnals were mostly in German during the 1700s. In fact, the first English-language Moravian hymnal rolled off the printing presses in England in 1742. The Tunes for the Hymns in the Collection with Several Translations from the Moravian Hymnbook, with supplements in 1746 and 1749, was a personal collection which James Hutton had prepared. The original edition had only 187 hymns, thus it was small by Moravian standards. A Collection of Hymns of the Children of God in All Ages, From the Beginning Till Now; Designed Chiefly with the Brethren's Church (1754), with Bishop John Gambold, Sr. (1711-1771), as the Editor, contained 1,055 hymn texts, however. These spanned the time from the Early Church to the-then contemporary age and included works by Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley. Only fifty-one hymns came from the Ancient Unity. Next in line was A Collection of Hymns, for the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren (1789), with a mere 887 hymns plus liturgical texts dispersed among the hymns. Given the fact that American Moravians used imported British and German worship materials prior to their 1851 hymnal, many of the Brethren in North America knew these English-language materials well. For a long time, however, German was the main language of worship on this side of "the pond."
Count Zinzendorf published the Herrnhuter Gesangbuch (1735), thereby starting the Moravian tradition of words-only hymnals for congregations and tune books for church musicians. The 1735 hymnal offered 999 texts, 208 of which Zinzendorf had written. Only two hymns came from the Ancient Unity. Subsequent editions published through 1755 added a total of twelve appendices and four supplements. Modern Moravian sources consider much of the textual content of hymnals from the "Sifting Time" (ending about 1750) as lacking good taste and exhibiting an excessive–even childish–emphasis on the wounds of Christ.
The next major development in German Moravian hymnody was the "London Book" of 1753-1755. Alt und neuer Bunder Gesang, a.k.a. Das Londoner Gesangbuch, debuted in two parts. It contained 3,264 hymns arranged chronologically, from the Early Church to then-contemporary times. Of these texts, 1,096 came from Moravian sources. The texts, in German and English in parallel columns, emphasized the fact that the Moravians thought of themselves as standing in continuity with the Early Church and as part of the Universal Church. This great accomplishment in hymnody also corrected much of the childish language of earlier Moravian hymnals.
Christian Gregor (1723-1801), a bishop from 1789, was responsible for the next great leap in (German) Moravian hymnody. He, the "Father of Moravian Music," composed hundreds of hymn texts, introduced arias and anthems into Moravian worship, and stabilized the denomination's hymnody. He edited the Gesangbuch (1778), with its 1,750 hymns, more than 300 of which he wrote or revised. Six years later the Choralbuch, intended for organists, appeared. The Gesangbuch contained only words and the Choralbuch offered only music.
German-language hymnals remained in use in the United States throughout the 1800s. A domestically published volume from 1848 contained 836 hymns and went into new printings in 1854 and 1861. The revision debuted in 1885. By then English had become the main language of worship, however.
III. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL ASSIMILATION
The transition to English was part of a process of cultural assimilation and adaption to the dominant culture. I would be remiss if I were, O reader, to leave you with the mistaken idea that all linguistic developments among American Moravians at the time moved toward the English tongue. There were, for example, missions among Native people. Hence there was, for example, A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the Christian Indians, of the Missions of the United Brethren in America (1803), which missionary David Zeisberger prepared. The second edition debuted in 1847.
The first printing of a Moravian hymnal in the United States occurred in 1813. The volume in question was A Collection of Hymns, for the Use of the Protestant Church of the United Brethren–New and Revised Edition (1801) with its 1808 supplement. The 1809 composite hymnal served well in Britain until the publication of its successor in 1826; another revision followed in 1849. The U.S. Moravian hymnal of 1851 was a revision of that volume, hence the division between Parts II and III of this series. The 1801-1808-1809 book was itself a revision of the 1789 Collection of Hymns, which John Swertner had also edited.
The two volumes were similar yet different. Both, consistent with Moravian practice of the age, had words only. The 1789 hymnal offered 887 hymns, but the 1801 book contained 1,000. The 1808 supplement thereto added 200 hymns. The 1789 hymnal dispersed the liturgies among the hymns, but the 1801-1808-1809 volume grouped the liturgies at the front of the book. Those forms were:
The Church Litany;
Doxologies at Ordinations;
Easter Morning Litany;
Baptismal Litanies;
Holy Communion; and
Liturgy for Burials.
Another important volume was Hymn Tunes Used in the Church of the United Brethren (1836), which Peter Wolle (1792-1871) edited. The core target audience was Moravian, but Wolle intended it for other Christians also. He edited the traditional Moravian tunes to make them less foreign. That fact indicated that Moravians were feeling pressures to conform to the practices of others.
I have read enough in the realm of liturgy during the last few years to develop a firm grasp of the difficulties inherent in linguistic and cultural changes in the public worship of God. Among many culturally Germanic Lutherans (especially in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod) in the United States, the transition to worshiping in English entailed the loss of traditional texts. Much of this transition was abrupt, for domestic hysteria and vandalism during World War I (a time when many people relabeled Sauerkraut as "Liberty Cabbage") compelled its acceleration. The Dutch-language worshipers from the Christian Reformed Church in North America felt much of the same pressure during the Great War. Their transition was mostly complete by 1940, at the cost of much grief and many tunes and texts.
Language carries culture, which influences one's identity. Thus those who dismiss the "other" as automatically and inherently defective because it is different not only engage in ethnocentrism but inflict harm on others. Those nativists and xenophobes also harm themselves, for their insistence on homogeneity deprives them of positive influences from other cultures.
American Moravians, who were making the transition from German to English as the primary language during the first half of the nineteenth century, experienced an awkward time. There were still many older church members who knew the German hymns and litanies by heart, but many of the younger Moravians knew English, not German. And copies of the English-language worship resources were frequently scarce. One result of this situation was having many people reading the services badly from books (of which the supply was often insufficient) and generally being lost in the ritual, thereby diminishing the traditional services. Those services were also becoming less frequent, for changing lifestyles rendered the former rigorous worship schedules obsolete. Also, many Evangelical congregations (such as those of Baptists and Methodists) attracted many young Moravians.
Were traditional Moravian melodies bad because they were different? Of course not! Yet many non-Moravians thought so. I have listened to some traditional Moravian music and concluded that is superior to much traditional American Protestant (especially Baptist and Methodist) music, actually. Then again, I am an unapologetic European Classicist. Nativism and xenophobia, however, led to opposition to such foreign influences.
The story of adaptation to America will continue in Part III, which will start with the British hymnal of 1849, the basis of the U.S. hymnbook of 1851. This series will continue with summaries of revisions in the hymnody and liturgies of the Moravian Church in America as it adapted to changing circumstances.
The allegation that Moravians were somehow foreign or insufficiently American was false. In fact, an examination of the germane facts belies it, not that bigots care about objective reality. The first documented celebration of July 4 occurred at Salem, North Carolina, in 1783. The Moravians there observed the occasion with a Love Feast. As a common expression states, "enough said."
