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Размноже́ние, репроду́кция, воспроизво́дство — присущее всем живым организмам свойство воспроизведения себе подобных, обеспечивающее непрерывность и преемственность жизни. Способы размножения подразделяются на два основных типа: бесполое и половое.

Для организмов, обладающих клеточным строением, в основе всех форм размножения лежит деление клетки.

Бесполое размножение

Бесполое размножение — тип размножения, при котором следующее поколение развивается из соматических клеток без участия репродуктивных клеток — гамет.

Бесполое размножение является древнейшим и самым простым способом размножения и широко распространено у одноклеточных организмов (бактерии, сине-зелёные водоросли, хлореллы, амёбы, инфузории). Этот способ имеет несколько преимуществ перед половым способом: для проведения требуется меньше энергии и времени, а также нет необходимости в поиске полового партнёра, что позволяет обеспечить высокие темпы размножения. Вместе с тем появившиеся в результате мутации вредные изменения тоже закрепляются на длительный период времени. Кроме того, в неблагоприятных, меняющихся условиях среды практически все особи погибнут, так как в среднем они практически идентичны одной родительской особи. Следует отметить, что способность вида к бесполому размножению не исключает способности к половому процессу, но тогда эти события разнесены во времени.

Наиболее распространённый способ размножения одноклеточных организмов — деление на две части, с образованием двух отдельных особей.

Среди многоклеточных организмов способностью к бесполому размножению обладают практически все растения и грибы — исключением является, например, вельвичия. Бесполое размножение этих организмов происходит вегетативным способом или спорами.

Среди животных способность к бесполому размножению чаще встречается у низших форм, но отсутствует у более развитых. Единственный способ бесполого размножения у животных — вегетативный.

Широко распространено ошибочное мнение, что особи, образовавшиеся в результате бесполого размножения, всегда  генетически идентичны родительскому организму (если не брать в расчёт мутации). Наиболее яркий контрпример — размножение  спорами у  растений, так как при  спорообразовании происходит редукционное деление клеток, в результате чего в спорах содержится лишь половина генетической информации, имеющейся в  клетках спорофита (см. Жизненный цикл растений).

Размножение делением
Деление свойственно прежде всего одноклеточным организмам. Как правило, оно осуществляется путём простого деления клетки надвое. У некоторых простейших (например, фораминифер) происходит деление на большее число клеток. Во всех случаях образующиеся клетки полностью идентичны исходной. Крайняя простота этого способа размножения, связанная с относительной простотой организации одноклеточных организмов, позволяет размножаться очень быстро. Так, в благоприятных условиях количество бактерий может удваиваться каждые 30—60 минут. Размножающийся бесполым путём организм способен бесконечно воспроизводить себя, пока не произойдёт спонтанное изменение генетического материала — мутация. Если эта мутация благоприятна, она сохранится в потомстве мутировавшей клетки, которое будет представлять собой новый клеточный клон. В однополом размножении участвует один родительский организм, который способен образовать множество идентичных ему организмов.

Деление прокариотических клеток
Деление прокариотических клеток — процесс образования дочерних прокариотических клеток из материнской. Ключевыми событиями клеточного цикла как прокариот, так и эукариот являются репликация ДНК и деление клетки. Отличительной чертой деления прокариотических клеток является непосредственное участие реплицированной ДНК в процессе деления. В подавляющем большинстве случаев прокариотические клетки делятся с образованием двух одинаковых по размеру дочерних клеток, поэтому этот процесс ещё иногда называют бинарным делением. Так как чаще всего прокариотические клетки имеют клеточную стенку, бинарное деление сопровождается образованием септы — перегородки между дочерними клетками, которая затем расслаивается посередине. Процесс деления прокариотической клетки подробно изучен на примере Escherichia coli.

Амитоз
Амито́з, или прямо́е деле́ние кле́тки (от  — приставка со значением отсутствия и  — «нить») — деление клеток простым разделением ядра надвое.

Впервые он описан немецким биологом Робертом Ремаком в 1841 году, термин предложен гистологом Вальтером Флеммингом в 1882 году. Амитоз — редкое, но иногда необходимое явление. В большинстве случаев амитоз наблюдается в клетках со сниженной митотической активностью: это стареющие или патологически изменённые клетки, часто обречённые на гибель (клетки зародышевых оболочек млекопитающих, опухолевые клетки и др.).

При амитозе морфологически сохраняется интерфазное состояние ядра, хорошо видны ядрышко и ядерная оболочка. Репликация ДНК отсутствует. Спирализация хроматина не происходит, хромосомы не выявляются. Клетка сохраняет свойственную ей функциональную активность, которая почти полностью исчезает при митозе.
При амитозе делится только ядро, причём без образования веретена деления, поэтому наследственный материал распределяется случайным образом. Отсутствие цитокинеза приводит к образованию двуядерных клеток, которые в дальнейшем не способны вступать в нормальный митотический цикл. При повторных амитозах могут образовываться многоядерные клетки.

Это понятие ещё фигурировало в некоторых учебниках до 1980-х гг. В настоящее время считается, что все явления, относимые к амитозу — результат неверной интерпретации недостаточно качественно приготовленных микроскопических препаратов, или интерпретации как деления клетки явлений, сопровождающих разрушение клеток или иные патологические процессы. В то же время некоторые варианты деления ядер эукариот нельзя назвать митозом или мейозом. Таково, например, деление макронуклеусов многих инфузорий, где без образования веретена происходит сегрегация коротких фрагментов хромосом.

Митоз
Мито́з ( — «нить основы») — непрямое деление клетки, наиболее распространённый способ репродукции эукариотических клеток. Биологическое значение митоза состоит в строго одинаковом распределении хромосом между дочерними ядрами, что обеспечивает образование генетически идентичных дочерних клеток и сохраняет преемственность в ряду клеточных поколений.

Митоз — один из фундаментальных процессов онтогенеза. Митотическое деление обеспечивает рост многоклеточных эукариот за счёт увеличения популяций клеток тканей. В результате митотического деления клеток меристем увеличивается количество клеток тканей растений. Дробление оплодотворённого яйца и рост большинства тканей у животных также происходит путём митотических делений.

На основании морфологических особенностей митоз условно подразделяется на стадии: профазу, прометафазу, метафазу, анафазу, телофазу. Первые описания фаз митоза и установление их последовательности были предприняты в 70—80-х годах XIX века. В конце 1870-х — начале 1880-х годов немецкий гистолог Вальтер Флемминг для обозначения процесса непрямого деления клетки ввёл термин «митоз».

Продолжительность митоза в среднем составляет 1—2 часа. Митоз клеток животных, как правило, длится 30—60 минут, а растений — 2—3 часа. За 70 лет в теле человека суммарно осуществляется порядка 1014 клеточных делений.

Мейоз
Мейо́з (от  — «уменьшение») или редукционное деление клетки — деление ядра эукариотической клетки с уменьшением числа хромосом в два раза. Происходит в два этапа (редукционный и эквационный этапы мейоза). Мейоз не следует смешивать с гаметогенезом — образованием специализированных половых клеток, или гамет, из недифференцированных стволовых.

С уменьшением числа хромосом в результате мейоза в жизненном цикле происходит переход от диплоидной фазы к гаплоидной. Восстановление плоидности (переход от гаплоидной фазы к диплоидной) происходит в результате полового процесса.

В связи с тем, что в профазе первого, редукционного, этапа происходит попарное слияние (конъюгация) гомологичных хромосом, правильное протекание мейоза возможно только в диплоидных клетках или в чётных полиплоидах (тетра-, гексаплоидных и т. п. клетках). Мейоз может происходить и в нечётных полиплоидах (три-, пентаплоидных и т. п. клетках), но в них, из-за невозможности обеспечить попарное слияние хромосом в профазе I, расхождение хромосом происходит с нарушениями, которые ставят под угрозу жизнеспособность клетки или развивающегося из неё многоклеточного гаплоидного организма.

Этот же механизм лежит в основе стерильности межвидовых гибридов. Поскольку у межвидовых гибридов в ядре клеток сочетаются хромосомы родителей, относящихся к различным видам, хромосомы обычно не могут вступить в конъюгацию. Это приводит к нарушениям в расхождении хромосом при мейозе и, в конечном счёте, к нежизнеспособности половых клеток, или гамет. Определённые ограничения на конъюгацию хромосом накладывают и хромосомные перестройки (масштабные делеции, дупликации, инверсии или транслокации).

Размножение спорами
Нередко бесполому размножению бактерий предшествует образование спор. Бактериальные споры — это покоящиеся клетки со сниженным метаболизмом, окружённые многослойной оболочкой, устойчивые к высыханию и другим неблагоприятным условиям, вызывающим гибель обычных клеток. Спорообразование служит как для переживания таких условий, так и для расселения бактерий: попав в подходящую среду, спора прорастает, превращаясь в вегетативную (делящуюся) клетку.

Бесполое размножение с помощью одноклеточных спор свойственно и различным грибам и водорослям. Споры во многих случаях образуются путём митоза (митоспоры), причём иногда (особенно у грибов) в огромных количествах; при прорастании они воспроизводят материнский организм. Некоторые грибы, например злостный вредитель растений фитофтора, образуют подвижные, снабжённые жгутиками споры, называемые зооспорами или бродяжками. Проплавав в капельках влаги некоторое время, такая бродяжка «успокаивается», теряет жгутики, покрывается плотной оболочкой и затем, в благоприятных условиях, прорастает.

