text:
\section{Introduction}

It is common in the Physics literature to find more or less involved
statements on the existence of the basic objects and of their representations.
Relevant examples today may be strings or branes, as atoms and quarks were in
the past.  As a practical or more conscious attitude, the positions range from
two extremes. On one side, existence is granted or denied to the items if they
can be detected (like atoms or quarks) or disproved, like the ether or the
planet Vulcan, without further thoughts about the reality of their
mathematical representative.  In the other extreme \cite{Tegmark} existence is
assigned even to the representations themselves, with varying degrees of
commitment to the philosophical concepts.

In a way this parallels the extremes of the oldest philosophical debate,
between rationalists and empiricists, the most radical forms of which are
naive realism and constructivism. Practitioners of physics are usually closer
to the former view.  Nevertheless one cannot always ignore the philosophical
background, and certainly not concerning the foundations of quantum mechanics,
where the interpretation, which is a basic ingredient, has always been a
matter of debate, often called the problem of realism. This debate can have
also practical implications e.g. for quantum information or quantum
cosmology. In any case, thinking about these abstract matters certainly opens
our vision and improves our questions and understanding.

Our purpose is to provide a clear and simple conceptual (philosophical)
 picture of these important questions, which could also be useful in practice,
 clean of technicalities. Our view was mainly built thinking about the
 philosophical ideas of Boltzmann. They are contained in his only specific
 technical article \cite{Boltz}, which is both long and hard to read, in his
 notes for the Philosophy lectures  held by
Boltzmann in his last years \cite{Fasol}, which are even harder, and
 also informally scattered in his Popular Writings and other popularizations,
 which are very rewarding \cite{Popmodel}.

 In the next section \ref{theproblem} we address the main problem of the
 existence of the physical world and its description, beginning with a
 historical perspective to provide a selection of Boltzmann's ideas, and we
 reassure the reader immediately with the basic conclusion, that one can
 safely maintain a realistic position on the objective existence of the
 external world, in permanent evolution, adjusted and regulated by
 experimental confrontation. In Boltzmann's words {\it ``we must adopt the
   objective point of view'', as the phrase goes.}\cite{Boltz}. This will lead
 us to our main proposal, to call existing or non existing only what is
 detectable or falsable respectively. As for the different concepts, at
 various levels of complexity and abstraction, for which neither option can be
 achieved at present, one should distinguish between the physics approach with
 mathematical analysis and measurements, and the philosophical reasoning,
 involving qualitative attributes which can be related to existence.
 Interesting examples of the former are entanglement or virtualities, and of
 the later unavoidability, which is discussed in Section \ref{framework}.
 There we apply these ideas to specific concepts of quantum field theory,
 string theory and cosmology, like monopoles and branes and to the general
 problem of the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Section \ref{conclusions}
 summarizes the conclusions and outlook. In Appendix 1 we illustrate the
 mental representations with a model analogy from neural networks and
 programming languages.We include another Appendix 2 to explain in a concise
 way the philosophical background, relevant for our arguments and beyond.

\section{The general problem of the existence of the external world}
\label{theproblem}

To put the problem in a useful historical perspective, we remind that
Boltzmann, who had based the (mechanical) understanding of thermodynamics on
atoms, had to discuss and defend them frequently against the radical
philosophical positivism as well as against extreme phenomenological
theorists.  The present work is in part an attempt to make more accessible
his ideas and to start applying them to present physics.  The first point of
Boltzmann Philosophy was the necessity to define clearly the concepts
discussed and in fact this is how his purely philosophical work begins and
ends, illustrated with examples and personal anecdotes. This claim for clarity
is a constant in his writings, urging to prevent the perverse antinomies of
philosophy.This will be present in the discussion on the {\it existence} now
and we shall keep it in mind in the applications below, especially to the
interpretation of quantum mechanics.

  In his article Boltzmann goes immediately after this introduction to
describe the process of human perception of the external world, starting from
the observation\footnote{It could be seen as a non trivial extension of {\it
``Cogito ergo sum''...} with {\bf ...deinde sunt}.}  that {\it the laws
according to which our own perceptions run their course are familiar to us and
lie ready in the memory. By attaching these same pictures also to the
perceptual complexes that define the bodies of others, we obtain the simplest
description of these complexes}.  This is elaborated further arguing that in
the extreme idealistic position {\it the sensations and volitions of all
others could not be on the same level as the sensations of the observer, but
would have to be taken as merely expressing the equations between his own
sensations}. The idea is stated more clearly in the next page: {\it Therefore
we designate these alien perceptions with analogous mental signs and words to
those for our own, because this gives a good picture of the course of many
complexes of sensations and this simplifies the world picture}. For clarity
and economy, Boltzmann claims after another couple of pages that {\it we must
adopt the ``objective point of view'', as the phrase goes. It turns out that
the concepts we linked with ``existing'' and ``non existing'' largely remain
applicable unchanged. Those people or inanimate things that I merely imagine
without being forced to do so by the regularities in complexes of perceptions
do not exist for others, they are ``objectively'' non-existing.}

The main conclusion of this line of thought, based largely on the {\it common
 judgement of all}, implies in (our) in simple terms, that one can maintain a
 realistic position, assuming the objective existence of the physical world,
 in a reasonable degree of agreement with our representations thereof, which
 are sufficiently universal and which may evolve as required by the
 experimental confrontation and of course by our own evolution, an essential
 ingredient of Boltzmann Philosophy. For instance he wrote:
{\it The brain we view as the apparatus or organ for producing
 world views, an organ which because of the great utility of these views
 for the preservation of the species has, conformably, with Darwin's theory,
developed in a man to a degree of particular perfection just as the neck in
 the giraffe and the bill in the stork have developed to an unusual length}
\cite{Boltz}.

Let us explain briefly the argument, which being {\it philosophical}, has to
use logic starting, of course, from our mental representations, the
concepts. We recognize them and decide whether they are relevant or not from
confrontation with the representations of others. But those are also external
{\it objects}, so that any statement and mental construction is actually based
on the external world, as represented with enough degree of fidelity and
universality by our concepts. The adequacy or correspondence of the reasonably
universal representations (concepts) is based on confrontation and guaranteed
by evolution, which also renders the process dynamical (over large time
scales). Therefore it would be {\it inconsistent} to {\it deny } the reality
of the external world. Notice that one has not {\it proved}  its existence,
but the absurdity of the attempts to disprove it, thereby establishing the
possibility and convenience of an objective world picture.

Boltzmann uses then an ingenious argument to maintain this universal realism
for any kind of brain process and beyond, applying these reasoning
successively to simpler and simpler organisms, reaching the virus and
molecular levels, until confrontation or detection is generalized to
interactions.  Our starting point, the mental processes, beginning with the
primary physical inputs, which are later elaborated in different degrees of
robustness and complexity, yielding the representations with varying degrees
of fidelity and universality, should become ultimately also a question of
bio-physical interactions.  But for our philosophical arguments suffice to say
in that respect that the agreement between nature and reason is because reason
is natural and not the opposite. In Appendix1 we provide a cybernetic analogy
of the cognitive process, which can be useful.

In any case, from the arguments so far, i.e. from clear conceptions, rigour and
logic, one has established the possibility of an "objective" world view, and
the
convenience of this representation, provided it is sufficiently contrasted and
updated. This point of view can be seen a golden middle between the two
extreme positions, as illustrated in Appendix2.

This leads further to propose, that we call {\it existent} only those
representations which, clearly defined, are physically realizable and
detectable (in principle with some energy transfer \cite{Tait}). A
consequence is that there is no place for gradations in this clear, but
restricted notion of existence: representations which fulfil it correspond to
existing objects, like atoms or neutron stars, while those which do not,
should not be called existing. This notion of existence has many advantages,
like a highest degree of universality. {\it The assumption of different
  degrees of existence would be decidedly inappropriate} as Boltzmann says,
and {\it the denotation must always be so chosen that we can operate
  with the same concepts in the same way under all circumstances, just as a
  mathematician defines negative or fractional exponents in such a way that he
  can operate with them as with integral ones} \footnote{This example
  illustrates the so called accumulative linearity of scientific progress,
  not so clear in Philosophy.}. This avoids confusions, like most of the
dreadful antinomies of philosophy, but it also rises the following problem.

 There are concepts which can be clearly disproved, like ether or the planet
Vulcan. But for many ideas one is not able, at least for different time
periods, to detect or disprove them as defined.  What can then be said about
such useful representations, with respect to the external world?  We have to
address the problem, because as we said, any statement of any kind involves
the representations.

This marks a line between a physics approach, where one has to look for a
verification or falsification, and the philosophical, where one can envisage
attributes,which can be related to existence more or less directly on the one
hand, but which have the possibility of qualitative, more or less coarse
gradations, on the other.  They can be vague, like clarity, simplicity or
beauty, or very sharp, like {\it (in)dispensability}, which is discussed in
the next section at length because of his potential relevance.

