text:
Actor Sean Bean Reveals What He Was Thinking During Ned Stark's Final Scene in Game of Thrones
Game of Thrones had many memorable deaths, but perhaps the first one seared in our minds was the death of Ned Stark. It was a jarring killing by the hands of Joffrey. And essentially launched the events of the series for its entire run. Sean Bean played the stoic character and the actor is known for playing roles that all meet an unfortunate demise.
In a recent interview, Bean talked about the final scene where Ned Stark literally lost his head:
"It was horror and disbelief — that Joffrey changed his mind [about exiling Ned] — and then resignation and [realizing that he was] seeing his daughter for the last time, Arya. I was trying to think of all four [things]. It wasn't just, 'Oh God, I'm getting my head chopped off.' Those mix of feelings is what made it what it was, I suppose."
Bean continued:
"It took like a whole day or so to film it and you so you have to just keep focused on the fact that you're about to meet your death without messing around," Bean admitted. "I was very hot at the time, so that probably helped. And everybody else's reactions were fantastic — Cersei and the kids. It was very moving with a lot of pathos in that scene. Then I put my head in the block and I was finished for the day."
What did you think of Ned Stark's death in Game of Thrones?


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Philadelphia Studies
Mostly, a Look at Philadelphia's Episcopal Churches Through Their Parish Archives
Directory of the Episcopal Churches in Philadelphia
Historical Directory of Episcopal Clergy in Philadelphia
Tag Archives: George B. Roberts
The Immortals of St. Stephen's Church, Philadelphia: A Paper Read at the Parish's 125th Anniversary Dinner (1948)
Click on the first page to access the paper
This entry was posted in St. Stephen's Church (Philadelphia) and tagged Alfred W. Price, Beauveau Borie, Carl E. Grammer, Center City, Clayton F. McMichael, Crawford Arnold, David D. Wood, Edmund Wilcox, Edward Shippen Morris, Edwin Shippen Burd, Elwood Worcester, Francis A. Lewis, George B. Roberts, George L. Crawford, Henry Hollingsworth, Henry W. Ducachet, I. Smith Raspin, J. Albert Caldwell, J. Dundas Lippincott, J. Edgar Thomas, John T. Lewis Jr., Joshua Lippincott, L. Ramsay Krumbhaar, Lewis Rodman, Ludovic C. Cleemann, Oliver A. Judson, Peter Penn Gaskill, Roland S. Morris, Russell Duane, S. Weir Mitchell, Seth Caldwell Jr, Thomas Cadwalader, Thomas M. Pettit, Thomas Neilson, William Kirkham, William Lippincott, William Platt, William Rudder on June 8, 2016 by mjk38.
In Memory of Rt. Rev. William Bacon Stevens: The Proposed [Church of St. Simeon] (1887)
From the 17 Dec 1887 Philadelphia Times
This entry was posted in Church of St. Simeon and tagged A. Augustus Marple, A. Edward Thomas, Alex Brown, Andrew Wheeler, Benjamin G. Godfrey, C. Stuart Patterson, D. D. Nichols, D. R. Goodwin, Daniel S. Miller, Edmund Smith, Edward Olmstead, Eugene H. Munday, George B. Roberts, George C. Thomas, George H. Kinsolving, H. M. Kimmey, Isaac L. Nicholson, James De Wolf Perry, James M. Aertsen, James S. Stone, James W. Paul Jr., James W. Robins, John A. Childs, John Ashhurst, John Blake Falkner, John Bolton, John E. Baird, John Huggard, John K. Murphy, Joseph D. Newlin, Lewis H. Redner, North Philadelphia, Orlando Cease, P. P. Morris, R. Bowden Shepherd, Robert C. Matlack, Robert Evans Dennison, Samuel David McConnell, Solomon Shepherd, T. Broom Belfield, Thomas C. Yarnall, Thomas F. Davies, Thomas H. Montgomery, Thomas K. Conrad, Thomas L. Franklin, Thomas S. Rummey, Vaughan Merrick, W. Beaumont Whitney, William Bacon Stevens, William F. Nichols, William H. Graff, William Henry Haupt, William N. McVickar on September 14, 2015 by mjk38.
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Dazed100
Arts+CultureNews
2August 2016
TextAnna Cafolla
A ketamine-themed musical is coming to New York
Ketamine: The Musical is on course to hoover up praise from critics
In the last ten years, ketamine has become intrinsically linked with nightlife, while also being developed as a drug to aid depression and PTSD. Now, it's the subject of a new musical debuting in Brooklyn, New York, later this month.
Ketamine: The Musical will open 17-19 August at House of Yes, an art space and club in Bushwick, Brooklyn. It's been described as "an immersive, participatory, psychoactive and dissociative spectacle".
The House Of Yes description reads: "You will not be able to unsee, unhear or unfeel the things that you will see, hear and feel. Profound and numbing, time will stand still as circus, dance, balloons, horses, clowns, sugar and music, so much music swallow you hole. You will be educated and entertained. You will leave a changed human being."
Though initially booked for the one night, serious public demand means two other dates have been added.
It's one hour and 15 minutes long, but it's promised to feel like "an eternity (the fun and scary kind)," the description continued. And it's seated "because obviously you can't stand on ketamine". Obviously. If you've ever witnessed a gruesome k-hole in the corner of a sticky-floored club in the middle of an 8-hour Ricardo Villalobos set, you'll maybe get the need for appropriate seating arrangements.
Tickets for the shows seem to have all sold out, as the show team notes, "because apparently ketamine is very popular". It's got a pretty spot-on tier system, ranging from 'Mildly Swervy', to 'Totally Disassociated' and 'Tranquilized' for VIPs – if you know you know.
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N5ZK accident description
Hawaii map... Hawaii list
Crash location 21.311111°N, 157.859167°W
Nearest city Honolulu, HI
21.306944°N, 157.858333°W
N5ZK
Robinson Helicopter R22 Beta
On May 08, 2013, about 1520 Hawaiian standard time, a Robinson R22 Beta helicopter, N5ZK, was substantially damaged when it collided with an unoccupied parked automobile following a total loss of engine power while maneuvering over Honolulu, Hawaii. HLM Aviation owned the helicopter, and Hawaii Pacific Aviation (doing business as Mauna Loa Helicopters) operated the helicopter under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91. The certified flight instructor (CFI) was not injured, and the passenger sustained minor injuries. The local aerial observation flight departed from Honolulu International Airport about 1455. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan had been filed.
The CFI stated that the purpose of the flight was for her to orbit the helicopter over an area known as Punchbowl located about five nautical miles south of the airport. She departed as planned, proceeded to Punchbowl, and completed two orbits before slowing the helicopter to about 35 knots in an effort to help facilitate the passenger in taking his aerial photographs. While maneuvering about 3,000 feet above ground level (agl), the engine suddenly experienced a total loss of power, followed immediately by activation of the low rpm light and horn.
The CFI reported that in response to the engine failure, she lowered the collective and entered an autorotation. She maintained a 60-knot airspeed, and maneuvered to land on a street. The pilot began the flare at an altitude of about 40 feet agl. The helicopter touched down on the road, and skidded into a parked automobile.
A Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector performed a post accident examination of the helicopter. He stated that the mixture cable was fracture-separated from the mixture bellcrank control arm on the carburetor. The bellcrank was positioned near the idle cutoff position, rather than the full-rich position. The spring did not drive the arm to the full rich position per design. The inspector noted that it appeared that the spring was not correctly connected to the mixture arm. The helicopter's maintenance manual stated that during inspection the mechanic must "Verify spring moves arm to full rich position."
The mechanic who routinely maintains the helicopter stated that his company completed a 2,200 hour airframe overhaul of the helicopter on April 22, 2013, equating to about 16 hours of flight time prior to the accident. The mechanic recalled that at the completion of the overhaul, he inspected the helicopter which commenced with the tracking and balancing of the main rotor system, tail rotor system and engine.
The mechanic further stated that he had accompanied the FAA inspector during the post accident examination. They determined that the mixture arm assembly was improperly rigged. The mixture to bellcrank hardware stackup was incorrect and did not allow the mixture cable to move freely and the spring was installed so that the arm was driven to the idle cutoff position. The mechanic opined that the combination of the repeated stress on the mixture cable resulted in it breaking after a number of operation cycles. When the failure did occur, the bellcrank spring, which is designed to force the mixture to the full rich position, instead cut off the fuel by pulling the mixture to idle cutoff. The mechanic remarked that the rigging of the carburetor was accomplished by an apprentice who was under his supervision. The mechanic did not visually observe the misrigging, and reported that if he had performed a tactile inspection, he would have detected the error.
The mechanic's failure to properly inspect the helicopter following maintenance performed by an apprentice, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to the improper rigging of the mixture control assembly.


