text:
37 Companion Animals Endured Cold Weather-Related Deaths in 2019—That We Know Of
The number of dogs and other companion animals who have reportedly died from causes related to cold weather in 2019:
Every year, PETA receives reports about dogs, cats, and other animals who have died after being left outdoors in cold weather. In 2019 alone, 37 companion animals died because of cold weather—and those are just the deaths that were reported. Most aren't.
Year Deaths Rescues Incidents
2023 1 28 See the list.
2022 34 361 See the list.
2018 43 34 See the list.
How to Keep Your Animal Companion Safe in Cold Weather
The following list is a compilation of cold weather–related deaths of companion animals reported by the media in 2019:
Date Location Notes Number of Dogs and Other Animals Who Died
12/12/2019 Adams County, Colorado When emergency crews deployed a boat to rescue a small dog who had wandered onto an ice-covered pond, the ice broke and the dog fell into the water. The crew was able to grab the animal but couldn't revive him or her. It's unclear where the dog's guardian was at the time. 1
12/11/2019 Adams County, Colorado While being walked on a leash, a dog bolted after a goose, slipping away from his or her guardian. The dog chased the goose onto an icy pond and fell through. Emergency crews were unable to rescue the dog. 1
11/26/2019 South Okanagan, British Columbia Five cats were found living in a metal crate on a truck bed in freezing temperatures. Four of them died. 4
11/12/2019 Kokomo, Indiana A dog died after going missing during freezing-cold weather. The dog's 79-year-old guardian had to be rescued by police after falling into an icy creek while searching for the animal. 1
11/10/2019 Midlothian, Virginia Four puppies were abandoned outside an animal shelter overnight and found the next morning. One of them had frozen to death. 1
3/13/2019 Whatcom County, Washington Two dogs fell through the ice of a pond, and two men died trying to save them. One of the dogs survived. 1
3/6/2019 Hamilton Township, New Jersey Four dogs were left outside during temperatures as low as 9 degrees. One died, reportedly from congestive heart failure. 1
2/13/2019 Atchison, Kansas A dog died after being left tethered outside during freezing temperatures. Another dog on the same property was rescued. 1
2/11/2019 Wirt, New York A dog was found frozen to the floor of a mobile home. 1
2/5/2019 Omaha, Nebraska The bodies of two dogs were found thrown down a ravine. According to the necropsies, the primary cause of death was starvation and the secondary cause was hypothermia. 2
2/3/2019 East Hampton, New York A man and two dogs fell into an icy harbor while on a walk. All three were rescued, but one of the dogs died shortly afterward. 1
2/3/2019 Long Island, New York A man denied four chickens adequate shelter. The chickens froze to death. He's due in court in April. 4
2/3/2019 Essex, Ontario, Canada A cat who was found by the side of a road in January suffering from severe hypothermia and neglect died a month later after continuing to suffer from long-term damage because of the hypothermia. 1
1/31/2019 Indianapolis, Indiana A dog was found dead—starved, emaciated, dehydrated, and exposed to the cold—in an empty garage. 1
1/30/2019 Wheaton, Illinois A kitten was found during extremely cold weather by a police officer, who took her to the vet. Staff first thought she would be OK but then discovered that she had severe frostbite. She had to be euthanized. 1
1/30/2019 Pulaski County, Kentucky A fire may have been caused by a heat lamp that was being used to keep a family's dogs and cats warm outside on a porch. A 12-year-old boy and four dogs died. Some cats who were also at the house were unaccounted for. 6
1/30/2019 Indianapolis, Indiana After receiving a call to check on the welfare of a dog, animal control found the animal frozen to death in a dumpster. The dog had reportedly been left outside in a wooden doghouse in freezing temperatures (the wind chill was below zero degrees), and the owner allegedly put the dead dog in the trash. 1
1/30/2019 Delphi, Indiana A zebra who lived on a farm reportedly froze to death after getting caught in a fence. 1
1/30/2019 Iowa County, Iowa A dog was found frozen to death. Two others were also found on the property but were still alive. 1
1/29/2018 New Lebanon, New York A dog froze to death after allegedly being left outside during extremely cold temperatures. The animal also had no food or water, officials said. 1
1/29/2019 Livingston County, Michigan Three cats were found suffering from hypothermia in separate cases. They all died. 3
1/28/2019 Youngstown, Ohio Animal-welfare officers reportedly found at least one dog dead because of freezing temperatures. 1
1/24/2019 Manchester, Tennessee
A dog allegedly froze to death after being left outside in the cold, according to a neighbor. A necropsy will reportedly be performed.
The following list is a compilation of cold weather–related rescues of companion animals reported by the media in 2019:
Date Location Notes Number of Dogs and Other Animals Who Were Rescued
12/29/2019 Wausau, Wisconsin A dog was rescued by firefighters after falling through the ice on a river. 1
12/15/2019 Bismarck, North Dakota A domestic cat who had been abandoned outside during freezing temperatures was found by an animal shelter volunteer. 1
12/4/2019 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A dog was found abandoned in a crate on top of a dumpster in snowy, freezing weather. 1
12/4/2019 Pasco County, Florida Firefighters rescued a dog who was stranded in a cold lake at 2 a.m. 1
11/30/2019 West Haven, Utah Three puppies and their mother were found abandoned on a mountain. Rescuers were able to secure the puppies but will need to go back for the mother, as they couldn't capture her. Reportedly, she was guarding sheep on the mountain during the summer and ran off to have her babies. 4
11/28/2019 Meyers, California A man was walking with three dogs near an icy lake when the dogs all went in. The man attempted to rescue them but drowned in the process. The dogs were later rescued by authorities. 3
11/28/2019 Little Rock Arkansas A dog was found shivering, starving, and living in a wet mattress during 40-degree temperatures. He was rescued and is being nursed back to health. 1
11/16/2019 Rochester, Minnesota Ten minutes after a dog fell through thin ice on Cascade Lake, the animal's guardians called for help, and the dog was rescued by firefighters. 1
11/14/2019 Cloverdale, Ohio A small dog walked onto a frozen pond and was unable to make it back to land. The dogs guardians called the fire dept. who came out and were able to get the dog off the ice and safely on land. 1
11/12/2019 Manorville, New York Police were called to "a nonresidential area," where they found two dogs chained and four others in cages outdoors in 25-degree weather. The animals were confiscated. 6
11/10/2019 Cedar County, Iowa A dog, later named Rosco, was found nearly frozen to death in a ditch. He was taken to an animal shelter by a good Samaritan.  1
4/5/2019 Highland, Indiana A senior dog had to be rescued by police and firefighters after falling into an icy creek. 1
3/26/2019 Duluth, Minnesota A dog had fallen through the ice (after reportedly chasing geese) and into the St. Louis River about 40 yards from shore and had to be rescued by firefighters. 1
3/25/2019 Shawano, Wisconsin A volunteer firefighter rescued a dog who had fallen through the ice on the channel between the Wolf River and Shawano Lake. 1
3/25/2019 Bozeman, Montana A dog has to be rescued from a partially frozen pond by a firefighter after falling through thin ice. It took about 2 minutes. 1
3/20/2019 Milwaukee, Wisconsin A U.S. Coast Guard officer rescued a small dog who had fallen through the ice on the Milwaukee River. 1
3/19/2019 Hamilton, Massachusetts Firefighters rescued a dog who had fallen through the ice on a lake. 1
3/18/2019 Trempealeau County, Wisconsin A dog who had fallen through ice in a flooded field was rescued with help from the sheriff's department and fire department. 1
3/17/2019 Lake Elmo, Minnesota Firefighters rescued a dog from an icy pond. 1
3/17/2019 Oxford, Massachusetts Two people tried to rescue a dog from an icy pond but ended up having to be rescued by firefighters. The people and the dog were OK. 1
3/14/2019 Monona, Wisconsin A dog who fell into freezing-cold water was rescued by a kayaker and some firefighters. 1
3/11/2019 Springfield, Massachusetts A dog was rescued by firefighters and state police officers after falling through thin ice on a small pond. 1
3/9/2019 Lisle, Illinois A veterinarian and a vet tech rescued a dog from an icy pond. The dog was found to have a broken pelvis, but reportedly, the injury was unrelated to this incident. 1
3/9/2019 Irvington, New York Two dogs were rescued after falling through the ice on a reservoir. 2
3/5/2019 Warren, Massachusetts A horse had to be rescued after falling through the ice on a pond. 1
3/4/2019 Muncie, Indiana A cat was rescued after being found nearly frozen under a car. The animal's back legs were paralyzed, and the tail had to be amputated. 1
3/4/2019 Huntertown, Indiana A dog was rescued by firefighters after falling through ice on a pond. 1
3/3/2019 Kansas City, Missouri A dog was left outside an animal shelter in frigid temperatures. 1
3/3/2019 Plainville, Massachusetts Firefighters rescued a dog who had fallen through ice on a lake. 1
3/3/2019 Cottonwood Heights, Utah Police rescued a dog who had been left inside a cold car. 1
2/28/2019 Suffield, Connecticut A dog was found tied to a tree during a snowstorm. 1
2/26/2019 Haverhill, Massachusetts A dog was left inside a freezing car while the animal's owner ate at a restaurant. 1
2/25/2019 Spencerport, New York A dog fell through the ice on the Erie Canal and had to be rescued by a police officer. 1
2/21/2019 Herriman, Utah While on a walk, a woman let go of her dog's leash to let the animal "play" with some ducks, and the dog fell through the ice on a pond. The woman tried to save her but fell in, too. They were both rescued by a good Samaritan. 1
2/15/2019 Syracuse, New York A good Samaritan saved a cat who was found frozen to a guardrail. 1
2/13/2019 Atchison, Kansas Two dogs were tethered outside during freezing temperatures. One was rescued, and the other died. 1
2/12/2019 Uniondale, New York A dog was found abandoned and tied to a porch in the freezing cold. She was rescued by police officers. 1
2/11/2019 Wirt, New York Four dogs were found inside a mobile home without food, water, or heat. The body of another dog was found frozen to the floor. 4
2/11/2019 Rich Square, North Carolina PETA fieldworkers rescued a dog found wandering in freezing temperatures. 1
2/11/2019 Howard, New York Thirty-two dogs, six puppies, and a kitten were found outside in the cold without food. 39
2/9/2019 Jefferson County, Missouri A dog bound with duct tape was found in a ditch in 30-degree weather. 1
2/8/2019 Edgewood, Washington A teenager and her dog fell into an icy pond and were rescued. 1
2/6/2019 Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Transit workers discovered a dog shivering in a bus shelter and kept him warm until the local humane society picked him up. 1