A first consequence of this is the great convenience of distinguishing in
physics between qualitative concepts, but which are ultimately philosophical
interpretations, from genuine physical proposals, always falsable in a way or
another. Textbook examples are many of the different proposals to render
quantum mechanics {\it complete} or more understandable, which will be
discussed in \ref{qm}. There is of course place in Physics for useful
qualitative discussions, even in our restrictive philosophical view, as we
discuss next.

\section{A philosophical Framework for the existence in Physics }
\label{framework}

\subsection{The unavoidable attributes related to existence}
One of the simplest and useful examples of such general predicates related to
 existence can be {\it indispensability} ( or the closely related concept of
 {\it unavoidability}), introduced by Boltzmann less formally for the concept
 of the atom in his popular writings. They are not present in his technical
 technical publication, and so their analysis below, is (needless to say!),
 essentially ours.

Boltzmann argued in his talks and popular writings, that his ideal atoms were,
not only useful, but indispensable. They became of course properly existing
after Einstein computed (following Boltzmann's prescription for fluctuations)
the observed Brownian motion of pollen and made predictions confirmed later by
Perrin \cite{Lindley}. At this level the concept of atoms was defined simply
as elementary grains of matter. Of course concepts have to be defined
precisely, and that of atom was finely sharpened later.  More specifically,
they are represented by complex functions, solutions of linear differential
equation (Schr\"odinger's), which in turn can be combined, enlarging at will
their potential manifestations, as discussed in \ref{qm}.

To illustrate this further let us use the concept of gen, similar in some ways
 to the atom. With a very general definition, as units of transmittable
 information, one can of course call them existing, after their molecular
 structure was found in 1953, but in hindsight one could have shown them to be
 unavoidable, at least since W. Sutton named them in 1922 as the Mendelian
 units of transmission.  Life is even more difficult to define than gen, but
 we think it should not be difficult to show it to be unavoidable under rather
 general conditions. As for conscious life, it seems to us almost hopeless at
 present to define and accordingly much more difficult to argue its
 unavoidability, as Drake ``equation" shows.

Notice the subtle difference between indispensability (Unentbehrlichkeit),
which refers to the object ${\rightarrow}$ concept direction, the ``easy way"
according to Boltzmann, and avoidable (Vermeidlich in German or evitabile in
Latin languages)  more related to the concept ${\rightarrow}$ object direction,
which is harder the more complex the concept, as is clear and it is
illustrated in Appendix2. This admittedly exaggerated subtlety, can
nevertheless illustrate the impossibility of a perfect one to one
correspondence between concepts and the external world, as we shall see is
required by some attempts to make quantum mechanics ``complete''.

 Still in biology let us remind of another example given by Boltzmann for non
existent concepts in the philosophical article: the unicorn. It turns out that
today one can speak of the realizability of such a concept, and in fact it has
been done already, e.g. with drosophila flies. It seems on the other hand
unlikely to be neither unavoidable from evolution, which is difficult anyway,
nor at least stable under it. This can illustrate the role of evolution in the
notion of existence as stated above, and of the relevance of dispensability.

Another interesting example, back to physics, is the concept of the
electromagnetic field, (missed by Boltzmann). Of course the concept of
electric {\it and} magnetic fields, became almost unavoidable after Hertz
discovery, and certainly with the disproof of ether. But after the success of
quantum gauge theory the concept of electromagnetic field, {\it the vector
potential}, is clearly unavoidable. This shows the new level one reaches when
a concept is defined in terms of mathematically deeper theories, as the
fundamental interactions and constituents.

Our next discussion involves in fact concepts, monopoles and branes, which are
expressed mathematically, with higher degrees of abstraction and complexity.
Of course the first question in physics is whether the objects can be
realized, or detected, i.e. registered in processes involving some energy
transfer and which can be reproduced. The properly defined concept will
correspond in that case, and only in that case, to an existing object, or,
shortly, {\it exists} (in the sense of the definition).  Until this can be
achieved one can discuss questions as how fundamental or {\it effective} is
the corresponding mathematical theory, but one can also make progress from a
more philosophical point of view as the analysis of the attribute of
indispensability, applied to the following  relevant examples shows.

The concept of monopoles corresponds to the sources of the magnetic field,
i.e. magnetic charges. They were shown by Dirac to be a way of implementing
discreteness of the electric charge, which requires regularization of
singularities and conservation of symmetries. Its existence has not been
proven so far, although there is a more recent claim in condensed matter
physics experiments, with a special composite called {\it spin ice}
\cite{Castelnovo}. It is a matter of debate at present as to whether these
objects fulfil the requirements of the general class required for discrete
charges. On the other hand there are arguments in favour of the
indispensability of monopoles: fundamental theories with compact (gauge) phase
symmetries, the so called grand unified, imply trivial discreteness of charge,
but at the same time, they also predict monopoles. Grand Unification of
interactions could be established soon. In fact neutrino masses provide a good
hint. This example also shows the importance to consider, as mentioned above,
how fundamental is an object, distinguishing monopoles as extended solutions
of a fundamental theory from those aggregates of particles combined in atoms,
molecules, and further structures.

As the name indicates, the concept of brane \cite{Polchinski} refers to
extended objects in spatial and temporal directions, introduced or appearing
in some string and gravity theories. They are useful for combining gauge
fields and gravity at the quantum level, at least in some approximations, and
in cosmology. They serve so far an auxiliary role. To decide about their
existence one has to consider their energy (or density) and propagation. In
fact they provide a way to implement energy conservation for the strings,
which mediate their interactions, to make particles or even the universe.
Direct observable consequences, to decide if they exist (in a specified class)
are very difficult (for instance, there have been proposals for special
gravitational waves). Alternatively, one could consider if they are
unavoidable from their ability to change the rate of expansion, at present and
in the past (inflation).  But these are not so well understood \cite{Sarkar}.
So, in contrast to the case of monopoles, we could have to wait
very long to decide about the existence of branes and even about their
indispensability.  Therefore, it would be convenient on occasion to keep this
in mind speaking, or writing about these most interesting concepts.  Another
conclusion of this section is that although indispensability or unavoidability
are at another level (philosophical) than the physical existence, which
requires experimental confirmation or falsification, they can be useful even
in physics. Besides, they are more flexible and admit with full right loose
gradations as {\it almost} or the celebrated {\it for practical purposes}.
From a formal point of view, they could be seen as a much weaker form than the
mathematical attribute {\it necessary}, as is appropriate in Physics where
experiments ultimately decide.

\subsection{Interpretation of Quantum mechanics}
\label{qm}
In quantum mechanics one incorporates the representation from the beginning
which may be one of the reasons for its astonishing performances. One works in
fact at the level of representations without actual reference to the external
world until measurement. These representations are complex "wave" functions,
which can be superposed with the interference properties of waves. Our
proposal requires not to call these representations {\it existing} until they
have been realized in a detectable way, with a probability given of course by
the norm of the combined function. This way one keeps a universal meaning of
the concept and avoids the potential confusion of many interpretations which
have been proposed to cope with the apparent conceptual difficulties of quantum
mechanics. These are mainly the essential probabilistic nature of the
description (``stochastic unit samples''), the mechanism and the nature of the
transition from an uncertain or fluctuating state to the robust and  certain
measurement result ( ``collapse and decoherence'').  Interpretations which in
a more or less subtle way attribute existence to the representations, the wave
functions and their combinations, or to additional auxiliary functions, are
explained in many excellent textbooks \cite{adler}. Well known examples are the
many worlds of Everett, Hartle's consistent histories and the pilot waves of
Bohm.  It is important to remember there is no way to detect or falsify those
interpretations, so we are in fact at the philosophical level, where the
relevant question should be whether these auxiliary objects, worlds or paths,
are unavoidable. The answer is clearly they are not, rather the opposite,
a view shared by many of the
active researchers using those fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, like
A. Zeilinger \cite{z}. In fact, it is natural to accept limitations to common
sense imposed by physics, as it happened before with simultaneity or with
indistinguishability.

This illustrates the usefulness of our simple proposal, but we do not claim
 that
 the situation is completely satisfactory. The question
whether quantum mechanics is a complete theory is alive since Einstein,
Podolsky and Rosen posed it \cite{EPR}. One has to define completeness, and of
course they did: {\it every element of physical reality should have a
counterpart in the physical theory}. This strong requirement is very difficult
to meet, as we have seen from the discussion on the cognitive process.  In
fact, trying to complete the theory to meet the above difficulties one has to cope
with very restrictive theorems about the implications of adding new "hidden"
variables \cite {Bell}, under very reasonable general conditions, which have
been always experimentally confirmed in favour of pure quantum mechanics. There
are even stronger theorems limiting the possibility of such extension from
internal consistency \cite{koch}.