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When Will David Brooks Admit That Conservatism Paved the Way for Trump?
10 January 2022 by Mike Bond
New York Times columnist David Brooks speaks during a taping of Meet the Press at the NBC studios. (Alex Wong / Getty Images for Meet the Press)
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David Brooks is the prodigal son of the Democratic Party. As a student at the University of Chicago in the early 1980s, he identified himself as a democratic socialist. But after graduating, he was caught in the spirit of Reaganism and began an internship with William F. Buckley Jr. Now, after more than three decades as a formidable Republican attorney, Brooks is poised to return to the Democrats.
In an article in the January / February issue of The Atlantic Originally titled "I Remember Conservatism," Brooks admits that the Republican Party is likely to continue to be fascinated by a version of Trumpism, a humiliated and harassing populism that threatens American democracy.
"A lot of my friends are trying to take back the GOP and turn it back into a conservative party," notes Brooks. "I cheer you on. America needs two leaders. But I'm skeptical that the GOP will soon have the kind of conservatism I admire. "After failing the Republicans, Brooks decided to" instead position himself on the right edge of the left bias – on the more promising soil of the moderate wing of the Democratic Party ".
The Gospel of Luke teaches that the prodigal son should be received with joy. Charity demands that the repentant sinner be given a second chance. But before we kill the fattened calf, it is worth asking whether the stubborn waste has really improved. Has he actually learned anything in his debauchery?
MORE FROM Jeet Heer
While Brooks has abandoned the Republican Party, he remains loyal to conservatism, an intellectual tradition that he continues to see in literally romantic terms. "When I was 20, I fell in love with conservatism," enthuses Brooks. "As a Chicago political and crime reporter, I often found myself near public housing projects like Cabrini-Green and the Robert Taylor Homes, built with the best of intentions but turned into nightmares. The city planners who designed these projects thought they could make life better by replacing dilapidated old neighborhoods with a series of neatly ordered skyscrapers. "
In this account of his conversion to conservatism, we see how little Brooks has changed. In response to Brooks' essay, historian Rick Perlstein tweeted:
There's a high-end lakefront apartment with exactly the same design as a CHA skyscraper. Have YOU "disregarded the residents by turning them into invisible, passive spectators of their own lives"? How is it that lakefront condominiums in this style didn't become "national symbols of urban decay"? Projects fell into disrepair because they lacked government funding the moment they became filing cabinets for blacks while suburbs were subsidized by taxes for whites, and fell exponentially worse as Conservatives in the Reagan White House and Congress celebrated Generation David Brooks As if Solons from some philosophical Olympus LOWER THE FEDERAL BUDGET BY 75%.
Current topic
Most of Brooks' essay is devoted to a selective and canned account of some of the great conservative thinkers who fascinated his young mind and taught him the value of prudence and the organic development of society. His names include Edmund Burke, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Ronald Reagan. There are also a few weird intellectuals: Willmoore Kendall, Peter Viereck and James Q. Wilson, as well as Buckley himself.
This story, strangely enough, is devoid of complexity and particularity: Hamilton and Jefferson were enemies – and they certainly influenced liberals as well as conservatives. Both were revolutionaries, just like Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt was also a reformer.
We get Burke the sublime exalter of "little trains" – but not the Burke, who absurdly raved about Marie Antoinette and the Age of Chivalry, the Burke who ridiculed the "swine crowd", or the Burke who waged an all-out war against France demanded. Willmoore Kendall is named namelessly without mentioning his support for Joseph McCarthy, his advocacy of a preventive war against the Soviet Union, or his promotion of biological racism. James Q. Wilson's thoughts on morality are cited without considering his key role as a promoter of mass incarceration.
On conservatism and race, Brooks writes: "Being conservative on racial matters is a moral crime. American Conservatives never bothered. My beloved mentor, William F. Buckley Jr., screwed his ass in his 1965 Cambridge debate against James Baldwin. At the time I was working at National review"20 years later, no explicit racism was evident in the office, but racial issues were generally overlooked and the GOP's flirtation with racist dog whistles was casually tolerated."
This is a whitewash of a far worse and more momentous story. The Buckley-Baldwin debate is the least. National review celebrated Jim Crow in the USA and apartheid in South Africa and promoted the "Southern Strategy", which racially polarized American parties and paved the way for Trump. When Brooks was an intern in 1985, National review still employed the managing editor Joseph Sobran, whose overt anti-Semitism and racism were notorious. It took Buckley many years to reprimand Sobran, who was eventually fired only for criticizing his employer.
As spy Magazine reported in 1989:
Editors-in-chief Sobran and Jeffrey Hart exchanged jokes about crematoria and gas chambers. Racial relationships are also a popular topic. In November 1986, NR published a cover story entitled "Blacks and the GOP: Just Called to Say I Love You," which outlined possible strategies the GOP could use to attract black voters. Leading the traditional post-edition recap, Buckley quipped, "Maybe it should have been called 'Just to say I love you, niggah'." During another editorial session, Jeffrey Hart reflected wistfully that "under a real one Government Bishop Tutu would be a bar of soap. "
Sam Tanenhaus, Buckley's biographer, reports that the National review The editor-in-chief decided that Brooks cannot succeed him because he is Jewish. This seems to have taken Brooks by surprise and even provoked some hurtful feelings.
The history of conservatism is much uglier than Brooks himself now admits. Leaving the GOP is not enough. Before we celebrate a feast for this prodigal son, he must honestly reckon with his life, in which he romps about a dissolute ideology.
Categories Politics Tags Admit, Brooks, Conservatism, David, Donald Trump, Paved, Populism, Trump


You are not the only landowner in the state or country who is dealing with contamination of your soil or groundwater. Like many, you may discover that your problems trace back to a leaking underground storage tank on a neighboring property. This type of environmental disaster is becoming more common as old storage tanks deteriorate underground. You certainly want to know your options.
Some tanks buried underground held gasoline for fueling stations from as far back as the end of World War II. While scientific advancements have shown those in the petroleum business how best to store such highly volatile and dangerous products, for decades, tanks went into the ground with little protection from the elements that caused rust and corrosion to damage the integrity of the tanks.
Further complicating the matter is the lack of inventory control over the contents of tanks from the 50s and 60s. If the tanks leaking on your neighbor's property have been underground for 50 years or longer, it may be impossible to tell how much gasoline or other contaminants escaped into the soil or groundwater.
Gasoline floats on the water table below the surface.
Gasoline components easily take vapor form, posing a risk of fire and explosions in sewer lines.
Benzene, the most hazardous component of gasoline, creates a high risk of cancer if you drink or bathe in contaminated water.
Methyl tertiary butyl ether, once added to gasoline to reduce air pollution in vehicle emissions, is also a known carcinogen.
Drinking water in your community may be toxic for years, even decades, while authorities work to clean up the mess.
Whether the tank is stored under your own property or on a neighbor's land, skilled and licensed agencies must remove it to prevent further environmental damage. You may have legal options in the face of this devastating destruction. Seeking advice from an attorney who is well familiar with New Jersey's environmental laws is a wise first step.