2/6/2019 Kansas City, Missouri A dog found stranded on a piece of land surrounded by a frozen pond was reunited with family. 1
2/5/2019 Moorhead, Minnesota A man found a cat nearly frozen to the ground on the side of a road. He took the animal to a veterinarian, who said that he was suffering from frostbite and could have died if he'd been out much longer. 1
2/4/2019 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada A woman arrived home to find a puppy inside a box on her doorstep during freezing temperatures. She fosters companion animals and believes someone purposely abandoned him on her doorstep. He's doing well. 1
2/3/2019 Trenton, Michigan A dog fell through the ice on a river. His guardian tried to get him, but he fell in as well. They were both rescued. 1
2/2/2019 Utah County, Utah A dog was rescued from a snow cavern after wandering off and falling in. 1
2/1/2019 West Chester, Pennsylvania A dog and his guardian were rescued after falling through the ice on a pond. 1
2/1/2019 South Bend, Indiana Eleven dogs were seized from homes after they were left outside during severely cold temperatures. Some had frostbite forming on their ears. 11
1/31/2019 Camden, New Jersey A dog was rescued after being spotted behind a business during below-freezing temperatures. 1
1/31/2019 Emmett Township, Michigan Seventeen dogs were rescued from kennels in the freezing cold. Investigators suspected that they were bred for dog fighting. 17
1/31/2019 Kalispell, Montana A cat's guardians came home to find that their adopted cat had somehow escaped. She was found outside, injured, and buried in the snow. They rushed her to an animal clinic, where she received treatment. Fluffy's survival is uncommon—most cats who are outdoors during cold winter months suffer from extremely painful frostbite (and ensuing infections) or are maimed or killed by fan blades when they crawl into vehicle engines seeking warmth. 1
1/31/2019 Dayton, Ohio Three dogs were rescued from a house after being found in inadequate conditions during below-freezing temperatures. It was 11 degrees outside with subzero wind chills. 3
1/31/2019 Dover, Delaware A dog who had escaped from home was outside for three weeks. The animal was eventually found and was OK. 1
1/31/2019 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Firefighters rescued a stray cat who was "clinging to life" in the middle of the Rideau River. He had wounds on his face, tail, and paws. 1
1/30/2019 Columbus, Ohio A dog who was tied outside in freezing conditions was rescued by police officers and taken to an animal shelter. 1
1/30/2019 Indianapolis, Indiana A dog and his guardian were found stranded on the side of the road in the freezing cold. Both were rescued. 1
1/30/2019 Youngstown, Ohio An Animal Charity humane officer and two Mahoning County Dog Warden deputies freed three animals chained outside with bolt cutters. In a separate incident, animal-care officers rescued a dog from a junkyard. 4
1/30/2019 Ackley, Iowa The Animal Rescue League (ARL) of Iowa reportedly rescued two dogs left outside in the snow with no access to food, water, or adequate shelter. According to the ARL, they were taken to its animal shelter. 2
1/30/2019 Davenport, Iowa A young cat was rescued after being found outside in freezing temperatures. She was taken to a veterinarian and is expected to survive. 1
1/30/2019 Galesburg, Illinois A dog who was chained outside during a polar vortex was rescued after concerned neighbors called local authorities. The animal was taken into custody, but his or her future is uncertain. 1
1/30/2019 Des Moines, Iowa Two dogs were found chained outside in below-zero temperatures, without food, water, or adequate shelter. They were rescued by local animal control. 2
1/29/2019 Kitchener, Ontario A dog was found tied to a pole in -17-degree Celsius (1-degree Fahrenheit) weather. 1
1/29/2019 Greenwood Village, Colorado A dog fell into an icy pond and was rescued by firefighters. 1
1/29/2019 Stewardson, Illinois A dog was seized by authorities after the owner neglected to provide adequate shelter and water during cold weather. 1
1/29/2019 Detroit, Michigan A dog was found lying on the ground and suffering from frostbite. He was rescued by Detroit Pit Crew Dog Rescue. 1
1/28/2019 Princeton, Minnesota A dog escaped from her foster home and spent 17 days in freezing temperatures before being found. 1
1/28/2019 Ringgold County, Iowa A kitten was found frozen to the ground outside a couple's home. She was taken to a veterinarian and is expected to survive. 1
1/27/2019 Pike Creek, Delaware A dog who was chasing after geese fell through the ice of a pond. The animal's guardians—a man and his son—tried to get the dog, but the man fell in. His son pulled him to nearby rocks. A bystander called 911, and the three were rescued. 1
1/27/2019 Chicago, Illinois A man jumped into icy Lake Michigan to rescue his dog. After he saved the dog, he needed rescuing himself. 1
1/27/2019 New Castle County, Delaware A dog who was chasing a goose fell through the ice of a pond. Two men tried to save him but also fell in. They were all rescued. The men were taken to the hospital to be treated for hypothermia, and the dog was taken to a veterinary clinic. All were OK. 1
1/26/2019 Collinsville, Oklahoma After a dog ran onto an icy pond and fell in, two young boys rescued the animal. 1
1/26/2019 Saskatchewan, Canada Numerous stray dogs and cats were rescued, thanks to a group effort from multiple animal-advocacy groups in the area. With the windchill, the outside temperature was -32.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The animals are now receiving care. 136
1/25/2019 Polk County, Iowa Two dogs who were chained outside couldn't reach food or water. The only shelter they had was a homemade doghouse and a plastic crate. Their owner was charged with two counts of animal neglect and issued a citation. 2
1/24/2019 Mequon, Wisconsin A dog escaped from his leash while on a walk and fell into an icy river before being rescued. 1
1/24/2019 Boston, Massachusetts A cat was recovering at the Animal Rescue League of Boston after being abandoned in single-digit temperatures at a bus stop. 1
1/23/2019 Rock Falls, Illinois A cat inside a plastic kennel was left at the end of a humane society's driveway overnight. He survived, even though the kennel had been filled with snow from passing plows. 1
1/22/2019 Taylor County, Florida The Coast Guard rescued two men and a dog who had been in a boat that overturned. The dog showed mild signs of hypothermia. 1
1/22/2019 Margarettsville, North Carolina A small dog was found tightly tied up outside during subfreezing temperatures. PETA staffers rescued the animal. 1
1/21/2019 Collingswood, New Jersey A dog was rescued after falling into icy waters. The animal was treated for hypothermia. 1
1/20/2019 Auburn, California Two teens and a dog were stranded in their car in the snow. One teen went to get help, and eventually, the other two were rescued. 1
1/20/2019 Topeka, Kansas A dog fell through the ice on a lake. Firefighters rescued the animal. 1
1/20/2019 Platteville, Wisconsin A small kitten was found in a ditch during subfreezing temperatures. She was later adopted by the police officer who found her. 1
1/19/2019 Toledo, Ohio A good Samaritan found a cat in a snowbank and took him to The Compassionate Village, where he was hospitalized. A German shepherd was also found outside in the cold. The owner was charged with cruelty to animals for allegedly leaving the dog outside without food, water, or proper shelter. 2
1/16/2019 Franklin Township, Ohio A dog fell into an icy pond and was rescued by fire and emergency crews. 1
1/8/19 Walker Valley, New York A dog fell into icy waters and was rescued by firefighters. 1
1/4/2019 Chippewa County, Michigan A dog ran away from his guardians and was found a week later after he'd just fallen into an icy river. He managed to get onto an island and was later rescued and reunited with his family. 1
No animal should endure a cold weather–related death. It's inexcusable.
Photo: Animal Clinic of Kalispell
As guardians, we must take these vital steps in order to protect our beloved animal family members:
1. Keep animals indoors.
Puppies and kittens, elderly animals, small animals, and dogs with short hair, including pointers, beagles, pit bulls, Rottweilers, and Dobermans, are particularly susceptible to the elements, but all animal companions should be kept warm and cozy indoors. Short-haired animals will also benefit from wearing warm sweaters or coats during brief trips outdoors.
2. Don't allow your cat or dog to roam outdoors without supervision.
Being outside unattended is always dangerous for our animal companions, but cold weather poses even more risks. Cats can climb under the hoods of cars in order to get near warm engines and then be badly injured or killed when the vehicle is started.
3. Keep an eye out for strays.
If you see companion animals roaming the streets, bring them indoors until you can find their guardians, or take them to an animal shelter.
4. Clean dogs after they come in from the snow.
Salt and chemicals used to counter snow can make animals sick if they ingest them. Always clean off your dogs' legs, paws, and stomach after they've been out in the snow. If you use antifreeze, buy a nontoxic brand like Sierra or Prestone LowTox.
5. If you see dogs left outdoors in extreme weather without proper shelter, alert the authorities.
Winter weather spells extra hardship for "backyard dogs," who often go without adequate food, water, shelter, and veterinary care. If you see animals left outside without shelter from the elements, note their location and alert local authorities immediately.
6. Help all animals survive cold snaps.
During extreme winter conditions, you can provide birds and other wildlife with access to water by filling a heavy nonmetal water bowl (tongues can freeze to metal) and breaking the surface ice twice a day.
©iStock.com/Merrimon
When the weather improves, be sure to remove any food offerings in order to prevent the animals' dependence on artificial feedings.
Together, we can help drastically reduce the number of dogs and other animal companions who die in cold weather and even eliminate these tragedies altogether.
Animals are counting on us—as their guardians and as good Samaritans—to keep them safe. We can't let them down.
You can become an "Angel for Animals" by sponsoring a PETA doghouse. We provide lonely "outside dogs" with sturdy doghouses to shelter them in the rain and in the snow and freezing temperatures of winter. Click below to help:
Help a Cold, Neglected Dog Survive the Winter
Make sure that all your friends and family members know the potentially lifesaving cold-weather tips above:
Watch this video, listen to this radio clip, and check out this ad to learn more about the reasons why you should never leave a dog outside during cold weather.
Vegan Wing Options Near Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City
LEFT: ©yardhouse | MIDDLE: ©topknotchveganvittles | RIGHT: ©cafegratitudekc