There are partial but promising solutions to the last of the basic mentioned
problems, decoherence \cite{Deco}, but it is clearly beyond the scope and
space limits of this article to enter into details of these well defined
physics. Let us remind instead that there are in fact other reasons for
insatisfaction beyond these conceptual problems, especially in the
relativistic extensions, where infinities appear in the perturbative
solutions. These divergences are under control, and some even well understood,
which is not the case for the extension to gravitational interactions. Also
there are many basic problems related to strong interactions defying solution
for decades, like the confinement of quarks.This is seen by some as a need to
reformulate the foundations, with new physics \cite{adler, th}, which would be
interesting to study in our framework.  From the simple concept of existence
point of view, there are well defined physics notions to measure virtualities
and quantum entanglements. Let us comment briefly on a special one \cite{Nos}.
It is based on the worldline or proper time formulation of quantum mechanics,
due to Fock, Schwinger, and Feynman. There, one parameterizes quantum
amplitudes with an auxiliary parameter called proper time, which controls the
fluctuations of the quantum state in spacetime, and are represented as a path
integral in that auxiliary space. After some manipulations, the integrals can
be computed by combination of numerical and analytical methods, and the
fluctuations visualized. The virtuality of the process is related to different
random walks, more or less directed, which in turn can be put in
correspondence with a Hausdorff dimension, 2 in the extreme quantum or 1 in
the the classical regime. This is to illustrate that there are concepts, like
virtualities, which can be further analysed with our philosophy proposals and
which could help understanding and even visualizing the physics problem.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conclusions}

Building on Boltzmann philosophical ideas, briefly recalled, we have given
arguments based on general concepts and logic, strongly supporting the
possibility and the convenience of maintaining the objective existence of
physics processes. They imply in turn to {\it restrict} that {\it existence}
to concepts which can have a clear manifestation. For concepts which one is
not able for the moment to submit to such a requirement, the philosophical
analysis can make useful contributions, with attributes related to
existence. We elaborated the simple examples of unavoidability and its
reverse.  They were first illustrated with historical interesting examples of
atoms, fields, and even gens and life and then applied in some detail to
relevant concepts at present like monopoles and branes. In quantum mechanics,
they provide a clarification and criticism of popular
interpretations. More involved analysis have been suggested for future
research, in a fruitful interplay of physics and philosophy. We hope that our
presentation is not perceived as an over-simplification, a possibility we
assumed in the spirit of the practical and direct form Boltzmann declared
indispensable for philosophical argumentations.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

JSG has benefitted from many conversations with D. Flamm,
philosopher, physicist and grandson of Boltzmann and with J. Ordo\~nez, who
provided many of the original references. We were encouraged by the late Julio
Abad in previous stages of this work, which will appear in a special
volume in his memory. This was supported in part by Ministerio de Ciencia e
Innovacion and Conselleria de Educacion under Grants FPA2008-01177 and
2006/51.

\section{Appendix1:Basic picture of thought with cybernetics analogy}
Our arguments started from the basics of the cognitive process, where a
physical input triggers a primary signal, which is later processed into a
memory or commemorative recordings of various degrees of complexity, the
concepts, involving neural networks in specific areas in the brain.  They are
decanted trough permanent confrontation with the external world and those of
others, as explained, and become ideas at various degrees of abstraction and
distance from the primary trigger \cite{Cajal}. This basic conception (and
logic) is what has been used for the argument supporting an objective world
picture, in which those representations, the concepts, can be appropriately
said to correspond to existing objects, provided they are detected, or not, if
experimentally disproved.

The human brain produces general frames abstracting relevant properties of
objects, the languages, consisting of words, syntax, and meaning, of different
levels of abstraction and, correspondingly, of retroprojectivity to the
external objects. The main areas and processes involved are becoming known,
but of course there is a long way to go to master the codes, and it is even an
open question whether the whole process can be controlled in a relevant way.
Besides, we are aware of the key role of chemistry in the brains functions!
But for our philosophical reasoning here we only need the general concept,
which can illustrated with a neural network analogy.

In neural networks, one has a first layer of devices (neurons) receiving an
input. This in turn triggers an output from different numbers of neurons to
the next layers, with different weights. Combining outputs, simple functions
(say tanh) connecting two values (on-off) one can produce complicated
functions, which will implement effective operations, like recognising voices
or pictures. In terms of computers these simple functions could correspond to
{\it machine languages}. But one has also {\it object oriented languages},
like C++, where one works with abstract functions (for instance, templates),
and can operate with them. In our analogy, these correspond to more abstract
and general languages, the most universal of which is mathematics.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=8.cm]{neural2.eps}
\caption{Schematic representation of a neural network. The input passing
  through simple functions like (a) is transformed into the output (b). In
  blue (dashed lines) a possible transversal and reverse connection is shown.}
\label{fig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Let us look at the concept of {\it pair}. In the first case, in machine
related language, one has pairs of concrete objects (integers, for example),
which allow in turn for operations like permutations or orderings. In the
second more advanced case, templates provide abstract pairs which can in turn
be paired or otherwise operated successively, including combinations with
other objects. In the neural network this could correspond to nonplanar and
transverse connections, which, require a much larger size and plasticity, like
in parallel vector networks, as indicated schematically in Fig.1

\section{Appendix2: Philosophy background}

As our main conclusion can be seen as a compromise between empiricism and
idealism, we explain these basic philosophical ideas and terminology,
condensed and simplified, using physical examples.

Kant is a standard reference \cite{KO} and for good reason, as mathematics and
physics were his starting point, and it is the first manifestly critical
approach to the theory of knowledge. His position was the first reasonably,
partially realistic one.  In the old debate of empiricism, denying reality of
ideas and the external world and rationalism, assigning it to both of them,
Kant's proposal is a  middle solution: he did not grant general
existence to ideas but he defended some existence of the sensorial world.
Boltzmann's position can be seen as a big step forward in this direction, with
a sound scientific basis, including evolution and  opening it to future
progress.

Back in 1781 \cite{bi}, Kant noticed that statements can be {\it
analytical} (e.g. the electrons with up or down spin directions in a factorized
tensor product state) or {\it synthetical} (e.g. the electrons in a
symmetrized coupled (entangled) state with a given total spin, $0$ or $1$
). More schematically:``$a$ is in $ab$'' is analytical while  ``$c$
is in $ab$''is synthetical.

All empirical (called a posteriori) statements are synthetical (experience
always teaches), but the opposite is not true, not all synthetic statements
are empirical: there are some statements with new properties in addition to
the premises (synthetic) which are true independent of empirical experience (a
priori). This simple scheme was thought to apply to mathematics and even some
concepts of physics but it has been generalized (and relativized) by modern
Philosophy of Science.