THE FEAST OF SAINT GREGORY THAUMATURGUS, ROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOP OF NEOCAESAREA; AND SAINT ALEXANDER OF COMANA "THE CHARCOAL BURNER," ROMAN CATHOLIC MARTYR AND BISHOP OF COMANA, PONTUS
THE FEAST OF AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE TOPLADY, ANGLICAN PRIEST AND HYMN WRITER
THE FEAST OF SAINT CLARE OF ASSISI, FOUNDER OF THE POOR CLARES
THE FEAST OF JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, CARDINAL
Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church in America, 1969.
Moravian Church Desk Calendar & Plan Book 2014. Bethlehem, PA: Interprovincial Board of Communication, 2013.
Moravian Daily Texts 2014. Bethlehem, PA: Interprovincial Board of Communication, 2013.
Posted August 11, 2014 by neatnik2009 in Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Predecessors, Ezekiel 34, Hebrews 4, John 10, Moravian (General), Psalm 8, Reformed (General)
Tagged with A Collection of Hymns (1789), A Collection of Hymns (1801), A Collection of Hymns (1809), A Collection of Hymns (1826), American Party, American Republican Party, Ancient Unity, Charles Wesley, Christian Gregor, Christian Reformed Church in North America, Cultural Relativism, David Zeisberger, Ethnocentrism, Gilbert and Sullivan, H.M.S. Pinafore, Hymn Tunes Used in the Church of the United Brethren (1836), Isaac Watts, James Hutton, Johann Leonhard Dober, John Gambold Sr., Liturgy and Hymns (1849), Liturgy and Hymns (1851), Martin Luther, Michael E. Westmoreland Jr., Moravian Church in America, Moravian Tune Book (1836), Multiculturalism, Native American Party, Nativism, Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf, Peter Wolle, Renewed Unitas Fratrum, Unitas Fratrum, Xenophobia


(TibetanReview.net, Dec17, 2017) – While suggesting that India treat its bilateral relations with it from long-term perspective with a global vision and asking it not to be bogged down by some specific bilateral issues, China has been busy building up its military forces near the Doklam plateau, the site of a protracted June-Aug stand-off between the two sides, according to Indian media reports Dec 14, citing satellite pictures. Analysts have been cited as suggesting the development would allow China to tighten its control of its borders and prepare for any future problems in the region.
In this connection, China is said to be also improving its military infrastructure, including with new mortar and gun positions, at a site between five and 10km from the site of this summer's 73-day stand-off, with Indian media reports citing satellite imagery acquired on Dec 3.
The images are also said to show the presence of at least nine three-storey buildings and almost 300 large vehicles, suggesting the stationing of almost a whole troop division in Yadong County in Tibet.
China is also stated to have deployed troops 50km further away in the Chumbi Valley, where the borders of India, China and Bhutan meet, reported the Indian news portal ThePrint.
On Dec 10, The Times of India reported that China had permanently stationed up to 1,800 troops in Doklam, near the Sikkim-Bhutan-Tibet tri-junction, apparently to stay there for the whole of the winter. It also said China had built two helipads and installed scores of pre-fabricated huts, shelters and stores there, adding that existing roads had been relaid.
The troops may have stepped back after the summer standoff, but the China-India dispute in the Himalayas is obviously far from over. Although the build-up has not spilt over to other territories, another stand-off in Doklam could not be ruled out, the scmp.com Dec 14 cited observers as saying.
The Doklam standoff had ended when Indian troops retreated and China stopped the road building that had triggered the dispute. But China was obviously not at all happy with the settlement and its official media only reported about India having withdrawn from the site while suggesting it was still maintaining its presence at Doklam.
Meanwhile, Lt Gen Abhay Krishna, India's General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command has on Dec 16 said India was totally geared up to face any situation in the Doklam sector. While refusing to name anyone specifically, he has said the Indian Army was in high spirits and ready to take on any mischief. "We are totally prepared, geared up; let anybody do any mischief and he will get it back nice and proper," India's PTI news agency quoted him as saying.


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SportsHockeyIslanders
Big bounce-back win for Islanders against West-leading Blues
Islanders goaltender Thomas Greiss blocks a shot from the Blues at Scottrade Center on Nov. 11, 2017 in St. Louis. Credit: Getty Images / Scott Rovak
By Arthur Staple arthur.staple@newsday.com Updated November 12, 2017 2:07 AM
ST. LOUIS — New night, new Islanders.
Less than 24 hours after their worst performance of the season, the Isles rode superb goaltending by Thomas Greiss and some opportunistic scoring to beat the Western Conference-leading Blues, 5-2, on Saturday night.
"We were a little bit, I guess you could say, embarrassed in Dallas," Anders Lee said of the 5-0 drubbing the Islanders took on Friday night from the Stars. "And we're in here on a back-to-back against one of the best teams in the league. We did a nice job showing our legs early and Greisser was terrific."
It certainly wasn't a cakewalk despite building a 4-0 lead early in the second period — certainly not the same as what the Stars did to the Islanders. Dallas' 4-0 lead seemed like 40-0 against a listless Isles team that mustered only 14 shots on goal.
The Islanders had pace and determination Saturday night and produced an early lead as a result. John Tavares outworked defenseman Colton Parayko behind the St. Louis net and curled around the goal with the puck, waiting to find a hole to beat Jake Allen for his 13th goal just 3:21 in.
It was only the fifth time in 17 games that the Islanders scored first.
Greiss, who finished with 35 saves, was instrumental from there. He made two outstanding stops on Paul Stastny within a few minutes of one another later in the first that led directly to Islanders goals.
After the first, defenseman Nick Leddy raced down, ostensibly to give his teammates time to change. Allen directed his soft shot into the slot, where Casey Cizikas worked through two defenders to flip it home at 10:07.
The next Greiss-on-Stastny theft was even better — a scissor-kick stop with his legs at 12 o'clock that sent the puck soaring and started a two-on-one that Jordan Eberle finished at 13:18.
"You give a team like that some life, especially in their building, and it can be trouble," Andrew Ladd said. "Greisser shut the door when we needed some big saves."
Josh Ho-Sang, returned from AHL exile after three weeks, pounced on another rebound for his first goal of the season at 3:35 of the second to send Allen to the bench.
The Blues, who came in on a 9-1-1 run to sit atop the Western Conference, certainly had a response from there and cut it to 4-2 at 6:41 of the third. But as the minutes ticked down, the Islanders stood pretty strong. Lee deflected Adam Pelech's shot past Carter Hutton with 4:27 to play to seal a much-needed response from Friday's awfulness.
Doug Weight was furious after Friday's game and let his players know it in their Saturday morning meeting.
"I took a strip off them and it was probably warranted," he said. "They know it. But you could see throughout the day the leaders addressing what needed to be addressed, even without the coaches saying anything."
The Islanders have had the ability to respond this season. They still haven't lost consecutive games in regulation and have responded to their three really ugly defeats — opening night in Columbus (5-0), Oct. 26 in St. Paul (6-4) and Friday — with resounding wins.