Вегетативное размножение
Вегетати́вное размноже́ние — образование новой особи из многоклеточной части тела родительской особи, один из способов бесполого размножения, свойственный многоклеточным организмам. У водорослей и грибов происходит путём отделения неспециализированных участков таллома или посредством образования специализированных участков (выводковые почки водоросли сфацелярии и др.).

У высших растений происходит либо как распадение материнской особи на две и более дочерние особи (например, при отмирании ползучих побегов или корневищ, отделении корневых отпрысков), либо как отделение от материнской особи зачатков дочерних (например, клубни, луковицы, выводковые почки).

У некоторых растений могут укореняться отделившиеся от материнского растения побеги (у ивовых) или листья. У животных вегетативное размножение (которое зоологи часто называют бесполым) осуществляется либо путём деления, либо посредством почкования.

В основе вегетативного размножения лежат процессы, сходные с процессами регенерации; как правило, при отсутствии способности к регенерации у данной группы организмов (например, коловратки, нематоды, пиявки) отсутствует и вегетативное размножение, а при наличии развитой регенерационной способности (кольчатые черви, гидроидные, плоские черви, иглокожие) встречается и вегетативное размножение.

Почкование
Почкование — тип бесполого или вегетативного размножения животных и растений, при котором дочерние особи формируются из выростов тела материнского организма (почек). Почкование характерно для многих грибов, печёночных мхов и животных (простейшие, губки, кишечнополостные, некоторые черви, оболочники, некоторые жгутиковые, гидры, споровики). У ряда животных — почкование не доходит до конца, молодые особи остаются соединёнными с материнским организмом. В ряде случаев это приводит к образованию колоний.

Некоторым видам одноклеточных свойственна такая форма бесполого размножения, как почкование. В этом случае происходит митотическое деление ядра. Одно из образовавшихся ядер перемещается в формирующееся локальное выпячивание материнской клетки, а затем этот фрагмент отпочковывается. Дочерняя клетка существенно меньше материнской, и ей требуется некоторое время для роста и достраивания недостающих структур, после чего она приобретает вид, свойственный зрелому организму. Почкование — вид вегетативного размножения.
Почкованием размножаются многие низшие грибы, например дрожжи и даже многоклеточные животные, например пресноводная гидра. При почковании дрожжей на клетке образуется утолщение, постепенно превращающееся в полноценную дочернюю клетку дрожжей. На теле гидры несколько клеток начинают делиться, и постепенно на материнской особи вырастает маленькая гидра, у которой образуются рот со щупальцами и кишечная полость, связанная с кишечной полостью «матери».

Фрагментация (деление тела)
Некоторые организмы могут размножаться делением тела на несколько частей, причём из каждой части вырастает полноценный организм, во всём сходный с родительской особью (плоские и кольчатые черви, иглокожие).

Половое размножение

Половое размножение сопряжено с половым процессом (слиянием клеток), а также, в каноническом случае, с фактом существования двух взаимодополняющих половых категорий (организмов мужского пола и организмов женского пола).

При половом размножении происходит образование гамет, или половых клеток. Эти клетки обладают гаплоидным (одинарным) набором хромосом. Животным свойствен двойной набор хромосом в обычных (соматических) клетках, поэтому гаметообразование у животных происходит в процессе мейоза. У многих водорослей и всех высших растений гаметы развиваются в гаметофите, уже обладающим одинарным набором хромосом, и получаются простым митотическим делением.

По сходству-различию возникающих гамет между собой выделяют несколько типов гаметообразования:
 изогамия — гаметы одинакового размера и строения, со жгутиками.
 анизогамия — гаметы различного размера, но сходного строения, со жгутиками
 оогамия — гаметы различного размера и строения. Мелкие, имеющие жгутики мужские гаметы, называются сперматозоидами, а крупные, не имеющие жгутиков женские гаметы, — яйцеклетками.

При слиянии двух гамет (в случае оогамии обязательно слияние разнотипных гамет) образуется зигота, обладающая теперь диплоидным (двойным) набором хромосом. Из зиготы развивается дочерний организм, клетки которого содержат генетическую информацию от обеих родительских особей.

Гермафродитизм
Животное, имеющее и мужские, и женские гонады, называется гермафродитом (от имени Гермафродита — мифического обоеполого существа). Гермафродитизм широко распространён среди низших животных и в меньшей степени у высших. Аналогичный признак у растений называется однодомностью (в отличие от двудомности) и сопряжён с общей эволюционной продвинутостью вида в меньшей степени, чем у животных.

Партеногенез и апомиксис
Партеногенез — это особый вид полового размножения, при котором новый организм развивается из неоплодотворённой яйцеклетки, таким образом, обмена генетической информацией не происходит, как и при бесполом размножении. Аналогичный процесс у растений называется апомиксис.

Партеногенез, являющийся половым, но однополым видом размножения, возник в процессе эволюции у раздельнополых организмов. В тех случаях, когда какие-то виды представлены только самками (всегда или периодически), одно из главных биологически преимуществ партеногенеза заключается в ускорении темпа размножения вида. Однополые таксоны, размножающиеся партеногенетически, часто занимают периферию видовых ареалов, где гибридизация и конкуренция с бисексуальными популяциями не препятствует установлению и распространению однополых (женских) популяций. Партеногенез описан для тлей, дафний, ящериц, некоторых рыб и других животных. Партеногенез не встречается у млекопитающих, у которых партеногенетические зародыши погибают на ранних стадиях эмбриогенеза.

При партеногенезе яйцеклетка может быть гаплоидной и диплоидной. При развитии из гаплоидной яйцеклетки развивающиеся особи могут быть только мужскими, только женскими, или теми и другими, что зависит от механизма определения пола. Например, у пчёл, паразитических ос, червецов, клещей самцы появляются из неоплодотворённой гаплоидной яйцеклетки. Партеногенез может быть постоянным или циклическим. У дафний, тлей, коловраток партеногенетические поколения чередуются с половыми. У дафний в частности, самки диплоидны, а самцы гаплоидны. В благоприятных условиях у дафний не происходит мейоза, и яйцеклетки остаются диплоидными. Они развиваются без оплодотворения и дают начало только самкам. В неблагоприятных условиях существования самки начинают откладывать гаплоидные яйца, из которых выводятся самцы. В результате полового процесса образуются диплоидные зиготы, вновь дающие начало самкам.

Прогенез
Прогенез — это гаметогенез на личиночной стадии. Он подразделяется на:
 неотения — временная задержка развития организма на личиночной стадии, с приобретением способности к половому размножению. Например, у некоторых видов амбистом,земноводных из семейства амбистомовых (Ambystomidae) отряда хвостатых (Caudata), образуется неотеническая личинка аксолотль из-за наследственно обусловленного недостатка гормона тиреоидина.
 педоморфоз -неотения с полной утратой способности к метаморфозу. Встречается у хвостатых земноводных из семейства протеи.
 педогенез — партеногенетическое размножение на личиночной стадии, часто оно происходит когда зародыш ещё находится в организме матери. Этот тип размножения характерен для некоторых членистоногих и паразитических плоских червей — трематод, использующих его для значительного увеличения числа потомков за короткий срок.

Чередование поколений

У многих водорослей, у всех высших растений, у части простейших и кишечнополостных в жизненном цикле происходит чередование поколений, размножающихся соответственно половым и бесполым путём — метагенезис. У некоторых червей и насекомых наблюдается гетерогония — чередование разных половых поколений, например, чередование раздельнополых поколений с гермафродитными, или с размножающимися партеногенетически.

Чередование поколений у растений
Гаметофит развивается из споры, имеет одинарный набор хромосом и имеет органы полового размножения — гаметангии. У разногаметных организмов мужские гаметангии, то есть производящие мужские гаметы, называются антеридиями, а женские — архегониями. Так как гаметофит, как и производимые им гаметы, имеет одинарный набор хромосом, то гаметы образуются простым митотическим делением.

При слиянии гамет образуется зигота, из которой развивается спорофит. Спорофит имеет двойной набор хромосом и несёт органы бесполого размножения — спорангии. У разноспоровых организмов из микроспор развиваются мужские гаметофиты, несущие исключительно антеридии, а из мегаспор — женские. Микроспоры развиваются в микроспорангиях, мегаспоры — в мегаспорангиях. При спорообразовании происходит мейотическая редукция генома, и в спорах восстанавливается одинарный набор хромосом, свойственный гаметофиту.

Эволюция размножения
Эволюция размножения шла, как правило, в направлении от бесполых форм к половым, от изогамии к анизогамии, от участия всех клеток в размножении к разделению клеток на соматические и половые, от наружного оплодотворения к внутреннему с внутриутробным развитием и заботой о потомстве.

Темп размножения, численность потомства, частота смены поколений наряду с другими факторами определяют скорость приспособления вида к условиям среды. Например, высокие темпы размножения и частая смена поколений позволяют насекомым в короткий срок вырабатывать устойчивость к ядохимикатам. В эволюции позвоночных — от рыб до теплокровных — наблюдается тенденция к уменьшению численности потомства и увеличению его выживаемости.

