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Variable Frequency Drives Explained | VFD Basics
Learn about VFD, its applications, and its main components.
In this article, we will learn about VFD and its applications. We will also cover in detail the converter and the DC link. Finally, we will cover the IGBT module, and how PWM allows for AC output to the motor for precise motor speed control.
AC motor rotational speed
Induction or alternating current electric motors rotate at a rate that is set by the number of poles inside the motor itself, and the power supplied.
The frequency (measured in Hertz) is directly related to the Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) of a motor. The higher the frequency, the faster the RPM or the higher the engine rotation speed.
In the United States, electric power utilities provide alternating energy with a frequency of 60Hz. A standard two-pole AC motor operating at this frequency provides a nominal rotation of 3600 RPM.
Speed reduction
If an application does not require an electric motor running at full speed of 3600 RPM, which is very common, a few solutions exist:
1: Using a mechanical speed reducer
It mechanically decreases the output speed by increasing torque – the output gear has more teeth than the input gear.
They require lubrication, provide no flexibility, are subtle to vibration and noise, and are not suitable when shafts are distant.
2: Adding more sets of poles
It reduces the speed without altering it electrically. Currently, there are transistor systems that allow for poles inside motors to be turned on and off. However, those systems can be complex and don't provide fine control.
3: Using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
It can be configured and fine-tuned to generate a ramp, frequency, and voltage so that the motor operates according to the load requirements (desired speed and voltage).
An important feature of the variable frequency drive is that as the motor speed requirements in a given application change, the drive can simply raise or lower the motor's speed in order to meet new operating requirements, which would not otherwise be possible by using only the mechanical speed reducer, or the transistor system to add more poles.
VFD applications
The use of VFDs is widespread in numerous industrial and commercial applications.
– In industrial applications, VFDs are used to control from extruders, and electric cranes, to roller coasters, and mechanical bulls, with so much in between!
– In commercial applications, VFDs are widely used in pumps to control flow and even volume in a tank, as well as in the HVAC industry, being considered green technology.
Ultimately, a VFD varies the supplied frequency to an AC motor in order to control its speed; allowing a smooth startup, and adjusting motor speed as the application requires.
Now that we know why and where variable frequency drives are used, let's dive into the How does a variable frequency drive work?
VFD electrical circuit
Let's look at this VFD diagram:
The first thing we find (T3) is a current transformer, which has the function of measuring the current entering our VFD so that the VFD controls can compare the current entering and the current leaving the VFD – measured by the two current transformers indicated by T1 and T2.
If the current measured is different, the VFD will disarm due to what we call a ground fault.
Six-pulse rectifier or converter
Following, we have the converter, also called a rectifier. If we were to expand and look at the rectifier diagram, this is what it would look like:
This is called a six-pulse rectifier or converter, and it's where the three-phase alternating current gets converted into direct current by the use of diodes.
Using an analogy of a hydraulic system, those (six) diodes can be equated to check valves. The form in which the diodes are connected with each other is very strategic.
Check valves only allow flow in one direction, such as our diodes with the current flow (the direction is shown by the arrow on the diode symbol).
The electric current passes through the diode in the direction of the arrow on the diode drawing, that is, the current goes from the anode to the cathode, as shown in this image:
There will only be electrical current if the voltage at the anode is greater than at the cathode.
Therefore, when we connect a three-phase alternating current to the converter:
– When phase A is greater than phase B or C voltages, this diode opens, allowing current to flow,
– When phase B becomes greater than phase A, then it is phase B diode that opens while phase A diode is closed,
– The same is true for C, as well as for the three diodes on the negative side of the bus.
That results in six pulses of currents as each diode opens and closes. The resultant waveform will look like this:
DC bus or DC filter and buffer
Next, we have the DC filter and buffer, also known as the DC bus. The DC bus is represented by only one capacitor and resistor on the diagram, but in reality, there are various capacitors and resistors associated in series and in parallel.
Since the capacitors are not charged, their impedance is very low. If we were to charge them, the initial inrush could damage the input power devices, or the rectifier/converter, in case the entry fuses didn't interrupt the circuit.
So instead, we have a pre-charge circuit. Pre-charge is a current limiting circuit that slows the charge rate of the bus capacitors during power-up.
The pre-charge circuit shown here is composed of:
– a contact,
– a resistor,
– a thermostat.
When we energize our VFD, and the bank of capacitors is not yet charged, the capacitors start to charge by the resistors – once the VFD controls identify that the DC link is fully charged, it will then close the contact becoming the path of least resistance for the electric current.
In the scenario of the contactor not closing, and the VFD still starting the motor, the current flowing through the resistor will increase, which will overheat the pre-charging resistor. The thermostat will then act, and it will disarm the VFD due to overheating.
Now let's go back to the DC bus – its resistor function is to divide voltage and it will guarantee that all capacitors have the same voltage.
Finally, we have the IGBTs, which is the last step of the drive output: the DC to AC converter and our PWM output.
We know that this last step will then convert the direct current into the alternating current as a Pulse Width Modulated output. But… What does that mean? And how does that happen?
It is impossible to talk about VFDs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors, also known as IGBTs without understanding what Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is.
An analog input signal can be modulated by generating variable width pulses to represent its amplitude. In a very brief summary, PWM is a way to control analog signals with a digital output.
To understand the IGBT's function in a VFD, it is important to understand how an IGBT works singularly.
How does an IGBT work?
At the simplest level, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a switch used to allow power to flow when it is turned on and to stop when it is turned off.
It is important to note, however, that they have the capability of switching on and off several thousand times every second!
An IGBT is a solid-state device, which means it has no moving parts.
Rather than opening and closing a physical connection, it is operated by applying a voltage to a semiconductor component, called a gate, that changes its properties to create or block an electrical path.
Let's look closely at a typical IGBT: The terminals (pins) represent the Gate, the Collector, and the Emitter.
Current flows along the conductance path composed by the Collector and the Emitter, while the Gate controls the device.
Here is an electrical drawing representation of it.
The IGBT behaves similarly to a switch. As the word itself suggests,
– when a positive voltage is applied, the Gate will close (turn on), allowing current to flow between the collector and the emitter;
– if not enough voltage is applied, the Gate remains closed (turned off) not allowing for any current to flow between the collector and the emitter.
To prevent the device from closing, this voltage is kept negative in this off state.
PWM signal
Now that we have an understanding of how our IGBTs work, let's go back to the application of IGBTs in VFDs, and let's represent our IGBTs as contact switches for a simpler understanding.
The top IGBTs, which in our representation are switches are in the positive DC bus, and the lowers are in the negative DC bus, so when one of the top switches is closed, that motor phase and voltage then become positive.
On the other hand, when one of the lower switches is closed, that motor phase and voltage then become negative.
Therefore, by controlling the speed and sequence that those switches open and close, we can control the phases and frequency of our signal: zero, negative, or positive.
It is important to note that VFDs output signal is a PWM signal, which turns out to be a rectangular waveform.
This wave is crucial in the operation of a VFD, as it is this variable voltage and frequency that will enable the VFD to control the motor's speed.
VFD control processor program
The control processor of a VFD contains a program that is not typically user-accessible, however, there are many parameters and settings that can be adjusted and tuned for optimal VFD operation for each application where it's been used to meet specific motor and driven equipment specifications and needs.
The following are common adjustable parameters and settings in a VFD:
– Tunable: Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID)
– Minimum and Maximum Speed
– Current Limit, Among many others!
The number of parameters varies based on the level of complexity of the VFD. They can range from 50 to over 200 parameters!
Variable frequency drives allow for precise motor speed control by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply.
Variable Frequency Drives are motor controller devices used in numeral applications, from small appliances to large compressors, and much more in between!
The main function of the VFD is to drive and control motor speed and torque to meet application requirements by varying supply voltage and frequency.
There are multiple stages inside a VFD controller:
– Drive Input stage is when the alternating current is being fed into the inverter.
– For Housekeeping, current transformers measure and compare current entering and leaving VFD, checking for ground faults; Also, initial inrush damage is prevented by the use of a pre-charge circuit.
– During the Drive and Drive Output stage, the alternating current then gets converted into direct current by the six-pulse rectifier or converter.
– This direct current gets buffered and filtered in the DC bus where its resistor function is to divide voltage and to guarantee that all capacitors have the same voltage.
– This now filtered direct current can get converted once again into alternating current by the IGBTs acting similarly to switches allowing control of the phases and frequency of our signal in form of pulse width modulated output.
– Lastly, the Motor and drive train stage is when this pulse width modulated output then allows for the control of the motor's speed, and consequently, its mechanical output.
VFDs have evolved tremendously. They have developed into highly sophisticated high-frequency power devices in the form of microprocessor controllers.
The use of VFDs allows for predictable, smoother, durable, and highly efficient operation processes!
We recommend checking the following articles, if you haven't already, to learn how to control a VFD with a PLC:
1) How to Control a VFD with a PLC | ControlLogix 5000 and HMS Anybus gateway
2) How to Control a VFD with a PLC | HMS Anybus and Siemens Robicon
3) How to Control a VFD with a PLC | Siemens VFD Configuration
4) How to Control a VFD with a PLC | Configuring Motor Data in the Siemens Starter Software
5) How to Control a VFD with a PLC | Configuring Communication Data in the Siemens Starter Software
If you have any questions about VFDs or about Drives and Drive Components in general, add them in the comments below and we will get back to you in less than 24 hours.
Giovanna Tomiotto
Updated on May 23rd, 2022