"It's when you lose a few in a row that you start to slip in the standings and the confidence slips with it," Lee said. "You just want to put those behind you as quickly as possible, and I thought we did that tonight."
By Arthur Staple arthur.staple@newsday.com
Arthur Staple was the Islanders beat writer. He was at Newsday from 1997 to 2018 and has covered hockey for more than a decade.
Islanders call up Josh Ho-Sang and he scores ST. LOUIS — Josh Ho-Sang got a call late Friday night, and by Saturday morning, ...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Direct policies are needed to tackle problems stemming from transportation-land use connections.
A large body of formal theory contends that the basic factor underlying these relationship is accessibility – the ease of connection between places. As contact between two places becomes cheaper in time and money, accessibility increase. The propensity for people to interact with others at a distance increases as the cost of access decreases. Urban theory tells us that people locate their houses and their workplaces by trading off housing and commute costs. Commuters choose residential locations that satisfy both housing needs and workplace access, and employers choose work sites that are accessible to employees at tolerable time and dollar costs.
This residential-location theory predicts a city form with greatest population density and highest land value at the center (even though we know that many subcenters may surround the metropolitan center). Since the theory assumes that jobs are located at the major center, it predicts that average commute trip length will correspond to the mean distance of the total population from that center.
Several recent studies have tested these propositions empirically, Table 1 gives some results, Note that, with one exception, observed average commute distance, whether measured in minutes or miles, far exceeds the model's prediction. Why do people have much longer commutes than the standard theory predicts?
First, there may be imbalances or mismatches between workers and jobs.
Imbalances occur when the number of workers who can be housed in an area differs from the number of jobs there. Mismatches occur when prices or other characteristics make housing in the area unsuitable for workers who hold jobs there.
Kenneth Small and I examined the effect of the jobs-housing balance on average commute distance. We found that only extreme imbalance has a noticeable effect on average commute length because the difference between the observed commute and the predicted commute diminishes as the average distance between workers and jobs increases. In other words, there is more "excess" commuting close to the city center, where jobs and housing are balanced, than farther away, where they are not.
What about mismatches? Researchers have cited exclusionary zoning practices, growth controls, rising development costs, and rapid economic growth to explain a shrinking supply of affordable housing in many metropolitan areas. If affordable housing were available near their jobs, the theory goes, these workers would have shorter commutes. We can test this idea by incorporating housing and household characteristics into our model's predictions.
Two studies applied such constraints: Cropper and Gordon's Baltimore study used housing characteristics as the constraint, and our Los Angeles study used worker occupation as the constraint. The shaded portions of Table 1 show the strikingly similar results. The predicted average commute increases by about 20 percent in both cases, but it leaves a large portion of actual commuting still unexplained. I conclude that imbalances or mismatches between jobs and workers do not account for a substantial part of observed commuting patterns.
Is It Low Transportation Costs?
Second, observed average commutes maybe longer than predicted because transportation costs are low relative to housing costs. Over time, the real cost of commuting has dropped dramatically. Turn-of-the-century streetcar commuters spent about 20 percent of their daily wages on the work trip; urban auto commuters today spend about 7 percent. It therefore seems reasonable that workers would incur longer commutes in order to obtain more preferred housing and neighborhood surroundings.
A survey conducted in Orange County, California, illustrates the changing factors affecting where people choose to live. In February 1994, the metropolitan newspaper sponsored a random telephone survey of 600 residents to examine attitudes about living in several planned communities at the southeast edge of the county. Known as the Southern Foothills, the area is surrounded on the east by a national forest and on the south by a large military installation. Only two major roads connect this "urban fringe" with the rest of the county.
One of the questions asked was, "what do you like best about your community?" Table 2 shows that the most frequent choice was "remote area." The residents enjoy living far from the metropolitan core. Convenience, the only measure of accessibility on the list, ranks sixth. Affordable housing is at the bottom of the list, although the survey included respondents from moderately priced housing in the area, as well as from a variety of housing developments.
The survey also provides evidence of what these residents are willing to give up in order to live in a remote, semi-rural environment. Table 3 shows that Southern Foothills community residents display greater satisfaction with outdoor amenities, housing, and public schools than do Orange County residents as a whole. They display less satisfaction with entertainment, shopping, and job opportunities, suggesting they are willing to give up access to jobs and other urban activities to obtain preferred housing and neighborhood amenities. Limited accessibility is also reflected in average commute length: 36 minutes for Southern Foothills residents compared to the countywide average of 25 minutes.
This evidence indicates that commuting considerations play a limited role in residential- location choices for these folks. It suggests that attempts to alter the structure of urban land use patterns via policy intervention may not have much effect on commuting patterns, even if they are successful in changing the degree of jobs-housing balance or in reducing mismatches.
If transport costs do play an important role in location choice, then transportation improvements should influence land use patterns. Any significant improvement in accessibility should be capitalized in land values, which should spur shifts in land use. That's why planners advocate investment in transportation facilities as a means to direct urban development.
However, today's metropolitan areas are marked by well-developed transportation systems. Even a large investment (such as a new freeway segment) will have only an incremental effect on accessibility. For example, the $2 billion, 17-mile Century Freeway (I-105) in Los Angeles, which opened in 1993, serves only 0.6 percent of the region's total daily vehicle trips, based on 1994 average daily traffic volumes. Moreover, the decentralized land use pattern of today's metropolitan areas has reduced differences in accessibility among locations.
Despite what I consider rather overwhelming evidence that transit investment is not an efficient means for affecting land use patterns, rail transit continues to have strong public support. The most extreme example of a public commitment is perhaps Los Angeles County's. Traffic congestion and air pollution problems there have prompted a transportation vision involving a $78.3 billion rail-transit investment plan (currently being scaled back because of funding problems). Planners expect this massive program to increase the proportion of commuters who use transit from 4.5 percent to 19 percent by the year 2010. They also expect to generate high-density and mixed-use development along transit lines and to reduce the spread of suburban development in outlying areas.
To test whether their expectations were reasonable, the regional planning agency sponsored a study using a transportation forecasting model to determine the effect of various land use scenarios on transit use. Results show that by relocating 75 percent of all forecast employment growth and 65 percent of population growth in the region (Los Angeles and four other counties) to transit-station capture areas and local activity centers, 7 to 10 percent of commuters would use transit-much below the goal of 19 percent. Study authors conclude that even if anticipated land use changes were to occur, travel patterns would not change very much, because the overall regional pattern of land use would not change very much.
A study in Washington County, Oregon – a suburban area west of central Portland – also finds that both land use policies and major transit investments have little effect on regional travel patterns. Regional forecasts to 2010 predict a 60 percent population increase (from its 1988 level of 287,000) and a 70 percent increase in the number of jobs. To accommodate this anticipated growth, the Oregon Department of Transportation planned a freeway extension called the Western Bypass.