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\section{Introduction}
Polarization as a fundamental property of light plays a critical role in determining the interaction between light and matter. The commonly known states of polarization, such as linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization, refer to spatially uniform light beams, i.e., the states of polarization are the same at different points of the transverse polarization plane. In comparison, vector beams are light beams with spatially non-uniform state of polarization\cite{zhan_cylindrical_2009}. Radially and azimuthally polarized light beams are two typical examples. At each point in the polarization plane, the electric field is linearly polarized locally; however, the field vectors point along different directions.

Generation of vector beams has attracted growing interest recently, as they exhibit unique characteristics and novel effects when interacting with matter. For example, they can be tightly focused beyond the diffraction limit and exhibit strong non-vanishing longitudinal electric or magnetic fields\cite{quabis_focusing_2000,dorn_sharper_2003,hnatovsky_revealing_2011}. These interesting properties can be explored for a number of applications involving polarization-sensitive imaging\cite{chen_imaging_2013}, optical trapping\cite{zhan_trapping_2004,kozawa_optical_2010}, high-capacity communication\cite{milione_using_2015,chen_vector_2020}, laser micromachining\cite{meier_material_2007,drevinskas_laser_2016}, and relativistic particle acceleration\cite{salamin_direct_2008,zaim_relativistic_2017,wen_electron_2019}.

Though various methods, both active and passive, e.g., tunable q-plates\cite{rumala_tunable_2013,dambrosio_arbitrary_2015,larocque_arbitrary_2016}, can be employed to generate vector beams in the infrared and visible spectral region, it is difficult to extend these linear optics based techniques to generate vector beam in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray regime that would further extend its power and capability. Coherent short-wavelength light sources would allow a better spatial resolution in imaging, which is often limited by the wavelength of the light. Combining the unique properties of vector beams, e.g., focused azimuthally polarized beams exhibiting strong longitudinal magnetic field, XUV/x-ray vector beams can be a powerful tool in applications such as imaging and control of magnetic properties in the nanoscale. Recently, spatial-polarization independent parametric up-conversion of vector beams has been realized\cite{liu_nonlinear_2018,wu_spatial-polarization-independent_2020}; however, only second harmonic in the perturbative nonlinear optics regime is obtained. In the nonperturbative extreme nonlinear optics regime, Hern\'andenz-Garc\'ia et al. demonstrated the generation of radially and azimuthally polarized XUV vector beams via high harmonic generation (HHG) from infrared driving vector beams interaction with gases target\cite{hernandez-garcia_extreme_2017}. This approach has the advantage of generating ultrafast vector beams in the attosecond regime and easily controlling the beam properties by modifying the driving beam instead of using inefficient XUV optical components. Yet, intrinsic to the generation mechanism of gas HHG, i.e., the so-called three-step model of ionization-acceleration-recombination\cite{corkum_plasma_1993}, the driving laser intensity is limited (typically $ 10^{14} $ W/cm$ ^2 $) and thus the yield of vector high harmonics is relatively low.

To get brighter ultrafast XUV/x-ray sources, HHG from relativistically intense (intensities $ \geq 10^{18} $ W/cm$ ^2 $ for wavelength of about 1 $ \mu $m) laser-driven oscillating overdense plasma surfaces (termed as plasma mirrors) has been demonstrated as a promising route. The underlying mechanism is generally described as relativistically oscillating mirrors (ROM) \cite{bulanov_interaction_1994,lichters_shortpulse_1996,baeva_theory_2006,dromey_high_2006,pukhov_x-rays_2006,dromey_bright_2007,thaury_plasma_2007}. While HHG from ROM with controllable polarization\cite{chen_bright_2016,ma_intense_2016,chen_isolated_2018,blanco_controlling_2018,chen_isolated_atto_2018,chen_spectral_2018} (i.e., beyond linear polarization) and vortex wavefront\cite{zhang_generation_2015,denoeud_interaction_2017,leblanc_plasma_2017} (i.e., with orbital angular momentum, OAM) has been investigated intensively, HHG with vector beam characteristics has not been studied yet. Very recently, Za\"im ea al. reported the first HHG in the relativistic regime using radially and azimuthally polarized laser pulses\cite{zaim_interaction_2020}. However, only the angularly resolved harmonic spectra with respect to harmonic intensity are considered. No measurement with respect to the spatial polarization distribution of the high harmonics has been done. Whether high harmonic vector beams can be generated remains elusive.

In this work, through three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we numerically demonstrate the generation of intense vector beams in the XUV regime via HHG from relativistic plasma mirrors. The electric field-vector distribution shows that the driving laser pulse imprints its vector beam pattern into the higher frequency radiation during the extreme nonlinear process of HHG based on ROM. The vector harmonic beams can be generated with a high efficiency and synthesized into attosecond vector beams. Besides, we show that high harmonic vector beams with nonzero OAM can be generated under oblique incidence.

\section{3D Simulation setup}

The 3D PIC simulations are performed using the code VLPL (Virtual Laser Plasma Lab)\cite{pukhov_three-dimensional_1999}. The simulation box size is $ 16\lambda_L \times 12\lambda_L \times 12\lambda_L $ for normal incidence and $ 20\lambda_L \times 20\lambda_L \times 20\lambda_L $ for oblique incidence, where  $ \lambda_L = 800 $ nm is the wavelength of the driving laser beam. The grid step size is $ \lambda_L/40 $, $ \lambda_L/25 $, and $ \lambda_L/25 $ in the $ x$-, $y$-, $z $-direction, respectively. Each cell is filled with 8 macroparticles. The temporal laser profile has a Gaussian envelope $ L_T=a_0 \exp(-t^2/2\tau_0^2) $, where $ a_0 = eA/m_e c^2 = 5 $ is the normalized laser amplitude (corresponding to a laser intensity of $ I_0 = 5.4\times 10^{19} $ W/cm$ ^2 $), $ \tau_0 = 2T_0 $, $ T_0 $ is the laser period, $ A $ is the laser vector potential, $ e $ is the elementary charge, $ m_e $ is the electron mass, and $ c $ is the light speed in vacuum. We set the incident laser pulses propagating along the $x$-axis and polarized in the $y-z$ plane.