См. также

 Партеногенез
 Клонирование

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Общая биология
Размножение


text:
25 Years On, We Asked Lenovo About The ThinkPad
By Gizmodo Australia on at
The ThinkPad is 25 years old. The first ThinkPad may not have been the first laptop, but it was the first with a colour display. Along the way, there's been a swathe of pioneering innovations — the first CD and DVD, the first Wi-Fi, the first laptop into space.
I spoke to Lenovo's travelling evangelist, senior analyst and laptop guru Kevin Beck on the history and the future of the ThinkPad — including whether keyboards will be replaced by voice or touchscreen, and how the fundamental design of a laptop might change in the years to come.
Lenovo's ThinkPads have evolved in many ways since the mid-'90s, but they haven't changed all that much on the exterior. What would you say defines a ThinkPad visually?
"The ThinkPad is known the world-over for its black exterior and red TrackPoint, which fans love. It was originally inspired by the Japanese bento box and while the early ThinkPad's were heavy, bulky machines, today they have evolved into much lighter, slimmer models.
"The classic, iconic design of the ThinkPad is often recognised alongside the likes of design-icons such as Porsche and Levis – brands that have evolved with the times but stayed true to their design roots.
"Exterior appearances aside, what really defines the ThinkPad is its 25-year heritage of delivering innovation and efficiency for users everywhere. Everything about the ThinkPad has a purpose. It is simple and as visually clean and as elegant as possible. Ultimately it's a tool, not a toy."
How do you see the ThinkPad evolving in the next 25 years? Will traditional laptops -- screen, keyboard, trackpad, TrackPoint -- remain popular with mainstream or power users?
"The rate of change is always perceived to be accelerating but we need to combine what we think about the future with what has happened in the past 25 years. What we know is this; the screen, keyboard, trackpad and TrackPoint are not going anywhere fast.
"For the last 25 years, all of these features have remained key to the design and functionality of the ThinkPad, and we expect they will remain fundamental in years to come."
We've seen the rise of the tablet, and touchscreen keyboards getting better and better. Is there always going to be a place for a good old fashioned keyboard?
"It has remained the case for the last 25 years that the traditional keyboard has been the best way to take down thoughts and turn them into productive output.
"While keyboards might change -- they may be touchscreen, flexible or pop-up -- we still believe the keyboard feature will remain fundamental in laptop and tablet design for some time."
And here's some stats and facts, as well as a timeline, from Lenovo:
25 years of ThinkPad innovation
1992 – ThinkPad 700C may not have been the first laptop, but it was the first with a color TFT display
1993 – ThinkPad 750C is the first ThinkPad in space
1994 – ThinkPad 755CD, first laptop with integrated CD-ROM
1997 – ThinkPad 770, first laptop with integrated DVD-ROM
1999 – ThinkPad 570, first laptop with removable docking base
2000 – ThinkPad i1300, first laptop with built-in wireless
2000 – ThinkPad breaks 10 million sales barrier
2001 – ThinkPad becomes first with embedded security chip
2003 – ThinkPad T, first laptop with Active Protection System
2004 – ThinkPad becomes first laptop with fingerprint reader
2005 – Lenovo acquires IBM PC Division
2006 – ThinkPad X41, first laptop designed entirely under Lenovo's ownership
2008 – ThinkPad X300, thinnest and lights fully-functional 13 inch laptop, dubbed "Perfect Laptop" by Business Week
2009 – ThinkPad W700ds becomes first dual-screen mobile workstation
2011 – Lenovo launches its first ThinkPad Tablet
2012 – Lenovo unveils world's lightest 14 inch ultrabook, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon
2012 – ThinkPad is 20 Years Old
2014 – ThinkPad breaks 100 million sales barrier
2016 – ThinkPad X1 Yoga, first business laptop with OLED display
2017 – ThinkPad is 25
25 Facts About The ThinkPad
The original design inspiration, from Richard Sapper, for the ThinkPad was the Japanese bento box.
The name "ThinkPad" was inspired by pocket notepads, embossed with the motto "Think" on the front, once issued to all IBM employees
Red Trackpoint color is officially "Magenta" to bypass IBM "emergency power off" safety standards
Every ThinkPad model has an internal code name. The 700C was "Nectarine", the 701C was "Butterfly".
The formal name of the butterfly keyboard in the 701C is the "TrackWrite" keyboard.
You can see a ThinkPad 701C in the Museum of Modern Art.
The first disclosed ThinkPad was in fact the 700T tablet in April 1992, but was launched alongside the 700 and 700C in October of that year.
That original ThinkPad 700C had a 25Mhz processor. 2017 ThinkPad models have up to 2.8Ghz, 112 times faster in raw power with almost 7000 times the number of transistors.
In 1993, IBM produced the ThinkPad 555BJ with a built-in Bubble Jet printer.
IBM also introduced a 755CDV with which the back of the screen could be removed and the laptop placed on an overhead projector, for those who remember what an OHP is!
The rubber used for the original TrackPoint cap was a grade and type used in roller coaster wheels.
The rubber pads underneath ThinkPad laptops to stop it sliding around are based on cats paws.
Carbon fiber in the ThinkPad X1 Carbon is not the first. Some Carbon fiber composite was used in ThinkPad as far back as 1992.
In the late 1990's, IBM launched PowerPC versions running IBM AIX. These were the ThinkPad 800 series.
"Owl-wing fans" actually resulted from research of the quiet function of Japanese bullet trains. The fan shape is inspired by the shape of owl feathers.
ThinkPad is not actually the oldest laptop brand. Toshiba introduced the Dynabook in 1989. The brand still exists today in Japan. Texas Instruments introduced the Travelmate in 1990. Now owned by Acer, it is still in use today.
The first laptop in space was in fact the Grid Compass, but ThinkPad revolutionized the way astronauts works in space.
If you lined up the number of ThinkPads in the world, it would circle the Earth.
In 2017, Lenovo implemented a new low temperature soldering process. Started in ThinkPad manufacturing, the process will save up to 35% on annual carbon emissions.
The new ThinkPad X1 Carbon is 3.5 times thinner and 4 pounds lighter than the original 700C.
The ThinkPad logo is positioned asymmetrically by design. Dead-center is boring!
By 2014, ThinkPad had sold 100 million units. The 100 millionth was called Eve.
Most ThinkPad laptops pass Mil-Spec tests to ensure long-term durability.
Hardcore ThinkPad fan Atli Jarl Martin has the ThinkPad logo tattooed on his forearm.
ThinkPad will celebrate its 50th birthday on Sunday 5th October 2042.
Gizmodo Australia is gobbling up the news in a different timezone, so check them out if you need another Giz fix.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Stigmatizing the Unhealthy
Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Vol. 45, 2017
University of Georgia School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-33
9 Pages Posted: 20 Dec 2017 Last revised: 16 May 2018
See all articles by Jessica L. Roberts
Jessica L. Roberts
Elizabeth Weeks
Date Written: December 19, 2017
Stigma can lead to worse relative health and worse health outcomes. However, the perception of ill health itself can be stigmatizing. As part of a larger project comprehensively examining the increasing incidence of "healthism," we examine a host of examples of normatively wrong discrimination based on health status. One of our criteria for designating a particular form of health-status discrimination normatively wrong is whether it is stigmatizing. Related criteria include whether the classification is animus-driven and whether it has the tendency to punish individuals for private conduct. Although our criteria operate in conjunction, the presence of stigma may turn what otherwise would be a socially desirable, rational reason to treat an individual differently based on health status, including health-related conduct, into an instance of healthism.
In this paper, we would apply our healthism paradigm to two examples, in which stigma is particularly salient. In the United States, two particular groups perceived as being unhealthy — smokers and the obese — face well-documented stigma. One potential source of this stigma is the belief that those individuals are at fault for their smoking or their weight and therefore should bear the risks and the costs of those unhealthy decisions. Not surprisingly then, health policymakers have singled out smokers and the obese as acceptable targets of regulation. Consider the tobacco surcharge in health insurance or the dramatic public service announcements targeting childhood obesity. Yet while smokers and the obese face heightened stigma, whether these policies that result from that stigma actually improve health is uncertain. Given that certain historically disadvantaged individuals — mainly people of color, people with disabilities, and the poor — are more likely to use to tobacco and be overweight, health policies that target smoking and obesity may pose a disproportionate burden on those populations and in so doing exacerbate existing health disparities. Through discussion of these two examples, our paper would explore stigma against individuals perceived as unhealthy and the laws and policies that are enacted on the basis of such stigma. Viewing these examples through our healthism lens reveals that such enactments may worsen health disparities, rather than improving individual or population health.
Keywords: health law, healthism, health care, stigma, status, insurance, discrimination, illness, sickness, unhealthy, smoking, tobacco use, overweight, obesity, health equality, health justice
JEL Classification: K19, K23, K29, K32, I11, I13, I14, I18
Roberts, Jessica L. and Leonard, Elizabeth, Stigmatizing the Unhealthy (December 19, 2017). Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Vol. 45, 2017; University of Georgia School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-33. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3090647
University of Houston Law Center ( email )
Elizabeth Leonard (Contact Author)
University of Georgia School of Law ( email )
225 Herty Drive
HOME PAGE: http://www.law.uga.edu/profile/elizabeth-weeks-leonard