Indulge yourself in some silly stuff that we just couldn't find a place for elsewhere. Well, apart from the recycle bin but the Health and Safety authorities were worried they might be recyled into something safety critical... Lower your IQ and enter the world of Oddities!
Join the exclusive exciting club and enjoy the fun activities and silly stories!
Walk through the artistic corridors of Staggering Stories.
Relive the sweat and tears in "...Hold The Front Page!..." or "How Staggering Stories Artwork is Created"
Read the ramblings of universe hopping hack reporter extraordinaire, Alf Roland, in this sensational tabloid tosh!
The exclusive truth behind the fiction and friction as you've never dared imagine!
Book 'em Davros - War of the Daleks - The Truth!.
Do you want to know why K'Retalra uses a toothpic on his toenails? Why the Buccaneer is paranoid about beans? Why the hell are catalogue posing and 'Richard and Judy' watching Olympic sports on Sotus?
Heres the place to find out.
Karen Dunn has her finger on the pulse in this exclusive interview with Blanche.
Learn about the Daleks from the horse's mouth as Staggering Stories brings you the next in this series of exclusive celebrity interviews. Joe Cassels talks to the man himself, Davros.
In a quarry in Farringdon, there came a curious wheezing, groaning sound... Generic Sci-Fi Quarry.
A tribute to Delia Derbyshire in the Observer's Queen of the Wired Frontier.
Midge Ure flaunts his 80's music in Sampled, Looped and Trigger-Happy.
A review of 70's popular music beat combo 'Yes' in Concert.
Pose for the CAMRA in The Great British Beer Festival 2003.
Dunk your apples to The Brogdale Cider Festival.
Strum the popular music beat combo 'Status Quo' in Concert.
Wash off the ectoplasmic stain from the 'Haunted House' event known as Hunt!.
Come to the When Harry Met Sally Stageplay.
Bang the rocks together in the bronze age that is 'Whole Lotta Metal' in Concert.
Hunt down the Musical that is 'Les Miserables'.
Crypto your fascist with 'Rush' in Concert.
Pondering on the Sith, a review of Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith.
Pomp your circumstance to the Prom in the Park 2005.
Fly like a leaf on the wind with a review of Serenity.
Relive the nerves of The Big Pink Fluffy Bouquet Variety Show.
Shake your seed drill to 'Jethro Tull' in Concert.
Pomp your circumstance once again to the Prom in the Park 2006.
Pong your Pacman to the Game On Exhibition.
Chuff yourself with Starlight Express.
Chill your bones to The Woman In Black.
Jabba your Hutt with Star Wars: Celebration Europe.
Jango your Fett with Star Wars: The Exhibition.
Lose your plot with The Dalek Masterplan Play.
Ulla lar all over Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds - Live Stage Musical.
Howl at the night with Cats - The Musical.
Promenade yourself with Doctor Who Prom 2008.
Find your final frontier with Star Trek, the 2009 Film.
Rubber your room with Absolute Madness.
Windy your city with the musical Chicago.
Promenade yourself again with Doctor Who Prom 2010.
Mini your scope with Doctor Who Live: The Monsters Are Coming.
Jump your shark with Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (spoiler free review).
Rez your mind with Tron.
Rerez your mind with Tron: Legacy.
Interact with your adventure at The Doctor Who Experience.
Gillan yourself with Inadmissible Evidence.
Exterminate yourself with Dalek Invasion of Portsmouth 2013.
Star Wars Galaxies: Tonb's Tales of Tatooine #1.
Star Wars Galaxies: Tony Gallichan is mildly perturbed by it!.
Star Wars Galaxies: The Bibblethruster Guide To Starting Out In Star Wars Galaxies.
City of Heroes: Dr. Eyepatch's Paragon Peregrinations #1.
Adam tries to avoid the riff raff whilst visiting the Greek Island of Rhodes.
Adam tries to avoid assassination whilst visiting Rome (and Pompeii).
Andy pays his respects to the fallen at the First World War Battlefields of France and Belgium.
Adam tries to avoid undead mummies whilst visiting Egypt (Luxor and Cairo).
In this series of occasional articles, we ask various odd celebrities (or someone who sounds just like them, anyway) to subjected to various sci fi shows and give their impressions of them. What you have here is a transcript of Staggering Stories very own Couch Potato or Time Team.
See the next website publication date at Staggering Stories Calendar.


Ask a Swole Woman: What Are the Best Pants for Lifting Weights?In (partial) defense of the legging.
I'm 5'1" and These Are 12 of My Favorite Cropped and Capri LeggingsThere are plenty of options for wearing this cut.
The 7 Best Leggings for Low-Impact Workouts of 2018These take you from Pilates to barre and beyond.
The 13 Best New Leggings and Shorts for High-Impact WorkoutsThe leggings will work just as hard as you do.
You Can Now Buy Workout Leggings Inspired by J.Lo's Iconic Versace DressThe green one. You remember it.
11 Capri Leggings on Sale for Under $40Face unpredictable weather in style.
I Have Over 96 Pairs of Leggings and These Are the Ones I Actually Wear Over and Over AgainEven with tons of options, I definitely have go-tos.
I Tried 5 of the Best-Selling Workout Leggings on AmazonHere's what I thought of each pair.


Sleep hygiene: is your sleep dirty?
February 10, 2019 February 12, 2019 Categories mental healthsleep, Sleep deficiency, sleep hygiene, sleep quality, sleep schedule, sleepyti.me, the National Sleep FoundationLeave a Comment on Sleep hygiene: is your sleep dirty?
In my previous article, titled how to fill our days, I mentioned, rather sarcastically, that we should all denounce the Busyness Olympics, and instead brag about the glorious 7 to 8 hours of sleep we get each night.
Unless there is a legitimate reason for an individual to sacrifice sleep, such as needing to work lots of hours, running multiple side projects, and/or other obligations, everyone should aim to get the recommended 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night, or whatever amount of sleep one needs not to operate on sleep deficiency.
Sleep deficiency is no joke. So much so that it is one of the very few of our biological needs that the science seems to be in unison on— getting enough sleep is vital for our overall health and well-being.
Obtaining healthy sleep is important for both physical and mental health. It can also improve productivity and overall quality of life.
Just hearing the word insomnia fills me with so much dread and uneasiness. It is a reminder of nights spent turning and tossing in bed for hours, being overwhelmed with thoughts that served no purpose besides misery, and waking up feeling unrested. My genuine dislike for forcing myself to sleep has led me to take my sleep hygiene more serious than I would otherwise.
Personally, I believe that there is almost no better feeling than falling into blissful sleep as soon as your head hits the pillow. If you have never had the pleasure of experiencing such a feeling, routinely, then that should be enough motivation to get your sleep schedule in order.
READ: How Much Sleep Do We Really Need?
While my sleep hygiene isn't as perfect as it was once, I still manage to regularly clock in 7 to 8 hours of sleep almost every night. However, I still do things that compromise the quality of my sleep, such as, consuming too much caffeine throughout the day, bringing my phone to bed with me, and not following a regular sleep schedule.
According to the National Sleep Foundation, sleep hygiene is a variety of different practices and habits that are necessary to have good nighttime sleep quality and full daytime alertness.
The fact that there is a national body dedicated to sleep should make it evident how important a good night sleep is. The Foundation also has great tips to help individuals improve their sleep hygiene.
Currently, my main struggle has been bringing my phone to bed or putting it within reach, then, inevitably, just a quick check for text messages turns into hours of internet browsing. When I was able to experience the blissful sleep routine I mentioned earlier, I implemented the following routines and rituals into my day that I hope I will get back on very soon.
Followed a strict sleep schedule. I woke up at 7:00am and was in bed by 10:00pm almost every day. The days I slept in, I paid for it by tossing and turning in bed unable to fall asleep. I couldn't tell you what times I actually fell asleep.
Put all electronics away from reach. I used my phone as an alarm clock but would put it by a dresser at the end of my bed. I only brought books to bed, which was very helpful in easing me to sleep. One of my favorite books to read was A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy.
Exercised regularly. The days I worked out, I found myself falling asleep much easier and quicker. Physical exhaustion is always a good idea to help you fall asleep easier.
Established an enjoyable bedtime routine. I had a regular nighttime routine that included tidying up my space, planning the next day in my planner, followed by a long relaxing shower, and reading a book with a cup of tea. Cliché, but it works. To this day, if I shower, my body thinks it's time for bed.
A regular nightly routine helps the body recognize that it is bedtime. This could include taking warm shower or bath, reading a book, or light stretches. When possible, try to avoid emotionally upsetting conversations and activities before attempting to sleep.
Previous Post #Textiety: Is texting culture giving us anxiety?


The total calories in lettuce can be estimated by taking a look at some of the most common facts available for lettuce nutrition. Apart from these facts about lettuce, you also need to take a look at the type of lettuce that you are considering. There are a few types of lettuce, like iceberg and romaine, and they all are associated with different amount of lettuce calories in them. Therefore, when you are estimating the calories in lettuce, make sure that you are checking the type of lettuce that you are considering. Other than that, the calories in lettuce do not make up for all the nutrition associated with lettuce. Some lettuce nutritional information has been supplied here for telling you about other benefits of having lettuce in your meals.
The approximate lettuce calories can be found by taking a look at the weight of the lettuce that you are considering, along with the type. Let's get started with the most common lettuce that is used these days, iceberg lettuce. The total calories in iceberg lettuce come out to be somewhere around 14. This number of calories in lettuce has been estimated by taking a single serving of lettuce, something that comes out to be about 100 grams. You can even take a look at a single cup of lettuce for checking the amount of calories in lettuce. It usually comes about 8 calories in a single cup of lettuce, around 60 grams. As compared to the romaine lettuce, the calories in iceberg lettuce are a bit lesser. In comparison, calories in romaine lettuce come out to be about 16. Although this is not a substantial difference, it can matter to people who are taking a weight loss diet comprising of lettuce and other green veggies.
Apart from the calories in lettuce, there are certain other facts which show quality lettuce nutritional information. Lettuce, like other green vegetables, has a high amount of water in it. Other than that, sodium, certain vitamins, carbohydrates and small amount of protein make up the nutrition of lettuce. Some other minerals are also included in the lettuce nutritional information available these days. Overall, lettuce comes out as a great option for people who want to lose weight as the calories in lettuce are quite low.


