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text:
\section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are high energy particles associated with explosive phenomena occurring in the solar atmosphere,
such as solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
They can significantly perturb the Earth's magnetosphere producing a sudden increase in particle fluxes and, consequently, in the radiation exposure experienced by spacecrafts and their possible crew.
SEPs constitute a sample of solar material and provide important information about the sources of the particle populations,
and their angular distribution can be used to investigate details of the particle transport in the interplanetary medium.

SEP measurements are performed both by in-situ detectors on spacecrafts and by ground-based Neutron Monitors (NMs).
While the former are able to measure SEPs with energies below some tens of MeV,
the latter can only register the highest energy SEPs ($\gtrsim$ 1 GeV) during the so-called Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs).
A large energy gap exists between the two groups of observations.

New accurate measurements of SEPs are being provided by the PAMELA experiment \citep{SEP2006,MAY17PAPER}.
In particular, the instrument is able to detect SEPs in a wide energy interval ranging from $\sim$80 MeV up to several GeV, hence bridging the low energy data by space-based instruments and the GLE data by the worldwide network of NMs. In addition, PAMELA is sensitive to the particle composition and it is able to reconstruct the flux angular distribution, thus enabling a clearer and more complete view of the SEP events.

This paper reports the analysis methods developed for the estimate of SEP energy spectra with the PA\-ME\-LA apparatus, as a function of the particle asymptotic direction of arrival. As case study, the results used in the analysis of the May 17, 2012 solar event \citep{MAY17PAPER} are presented.

\section{The PAMELA Experiment}\label{The PAMELA experiment}
PAMELA is a space-based experiment designed for a precise measurement of the charged cosmic radiation in the kinetic energy range from some tens of MeV up to several hundreds of GeV \citep{Picozza,PHYSICSREPORTS}.
The Resurs-DK1 satellite, which hosts the apparatus, was launched into a semi-polar (70 deg inclination) and elliptical (350--610 km altitude) orbit on June the 15$^{th}$ 2006.
In 2010 it was changed to an approximately circular orbit at an altitude of about 580 km. The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized; its orientation is calculated by an onboard processor with an accuracy better than 1 deg. Particle directions are measured with a high angular resolution ($\lesssim$ 2 deg).
Details about apparatus performance, proton selection, detector efficiencies and measurement uncertainties can be found elsewhere (see e.g. \citet{ProHe,SOLARMOD}).

\section{Geomagnetic Field Models}\label{Geomagnetic field models}
The analysis of SEP events described in this work relies on the IGRF-11 \citep{IGRF11} and the TS07D \citep{TS07D,TS07D2} models for the description of the internal and external geomagnetic field, respectively:
the former employs a global spherical harmonic implementation of the main magnetic field;
the latter is a high resolution dynamical model of the storm-time geomagnetic field in the inner magnetosphere, based on recent satellite measurements.
Consistent with the dataset coverage, the model is valid within the region delimited by the magnetopause (based on \citealt{SHUE}) and by a spherical surface with a radius of 30 Earth's radii (Re).
Solar Wind (SW) and IMF parameters are obtained from the high resolution (5-min) Omniweb database \citep{OMNIWEB}.
The TS07D model is more flexible and accurate with respect to all past empirical models in reconstructing the distribution of storm-scale currents, so it is particularly adequate for the study of SEP events.

\section{Back-tracing Techniques}
Cosmic Ray (CR) cutoff rigidities and asymptotic arrival directions (i.e. the directions of approach before encountering the Earth's magnetosphere) are commonly evaluated by simulations, accounting for the effect of the geomagnetic field on the particle transport (see e.g. \citealt{SMART_ETAL} and references therein).
Using spacecraft ephemeris data (position, orientation, time), and the particle rigidity ($R$ = momentum/charge) and direction provided by the tracking system, trajectories of all detected protons are reconstructed by means of a tracing program based on numerical integration methods \citep{TJPROG,SMART}, and implementing the afore-mentioned geomagnetic field models.

To reduce the computational time, geomagnetically trapped \citep{PAMTRAPPED} and most albedo \citep{ALBEDO} particles (originated from the interactions of CRs with the Earth's atmosphere) are discarded by selecting only protons with rigidities $R$ $>$ $R_{min}=10/L^{2}-0.4$ GV, where $L$ is the McIlwain's pa\-ra\-me\-ter \citep{McIlwain}.
Then, each trajectory is back propagated from the measurement location and traced, with no constraint limiting the total path-length or tracing time, until one of the two following conditions is satisfied:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item it reaches the model magnetosphere boundaries (see Section \ref{Geomagnetic field models});
  \item or it reaches an altitude\footnote{Such a value approximately corresponds to the mean production altitude for albedo protons.} of 40 km.
\end{enumerate}
The two categories correspond to ``allowed'' and ``forbidden'' trajectories, respectively:
the former includes contributions from Solar and Galactic CRs (hereafter SCRs and GCRs),
while events satisfying the latter condition,
including albedo particles with rigidities greater than $R_{min}$,
are excluded from the analysis.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{Figure1.eps}
\caption{Sample CR proton trajectories reconstructed in the magnetosphere. The total magnetic field intensities [nT] are also shown (color coding) for the X-Y (top), the X-Z (middle) and the Y-Z (bottom) GSE planes. See the text for details.}
\label{magnetotraj}
\end{figure}