For the transverse modes, three kinds of cylindrically symmetric vector beams are considered for demonstration in this study, i.e., (1) a radially polarized pulse $ \textbf{E}_r $; (2) an azimuthally polarized pulse $ \textbf{E}_{\phi} $; (3) a generalized vector beam $ \textbf{E}_g $. In our simulations, we make use of superposition of orthogonally polarized Hermite-Gauss modes to generate these vector beams:
\begin{equation}\label{rp}
	\textbf{E}_r = \mathrm{HG}_{l=1,m=0} \textbf{e}_y + \mathrm{HG}_{l=0,m=1} \textbf{e}_z,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{ap}
	\textbf{E}_{\phi} = \mathrm{HG}_{l=0,m=1} \textbf{e}_y - \mathrm{HG}_{l=1,m=0} \textbf{e}_z,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{gv}
	\textbf{E}_g = \textbf{E}_r + \textbf{E}_{\phi},
\end{equation}
where $ \textbf{e}_y $ and $ \textbf{e}_z $ is the unit vector along the $ y $- and $ z $-axis, respectively. Hermite-Gaussian modes are the paraxial beam-like solutions to the scalar Helmholtz equation in Cartesian coordinates. The expression for the Hermite-Gaussian modes is given by\cite{siegman1986}
\begin{equation}\label{hg}
	\mathrm{HG}_{l,m} = u_0 u_l(x,y) u_m(x,z) \exp(-i\textbf{k} \cdot \textbf{x} + i\varphi_0),
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}\label{key}
\begin{split}
	u_J(x,s) = & \bigg(\frac{\sqrt{2/\pi}}{2^J\, J!\, w_0}\bigg)^{1/2} \bigg( \frac{q_0}{q(x)} \bigg)^{1/2} \bigg(- \frac{q^{\ast}(x)}{q(x)} \bigg)^{J/2} \\
&	\times H_J \bigg( \frac{\sqrt{2}s}{w(x)} \bigg) \, \exp \bigg( -i \frac{ks^2}{2q(x)} \bigg),
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $ q(x) = x + i x_{R} $ is the complex beam parameter and $ q^{\ast} $ is its complex conjugate, $ x_{R}=\pi w_0^2 / \lambda_L $ is the Rayleigh length for the beam of waist $ w_0=2\lambda_L $, $ H_J(\sqrt{2}s/w(x)) $ is the Hermite polynomial of order  $ J $, $ w(x) = w_0\sqrt{1+(x/x_{R})^2}$ is the beam radius at position $ x $, $ \textbf{k} $ is the wave vector, $ \varphi_0 $ is initial phase, $ u_0 $ is a normalizing factor, $ J=l,m $, and $ s=y,z $. For $ l=m=0 $, $ \mathrm{HG}_{0,0} $ reduces to the fundamental Gaussian beam.

The transverse electric field of a radially polarized laser pulse can also be expressed as\cite{esarey_laser_1995}
\begin{equation}\label{key}
	\textbf{E}_r = E_0 \frac{\textbf{r} w_0}{w(x)^2} \exp(-r^2/w^2) \sin \psi,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{key}
	\psi = kx + x r^2 / (x_R w^2) -2 \arctan(x/x_R)+\varphi_0.
\end{equation}
From this expression, it can be seen that the laser amplitude at focus reaches its peak of $a=a_0/\sqrt{2e}\approx 0.42a_0$ when $r=w_0/\sqrt{2}$, smaller than the peak field amplitude $ a_0 $ of the Gaussian beams.

Experimentally, these relativistically intense vector laser beams can be produced by converting a linearly polarized laser pulse into the desired polarization structures using a phase mask consisting of space-variant waveplates with different optical axes before focusing to high intensity, as demonstrated by Za\"{i}m et al\cite{zaim_interaction_2020}.

\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{Vector laser beam}
The spatial distribution of instantaneous electric field for the radially polarized, azimuthally polarized, and generalized vector laser beams obtained from the PIC simulations are graphically illustrated in Fig. \ref{laser}(a)-(c), respectively. The color scale shows the intensity pattern, while the yellow arrows represent the characteristics of the spatial polarization distribution. All the three vector beams feature a donut-shaped intensity profile with a polarization singularity in its center, as a result of transverse field continuity.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth
	]{laser
	\caption{\label{laser} Electric filed distribution of the incident vector laser beams obtained from 3D PIC simulations. (a) The radially polarized laser $ \textbf{E}_{r} $. (b) The azimuthally polarized laser $ \textbf{E}_{\phi} $. (c) The generalized vector laser beam $\textbf{E}_g = \textbf{E}_r + \textbf{E}_{\phi}$. The color scale shows the intensity pattern in the transverse plane, while the yellow arrows represent the instantaneous local electric field vectors.}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Vector harmonic beam generation}
To verify the generation of vector beams in the XUV/X-ray spectral region through HHG process from relativistic plasma surfaces, we first consider the case of vectorial infrared laser beams normally incident onto plasma surfaces. The plasma slab has a thickness of 0.5$ \lambda_L $ ($x=[11.5,12.0]\lambda_L$) and density of $ n_0 = 100 n_c $, where $ n_c=m_e \omega_0/4\pi e^2 $ is the plasma critical density with respect to the fundamental laser frequency $ \omega_0 $. In the front of the plasma slab, there exists a preplasma region with exponential density profile $ n_e(x) = n_0 \exp((x-x_s)/L_s) $, where $ L_s=0.2\lambda_L $ is the density scale length and $ x_s $ denotes the position of the plasma-slab front surface.

After the driving laser beam is completely reflected from the plasmas, harmonic fields can be obtained by analyzing the reflected electric fields with Fourier transform. Each harmonic with order $ n $ is selected by spectral filtering in the frequency range $ [ n-0.5,n+0.5 ] \omega_0 $. Figure \ref{hhg_nor} presents the results of harmonic intensity pattern and spatial polarization distribution in the transverse $ y-z $ plane at $ x=6.2\lambda_L $ for the 3rd (H3), 5th (H5), and 7th (H7) harmonics generated by the three kinds of vector laser beams. A striking feature with respect to the spatial polarization distribution can be clearly appreciated from the green arrows,  representing electric field vectors in Fig. \ref{hhg_nor}, that the vector beam patterns are coherently imprinted in each harmonic order, showing the polarization characteristics of the fundamental beam can be preserved during the extreme nonlinear HHG dynamics via ROM.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth
	]{hhg_nor
	\caption{\label{hhg_nor} Electric filed distribution of the generated harmonics driven by the (a-c) radially polarized, (d-f) azimuthally polarized, and (g-i) generalized vector laser beams. The lasers are normally incident onto the plasma surfaces. The observation planes are at $ x=6.2\lambda_L $. The first to third columns correspond to the third (H3), fifth (H5) and seventh (H7) harmonics, respectively. The color scale show the harmonic intensity patterns, with the green arrows denoting the instantaneous local electric field vectors.}
\end{figure*}

For harmonic intensity, radially polarized lasers generate the most intense high harmonics (see Figs. \ref{hhg_nor}(a)-(c)), while HHG driven by azimuthally polarized lasers is the weakest among the three kinds of lasers. This is because radially polarized beams exhibit strong longitudinal electric fields when tightly focused, which is favorable for HHG based on the ROM mechanism. In contrast, azimuthally polarized beams only present strong longitudinal magnetic fields. The strength of longitudinal electric field and thus the harmonic intensity for the generalized vector beam fall in between the cases of radially and azimuthally polarized beams.

Interestingly, the harmonics show spatial intensity modulation with a spherical mainlobe and a few sidelobes.  This intensity feature implies higher transverse modes with larger $ (l,m) $ orders being generated in the high harmonics. Figure \ref{high_order_mode} shows the electric field distribution in the $ x-y $ plane for the third and fifth harmonics driven by radially polarized lasers. The black dashed lines denote the cut positions along the $ x $-plane in Fig. \ref{hhg_nor}. The field pattern clearly demonstrates the intensity modulation is due to higher $ (l,m) $ transverse modes but not wavefront distortion. This is in contrast to the driving laser pulses and the case of relativistic vortex HHG by Laguerre-Gaussian driving lasers\cite{zhang_generation_2015}, but is similar to the results observed in vortex HHG from gases\cite{geneaux_radial_2017,jin_phase-matching_2020}. In the later case, the appearance of higher-order radial modes is attributed to spatial phase acquired by the HHG process, which might have some implications for the origin of the extra radial modes in our case.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth
	]{high_order_mode
	\caption{\label{high_order_mode} Higher-order transverse modes of the harmonics. Electric field distribution in the $ x-y $ plane for the (a) third and (b) fifth harmonics driven by radially polarized laser pulses. The black dashed lines at $ x=6.2 \lambda_L $ denote the observation positions in Fig. \ref{hhg_nor}.}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{trans_profile}(a) shows the radially polarized laser driven harmonic peak intensity as a function of harmonic order $ n $. The spectral scaling is close to the $ n^{-8/3} $ law given by the $ \gamma $-spike model of HHG based on ROM\cite{baeva_theory_2006}, suggesting that a relatively high conversion efficiency may be achieved. Although the scheme of normal incidence is avoided in real experiments to prevent light reflection from damaging the optical components, small-angle incidence should work and give HHG results close to that of normal incidence.