Community activists persuaded the transpo1tation department to sponsor a study called LUTRAQ (Land Use Transportation Air Quality Connection), which proposes development of higher density, mixed-use communities oriented to pedestrian and transit travel. To serve the more clustered land use pattern, the LUTRAQ alternative employs an expanded light-rail system, expanded local and express bus services, transit shuttle service, and bicycle and pedestrian facilities. It also eliminates the Bypass highway improvements.
A second alternative, LUTRAQ-II, promotes further transit use by incorporating an additional transportation-demand-management (TDM) element. All workers in the study area would enjoy free transit; but if they drove to work they would pay a parking charge equivalent to one-third of prevailing fees in downtown Portland.
Table 4 shows that the Bypass and LUTRAQ-I alternatives would have similar transit mode shares. With the LUTRAQ-II alternative, the transit and carpool mode shares for home-based work trips would each be 45 percent higher than with the Bypass alternative. Changes in the transit mode share are minor in other categories.
Another objective of LUTRAQ is to reduce vehicular travel. The last column in Table 5 compares the LUTRAQ-II and Bypass alternatives. With LUTRAQ-II, vehicle use would be reduced 7.7 percent for afternoon peak vehicle hours of travel and 13.6 percent for vehicle miles traveled. Note also the increase in vehicle hours of delay for the LUTRAQ alternative, an expected result of reducing investments in road facilities.
What can we conclude from these results? Land use policies appear to have little impact on travel outcomes; most of the observed change is due to the TDM policies, rather than to the land use and transit policies. Without TDM, travel impacts of the LUTRAQ alternative are minor.
Although changes in travel outcomes are small, the magnitude of change in land-use patterns for the LUTRAQ alternative is large. It seems development density must increase dramatically if we want to induce significant change in mode shares and trip lengths. That implies more stringent land use controls than have historically been possible in the United States.
Can Transportation Policy Shape Urban Form?
Regional scientists and others predict continued decentralization and reliance on personal modes of transportation. Increasing affluence of the population and structural economic shifts to information-based activities will engender decentralization. Rising incomes will generate demand for more housing (at lower densities) and will increase the value of one's time (with more demand for private vehicles). We expect structural shifts in the economy to be accompanied by more flexible work arrangements and less clustering among firms, implying more spatial dispersion. We expect more leisure activities and an increased emphasis on environmental quality in choosing household's and firm's locations, again suggesting more decentralization.
The transportation system in most U.S. metropolitan areas is highly developed, and therefore the relative impact of even major investments will be minor.
The built environment has a very long life; most structures survive 50 years or more. Even in rapidly growing metropolitan areas, the vast proportion of buildings that will exist 10 or 20 years from now are already built.
Transportation is of declining importance in the locational decisions of households and firms. Transport costs make up a relatively small proportion of household expenditures, and increasingly flexible work arrangements (including telecommuing) are likely to make access to workplaces even less important in the future. Information-based firms are "footloose," meaning that physical access is no longer a key locational consideration; and these firms make up an increasingly large share of total economic activity.
Given these trends, transportation policy efforts would have to be truly extreme to have a significant impact on urban form.
Transportation's declining influence on locational choices reflects the way transportation services are priced. The price of private vehicle travel in the United States is very low. Private vehicle users do not pay directly for the pollution they generate or the congestion they impose on other travelers. Police and other emergency services, maintenance of local roads, and many other parts of the transportation system are supported indirectly by property and other taxes. Gasoline taxes, vehicle-registration fees, drivers license fees, and automobile taxes are lower here than anywhere in the developed world. Parking is offered free to most workers and shoppers. Given the extent of subsidies to private vehicle use, we should not be surprised that other forms of transportation cannot compete, and that people take advantage of the many personal benefits of private auto-mobility.
We should not be surprised that efforts to shift travel to other modes, either by promoting higher-density land use patterns or building massive rail systems, are doomed to fail if current automobile pricing policies are maintained. In Los Angeles, for example, it costs a lot to use rail transit as a lure to get commuters out of their cars. According to the transit operating agency's data, full cost (capital plus operating) per passenger is $1.17 for bus; $11.34 for the Blue Line, a light-rail system operating between the downtowns of Los Angeles and Long Beach; and $21.02 for MetroLink, the commuter rail service. Budget shortfalls, partly resulting from the high subsidy cost of rail system expansion, have been met by reducing bus service; ironically thus reducing total transit riding.
Why should we attempt to guide land use patterns anyway? There are at least two possible rationales. The first holds that existing land use patterns are inefficient: low-density suburbs necessitate long trips and reliance on private autos, thus wasting energy, generating air pollution, requiring more public infrastructure, and consuming open space. This is the familiar anti-urban-sprawl argument. Newman and Kenworthy make a distinction between fuel-efficient transportation and fuel-efficient cities. They argue that while investing in highway facilities can make travel more efficient by reducing congestion, the added highway capacity will ultimately lead to more travel and thus more total energy consumption. They therefore advocate the promotion of "compact cities": high-density, pedestrian- and transit-oriented cities.
Anthony Downs calculated changes in commuting distance resulting from changes in residential density. He assumed that densities can be increased only for new development because urban redevelopment is costly, has a limited market, and is typically opposed by residents. Table 6 shows some results. Average densities increase much faster than average trip lengths decrease, meaning that very large increases in density are required to realize significant travel savings. Interestingly, the greatest percentage reduction in trip length occurs when moving from low to medium density, while going from medium to high density yields only a small additional reduction.
Downs's calculations, together with the results of the Los Angeles and Oregon planning studies, suggest that the compact city alternative would have at best a moderate effect on travel. A seemingly more effective strategy for reducing travel would promote moderate densities. If we were to restructure our transportation pricing policy, we might realize this objective.
A second rationale for attempting to change land use and transportation patterns is to increase social equity. Peter Mieskowski and Ed Mills describe two contrasting theories of suburbanization. The first, called the "natural evolution theory," explains sub-urbanization basically as the result of economic forces. City expansion occurs in conjunction with rising incomes. Thus, we find older, smaller housing near the city center and larger, newer housing at the periphery. If this theory holds, there is little justification for attempting to change land use patterns: low-density, suburban environments are simply the result of household preferences associated with rising incomes.
The second theory explains suburbanization as the result of the affluent population escaping the fiscal and social problems of central cities. Higher-income households, able to pay the higher transportation costs involved, move to the suburbs to form homogeneous communities that are fiscally independent of the central city. Once they establish such communities, they can exercise land use controls to exclude households with different housing needs or preferences. This process results in spatial segmentation of the population on the basis of income, ethnicity, and race; people most in need of public services concentrate in the central city; and the central-city tax base declines.
If the second theory holds, intervention is justified because suburban residents are actively preventing a spontaneous mixing of population, thus denying less affluent and minority populations access to suburban jobs and suburban amenities. Evidence of exclusionary land use practices is extensive, and consequently policies to end such practices are surely worthwhile. I therefore propose that land use policy should focus on eliminating distortions in the land market. We should aim to eliminate barriers to more diverse land use patterns. Essentially, this is the complement of "getting the prices right" in transportation policy.