A proper analysis is also the task of neuroscience and the theory of knowledge
as discussed, but as a philosopher Kant argued that there are preconditions in
humans, such as time and space, which universally allow such processes.  Of
course Kant, a devoted Newtonian who had himself worked out the notion of
galaxies, took time and space as universal and absolute, as well as other
necessary ingredients of thought called {\it categories}.  They are
fundamental ideas like {\it causality}, which had been around from the
beginning of Philosophy and ordered by Aristotle. Needless to say that those
absolute notions were naive, and wrong in strict terms, but the framework was
adequate for scientific discussions and the seed for the later developments.
It is worth reminding ourselves that Boltzmann who proposed a big step
forward, facing the ontological problem \cite{Fasol}, warned against absolute
use of ``laws of thought'' like causality, {\it which we may denote either a
  precondition of all experience or as itself an experience we have in
  conjunction with every other experience}\cite{Boltz}. He also warned
frequently that in the realm of explanations, models and theories could be
also useful, even if apparently wrong.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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The game has the usual mix of symbols. The low-level symbols all match the clubbing theme, while the higher-level ones are all club denizens. This includes everything from DJs to dancers.
Indian players like slot games that have many special features. This game does have quite a few special features. First, there are Multiplying Wilds. While the game has wild symbols, they do more than making the game easier to win. Players who score wilds will also double their winnings.
Additionally, the game has scatter symbols. Players who score three or more scatters will be eligible to claim free spins. They get to choose which of the five options they get. The difference is the number of multipliers and free spins.
The more free spins, the lower the multiplier. The higher the multiplier, the lower the free spins. The game also has higher chances of stacked wilds during the free spins, which makes it even easier to win. This game has an RTP of 96 percent.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Effective, safe weight loss is not just about dieting. It's about maintaining a healthy lifestyle: nutritious meals, and most often, regular exercise. But sometimes the ability to stay active can be hampered by obstacles like injury or fatigue — and one of the main causes of such discomforts is inflammation. Luckily, elderberry can help: the fruit is among the top sources for anti-oxidants, which play a proven role in reducing inflammation. A dose of elderberry may help keep you on your feet and on track with your fitness and weight loss goals.
This natural substance is anything but a recent fad: the healing qualities of European black elderberry (Sambucus nigra), have been known for thousands of years. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates called it his "medicine chest." In the Northern Europe of the middle ages, it was considered the staple of countless salves, balms, extracts and elixirs; a curative so vital that an entire book, Anatomy of the Elder, was devoted to its use — and has recently been reissued for modern readers.
The most notable use of elderberry today has been as an ally against colds and flu: a host of studies have proven the fruit's antiviral and antibacterial properties. But recent research also points to its ability to reduce inflammation, a beneficial effect primarily due to the presence of the natural pigments, called anthocyanins, which give the elderberry its dark color. These natural anti-oxidants are highly effective at destroying the free oxygen radicals increasingly created during exercise. The oxidation that results from free radicals can cause tissue and DNA damage, and has also been linked to the development of degenerative diseases such as type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
A 2013 study, conducted by a team of German researchers and published in the British Journal of Nutrition, found that elderberry was among a range of plant extracts that significantly reduced inflammation. Researchers worked with a group of obese women on a program of exercise over the course of eight weeks. The study tracked how these women's bodies dealt with circulatory issues and inflammation. One group of women was given a placebo and the other, capsules made from plant-derived anti-oxidants, such as elderberry extract. Those given anti-oxidant capsules had markedly less inflammation and oxidative stress. They also showed significant improvement in microcirculation to the skin.
That's great news for people trying to improve their health and lose weight in a natural and safe way. Given elderberry's ability to improve the microcirculation to the skin, this means you'll also benefit from a palpable glow of health, looking younger and fresher (since one of the known causes of premature aging of the skin is poor microcirculation).
Black elderberry is readily available in a number of soluble and drinkable forms, which are a better bet than the fresh variety, according to nutrition experts. That's because a standardized commercial concentrate is made to maximize the potency of the fruit, and will tend to use the nutraceutical-rich Haschberg variety of elderberry. A high-quality, 15% membrane enriched extract for instance, is an optimal choice. It's created using a process that standardizes the natural variations in the contents of fresh berries that result from varying soil, climate, and seasonal conditions.
Yoga, walking, dancing, fitness classes or trips to the gym: there are endless ways to get up and move. However exercise, with its multiple benefits, is but part of a quest for overall health. Being able to maintain a fitness program, and move freely without pain or inflammation, is not only a boon to weight loss, it may well help keep up morale as well. With natural anti-oxidant tools like elderberry extracts, which counter any harmful effects of exercise, the quest just got even easier.
Carl Thompson has been a freelance health and medical journalist for more than three decades. He specializes in natural alternatives to the synthetic products of the pharmaceutical industry, and is a research writer for BerryPharma ®, an Italian company that produces standardized berry extracts for medicinal uses. His work has appeared widely in both consumer and professional health trade publications internationally. His most recent book is "Inflammation: A Closer Look at What Drug Companies Do Not Want You to Know," about a drug-free approach to managing arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.


I know your shape, your form.
yet I know you not.
Why do you push me back?
Your face – always new.
Your arms – always open.
Your foot – always planted.
Your mouth – always shut.
Others gaze on you and pass by satisfied.
they read your surface and move on.
you hold my stare, reflect it back.
draw me in, draw me deep.
Breathe out, at last, with consolation.


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Jeremy Dutcher puts spotlight on 'Indigenous renaissance' in Canadian arts scene
By Cassandra SzklarskiThe Canadian Press
Thu., Sept. 20, 2018timer4 min. read
A wave of Indigenous artists making inroads in fields including music, literature, dance and film is exhilarating for playwright Reneltta Arluk, who pauses while discussing musician Jeremy Dutcher's recent Polaris Prize win to say she's about to choke up.
The theatre veteran says she was deeply moved by Dutcher's rousing celebration of talent in an acceptance speech that declared: "Canada, you are in the midst of Indigenous renaissance."
Arluk says she, too, is buoyed by an apparent cultural boom that has seen Inuit throat singer turned author Tanya Tagaq and Oji-Cree, two-spirit writer Joshua Whitehead make the Giller Prize long list, and the Haida-language drama Edge of the Knife draw acclaim at the recent Toronto International Film Festival.
She's intent on making sure those gains persist and deepen, and hopes that her role as director of Indigenous arts courses at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity can help assure that.
"When space is being given for Indigenous voice it's a way that the nation rises and I really love how that is celebrated," says Arluk, director of the centre's first year-round program of contemporary Indigenous arts programming.
Previously a six-month sessional position in which directors focused on their area of expertise, Arluk says the expanded program is not only longer but will tackle a broad swath of pursuits: literature, visual arts, dance, theatre and arts administration.
Jeremy Dutcher wins Polaris Prize for Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa
Singer Jeremy Dutcher reaches across a century to connect with Wolastoq language
One of the first ventures is a classical music gathering featuring Dutcher and cellist Cris Derksen in November. While Dutcher's prizewinning album combined his operatic training with traditional language, Derksen has combined chamber symphonic traditions with powwow music.
Arluk isn't sure why there seems to be a cultural boom now, but she's glad it's finally arrived.
"We are all feeling excited about that and that excites our community and allows them to take bigger risks, have bigger vision, because we can," she says.
"Space is being made at Banff Centre, National Arts Centre, AGO (Art Gallery of Ontario), Winnipeg Art Gallery, Stratford Festival. These are now places that are asking for Indigenous voice: in our voice, not their voice … actually making space for Indigenous voice to be heard autonomously, self-determined and that is a sense of renaissance."
Dutcher's album Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa was a culmination of five years of work that involved Dutcher diving into an archive of recordings of his ancestors dating back nearly a century.
The trained operatic singer, who was raised partly in the Tobique First Nation in New Brunswick, sang the album entirely in the endangered Wolastoq language.
After his win at a gala Monday night, he called on Canadian audiences to recognize and acknowledge long-standing artistry now gaining critical attention but still waiting to break into the mainstream.
"You don't have to look too much further than the top prizes in art, in literature, in music in this country — Giller Prize, Sobey Prize, Polaris Prize — we're here and we're making beautiful work. So my question to you is, are you ready to listen?"
Indigenous writer and academic Leanne Betasamosake Simpson says she "felt incredibly proud" for Dutcher accomplishing so much on his own terms.
"A lot of Indigenous people and our elders have been doing this work for generations and generations and generations without much recognition or affirmation so I think to have younger Indigenous people just be able to see him just shining, I think that's a really lovely gift," says Simpson, who befriended Dutcher while both took part in the New Constellations tour, which brought together Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists.
As for why the boom is happening now, she credits the groundwork of unsung artists who came before and the passage of time.
"The work that the elder artists have done to come before us, the ones that came before me built community, they spent a long time nurturing emerging Indigenous artists. This is part of a movement that has been going on for decades now and we've sort of got a foothold, and there's enough of this new generation or next wave of Indigenous artists that recognition and support has started to come."
While the talent isn't new, the reaction from the Canadian public and media is, says Simpson, whose recent work includes a collaboration with director Amanda Strong on a stop-motion animation short that screened at TIFF.
Inuit singer Beatrice Deer, who mostly sings in Inuktitut, says she also sees the surge as part of a "movement of empowerment."
"Finally Canada is starting to pick up on that and the next thing would be to act on it and to do something about it, to make it right," says Deer, who moved to Montreal 11 years ago from Quaqtaq, a small town in Nunavik.
"First is acknowledging the wrongs that's (been) done and then on a government-level implement real resources to places that lack resources … I really believe that there needs to be focus on getting to the root of our pain."
Idle No More, Polaris Music Prize