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K.A. Taylor (Chairman), J.W. Baddiley, R.T. Simpson, J.R. Heatley
With the early return of Garry Sobers after a winter's rest, spirits were high at the start of the season. Certainly there seemed every reason to anticipate some degree of success, particularly in one or other of the limited-overs competitions.
Performances generally in the opening matches suggested that such confidence was not misplaced. Lancashire was defeated, against the clock, in the County Championship, progress was made in the Quarter Finals of the Benson and Hedges competition, and for a while all our early optimism was justified.
Unfortunately, things began to go wrong. Following a heavy defeat at Worcester in the Benson and Hedges Competition, much of that early confidence progressively drained away and some dismal performances towards the end of the season were the inevitable result.
Another fact that contributed to this unhappy situation was the absence of Garry Sobers on the Test Match duty.
Some of the young players failed to reproduce their form of 1972, maybe due to some sort of reaction following the success achieved in that year, when everything came off for them. It must be remembered that success does not come easily in the first class game – a great deal of hard work, courage, character and ability are essential ingredients in the recipe.
We believe that our young players have these qualities and will win through. Derek Randall, for instance, must surely play an important part in the future with his lively and aggressive approach both when batting and in the field. Philip Wilkinson, too, made excellent progress, bowling extremely well under pressure and altogether playing a key role in his first season at top level. There can be no doubt that these 22-year old players encourage the belief that first class performers can still be found within the County boundary.
Turning to the 2nd XI, here again the high standard set in 1972 proved elusive in 1973. Although the team finished half-way in the table consolation was gained from their excellent performance in reaching the semi-final of the Under-25 Competition.
The Colts XI under John Clay, acquitted themselves well, finishing in fourth position in the Amateur League.
In retrospect it must be admitted that much of the cricket played by the County side was undisciplined and in, in the best sense of the word, unprofessional. The Gillette Cup match at Lord's provided a fair illustration of this point when, batting first on a good wicket, three wickets were surrendered for a meagre 12 runs in what can only be described as a slipshod manner. Although a reasonable total was finally reached and the team fought back in spirited fashion the early failures proved conclusive and the match was lost. There can be no doubt that 1973 brought much disappointment to Members, Committee and Players alike but it would be wrong to dwell on this and we must look to the future.
We are convinced that the youngsters at school and club level represent the most fruitful source of recruitment and Frank Woodhead will be making every effort to find and encourage those with the necessary potential. In addition the Committee has decided to appoint a man with experience and qualities of leadership to direct the efforts of the current players and provide the guidance so necessary to the newcomers in their efforts to bridge the gap betweens second and first class cricket.
K.A.Taylor
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We at Value Doors UK canterbury Ltd are proud of our Composite Doors and uPVC Doors, their prices and the service we offer, which is why every door has its fitted price displayed. So you can make an informed choice. There is no such thing as a standard door, which is why all our doors are manufactured to your specifications. If you do not see the door you require please get in touch, as the chances are we will be able to make what you want. Although we do not currently publish prices for uPVC double or triple glazed windows, patios or french doors, we are able to provide these as well. Please call 0800 955 0898 with your approximate sizes and designs and we will happily provide you with a quote over the phone. Specialists in uPVC Doors and Composite Doors We have a number of uPVC & Composite door ranges to suit everyones requirements & budgets. Starting with our Extra Value uPVC Door Range all the way upto our Rock Door Range. Not forgetting our High Security uPVC doors, nor the Veka Amulet Composite Door Range. Whichever door or doors you choose to buy, you can be sure that they will give you years of faultless service whilst adding value and kerb appeal to your home. All our doors are �Top Quality, Professionally Fitted & Guaranteed, at Value for Money Prices�, allowing you to buy with confidence and without pressure. (No salesmen here!) Make no mistake, we do not sell cheap doors!! All our door ranges and the doors within them are top quality at seriously low prices. The price you see is the price you pay! Why are our prices so low? All our outlets nationally, are privately owned and run franchises; which means we cut out all the salesmen / managers / regional managers / national managers and their wages. Giving you the opportunity to purchase The Door You Always Wanted At The Price It Should Be! Happy Customers We want all our customers to be totally satisfied with their new door and the service levels they receive, which is why we personally train all our franchisees to the highest standards at our head office in Leeds. Once they are trained to our satisfaction, we continue to monitor closely the workmanship and service levels they offer to you, to ensure Value Doors maintains its enviable reputation for quality, service and above all Value for Money. Why not take a look at the testimonial section and see what some of our customers say about the service they have recieved. canterbury Ten Year Triple Guarantee! All our outlets offer a Full Ten Year Guarantee! We at canterburyalso provide, in with our published prices, a Full Ten Year Guarantee!! Our suppliers are so confident in us, our product and our installers, they also offer a Ten Year Guarantee!!! Giving you the ability to purchase the door you always wanted at the prices you want to pay with complete confidence and peace of mind. Call your local outlet canterbury TODAY. You won�t be disappointed!
We at Value Doors UK wrexham Ltd are proud of our Composite Doors and uPVC Doors, their prices and the service we offer, which is why every door has its fitted price displayed. So you can make an informed choice. There is no such thing as a standard door, which is why all our doors are manufactured to your specifications. If you do not see the door you require please get in touch, as the chances are we will be able to make what you want. Although we do not currently publish prices for uPVC double or triple glazed windows, patios or french doors, we are able to provide these as well. Please call 0800 955 0898 with your approximate sizes and designs and we will happily provide you with a quote over the phone. Specialists in uPVC Doors and Composite Doors We have a number of uPVC & Composite door ranges to suit everyones requirements & budgets. Starting with our Extra Value uPVC Door Range all the way upto our Rock Door Range. Not forgetting our High Security uPVC doors, nor the Veka Amulet Composite Door Range. Whichever door or doors you choose to buy, you can be sure that they will give you years of faultless service whilst adding value and kerb appeal to your home. All our doors are �Top Quality, Professionally Fitted & Guaranteed, at Value for Money Prices�, allowing you to buy with confidence and without pressure. (No salesmen here!) Make no mistake, we do not sell cheap doors!! All our door ranges and the doors within them are top quality at seriously low prices. The price you see is the price you pay! Why are our prices so low? All our outlets nationally, are privately owned and run franchises; which means we cut out all the salesmen / managers / regional managers / national managers and their wages. Giving you the opportunity to purchase The Door You Always Wanted At The Price It Should Be! Happy Customers We want all our customers to be totally satisfied with their new door and the service levels they receive, which is why we personally train all our franchisees to the highest standards at our head office in Leeds. Once they are trained to our satisfaction, we continue to monitor closely the workmanship and service levels they offer to you, to ensure Value Doors maintains its enviable reputation for quality, service and above all Value for Money. Why not take a look at the testimonial section and see what some of our customers say about the service they have recieved. wrexham Ten Year Triple Guarantee! All our outlets offer a Full Ten Year Guarantee! We at wrexham also provide, in with our published prices, a Full Ten Year Guarantee!! Our suppliers are so confident in us, our product and our installers, they also offer a Ten Year Guarantee!!! Giving you the ability to purchase the door you always wanted at the prices you want to pay with complete confidence and peace of mind. Call your local outlet wrexham TODAY. You won�t be disappointed!


text:
Q: H2 seems to misinterpret a valid join clause Here is a simple test database schema. There is really nothing special about it. I am using H2 version 1.4.200 in Oracle compatibility mode.
create table STUFF (
    ID number(19) generated by default as identity (start with 1 increment by 1),
    NAME varchar2(128) not null,
    constraint PK_STUFF primary key (ID),
    constraint BK_STUFF unique (NAME)
);

create table STUFF_DETAILS (
    ID number(19) generated by default as identity (start with 1 increment by 1),
    BLAH varchar2(128) not null,
    constraint PK_STUFF_DETAILS primary key (ID)
);

create table STUFF_MORE_DETAILS (
    ID number(19) generated by default as identity (start with 1 increment by 1),
    BLAH_BLAH varchar2(128) not null,
    constraint PK_STUFF_MORE_DETAILS primary key (ID)
);

Here's a view definition that works fine. No objection from H2.
create or replace view V_STUFF1
(
    ID,
    NAME,
    BLAH,
    BLAH_BLAH
)
as select
    S.ID,
    S.NAME,
    SD.BLAH,
    SMD.BLAH_BLAH
from
     STUFF S
     inner join STUFF_DETAILS SD
          inner join STUFF_MORE_DETAILS SMD
               on SD.ID = SMD.ID
          on S.ID = SD.ID
;

Here's a view definition that H2 chokes on with the following error message:

Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Column "SD.ID" not found

create or replace view V_STUFF2
(
    ID,
    NAME,
    BLAH,
    BLAH_BLAH
)
as select
    S.ID,
    S.NAME,
    SD.BLAH,
    SMD.BLAH_BLAH
from
     STUFF S
     inner join STUFF_DETAILS SD
          left outer join STUFF_MORE_DETAILS SMD
               on SD.ID = SMD.ID
          on S.ID = SD.ID
;

The only difference is the type of the join (left outer vs inner) but I fail to see a reason why this should make a difference with regards to SD.ID column visibility.
To me this looks like a defect in H2 but before I raise an issue with H2 project I want to make sure I am not missing something obvious or doing something stupid.
PS: I am aware I can rewrite the view definition and make H2 accept it but ideally I would like to keep SQL code as close to the original as possible. It is a migration project.
PPS: Oracle (and DB2) have no trouble with both view definitions, so the issue appears H2 specific