\subsection{Vector attosecond pulses}
Another advantage of generating XUV/X-ray vector beams through HHG is that high harmonics are naturally emitted in the form of attosecond pulse in the time domain. The 1D lineout (cut along the $ z=0 $ axis) intensity profiles for different harmonic orders driven by radially polarized lasers are shown in Fig. \ref{trans_profile}(b). It is seen that the transverse radius of the mainlobe decreases with increasing the harmonic order, while the peak position are approximately the same. This spatial overlap of different harmonic orders allows the synthesis of attoseond pulses. Figure \ref{trans_profile}(c) shows the isosurface profiles of the high harmonics driven by radially polarized lasers, which are obtained after spectral filtering by selecting the 3rd-23rd harmonic orders. Field structure of an attosecond pulse train can be clearly seen. Combined with the already demonstrated characteristic of radial polarization, these intense attosecond high harmonic vector beams may open up many new applications such as probing ultrafast magnetic or spin dynamics.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth
	]{trans_profile
	\caption{\label{trans_profile} (a) The peak intensity of high harmonics as a function of harmonic order $ n $. The dashed orange line shows the $ n^{-8/3} $ spectral scaling law given by the $ \gamma $-spike model of HHG based on relativistically oscillating mirrors. (b) 1D (lineout along the $ z=0 $ axis) transverse intensity profiles of the fundamental field and the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonics. (c) Isosurface distribution of the high harmonics after spectral filtering by selecting the 3rd-23rd orders, showing an attosecond pulse train structure. These results are corresponding to the case of radially polarized driving lasers.}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Vector beam with OAM}
Next we investigate the case of oblique incidence. For convenience of computation and analysis, we set the propagation axis of the incident lasers to coincide with the $ x $-axis, but the incident surface of plasma slab (with a uniform density of $ 40n_c $) to be rotated $ 45^{\circ} $ clockwise around the $ z $-axis, so that the reflected pulses propagate along the $ y $-axis (see Fig. \ref{ob_scheme}(a)). The harmonic intensity pattern and spatial polarization distribution in the transverse $ x-z $ plane at $ y=16.2\lambda_L $ for the 3rd (H3) harmonic driven by radially and azimuthally polarized lasers are shown in Fig. \ref{ob_scheme}(b) and Fig. \ref{ob_scheme}(b), respectively.  For each case, two bright harmonic spots separated in the transverse plane can be observed from the intensity pattern, as a result of partial $ p $- and $ s $-polarization in the electric field structure of the laser pulses with respect to the plasma surfaces, in consistent with the results reported by Za\"{i}m et al\cite{zaim_interaction_2020}. Specifically, for the case of radially polarized driving lasers, the B and D parts (see Fig. \ref{ob_scheme}(a)) of the lasers are $ p $-polarized (i.e., the electric field vectors are perpendicular to the plasma surface), while the A and C parts of the lasers are $ s $-polarized (i.e., the electric field vectors are parallel to the plasma surface). $ p $-polarization is more efficient than $ s $-polarization in driving oscillation of the relativistic plasma mirrors, thus the resultant HHG is more intense in the regions corresponding to B and D (see Fig. \ref{ob_scheme}(b)). Harmonic intensity in region D is higher than that in region B, which may be explained by lasers in part D arriving at the plasma surface at a later time when the plasmas are already heated for a while. In comparison, for the case of azimuthally polarized driving lasers, the A and C parts of the lasers are $ p $-polarized, and thus the harmonics in the corresponding regions are brighter. The harmonic intensity in the A and C regions are about the same level, since both parts of the lasers illuminate the plasma surfaces about the same time.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth
	]{ob_scheme_4
	\caption{\label{ob_scheme} (a) Sketch of simulation setup for oblique incidence. The incident vector laser beams propagate along the $ x $-axis. The plasma slab is rotated clockwise by $ 45^{\circ} $ around the $ z $-axis. Then the reflected pulses propagate along the $ y $-axis. (b-c) The intensity pattern (color scale) and spatial polarization distribution (green arrows) of the third harmonic driven by the (b) radially and (c) azimuthally polarized laser beams observed in the transverse $ x-z $ plane at $ y=16.2\lambda_L $. (d-e) The electric field distribution of the reflected pulses driven by the (d) radially and (e) azimuthally polarized laser beams observed in the $ x-y $ plane at $ z=0 $. (f) The local Poynting vectors of the reflected beams (left) and third harmonics (right) driven by radially polarized lasers, showing vector beams carrying a nonzero orbital angular momentum having been generated.}
\end{figure*}

For the spatial polarization distribution, we see from the green arrows that the vector light feature is also transferred to the harmonic beams. This shows the potential advantages to generate even brighter vector high harmonic beams, as oblique incidence is more efficient in HHG than normal incidence. One may note that in the middle left and middle right regions in Figs. \ref{ob_scheme}(b)-(c), the phases of electric fields are somewhat opposite to form a regular radial or azimuthal polarization together with the other parts of electric field in the shown plane. This is a result of wavefront distortion caused by oblique incidence. In the $ x-y $ plane, the lower and upper parts of the vector laser beam arrive at the plasma surface at different times. The time delay in field reflection leads to a phase shift in the electric field. Figures \ref{ob_scheme}(d)-(e) show the electric field distribution of the reflected pulses in the $ x-y $ plane at $ z=0 $ for the cases of radially and azimuthally polarized driving lasers, respectively. We see that the reflected electric fields indeed exhibit phase shift between the two sections of the hollow laser profiles along each $ y=constant $ plane.

Due to the phase shift, the high harmonics under oblique incidence are still vector beams, but no longer exactly the same type of vector beam as that of the fundamental laser pulse. Instead, they present interesting polarization distribution in the transverse plane, which may be tuned by the laser incidence angle and thus the phase shift. This offers a way to generate novel kinds of vector beams.

More interestingly, the different field phases imply that vector harmonic beams carrying OAM may be generated. As pointed out by Kotlyar \textit{et al}., the linear combination of HG beams with a phase delay can have a nonzero OAM\cite{Kotlyar_Hermite-Gaussian_2014}. Such a beam is lack of radial symmetry and preserves its structure during propagation. Figure \ref{ob_scheme}(f) shows the local Poynting vector ($ \textbf{S}=\textbf{E}\times \textbf{B} $) of the reflected pulse and third harmonics for the case of radially polarized driving lasers. The spiral structure of the Poynting vector about the optical axis in space evidently demonstrates the beams indeed have nonzero OAM. Different from previous studies of vortex HHG with linear\cite{zhang_generation_2015} or circular polarization\cite{wang_intense_2019}, here the high harmonic beam is simultaneously phase (optical vortices) and polarization structured (vector beams). The vortices and vector structures may both be tuned by changing the incidence angle.

\subsection{High resolution 2D simulations}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth
	]{cyl_1d_v
	\caption{\label{cyl_1d} 2D cylindrical PIC simulation results. (a) Spectra of the reflected pulses for the radially polarized (RP) (2D cylindrical simulation) and linearly polarized (LP) (1D simulation) driving laser cases. (b) Intensity profiles of the reflected pulses after spectral filtering by selecting the harmonics with wavelength in the range of 8-80 nm (10th-100th harmonic orders). The profiles of the RP case are taken along $r=w_0/\sqrt{2}$.}
\end{figure}

Finally, we address the generation of vector harmonic beams in higher frequency range. Although 3D PIC simulations retain all the degrees of freedom of the physical system investigated here, the temporal resolution and spectral range of the simulation are limited by the computational resources. For the normal incidence case, the physical system has a perfect axial-symmetry. Thus 2D cylindrical PIC simulations are very suitable and efficient for such a system\cite{lifschitz_particle_2009}. To investigate the spectral and temporal distribution of the reflected HHG with much higher resolutions, we perform additional 2D cylindrical PIC simulations for the radially polarized (RP) driving laser case. The simulation box has 15000$\times$500 cells, corresponding to a cylindrical volume with $37.5 \lambda_L$ in the laser propagation direction $x$ and $62.5 \lambda_L$ in the radial direction $r$. The laser has a normalized amplitude of $a_0=5$. The waist of the laser is $w_0=12.5\lambda_L$ and the pulse duration is $\tau_0=2.65T_0$. The plasma slab has a thickness of 0.125$\lambda_L$ and density of 11.5$n_c$. The preplasma has a scale length of $0.25\lambda_L$. Spectrum of the reflected RP pulse is shown in Fig. \ref{cyl_1d}(a). High harmonics extending to about 40th harmonic order can be clearly observed. For comparison, harmonic spectrum driven by a linearly polarized (LP) laser with $a_0=2.14$ obtained from 1D PIC simulations is also shown. Both spectral scalings are close to the $n^{-8/3}$ law given by the ROM model. These results demonstrate the potential of generating vector beams with high brightness extending to the XUV and X-ray spectral region. Figure \ref{cyl_1d}(b) shows the intensity profiles of the reflected pulses after spectral filtering by selecting the 10th-100th harmonic orders (8-80 nm). A train of attosecond pulses with duration of a few hundred attoseconds is generated by the ROM mechanism. The intensity of the attosecond pulses for the RP and LP cases is slightly different, which may have contributions from multidimensional effects like focusing and defocusing from curved reflecting planes.