The roots of our transportation and land use policy dilemmas lie in the absence of consensus on which environmental and social conditions are truly problematic. In turn, they reflect our confusion about how changes in either transportation systems or land use policies might work to ameliorate those environmental and social problems. If the aim is to reduce environmental damage generated by automobiles, the effective remedy is to directly price and regulate autos and their use, not land use. If the aim is to reduce metropolitan spatial segmentation, the effective remedy is to expand the range of housing and employment choices, not travel choice. As urban areas continue to evolve, the link between land use and transportation will likely continue to weaken. Thus only direct policy interventions can solve the social and environmental problems associated with existing travel and land use patterns.
M. Cropper and P. Gordon, "Wasteful Commuting: A Re-Examination,'• Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1991 , pp. 2 – 13.
Anthony Downs, Stuck In Traffic: Coping with Peak Hour Congestion (Washington, D .C. : Brookings Institution, 1992).
Genevieve Giuliano, "New Directions for Understanding Transportation and Land Use," Environment and Planning A , Vol. 21 , 1989, pp. 145-159. UCTC No. 2 .
Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A . Small, "Is the Journey to Work Explained by Urban Structure?"· Urban Studies, Vol. 30, No. 9, 1993, pp. 1485-1500. UCTC No. 107.
B . Hamilton, " Wasteful Commuting Again ," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 97, 1989, pp. 1498-1504.
Peter Mieskowski and Ed Mills, "The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1933, pp. 135-147.
Peter Newman and J . Kenworthy, "The Transport Energy Trade-Off: Fuel Efficient Traffic versus Fuel Efficient Cities," Transportation Research A , Vol. 22A, No. 3, 1988, pp. 163- 174.
M. White, "Urban Commuting Journeys Are Not 'Wasteful' , " Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, 1988, pp. 1097-1110.


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HomePowerPower Reserves: Key role of energy storage in load balancing
Power Reserves: Key role of energy storage in load balancing
Key role of energy storage in load balancing
Energy storage was one of the key themes at the India Smart Utility Week 2019, where an expert panel discussed its importance for Indian smart utilities. The discussion was focused on battery technologies for grid applications and e-mobility, storage projects, pilot projects in India, and manufacturing of energy storage systems in India. There are two key aspects of energy storage – business models for project implementation and the existing regulatory framework.
The key drivers for the development and adoption of energy storage solutions are policy and regulatory changes, especially those focused on renewable energy. In addition, the prices of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have declined. Energy storage solutions are also expected to flatten the load curve, thus easing the burden on assets and delaying ageing of assets.
The size and location of energy storage solutions are key considerations in its planning. Another critical requirement for the smooth integration of energy storage is a robust communication network that is responsible for maintaining connectivity with the enterprise bus. The collection of performance and reliability data, modelling and analysis, and adoption of project best practices will further support the transition from the research and development stage to the operational stage of energy storage solutions.
A study by the World Resources Institute predicts global water stress in the near future. Conventional coal plants further pollute the ground- water. Hence, innovative technologies need to be introduced to support the production of clean energy. For instance, a new technology showcased by US-based Thomas Jefferson Lab uses solar energy to produce hydrogen and oxygen through the process of electrolysis, which can then be stored and used to inject energy into the system. Energy storage enables the flexible use of renewable energy. It helps in peak load management, and acts as a balancing reserve and ancillary support.
Storage could also prove to be a bottleneck in renewable energy deployment. Battery-based technology options are available, but there are issues pertaining to the cost, energy, charging time, battery life and safety needs. The performance parameters and the choice of battery technology depend on its applications such as portable electronic devices, e-mobility and grid storage. There are four stages in the development of battery storage solutions. The first and second stages are focused on materials development and cell manufacturing, followed by cell integration, and packaging and provision of infrastructure for electric vehicles. The stage of material development is difficult and involves multiple stages.
Further, the cost of battery-based grid-scale storage needs to be made competitive. Conventional flow batteries suffer from chemical cross-over, limiting their efficiency. The key is to focus on technologies that use materials abundant in nature to bring the costs down. Besides the high cost, there is a lack of a clear regulatory and market framework. There is also no clarity on the tariff mechanism for energy storage. The key recommendations for promoting the deployment of energy storage and ensuring its smoother integration include setting national- and state-level storage targets in line with the renewable purchase obligations, assessing the impact of renewable energy addition through a probabilistic study, and encouraging domestic manufacturing using multiple technologies.
Battery energy storage systems can be used across power generation and transmission cycles. There is a need to match resource availability with the load, where energy storage plays an important role. Energy storage can be used along with traditional fossil fuels, renewables and microgrids. Storage-based assets can help stabilise the grid, and enable peak shaving, wherein surplus energy can be stored and used when needed. In addition, it reduces intermittency in both wind and solar generation, which can help in better forecasting. ABB has implemented a "power store" at its plant in Vadodara, which is a Li-ion battery with a remote monitoring system and a decentralised automation system. The company expects to reduce the operational cost and return on investment over the next five to six years.
Under the National Energy Storage Mission, the government is focusing on demand creation, indigenous manufacturing, innovation and energy storage. The energy storage policy is also at the final stage. The sector is witnessing an evolution of the policy framework with the involvement of different stakeholders. The utilities have reached commercial maturity and are no longer driven merely by government policies.


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Report: Dolphins Trade LT Laremy Tunsil, WR Kenny Stills to Texans for Picks
Miami will reportedly receive a "hugh package of picks" in the deal, including a first-rounder.
The Texans acquired left tackle Laremy Tunsil and wide reciever Kenny Stills from the Dolphins on Saturday, according to the NFL Network's Ian Rapoport.
Miami received first round picks in 2020 and 2021 in the deal as well as a 2021 second-round pick, per ESPN's Adam Schefter. A 2020 fourth rounder and 2021 sixth rounder will go to Houston along with Stills and Tunsil.
Houston reportedly discussed acquiring Tunsil on Friday in exchange for defensive end Jadeveon Clowney, who was traded to the Seahawks on Saturday. Tunsil was drafted by the Dolphins in the first round of the 2016 NFL draft.
Stills spent the first two seasons of his career in New Orleans before joining the Dolphins in 2015. The Oklahoma product caught 37 passes last season and scored six touchdowns.
The Texans reached the playoffs for the third time in four years last season. They won the AFC South at 11–5, but lost to the Colts in the AFC Wild Card.
Miami finished last in the AFC East in 2018 at 5–11. The Dolphins have not won a playoff game since 2000.


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Browse by Venue
Summer in the CityCleo Reed
Please see the full events listing for upcoming events.
Thursday / June 13, 2019 / 5:00 p.m.
Image courtesy of the artist
Featuring exuberant, atmospheric, and smoky vocals that induce listeners into a hypnotic state, Cleo Reed is a genre-bending alternative R&B artist. Hailing from Washington, D.C., and New York City, Reed has dedicated her time to DJing and being a founding member of the all-female dream punk band, Pretty Sick, for which she is a bassist and vocalist who produces and writes her own music.