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A number of conference papers presented by David Frost and others have been included as downloadable pdf files below.
David Frost convened a symposium which featured presentations by Gisela Redondo-Sama and Hanan Ramahi from the University of Cambridge Faculty of Education, and Val Hill and Sarah Lightfoot from the HertsCam Network. Below the complete presentation for the symposium and a paper authored by David Frost, Val Hill, Sarah Lightfoot and Gisel Redondo-Sama can be downloaded.
David Frost convened a symposium which included presentations from Maria Flores from the University of Minho, Gisela Redondon Sama, research fellow at Cambridge, Hanan Ramahi from Ramallah and Cambridge and Val Hill and Sarah Lightfoot from HertsCam. The complete PPT presentation is downloadable or can be viewed below. Within a week or two full papers will also appear.
David Frost convened another ECER conference symposium focused on the International Teacher Leadership (ITL) initiative: Teacher Leadership and Democratic Society at the ECER annual meeting in Budapest, 8th-12th September 2015. Presented below is an overview of the symposium by David which is followed by four papers written by contributors.
Frost, D. (2015) An overview of the symposium: The role of teacher leadership in the transition to democratic society at ECER 2015, Budapest, 8th-11th September 2015.
Joshevska, M. and Kirandziska, S. (2015) Developing Learning Communities in Macedonia: Can Teacher Leadership Save the Teaching Profession? a paper presented in the symposium: The role of teacher leadership in the transition to democratic society at ECER 2015, Budapest, 8th-11th September 2015.
Ramahi, H. (2015) Emancipatory education for Palestine: the power of teacher leadership, a paper presented within the symposium: The role of teacher leadership in the transition to democratic society at ECER 2015, Budapest, 8-11th September 2015.
Redondo-Sama, G. (2015) Community Participation Through Teacher Leadership, a paper presented within the symposium: The role of teacher leadership in the transition to democratic society at ECER 2015, Budapest, 8th-12th September 2015.
Underwood, J. (2015) Exchanging knowledge and building communities via international networking, a paper presented in the symposium: The role of teacher leadership in the transition to democratic society at ECER 2015, Budapest, 11th September.
Frost, D. (2014) Non-positional teacher leadership: the miracle of the perpetual motion machine, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Chiriac, M., Masari, G., Ostafe, L. & Seghedin, E. (2014) Teacher leadership: an alternative approach to teachers' professional development in Romania, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Redondo Sama, G. (2014) Researching teacher leadership and its impact on school improvement, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Ramahi, H. & Eltemamy, A. (2014) Introducing teacher leadership to the middle east: starting with Egypt and Palestine, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Teleshalyev, N. (2014) Teachers with a Capital 'T' in Kyrgyzstan: moral purpose, self-efficacy and resilience, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Underwood, J. (2014) The impact of international connections on teacher identity, a paper presented in the symposium: 'Changing teacher professionality: research and practical interventions in Europe and beyond' at ECER 2014, Porto 2nd-5th September.
Frost, D. and Roberts A. (2013) The role of teacher leadership in educational reform: mobilising moral purpose, A paper presented within the symposium: 'Teacher voice, self-efficacy and leadership: an international perspective' at ECER 2013 Istanbul. 10th-14th September.
Frost, D. (2005) Building capacity in the teeth of the performativity juggernaut, a paper presented within the symposium: 'Leadership for Learning' at ICSEI 2005, the 18th International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement, Barcelona, 2nd–5th January.


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Members' Gene Websites
This page is for links to members' websites which are specifically related to Clare genealogy, i.e. not websites about music collections or blogs about that recent holiday in Obladee.
Families of Tubber: This genealogy project and website has mushroomed from a family history project started many years ago on the descendants of four families, the Caseys, the Howards, the Ryans and the Holmes in Tubber, a rural community in the West of Ireland on the Clare/Galway border.See http://www.clareroots.org/WebPagesCaseyTNG/
Families of Ruan: mainly Casey families of Ruan, a village in County Clare near the Burren and between Corofin, Crusheen and Ennis. See http://www.clareroots.org/RuanFamiliesTNG/
The Mescall and Meaney families of County Clare, Ireland: see http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/e/a/Michael-G-Meaney/index.html
Paddy Waldron's Website
Paddy Waldron is a member of the Clare Roots Society committee and one of the prime drivers of the Clare genealogy effort. He is also a very active member of, and mentor in, the Clare Past forum. Paddy's website contains numerous items related to families of Clare.
Thomas Casey (1878-1918) of Tubber: a Clare man who emigrated to Australia, enlisted in the army, was shipped back to Europe, and fought and died in World War I. See the account of his final battle.
Grave Matters: collections of photographs of Irish and Irish-related graves in Australia from our Australian diaspora coordinator Chris Goopy can be seen at 1, 2 and 3.
Chris Goopy's blogs: three sites maintained by Clare Roots Society Australian diaspora committee member Chris Goopy which contain numerous items of direct or indirect interest to Clare genealogists. See That Moment in Time and As They Were and Irish Graves.


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Clear Damon Braces for Straight Teeth
When people think of braces, they most likely think of the traditional "metal mouth" situation. However, braces have made advancements over the years, with more options available now than in the past. One of these options is Damon Braces, a system that can correct orthodontic issues faster than wire braces.
How Traditional Braces Work
Traditional metal braces utilize brackets and wires to gradually change the position of the teeth. Brackets are attached to each tooth, and wires are attached to the brackets, held in place with small elastic bands. Though this method is effective, it's not the most efficient because the wires have to apply more force on the teeth to work and they inhibit the movement of the teeth, lengthening the treatment.
How Damon Braces Work
Damon Braces work using the same basic principle as traditional braces, with brackets and wires moving the teeth. However, the difference with Damon Braces is that the wires are held by the brackets themselves via a small metal latch. This enables the wires to move the teeth more easily, using less force. This increased efficiency shortens the treatment time – Damon Braces can straighten teeth up to 30% faster than traditional methods.
Advantages of Damon Braces
Not only do Damon Braces shorten the length of treatment for straightening teeth, which in itself is an advantage, but they are also less conspicuous than traditional metal braces. The brackets used in Damon Braces are made of a clear plastic, which, though not completely invisible, are much less noticeable than a mouthful of metal when talking, smiling, and eating. Plus, they can be more comfortable than traditional braces.
If you are thinking about getting your teeth straightened, talk to your dentist about all of the options available, including Damon Braces.
Get Straight Teeth Faster with Clear Damon Braces
Things to Know About Getting a Brighter Smile


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Adam Clayton
Irish rock musician, bass player of U2
England-born, mostly Ireland-raised bass player for the world-renowned rock band U2.Wikipedia
Hometown Chinnor, United Kingdom
Spouse Mariana Teixeira de Carvalho (m 2013 - present)
Parents Brian Clayton , Jo Clayton
Bono: U2 split up 'all the time'
Bono has claimed U2 split up "all the time" and he is always grateful that they ultimately put their differences aside and get back together.
Bono and The Edge's new documentary
President Joe Biden praises U2 for their power to uplift
Bono says he and his family received death and kidnapping threats during career
U2 shares snippet of a reimagined version of With Or Without You
U2 3D
U2 Rattle and Hum
Theme from Mission: Impossible
George Clooney and U2 among Kennedy Center Honors recipients
George Clooney and U2 are among the recipients of the 2022 Kennedy Center Honors.
George Clooney, Gladys Knight, and U2 among Kennedy Center honorees
George Clooney, Gladys Knight, and U2 are to be feted at the upcoming Kennedy Center Honors. Leaders at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts have selected the Hollywood actor/filmmaker, the legendary singer, and members of the Irish rock band - Bono, The Edge, Adam Clayton, and Larry Mullen Jr - for their 45th class of honorees. "Growing up in a small town in Kentucky I could never have imagined that someday I'd be the one sitting in the balcony at the Kennedy Center Honors," said
The Bolton News
Evatt says ref was right on 'innocent' Bakayoko tackle at Doncaster Rovers
WANDERERS boss Ian Evatt insists Amadou Bakayoko's challenge on Adam Clayton at Doncaster was rightly punished with yellow and not a red card.
MARC ILES' MATCH VERDICT: Doncaster Rovers 1-2 Bolton Wanderers
WANDERERS finally made it a Good Friday by clinching their first win at the start of a long Easter weekend since 1963.
Celebrity birthdays for the week of March 13-19
Celebrities having birthdays during the week of March 13-19 include composer and conductor Quincy Jones, actor Sutton Foster and singer Adam Levine of Maroon 5
Former Boro favourite Adam Clayton joins League One side on 18-month deal
Former Boro midfielder Adam Clayton has been without a club since November after having his contract at Birmingham City mutually terminated.
Bono says he gets 'embarrassed' listening to old U2 songs - 'most make me cringe'
Bono has said he gets "embarrassed" listening to old U2 songs and dislikes the name of the Irish rock band. The band, which formed in 1976, consists of frontman Bono, The Edge, Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen Junior who all met in school in Dublin.
Bono still doesn't like U2's name
Rock star Bono admits he still doesn't like U2's name.
The Edge: U2 needed to 'double down' on Achtung Baby
U2 bassist The Edge reveals how the band needed to "double down" with their innovative sound on 'Achtung Baby'.
U2 star Bono's dog dies
U2 star Bono and his family are mourning the loss of their beloved pet pooch Jackson.