\section{Conclusions}
In conclusion, we numerically demonstrate the generation of coherent vector beams in the XUV regime by means of HHG from relativistic plasma mirrors. The vector harmonic beams have the advantages of high brightness and ultrashort duration down to the attosecond scale. The frequency range can be extended to higher photon energies up to the soft x-ray regime. Vector high harmonic beams with nonzero OAM can possibly be generated under oblique incidence. Such novel light sources offer new opportunities in a number of applications ranging from imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution, and magnetic spectroscopy, to particle manipulation.

\section*{acknowledgments}
This work was supported in part by the National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics (JCKYS2020212015,JCKYS2019212003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (11705185), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YJ202025).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Books & Spoons Review: UNTRACEABLE by Janie Crouch
Posing as a married couple to save the world was easy compared to the very real feelings between them...
As Bob and Lisa Sinclair, Omega Sector agents Evan Karcz and Juliet Branson were a formidable couple--until a brutal attack left Juliet traumatized. But with a powerful crime boss selling military secrets, the safety of millions depends on the undercover operatives. It's up to Evan to rehabilitate Juliet...and not fail her as he did on the mission that still haunts him.
Evan's strategy is to be near Juliet night and day to practice posing as a loving couple. But soon he realizes there's a sizzling passion between them. And it's being threatened by forces stronger than they ever realized. With a killer stalking Lisa Sinclair, her "husband" knows he'd risk his cover--and his life--to protect her.
Vivid and intense action mixed with red-hot romance, that left me breathless and there might have been some tears.
I could sense the darkness and despair of Juliet, the emotions shadowing and tormenting her, after the past opp ending terribly. The self-doubt, angst, and fear constantly present with her. Evan's guilt and regret are palpable, with the feelings of failure, and responsibility of the attack towards Juliet.
It doesn't take long, when the new operation starts, that the intensity and danger of the work Omega Sector does, step in. The action is thrilling, the threats to their lives real, and the risk of exposure constant.
Not only do they have to deal with the dangerous opp at hand, but the monsters of Juliet's past were taunting her with threatening emails, bringing even more jeopardy to the already tense situation.
The unity, support, teamwork and protectiveness of the family is a delight. I loved visiting with the siblings from the previous books in the series.
The connection between Evan and Juliet is beautiful, tender, and fragile. The trust, devotion, kindness and care are adorable, the zeal and fervor of their passion unmistakable. I loved to see the development in Juliet, as she leaves the nightmares of her past, and finds her inner agent again, one step at the time.
The story has a beautifully crafted plot, where all the pieces of the puzzle fit into the place at the end, with elements that keeps the reader guessing. The tension in the story is built up brilliantly, and the attraction and passion between Evan and Juliet is constant smoldering fire, that burst into flames at the right moments. The images of the event are vividly painted, lively in the mind of a reader. The final climax of the story took my breath away, and yes, there were tears in my eyes. Can't wait for the next installment of the series, Dylan's story, thankfully out already next month. All the stories in the Omega Sector are easily read as stand alone novels, but I think you will get more out of the story, if you have read the previous ones.
Untraceable is another home run from Janie Crouch, truly recommend for all romantic suspense fans
~ Five Spoons!!
Janie Crouch is an author for Harlequin Intrigue. Her debut novel PRIMAL INSTINCT was nominated for a 2014 Reviewer's Choice Award by RT (Romantic Times) Magazine. Her Omega Sector series is available now!
Janie loves to read – almost exclusively romance – and has been doing so since middle school. She learned to love Harlequin (Mills & Boon) Romances when she lived in Wales, UK as a preteen, then moved on to a passion for romantic suspense as an adult. Her favorite authors include: Linda Howard, Nora Roberts, and Elizabeth Lowell.
Janie recently relocated with her hubby and four kids to Germany (due to her husband's job for support of the U.S. Military), after living in Virginia for nearly 20 years. When she's not listening to the voices in her head (and even when she is), she enjoys traveling, long-distance running, movie-watching, knitting and adventure (obstacle) racing. Janie completed an Ironman Triathlon in 2014.
Most of all she loves to laugh and joke and count her blessings. And they are many.
Goodreads Amazon Facebook Twitter Webpage
Link to the series on Goodreads

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Community participation in decision-making should be an ongoing process, and participants should be free of the fear of retribution.
The contribution of a diverse range of groups and perspectives to the political process is inherently valuable.
A vibrant, diverse and independent civil society is imperative to a healthy democracy.
Active, engaged citizenship should be encouraged to assist ongoing community participation in the making of laws and policy.
Marginalised groups must be enabled and encouraged to participate in law-making and policy debates.
Community participation requires citizens and groups to be fully informed on how to participate, with transparent and fair mechanisms utilised to translate community views into changes in policy and law.
Community participation in planning should be enshrined in law and be an ongoing process.
Community groups and individuals must be provided with sufficient information in plain language to enable meaningful participation in all levels of government.
The role of advocacy on behalf of individuals and for systemic change is a vital part of civil society.
Non-government organisations provide a vital democratic role as advocates and as providers of services.
People have a right to peaceful assembly, non-violent protest, freedom of association, and freedom of expression.
The civil society sector is a significant part of the economy employing many Australians in useful, productive work, that has been historically neglected by government.
Employees in civil society should be awarded fair wages and conditions commensurate with other sectors.
Community organisations to be able to participate in public debate without fear of adverse consequences.
Marginalised groups to be provided with support and resources enabling them to participate in consultation and deliberation processes.
To enable comprehensive participation by community groups in consultation and deliberative processes. Government should provide such groups adequate time and financial assistance where required.
Governments to provide free and timely information to citizens.
Strong Freedom of Information (FOI) laws that exempt community groups and individuals from fees for material gained under FOI.
A well-resourced, independent statutory agency to oversee freedom of information requests and appeals.
Support for participatory deliberative methods or processes, where appropriate, that increase levels of interaction between decision makers and the public.
The development and expansion of programs such as community centres, kitchens, gardens, cleaning facilities, toy libraries, car shares, public technology labs, and tool sheds to foster community based interaction and reduce the duplication of ownership of infrequently used material possessions.
A minister with responsibility for the not-for-profit sector.
Support and resourcing for an independent Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission, that among other roles be responsible for the determination of charitable status.
Entrenched protections for charities and not-for-profit groups to lobby governments and advocate publicly against government policy in pursuit of their objectives.
To enable advocacy, activism or campaigning for any charities and not-for-profit groups, including those in receipt of government funding, while introducing limits to the deployment of campaign funds from corporations that undermine our democratic processes.
The ability for civil society groups to have legal standing in environmental, community and other relevant issues before the courts.
The introduction of a National Volunteering Strategy that is developed in partnership with representatives of the sectors.
Facilitation of the establishment of co-operatives in the civil society sector.
To ensure funding for programs and services delivered by charities or not-for-profit organisations are indexed and funding remains adequate and fit for purpose.


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text:
package org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.rest.protocols.tcp.redis;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;
import redis.clients.jedis.exceptions.JedisDataException;

/**
 * Tests for String commands of Redis protocol.
 */
public class RedisProtocolStringSelfTest extends RedisCommonAbstractTest {
    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testGet() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jcache().put("getKey1", "getVal1");

            Assert.assertEquals("getVal1", jedis.get("getKey1"));
            Assert.assertNull(jedis.get("wrongKey"));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.get("setDataTypeKey");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testGetSet() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jcache().put("getSetKey1", "1");

            Assert.assertEquals("1", jedis.getSet("getSetKey1", "0"));
            Assert.assertNull(jedis.get("getSetNonExistingKey"));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.getSet("setDataTypeKey", "0");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testMGet() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jcache().put("getKey1", "getVal1");
            jcache().put("getKey2", 0);

            List<String> res = jedis.mget("getKey1", "getKey2", "wrongKey");

            Assert.assertTrue(res.contains("getVal1"));
            Assert.assertTrue(res.contains("0"));

//            not supported.
//            fail("Incompatible! getAll() does not return null values!");
//            Assert.assertTrue(result.contains("nil"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testMGetDirectOrder() throws Exception {
        testMGetOrder(true);
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testMGetReverseOrder() throws Exception {
        testMGetOrder(false);
    }

    /**
     * Tests mget operation.
     *
     * @param directOrder {@code true} if the order of inserting to a cache should be the same as the order using by mget.
     */
    public void testMGetOrder(boolean directOrder) {
        int keysCnt = 33;

        List<String> keys = new ArrayList<>(keysCnt);
        List<String> values = new ArrayList<>(keysCnt);

        // Fill values.
        for (int i = 0; i < keysCnt; ++i) {
            keys.add("getKey" + i);

            values.add("getValue" + i);
        }

        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            for (int i = 0; i < keysCnt; ++i)
                jcache().put(keys.get(i), values.get(i));

            if (!directOrder) {
                Collections.reverse(keys);

                Collections.reverse(values);
            }

            List<String> res = jedis.mget(keys.toArray(new String[keysCnt]));

            Assert.assertEquals("The response size is not expected.", keysCnt, res.size());

            for (int i = 0; i < keysCnt; ++i)
                Assert.assertEquals(values.get(i), res.get(i));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testMGetDuplicates() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jcache().put("key-A", "value-A");
            jcache().put("key-B", "value-B");

            List<String> res = jedis.mget("key-A", "key-B", "key-A");