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Central shall comprise Concord-Grace, Concord-St. Paul's, Dunbarton, Hopkinton, Pittsfield, and Weare.
Lakes Region shall comprise Ashland, Laconia, Meredith, North Conway, Plymouth, Sanbornville, Tamworth, Tilton, and Wolfeboro.
Northern shall comprise Berlin, Colebrook, Lancaster, Lisbon, Littleton, North Woodstock, and Woodsville.
Seacoast shall comprise Dover, Durham, Exeter, Hampton, Portsmouth-Christ Church, Portsmouth-St. John's.
Southern shall comprise Derry, Goffstown, Hampstead, Londonderry, Manchester-Grace, Manchester-St. Andrew's, Merrimack, Milford, Nashua, Peterborough, and Salem.
Western shall comprise Charlestown, Claremont-Trinity, Claremont-Union, Hanover, Keene, New London, Newport, and Walpole.


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Q: Publisher Quick Actions not all Appearing I am updating the Case page layout and cannot figure why some Quick Actions show up, but others do not. The top image number 1 shows which quick actions I have chosen to add to the page layout. Image number 2 shows that only the Email and Log a Call actions are actually showing up. I can get some other actions to appear, such as Files and Communities. There is simply no rhyme or reason for what is happening.
I have a System Admin profile and the org is the Summer '15 version.
edit: I am trying to add the "Send Email" quick action which is on the Case object (not global). The native "Email" quick action is able to be added without issue. I am making these changes on the Case object page layout.

A: Actions are contextual. If it doesn't apply to the page and context of the page, it may not appear. I don't know exactly what your Actions do and whether they're Global or Object Specific Actions. Which one of those they are would make a difference. Knowing more about what the Action does, the object it acts upon, and whether it's Global or Object only would be important to know.
Object Specific Actions need to be added to the Salesforce1 Action Bar while Global Actions do not. In my experience, sometimes you may need to clear your browser cache on your mobile device before you'll be able to updates to your Action Bar.
Finally, you may also need to be on the Object Specific Page before you'll see the Action become available since it will need to come into context. Also, if the Action is only intended to work in the Community, you'll need to log in as a Community User in order to see it.

A: Solution is to make sure that your user have the right access.
=> for creating a record check if the profile allows it and if the correct record types are assigned to the profile.

A: I encountered the same issue (on a different object) and solved it by enabling feed tracking for the object.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A good night before a hard day. Gathering ourselves back to the home. Minding 3 boys, Papa observes. Visitors arrive, a magical day with dear friends. Yummy food, chaos and children. Try stay alert and awake for guests.
Made feel special on a special day.


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Музей художественных ремёсел () — музей истории художественных ремёсел, декоративно-прикладного искусства и дизайна, один из старейших музеев такого рода в Германии. Входит в состав Государственных музеев Берлина. Музей был основан в 1867 году, несколько раз менял своё местоположение и название, а его выставочная площадь постоянно расширялась. В 1985 году в Культурфоруме возле Потсдамской площади (район Берлин-Митте) было открыто новое выставочное здание. В 1990 году был создан филиал музея во дворце Кёпеник в юго-восточной части города. В 2019 году Музей художественных ремёсел в Берлине посетили около 51 000 человек.

История
Музей был создан для хранения экспонатов после Всемирной парижской выставки 1867 года как «Deutsches Gewerbe-Museum zu Berlin». Его главная миссия заключалась в просвещении широкой публики и содействии в обучении художников, ремесленников и промышленных дизайнеров. Ассоциированный учебный институт «Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin» был основан в 1868 году по инициативе «Ассоциации Германского промышленного музея в Берлине» (Verein Deutsches Gewerbemuseum zu Berlin). До 1921 года музей и школа оставались в разных местах. С покупкой коллекции серебряных изделий Люнебургской Ратуши (Lüneburger Ratssilbers) в 1874 году и приобретением в 1875 году около 7000 экспонатов из Бранденбургско-прусской Кунсткамеры музей стал одним из самых важных в своём роде в Европе. В 1879 году он был переименован в «Kunstgewerbemuseum».

В 1881 году произошел переезд в новое здание: Мартин-Гропиус-Бау (Martin-Gropius-Bau), выставочный центр в берлинском районе Кройцберг, со специальными коллекциями ювелирного искусства, керамики, стекла и текстиля, а также хронологическим обзором истории оформления жилого интерьера от позднего средневековья до наших дней. Здесь же временно хранились сокровища «Клада Приама» (Schatz des Priamos) — около 8000 предметов, обнаруженных Генрихом Шлиманом во время его раскопок античной Трои. В 1921 году музей переехал в один из корпусов Королевского дворца, освободившегося после падения кайзера, и вместе с предметами семьи Гогенцоллернов образовал Берлинский дворец-музей.

Во время Второй мировой войны помещения музея и часть экспозиций были уничтожены. Сохранившиеся экспонаты, оказавшиеся в Западном Берлине, были переведены во дворец Шарлоттенбург, а затем, в 1985 году, в новое здание Культурфорума.

В 1963 году восточноберлинские части коллекции получили новые выставочные залы в замке Кёпеник. После политического воссоединения Германии в 1990 году замок Кёпеник стал филиалом и вторым выставочным пространством Берлинского Музея художественных ремёсел. Архитектурное бюро «Kühn Malvezzi» в 2014 году перепроектировало и отремонтировало здание Культурфорума.

Экспозиция
Музей собирает европейские изделия ручной работы всех постантичных эпох в истории искусства, в том числе изделия из золота и серебра, сосуды из стекла, эмали и фарфора, мебель, а также гобелены, костюмы и шёлковые ткани. В здании музея на Культурфоруме экспозиционная площадь около семи тысяч квадратных метров раскрывает историческое развитие ремёсел от Средневековья до наших дней. Среди прочего, в экспозиции представлены литургические предметы церквей того времени, такие как каролингский реликварий (так называемая Энгерерская бурса), а также процессионный и реликварный крест, щедро украшенный камеей, — произведение конца XI века из сокровищницы Дионисия коллегиальной церкви св. Дионисия в Энгере, а также более сорока произведений из сокровищницы гвельфов. Репрезентативное серебро советников города Люнебург представляет эпоху Возрождения.

На верхнем этаже можно увидеть ренессансные и барочные сокровища: венецианское стекло, делфтский фаянс и богемские хрустальные кубки. Кроме того, представлен европейский фарфор, особенно из Майсена и Королевской прусской фарфоровой мануфактуры, декоративные и столовые приборы от рококо и классицизма до периодов историзма и модерна.

Второй музей в замке Кёпеник представляет историю декоративно-прикладного искусства XVI—XVIII веков на постоянной выставке под названием «Искусство эпохи Возрождения, барокко и рококо». Многие изделия поступали в музей из средневековых церквей и монастырей или же домов европейской аристократии. На нижнем уровне располагается коллекция предметов дизайна XX века, как фабричных, так и уникальных. Искусство стилей ар-нуво и ар-деко можно увидеть на примере произведений Эмиля Галле, Анри ван де Велде или Сезара Кляйна. Коллекция включает в себя не менее известные и влиятельные произведения истории дизайна, такие как мебель Бруно Поля, Людвига Мис ван дер Роэ и Марселя Брейера или посуда Вильгельма Вагенфельда.

Обширный раздел костюмов и аксессуаров XVIII—XX веков также продемонстрирован посетителям в недавно разработанной экспозиции Галереи моды.