text:
Don't be so hard on your worst self.
We Have to Trust Our Punch: A Conversation with Kevin Young
By Ryan Krull
Early in his book, Bunk: The Rise of Hoaxes, Humbug, Plagiarists, Phonies, Post-Facts, and Fake News, which was longlisted for the National Book Award, Kevin Young chronicles the Great Moon Hoax of 1835. The perpetrator of the hoax, the New York newspaper The Sun, ran a series of six articles purporting to detail reports about a society of creatures, observed through an especially large telescope, living on the moon. The articles read like faux-high diction nonsense today, but the reaction at the time should be recognizable. There had recently been an explosion of 'penny papers' and every one of those outlets had to comment on the Sun's moon story. Some papers republished large portions of what had already appeared in The Sun. Other outlets published articles "confirming" what had been "reported." Even the writers and papers who understood the moon story to be nonsense focused more on analyzing how The Sun had duped the public, rather than exposing the story as fiction. It all served to aid the story's growth and its legitimacy.
One can imagine several of the above sentences being made into a Mad Lib of media illiteracy. Swap out the lunar society story with birtherism, Pizzagate, death panels. Swap out The Sun with Alex Jones, James O'Keefe, any one of the thousands of Twitter and YouTube accounts spreading bad information.
Though hoaxes have manifested in myriad ways throughout history, an overarching thesis of Young's book is that bunk has carried some consistent themes. In particular, hoaxes tend to take advantage of people's worst fears about others, in particular fears based along lines of race. The articles at the core of the Moon Hoax, for instance, portrayed a society on the moon that was hierarchical, with humanoid man bats (described as having features stereotypically African-American) on the bottom and lighter-skinned "Vale dwellers" in a place of superiority. Young writes that white readers in 1835 would have no doubt read about the subjugation of darker-skinned humanoids on the moon as an implicit endorsement of the status quo here on earth.
The Moon Hoax is one of dozens chronicled in Bunk. P.T. Barnum, Jayson Blair, James Frey, and Rachel Dolezal are also present and accounted for. Young, who last year became the Poetry Editor of The New Yorker, and I spoke in November.
The Rumpus: You started researching and thinking about this book a while ago, before "fake news" was in the lexicon. What interested you in writing a whole book about hoaxes and hucksterism?
Kevin Young: There are a lot of reasons. One, I think hoaxes are just endlessly fascinating. And two, I worked with someone who ended up being a hoaxer when I was in college. That was really strange, and so I had this sort of personal take on it. Also, when I would read about hoaxes, what they were really about often seemed to be misunderstood. There's this kind of received wisdom that hoaxes were somehow about the blurry line between truth and fiction, which never seemed true to me. The more I read, the more it seemed actually dangerously untrue, and that hoaxes themselves were dangerously untrue, and that often they were about these big, huge social divisions that appear, especially in American life.
I wanted to understand if there was something especially American about the hoax. I also wanted to know if hoaxes are worse now than ever. They seem to be.
Rumpus: With the moon hoax, I got the sense there was at least a type of consensus; everyone was talking about it. There was the equivalent of water cooler conversation happening about it. Today, if you lined up ten different people, they're being duped in ten different ways. Is that anything you've thought about?
Young: I think that it is true that our journalism has changed, but one of the things that has changed it is the mood that has also changed the hoax. The hoax used to be kind of honorific, and it was often honoring someone, and establishing an American history that didn't really exist, or making a kind of connection to famous figures that wasn't there, whether it was Abraham Lincoln or some other figure. But I think now the hoax is much more horrific and invested in tragedy, and you see that with something like Pizzagate, where it's really targeted to a specific audience.
That said, I think the hoax is always targeted. It has this wish to be known, but also to be contagious and get more and more known as it goes on. Sometimes hoaxes even start smaller scale and then end up being national or international. So I'm not sure if I think hoaxes are more fractured. I think that's their MO, though, is that they're about fracture. They're about partisanship, and I think they always were.
Rumpus: I love the way you talk about the relationship between the hoaxer and the person who's being duped. Like the people Bernie Madoff swindled, the ones who were financial experts, knew on some level he wasn't legit. It's pretty clear that oftentimes, there's a part of people that is subconsciously willing to go along with the hoax.
Young: There's a con artist tradition that absolutely relies on greed or something like that, and I think the hoax is related to that in some way. But I also think there's a special kind of, let's call it collaboration, that goes on between the audience and the hoaxer. I'm really interested in what the hoaxer discovers that we believe or that we wish was true. Often, a successful hoax—and all hoaxes are successful to a point, and then they aren't—is preying on that.
Sometimes audience members have good intentions or they trust something in the person that isn't simply them wanting to get ahead or something like that. The troubling part, for me, is that sometimes it seems like what is believed is the worst fears about each other; hoaxers make it seem like things are as bad as we fear they are, and they often, especially now, play on our fears rather than our wishes.
Rumpus: If you were God for the day, what would you like to see done to combat some of the most pernicious effects of the bad information and hoaxes?
Young: I think there's the short-term solution and then there's the long-term solution. I mean, long-term we have to really think about learning how to read and think critically about the media and about sources. Because I think some of this has to do with that—certainly the sort of fake news part. We need to learn how to think critically about not just what information we get, but where we get that information.
But in the short-term, we have to trust our punch. It's important to remember that many journalism hoaxes, for instance, were discovered by journalists, and many Internet hoaxes were discovered by the Internet. At the same time, the Internet has become a place that, even since I was writing the book, has become far more nefarious in its hoaxing, and it's really hard to know how to better combat fake ads or targeted information. As you mentioned earlier, people see different things online, different bubbles. But I guess I would argue that we always saw different things. There was always this factioned quality to hoaxes, and hoaxes took advantage of that.
Rumpus: A lot of this gets at ideas of objectivity in news. But what a lot of people don't consider is that pretty people have always been interested in knowing what's going on in the world, but the idea of objectivity is relatively new. Brooke Gladstone, for instance, talks about objectivity being tied closely to the dawn of television news, when there were only three channels and objectivity became a business model designed to cast as wide a net as possible.
Young: I think of objectivity coming about more at the end of the 19th century in print journalism as a value, but certainly it is a recent addition to our notion of journalism. I think the difference that has happened is there is a narrowing of print options and an explosion of online sources. It's not unlike how, in P.T. Barnum's day, people would read the penny papers, of which there were many, and they would read the ones that they wanted to read. So in a weird way I think we are back in that era, in terms of the vast numbers of sources for information.
The penny press was very much like the Internet. It was pretty cheap, and it suggested itself as this kind of brave new frontier, that you were getting the raw news. But it had some of the same problems that any other press had; at the same time, it offered up some solutions. There is something at least honest about the idea that there are many different points of view.
I should say that I think it's more important to cultivate accuracy rather than objectivity. Because objectivity ends up having this quality of [demanding] we listen to everyone's opinion. Like, let's discuss slavery in a kind of pro or con way, or let's talk about vaccines as if maybe they do or don't work. This idea of, you know, let's 50/50 everything has damaged our ability to battle bad arguments and say things like "the earth is round."
Rumpus: With the penny papers, you write that the readers didn't even necessarily believe what they were reading, or that they didn't expect what they read was going to be true. Do you see a return to that as well, in terms of what we read online?
Young: First of all, I think we believe we have more outlets now, but I'm not sure that's true. I mean, I think there's more information coming at us faster. That's how people have been able to manipulate the media cycle, because by the time something is verified as untrue, they're on to the next thing. So, I do think that that speed of information has changed. That said, there was often a kind of savviness to readers in the 19th century who weighed the evidence. It's not so much that I think the penny press papers were disbelieved, as that people would look and see for themselves, and there was this kind of democratic notion that everyone could be an expert. That's what someone like Barnum manipulated and made popular.
Today, there's this notion that no one is an expert, and some of that resides with this kind of disregard you see for science or any kind of expertise in a field. The place I see more people entertaining that similar thing that Barnum exploited is reality TV. We watch it, but I don't think many people think that's 100% exactly reality. The audience knows it's mediated. They know that The Bachelor, a show I enjoy, is constructed and artificial in many, many ways, but there's still the belief that maybe they could find love one day.
I came to realize that that's probably the best parallel to that previous way of reading, which is it wasn't so much that people didn't believe the moon hoax, or only believed it. It was in the middle. People were invested in it in a different way, and you see the same thing with a show like a reality show.
Rumpus: In all your thinking and research, is there anything you have found that seems to work, insofar as getting people, especially students and younger folks, to be savvier consumers of information? In addition to buying your book, of course.
Young: It's one of the reasons I wrote the book—not necessarily to explore the solutions, though I think there's some there, but to expose the problem. I wanted to talk about the hoax's longstanding qualities in American life, but also to have us think critically not just about how hoaxes happen. I think, in this way, we're all students. We're all learning and figuring it out, but we often are stuck in asking how it happened, rather than why it happened. What's the cause and the purpose?
I realized the hoax and race in our modern sense both came about at the same time. I came to understand that not as accident, and I became able to think about what we choose to believe about each other that is patently untrue, and how can we strive for a better understanding. I don't have all the solutions for it, but I do think someone needs to recognize we do have this problem, that we do need to fix it.
Author photograph © Melanie Dunea.
Ryan Krull teaches in the department of Communication and Media at the University of Missouri–St. Louis and is the Interviews Editor for Boulevard magazine. More from this author →
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Filed Under: Books, Media, Politics, Rumpus Original
Rumpus Original Fiction: Sabbath
Voices on Addiction: Advice
Next Letter for Kids: Cory Leonardo
Call for Submissions: On Monsters
The Thread: Art Monsters


For over 30 years, Magna International Inc. has been hosting free concerts for thousands of York Region seniors. Each attendee enjoys a musical performance, is provided with delicious treats, and receives a holiday gift to take home with them. All attendees are asked to bring a contribution to the Neighbourhood Network Holiday Gift Drive if they are able.
Registration for the 2019 Magna Seniors Christmas Concerts will take place after Thanksgiving (October 14th, 2019). Please check back then for more information on how to register yourself or a group of seniors for this event.