            Assert.assertEquals("The size of returned array must be equal to 3.", 3, res.size());

            Assert.assertEquals("value-A", res.get(0));
            Assert.assertEquals("value-B", res.get(1));
            Assert.assertEquals("value-A", res.get(2));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testSet() throws Exception {
        long EXPIRE_MS = 1000L;
        int EXPIRE_SEC = 1;

        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jedis.set("setKey1", "1");
            jedis.set("setKey2".getBytes(), "b0".getBytes());

            Assert.assertEquals("1", jcache().get("setKey1"));
            Assert.assertEquals("b0", jcache().get("setKey2"));

            // test options.
            jedis.set("setKey1", "2", "nx");
            jedis.set("setKey3", "3", "nx", "px", EXPIRE_MS);

            Assert.assertEquals("1", jcache().get("setKey1"));
            Assert.assertEquals("3", jcache().get("setKey3"));

            jedis.set("setKey1", "2", "xx", "ex", EXPIRE_SEC);
            jedis.set("setKey4", "4", "xx");

            Assert.assertEquals("2", jcache().get("setKey1"));
            Assert.assertNull(jcache().get("setKey4"));

            // wait for expiration.
            Thread.sleep((long)(EXPIRE_MS * 1.2));

            Assert.assertNull(jcache().get("setKey1"));
            Assert.assertNull(jcache().get("setKey3"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testMSet() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jedis.mset("setKey1", "1", "setKey2", "2");

            Assert.assertEquals("1", jcache().get("setKey1"));
            Assert.assertEquals("2", jcache().get("setKey2"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testIncrDecr() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals(1, (long)jedis.incr("newKeyIncr"));
            Assert.assertEquals(-1, (long)jedis.decr("newKeyDecr"));

            Assert.assertEquals("1", jedis.get("newKeyIncr"));
            Assert.assertEquals("-1", jedis.get("newKeyDecr"));

            Assert.assertEquals(1, (long)jedis.incr("incrKey1"));

            jedis.set("incrKey1", "10");

            Assert.assertEquals(11L, (long)jedis.incr("incrKey1"));

            jedis.set("decrKey1", "10");

            Assert.assertEquals(9L, (long)jedis.decr("decrKey1"));

            jedis.set("nonInt", "abc");

            try {
                jedis.incr("nonInt");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            try {
                jedis.decr("nonInt");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeIncr1", "9223372036854775808");
            try {
                jedis.incr("outOfRangeIncr1");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeDecr1", "-9223372036854775809");
            try {
                jedis.decr("outOfRangeDecr1");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeInc2", String.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE));
            try {
                jedis.incr("outOfRangeInc2");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeDecr2", String.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE));
            try {
                jedis.decr("outOfRangeDecr2");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testIncrDecrBy() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals(2, (long)jedis.incrBy("newKeyIncrBy", 2));
            Assert.assertEquals(-2, (long)jedis.decrBy("newKeyDecrBy", 2));

            jedis.set("incrDecrKeyBy", "1");

            Assert.assertEquals(11L, (long)jedis.incrBy("incrDecrKeyBy", 10));

            Assert.assertEquals(9L, (long)jedis.decrBy("incrDecrKeyBy", 2));

            jedis.set("outOfRangeIncrBy", "1");
            try {
                jedis.incrBy("outOfRangeIncrBy", Long.MAX_VALUE);

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeDecrBy", "-1");
            try {
                jedis.decrBy("outOfRangeDecrBy", Long.MIN_VALUE);

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeIncBy2", String.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE));
            try {
                jedis.incrBy("outOfRangeIncBy2", Long.MAX_VALUE);

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jedis.set("outOfRangeDecrBy2", String.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE));
            try {
                jedis.decrBy("outOfRangeDecrBy2", Long.MIN_VALUE);

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testAppend() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals(5, (long)jedis.append("appendKey1", "Hello"));
            Assert.assertEquals(12, (long)jedis.append("appendKey1", " World!"));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.append("setDataTypeKey", "");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testStrlen() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals(0, (long)jedis.strlen("strlenKeyNonExisting"));

            jcache().put("strlenKey", "abc");

            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long)jedis.strlen("strlenKey"));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.strlen("setDataTypeKey");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testSetRange() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals(0, (long)jedis.setrange("setRangeKey1", 0, ""));

            jcache().put("setRangeKey2", "abc");

            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long)jedis.setrange("setRangeKey2", 0, ""));

            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long)jedis.setrange("setRangeKeyPadded", 2, "a"));

            try {
                jedis.setrange("setRangeKeyWrongOffset", -1, "a");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            try {
                jedis.setrange("setRangeKeyWrongOffset2", 536870911, "a");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("ERR"));
            }

            jcache().put("setRangeKey3", "Hello World");

            Assert.assertEquals(11, (long)jedis.setrange("setRangeKey3", 6, "Redis"));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.setrange("setDataTypeKey", 0, "Redis");

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testGetRange() throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertEquals("", jedis.getrange("getRangeKeyNonExisting", 0, 0));

            jcache().put("getRangeKey", "This is a string");

            Assert.assertEquals("This", jedis.getrange("getRangeKey", 0, 3));
            Assert.assertEquals("ing", jedis.getrange("getRangeKey", -3, -1));
            Assert.assertEquals("This is a string", jedis.getrange("getRangeKey", 0, -1));
            Assert.assertEquals("string", jedis.getrange("getRangeKey", 10, 100));

            jcache().put("setDataTypeKey", new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("1", "2")));

            try {
                jedis.getrange("setDataTypeKey", 0, 1);

                assert false : "Exception has to be thrown!";
            }
            catch (JedisDataException e) {
                assertTrue(e.getMessage().startsWith("WRONGTYPE"));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testDel() throws Exception {
        jcache().put("delKey1", "abc");
        jcache().put("delKey2", "abcd");
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            // Should return the number of actually deleted entries.
//            Assert.assertEquals(0, (long)jedis.del("nonExistingDelKey"));
            Assert.assertEquals(2, (long)jedis.del("delKey1", "delKey2"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testExists() throws Exception {
        jcache().put("existsKey1", "abc");
        jcache().put("existsKey2", "abcd");
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            Assert.assertFalse(jedis.exists("nonExistingDelKey"));
            Assert.assertEquals(2, (long)jedis.exists("existsKey1", "existsKey2"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testExpire() throws Exception {
        testExpire(new Expiration() {
            @Override public long expire(Jedis jedis, String key) {
                return jedis.expire("k1", 2);
            }
        });
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testExpireMs() throws Exception {
        testExpire(new Expiration() {
            @Override public long expire(Jedis jedis, String key) {
                return jedis.pexpire("k1", 2000);
            }
        });
    }

    private void testExpire(Expiration exp) throws Exception {
        try (Jedis jedis = pool.getResource()) {
            jedis.set("k1", "v1");

            Assert.assertTrue(jedis.exists("k1"));

            Assert.assertEquals(1L, exp.expire(jedis, "k1"));

            Assert.assertEquals("v1", jedis.get("k1"));

            Thread.sleep(2100);

            Assert.assertFalse(jedis.exists("k1"));

            Assert.assertEquals(0L, (long)jedis.expire("k1", 2));
        }
    }

    private interface Expiration {
        long expire(Jedis jedis, String key);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Much like the In-N-Out business itself, Lynsi Torres, the company's current president, doesn't play by traditional rules. At 31, she's America's youngest female billionaire.
As the granddaughter of the company's founders Esther and Harry Snyder, Torres inherited her claim to the burger chain, much like her father and uncle before her. She received 50% stake in the company when she turned 30 and will acquire the remaining shares at the age of 35.
But what's most intriguing about Torres acquiring the massively successful cult-like burger chain is that, unlike other CEOs of fast-food industries, Torres never graduated from college and has little formal management training. Hence, very little is known about how she is going to lead In-N-Out.
Will she revolutionize the industry with innovative management strategies or will she completely fail due to a lack of experience?
In a statement to employees in 2010, Torres said, "I'm so blessed to have had such great family leaders come before me. Today, I view a big part of my job as adhering to and living up to the high standards that have been built up over the past 64 years. But there is more to my vision for In-N-Out … we don't just want to live up to our own high standards … we want to exceed them!"
There is very little known about the super secretive Torres so it's unsure what management tactics she will use to exceed In-N-Out's already exceptionally high standards.
1. She worked as an In-N-Out manager while growing up.
Despite her limited management training until this current position, Torres has been close to the In-N-Out business her entire life. At one time, her job was dicing potatoes as an employee.
Unlike other CEOs of fast food restaurants, Torres is completely loyal to In-N-Out because she's never worked anywhere else. The system and brand is ingrained into her lifestyle and she'll likely stay true to the original vision of the company.
2. She will "never sell, never franchise."
Staying true to the roots of the brand, which has foregone rapid expansion in favor of preserving quality, Torres has publicly stated that the company will remain centrally operated and regulated, another key difference from other quick service restaurants.
Her declaration suggests that she will continue the legacy of family-run quality even as the chain expands and attracts greater investor speculation.
In an OC Register article, Torres said: "I really feel responsible to maintain those things that my family instilled in this company. That's challenging because the temptation is to cut corners and change things here and there and do what everyone else is doing."
3. She is a competitive drag racer.
An activity that has been tied to In-N-Out history since the beginning — founder Harry Snyder invested in a drag strip in 1971 — drag racing also happens to be one of Torres' main hobbies.
Her interest in this competitive and high-octane sport indicates that she is adventurous and willing to take risks. It's interesting to think about how this willingness combined with a competitive streak could manifest in future business strategy. Perhaps a store out East?
4. She is the main backer for Christian nonprofit Healing Hearts and Nations.
In-N-Out has been known for placing discrete, Biblical phrases on its food wrappers. It's unclear whether religion will play a larger role in the company's public presence now that Torres is at the helm, but we do know that she's affiliated with religious organizations.
5. She is extremely secretive.
Partly because of safety threats she has previously faced, Torres is extremely tightlipped about the In-N-Out business and her own life.
As a private company, In-N-Out also keeps much of its inner workings under wraps.
The company even has a secret menu that keeps customers guessing. In being a secretive person, Torres proves she is keeping close to the company's culture and legacy.