Примечания

Музеи Берлина
Музеи декоративно-прикладного искусства Германии
Музеи по алфавиту

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Westwood hosts community yard sales
July 17, 2020 Staff
Save the date! The Westwood Community Yard Sale — the annual yard sales day in the Westwood area — is scheduled for Saturday, Aug. 1.
Lists will be available at 4 p.m. at the Friday, July 31 Farmer's Market, Blue Ox Café, Westwood Quick Mart and Sierra Super Stop.
Social distancing and facemasks required.
January 27, 2023 January 27, 2023 swilliams
The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation announced Malcom Robbins, one of the longest-serving condemned persons in California, died on Jan….
According to a Facebook post, the California Highway Patrol reports hot embers ignited a fire in a garbage truck in…
January 27, 2023 January 27, 2023 John Grimaldi, Association of Mature American Citizens, Special to Lassen News
Americans continue to relocate to Florida in record numbers. The sun and fun of the sunshine state has a lot to…
According to a Facebook post from Lassen Family Services, "Let's make Pasta E Fagioli!" LFS asks residents to sign up…
Council holds special meeting Tuesday
The Susanville City Council hosts a special meeting at 8 a.m. Tuesday, Jan. 31 to respond to a broken pipe…
The Lassen Regional Solid Waste Management Authority holds a special meeting at 1 p.m. Jan. 31 at 707 Nevada St….


text:
Australia has paid a high cost for
its faith in the benefits of free trade.
We could learn from the
Asian economies, writes Gregory Clark.
Time to challenge the fantasy of free trade
THE AGE Saturday, July 13, 1996
THE coalition has sensibly challenged the myth that unlimited immigration from Asia will turn Australia into a multi- cultural paradise. It should also take a much closer look at the myth that says unlimited free trade with Asia will transform Australia into a manufacturing miracle.
Obviously, free trade per se is a good thing - provided it is between competitive economies. Between Australia and New Zealand, for example, it allows both nations to gain larger markets, economies of scale and specialised production.
But if there is a large competitive gap, as there is between Australia and Asia, genuinely free trade is impossible. The weaker partner ends up with a trade deficit, which causes its currency to depreciate, which in turn has exactly the same protective effect as the tariffs and subsidies so despised by anti-protectionist economic rationalists.
Against Japan, for example, the value of the Australian dollar has fallen from 400 yen to less than 90 yen in the past 25 years. Even allowing for Japan's lower inflation rate, this means that Australian car manufacturers have gained exchange rate protection equal to more than a 100 per cent tariff. The much-debated cuts in car industry tariffs are almost meaningless in comparison.
Seen from Japan, this failure to realise the highly protectionist effects of currency depreciation is one of Australia's greater mysteries. Obviously, Australia has had to adjust to Asian competitiveness. But it had a choice of means and timing. It could have chosen a mix of exchange rate protectionism and tariff/subsidy protection. Even better, it could have relied on interventionist industry policies to protect or gain the industries it needed while getting rid of the industries it did not need.
But laissez faire, free trade dogma closed off those options. Australia has had no choice but to go the exchange rate protectionist route, which in many ways is by far the most harmful form of protectionism. It provides equal protection to the efficient and the inefficient. Many of the gains go to foreigners via worsened terms of trade. Production costs rise since the prices of producer goods rise in parallel with prices of consumer goods.
Tariffs and subsidies can be far more selective. Most of the gains accrue to Australia rather than to foreigners. Ideally most of the targeted goods are consumer items that Australia could in any case try to produce competitively if protected under sensible industry policies.
Another particular problem for Australia is its high minerals exports and high interest policies, which mean that the Australian dollar tends to be constantly overvalued. So currency depreciation is always too little and too late, after the industries that needed protection have already collapsed. A vicious Latin American-style circle of delayed depreciation, more industry collapse, more depreciation, more collapse ... can easily develop.
New Zealand was fortunate in that weak minerals exports allowed its currency to fall quickly and hard. The massive exchange rate protection that it gained as a result allowed the Kiwis to make their comeback. Even so, their lack of an industry policy leaves them vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations.
Australia should take a leaf from the Asian book. The Asians kept their currencies devalued, using artificial means if necessary. They gave key industries the tariff or subsidy protection they needed. That, combined with low wages, allowed them to quickly match us for competitiveness.
If they advocate free trade today that is because they want other people's free trade polices allowing them to expand exports of their own goods into other people's markets while keeping their own markets closed. Or else, like Japan, they wait till their own economy is rock-solid and then embrace free trade.
One of the ironies of Western comparative advantage, 'free trade' theory is its claim to be internationalist. In fact it originated in the racist 19th century belief that despite our higher wages we in the West could easily retain competitiveness because of our inherent superiority in manufacturing technology and infrastructure gave us unlimited comparative advantage.
Free trade and free markets would encourage us Westerners to further upgrade that comparative advantage, and allow the Asian masses to move more quickly into the industries we had abandoned. By exchanging our technology-intensive goods for their labor-intensive goods trade balance would be achieved automatically. It never occurred to anyone that those inferior Asians could match our technology and infrastructure advantage.
Canberra's naive 1980s belief that free trade would see inventive Australians flooding Asian markets with hi-tech manufactured goods was a direct descendent of those 19th century theories. In fact the Asians have long had a work, social and study ethic just as good, if not better, than ours. Their technicians are just as clever as ours. And their economic managers are not shackled by textbook theories about open markets and free trade. Throwing open our markets to them was a form of manufacturing suicide.
"If they advocate free trade today that is because they want other people's free trade, to expand exports of their own goods."
We may have balanced our trade, but only through harmful exchange rate protectionism and Asian demand for primary or processed goods. Instead of hi-tech wonders, we have had to become hewers of wood and drawers of water. How to adjust to the reality of Asian competitiveness? Aggressive action to push the dollar lower would help. But the first priority should be an industry policy that will allow Australia to hold on to some of its remaining import-competing industries and develop new manufacturing industries. Some tariff protection and subsidies to selected industries may also be needed. Australia still has one major advantage over much of Asia, namely a large domestic market hungry for a range of mid-tech consumer goods. If Malaysia - with a much smaller domestic market than ours, but relying on intelligent industry policies and the Japanese/Korean hunger to invest abroad - has managed to end up with a largely competitive, home-based car industry, how much more could Australia do once it gets rid of its "free trade" obsessions?
Gregory Clark is president of Tama University in Tokyo. He joined the Australian diplomatic service in 1957 and was a policy adviser to the Whitlam Government in the 1970s.


Did I pass? Was it a yell-free day? Wait and see! An interesting twist plays out in today's update of yelling less.
Mondays always dawn early at my house- 5 am, to be precise. Now , I don't know about the rest of you, but I am more of a night owl and definitely not a morning person. I can stay awake past midnight, working on articles, cleaning up around the house, paying bills online and watching some TV to unwind. However, I have to drag myself out of bed every morning when that alarm goes off.
If a 30- something woman has to struggle to wake up early, how much more challenging is it for a child? As I walked into Gy's room to get her out of bed, I changed gears on two things that I normally do: what to say in order to wake her up and how I would react in response to her staying in bed.
"Kanna, if you don't wake up, the bus will leave. Please get up." ( I said this a few minutes later, ensuring that my voice stayed normal, while all the time, my mind was frantically working out how many minutes remained before we left for the bus stop).
This reaction took me completely by surprise! For one thing, SHE was doing the yelling, not me. So, how did I react?
Oh, that one's easy! I would have yelled right back at her, asked her to stop shouting, marched in there, pulled the bed covers off her and stood over her glowering, while she meekly crawled out of bed to brush her teeth. My blood would have boiled, my head would have hurt from the effort and I wouldn't have been able to look her in the eye, for fear that I would yell again.
This morning, I stood there for a few seconds after she had yelled at me, then turned around and walked out of the room. I did not say anything else, not even a reminder that she was running out of time.
In two minutes, she walked out of her room, made her way to the washroom, freshened up and came to the breakfast table, where I had kept her milk ready. I handed it to her without a word and went back to the kitchen. She looked at the milk, took a few sips and then cleared her throat.
My heart swelled with so much love and understanding that I nodded and beamed at her.
Yet again, she had figured out the reason herself, without my having said a single word of reproach or reprimand. And, for a 6-year-old to do that, it is truly commendable. It must be so hard for us to change habits that have become a part of our psyche, but it isn't impossible to weed out the negatives.
Here is hoping I finish out the week and continue the 'yelling less' goal and perhaps extend it beyond the week too.
You may also like to read: 800 days yell-free and how I did it!
Total turning of tables :). The waking up in the morning, at least with D is the only area I am not worried about because she's so good with it! Also I have such bad memories of being woken up, that I make sure to give her a cuddle first thing :).
Yeah, I used to do the 'cuddle' thing too. Probably should re-start that. It always puts her in a good mood.