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Strategy without Illusions
Karl Walling
Andrew Bacevich, a graduate of West Point and a Vietnam Veteran who later earned a Ph.D. in history at Princeton and taught at Boston University, has already written two critiques of American defense policy and strategy that have made the New York Times best seller list. This book seems likely to become a third. Its thesis is simple: the disparate theaters of American military engagement in the Greater Middle East, extending as far as Pakistan and Afghanistan in the East and toward Libya and beyond in the West, reveal a consistent pattern of strategic incoherence on the part of the United States.
Since the Carter administration, the United States has relied too much on the military instrument of power to address political problems it neither understands nor is likely to understand, but which are largely impervious to military solutions. Reflexive military interventions usually exacerbate these political problems, but neither US political nor US military leaders have recognized this fact, so they opt for more of the same again and again, thus pouring good money (and lives!) after bad to redeem irredeemable mistakes. The long-term risks of stubborn persistence in efforts to shape the Middle East by force are huge. New and potentially far more dangerous challenges are on the horizon, especially in Asia. "Washington finds itself playing yesterday's game and playing it badly, when a more important game with different rules is already well underway."
Bacevich's subject is much more than a discussion of military history. Without saying so explicitly, he compels his readers to think about what is sometimes called "grand strategy", the process by which political and military leaders relate their activities in multiple theaters over prolonged periods of time to obtain enduring national interests. Not infrequently, however, those who want to talk about grand strategy do so in the guise of discussing military history. So, for example, the most famous grand strategist in American history, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a professor at the US Naval War College at the turn of the 20th Century, in multiple books devoted to the question of the influence of sea power on history, chose to write as an historian of the American War for Independence, the Napoleonic Wars, and many other wars to present his bold thesis that the United States had to join the ranks of the great powers of the world. The best way to do so was by becoming a formidable naval power, with coaling stations, fleets of battleships, the Panama Canal, and overseas territories, like Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, to enable it to compete with other great powers at sea, though at the risk that Americans might sell the soul of their republic to the trappings of empire.
In like manner, Bacevich does not so much write a history of America's wars in the Middle East as explain what, in his view, led almost all of them to fail except one. His critique of what went wrong points towards his own view of what American grand strategy for this troubled region should be with this fundamental difference from Mahan. Whereas the Mahan challenged Americans to understand and accept the perceived necessities of military power for American security and prosperity, Bacevich warns that militarizing American policy in the Middle East has not succeeded at accomplishing American objectives, is unlikely to do so in the future, and usually makes a bad situation worse.
For Bacevich, America's war for the Middle East, has gone through three overlapping phases: containment and stabilization, transformation and shaping, and half-hearted disengagement and diffusion. The first phase began in 1979 in the Carter administration during the revolution in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and lasted through the end of the Gulf War in 1991. Until the Iranian Revolution, the United States had come to rely on Iran, increasingly, as a regional sheriff to police a bad neighborhood. The revolution left Iran incapable of sustaining that role and seemingly implacably at odds with the United States. In 1980, an election year, when he appeared weak in his efforts to negotiate the release or manage the escape of American hostages in Iran, President Carter, alarmed that the Soviets might move further south from Afghanistan into Iran and thence to dominate the Persian Gulf, announced what came to be called the Carter Doctrine.
The United States would regard any effort by a foreign power to control the Persian Gulf (and the free flow of oil) as a threat to the vital interests of the US, i.e., something it would go to war to prevent. So Carter established a Rapid Deployment Force, later renamed CENTCOM for Central Command, to deter and if necessary defeat such an aggression. In other words, Carter was applying a template of containment and deterrence from the Cold War to the Middle East, where diverse conflicts among and within states in that troubled neighborhood arose from and were shaped by historical forces that did not fit that template well. Since that template worked in post-WWII Europe and Asia, however, it was assumed it would work in the Middle East too. All that was necessary was an intelligent and imaginative use of American military power, whether in the failed attempt to rescue hostages in the US embassy in Iran in Operation Eagle Claw in 1980, or the covert support of jihadists in Afghanistan, or the development of a quick reaction force, with a major base in Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, to deter the Soviets and project American power anywhere in theater.
The Reagan administration doubled down on the Carter Doctrine, especially in supporting jihadists in freedom fighter drag to bleed the Soviet Union and in the strategy of dual containment: using Iran to contain Iraq and Iraq to contain Iran during the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988. The unintended consequences were huge, since many jihadists came to believe they were responsible for the demise of one superpower, the Soviets, and thus might challenge the United States too. And supporting Iraq against Iran set some of the conditions for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, with Iraq coveting the wealth of Kuwait to pay off its war debts. Significantly, Bacevich does not ask whether these unintended consequences, which occur in almost all wars, might have been worth the price.
If the more aggressive Reagan Doctrine helped bring the Soviets to their knees, then Islamist terrorism, a much smaller threat than global nuclear war, might be considered an acceptable evil in the pursuit of defeating a greater threat. That counterargument nonetheless points toward the most important conclusion from Bacevich's critique of American strategy in the Middle East today. The biggest killer in the 20th Century was war among great powers, with over 20 million dead in the First World War and at least 50 million in the Second World War. A sense of proportion ought to lead to a sense of priorities. Preventing great power war in Asia especially ought to be a fundamental priority of the United States, especially since it is now much less dependent on imported oil than previously, but it has been diverted to unwinnable conflicts in a secondary theater that drain its will and resources.
Even while the United States was focusing on containment and stabilization, must notably in the Gulf War of 1990-91, which pushed Iraq out of Kuwait, Bacevich notes that some began to think of more creative uses of American military power. With the end of the Cold War, it was unclear what role America's unrivaled military might would play in the world, but defeating Iraq suggested to some that the United States might "shape" the region, something Bacevich compares to using a sledge hammer to do the work of a "sculptor's chisel". After all, Americans were at the beginning of a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).
The Gulf War seemed to prove that the United States might use its technological superiority, especially in the information revolution, to lift the fog of war and dominate battlefields with very few casualties on its side. The Gulf War created the illusion of cheap military victories. Tentative steps toward policies of regime change in the Reagan, the first Bush, and the subsequent Clinton administrations, and the surprisingly quick (and, at the time, low cost) overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001, supplied almost irresistible momentum to the efforts of the likes of Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Richard Cheney to transform the Middle East into something Americans could live with comfortably, most notably by invading Iraq in 2003.
When combined with fear of another 9/11, the temptation to shape rather than react to events in the Middle East gave birth to the Bush Doctrine of "preventive" war against "rogue" states presumed to be supporting terrorists. Unfortunately for the United States, the diverse actors in both Iraq and Afghanistan proved more than resilient to the RMA. It could enable the United States to defeat conventional forces rapidly, but it was largely useless to put Humpty-Dumpty nations back together again. The problems in both states were political. Only political solutions could address them and only if they arose from the locals whose willingness to seek such solutions, rather than enlist the United States as a proxy to fight their rivals, was dubious from the start. Hubristic fantasies of transforming the Middle East in the American image had to give way to the reality of a quagmire of escalating occupation costs with no clear idea what purposes the military was meant to achieve, who the enemy was, or the nature of the conflicts in which Americans were engaged. How low the mighty had fallen!
By 2008, it was clearly time for a change, both military and political, for the United States. Such is the story of General Petreaus, aka King David, whose surge and emphasis on counter-insurgency (COIN) in Iraq did arrest an escalating religious civil war, but also proved to be no more than a Band-Aid. Americans were tired not merely of the war in Iraq, but of war as such. Even for the Bush administration the surge was never meant to be more than temporary, a way to buy time for Iraq's fractious political leaders to make a grand bargain (that never happened). The goal was to have American forces out of Iraq no later than 2011. The Obama administration found itself compelled to embrace a mini-surge in Afghanistan, but again, it was meant to be temporary with first NATO and then the US handing the ball off to friendly locals as soon as possible, but once again, the enemy refused to cooperate and Afghan political leaders were no more capable of uniting to defeat the Taliban than Iraq's political leaders had been to defeat Al Qaeda in Iraq. And time was running out. Not only had the president campaigned on gradual disengagement from these wars, but also he made clear that he believed the United States was overextended in a peripheral theater that was draining assets that were needed elsewhere. It was time to pivot toward the Pacific.
To paraphrase Al Pacino in Godfather III, just when the United States thought it was out, or about to get out, it got pulled back in, with the civil war in Syria and rise of the Islamic State, so far only a marginal threat to the United States, whatever its atrocities, leading to reflexive calls for military action. By this time, one might think that Americans would have begun to question whether it was time to cut their losses and move on to more productive uses of their power, but Bacevich sees a remarkable consensus among liberal and conservative, Democratic and Republican, political leaders that force remains a viable solution if only we focus on "smart power". Bacevich demurs: there are two main ways in which to use military power, one, which was the American grand strategy of the Cold War, is to husband that power for when it might be most necessary and thus to contain and deter rather than fight wars. The other, which became the Union strategy in the American Civil War, is to mobilize all resources to achieve victory as quickly possible.
In the Obama administration, Americans chose a middle path, neither all in nor all out, which Bacevich sees as aggravating rather than weakening the political forces at play in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. And the Bush Doctrine of preventive war did not fade away; instead it was transformed as the United States sought regime change in Libya under the guise of humanitarian intervention and stood up AFRICOM (Africa Command) hoping that air power, drones, and "light footprint" special operations forces might enable local forces to defeat various Islamist groups across the continent. While the total number of American forces in the Middle East decreased, the US presence also became more diffuse with the great question being whether the conflict with terrorists has spread, despite all of America's effort, of its own momentum, or rather, the Americans are spreading the conflict themselves by choosing to fight in regions where, despite their protestations, they are bound to be perceived as imperialists and crusaders. Not even Rome at its peak of power had as many far-flung military commands as the United States today: EUCOM (European Command), NORTHCOM (Northern Command, including Canada), SOUTHCOM (Southern Command for Latin America), CENTCOM, and PACOM (Pacific Command). The only region of the world where it does not have a military command is the Antarctic, but penguins beware! If the future resembles the past, Uncle Sam is coming.
There is much to object to in this book. For the time being, there may not be much alternative to using US air power, drones, and special forces to disrupt the Islamic State while local forces gradually take back territory in Iraq and Syria. Like the work of Mahan, Bacevich's book is more for a popular than a scholarly audience, so he rarely wrestles with alternative interpretations of policies, strategies, and operations in the different theaters of the seemingly endless struggle. His work is not a polemic, but it is an indictment – and what prosecutor introduces evidence on behalf of the defense?
If we take Bacevich on his own terms, his book nonetheless deserves to be another best seller for two reasons. First, it is among the very first to look for a pattern to America's wars in the greater Middle East over the past 40 years from Kabul to Baghdad to Kosovo to Tripoli and beyond. We might not always like the ways in which he connects the dots, but at least he is attempting to do so. Second, and more importantly, strategy is fundamentally about making intelligent choices. Among them is when, whether, and how to use military power. In contrast to Mahan, Bacevich stresses the limited utility of military force, the opportunity costs of using it, and its unintended consequences. This is strategic thinking without illusions, the first step toward getting over our massive hangover from America's wars in the Middle East.
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Karl Walling is a professor at the United States Naval War College Monterey Program. Professor Walling's views do not represent the position of the United States government, the Department of the Navy, or the United States Naval War College.
Friday Roundup, March 22nd
Richard M. Reinsch II
Is the Islamic State Islamic?
Robert R. Reilly
"Aggression is never allowed," but only through the legerdemain of Sharia which defines defense against Islam as aggression.
Debating War to Secure Peace
Angelo M. Codevilla