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Poco F2 Live Images Surfaced Online; Snapdragon 765 and 5,000 mAh Battery!
AirPods Pro users report poor noise cancellation after software updates
Galaxy S20 Ultra image envisions world's best 5G phone
Huawei Forced To Take On Tom Tom Maps After Google App Ban
Rockstar and UKIE respond to Taxwatch UK's £37.6 million tax relief report
Gamer Hijacks Airport Screen To Play PS4 Game 'Apex Legends'
Offers and deals on mobile phones in detailed
Huawei Announces Global EMUI 10 Update Schedule
Global device shipments will grow 0.9pc
It's Tax Time Again, Is Your 2019 Tax Return Ready?
Tiktok owner wants to enter the gaming market
Nvidia GeForce driver 390.65 WHQL security update
A year ago at CES 2017, Nvidia introduced a game streaming subscription service with the ability to turn any computer, no matter how poorly spec'ed, into a be...
AMD Introduces New Processors at CES
That remains to be seen (and tested), of course, but if the reality lives up to AMD's own estimates, pretty good. Today's announcement fleshes out the lower...
Amazon Alexa heading to Windows 10 devices starting Q1, 2018
Earlier today, we reported that Amazon is bringing its Alexa to PCs through partnerships with various Windows OEMs including Lenovo , HP, Acer and Asus. HP p...
Android Pay, Google Wallet, merge into single brand: Google Pay
The company announced today that Android Pay, Google Wallet, and the payments auto-fill stuff in Chrome are all part of a new app called G Pay. In its blog ...
LG 4K UHD Home Projector Delivers Ultra-Sharp Video
The LG 4K UHD HU80KA Projector has been designed with a mirrorless L-shaped engine to enable the projector to be mounted on the wall or hung from the ceiling....
Sony Xperia XA2, Xperia XA2 Ultra selfie smartphones launched at CES 2018
Sony is also changing how it does fingerprint sensors: instead of building the sensor into the phone's power button on the side, these phones all place them on ...
Burnout Paradise HD rumoured for March
Gematsu believes that the existence of the Xbox One listing suggests that " Burnout Paradise HD Remaster " will be released in both the Sony and Microsoft pl...
Saints defeat the Panthers 31-26, advance to NFC divisional round
Newton missed a play, the Panthers punted, and then Newton returned on the team's next possession. "That's something we that we have not done a good job of th...
Apple warns iPhones, iPads and Mac computers hit by Intel flaw
Spectre is an exploit that breaks the isolation between different applications on chips from Intel, AMD and ARM, and potentially allows hackers to "trick" erro...
Acer Unveils New Android App-Ready Chromebook 11 - CES 2018
The Chromebook 11 G6 comes with an 11.6-inch display with a resolution of 1366×768 pixels. These new Acer Chromebooks will fully support Google Play at la...
Mark Zuckerberg's goal for 2018 is 'fixing' Facebook
Previous year was a doozy for Facebook. But while Zuckerberg was donning hard hats and riding tractors, an increasing number of critics both inside and outsid...
Billion Messages Were Sent On WhatsApp On New Year's Eve
Instagram is trialling a new sharing feature that will let you export your Stories to WhatsApp in Brazil, with a worldwide expansion rumoured to take place...
Switch is the Fastest Selling Console in US History
Now, as 2018 kicks into gear, the general sentiment seems to be that Nintendo used up all their big guns for that opening salvo, leaving very little to satiate ...
5 dead, 2 missing after avalanche hits JK's Kupwara
Official sources told that the avalanche hit an area near Sadhna Top in Kupwara. Chances of survival of any of the nine missing people, who were swept into a ...
Manafort Sues Robert Mueller, DOJ, Calling Inquiry 'Overly Broad'
Manafort is completely unmoored from the special counsel's original jurisdiction to investigate 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government ...
Protesters call on Twitter to ban Trump
The statement did not mention Mr Trump by name but follows his spat with the North Korean leader Kim Jong Un over the ability of the hermit state to launch a ...
Tag: Samsung Galaxy Tab A 7.0
The device can be bought in two colour variants - White and Black. The Samsung Galaxy On5 Pro was launched in the 2016 year with Samsung Galaxy On7 Pro in I...
This Android malware mimics Uber to steal your login and password
However, any data entered will actually be sent off to a remote server under the control of the malware's developers. The researchers are now asking Androi...
Another Monster Hunter World Beta Coming To PS4 On January 19
The popular Teostra and Kushala Daora are confirmed joining the game's monster roster along with more brand-new monsters. "There are plans for post-launch s...
Upcoming Battle Royale Mode "Battlegrounds" Revealed for Paladins
As pointed out by EuroGamer , Paladins has card battling gameplay from 2015 games and hero shooter mechanics from 2016 titles. Players will also have the o...
App Store 2017 Sales Set New Year's Day Record of $300 Million
The week after Christmas is a lazy one, but the App Store was working overtime. Apple's payout to developers was 30% more than previous year. Other popular ap...
Mad Catz Is Back in Business
The video game accessories maker will showcase its new products, including the Rat Air wireless mouse, at CES 2018. After speaking to long-time company spok...
Leaked renders of Sony Xperia L2 shows color options
It'll also have a 7MP front-facing camera. Each of these handsets is expected to be unveiled soon, but there is some uncertainty whether Sony will showcase ...
Echo Surpasses Amazon Prime in Building Customer Loyalty
Amazon , on the other hand, is amping up its presence at the giant tech expo in Las Vegas that kicks off next week. "The move by Amazon, which right now does ...
Nokia 7 to be reportedly launched in India this month
The device comes in two variants - one with 32GB storage priced at 1499 yuan and the other with 64GB storage priced at 1699 yuan. Nokia has planned to ...
Renowned case maker leaks the Samsung Galaxy S9 design
But from the look of things, there are a good number of similarities with what has leaked before. One Plus 5 and 5T are already available in Pakistani market ...
UK.gov moots tax for 'uncooperative' tech firms over terror content
Tech companies are making it too easy for those who carry out terror attacks through refusing to eliminated extremist material and guides for making bombs, said...
Mentally ill ex-Army officer bludgeons six to death
The accused is an ex-serviceman, police added. Police said Naresh was working in Indian Army as Lieutenant in 2003, but took voluntary retirement on medical...
Apple's battery replacement service for older phones available in India
In a statement , Apple said, "We expected to need more time to be ready, but we are happy to offer our customers the lower pricing right away". Apple's price...
Google Pixel XL available on Amazon at Rs. 36000 discount
When will Camera NX become available? Motion Photos, Face Retouching, Zero Shutter Lag (ZSL) with HDR+, 60 FPS video recording at high resolutions Stranger ...
Apple offers cheaper iPhone battery replacement after slowdown controversy
Those with phones under warranty or who have Applecare will be able to have batteries replaced for free. And because the biggest changes to Apple's iOS usuall...
Muslim women to thank PM Modi for triple talaq bill
The opposition parties have already met to decide their course of action on the bill. Senior officials who did not want to be quoted told ET that during inter...
Apple apologizes for slowing down older iPhone batteries
Rory Van Loo, a Boston University professor, told Reuters that a case for misrepresentation or fraud might be filed since Apple chose to hide the information...
Samsung responds to recently-uncovered Galaxy Note8 battery problem
Samsung has officially acknowledged the issue; however, the Korean manufacturer says it'll make any further comments if the issue affects a larger user base. Pr...
Apple Offers $29 Battery Replacements Following 'Batterygate' Scandal
At the same time, the company also said that it was reducing the price of battery replacement for older iPhones in the USA to $29. A 17-YEAR-old schoolboy h...
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New footage of the PlayStation 5 exclusive 'Godfall' leaks
Half-Life series is free-to-play until Half-Life: Alyx releases
Amazon boss Jeff Bezos's phone was reportedly hacked by Saudi crown prince
Jose Altuve Confident Astros Will 'Be In World Series' Again
Joe Biden: Silicon Valley game developers are 'little creeps'
OnePlus 8 Pro's hands-on images confirm key specifications
Valve kills Left 4 Dead 3 development rumors once and for all
Qualcomm Snapdragon 460, 662 and 720G SoCs announced
Instagram Stops Featuring the IGTV Homepage Button
Samsung Plans to Set Up a Display Factory in India


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Древо — ансамбль села Крячківка Пирятинського району Полтавської області, відомий далеко за межами України своїм унікальним багатоголоссям.

Історія ансамблю

Уперше зібрався 1958 року. У 1970-х роках визначним українським музикознавцем-фольклористом Володимиром Матвієнком під час однієї з фольклорних експедицій був записаний на магнітну стрічку. Ці фонограми зробили ансамбль відомим спочатку в колах музикантів-фольклористів України та СРСР, а згодом, особливо після участі записів гурту в Першому всеукраїнському радіоконкурсі «Золоті ключі» (Українське радіо, 1980—1981 роки), також широкому загалові слухачів.