Celebrity Topshop fans, and friends of the boss, were out in force last night for the store's Fashion Week after-party.
Models Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell, music supremo Simon Cowell, and Kelly Brook, were all at the lavish bash thrown by the store's boss Sir Philip Green to celebrate 25 years of London Fashion Week.
And in a massive stamp of approval for the British high street chain and London fashion, U.S. Vogue editor Anna Wintour was also in attendance at the private party at the Ivy Club in London's Covent Garden.
The party was held after the Topshop Unique show during the London Fashion Week yesterday, where model-turned-designer Kate Moss was seen sharing the front row with Sir Philip's budding designer daughter Chloe, 18.
Last night, Kate changed from her catwalk-watching outfit of hotpants, smart shirt and fedora combo for a demure black and flower-print dress with chandelier earrings and a diamond cuff.
But Kelly Brook was the star who got heads turning.
Wearing a very shiny pvc-style dress, Kelly's dress was also very short.
Kate's boyfriend The Kills guitarist Jamie Hince, Girls Aloud's Nicola Roberts, comedian David Walliams and singer Estelle were also at the party as well as models Lily Donaldson, Lara Stone, Eva Herzigova and photographers David Bailey and Tim Walker.
Designers Vivienne Westwood, Christopher Bailey, Zandra Rhodes and Erdem Moralioglu were also in attendence. Entertainment was provided by Bryan Ferry.
It might have come as a relief for Simon Cowell. The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent boss is apparently in for a 'treat' next month as Kate is planning to to serenade him at his lavish 50th birthday bash.
Simon's party in October - rumoured to be costing a tidy £500,000 - is being thrown by Sir Philip and is expected to be a highlight of this year's social calendar.
Meanwhile Naomi Campbell made a storming return to London Fashion Week at the Issa Spring/Summer 2010 show, revealing a flawless figure as she modelled swimsuits.
Last night Sir Philip praised Burberry and Matthew Williamson for returning to London.


text:
RTR2M63R
U.S.-born Elizabeth Hawley, former journalist and chronicler of mountain climbing in the Himalayan nation,...
To match Interview INDIA-NEPAL/EVEREST
U.S.-born Elizabeth Hawley, former journalist and chronicler of mountain climbing in the Himalayan nation, speaks during an interview in Kathmandu May 5, 2011. When the 87-year-old Hawley came to Nepal in 1960 as a journalist for Time magazine, she had no idea that she was on the road to becoming the most highly-respected chronicler of mountain climbing in the Himalayan nation, home to eight of the world's 14 highest peaks. Today, from her house in Kathmandu, Hawley runs the Himalayan Database, a record of major climbs of the Nepali mountains, and a necessary endorsement for climbers to gain global fame by validating their achievements. Picture taken May 5, 2011. To match Interview INDIA-NEPAL/EVEREST REUTERS/Navesh Chitrakar (NEPAL - Tags: MEDIA HEADSHOT SOCIETY)
GM1E75918KJ01
Navesh Chitrakar


text:
Miami finally forced to figure out life without Dwyane Wade
Dwyane Wade has moved on to the Chicago Bulls in a shocking move. So what's next for the Miami Heat?
By Rob Mahoney
Your teams. Your favorite writers. Wherever you want them. Personalize SI with our new App. Install on iOS or Android.
By the end, the money seemed almost beside the point. Dwyane Wade's decision to leave the Miami Heat for the Chicago Bulls was rooted in a financial dispute but settled in the damning difference of a few million. A local legend let it be known what he was looking for in a new deal and was negotiated down, over and over, by the Heat hard line. Technically, the process worked only as intended; the Heat attempted to use the fact that Wade wanted to stay in Miami as leverage for a more team-friendly deal. Wade reportedly saw disrespect in being treated like some nondescript free agent as opposed to a 13-year franchise cornerstone responsible for three titles.
There was belief around the league as recently as Wednesday that Wade would still make amends with the Heat—that this was merely another round of the same song and dance as free agencies before. Wade would entertain offers, Miami would bridge the gap, and both would continue their fruitful arrangement. Instead, while Wade might not have left for just any team (the Nuggets and Bucks, unfortunately, may have been just pawns in this), he apparently would for the Bulls.
• Wade joins Bulls, Heat left hanging | Players react to Wade's decision
Vaughn Ridley/Getty Images
Wade grew up in the Chicago area, but this seems more like Wade electing to leave home than return there. The city of Miami had adopted and adored Wade. The Heat are the only NBA team he has ever known. This didn't trigger the same league-wide earthquake as Kevin Durant leaving Oklahoma City for Golden State, but it feels somehow even more jarring. One can understand why Miami would draw limits on how much to pay a 34-year-old, oft-injured star in decline. Reasonable explanation, though, doesn't much change the fact that the Heat will have to find their way without Wade for the first time since 2003.
Heat culture—the currency of the organization—has never seemed quite so precarious. Head coach Erik Spoelstra remains a great ambassador for its ideals and Pat Riley's looming presence brings the concept clout. Wade, though, was the exemplar: proud, hard-working, uncompromising, and relentlessly successful. It was through him that an era of Heat basketball took shape, even when he wasn't the team's best player. Losing that means something. Minutes and touches can be assumed by others. Wade's authority can't be, in part because it may be unequaled in the history of the franchise.
Biggest off-season moves in NBA history
Wilt Chamberlain was traded to the Lakers only one year after winning the Finals with the Warriors. At times, Wilt struggled to fit in with Los Angeles. But in 1972, Chamberlain relinquished some of his offensive game to focus more on defense and rebounding, helping lead the Lakers to a championship—and his only Finals MVP award—in the process.
George Long
The Lakers acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and his skyhook from Milwaukee in 1975, and he dominated the league while in Hollywood. Kareem won five titles with the Lakers, including a Finals MVP win in 1985, 14 years after his first Finals MVP with the Bucks. Kareem also won three regular season MVPs with the Lakers, and later coached for the franchise as well.
John G. Zimmerman
The Houston Rackets traded Moses Malone, who was coming off an MVP season, to the 76ers. Malone quickly formed an unstoppable duo with Julius Erving, and the two led Philly to an NBA Finals in in 1983. Malone won MVP during the regular season, making him the only player to win the award two straight years with different teams.
Manny Millan
Shaquille O'Neal left the team that drafted him, the Orlando Magic, for the Lakers in the summer of 1996, signing a seven-year, $120 million deal with Los Angeles. Shaq would win three championships with L.A., forming an a legendary—but combustible—combination with Phil Jackson and Kobe Bryant.
Peter Read Miller; John W. McDonough
Tracy McGrady joined the Magic to play with Grant Hill, but was thrust into a larger role as Hill dealt with numerous injuries. McGrady responded by becoming one of the best scorers in the league, leading the NBA in points per game twice while in Orlando. McGrady's run was short lived, however, as he was traded to Houston in 2004.
Bob Rosato
The Suns signed Steve Nash to a six-year, $63 million deal in 2004. Nash was 30 at the time, but took his game to another level in Phoenix. The point guard won MVP in his first two years in the desert, but despite his individual success, Nash could never lift the team past the conference finals.
John W. McDonough
After years of falling short with the Timberwolves, Kevin Garnett was traded to the Celtics in July 2007. Garnett, along with Paul Pierce and Ray Allen, immediately turned the Celtics back into one of the NBA's premier franchises. Boston won the Finals in KG's first season, and almost won a couple more if not for ill-timed injuries.
Chris Bosh joined the Heat along with LeBron James, and quickly became an integral part of Miami's success. Bosh played a key role in the Heat's run to four straight NBA Finals—most notably picking up an offensive rebound and assist before the Ray Allen's three in Game 6 of the 2013 Finals.
LeBron James, angering many with a TV special to announce his decision, chose to leave Cleveland for Miami in July 2010. LeBron made the Finals in all four of his seasons with the Heat, capturing two championships and two Finals MVPs in the process. James reached new levels of efficiency in Miami, cementing his legacy as one of the game's greatest players.
Walter Iooss Jr.; Jeffery A. Salter
Chris Paul joined the Clippers in 2011 to form a Lob City-connection with Blake Griffin and lift the Clippers back to relevancy. Los Angeles became one of the top teams year-in and year-out with Paul at the helm, but has struggled in the playoffs against West rivals. As of 2016, Paul has yet to play in a conference finals.
Dwight Howard, like Shaquille O'Neal 16 years before him, left the Magic for the Lakers by forcing a trade out of Orlando. Unlike Shaq, Howard flamed out with the Lakers. Also joined by Steve Nash, the Lakers never gelled on or off the court, and Howard lasted only one season in Los Angeles before joining the Houston Rockets.
LeBron James returned to Cleveland in 2014, announcing his decision via a letter in Sports Illustrated. LeBron immediately launched the Cavaliers into the NBA's top tier, bringing the team to the Finals in his first season back. In 2016, the James-led Cavaliers—after going down 3–1—upset the 73-win Warriors in the Finals, a shocking upset led by one of the best individual performances in Finals history.
Todd Rosenberg; Greg Nelson
Kevin Durant, a four-time scoring champion and former MVP, joined the Warriors in July 2016. Golden State not only won 73 games the season before, but knocked Durant's Thunder team out of the playoffs only weeks before the signing. The Warriors' addition of Durant immediately made them the overwhelming favorite to win the Finals in 2017.
The Chicago Bulls agreed to sign Dwyane Wade, a 12-time All-Star who won three titles during his 13-year tenure in Miami, to a two-year contract worth $47.5 million with a player option on the second season. Wade won NBA titles with the Heat in 2006, 2012 and 2013 and had spent his entire career with the team after being drafted No. 5 overall in 2003.
Issac Baldizon/NBAE via Getty Images
Even if Wade had returned, Miami would be in a transitory state. Goran Dragic was acquired in 2015 and Hassan Whiteside will be re-signed to a max contract this summer for the sake of continuing forward. Wade seemed to be a part of that up until the minute he decided otherwise. His doing so removes the year-to-year ambiguity of how Wade will fit into the Heat's salary cap picture and the pressure to compensate him for his loyalty. Considering that the basketball future of Chris Bosh is still unclear, this development could be critical in allowing Miami to more accurately project its financial future. The news that the salary cap for the 2017–18 season is now expected to be $102 million rather than $107 million only creates greater need for such specificity. With a little maneuvering, the Heat are still positioned to clear max-level space next summer and will likely get an audience with top free agents.
• Wade pens letter to Heat fans | Wade leaves Heat after 13 years in Miami
Streeter Lecka/Getty Images
What remains to be seen is how the Heat might hold up—much less appeal to future free agent stars—without Wade and possibly without Bosh. Already there is one less leader around to check Whiteside on his attitude and habits. Dragic, for all his winning qualities, isn't much of a standard bearer in that regard. There are good players in Miami (Justise Winslow, Josh Richardson, Tyler Johnson should the Heat match on his four-year, $50 million offer sheet) but less in the way of team structure than at any point in recent memory. Players like Wade are a pecking order unto themselves. In his absence, that order defaults to a notably particular 30-year-old point guard and one of the most unpredictable max contract players in NBA history.
Consider that predicament an expression of faith: in Spoelstra and his ability to manage a changing dynamic; in the character of the roster; in the draw of the market; in Whiteside's talent; and in the stability of organizational culture based on what Wade built rather than the presence of the man himself.
pat riley
micky arison