A: A valid Oracle view/query must have each join predicate following the name/alias of the table that is being joined.
By reordering the ON clauses the query could take the form:
create or replace view V_STUFF2
(
    ID,
    NAME,
    BLAH,
    BLAH_BLAH
)
as select
    S.ID,
    S.NAME,
    SD.BLAH,
    SMD.BLAH_BLAH
from STUFF S
inner join STUFF_DETAILS SD on S.ID = SD.ID
left outer join STUFF_MORE_DETAILS SMD on SD.ID = SMD.ID

A: The issue has been acknowledged as a defect [1] by H2 developers and resolved with this PR [2]
[1] https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues/3311
[2] https://github.com/h2database/h2database/pull/3312

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Discussion in 'Europe' started by NATO AIR, May 12, 2005.
It would be nice if some notable American schools boycotted these anti-semite Brits.
Just before he left to join the Coast Guard in 1942, Cousin Willy gathered us Jewish kids together to instruct us on how to deal with anti-Semitism.
"Kiss first, talk later," he said. "A guy calls you a dirty Jew, never argue. Drop him on his keester, place your foot on his throat and say, 'Explain.'"
Willy never did college, so he couldn't spell dialogue, but the street taught him well that talk was dead, reason had nothing to do with Jew-baiting.
What brings this fine old lesson to the front is the decision by Britain's leading higher education union to boycott two Israeli universities because of what it called the Jewish state's "apartheid" treatment of Palestinians.
It's a lie reminiscent of Goebbels' and neatly coincides with the Allied liberation of Auschwitz. The Association of University Teachers, representing 49,000 professors, has brought the unbelievable back to the unspeakable.
Israel an apartheid state? Worse even than South Africa? Try to talk facts to these people, fuhgeddaboudit.
The South African whites imposed apartheid on the blacks, who were entirely innocent victims, who never threw a bomb at their oppressors. The Arabs went to war five times against Israel, always with the stated intent to destroy it, and, having failed they refused to recognize the Jewish state, opting for terrorism instead of peace.
Facts all, but none of it means a thing to the British intellectuals. Nor do the logical arguments of those who point out that the teachers' union neglected to act on China or North Korea or all the Arab states who destroy their citizens. Does anyone think that these professors, who know everything, just ask them, know nothing about all these terrorist regimes?
What we are witnessing here is anti-Semitism, straight, no soda. Part of what's happening all over Europe.
So what's the answer? Kiss first, talk later.
Boycott the Brit universities. Don't fool around with discussions about academic freedom, because that ain't the issue. The guys and dolls who pulled this sick deal off want only to turn Israel into Palestine.
It won't happen. But to make sure it doesn't, let's remember this: The only answer to a slap in the face is a kick in the teeth.
You mean like Harvard, Yale, Columbia? Good luck.
The faculties of Oxford, Warwick and Sussex universities faculty has rejected he boycott of Haifa and Bar Ilan universities by Britain's Association of University Teachers, reported Israel Radio on Friday morning.
The controversial boycott recently came under fire, not just by pro-Israel groups, but also by British university lecturers and professors.
(IsraelNN.com) Haifa University has threatened to sue the British university teachers' union which recently voted to boycott the Haifa and Bar-Ilan universities. The teachers' union is to meet soon to reconsider its decision.
Haifa University said that the boycott, which charges the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Ben-Gurion University of Ramat Gan for supporting Israel's presence in Judea, Samaria and Gaza (Yesha), was published on a web site and defamed them. Haifa has been cited for alleged mistreatment of pro-Arab lecturer Ilan Pappe. Different Jewish academic bodies in the United States have sharply criticized the British boycott.


text:
SFERA - Special Fund for Emergency and Rehabilitation
FAO in action
Central African Republic crisis
Democratic Republic of the Congo crisis
Disease threats
Drought in the Horn of Africa
Lake Chad Basin crisis
South Sudan crisis
Yemen crisis
Fighting famine
Dry corridor
Nepal earthquakes
Cyclone Pam
Gaza crisis
Ebola outbreak in West Africa
Typhoon Haiyan
Madagascar locust crisis
Crisis in the Sahel
Crisis in the Horn of Africa
Pakistan floods 2011
Haiti earthquake 2010
Asian Tsunami
East and Central Africa
Cash-based transfers
Safe Access to Fuel and Energy
Early Warning Early Action
ECTAD
Accountability to affected populations
Enable the environment
Watch to safeguard
Protect and build
Prepare and respond
Emergency Management Centre for Animal Health
Hazard and emergency types
Complex emergencies
Plant pests and diseases
Transboundary animal diseases
FAO in the 2019 humanitarian appeals
Plans of Action
Home > Appeals
FAO in emergencies app
Venezuela Regional Refugee and Migrant Response Plan 2019
South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan 2019–2020
The Democratic Republic of the Congo Regional Refugee Response Plan 2019–2020
Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan 2019–2020
Yemen - Humanitarian Response Plan 2019
Follow @FAOemergencies
Kyrgyzstan Extended and Revised Flash Appeal 2010
Tags: KYRGYZSTAN, ASIA, CENTRAL ASIA, AGRICULTURE, SMALL-SCALE FARMING, POVERTY, IDPS, CONFLICT, FLASH APPEAL, REVISED APPEAL,
The first half of 2010 saw an upsurge in political turbulence and violent outbreaks in Kyrgyzstan. Widespread protests in April forced the president to resign and were followed by two months of clashes that spilled over into ethnic violence, which particularly affected areas that were home to a substantial Uzbek minority. Over the last four months, the political and security situation has stabilized and most of those displaced by the violence have returned to their homes. A national election was held in October without major incident, reflecting the wider calm.
However, as the violence and political instability have waned, their impact continues to be felt throughout the country and an estimated 75 000 people remain displaced. Unresolved tensions, ethnic divisions and the economic consequences of the violence have placed communities at real risk of future conflict. Closure of the borders and resulting lack of trade, and the disruption of livelihoods have particularly affected the agriculture sector on which some 65 percent of the population relies. On 18 June 2010, Kyrgyzstan launched a Flash Appeal, which was revised in July to reflect changes in the operational environment and the results of rapid needs assessments. However, underfunding of these appeals, particularly in the agriculture and early recovery sectors risks undermining the nascent peace and sparking renewed violence in the country. The Extended and Revised Appeal is, therefore, being launched to ensure an adequate response to remaining humanitarian needs, enhance protection and strengthen preparedness for potential needs and promote communal recovery.
Challenges facing food security and agriculture
The agriculture sector was one of the worst-affected by the unrest, as the closure of borders led to a disruption of commercial supply routes for key farming inputs. This pushed input prices higher, constraining agricultural production in a country already facing persistently high levels of food insecurity. Assessments undertaken by FAO and the World Food Programme (WFP) in the aftermath of the crisis highlighted that about 1.4 million people were food insecure, with over a quarter of the population considered to be at high nutritional and health risk due to poor food consumption. In addition, it was estimated that 340 000 food secure households were at risk of food insecurity as food prices rise and food availability falls during the winter season. Overall, the food security situation in the country is likely to further deteriorate as continued border closures limit access to markets and food, the impacts of a poor harvest and increased global food prices hit the poorest families, and households adopt negative coping strategies such as the sale of livestock and domestic assets.
FAO's response
The Food Security and Agriculture Cluster in Kyrgyzstan is co-led by FAO and WFP and promotes a coordinated and effective food security response. Through this Extended and Revised Appeal, FAO is seeking USD 3.07 million to:
provide time-critical agricultural inputs and technical assistance (e.g. seeds, fertilizers);
restart small-scale poultry and livestock production activities; and
support the effective coordination of emergency agriculture and rehabilitation interventions.