У репертуарі «Древа» — старовинні (XVIII–XIX століть) пісні Полтавщини (одна з яких — «Ой, у полі древо» — згодом дала назву гуртові), а також пісні, складені чи доповнені самими учасниками ансамблю. До останніх належить пісня «Соловею-канарею», колись почута по радіо найстаршою учасницею гурту — Галиною Попко. Пісня дуже сподобалась їй, і, не маючи змоги знайти оригінальний текст, Ганна Якимівна доповнила її своїми словами, а також розклала для «Древа» на три голоси.

Нині виступає вже третій склад гурту. Зокрема, в ансамблі співає американець Юрко Фединський, який у 2009 році переїхав у село зі США.

Цікаві факти

 Українські народні пісні «Ой, там на горі», та «Ой, мамо, люблю Гриця», що звучать у мультфільмі «Жив був Пес», виконані саме ансамблем «Древо».

Фільмографія
 2021 – «Древо. Любов» (документальна стрічка за участі гурту «Курбаси», режисер – Юрій Йосифович)

Галерея
Виступ на етносвяті «Свіччине весілля»

Посилання

 Офіційний сайт

Українські фольклорні колективи
Вокальна музика
Музичні колективи Полтавської області

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Reception had a fantastic trip to Skipton Castle.
The children had a fantastic sparkly day on decoration day. The children decorated stockings, stars and Christmas trees. The children had a great time playing in the workshop and making Christmas cards. We all had lots of fun dancing to our favourite Christmas songs.
The children have settled in extremely well and they have loved exploring their new classroom. It has been so lovely getting to know all the children and finding out more about them.
We have been learning about 'People Who Help Us' so we decided to visit Irlam Fire Station. The children were very excited to meet the crew. We had the opportunity to sit in the fire engine, use the fire hose and even see a car being cut open using special equipment. The children were able to find out more about what fire fighters do and they got to ask lots of great questions.


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Similar to everything else, in current trend of limitless choice, there seem to be endless alternative in regards to choosing wall accents stickers. You may think you know accurately what you would like, but when you enter a store or even explore photos on the internet, the designs, patterns, and customization choices may become too much to handle. Save the time, budget, also effort and take advantage of these methods to get a ideal notion of what you want and what you need before you start the hunt and consider the appropriate designs and pick good decoration, below are a few methods and concepts on selecting the most appropriate wall accents stickers.
The look should impact to the selection of wall art. Is it modern, minimalist, or classic? Contemporary and modern decor has sleek/clean lines and often combine with white color and different basic colors. Classic furniture is elegant, it may be a bit conventional with colors that vary from neutral to variety shades of green and different colors. When it comes to the decorations and patterns of wall accents stickers should also useful and practical. Furthermore, go together with your individual model and that which you prefer as an personalized. All of the pieces of wall art must match one another and also be in line with your whole furniture. In cases you have a home design appearance, the wall accents stickers that you modified must squeeze into that appearance.
Wall accents stickers is precious in your house and presents a lot about you, your own decor should be reflected in the furniture piece and wall art that you purchase. Whether your tastes are modern or classic, there are numerous updated choices on the store. Do not purchase wall art and furniture you don't like, no matter what others recommend. Remember, it's your home so ensure that you love with furniture, decoration and nuance.
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Intetics President and CEO Boris Kontsevoi visited the Avasant's flagship annual Empowering Beyond 2018 Summit featuring C-level speakers. Over 250 senior executives from major technology providers IBM, Capgemini, Cognizant, Amazon Web Services, HCL, Accenture, Infosys, Tech Mahindra, and Unisys.
The Empowering Beyond Summit is designed to inspire and stimulate the peer-based dialogue between providers, partners, and technology vendors who are looking to co-create business value for their clients. The industry leaders regard it as a must-attend event for business executives. It gives the unique opportunity to hear and interact with visionary speakers and industry executives.
The theme of 2018 event was "Innovation Reborn: The Power of Digital to Drive Business Outcomes". The speakers delivered presentation covering the role of digital services, automation, artificial intelligence, technology and discussed the success stories of digital transformation.
The event opened with the gala reception on April 9th held jointly with Golf For Impact, annual charity fundraiser hosted by Avasant Foundation at the Lakeside Golf Club. Ashwin Rangan, CIO of ICANN gave an inspirational keynote touching upon the "internet of everything" and creation of the enterprise if the future.
The thought-provoking tone of the second day of the event was set by the Avasant Global CEO, Kevin Parikh who presented the opening keynote on "Innovation Reborn: The Power of Digital".
The event key speakers like shared Hyperloop CEO, Dirk Ahlborn, and Plan International CIO, Jon Winder the ideas on digital innovation and building business models and governance mechanisms to enhance customer value.
Panel discussions included CXOs including Michelle Mosolgo of Merck & Co., Michele Steele of One America, and Kal Patel of Flextronics, discussing the topic, "The Digital Playbook: How to Survive, Thrive and Out-Compete". Another panel focused on "From RPA to AI: The Road to Intelligent Automation" and was moderated by Anupam Govil, Partner at Avasant and Chair of Avasant's Empowering Beyond Summit.
"Attending the Avasant's Empowering Beyond Summit was an incredibly inspiring and educational experience. The Summit gave a wonderful opportunity to network with professionals and hear amazing stories from many thought leaders and industry experts as Kevin Parikh, Dirk Ahlborn, Jon Winder and many others who shared their experiences in blending innovation with operational excellence. I can frankly say that it was a total futurism of digital technologies, yet, with a combination of already implemented great applications. And a cherry on the cake was an exclusive opportunity to explore the Warner Brothers Studios!" says Boris Kontsevoi.
The two noteworthy keynotes by Jeanne Holm, CTO of the City of Los Angeles and Dirk Ahlborn discussed the advent of Smart Cities and building the future transportation.
The guests of the event had an exclusive opportunity to explore the Warner Bros. Studios and see the innovative digital solutions brought to life on and off screen.
Big data is here – what can you actually do with it?


My saving grace in life, on more than one occasion, has been the Apple feature that allows you to save passwords to your keychain, but TBH, I feel like even that is probably not the most secure way to store important passwords. For real, though, why do so many of us either keep the exact same password we've had since, like, 2007, or just reset the password every single time we log in to an account? If you're wondering why you always forget your password, take some comfort in the fact that there may be a legit, scientific reason for it.
According to a new study, which was carried out by researchers from Rutgers University and Aalto University in Finland, your brain adapts to better remember a password by estimating how often you'll have to use it. Here's how the study was done: Researchers recruited 100 participants between the ages of 18 and 62, most of whom were college students, the study authors wrote in their paper. In the span of about eight days, each participant was asked to create passwords for eight different online accounts, and to log in to these accounts with varying frequencies to complete a series of tasks. The tasks were to be completed over the course of one month, meaning the participants had to keep logging back in to these accounts throughout that time.
By the end of the study, the results of which were formally published in August at the 27th USENIX Security Symposium in Maryland, the researchers were able to create a theoretical model to explain how and why you forget certain passwords, and why you remember others. Based on that model, the study authors wrote in their paper, "The more important a password is to the user, and the more it is likely to be used in the future, the higher the chances of recalling it." In other words, if you're creating a password for a seven-day free trial of something you'll be sure to cancel before that week is up, your brain probably won't put in the effort to store it away for future use. On the other hand, if you've just changed the password to log in to your computer, your mind recognizes the importance of locking that password down and is more likely to be able to remember it again later.
"Our model could be used to predict the memorability of passwords, measure whether people remember them and prompt password system designers to provide incentives for people to log in regularly," Janne Lindqvist, a study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rutgers University's School of Engineering, said in a statement. So keep an eye out for further developments on this scientific model, if you want to save time resetting all of your passwords for the millionth time.
In the meantime, if you need some helpful hacks to boost your memory so you never forget a password again, Dr. Mike Roussell, co-founder of Neuro Coffee, recommends adding high-intensity interval training (HIIT) workouts to your fitness routine. In a recent interview with Elite Daily, Roussell explained that HIIT workouts, when done regularly, can help to boost the production of a key neuro-protein in the brain, and as a result, this can sharpen your memory and ensure your passwords don't evaporate from your brain.
If HIIT workouts aren't really your thing, The Washington Post says it's definitely a good idea to write your passwords down when they just won't stick in your brain. The key is to physically write the passwords on a piece of paper that you can put away somewhere safe, the publication explains. Saving them in a Word document titled "Passwords," on the other hand, is not a great idea, according to the outlet. But, if you know there's absolutely no way you'll be able to keep track of a random piece of paper, no matter how important the information on it is, maybe shift your focus to creating a password that's hard to forget in the first place.
Another method for creating super secure, yet still memorable passwords, according to PCMag.com, is to base them off of something lyrical, like a quote. For example, the outlet explains, say you love Oscar Wilde's quote, "Be yourself; everyone else is already taken." You could shorten the sentence to the first letters of each word, keeping the punctuation for even more password security, and end up with "By;eeiat.-OW." Now that is an uncrackable password — come at me, hackers.