During her tenure with Pretty Sick, Reed and the band amassed several Battle of the Bands victories, performing shows at Webster Hall, the Bowery Electric, and Mercury Lounge. While creating music with Pretty Sick, she released the single "Drive Me Down" as her first independent project under the name Ella, garnering more than 24,000 plays.
Reed is studying electronic production and design at Berklee College of Music. By the end of summer 2018, she released her debut single, an A-side/B-side track titled "Vulnerable / Change My Mind" on all streaming platforms. By the end of this summer, Reed aims to release the track "Shut It Down," coproduced by SportingLife, with an accompanying music video.
Berklee's Boston Summer Music Preview
Little Big Town's New Lead Track Has Berklee Roots
Berklee Online's The Roaring Crowdfund Wins 2019 UPCEA Marketing Award
DARQ Ensemble
Saturday / February 1, 2020 / 1:00 pm
Brooke Annibale / Hayley Sabella
Nick Black and Band
Friday / March 13, 2020 / 7:30 pm


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Stipend & Costs
Teach Istanbul
Istanbul Between East and West: Crossroads of History
A National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute in Istanbul for Middle- and High-School Teachers
The Institute's core readings are all modestly priced and highly accessible to non-specialists. Ray Van Dam's Rome and Constantinople (2010) explores the impact of these two imperial centers on their empires; Judith Herrin's Byzantium. The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (2007), Daniel Goffman's The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (2002), and Donald Quataert's Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (2005) offer concise and engaging accounts of the Byzantine, early and late Ottoman Empires, respectively, while setting this history in the context of the Middle East and Europe. Excerpts from Fariba Zarinebaff's Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800 (2010) provide a vivid exploration of the social, economic, and political fabric of the imperial capital and compares this to Western cities in the period. C. V. Findley's The Turks in World History (2005) sets the widest stage by examining the impact of Turkic peoples from the pre-Islamic period to the present. Finally, Stephen Kinzer's Crescent & Star. Turkey Between Two Worlds (2008) offers keen insight into contemporary politics, history, and regional ties. The texts will be supplemented by a digital reader of primary sources and scholarly articles.
3 thoughts on "Readings"
Are the readings listed available in e-book formats?
ucsdherbst
We are finalizing the reading list at present. Generally speaking, most of the books will be available for purchase as e-versions.
Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this program do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Join the Institute Facebook Group: "Istanbul Crossroads of History 2015"


I have talked in the past how you should ensure that your payment terms enable you get paid in advance before you start the work. It helps your cashflow and better allows your clients to budget.
Many of the firms that I work with are starting to adopt this monthly in advance payment approach for annual work such as financial statements or tax returns.
It sounds a little confusing but it's actually quite simple.
For example, if a client has a year end of 31 December then they would start paying from the previous 1 January in 12 installments, or in 12 installments up to the date it's expected the accounts will be completed.
If the firm is aiming to complete accounts within three months that 31 December year end would be done the following 31 March and the payments would start 12 months before March 31.
How to explain it to clients?
People tell me they love the idea but wonder about how to move clients onto the system. "Won't there be a point in time when there's a double charge – a catch-up?" they ask. They're right.
So you have to explain that properly.
When you are sat down with them it's most likely their previous accountant allowed them to pay in arrears.
You then list the options – paying by credit card, finance, by cheque or spread the cost over the first few months by recurring payment. At this point our language has been clever. We've used it to focus on the benefit to the customer not ourselves. We've talked about helping them with cash flow, allowing them to spread payments and forecast and having a range of easy payment options for the catch-up.
But effectively what they are doing is paying 12 installments in arrears for what needs doing now and in parallel 12 installments in advance for next year's accounts.
They are paying two lots in one.
That's how to move from the old way – being paid in arrears – to the new way of getting clients to pay in advance by up to 12 months.
And that makes a huge difference to your cash flow.
If you found this post helpful, then do please share it with your friends and colleagues.


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Calf length fitted capri-tight with internal drawcord at waistband.
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very comfy- seems a fight to get in them at the beginning ,but getting used to the feeling. completed 3/4 of an ultra wearing them in the rain & wind & no chaffage. [btw, was only intended to do 1/2 but plans changed.] legs felt good the next day. i got medium & am aproximately a generous 12. good fit.
Or 6 weekly interest free payments from £6.58 today & 5 weekly interest free payments of £120.00 with what's this?


text:
Cedar Street development raises concerns at council
Mission councillors raise issues with home lot sizes. traffic and other aspects of the proposal
Kevin Mills
A proposed housing development on Cedar Street will go to a public hearing, despite some concerns from council.
On Monday afternoon, Mission council debated a rezoning application from Civic Consultants, who want to create a 12-lot subdivision at 8504 and 8522 Cedar St.
The subject site is approximately 1.85 acres in size and is located in the Cedar Valley Comprehensive Development Plan area on Cedar Street, south of Egglestone Avenue.
According to a staff report, the two properties are currently developed, each with a single-family dwelling and various accessory buildings. The existing structures are to be demolished with the new development.
The proposed development will not allow for any form of secondary dwelling unit, including secondary suites.
While council has agreed to go to public hearing to allow neighbouring property owners to have a say, many raised their own concerns about the plan, including the size of the proposed homes.
"I was kind of shocked to see 3,000-square-foot lots," said Mayor Randy Hawes, adding that they are very small for the size of homes proposed.
"Why were they not considered for 4,000-square-foot lots?" he asked.
Coun. Jim Hinds asked staff if there would be a restrictive covenant in place to ensure no secondary suites would be permitted, while Coun. Danny Plecas had concerns regarding traffic speed and congestion.
"The concern I have is the whole concept of traffic safety. People pulling out on a major artery, a two-lane highway, there's a chance of more traffic accidents there," said Plecas.
Coun. Jenny Stevens also commented on the lot sizes, saying the plan isn't acceptable.
"Twice I've heard the phrase used that this is designed to benefit the developer's plans. I'm sorry, I've said it before and I'll say it again, we are sitting at this table with the responsibility of planning a livable community, not to fulfill the wishes of developers."
Stevens added that she would not vote for what the developer needs.
She agreed that they should make a reasonable profit on developing that land but wants to ensure they are not "actually building future slums."
"This sort of overcrowding is, frankly, ridiculous."
The public can voice its opinion, positive or negative, at the public hearing scheduled for Nov. 6.
New B.C. acute care centre opens for young patients, expectant mothers
WATCH: 10,000 signatures gained to stop 'no pets' rental policy


In today's cut-throat business environment, Darwin's 'Survival of the Fittest' theory befits perfectly well. Today, going digital is not rocket science, but achieving a high level of digital maturity is a thorny journey, which most of the businesses have achieved. So, what's next? Are we ready to compete in the Post Digital world?
Today at Net Solutions, Bhavish Sood, Partner at VC Fund BlueSky Capital, shared his insights on the subject in a very involved discussion, portraying practical examples, and laying emphasis upon significant technology trends that will reshape and define the post-digital era.