text:
Do Hurricanes Always Get Names in Alphabetical Order?
Hurricane naming has been a practice that's been around for decades. You may have noticed that hurricanes get their names in alphabetical order. But does this always happen? We've created a detailed guide so you can find out all there is to know about hurricane names.
Traditionally, hurricane names are chosen alphabetically every year. The first hurricane of the year starts with A, then B, and so on. This is true for all letters except Q, U, X, Y, and Z. Furthermore, some hurricane names get retired after usage.
Keep reading as we discuss this in further detail.
Why are Hurricanes Named?
Every year, hurricanes develop, and occasionally two or three of them may be involved at once. It is significantly easier for meteorologists, scientists, emergency responders, naval officers, and civilians to talk about individual hurricanes and be understood when these storms have names.
Every hurricane season, the World Meteorological Organization creates a list of titles that are given to tropical storms in alphabetical order. To put it another way, the first storm of the season will be assigned the title that begins with the letter A on the list; the second will be given the name that begins with the letter B, and so on.
Following six years, titles can be used again, although the names of very violent storms are forever retired in honor of their victims.
Who Names Hurricanes?
Hurricanes are given names by meteorologists, as expected. For hurricanes in the Atlantic, the World Meteorological Organization cycles over six lists, each of which has 21 names—one for every letter but Q, U, X, Y, and Z.
So how do storms on the West Coast get their names? Their names are drawn from a different set of six lists that contain all the letters except Q and U. The naming process restarts with the initial list after six years.
Only in the event of an especially severe storm do the lists of hurricane names get updated. Therefore, there won't be another Hurricane Katrina or Sandy in the near future. During each yearly conference, the World Meteorological Organization chooses which names to remove from the lists. Florence and Michael are names that have recently retired.
For more information about how hurricanes get named, watch this informative video below:
How Do Hurricanes Get Names? | COLOSSAL QUESTIONS
History of Atlantic Hurricane Names
For many hundred years, storms in the Atlantic have had names assigned to them. In the Caribbean Islands, people would give hurricane names based on the saints who were born on the day that the hurricane happened in the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, like "Hurricane San Felipe."
It was customary to refer to two storms that made landfall on the same day in separate years: "Hurricane San Felipe the first" and "Hurricane San Felipe the second."
When meteorology began to be studied in the United States, storms were given names, including the latitude and longitude of the storm's formation. These names were challenging to express, hard to recall, and prone to typos. Military meteorologists in the Pacific during World War II started calling storms by the names of women.
The National Hurricane Center established this naming system for storms with Atlantic Ocean origins in 1953 because it made communication so simple. As soon as this technique began, storm names swiftly entered everyday speech, and public knowledge of hurricanes rose sharply.
When meteorologists started keeping an eye on storms in the eastern North Pacific in 1978, they started naming half of them after men. In 1979, meteorologists for the Atlantic Ocean started using their male names as well.
An alphabetical list of 21 names, all starting with an unique letter from the alphabet, was created for each calendar year (although any names that start with the letters Q, U, X, Y, and Z were not included).
The very first tropical storm of the season was named after the letter "A," the next after the letter "B," and etc. Odd-numbered hurricanes were assigned male names in even-numbered years, and odd-numbered storms were assigned female names in odd-numbered years.
Do Hurricanes with Female Names Result in More Fatalities?
A 2014 study examined six decades' worth of data on hurricane-related fatalities. Considerably more people were killed by the female storms than the male ones. The study also included trials where people rated the riskiness of a storm after being presented with a map and reading an explanation of the ambiguity surrounding the hurricane's potential severity.
Victor was viewed as being more dangerous than Victoria, Christopher was much more dangerous than Christina, and Hurricane Alexander was viewed as being more dangerous than Hurricane Alexandra. Unidentified hurricanes got rated as being roughly as deadly as hurricanes with females.
The study's conclusion said that a storm named for a flower would appear less dangerous than one named for a raptor. The study received a lot of critiques, for instance, that the results of the archival analysis would not be trustworthy because, prior to 1979, only female names were utilized; hence, prognosis and readiness were likely worse.
What Happens If Names Run Out?
We went through the whole alphabetical list of 21 names during the intense Atlantic hurricane season in 2020—and then some! This only occurs extremely infrequently (it only did once previously, in 2005), but due to the warming of the oceans, severe storms are anticipated to occur more frequently.
We just switched to the Greek alphabet up until the 2020 season (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, etc.). Hurricane Iota marked the conclusion of the 2020 campaign. But, the WMO chose to stop using the Greek alphabet in 2021 for a number of reasons, such as:
Because using Greek names was so uncommon, attention was diverted from the more significant information about the storms themselves.
The Greek names resulted in confusion and discrepancies when translated into various regional languages.
Following the 2020 season, the names Eta and Iota were discontinued, and there was no plan in place to replace them. The retirement of a letter rather than a name appears contradictory.
Therefore, a list of supplemental names will now be utilized to name any further storms.
The naming of hurricanes clearly involves deliberation and intent, despite the fact that it may appear to be a procedure without significant history. Nowadays, the names of hurricanes are always given in alphabetical order. You'll know why that is the case the next time you encounter a storm being named in alphabetical order.


text:
NRF, HDY partnerships approve merger
by Sol Dolor | 13 Jun 2017
Australia's five largest law firms are set for a shakeup as Norton Rose Fulbright and Henry Davis York announce their intention to merge.
In a joint statement, the firms said that an "overwhelming majority" of both of their partnerships have voted for the merger, with work now underway to finalise the proposals and begin the integration of the two businesses later this year.
The combined firm, which will operate under the Norton Rose Fulbright banner, will be the second largest global law firm with operations in the country as well as among the five largest law firms in Australia. The firm – which will have particular focus on the financial services, government, and infrastructure segments – will have around 160 partners working out of offices in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney.
The merger comes after Norton Rose Fulbright completed another merger with Australia's Deacons in 2010. It now has around 600 lawyers in the country, which will be augmented by Henry Davis York's 340 lawyers and staff in its legal and business services units. Henry Davis York has 45 partners, 71 special counsel or senior associates, and 63 lawyers.
"There is a sense of real momentum in our global business right now. The combination proposal in Australia with Henry Davis York is occurring as we join forces with premier New-York based firm Chadbourne & Parke and continue to integrate into our business our new colleagues from Vancouver-based firm Bull Housser," said Peter Martyr, Norton Rose Fulbright global chief executive.
"The addition of Henry Davis York will give us the critical mass we need in Australia to take full advantage of the steps already underway, at a global level, to modernise our business through the implementation of our 2020 business transformation strategy. This combination will allow us to bring the benefits of this transformation to more clients," he added.
Wayne Spanner, Norton Rose Fulbright's Australian managing partner, said that the firm has had its eyes on Henry Davis York for quite some time.
"We have admired for some time the way Henry Davis York conducts its business, and we couldn't be happier that our two firms wish to come together," he said.
"Our complementary approaches to client service and deep expertise in core industries will create a compelling offering for corporates and governments, not just in Australia but in Asia Pacific and beyond. We were ahead of the pack when we announced our game-changing merger with Norton Rose in 2010. We see that the Australian legal market is ripe for the next phase of consolidation and we are satisfied that this combination will bring us another first-mover advantage that will significantly strengthen our brand and footprint in the market."
Michael Greene, Henry Davis York managing partner, said that the merger helps one of the established names in Australia's legal landscape evolve for the future.
"The partners and I have been considering for some time how we could take a proud and respected Australian law firm and re-engineer it for the future," he explained. "After consulting with our clients, we felt the time was right to look to join forces with an elite global law firm to continue to provide them with an even greater level of service and industry expertise. Following our recent investment in our continued growth, particularly in establishing a Canberra office, we are particularly enthused about what this proposed combination will deliver to our long-standing financial services, government and infrastructure clients."
Top firms resume merger talks, decision expected within weeks
NRF leads 2017 law firm mergers


text:
using Google.Api.Ads.Dfp.Lib;
using Google.Api.Ads.Dfp.Util.v201411;
using Google.Api.Ads.Dfp.v201411;

using System;

namespace Google.Api.Ads.Dfp.Examples.CSharp.v201411 {
  /// <summary>
  /// This code example gets all product templates. To create product templates, run
  /// CreateProductTemplates.cs.
  ///
  /// Tags: ProductTemplateService.getProductTemplatesByStatement
  /// </summary>
  class GetAllProductTemplates : SampleBase {
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns a description about the code example.
    /// </summary>
    public override string Description {
      get {
        return "This code example gets all product templates. To create product templates, " +
            "run CreateProductTemplates.cs.";
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Main method, to run this code example as a standalone application.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="args">The command line arguments.</param>
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      SampleBase codeExample = new GetAllProductTemplates();
      Console.WriteLine(codeExample.Description);
      codeExample.Run(new DfpUser());
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Run the code example.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="user">The DFP user object running the code example.</param>
    public override void Run(DfpUser user) {
      // Get the ProductTemplateService.
      ProductTemplateService productTemplateService =
          (ProductTemplateService) user.GetService(DfpService.v201411.ProductTemplateService);

      // Create a statement to get all product templates.
      StatementBuilder statementBuilder = new StatementBuilder()
          .OrderBy("id ASC")
          .Limit(StatementBuilder.SUGGESTED_PAGE_LIMIT);

      // Sets default for page.
      ProductTemplatePage page = new ProductTemplatePage();
      try {
        do {
          // Get product templates by statement.
          page =
              productTemplateService.getProductTemplatesByStatement(statementBuilder.ToStatement());

          if (page.results != null && page.results.Length > 0) {
            int i = page.startIndex;
            foreach (ProductTemplate productTemplate in page.results) {
              Console.WriteLine("{0}) Product template with ID = '{1}' and name '{2}' was" +
                  " found.", i++, productTemplate.id, productTemplate.name);
            }
          }

          statementBuilder.IncreaseOffsetBy(StatementBuilder.SUGGESTED_PAGE_LIMIT);
        } while (statementBuilder.GetOffset() < page.totalResultSetSize);

        Console.WriteLine("Number of results found: {0}", page.totalResultSetSize);
      } catch (Exception ex) {
        Console.WriteLine("Failed to get product templates. Exception says \"{0}\"",
            ex.Message);
      }
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home thai news »
PM set to attend 10th ASEM in Milan, Italy
Prime Minister General Prayut Chan-ocha is set to attend the 10th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) on October 16-17 in Milan,[.....]
Transport ministry needs THB 8 billion for red line
The Ministry of Transport has announced that it will request an additional eight billion baht to fund the Red[.....]
Petchaburi landslide kills 3 workers
A massive landslide at a limestone quarry in Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี) province earlier this morning has resulted in 3 deaths[.....]
PM denies standby PM
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra (ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร) has announced today that she has submitted evidence related to a probe into[.....]
FM prepares for ICJ hearing, PM gets tough on elephant poaching
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has made known it will submit the Thai position to be presented at international[.....]
Workers blast call to lift age of retirement
(Feb 22 2013 ) Labor leaders and workers have rejected proposals to extend the retirement age in the private sector[.....]
Energy crackdown, Wadah politicians added to south advisory
The government is ramping up energy-saving measures encompassing both government units and private organizations to help avert a possible[.....]
BKK gov candidates urged to come up with anti-corruption policy
Rak (รัก) Thailand party leader Chuvit Kamolvisit (ชูวิทย์ กมลวิศิษฏ์) today has urged candidates for the Bangkok governor election to[.....]
Democrat gives three-point lesson for govt on how to quell Deep South crisis
By @iNummdotcom
Democrat Party spokesman Chavanond Intarakomalyasut (ชวนนท์ อินทรโกมาลยสุต) drew a three-point lesson for the government from the incident of the[.....]
Energy ministry: Thailand will face energy crisis in April
(16/02/13) Energy Minister Pongsak Raktapongpaisarn (พงษ์ศักดิ์ รักตพงษไพศาล) said that from April 4, Thailand may face a power supply crisis, which[.....]
Poll shows 40% of Bangkokians think polls unreliable
(16/02/13) A survey by the National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA) shows that 39 percent of Bangkok voters think[.....]
Police clarifies extension on police station contract
National Police Spokesperson Police Major General Piya Uthayo (ปิยะ อุทาโย) today has shed some light on the contract extension[.....]
Army Commander to support south provinces curfew if it has no impact to the people
(10/02/13) The Army chief voices his support for the re-imposition of a curfew in the southern provinces on the condition[.....]
Pongsapat linked to building mess Part B
(10/02/13) The government has granted three extensions of 60 days each to PCC Development and Construction, which is the[.....]
Pongsapat linked to building mess Part A
(10/02/13) The Democrat Party has accused former deputy national police chief Pongsapat Pongcharoen (พงศพัศ พงษ์เจริญ) of involvement in the[.....]
Public Health Ministry warns of spread of 4 diseases
The Disease Control Department warns of the spread of 4 diseases as the summer heat arrives quicker than expected[.....]
Smog problem in North still a concern
The smog problem in the North remains a concern but the authorities are hopeful rain in the coming days[.....]
PM: Coalition parties send lists of cabinet reshuffle
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra (ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร) today has announced that the coalition parties have sent their lists of candidates[.....]
45 billion baht splurge for Chinese New Year
The Centre for Economic and Business Forecasting (CEBF) at the University of The Thai Chamber of Commerce has forecast[.....]
Cabinet approves, 5 holidays on Songkran
(5/2/13) Deputy Government Spokesperson Chalitrat Chandrubeksa (ชลิตรัตน์ จันทรุเบกษา) announced that the cabinet also gave the green light for the five-day[.....]
DIT to issue price control measures during the Chinese New Year
(5/2/13) The Department of Internal Trade (DIT) has requested entrepreneurs to sell products with fair prices during the Chinese[.....]