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Patients struggle with two-dose vaccines
Todd Shryock
Reminders for the second dose needed in most cases, and patients don't like the message to come through patient portals.
Two-dose COVID-19 vaccines are rolling out across the country, but a survey of 1,000 American consumers by health technology company DrFirst reveals that patients often miss the critical second booster shot for other multi-dose vaccines.
The reason? Sixty percent of patients said they just forgot.
If the same pattern holds true for the COVID vaccines, these gaps could diminish their effectiveness in protecting people and curtailing the pandemic, according to the vaccine manufacturers and public health experts.
"It's critical that people get all required doses of multi-dose vaccines, or they won't work at full effectiveness. I can't overstate how important this is right now to help bring an end to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic," said Colin Banas, M.D., chief medical officer for DrFirst, in a statement. "We already know this can be an issue with the two-dose shingles vaccine because only 75% of people come back for the second shot. Healthcare providers need to understand how easy it is for people to miss these follow-up shots and what kind of reminders work best for patients, especially since so many patients say patient portals aren't the answer."
Nearly half of survey respondents (43%) reported that they had received a vaccine requiring multiple doses, including for COVID, HPV, shingles, and childhood illnesses. Yet 13% said that they did not get the second dose or aren't sure if they did so.
Differences among age groups are evident. The youngest adults aged 18-24 were most likely to say they did not receive all required doses (18%). The oldest adults aged 65 and over were least likely to say they missed the second dose (4%) but most likely to be unsure if they did (8%).
While respondents stated numerous reasons for missing the second vaccine dose, well over half of them (60%) gave reasons that could fit within an overall "forgetfulness" category:
● Just plain forgot (21%)
● Did not receive a reminder from their provider (18%)
● Didn't realize they needed additional vaccine doses (14%)
● Missed the appointment (10%)
Other reasons included:
● Told by family, friends or social media that a follow-up dose wasn't needed (8%)
● Decided to only get the first dose (10%)
● Bothersome side effects (5%)
● Other unspecified reasons (18%)
The survey also looked at how patients would like to be reminded about a second dose—something physicians should keep in mind when trying to make sure their patients get fully vaccinated. According to the survey, text message reminders would make it most likely for people to get their vaccines (40%), whether it's a single- or multi-dose regimen. For second doses, patients preferred both phone calls (32%) and text messages (24%) to remind them to get the subsequent dose. Fewer than 8% preferred receiving notifications through a patient portal.


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Soap Opera News
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers: Hope Cautious But Interested – The New Thomas Is A Very Attractive Man
SpoilersThe Bold and The Beautiful
By Sean O'Brien	 Last updated Oct 14, 2020
CBS The Bold And The Beautiful spoilers document that Thomas Forrester (Matthew Atkinson) has proclaimed himself better. Riding what he feels is the fast track to recovery and redemption, Thomas advised Hope Spencer (Annika Noelle), Zoe Buckingham (Kiara Barnes), and Zende Forrester Dominguez (Delon de Metz) that he wanted back in the family and to return to the family's business.
But one pronouncement didn't move the needle for Hope. She'd actually anticipated Thomas' move by telling Zende that she wanted him to be Hope For The Future's new designer just moments before Thomas entered FC's main office.
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers: Steffy And Finn Grow Too Close For Some People's Comfort
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers – Very Recent History Isn't Wiped
It's not as though Thomas didn't get along with Hope and Zoe many years ago when they were all children. Instead, Thomas wronged both ladies earlier this year, just before the production shutdown.
Hope has cautiously acknowledged that all has been going well in co-parenting Douglas Forrester (Henry Samiri). But her demeanor during those statements has always been guarded, as her experience with the Beth Spencer (Madeline Valdez and River Davidson) baby steal and conceal, along with the manipulation that took place during the lead-in to the planned Thoe wedding was similarly rough.
As for Zoe, she was humiliated at the ceremony where Thomas was expected to become her husband. That won't ever be forgotten and hasn't been fully forgiven either.
B&B Spoilers – Zende Forrester Dominguez Is A Threat
Thomas recognizes that his cousin is a true threat. He'd heard that marital issues were in play in Paris, France, and wondered how that might impact life in Los Angeles, California. Well, it already has.
Hope is someone Thomas still cares about, though it appears as though he's broken his obsession with her. Zoe was someone he liked but never loved. Both ladies have Thomas' number, but so does Zende.
The recast character that de Metz now plays told Thomas, in front of Hope and Zoe, that he was aware of the terrible things he'd done. That put Thomas on notice that he would also be viewing him with a cautious eye and implied that Zende would be looking out for those who'd been negatively affected.
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers – Hope Spencer Trying To Strike A Balance
Accepting Thomas' offer to become Douglas' adoptive mother was right. But Hope knew then and knows now that the link to Thomas through that child means that regular interaction will persist.
The Bold and The Beautiful Leak: Network Is Urging B&B Showrunners To Light A Fire Under CBS Show #bb #BoldandBeautiful https://t.co/oeUUqV5hIi
— SOS/CTS/HH (@SoapOperaSpy) October 13, 2020
Hope has demonstrated on a number of occasions that she can handle Thomas. She has influence with him that only his parents, Steffy Forrester (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), and his son can rival. That, along with her wisdom, should be enough to keep Thomas at bay. But his ability to go off the rails could always override Hope's plans for the fashion division's future and disrupt her personal life.
HH is a leading source for everything linked to The Bold and the Beautiful. Check back regularly for B&B spoilers and news!
Sean O'Brien
After earning a BA in Communications, Sean began his professional career in the Scranton-Wilkes/Barre Red Barons' front office (the Philadelphia Phillies former Triple-A affiliate). He later worked as a print sports writer. During this millennium – Sean became a state licensed school teacher, the author of the children's book Maddie: Teaching Tolerance with a Smile, and a credentialed sports columnist. He's also been a longtime soap opera loyalist.
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers: Zoe Panics And Tells Carter 'Marry Me Now', But…
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers: Steffy Requests A Paternity Test, But What…
The Bold And The Beautiful Spoilers: Liam And Hope Or Steffy And Finn – Which…
The Bold and The Beautiful Spoilers: Summer Tries To Find Out The Truth About Sally…


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Oil & Gas / Middle East / Offshore
Energean takes FID on Karish North, signs new loan
Energean has taken final investment decision (FID) on its Karish North gas development, offshore Israel.
The Energean Power hull
The company forecast the development would start in the second half of 2023. Energean has also announced the signing of a $700 million loan, of which $150mn will go on Karish North.
The company discovered Karish North 21 months ago. The find will be tied back to the Energean Power floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, which is 5.4 km away.
DeGolyer and MacNaughton provided a report in November 2020 giving 2P reserves at Karish North of 32 billion cubic metres of gas and 34 million barrels of liquids. The first well should produce around 3 bcm per year.
The main Karish development is due to begin producing in the fourth quarter of 2021. Subsea and onshore work is due to be completed in the second quarter, while the FPSO should leave Singapore in the third quarter.
Adding Karish North to the FPSO will mean that potential flow is more than the vessel's 8 bcm per year capacity, improving project reliability.
Energean also announced the signing of an 18-month, $700 million loan with JP Morgan and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding. This cash will go to developing the Karish North plan and funding the acquisition of a stake in its Israeli subsidiary.
The loan is priced at 5.75%, with 0.25% increases every three months, taking it to a maximum of 7%. The company signed the loan on January 13. At the same time, it reached a deal with lenders for its existing project finance facility. This agreement extends the maturity of the project finance by nine months, to September 2022.
Energean will also use cash from the loan to install a second oil train and second riser on the FPSO. This will bring its liquids handling capacity to 40,000 barrels per day, from 21,000 bpd. It also increases the gas-handling capacity to 8 bcm per year, from 6.5 bcm per year. This equipment will be operational in 2022.
The company also noted its exploration and appraisal drilling programme in Israel in early 2022, which may include five wells.
Energean said the loan and existing facility would allow it to optimise its long-term capital structure.
"I am delighted that we have taken [FID] on Karish North, proving the value of the Energean Power FPSO as a quick and low-cost commercialisation route for our assets in Israel. We are also increasing the liquid processing capacity of our FPSO to process the additional volumes we discovered for minimal incremental cost," said company CEO Mathios Rigas.
Commenting on the proposed changes on the capital structure, Rigas said this would "ensure that we maximise total shareholder returns whilst implementing our growth ambitions in Israel and the East Med". Energean is "on track to achieve our goal of delivering meaningful free cash flows that will support the payment of a sustainable dividend whilst also moving towards our stated target to achieve net zero emissions".
On December 30, Energean said it would buy a 30% stake in Energean Israel from Kerogen Capital. It will pay an up-front sum of $175mn with another $155-180mn at a later date, after Karish has started producing. Energean will also provide convertible loan notes of $50mn.
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Energean
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TPAO spuds follow-up Black Sea well