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Being The Elite
Kenny Omega Says He Would "Fight Tooth And Nail" To Make An AEW-WWE Working Relationship A Reality
"I would lobby very hard for it"
22 February, 2021 5:00 PM
Over the past few months, All Elite Wrestling has increased their collaboration with other professional wrestling companies and the young promotion now has working relationships with IMPACT Wrestling, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, AAA and the NWA.
One company in WWE has avoided forming working relationships with other big promotions, however, but AEW EVP Kenny Omega recently told talkSPORT that a deal would be difficult, but not impossible.
"The way I like to look at it is that there is two perspectives. There's the perspectives of the boys, the wrestlers. The people that don't really have to take the business calls or go to the marketing meetings. And they're all for being able to work with new and exciting talent and with a lot of people that are their friends. So all the boys are completely 100,000 percent up for it. However, wrestling isn't just wrestling," Omega stated.
"It's also a business and a lot of people live and die by how the business is going for said promotion. It's difficult for a company, after weighing up the pros and cons of a talent exchange or an amalgamation or a trade or a company versus company situation – whatever – because all you can do is take a very educated guess how you're going to come out of that. Are you going to come out looking stronger? Losing money, losing prestige, losing value? I understand that there is a fear to that. To me, I always feel that if the fans win, and even if your company wins via a fraction of a percent, look, that's a victory you never had going into an exchange or working with somebody else.
"Who cares if a company ends up looking better. Maybe they get a little bit extra profit out of it. Maybe their five percent increase beat out your two percent increase. That's just two victories – there's no loser in that battle. And if the fans are happy and they seem more excited to see your next weekly television show or next pay-per-view, I see that just being the start of many other victories to come because you have made a new fan, or rejuvenated an old fan into being more excited for your product."
Omega then recalled his past discussions with Triple H and admitted he would "fight tooth and nail" to strike a partnership with WWE.
He said: "People change from day-to-day. You could have a bad day and completely change your mind on a topic. But from when I did speak at length with Triple H, it really felt like he understood a lot of my thought process and not only was I looking to unite and unify the world of professional wrestling and all of that, but he definitely got it.
"The thing is, I also understand their side of things too. There's no right or wrong way anymore in wrestling. To me, and it's the outlook I take on everything, if we can make the fans enjoy what we do more, that's the right way. But I do try to get into the heads [of other companies] and see things from a different viewpoint where I'm not a suit in a business meeting, I'm not punching a clock and I don't have to look at the numbers and crunch the data that goes from day-to-day, month-to-month – I'm just a performer. I kind of do have my hand a little in these types of things, but I still find myself worrying about the quality of the show and making the fan/consumer happy.
"I think Triple H is still being one of the boys for the better part of his career. I'm sure a big part of how he runs his business and how he looks at WWE, NXT and all those things he has a finger in, I really do think he does it for the sake of fans as well. So when he does say things like he's open for business, I do think if there is a situation which could maybe eliminate some of the worries and fears from the other people that have a say in making these things happen, I do see it being a reality.
"But, for us with IMPACT, New Japan, it took a global pandemic for this to actually happen [laughs]. So who knows what it would take for it to happen on their end, but as long as they know at least on the AEW side they've got more than one EVP looking to make this a better and brighter place for every wrestling fan young or old and possibly the disenfranchised fan, the fan that used to be a fan but isn't a fan anymore. We want to make this a fun thing for everyone and if that includes working with literally everyone, which I think would make everyone happy, then I'm all for it and I would lobby very hard for it, fight tooth and nail to make it happen.
"Again, the wrestlers aren't usually the ones that make those big types of decisions."
Kenny Omega
Cesaro Admits Considering A Future Away From WWE
Report: Update On WWE Championship Match At WrestleMania 37


Dark matter which is bound in the Galactic halo might self-annihilate and produce a flux of stable final state particles, e. g. high energy neutrinos. These neutrinos can be detected with IceCube, a cubic-kilometer sized Cherenkov detector. Given IceCube's large field of view, a characteristic anisotropy of the additional neutrino flux is expected. In this paper we describe a multipole method to search for such a large-scale anisotropy in IceCube data. This method uses the expansion coefficients of a multipole expansion of neutrino arrival directions and incorporates signal-specific weights for each expansion coefficient. We apply the technique to a high-purity muon neutrino sample from the Northern Hemisphere. The final result is compatible with the null-hypothesis. As no signal was observed, we present limits on the self-annihilation cross-section averaged over the relative velocity distribution <sigma(A)v > down to 1.9x10(-23) cm(3) s(-1) for a dark matter particle mass of 700-1,000 GeV and direct annihilation into nu(nu) over bar. The resulting exclusion limits come close to exclusion limits from gamma-ray experiments, that focus on the outer Galactic halo, for high dark matter masses of a few TeV and hard annihilation channels.


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Update on the United States
According to Newsweek, there have been 142 school shootings from 2013-Present. Courtesy of Polly Mosendz
Chrissy Martinez, Staff Reporter
Many have seen the #savenetnetality trend all over Twitter with petitions trying to keep the net neutrality rules in place. Thousands of Americans voiced their concerns through emails, phone calls and letters to congressman all over America. But on December 14, 2017 the Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.) voted 3-2 to repeal the net neutrality rules that were installed in 2015 under the Obama administration.
The truth behind net neutrality can get lost in the wilderness of the internet, which leads to the question, what is net neutrality?
According to Dictionary.com net neutrality is "the principle that internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites."
Senior Gordon Moody believes that net neutrality makes sure that the internet is an equal playing field. The net neutrality rules ensured that small or upcoming companies can distribute information the same as big media companies. This just means that internet providers such as AT&T and Verizon cannot exclusively promote one content over another. The rules made sure that all content is displayed evenly on the internet.
So what happens now after the repeal?
There have been many misconceptions as to how repealing the net neutrality rules will affect the internet. Well don't be alarmed, services such as Netflix or Hulu won't disappear into thin air and the internet is not dead. Companies now may or may not change how customers are billed for services. For example, T-Mobile has been criticized for promoting the "Netflix on us" at no additional charge for customers already subscribed to video service which may put other online streaming companies at a disadvantage. According to CNN, the repeal of net neutrality rules is set to go into effect April 23. As of now net neutrality rules are still repealed, but companies such as Amazon and AT&T have promised to not block any content or favor any particular products.
Another current national discussion is over gun control. To acquire an AR-15, one must be 18 years old and complete a background check including but not limited to; domestic abuse conviction, criminal records and employment history. On the other hand, a certified educator currently employed is required to submit fingerprints and undergo a national criminal history background check. So how is it that teachers are more thoroughly checked than people purchasing a semi-automatic rifle? Also, private sellers in 33 states may sell guns without performing any background checks. It is safe to say that a civilian may purchase a gun 10-40 minutes within entering the store.
According to the Stockton Record, "Wednesday's shooting (Feb. 14) was the 17th incident of gunfire at an American school this year. Of the 17 incidents, one involved a suicide, two involved active shooters who killed students, two involved people killed in arguments and three involved people who were shot but survived. Nine involved no injuries at all."
When asked if there should be stricter gun control, senior Sydney Feinstein says, "Its come to a point where people are abusing it [second amendment] and it's a little bit out of control and I think there needs to be restrictions… just because it's our amendment right doesn't mean you can just abuse that power." Since the school shooting in Parkland, Florida more than 70,442 students plan to participate in the "National High School student walk out" on April 20, the 19th anniversary of the Columbine shooting.
Will there be stricter gun laws?
According to Vox News, when asked about what Congress can get done on gun control legislation, Senator Ben Cardin (D-MD) said "I'm outraged. You've got to do more than say that our prayers are with the victims and their families — and they are — but you need to have action. The American people expect action. There's no excuse why the majority leader hasn't brought up for a vote the bump stock issues or assault weapons or background checks or large-capacity magazines. All those issues, there's just no excuse why we haven't had votes on the floor of the Congress." When asked if there's anything congress can do to tighten gun laws, Roy Blunt (R-MO) said, "I don't think we would know yet; it appears that the gun laws that you would assume should be in place were in place and complied with. Clearly, there's a lack of people sharing information that they have about unstable individuals, and I don't know what you do about that, whether it's terrorists or just people intent on doing bad things. But you can't continue to let people say they're going to do bad things and not tell anybody."
AP Government teacher, Mr. Brandon Castor, shared his own thoughts on gun control. "Definitely raising the (age) limit to 21 would be a start." Just so happens President Donald Trump encouraged lawmakers last Wednesday (Feb. 28) to pass an inclusive bill that would raise the age limit to 21 and enforcing stricter background checks.