The Short Stories of Augie Peterson is also a podcast! Every other Tuesday I upload a reading of one of my original short stories. Every other Thursday, I upload a new movie review from my other blog, Snark in the Dark.
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ProSolutions Training courses are accepted by the Oregon Center for Career Development in Childhood Care and Education to fulfill annual training requirements for early childhood professionals in the state of Oregon. Certificates of completion should be submitted to the Oregon registry to receive training credit. ProSolutions Training courses are not listed in the Oregon Registry.
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Learn more about Oregon CDA Coursework and Oregon CDA Renewal.
Oregon Child Care Training Group subscriptions are a great way to train and retain early childhood educators. The Group Subscription allows your child care staff to choose from more than 100 courses developed specifically for early childhood education professionals by curriculum experts. The child care facility director or administrator manages the account access and can add and remove staff as needed. It's simple to assign courses to your team as needed.
The Oregon Child Care Training Individual Subscription is the perfect online early childhood education solution for individuals. This subscription gives access to more than 100 online training courses developed by curriculum experts at ProSolutions Training. Print individual Professional Development Certificates as each course is completed. This is the most economical online child care training option for individuals.
You can locate information Oregon's Professional Development Registry at Oregon Center for Career Development (OCCD) at https://www.pdx.edu/oc cd/. OCCD provides leadership in the development and operation of integrated and statewide professional development standards and systems. OCCD promotes professional development to achieve high quality care and education for children, and creates and supports training and education.
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For the first time in 30 years, the Academy Awards' Oscars ceremony will not have a host.
Instead of having a traditional host, the Oscars may look to fill the void by reuniting the cast of The Avengers.
Since no host has been announced for the Academy Awards yet, Chris Evans throws Robert Downey, Jr.'s hat into the ring.
The Academy Awards have just announced that they are making a big change with a new category that will look to honor popular films.
With rumblings of an Oscar push for Wonder Woman by Warner Bros., we explain why the movie and its director deserve Academy Awards.
It was a lovely day for "Mad Max: Fury Road," which won six Oscars at the 2016 Academy Awards, including for Best Editing and Best Sound Editing.
Key & Peele's upcoming parody flick takes on the Best Picture nominees with a round of heavily-inspired posters.
The "Deadpool" star joked that there were still a few hours left to conduct a write-in campaign for "an ineligible movie."
The Western epic "The Revenant" led the Oscar pack with 12 nominations, but George Miller's "Mad Max: Fury Road" was close on its heels.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences revealed the preliminary shortlist -- 20 films in all -- for the best visual effects Oscar.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences have tapped the industry veterans to produce the Academy Awards telecast, airing on Feb. 28.
The "Guardians of the Galaxy" director has responded to criticism of superhero movies at both the Oscars and the Independent Spirit Awards.
Alejandro González Iñárritu's surreal comedy-drama took home four Oscars, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Cinematography.
Director Phil Lord calls The LEGO Movie a classic and applauds his crew's hard work.
"Civil War" may reveal if Tony Stark ever met Peggy Carter; Colin Firth turns into a "killing machine" in new pub scene and more.
2014's big screen exploits of Marvel's heroes have been nominated for 2014 Academy Awards in multiple categories.


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Bus operators have found it convenient to ignore a traffic sign prohibiting heavy vehicles along the Mapusa Bridge.
Though a 'No Entry' signboard has been erected at the entrance of the Tar Bridge in Mapusa prohibiting six-wheelers from entering Mapusa city, buses are seen violating the rule on a regular basis.
In 2010, E A de Souza of Mapusa had written to the Mapusa Municipal Council (MMC) to restrict heavy vehicles from entering Mapusa through the Tar road, as they create noise pollution and traffic jams.
Acting on the letter, then Deputy Collector and Mapusa SDM D M Redkar on November 22, 2010, had directed MMC to install a necessary signboard at Tar Bridge to restrict heavy vehicles from entering Mapusa through the Tar Bridge.
Accordingly, the MMC had installed a traffic signboard at the entrance of the Tar Road which prohibits entry of heavy vehicles through the Tar road.
However, heavy vehicles do not pay heed to the traffic sign and in the absence of traffic police at the Tar Road, buses are regularly seen violating the traffic rule.
When contacted, the Mapusa Traffic Police admitted that they are aware that heavy vehicles enter the city via the Tar road, when police staff is not deputed at the spot.
"However, it is not possible to post a traffic policeman throughout the day at the Tar Bridge due to scarcity of staff. It is also the duty of the vehicle drivers to obey traffic signal and cooperate with the police. We do penalise heavy vehicles when found violating the rules," said police. [H]