The session began with a reminder to the attendants about businesses' previous focus on digital transformation primarily using SMAC—social, mobile, analytics, and cloud—with a dilemma that these are individual digital technologies. He underlined that these technologies instead have to be used at the intersection to understand consumers at unprecedented depth.
Bhavish explained through the examples of Uber and Volvo that as we enter the post-digital era, the next set of technologies every business will need to master, along with SMAC, are Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), 3D Printing, and Digital Experience Platforms, which are invading the today's digital ecosystem. Moving to OYO and Airbnb as examples, he explained how they have embraced digital technologies.
Without these, you really are not building any digital platform. If you don't have these two capabilities inculcated in your new applications, you are actually building, for the lack of a better word, a glorified web application.
He ran a small workshop for all the attendants towards the end of the presentation to give an idea about how to incorporate these technologies in the post-digital ecosystem.
The post-session Q&A was insightful as he dove deeper into the concepts, trends, and technologies to answer various questions fielded to him. He acknowledged a comment that perhaps "Post Digital Era" has a better name as "Pre Quantum Era".
The pace at which technology is changing and invading the today's business environment, it is pushing us to move one step ahead from the digital age towards a new era, which Accenture predicts will be the post-digital era.
In this post-digital era, entrepreneurs will need to shift their focus beyond their ongoing digital transformations towards modern collaboration tools for product management and newer technologies that have reached the shore of digital world — Voice Commerce, AR/VR, NLP, Quantum Computing and Blockchain.
Brahmpreet is a seasoned Content Writer with expertise in blogging, writing creative and technical copy for direct response markets and promotional advertising for B2B and B2C industries. He has worked for industries like IT, Lifestyle, Retail, among others. Besides his technical background, he is a poet and lyricist by heart, and loves to connect with people through a dose of creativity and imagination.


My neighbors are landscape geniuses. Their yard is amazing—well imagined, well crafted, and well-tended. My kitchen window faces their house and I thank them daily as I trudge through chores for providing me with such an awesome view.
This spring, they "roofed" the porch they built with dirt and plants. And a goat.
I think I need to name him, but nothing has come to mind yet.
I expected a thatch of thick grass and maybe some draping plants. But right away there were these… weeds? growing. From my vantage, they resembled prickers. Thistles, whatever they're called. We grow them in abundance in my yard and I assumed some discourteous bird had dropped seedlings onto their new garden.
One day I saw the neighbor on his ladder tending and watering the gable, and thought, thank goodness, get rid of those weeds! But he didn't. And they grew.
Then one morning as I unloaded the dishwasher, I noticed they had bloomed! Beautiful rosy-melon-pink flowers.
I should have trusted them, they are the professionals, but my initial reaction was, ew, weeds. My experienced reaction was, aw, flowers!
I just didn't know until I knew.
And hopefully next time a potential "weed" presents itself in my life, I will not be so quick to pass judgment.
I will know when I know.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged flowers, goat, neighbor, weeds. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to You don't know until you know.
Lovely post…and a good lesson.


I'm Your Lighted Way, And I'm Your Darkest Day, I'm Running Through Your Veins, I Am Your Pain. Just Consider Me Your Friend, I Am Until The End, And Let Me Tell You Death Will Come When I'm Good And Ready.
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A 3D representation one conformer of streptomycin generated by molecular mechanics. One of a set of low free energy 3D conformers of the molecule from Pubchem, making visible all 3 rings and approximating the pose of the streptomycin image above.
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar); the term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains aminosugar substructures. Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen, but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. They include the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin (images at right) derived from Streptomyces griseus, the earliest modern agent used against tuberculosis, and an example that lacks the common 2-deoxystreptamine moiety (image right, below) present in many other class members. Other examples include the deoxystreptamine-containing agents kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and neomycin (see below).
2-deoxystrept-amine, 2D representation, oxygens, nitrogens (with attached hydrogens) in red, blue.
In the following gallery, kanamycin A through netilmicin are examples of the 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamine sub-class of aminoglycosides, the neomycins are examples of the 4,5-disubstituted sub-class, and streptomycin is an example of a non-deoxystreptamine aminoglycoside.
Aminoglycosides display concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against "most gram-negative aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacilli" but not against gram-negative anaerobes and most gram-positive bacteria. They require only short contact time, and are most effective against susceptible bacterial populations that are rapidly multiplying. These activities are attributed to a primary mode of action as protein synthesis inhibitors, though additional mechanisms are implicated for some specific agents, and/or thorough mechanistic descriptions are as yet unavailable.
Finally, a further "cell-membrane effect" also occurs with aminoglycosides; "functional integrity of the bacterial cell membrane" can be lost, later in time courses of aminoglycoside exposure and transport.
There is a significant variability in the relationship between the dose administered and the resultant plasma level in blood. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to obtain the correct dose. These agents exhibit a post-antibiotic effect in which there is no or very little drug level detectable in blood, but there still seems to be inhibition of bacterial re-growth. This is due to strong, irreversible binding to the ribosome, and remains intracellular long after plasma levels drop, and allows a prolonged dosage interval. Depending on their concentration, they act as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents.
Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some Mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Streptomycin was the first effective drug in the treatment of tuberculosis, though the role of aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin has been eclipsed (because of their toxicity and inconvenient route of administration) except for multiple-drug-resistant strains. The most frequent use of aminoglycosides is empiric therapy for serious infections such as septicemia, complicated intraabdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, and nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Usually, once cultures of the causal organism are grown and their susceptibilities tested, aminoglycosides are discontinued in favor of less toxic antibiotics.
As noted, aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past, the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with beta-lactam antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, in particular in endocarditis. One of the most frequent combinations is ampicillin (a beta-lactam, or penicillin-related antibiotic) and gentamicin. Often, hospital staff refer to this combination as "amp and gent" or more recently called "pen and gent" for penicillin and gentamicin.
The interference with DNA proofreading has been exploited to treat genetic diseases that result from premature stop codons (leading to early termination of protein synthesis and truncated proteins). Aminoglycosides can cause the cell to overcome the stop codons, insert a random amino acid, and express a full-length protein. The aminoglycoside gentamicin has been used to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) cells in the laboratory to induce them to grow full-length proteins. CF is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In approximately 10% of CF cases, the mutation in this gene causes its early termination during translation, leading to the formation of is truncated and non-functional CFTR protein. It is believed that gentamicin distorts the structure of the ribosome-RNA complex, leading to a mis-reading of the termination codon, causing the ribosome to "skip" over the stop sequence and to continue with the normal elongation and production of the CFTR protein.
Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are administered intravenously and intramuscularly. Some are used in topical preparations for wounds. Oral administration can be used for gut decontamination (e.g., in hepatic encephalopathy). Tobramycin may be administered in a nebulized form.