text:
The number of women undergoing labiaplasties in the US is rising and it's worrying
More and more young people are trying to going under the knife down there.
By Catriona Harvey-Jenner
It's baffling to us that any woman should feel so dissatisfied with the way she looks 'down there' that she considers going under the knife. Because that's the thing about vaginas; they're not all meant to look the same.
How many penises have you seen that look identical? I'm going to bet none. We all know they come in different shapes and sizes, and so does our genitalia. Plus, neither male or female sex organs were designed to look pretty, were they? That's what our faces are for.
So it's worrying that the number of labiaplasties - a cosmetic surgery procedure to make the labia minora (the inner lips) more symmetrical - has shot up in the US over the past couple of years. Although the American Society of Plastic Surgeons hasn't released official figures on the matter, the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery claims that 400 girls aged18 and under underwent the risky procedure in 2015, a shocking rise of 80% from the 222 procedures carried out in 2014.
And although in the grand scheme of things, given how many people live in America, those numbers aren't catastrophic, they're still high enough to warrant concerns from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists that young women aren't being educated enough on what's 'normal'. Which is, well, nearly all of us; however 'it' looks.
Among the guidelines, which actually point out that there is no scientific definition for enlarged labia - e.g. it's not a thing, medical professionals are advised that "when adolescents seek medical treatment, the first step is often education and reassurance regarding normal variation in anatomy, growth, and development."
Our vaginas are private, that's the only reason we worry about whether they look 'normal' or not
And that is SO important. Our vaginas are private, which is the only reason we worry about whether they look 'normal' or not. If everyone went around covering up their noses, we'd probably worry about whether our nostrils were in the right place, or whether your gender of choice will find that bump you've got attractive. But we don't, because we see noses every day. We know they all look different; some are larger than others, and that's fine.
It's not a one-size-fits-all. Because how boring would that be?
Also in the brilliant guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is a recommendation that prospective labiaplasty patients first receive counselling, and an "assessment of the adolescent's physical maturity and emotional readiness" prior to any surgery taking place. It is also suggested that "individuals should be screened for body dysmorphic disorder".
It's reassuring to see medical professionals in this area making a strong statement that there are very few circumstances under which a woman might need a labiaplasty to alter the aesthetic of her vagina. It's an issue deeper than that, likely connected to self-image and body confidence; and hopefully that's something which can be solved without having to go under the knife.
Follow Cat on Twitter.
Like this? Come and check us out on Snapchat Discover.
Catriona Harvey-Jenner Digital Features Editor Cat is Cosmopolitan UK's features editor covering women's issues, health and current affairs.
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Women are now having blood injected into their clitoris to get a better sex life
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text:
Trachylepis cristinae es una especie de escincomorfos de la familia Scincidae.

Distribución geográfica y hábitat
Es endémica de la isla Abd al Kuri (Yemen). Su rango altitudinal oscila entre 36 y 450 msnm.

Referencias

 Sindaco, R., Metallinou, M., Pupin, F., Fasola, M. & Carranza, S. 2012. Forgotten in the ocean: systematics, biogeography and evolution of the Trachylepis skinks of the Socotra Archipelago. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 41, no 4, p. 346-362

Enlaces externos

cristinae
Reptiles del archipiélago de Socotra
Fauna endémica de Abd al Kuri
Animales descritos en 2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This triple strand journey of stones is truly amazing with its ability to be worn with multiple ensembles, dressed up or down. Citrine, freshwater pearls, crackle beads, agate stones, and silver plated pieces hang from leather cording with a loop and bead closure. Hangs 20" long.


Tell your tongue to stop, drop and roll because Wendy's have new tantalizing deal just for you! Enjoy buy 1 free 1 deliciously big and juicy boneless Chicken Chop (RM10 only) from 3pm – 6pm!
When Dave Thomas opened the first Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers restaurant, he created something new and different-high quality food made with the freshest ingredients, served the way the customer wanted.
Quality was so important to Dave that he put the phrase "Quality is our Recipe®" on the logo. Today, the passion for quality remains our number one priority at every Wendy's restaurant around the world. And it all began in 1969 with a single restaurant in Columbus, Ohio.


text:
Dr. Fauci gives some hope baseball could return this summer
By Kristie Ackert
Wednesday morning Dr. Anthony Fauci, the top infectious disease expert on the White House Coronavirus Task Force, was giving baseball — and sports fans — something to dream about. The head of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases was talking about the return of games this summer.
"There's a way of doing that," Dr. Fauci said in a Good Luck America interview on Snapchat. "Nobody comes to the stadium. Put them in big hotels, wherever you want to play. Keep them well surveilled … but have them tested, like, every week. And make sure they don't wind up infecting each other or their family. Just let them play their season out."
That sounds familiar. It is like a broad outline of one of the plans that MLB was said to be kicking around earlier this month. MLB was talking to the union about a plan in which all 30 teams would be based in Arizona, playing games at the spring training sites and Chase Field. The players and essential team personnel would be quarantined during the season.
MLB walked back that plan quickly and numerous issues with the plan were cited, including players being asked to stay away from their families for four to six months.
But MLB and the other major sports, which are losing millions every day they are shut down, are desperate to get back on the field. MLB has said it is committed to playing as many games as possible once the season gets going.
Still, after shutting down spring training on March 12 and delaying the start of the season (officially for eight weeks but technically indefinitely) baseball has been adamant that it would follow the direction of public health officials when they eventually start their season up.
Baseball has been suspended until further notice. (ME/Getty Images)
Tuesday there had been some speculation that a loophole in the Florida "stay-at-home" order would be the way to get baseball back in that state. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis seemed to crack open the door to baseball's return in Florida when he wrote an exemption to his stay-at-home order deeming the WWE "essential business." That allowed the wrestling company to film its programs in Orlando without fans during the state-wide quarantine to try and battle the spread of the coronavirus. The loose wording in the amendment could also be applied to baseball, but MLB downplayed that exemption for "professional sports," in a statement to the Tampa Bay Times Tuesday night.
"MLB has been working diligently to plan for many different contingencies, and one of many ideas that has been discussed has been to play some of our games [in] Florida when the public health situation allows for it. We are appreciative that the governor is open to playing games in Florida as one potential solution, but we all agree that such efforts can only be undertaken in a manner that does not endanger public health, nor the health of our players and fans. We will continue to be guided by those principles."
But Dr. Fauci has become the foremost public health voice during this national crisis. His words carry a lot of weight and baseball is seemingly willing to listen to him. MLB has not only been consulting with the players union as well as public health officials about the ideas they have had for starting the league this summer. Dr. Fauci was one of those public health officials who had been briefed on MLB's plan, according to an SNY report earlier this month.
And the New York native sees some benefits to getting the games going again.
"People say you can't play without spectators," Dr. Fauci also said in the Snapchat interview. "Well I think you probably get enough buy-in from people who are dying to see a baseball game. I've been living in Washington. We have the world champion Washington Nationals. I want to see them play again."
Now, there seems to be a glimmer of real hope that Dr. Fauci and the rest of us will get to watch baseball sometime this summer.


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Hi, Don. I met you just about four years ago when I was sitting at a counter in Two Sisters Bakery/Cafe in Homer, AK. You struck up a conversation with me (I think) because I had a Bible with me. Through that conversation, I learned more about your family's journey, and you learned I was about to depart for Namibia to serve as a Peace Corps Volunteer. You asked how my parents felt about that, for instance (they were serving as pastors of Homer UMC at the time). You ended up giving me your business card and told me you'd be praying for me.
I just wanted to let you know how much that meant to me. I carried that business card with me to Namibia and used it as a bookmark in my Bible. I basically looked at it every day, taking it out as I ate breakfast and did my devotions. It survived much wear and tear over these four years.
Now I'm back in the United States and I'm about to start my last year of seminary as I seek ordination into the ministry. I'm so touched by the heartfelt words you shared with me, a stranger, and I treasure them to this day. You never know what ripple effects those conversations will have. God really used you on a day when I was feeling so uncertain about the future. Thank you for being God's servant.