Mark Marguiles is pissed. So what? I'm embarrassed to say that I took 10 minutes of my day to peruse through the whining and bitching of Mark's article "Way Off the Mark" in Radio and Production, October 1996 issue, all in a valid effort to find the point to his arcticle. Though buried in whimpering, it was there.......Account Executives need to PRESELL commercial production. Fine.
I am the senior Account Executive of two radio stations in Springfield, MO, KOSP/Oldies 105.1 and KKLH/Classic Hits 104.7. And, I'd like some ink, too, in response to "Way Off the Mark" (as Mark is!).
First, Mark, you are so full of yourself that you fail to take the crucial position of success....put yourself in OUR shoes before you judge. When's the last time YOU sold an annual to a difficult client? When's the last time YOU serviced a difficult client on an on-going basis? When's the last time YOU were rejected appointment after appointment? It's not as simple as you seem to think.
Admittedly, you have some good points. I agree...Account Executives SHOULD presell commercial production. Account Executives SHOULD have commercial copy pre-approved. Account Executives SHOULD believe in the commercial production that their production department puts out and stand strong. But, to accuse us of being order takers because a client wants to have a say in the commercial production that THEY are paying for is unfair. Account Executives in radio work just as hard as the production people. I don't want to do your job, and I doubt you'd want to do mine. In fact, I doubt either of us would enjoy, or even be GOOD at, the other's vocation.
Additionally, being a professional in broadcast sales amounts to much more than selling the glowing halo that the production department is most definately capable of producing. It's about selling strategies, campaigns, ideas, results, servicing, and, yes....keeping the client happy. And, as a professional in the industry I DO walk away from potential business when the client mandates a nebulous offer, or an ambiguous message. But, if the client doesn't go with my recommendations, I haven't earned their trust. Consequently, I haven't done my job as a marketing consultant. My professional reputation DOES NOT rest with whether or not I get client approval on commercial production without edits. My status as a professional rests with my recommendations and my clients' profitable return on investment as a result. Sorry, I've even had clients succeed even after editing copy! Oh no. What a crime.
I'd also like to mention that the attitude in your article sets us back many decades in the industry. The line between production and sales, though invisible, is felt by all in a broadcast property. And, if anyone takes you seriously, you have just rationalized why the line is there in the first place. At our property in Springfield, MO, we have worked too hard to achieve synergy between the departments to allow you to minimize those efforts.
In summary, I DO care if my clients like their production and it DOES matter. Account Executives are professionals by their OWN standards, not yours. If you don't want to be an Account Executive, don't judge one.
Just received the latest RAP and was casually reading it as I munched on a Burger from the King.
The opening article on Youth Crisis certainly caught my 43 year old eyes and my 27 year old experiences in radio. I only hope my GM and other GMs of the world feel that way when my evaluation comes up. (Might even lay it on her desk.) Good insight Michael.
Additionally, I was on the floor laughing my posterior off from Don May's article and Top 9 list. I personally fell into too many categories as I continued to read thru his evaluation of Production Director traits. The truth can be funny, huh?
I showed the article on Peter Cutler to several of my fellow jocks who have either worked with Peter and Marice or are planning on having Peter cut their next demo with Marice's direction.
I did photocopy Mark's, Way Off The Mark, for my AEs to read and hopefully understand. I've had the magazine since Saturday and today is only Monday!!!!!!
This issue of RAP is one of those that you'll come back to time and time again as a reference book of valuable information. I do that regularly anyway. In fact, I have all of them in three hardbound 3-ring notebooks already to allow easy reference.
Glad you enjoyed the issue. We haven't heard from your salespeople yet. Are you sure they read Mark's column?


text:
Monsters university download yify
Monsters university download yify. Monsters University Vietnamese Subtitle 2019-02-12
Tuesday, February 12, 2019 9:25:20 AM Ezra
Monsters University Vietnamese Subtitle
Instead of a hardworking team, the two have a rivalry, and the supporting cast of their fraternity supply more relatability with a great variety of lovable monsters who help fill the story with even more heart. This film has homages to all the classic college comedy movies, and as it doesn't hold out on laughs for the kids and adults, it has a great amount of heart. A senior student gives his hat to Mike and he plans to become a scary monster. He was born in St. Even when you know that Mike and Sully will win the Scare Games that isn't a spoiler, is it? All original voice talent returns and keeps up with the track record of great performances in Pixar films.
Now it's up to Mike, Sully and his team of losers to work as a team and go the distance In Monsters University the Scare Games are very well done. They get expelled from all Scare Classes and will not graduate as a real Scarer. I will not spoil it for you, but it involves a door to the human world and a little green monster that's depressed. John is best known for his role as Dan Conner on the television series Roseanne 1988-1997 , for which he won a Best Actor Golden Globe award in 1993. Even when you know that Mike and Sully will win the Scare Games that isn't a spoiler, is it? They have raised the bar too high to create something so. Lots of college movie, underdogs, and jocks versus nerds cliches. The story ends when Monsters Inc.
Monsters University (2013) YIFY
It doesn't end with Sully holding up the Scare cup but it takes one more great scene to bring Mike and Sully definitely together. It was a nice, gentle film—one that I didn't mind just watching without picking it apart like I usually do. But what really works in Monsters University is that the story is mainly about friendship. It's basically a college movie set in the monster world, but with a nice deviation from the standard. If he finds a team to compete in the Scare Games and if he indeed wins, he's allowed to follow the Scare Classes until the end.
Monsters University YIFY Torrent and Monsters University Subtitles
Years later, Mike joins the Monsters University and on the arrival, he receives a flier of the Scare Games that will take place soon in the campus. Things go wrong when Mike and Sully accidentally destroy a sacred item that belongs to the devilish Dean Hardscrabble a brilliant Helen Mirren. That being said, the film was actually pretty decent and was rather watchable and enjoyable. John Stephen Goodman is a U. After a field trip to Monsters Inc.
Mike also befriends his roommate Randall. But maybe that's because I have never liked the Cars movie. Monsters University is great fun and it's Pixar best since Up!. In addition to the two main characters, a whole lot of new characters are introduced at the college that Mike and Sully attended. The compatibility with Mike and Sully can be a bit surprising, for one is the study hard teachers pet, and the other a natural born scare student. Fans of the first movie will see a lot of cameos in this one Yeti! As usual, Pixar consistently unleashes intriguing, unique, and appealing characters with flexible movements and simplified traits that attract a wide range of audiences.
Monsters University, a prequel to Monsters Inc. From the moment these two mismatched monsters met they couldn't stand each other. Punches aren't pulled on these questions, which is why it isn't just some animated movie to take the kids to see. Or even one that equalled it? The incredible story of the remarkable friendship between Sully, Mike and Boo made me watch the movie more than 10-15 times already. I will not spoil it for you, but it involves a door to the human world and a little green monster that's depressed. The first night he makes an enemy out of Sully John Goodman , a freshman who thinks that his family name of legendary scarers is enough to get him through school. A personal vendetta is born.
Browse Monsters University (2013) 1080p YIFY Movie Reviews
Surely the charm is there, the animation is the usual Pixar quality, and the production value remains the best in the animation business. Rather it be a long blonde haired guitar player, or the horns on the school bus. How could Pixar make a better movie than the original? Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Louis, Missouri, to Virginia Roos Loosmore , a waitress and saleswoman, and Leslie Francis Goodman, a postal worker who died when John was a small child. It's both funny and sentimental in all the right places. In a nutshell, this is a sincere and endeavored film that sends us various messages to help us progress in many different ways.
The story ends when Monsters Inc. Still the same incredibly interesting world with all its colors, fantastic creatures, and quirks. Luckily Mike comes up with a plan, a bet with the dean. Then he bets with Hardscrambble that if he wins the games, she will accept them in the scare classes. Mike isn't scary at all.