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Tag Archives: apatosaurus
Bully for Camarasaurus
Note: This post was written in 2014. It predates Emanuel Tschopp and colleagues' landmark paper which, among other things, resurrected the genus Brontosaurus. I've attempted to update the taxonomy where appropriate, but it may still be a bit of a mess.
The story of the mismatched head of Brontosaurus is one of the best known tales from the history of paleontology. I think I first heard it while watching my tattered VHS copy of More Dinosaurs—scientists had mistakenly mounted the skull of Camarasaurus on an Apatosaurus skeleton, and the error went unnoticed for decades. The legend has been repeated countless times, perhaps because we revel in the idea that even experts can make silly mistakes. Nevertheless, I think it's time we set the record straight: nobody ever mistakenly placed a Camarasaurus skull on Apatosaurus. The truth is a lot more nuanced—and a lot more interesting—than a simple case of mistaken identity.
Intrinsically related to the head-swap story is the replacement of "Brontosaurus" with "Apatosaurus" in the popular lexicon. This is well covered elsewhere, so I'll be brief. Scientific names for animals are governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which includes the principle of priority: if an organism has been given more than one name, the oldest published name is the correct one. Leading 19th century paleontologist O.C. Marsh named Apatosaurus ajax in 1877, based on a vertebral column discovered in the Morrison Formation of Colorado. Two years later, Marsh introduced Brontosaurus excelsus to the world, from a more complete specimen uncovered in rocks of the same age in Wyoming. Like many of Marsh's publications, these descriptions were extremely brief, offering a scant two paragraphs for each taxon. However, Marsh did provide a longer description of Brontosaurus in 1883, complete with the first-ever restoration of the complete skeleton.
Come play with us, Brontosaurus…forever and ever and ever. Photo courtesy of the AMNH Research Library.
In 1903, Elmer Riggs of the Field Museum of Natural History underwent a survey of sauropod fossils held at various museums and concluded that Brontosaurus excelsus was too similar to Apatosaurus to merit its own genus. The name "Brontosaurus" was dropped, and the species became Apatosaurus excelsus for most of the 20th century. However, a substantial re-evaluation of diplodocoid sauropods by Emanuel Tschopp and colleagues in 2015 reversed Riggs' decision. So the name Brontosaurus is back, but keep in mind that the species excelsus never actually went anywhere—it was just hidden under the Apatosaurus umbrella. Following Tschopp et al., Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus were distinct animals that lived in the same environment.
So how does the mismatched head fit into all of this? The short answer is that it doesn't. The fact that some Apatosaurus mounts had incorrect heads for much of the 20th century has nothing to do with which name was being used at any given time, although the two issues have often been conflated in popular books. I suspect the two stories got mixed up because paleontologists were pushing to correct both misconceptions around the same time during the dinosaur renaissance.
Marsh's second and definitive Brontosaurus reconstruction, first published in 1891.
Let's go back to Marsh's 1891 Brontosaurus reconstruction*, pictured above. The Brontosaurus type specimen did not include a head, and many have reported that Marsh used a Camarasaurus skull in this illustration. However, this would not have been possible, because the first complete Camarasaurus skull wasn't discovered until 1899. What Marsh had instead was a few fragmentary bits of Camarasaurus cranial material, plus a snout and jaw (USNM 5730) now thought to be Brachiosaurus (more on this at SV-POW). Although these pieces were found far from the Brontosaurus quarry, Marsh extrapolated from them to create the best-guess skull that appears in his published reconstruction.
*Note that this is the second of two Brontosaurus reconstructions commissioned by Marsh. The first drawing, published in 1883, has somewhat different skull, but it still does not resemble Camarasaurus.
Although Stephen Gould states in his classic essay "Bully for Brontosaurus" that Marsh mounted the Brontosaurus holotype at the Yale Peabody Museum, Marsh never saw his most famous dinosaur assembled in three dimensions. In fact, Marsh strongly disliked the idea of mounting fossil skeletons, considering it a trivial endeavor of no benefit to science. Instead, it was Adam Hermann of the American Museum of Natural History, supervised by Henry Osborn, who built the original Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus mount (AMNH 460), six years after Marsh's death in 1899.
Clockwise from top: AMNH sculpted skull (Source), Peabody Museum sculpted skull, real Apatosaurus skull (Source), and real Camarasaurus skull.
To create the mounted skeleton, Hermann combined fossil material from four separate individuals. All of the material had been collected by AMNH teams in Wyoming specifically for a display mount—and to beat Andrew Carnegie at building the first mounted sauropod. Like Marsh, however, they failed to find an associated skull (a Camarasaurus-like tooth was allegedly found near the primary specimen, but it has since been lost). Even today, sauropod skulls are notoriously rare, perhaps because they are quick to fall off and roll away during decomposition. Instead, Hermann was forced to make a stand-in skull in plaster. Osborn explained in an associated publication that this model skull was "largely conjectural and based on that of Morosaurus" (Morosaurus was a competing name for Camarasaurus that is no longer used).
Was it really, though? The sculpted skull is charmingly crude, so the overt differences between the model and a real Camarasaurus skull (top and bottom left in the image above) might be attributed to the simplicity of the model. Note that there isn't even an open space between the upper and lower jaws! Still, Hermann's model bears a striking resemblance to Marsh's illustration in certain details, principally the elongate snout and the very large, ovoid orbit. It's reasonable to assume that Hermann used Marsh's speculative drawing as a reference, in addition to any actual Camarasaurus material that was available to him. At the very least, it is incorrect to say that AMNH staff mistakenly gave the mount a Camarasaurus skull, since Osborn openly states that it is a "conjectural" model.
A young Mark Norell leads the removal of the sculpted skull from the classic AMNH Apatosaurus. Source
In 1909, a team led by Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History finally discovered a real Apatosaurus skull (third image, lower right). They were working at the eastern Utah quarry that is now Dinosaur National Monument, excavating the most complete Apatosaurus skeleton yet found (CM 3018). The skull in question (cataloged as CM 11162) was not connected to the skeleton, but Douglass had little doubt that they belonged together. Back at the Carnegie Museum, director William Holland all but confirmed this when he found that the skull fit neatly with the skeleton's first cervical vertebra. As he wrote at the time, "this confirms…that Marsh's Brontosaurus skull is a myth."
The Carnegie team prepared and mounted the new Apatosaurus, and Holland initially planned to use the associated skull. However, when Osborn heard about this he threatened to ruin Holland's career if he went through with it. You see, the new skull looked nothing like the round, pseudo-Camarasaurus model skull on the AMNH mount. Instead, it was flat and broad, like a more robust version of Diplodocus. Osborn wasn't about to let Holland contradict his museum's star attraction, and Holland backed down, never completing his planned publication on the true nature of Apatosaurus. Meanwhile, the mounted skeleton at the Carnegie Museum remained headless until Holland's death in 1932. After that, museum staff quietly added a Camarasaurus-like skull. This was an important event, as it would be the first time an actual cast skull of Camarasaurus (as opposed to a freehand sculpture) would be attached to a mounted Apatosaurus skeleton. While I've had no luck determining precisely who was involved, Keith Parsons speculated that the decision was made primarily for aesthetic reasons.
Carnegie Museum Apatosaurus alongside the famed Diplodocus, sometime after 1934. Source
Elmer Riggs assembled a third Apatosaurus mount (FMNH P 25112) at the Field Museum in 1908. Riggs had recovered the articulated and nearly complete back end of the sauropod near Fruita, Colorado in 1901, but was unable to secure funding for further collecting trips to complete the mount. Riggs was forced to mount his half Apatosaurus as-is, and the absurd display stood teetering on its back legs for 50 years. Finally, Riggs' successor Orville Gilpin acquired enough Apatosaurus fossils to complete the mount in 1958. As usual, no head was available, so Gilpin followed the Carnegie Museum's lead and gave the mount a cast Camarasaurus skull.
Orville Gilpin finally completed the FMNH Apatosaurus in 1958.
The last classic apatosaurine mount was built at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in 1931, using Marsh's original Brontosaurus excelsus holotype (YPM 1980) and a lot of plaster padding. The skull this mount originally sported (third image, upper right) is undoubtedly the strangest of the lot. A plaster replica sculpted around a small portion of a real Camarasaurus mandible, this model doesn't look like any known sauropod. The overall shape is much more elongated than either Camarasaurus or the AMNH model, and may have been inspired by Marsh's hypothetical illustration. Other details, however, are completely new. The anteorbital fenestrae are thin horizontal slashes, rather than the wide openings in previous reconstructions, while the tiny, forward-leaning nares don't look like any dinosaur skull—real or imaginary—I've ever seen. The sculptor is sadly unknown, but this model almost looks like a committee-assembled combination of the Marsh drawing, the AMNH model, and CM 11162 (a.k.a. the real Apatosaurus skull).
During the mid-20th century, vertebrate paleontology lapsed into a quiet period. Although the aging dinosaur displays at American museums remained popular with the public, these animals came to be perceived as evolutionary dead-ends, of little interest to the majority of scientists. The controversies surrounding old mounts were largely forgotten, even among specialists, and museum visitors saw no reason not to accept these reconstructions (museums are, after all, one of the most trusted sources of information around).
The Peabody Brontosaurus with its original head. Note that the Camarasaurus in the foreground also has a sculpted skull.
This changed with the onset of the dinosaur renaissance in the 1970s and 80s, which brought renewed energy to the discipline in the wake of new evidence that dinosaurs had been energetic and socially sophisticated animals. In the midst of this revolution, John McIntosh of Wesleyan University re-identified the real skull of Apatosaurus. Along with David Berman, McIntosh studied the archived notes of Marsh, Douglass, and Holland and tracked down the various specimens on which reconstructed skulls had been based. They determined that Marsh's restoration of the Brontosaurus skull, long accepted as dogma, had in fact been almost entirely arbitrary. Following the trail of guesswork, misunderstandings, and scientific inertia, McIntosh and Berman proved that Holland had been right all along. The skull recovered at Dinosaur National Monument along with the Carnegie Apatosaurus was in fact the only legitimate skull ever found from an apatosaurine up to that point. In 1981, McIntosh himself replaced the head of the Peabody Museum Brontosaurus with a cast of the Carnegie skull. AMNH, the Field Museum, and the Carnegie Museum followed suit before the decade was out.
Remounted Apatosaurus at the Carnegie Museum. Photo by the author.
Given the small size of the historic community of dinosaur specialists, it may have been particularly vulnerable to the influences of a few charismatic individuals. To wit, Marsh's speculative Brontosaurus skull was widely accepted despite a lack of compelling evidence, and Osborn was apparently able to bully Holland out of publishing a find that contradicted the mount at AMNH. What's more, the legend of the mismatched Brontosaurus skull somehow became distorted by the idea that either Marsh or Osborn had accidentally given their reconstructions the head of Camarasaurus. This is marginally true at best, since both men actually oversaw the creation of composite reconstructions which only passingly resembled Camarasaurus. Nevertheless, the idea that the skull of Camarasaurus was a passable substitute for that of Apatosaurus was apparently well-established by the 1930s, when Carnegie staff hybridized the two sauropods for the first time. Even today, there are numerous conflicting versions of this story, and it is difficult to sort out which details are historically accurate and which are merely assumed.
I'd like to close by pointing out that while the head-swap story is often recounted as a scientific gaffe, it is really an example of science working as it should. Although it took a few decades, the mistakes of the past were overcome by sound evidence. Despite powerful social and political influences, evidence and reason eventually won out, demonstrating the self-corrective power of the scientific process.
Berman, D.S. and McIntosh, J.S. 1975. Description of the Palate and Lower Jaw of the Sauropod Dinosaur Diplodocus with Remarks on the Nature of the Skull of Apatosaurus. Journal of Paleontology 49:1:187-199.
Brinkman, P. 2006. Bully for Apatosaurus. Endeavour 30:4:126-130.
Gould, S.J. 1991. Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
Osborn, H.F. 1905. Skull and Skeleton of the Sauropodous Dinosaurs, Morosaurus and Brontosaurus. Science 22:560:374-376.
Parsons, K.M. 1997. The Wrongheaded Dinosaur. Carnegie Magazine. November/December:38.
Tschopp, E., Mateus, O., and Benson, R.B.J. 2015. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3:e857. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.857
Filed under AMNH, CMNH, dinosaurs, field work, FMNH, fossil mounts, history of science, museums, reptiles, sauropods, systematics
Tagged as apatosaurus, brontosaurus, dinosaurs, Henry Osborn, museums, O.C. Marsh, paleontology, sauropod