The recent emergence of infections due to Gram-negative bacterial strains with advanced patterns of antimicrobial resistance has prompted physicians to reevaluate the use of these antibacterial agents. This revived interest in the use of aminoglycosides has brought back to light the debate on the two major issues related to these compounds, namely the spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility and toxicity. Current evidence shows that aminoglycosides do retain activity against the majority of Gram-negative clinical bacterial isolates in many parts of the world. Still, the relatively frequent occurrence of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity during aminoglycoside treatment makes physicians reluctant to use these compounds in everyday practice. Recent advances in the understanding of the effect of various dosage schedules of aminoglycosides on toxicity have provided a partial solution to this problem, although more research still needs to be done in order to overcome this problem entirely.
Aminoglycosides are in pregnancy category D, that is, there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Aminoglycosides can exacerbate weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis, and use is therefore avoided in these patients.
Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in patients with mitochondrial diseases as they may result in impaired mtDNA translation, which can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiac toxicity, and renal toxicity. However, hearing loss and tinnitus have also been observed in some patients without mitochondrial diseases.
^ E.g., see www.merriam-webster.com/medical/aminoglycoside: "any of a group of antibiotics (as streptomycin and neomycin) that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are active especially against gram-negative bacteria".
^ a b c d e f g Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM (1999). "Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 (4): 727–37. PMC 89199. PMID 10103173.
^ a b c ME Levison, MD, 2012, Aminoglycosides, The Merck Manual , accessed 22 February 2014.
^ Kroppenstedt RM, Mayilraj S, Wink JM (Jun 2005). "Eight new species of the genus Micromonospora, Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov. Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov". Syst Appl Microbiol. 28 (4): 328–39. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.011. PMID 15997706.
^ Paul M. Dewick (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-470-74167-8.
^ Walter P. Hammes1 and Francis C. Neuhaus (1974). "On the Mechanism of Action of Vancomycin: Inhibition of Peptidoglycan Synthesis in Gaffkya homari". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 6 (6): 722–728. doi:10.1128/AAC.6.6.722. PMC 444726. PMID 4451345.
^ a b c d e DVM Boothe, DVM, PhD, 2012, Aminoglycosides (Aminocyclitols), The Merck Veterinary Manual , accessed 22 February 2014.
^ As Boothe notes, "high concentrations of aminoglycosides may cause nonspecific membrane toxicity, even to the point of bacterial cell lysis", though the physiologic relevance of these concentrations to specific clinical situations is unclear. DVM Boothe, DVM, PhD, 2012, Aminoglycosides (Aminocyclitols), The Merck Veterinary Manual , accessed 22 February 2014.
^ Feero, W. Gregory; Guttmacher, Alan E.; Dietz, Harry C. (2010). "New Therapeutic Approaches to Mendelian Disorders". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (9): 852–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0907180. PMID 20818846.
^ Wilschanski, Michael; Yahav, Yaacov; Yaacov, Yasmin; Blau, Hannah; Bentur, Lea; Rivlin, Joseph; Aviram, Micha; Bdolah-Abram, Tali; et al. (2003). "Gentamicin-Induced Correction of CFTR Function in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis andCFTRStop Mutations". New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (15): 1433–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022170. PMID 14534336.
^ Pai VB, Nahata MC (October 2001). "Efficacy and safety of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis". Pediatr. Pulmonol. 32 (4): 314–27. doi:10.1002/ppul.1125. PMID 11568993.
^ Falagas, Matthew E; Grammatikos, Alexandros P; Michalopoulos, Argyris (2008). "Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 6 (5): 593–600. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593. PMID 18847400.
^ Durante-Mangoni, Emanuele; Grammatikos, Alexandros; Utili, Riccardo; Falagas, Matthew E. (2009). "Do we still need the aminoglycosides?". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 33 (3): 201–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.001. PMID 18976888.
^ Gautam Mehta and Bilal Iqbal. Clinical Medicine for the MRCP PACES. Volume 1. Core Clinical Skills. Oxford University Press. 2010.
Performance of a dosage individualization table for extended interval gentamicin in neonates beyond the first week of life.
Dersch-Mills D1, Akierman A2,3, Alshaikh B2,3, Sundaram A2,3, Yusuf K2,3.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2016 May;29(9):1451-6. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1051021. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
Aminoglycoside binding and catalysis specificity of aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa: A thermodynamic, structural and kinetic study.
Kaplan E1, Guichou JF2, Chaloin L1, Kunzelmann S3, Leban N1, Serpersu EH4, Lionne C5.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2016 Apr;1860(4):802-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.016. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
Falagas ME1, Vouloumanou EK2, Samonis G3, Vardakas KZ4.
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Data Archiving. It certainly does not sound exciting and, honestly, it isn't but it could affect your business in a lot of different ways so it bears some consideration for the prudent business owner. Data archiving is commonly defined as how long you are going to keep your data. While I am talking specifically about business data retention here, you will also see how it affects personal data as well.
Most people are familiar with data backups (a copy of your key data in case your primary systems become damaged) and often mistake data backups with archiving. Data backups are copies of data at a point-in-time whereas data archives are the storage of data over intervals of time. So, a data backup is like copies of tax forms you keep as you're on them, while data archives are more like your file cabinet of tax returns for the past seven years.
Things to consider for archiving include what data you actually need to archive, what format to store it in, what media to store it on, and how to retrieve it if and when you need it. The first item to think about is what you data you actually need to archive. Some businesses have clear rules regarding what they must archive; they are the lucky ones. Most have to figure out what they need to save and in these days of litigation and laws like Sarbanes/Oxley and HIPPA, that can be pretty tough. It also leads to the next issue which is what format to store data in.
Most businesses use special backup or archiving software which performs a consolidation and compression of data so that the data is easier and more economical to store. However, the downside is that the business owner is now dependent on the viability of that software or, in the case of open-source solutions, format. Will that software and/or format be around in 10 years or 5 or even 3 years? Things disappear fast in technology and as the poor economy is showing that some businesses disappear fast too. In addition, what format is the data being stored? Consider that 15 years ago your company might have been using WordPerfect, running your mail on Netscape Mail server on an old version of Sun OS. Could someone recover that data today? Will jpegs and gifs continue to be supported 10 years into the future or will png have taken over by then? SATA drives have supplanted IDE and will likely be supplanted themselves shortly.
A similar issue afflicts the media used to physically store archived data. In the first days, humanity used stone tablets to store information but media longevity has been heading downhill ever since with the moves to leather, papyrus, paper, and finally magnetic media. If you thought optical media like CDs and DVDs last forever, research it and you'll see that oxidation occurs in less than 10 years on the thin metal wafer suspended in most media. Plus, formats like DVD are being supplanted now by BluRay; will there even be players for the media you have saved up?
Finally, verify that you have a good and tested recovery and retrieval system in place for whatever decisions you make.
I wish I could offer solutions to all of these issues but I can only draw attention to them out and provide some broad advice. For long term storage, consider a dual-pronged approach with actual printed text (and all its space and damage issues) as well as electronic storage in openly supported formats. As for media, optical is still the longest lasting I know of but the formats and media must be monitored, rotated, and possibly updated at some point. All of these things bring you back to taking the time to consider what data you REALLY need to archive.