As I wrote in two earlier posts on this blog (Business Travel Before the Open Door[6.01.2009] and Cruising on the Yangzi River[6.29.2009]), I made a memorable trip from Chongqing to Wuhan by ferry in 1978. I returned once more in the early 1980s, but had not been back since, until very recently.
In the interim, parts of what had been Sichuan Province were reconfigured into a greatly enlarged municipality of Chongqing, with a population of some 32 million people. This makes Chongqing the most populous city in the world, although its boundaries includes large swathes of rural land and communities.
That first visit was in August, 1978, and Chongqing lived up to its reputation as one of China's three furnace cities. The heat was sweltering. Between the heat and the cuisine, which involves both fiery hot peppers and Sichuan peppercorns, Chongqing in summer was a celebration of perspiration — especially in those pre-air-conditioning days.
We stayed in the Chongqing Hotel, the best in town at the time, with its traditional Chinese style. architecture. There was fairly significant construction work going on around the hotel, all of which was done with human labor — not a backhoe or other piece of machinery in sight. Work was largely done at night to avoid the terrible heat. Scores of bare-chested, sinewy men with hoes and shovels chanted and sang in sing-song unison as they dug ditches deep, silhouetted by the glow of lanterns.
There were no telephones in the guest rooms. I asked at the front desk if it was possible to make an international call, and was directed to a room in the hotel basement, down a long corridor and around several corners, where the hotel operator sat in the telephone room.
She seemed happy to see me. I don't think there had been many, if any, requests to make international telephone calls that day, or maybe that whole week. I explained that I wanted to make a long distance call, if possible, and gave her the numbers.
She then turned to the telephone exchange, a large wooden box with one of those rotary metal cranks like you see in very old movies. Clackata, clackata, clackata, she cranked — no dialing of numbers manually in those days — and then verbally gave the outbound number to the next operator on the line, who in turn passed it verbally to another operator further down the line, and on it went, until — bingo — my call got through.
The connection sounded a bit like talking inside a metal drum, but still…it worked. I don't remember the cost for the brief conversation, but it was probably roughly equivalent to the cost of one night's stay at the hotel. Long distance telephony was a much more labor intensive business then, a luxury rather than an everyday consumer staple, and rates were sky-high in China and elsewhere.
Chongqing straddles the upper reaches of the great Yangzi River, which was (and is) teeming with all manner of ships and boats, including large sailing vessels used for carrying cargo. As we headed downriver, I was amazed to see crews of 30-40 men pulling large non-motorized wooden vessels back upstream, using thick ropes, leaning and walking slowly forward on narrow ledges carved out of the rock faces which lined the river.
On my second visit, in the mid-80s, transport links to and from Chongqing had improved in variety and frequency, and the city showed signs of greater affluence, with better connections to the outside world. Hotel rooms had telephones, air-conditioning, etc. The market economy was taking root.
As I began my recent trip to Chongqing I was really curious to see the new face of this big, old, historic city. Chongqing has been very much in the news in recent months for its high-profile crackdown on official corruption. So my curiosity was piqued as my Dragonair flight from Hong Kong touched down at Jiangbei Airport.
I declined and walked over to the designated taxi line.
The drive in from Chongqing's airport to the Yuzhong District presented views unrecognizable from what I remembered of the city. Behind the lush corridor of trees and bushes lining the new highways around the city lies a forest of new 20-story apartment buildings as far as the eye can see. Many empty, some not.
I also passed a Lexus dealership which wouldn't have looked out of place in Southern California, and later saw a large outlet mall complex, which is so new and foreign a concept that "outlet" was rendered phonetically into Chinese [奥特莱特(au-te-le-te)]. This is ironic, considering that in the homeland of outlet malls, the U.S., so many of the discounted products on offer in these places are made in China.
The taxi driver who drove me into town was unusually cold and gruff. Often taxi drivers in China, like other countries, are fairly talkative folks, especially if you speak their language.
Later, a locally-based friend told me that Chongqing drivers will often try to ask for a fare 50% to 100% higher than the fare shown on the meter for a trip from the airport into town. Based on that, my driver would probably have been happier and seen better income potential from me if I'd been a non-speaker of Chinese.
My second experience with a Chongqing taxi was also notable. This driver was friendly and there was no haggling over the fare. He was too busy weaving in and out of traffic to haggle. His driving style. involved honking the horn at approximately 5-second intervals as he skittled through traffic, passing other vehicles at every possible opportunity on the relatively narrow and congested streets. The honk-a-thon-ic, Formula One style. of driving seems to be a Chongqing macho thing.
For a small fee, you pick them up and they help you navigate to your destination. Quite a clever idea, and judging by the numbers of them by the roadside, it looks like a growth business. Further evidence that technology doesn't always replace people.


This keyless remote programming instructions work for L,U,P remote with FCC id GQ43VT7T and GQ43VT4T on the back of it.
Perform the steps below to program/reprogram your new and old remote.
1. Look for the Program Connector near the system/receiver. The Connector is a white plastic connector with two terminals that are unplugged.
2. Use a jumper wire to connect the two program connector terminals. Door locks should cycle (lock then unlock) or you'll hear a chirp. This means your system is no in programming mode.


It seems that this year, there has been a resurgence of popular and much-loved knitting books that are finally back in print! Kelley shares how learning to spin led her down the path of knitting and the books that passed on endless amounts of techniques and knowledge. Kelley then reviews four of her favorite books that are finally back in print and ready to be enjoyed by a new generation of knitters: Aran Knitting, The Book of Fair Isle Knitting, and Charts for Color Knitting, all of which are by Alice Starmore as well as Knitting Around the Word by Lela Nargi. Finally, Kelley catches up with all of the "distractions" that have been making her such a productive knitter.


text:
FactoryGirl.define do
  factory :job_request do
    title "Mow my lawn"
    description "This is a random paragraph. doot dee doot dee doot dee doot. This is a sentence. I am writing multiple sentences."
    location "123 Fake Street"
    hourly_rate 15.50
    start_date "2016-03-22"
    end_date "2016-03-22"
    categories "Landscaping manual labor"
    customer_id 1
  end
end


A couple of months ago, I engaged in conversation with a new food bank client. He told me about his life and his education. He shared his love of grammar and communication. He told me that he was so proud of his granddaughter, who at the age of 3, correctly used the word "ubiquitous" in a sentence.
Hard to believe, right? He may have been lying about this. Though who in their right mind would lie about this type of thing?
Either way, it matters not. This conversation, however, did get me thinking, as a former English major, about this basic fact: I love words. Especially unique ones. Ones that are fun to say. Words that have a super special ability to convey precisely the right sentiment at the right moment.
And of course, I was prompted to look up the actual definition of the word "ubiquitous". You know, just to double check my understanding of it's meaning. It's been a few years since I was an English major.
One could say that the smell of weed on Pearl Street in Boulder, Colorado was ubiquitous.
Attorney General William Barr summarized the Mueller report without compunction.
In a sentence: Despite all the kerfuffle made by the Chicago police and the media at large, the case against Jussie Smollett has been thrown out.
What a great word, that vociferous.
I vociferously disagree with climate change deniers.
Trump's cronies are often quite foppish; just look at Roger Stone.
Hubs has been telling me for a while now that he believes the democrats are too milquetoast.
Now I'd like to hear from you, readers who appreciate words like I do: What are some words you enjoy using?
Remember that one show about nothing?
Over the past few months, Hubs and I have taken to watching re-runs of "Seinfeld", typically between watching our favorite MSNBC shows in the evenings. You know, to mix things up a little bit. I'm of the opinion that "Seinfeld" is one of those shows that people either love or hate. People either get it or they don't get it. There doesn't seem to be any middle ground here.
I am one of those people who gets it.
The secret to appreciate this show is this: you are not supposed to like the characters. This is not Friends, people. Unlike popping a cold one and hoping that Rachel and Ross get back together, you will not be rooting for Jerry, Elaine, George, or Kramer. They are not warm, fuzzy, likeable characters. That's not the point of this show. What is the point is that the characters, the writing, and the storylines are consistently hilarious.
I've heard Jerry Seinfeld himself remark that "Seinfeld" is a show about nothing. That to me is not quite accurate. This is a show about hapless, clueless, self-absorbed, single-for-a-reason New Yorkers getting themselves into ridiculous circumstances based on poor choices.
Like any sitcom, some episodes funnier than others. To me, there are multiple character quirks, lines, and scenarios that never fail to crack me up.
Kramer would be a big Trump guy. Jerry and George would be completely indecisive. Elaine would be all about Hillary. And all but Kramer would actually vote.
Somehow it would end with Elaine"winning" a truckload of candy bars for her efforts. But she'd get hung up somehow. Maybe she'd be so pooped she'd fall asleep on the train on the way to the voting venue and end up in New Jersey. Or Kramer would end up driving her and he'd get pulled over by police for throwing candy bars out the window, knocking out an innocent bystander, so Elaine wouldn't make it to vote in time. It would be all for naught, similar to many endings of Seinfeld episodes.
I'm about 88% sure I haven't seen each and every episode of Seinfeld, so tell me, fellow Seinfeldians, what's your favorite one?
Alec Baldwin as Trump. Duh. As a devoted SNL fan, we need to see his take on Trump pushing aside the world leader as if he was the leader of a gang of bullies on the school playground.
I would also like to see a revival of the "man baby" skit (SNL man baby) which could very easily incorporate Baldwin as Trump.
This extravaganza also needs to include Cecily Strong as Girl from the Party. But the party was at Jared and Ivanka's place. Just imagine the goofy things she would say. She'd call them "Merveena and Joren".
Kathy Griffin. This is a risky one to be certain. It has to be the right female comic to do Kathy Griffin (Melissa Villasenor who does the best and weirdest impressions. Love her so much). So it's SNL-ified version of her apology video. Only we see Steve Bannon (aka the grim reaper) in shadow behind her. Maybe Trump/Baldwin would be in the periphery.
So get to work, SNL Writers! The fodder is much too plentiful at this moment to not take this opportunity to create the most epic political satire extravaganza to date.