Home » Hair » Have You Tried Highlighted Hair?
Have You Tried Highlighted Hair?
Usually when we think of bright coloured hair, we think of the blondes and reds….right? Well if you're a regular Instagram user who follows beauty and fashion gurus, then I'm sure you've seen the whole 'bright coloured hair' look being taken to a whole new level. For those who don't know what I'm talking about, young people are turning to a more creative look, rocking bright coloured highlighter hair, literally! And guess what? I'm here for it okay!!
Now I'm not sure if it was Kim Kardashian and Kylie Jenner who helped to start this whole look, or whether they simply added flames to what was an already growing hair trend, but I am in love with this it and totally welcome with open arms anyone who wants to jump on the bandwagon and take a risk with their creative side.
Chanel Ambrose is one of my favourite YouTubers who I watch consistently. Recently she uploaded a video of her with candy cotton pink hair. She looks absolutely beautiful and it's definitely a colour I will try.
Below we also have another favourite YouTuber of mine, Patricia Bright. She's wearing this very bright neon green to Nottinghill Carnival, but actually it's not the first time she's experimented. If you look through her Instagram page then you'll see that she wore a nice bright but soft purple to Coachella, which again looked great.
So what are you thinking? Are you a fan? I guess the scary thing is knowing what colour to get? Will it suit your skin tone? Will you look silly? Trust me these are questions that go through my head as well, but sometimes in life you just have to give it a try and if it doesn't work out, dust yourself of a try again.
Have you tried highlighter hair colours? If so, what's your favourite?


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'In need of care' State grapples with uncontrollable children
Published:Saturday | February 20, 2010 | 12:00 AM
Anderson McLean
Philip Hamilton, Gleaner Writer
A vast number of children diagnosed as having behavioural problems, some with serious mental-health issues, are being placed in state care by their parents.
Alison Anderson McLean, the CEO of the Child Development Agency (CDA), said 90 per cent of the 16,000 cases reported to the agency annually involve children who demonstrate uncontrollable behaviour.
She was speaking during Thursday's sitting of the joint select committee of Parliament, which was reviewing the 2008-2009 annual report of the Office of the Children's Advocate (OCA).
The OCA's report said 39 children, diagnosed with uncontrollable behaviour, were placed in juvenile institutions in 2008 after they were brought before the courts.
Parents neglecting duties
Committee member Gregory Mair said the increase in the number of children in need of care and protection was a result of persons relinquishing their parental duties to the State.
However, despite agreeing with Mair, Anderson McLean said the shortage of available professional help for the children has contributed to the high number of juveniles in need of care and protection.
She told Parliament that the agency had initially sought to assist parents experiencing problems through the Family Court. Anderson McLean said some parents exploited the system through the courts even though there were many parents with genuine problems who need help.
Anderson McLean said the problem was exacerbated by the absence of dedicated mental-health facilities for children categorised with "uncontrollable behaviour".
"I was shocked at the number of adolescents on Ward 21 at the university hospital. And they are mixed with adults because there are no mental-health facilities for children," she told the committee.
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Marinara, garlic & herb or thai green curry.
Peppers & onion, SFU tartar sauce.
Mixed greens, roasted root vegetables, pumpkin seeds & honey mustard dressing.
Blackened salmon over mixed greens.
Stir Fry Vegetables & jasmine rice with teriyaki sauce.
Shrimp & scallops in a marinara sauce over linguini.
Tomatoes, capers, white wine garlic sauce.
Teriyaki cream sauce over rice.