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Swindon Town 0-1 Doncaster Rovers: Town paying the penalty
Posted on December 21, 2014 by TheWashbag	Leave a comment
Following Bristol City's 1-0 defeat at Crewe, everything seemed to be in place for Swindon Town to be top of League One for Christmas as only a draw was needed. But as fans we know that would've been doing things the easy way, which we don't do… Writes Calvin Hothi.
Heading into this game Swindon were searching for a sixth straight win but looking at Doncaster's away record it was never going to be an easy day for the Robins. Mark Cooper named an unchanged side from the rout over Notts County last week but a notable change was the inclusion of Raphael Branco on the bench. The Brazilian being involved in a much publicised contract dispute recently that has been resolved.
The first ten minutes gathered nothing for either crowd to get excited about, Swindon having the lion's share of possession and plugging away slowly. Whereas Doncaster were happy just to sit. 12 minutes in, Ben Gladwin's cross found Andy Williams at the back post who's first time volley was blocked well en route to goal. Jonathan Obika had the ball in the net only for it to be ruled to have gone out for a goal kick before hand; and Yaser Kasim fired a free kick over as Swindon built up some rhythm.
Then came what I am putting down as marginally the worst refereeing decision I have seen at the County Ground for sometime. Jordan Turnbull's challenge looked like a great one on Dean Furman, but the referee decided to award a spot kick despite the ball being directed by Turnbull's foot towards the corner flag. While it didn't help that Furman had an ounce of Ashley Young about him as he went down. Theo Robinson stepped up to fire past Wes Foderingham and put Donny into a rather undeserved lead.
That's virtually the moment where the game went sour, Doncaster began their time wasting and Swindon didn't step up a gear like they should. Foderingham was on hand to prevent Doncaster going further ahead by tipping over Wellen's header and that is how the first half finished.
The first half was not a good one for Swindon, while having a large amount of possession they couldn't reach the high levels that they were capable of and struggled to break down Doncaster's 11 men behind the ball. Doncaster themselves had come with a plan, too play as little football as possible and win the physical battles (much like Paul Dickov as a player) but to be fair to them they executed it very well.
Both sides came out unchanged for the second half but unfortunately it was more of the same, Harry Forrester replaced Kyle Bennett after 49 minutes. The Robins then had a great chance to get themselves level, the ball fell to Obika in the box who spun and managed to get a deflected shot away that beat Johnstone, but unfortunately not the post.
Nathan Byrne and Massimo Luongo then had efforts fail to beat the Doncaster keeper before Obika's header flew wide – which was becoming a common sight for the Swindon players.
Michael Smith replaced Obika just after the hour mark and then Gladwin wasted a glorious opportunity to test Johnstone after steaming into the box only to fire wide.
Cooper's side should've found themselves level when Andy Williams ran through on goal after Smith's flick on. Based on his current form you would've put your money on him to finish but he could only watch as his effort sailed wide of the left post. That's when you started to get the feeling it wasn't going to happen for us.
Furman went into the book for a challenge on Kasim and Butler's header went just wide for Doncaster before the deciding point came. A cross in from Jack Stephen's cross in looked to be sailing wide but Wabara was judged to have dragged down Williams and the referee pointed to the spot. Michael Smith stepped up and his tame penalty to Johnstone's left was easily saved.
It was a bad day at the office for Town with only sweeper Nathan Thompson really deserving of any praise where the rest of the team really were not up to the races. Yaser Kasim and Ben Gladwin were particularly poor.
Doncaster defended well to the end and while a team with a bit more urgency about them – a la MK Dons would have broken them down, they still defended admirably. They won't be challenging in the top half but play like they have an a comfortable mid table position isn't out of the question for Dickov's side.
There was however some things to take from this game.
We really do struggle to get ourselves up for games against sides like this which is worrying as the way Doncaster set up is what we will encounter from the majority of the sides to come to the County Ground until the end of the season
I didn't get to see Gladwin's performance against Notts County but if it was as I heard, today was a far cry from it. In my opinion he lacks the pace to play left wing back. while a good crosser and has an eye for a pass, he seems to slow down as soon as he gets the ball and lacks that urgency to burst down and beat the man which I think we have in Harry Toffolo who I think we missed massively. There are also far too many step overs from him, yes they look good and can work but the majority of the time he ends up looking like a sunday league player, rather than Cristiano Ronaldo.
On a good day our midfield trio are unstoppable, however when one or two are not performing we have players like Jake Reeves or Anton Rodgers who can come on from the sidelines, to see neither of these introduced was a little disappointing. If Cooper lacks faith in these players then I would like to see one or two midfield players come in at January with Kasim and Luongo leaving for international duty.
We go again at Walsall, until then have a Merry Christmas and take care over the festive period.
tagged with 2014/15 League One, Andy Williams, Doncaster Rovers, Football, Jonathan Obika, Jordan Turnbull, Massimo Luongo, Michael Smith, Nathan Thompson, Report, Swindon Town, Theo Robinson, Writer - Calvin Hothi


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See Emma Watson as Belle in the New 'Beauty and the Beast' Trailer!
May 23, 2016 2:43 pm·
By Allison Cacich
Beauty and the Beast's Belle has finally come to life!
The first teaser trailer for Disney's live-adaptation of the 1991 animated classic has just been released, and it gives fans a quick glimpse of Emma Watson as the book-loving heroine.
RELATED: New Photos! Wait Until You See How Big Princess Charlotte Looks in These Royal Family Pics
The actress' brief appearance comes at the very end of the clip when it shows her looking at the fairy tale's magical rose.
Can't wait for you to be our guest.
A post shared by Josh Gad (@joshgad) on Apr 14, 2015 at 11:37am PDT
The video also includes a voiceover between Lumiere (Ewan McGregor) and Cogsworth (Ian McKellen) as Belle enters the palace.
"Look, a girl," Lumiere says, to which Cogsworth replies, "Yes, I can see it's a girl you fool."
"What if she is the one?" Lumiere adds.
RELATED: Enter to WIN a Trip For 2 to Tuscany!
The film, which doesn't hit theaters until March of 2017, also stars Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston and Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts.
Watch the teaser below:


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U doubku (367 m n. m.) je vrch v okrese Mladá Boleslav Středočeského kraje. Leží asi 1 km severně od Bojetic na katastrálním území Bojetice, Týnec a Holé Vrchy. Je to nejvyšší bod Chloumeckého hřbetu.

Geomorfologické zařazení
Geomorfologicky vrch náleží do celku Jičínská pahorkatina, podcelku Turnovská pahorkatina a okrsku Chloumecký hřbet.

Přístup
Až na vrchol k vysílači se dá vyjet i automobilem po žluté turistické trase vedoucí z náměstí v Dobrovici na sever přes samotný vrchol až k rozcestí Nad Zákoutím, kde se napojuje na modrou trasu poblíž Holých vrchů.

Odkazy

Reference

Hory a kopce v Jičínské pahorkatině
Hory a kopce v okrese Mladá Boleslav
Kopce pod 1000 metrů v Česku
Dobrovice

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