Jeremy Nelson is a Vice President with retail services. Jeremy joined CBRE in May 2013. Jeremy has extensive experience in commercial real estate, offering expertise in marketing consultation, market evaluation, comparative analysis and deal negotiation. Jeremy is also an active member of the community and has an extensive network of business resources. As a result, he is able to provide quality service, extensive experience and local market knowledge to each of his clients.
Jeremy is also a member of CBRE Investment Properties. Membership in this group provides access to a nationally populated, proprietary database of active investors including 1031 exchange buyers as well as the full range of CBRE resources.


text:
Q: cannot decode array into an ObjectID I have this struct and when I decode it from the database to struct I'm getting this error cannot decode array into an ObjectID
type Student struct {
    ID           primitive.ObjectID   `bson:"_id,omitempty"`
    ...
    Hitches      []primitive.ObjectID `bson:"hitches"`
    ...
}

I'm using this function to decode
func GetStudentByID(ID primitive.ObjectID) model.Student {

    // Filter
    filter := bson.M{"_id": ID}

    // Get the collection
    studentCollection := GetStudentCollection()

    // The object that it will return
    student := model.Student{}

    // Search the database
    err := studentCollection.FindOne(context.TODO(), filter).Decode(&student)

    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("Student DAO ", err)  <----------- Error is output here
        return model.Student{}
    }

    return student
}

Here is a screenshot from the MongoDB

A: hitches in your database isn't a "simple" array, it's an array of arrays, so you may decode that into a value of type [][]primitive.ObjectID:
type Student struct {
    ID      primitive.ObjectID     `bson:"_id,omitempty"`
    ...
    Hitches [][]primitive.ObjectID `bson:"hitches"`
    ...
}

Although each element in hitches contains a single element, so this "2D" array structure doesn't really make sense, it may be an error on the part where you create these documents. If you change (correct) that to create a "1-dimensional" array in MongoDB, then you may decode that into a value of type []primitive.ObjectID.


Costume includes Hooded Cape and Dress. Available in sizes Extra Small, Small, Medium, Large, and Extra Large.
Grab your cookies and send them off to Grandma's for a nice little picnic day! Be careful because there's a big, bad wolf lurking in the woods just waiting for a nice meal.
Review(s) for " Sultry Womens Red Riding Hood Costume"


text:
Home > Legislation > 105th Congress > H.Con.Res.208
H.Con.Res.208 - Expressing the sense of the Congress regarding access to affordable housing and expansion of homeownership opportunities.105th Congress (1997-1998)
Rep. Lazio, Rick [R-NY-2] (Introduced 02/04/1998)
House - Banking and Financial Services | Senate - Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Senate - 07/21/1998 Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Banking. (All Actions)
Array ( [actionDate] => 1998-07-20 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 390 - 0 (Roll No. 298). [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Agreed to in House )
All Actions Except Amendments: H.Con.Res.208 — 105th Congress (1997-1998)All Information (Except Text)
11 results for All Actions Except Amendments | Compact View
All Actions Except Amendments
07/21/1998 Senate Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Banking.
07/20/1998-5:56pm House On motion to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 390 - 0 (Roll No. 298).
07/20/1998-5:46pm House Considered as unfinished business.
07/20/1998-3:07pm House At the conclusion of debate, the Yeas and Nays were demanded and ordered. Pursuant to the provisions of clause 5, rule I, the Chair announced that further proceedings on the motion would be postponed.
07/20/1998-2:32pm House DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate.
07/20/1998-2:32pm House Mr. Leach moved to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution.
02/20/1998 House Referred to the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity.
Action By: Committee on Banking and Financial Services
02/04/1998 House Referred to the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services.
07/21/1998 Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Banking.
07/20/1998 On motion to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 390 - 0 (Roll No. 298).
07/20/1998 Considered as unfinished business.
07/20/1998 At the conclusion of debate, the Yeas and Nays were demanded and ordered. Pursuant to the provisions of clause 5, rule I, the Chair announced that further proceedings on the motion would be postponed.
07/20/1998 DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate.
07/20/1998 Mr. Leach moved to suspend the rules and agree to the resolution.
02/20/1998 Referred to the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity.
02/04/1998 Referred to the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services.
Banking and Financial Services [1]
Housing and Community Opportunity [1]
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs [1]


The best time to visit the Vallone di Cecione is in the spring when you can see the flowering in rows. Exceptional scents and colors make this corner of the Conca d'Oro in Panzano in Chianti even more a paradise.
It is here that Francesco Anichini runs the family business with the collaboration of his parents, Giuliano and Anna, helped by the agronomist, Adriano Zago, Francesco was convinced of organic and biodynamic "row".
"My typical clients? They are people interested in a "family' wine", he explains. It is a question of choice. The most receptive countries are Switzerland, Germany, and now some American cities. There is definitely more attention paid today to organic products and genuineness".
The Anichini Family has wine in their DNA. "We have been producing wine for more than 100 years on my father's side, first in the area of Siena, near Castelnuovo Berardenga, as sharecroppers. In 1961, they came here to Cecione. For many years they followed a course with always more respect for the environment, trying to propose a genuine wine, without using chemical treatments. In 2001, I became part of the business, and until 2003 – 2004 we continued to sell the wine in bulk. After a few years of apprenticeship, I tried to give value to all of our work, going forth on the market and introducing the history of our family which has been making wine for a century".
The first bottled vintage was in 2004. Francesco took care of everything, Including the label, which shows a beautiful 1975 photo of his mother and father going up to the vineyard. The winery extends over 8 hectares, with circa 4 hectares of vineyard and 700 olive trees.
"The choice," continues Francesco, "was organic, But I also followed the biodynamic philosophy. From a practical point of view, it concerns rendering the land more receptive and fertile with manure, spreading the dynamized silica on the leaves at dawn. In this way there is a strong interaction between sunlight and the leaf, and the photosynthesis of chlorophyll is catalyzed. I do this two or three times a year and have healthy vines which don't get illnesses. Of course, the season and the climate carry a fundamental weight".
"Then there is the so-called seeding of the vineyards, of the central part," Francesco tells us. "With passion, each year I do it with different herbs, together with my agronomist. We plan a mix of verbs and alternate rows with organic substances (arugula,favetta, mustard, horseradish, peas and others), which have the effect of reducing energy and refreshing the soil (barley, for example) giving life to the underground".
Francesco strongly believes in the organic and biodynamic way. He honestly admits that "being organic is beautiful and easy. We are up high, exposed to the south east in the Conca D'Oro (the Golden basin). The name says it all" .
But that is not enough: "We always use the least copper and sulfur possible. For the last few years, thanks to the climate as well, I am making wine with great satisfaction. For example, the limit foreseen by the organic "rules" is for 6 kg of copper per hectare per year. I am able to do it with just a little more than 1 kg a year. The quantitative difference is covered with many other natural products: propolis,chamomile, infusion of nettle, and macerated algae. Going in this direction is really discovering the land. We need to go back to the land and live it in full. We know everything about each square meter of our land".
We then go to the wine cellar. "Here to," explains Francesco, "we have reached the point that we don't use yeast or additives. After a period of study, I have produced a wine which, if it weren't for the sulfites (60 to 70% lower, however, in respect to the dosage allowed by the consortium of Chianti wine) it could be considered 100% biodynamic. In this manner, according to me, the wine mirrors the vintage, the climate, and the region".
Among his products are Chianti Classico Docg "Vallone di Cecione", a pure Canaiolo, a rosè from Sangiovese grapes "Allegra" (named for his daughter), the Igt, "campo dell'Orzo", and grappa "Vallone di Cecione".
"I followed this path," he concludes. "For a few years, when I was younger, I thought it necessary to make wine as a sommelier, a prize wine. Sincerely, now this doesn't matter. I'm trying to bottle the actual territory. The best compliment someone can give me is to tell me they drank almost a whole bottle with great satisfaction and woke up the next morning without any problems. This is the only perceivable route, also from a commercial point of view. Wine should be made… for drinking".


Jarrett was a great agent to work with. My husband and I have bought several homes over the years. Jarrett made the process especially easy because we were moving from Texas to Oklahoma. I would definitely work with him again if the need ever arises!!
Associate Broker and Real Estate Agent at ERA Courtyard Real Estate.
4 time "REALTOR TEAM ERA AWARD" winner for OKC.
ERA Realty is a world wide company with over 2300 locations in the U.S. alone.


text:
The Resource Index-digest : January-September 1985, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor
Index-digest : January-September 1985, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor
The item Index-digest : January-September 1985, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Internet Archive - Open Library.
United States, Department of the Interior | Office of Hearings and Appeals
Cubbage, Rachel
United States, Department of the Interior | Office of the Solicitor
Arlington, Va., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals, 1986
"This index-digest covers all the published and all the important unpublished decisions and opinions of the Department of the Interior for the period from January 1 through September 30, 1985, rendered in the Office of Hearings and appeals...and in the Office of the Solicitor...."
https://archive.org/details/indexdigestjanua1985unit
Index-digest : January-September 1985
Index-digest
January-September 1985
United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor
Annual index-digest
Natural resources -- Law and legislation
Public lands -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- United States -- Cases | Indexes | Digests
Natural resources -- Law and legislation -- United States -- Cases | Indexes
Natural resources -- Law and legislation -- United States -- Digests
UDD
law reports and digests
Cumulated quarterly, annually, quinquennially, and decennially

 Data from Index-digest : January-September 1985, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor - Internet Archive - Open Library

Data Citation of the Item Index-digest : January-September 1985, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals [and] Office of the Solicitor
http://link.archive.org/portal/Index-digest--January-September-1985-United/Sdafgxdoihc/
http://library.link/portal/Index-digest--January-September-1985-United/Sdafgxdoihc/