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Hotel Renovations
Hotel Renovations - north-america Page 1 of 34
Silver Legacy Resort Casino
THE ROW Reno's luxury Caesars Entertainment property, Silver Legacy Resort Casino, is in the process of undergoing a more than $47 million renovation to its resort rooms and suites, projected to be completed by summer 2021.
Renovation1199 RoomsReno, Nevada, United States15 January
Embassy Suites by Hilton San Francisco Airport
Kicking off 2021, Embassy Suites by Hilton San Francisco Airport is reopening its doors on January 11, 2021 with a fresh new look after a multi-million dollar hotel transformation. Located less than a mile from San Francisco Bay Trail in the cradle of the Biopharmaceutical area, the hotel is placing the finishing touches on a complete makeover of the hotel's public space, restaurant and 316 two-room guests suites.
Renovation316 RoomsSouth San Francisco, California, United StatesEmbassy Suites by Hilton14 January
The Ritz-Carlton Orlando, Grande Lakes
The Ritz-Carlton Orlando, Grande Lakes is thrilled to announce its highly anticipated, newly renovated guest rooms, luxury pool and Club Lounge. The $30 million renovation features cohesive, layered, and refined accommodations, a new luxury pool and cabanas and updated Club Lounge.
Renovation582 RoomsOrlando, Florida, United StatesJW MarriottRitz-Carlton12 January
Crowne Plaza Toronto Airport
Owned by Manga Hotels, the newly renovated Crowne Plaza Toronto Airport, an IHG hotel, debuts a fresh start.
Renovation528 RoomsToronto, Ontario, CanadaCrowne Plaza12 January
Grand Hotel Sunnyvale
The Grand Hotel Sunnyvale, Silicon Valley's #1 boutique hotel on TripAdvisor, announces its upcoming $25 million dollar annex will be completed June 1, 2021. A 60,000 sq. ft. addition will span 4 floors with 51 new rooms, two state-of-the-art meeting spaces, and a new gym.
Renovation51 RoomsSunnyvale, California, United States 6 January
The Marker Key West
The Marker Key West Harbor Resort is proud to unveil a $3 million renovation of the modern, waterfront property, including its new Residence One & Two Bedroom Suites with spacious open-air balconies, located in the intimate and private residence, Harbor House, a secluded tropical escape of suites located on the ground floor and second floor, tucked away inside the Old Town resort along the sparkling Key West Harbor.
Renovation96 RoomsKey West, Florida, United States 6 January
TradeWinds Island Resorts on St. Pete Beach
In addition to a recent round of guest room renovations, TradeWinds Island Resorts has just completed a $2.2 million total redesign of all indoor meeting spaces and common areas. Inspired by the resort's ideal setting on Florida's award-winning gulf coast, the 50,000 square feet of updated space includes the Grand Palm Colonnade lobby area, all meeting rooms, and the Pavilion at the TradeWinds Island Grand property.
Renovation796 RoomsSaint Pete Beach, Florida, United States15 Dec 2020
The Domain Hotel
Global lodging owner-operator The Ascott Company has completed a multi-million-dollar renovation of The Domain Hotel, an independent boutique hotel located at the nexus of Silicon Valley's leading tech campuses including Apple and Google.
Renovation137 RoomsSunnyvale, California, United States 9 Dec 2020
Embassy Suites by Hilton Detroit Troy Auburn Hills
Rockbridge has finalized a full-scale renovation of the 251-suite Embassy Suites by Hilton Detroit Troy/Auburn Hills in Troy, Michigan. The hotel is owned by Rockbridge and managed by HVMG.
Renovation251 RoomsTroy, Michigan, United States 8 Dec 2020
Portola Hotel & Spa at Monterey Bay
Portola Hotel & Spa is pleased to announce both the re-opening of the hotel and the completion of a multi-million dollar room renovation. Recently honored with Condé Nast Traveler's 2020 Readers' Choice Award as one of the Top Twenty-Five Hotels in Northern California, the Portola Hotel & Spa now offers newly renovated guestrooms, elevator landings, elevators, refreshed meeting space, and renovated bathrooms in the Presidential and Executive Floor Suites.
Renovation379 RoomsMonterey, California, United States 3 Dec 2020


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Return to: home > Cossacks > Ussuri Host
The Ussuri Host in the Russian Civil War
The Ussuri Host was the most easternmost of all the Cossacks. Their settlements were between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, in the Primorye province, along the Ussuri River, the Sungari River, and around the Khanka Lake. It was a small host, only 30 years old.
The Ataman of the Ussuri Host in Tsarist times was also military governor of the region, which gave the title rather more importance in the Civil War than most Atamans.
The Ussuri Host had been formed from a unit of the Amur Host, and its colours were also yellow and green, though arranged differently.
Ussuri Cossack Uniforms
The Ussuri Host in the Civil War
The Ussuri Host held several grand krugs in 1917 to discuss what to do about the revolution, but no firm decisions were made as the host was divided in its approach. As a result no attempt was made to stop the Bolshevik takeover of the towns in the area.
The general attitude was reversed in January 1918 at another krug, even though by now many frontoviki had returned home. The reactionary Ivan Kalmykov was elected as Ataman, representing the bulk of villagers and elders, refusing to accept the Soviet takeover and demanding the retention of Cossack privileges. But a sizable rump, dominated by soldiers, opposed Kalmykov and supported the Bolsheviks.
While not supporting Soviet power in their own villages, few Ussuri Cossacks were prepared to fight them elsewhere. Instead Kalmykov turned to the Allies, especially Japan, and received large quantities of both money and weapons. He formed the Special Cossack Detachment, or OKO with a couple of hundred men.
In July he moved to take over the Ussuri region from the Red Guards and their "Internationalist" allies. He had no chance of defeating the much more numerous Reds by himself, and in fact he struggled to even clear the Cossack villages of Soviet sympathisers. But luckily for him it was at this time that the Czechs were just clearing the Trans-Siberian, and the Japanese were establishing themselves in the Maritime province. Thanks almost entirely to them them the Reds were forced to retreat north.
The Reds formed a line at Kraevski. A confrontation between Allied forces - British, French, Czech and Cossack - and the Reds ended in stalemate. It was only after the Japanese started to actively engage that the Reds were driven off. Thanks to them in September Kalmykov was able to enter Khabarovsk. All Red forces were liquidated or forced to hide in the taiga.
Kalmykov now commenced a counter-revolutionary repression, supported by Japanese money and 1,600 soldiers, only a small portion of whom were actually Cossack. The pre-war Cossack officers had either stayed on with Semenov when they passed through the Trans-Baikal, or moved to Vladivostok, so he lacked solid leadership as well as troops. What few Cossacks were drafted were unreliable in battle, and increasingly prone to mutiny and desertion.
Although formally subordinating himself to Ataman Semënov in Chita, in practice Kalmykov ruled the Maritime province as a personal fiefdom. He also tried to extend his rule towards Blagoveshchensk, but was unable to penetrate Vladivostok, which had a much more moderate White regime.
As Kalmykov and his men plundered, killed and raped with incredible rapacity, the support for the Red partisans in the taiga multiplied. Attempts to suppress the them were so random and brutal that they were counter-productive. It was clear that only Japanese money and bayonets allowed the regime to survive.
In May 1919 the 36th Siberian Rifle Regiment was stationed in Khabarovsk and available for service, but in general the Ussuri forces were politically and militarily separate throughout the war. Indeed Kalmykov actively prevented material from reaching Kolchak in order to enrich himself.
By the end of 1919 the Primorye partisans had heard of Kolchak's fall and were greatly emboldened, and started to attack the main towns. Their advance was barely opposed as the White troops mutinied or deserted. By February 1920 all of Primorye was in Red hands. Kalmykov fled to China and was captured. Vladivostok itself fell to the Provisional Zemstvo Government, which was relatively moderate, if more Bolshevik than White in orientation. Elsewhere though Red Terror quickly replaced the White variety.
Kalmykov's Army
At the end of December 1918 the Ussuri Cossack Host forces were, at least on paper: an HQ detachment; a Plastoon Battalion (3 sotnias, officer platoon, training unit); the 1st Ussuri Cossack Regiment (4 sotnias, a training unit); the 2nd Ussuri Cossack Regiment (4 sotnias, MG team from February); a Horse-mountain Divizion of 2 batteries; a Cadet Battery, a Separate Heavy Battery; Artillery Scouts; the armoured train "Kalmykovets; an Engineer Company; an MG command and the Escort to the Ataman.
By October the forces were the Detached Ussuri Cossack Ataman Kalmykov Brigade, composed of: an HQ; the Ussuri Cossack Regiment; some separate Ussuri Mounted Sotnias; some Volunteer Cavalry Sotnias, some Native Horse Sotnias, a Horse Artillery Divizion; two armoured trains; and an Engineer Divizion. Three infantry battalions were being raised, mostly from former Red Army prisoners sent from the main Siberian front. The 36th Siberian Rifle Regiment was also available.
The forces did not change significantly until the final collapse in winter 1920. The Cossack Cavalry became the Ataman Cossack Regiment, and the separate sotnias were regrouped a bit, becoming a Horse Divizion. Kalmykov called a general mobilisation late in 1919 as the partisans became more threatening, but apart from a few local self-defence units, turnout was minimal.
The Ussuri Host never mobilised as a whole, and many of the men serving in these units were not Cossacks. In fact many Cossacks did everything they could to avoid service in Kalmykov's army, which was notorious for its indiscipline and atrocities. The result was that as a military force the Ussuri Brigade was pretty much useless. Without the Japanese to do the real work, they would quickly have collapsed. They never did fight the regular Red Army.
Obviously when the White regrouped in Primorye in late 1921 there were some Ussuri Cossacks, but once again they were very reluctant to serve in the White forces. An infantry divizion and a cavalry sotnia seem to be all they could muster.
Jamie Bisher, "White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian", Routledge, 2005
www.cossacykv.archeologia.ru, which appears to now be defunct.


On a recent visit to Red Rocks outside Las Vegas, NV Alex Honnold soloed the 1000 ft. Original Route (5.12b) on Rainbow Wall and Prince Of Darkness (5.10c) in Black Velvet Canyon, down soloing Dream Of Wild Turkey (5.10a) to get off of the latter climb. He comments on his scorecard, "I know 8a doesn't promote risk taking, but some experiences are life affirming." Thanks to Luke for the tip. Further details, including thoughts from Honnold, are available at Climbing.com.