\section{Asymptotic Arrival Directions}
The asymptotic arrival directions are evaluated with respect to the IMF direction, with polar angles $\alpha$ and $\beta$ denoting the particle pitch and gyro-phase angle, respectively.
Both Geographic (GEO) and Geocentric Solar Ecliptic (GSE) coordinates are used.
Figure \ref{magnetotraj} reports some sample trajectories reconstructed in the GSE coordinate system.
The total magnetic field intensities obtained with the IGRF-11 + TS07D models ($\leq$ 30 $R_{E}$) are also shown (color coding) for the X-Y (top), the X-Z (middle) and the Y-Z (bottom) GSE planes.
The crosses denote the estimated position of the bow shock nose \citep{OMNIWEB}.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.6in]{Figure2.eps}
\caption{Estimated asymptotic arrival directions for protons detected during the May 17, 2012 SEP event. See the text for details.}
\label{17may2012}
\end{figure*}

The trajectory analysis allows a deeper understanding of SEP events.
To improve the interpretation of results, the directions of approach and the entry points at the model magnetosphere boundaries can be visualized as a function of particle rigidity and orbital position \citep{BRUNO-ESTEC}.
As an example, Figure \ref{17may2012} reports the proton results ($R$ $\lesssim$ 3 GV) for the May 17, 2012 SEP event \citep{MAY17PAPER}, associated with the first GLE of the 24$^{rd}$ solar cycle.
Only the first PAMELA polar pass which registered the event is included, corresponding to the interval 01:57 -- 02:20 UT.

Left panels show the reconstructed asymptotic directions for the selected proton sample (counts) in terms of GEO (top and middle) and GSE (bottom) coordinates; in the top panel colors denote the number of proton counts in each bin, while in middle and bottom panels they refer to the particle rigidity. Distributions are integrated over the polar pass. The spacecraft position is indicated by the grey curve.
The contour curves represent values of constant pitch angle with respect to the IMF direction, denoted with crosses.
As PAMELA is moving (eastward) and changing its orientation along the orbit, observed asymptotic directions rapidly vary performing a (clockwise) loop over the region above Brazil (see middle panel).

Right panels in the same figure display the distributions of asymptotic directions as a function of UT, and particle rigidity (top and middle) and pitch-angle (bottom);
colors in the top panel denote the number of proton counts in each bin while, in middle and bottom panel, they correspond to particle pitch-angle and rigidity respectively.
Solid curves denote the estimated St\"{o}rmer vertical cutoff \citep{STORMER,SHEA} for the PAMELA epoch ($\sim 14.3/L^{2}$ GV).

Since PAMELA aperture is about 20 deg, the observable pitch-angle range at a given rigidity is quite small (a few deg) except in the penumbral regions around the local geomagnetic cutoff, where particle trajectories
become complex (chaotic trajectories) and both allowed and forbidden bands of CR trajectories are present \citep{Cooke}.
Corresponding asymptotic directions rapidly change with particle rigidity and looking direction. Conservatively, these regions are excluded from the analysis.

\section{Flux Evaluation}

\subsection{Apparatus Gathering Power}
The factor of proportionality between fluxes and counting rates, corrected for selection efficiencies, is by definition the gathering power $\Gamma$ ($cm^{2}sr$) of the apparatus:
\begin{equation}\label{gathering_power_formula}
\Gamma=\int_{\Omega}d\omega F(\omega) \int_{S} d\textbf{$\sigma\cdot \hat{r}$} = \int_{\Omega} d\omega F(\omega) A(\omega),
\end{equation}
where $\Omega$ is the solid angle domain limited by the instrument geometry, $S$ is the detector surface area, \textbf{$\hat{r}$}d\textbf{$\sigma$} is the effective element of area looking into $\omega$,
$F(\omega)$ is the flux angular distribution (varying between 0 and 1) and $A(\omega)$ is the directional response function \citep{Sullivan}.

In the case of the PAMELA instrument, $\Gamma$ is rigidity dependent due to the spectrometer bending effect on particle trajectories: it decreases with decreasing rigidity $R$ since particles with lower rigidity are more and more deflected by the magnetic field toward the lateral walls of the magnetic cavity, being absorbed before reaching
the lowest plane of the Time of Flight system, which provides the event trigger (see Figure \ref{Fig1}).

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{Figure3.eps}
\caption{Schematic view of the PAMELA apparatus, including only parts constraining the field of view: the Time of Flight system, denoted with S1, S2 and S3; the magnetic spectrometer with first and last tracking system planes (denoted with T1 and T6) and the magnetic cavity. The PAMELA reference frame is also reported.}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure}

In terms of the zenith $\theta$ and the azimuth $\phi$ angles describing downward-going particle directions in the PAMELA frame\footnote{The PAMELA reference system has the origin in the center of the spectrometer cavity; the Z axis is directed along the main axis of the apparatus, toward the incoming particles; the Y axis is directed opposite to the main direction of the magnetic field inside the spectrometer; the X axis completes a right-handed system.}:
\begin{equation}\label{gathering_power_formula2}
\Gamma(R)=\int_{-1}^{0} dcos \theta \int_{0}^{2\pi} d\phi \hspace{0.04cm} F(R,\theta,\phi)\hspace{0.04cm}   S(R,\theta,\phi) \hspace{0.04cm}  \left|   cos\theta \right|,
\end{equation}
where $S(R,\theta,\phi)$ is the apparatus response function in units of area ($cm^{2}$), and the $\cos\theta$ factor accounts for the trajectory inclination with respect to the instrument axis.

For non-ideal detectors, it is necessary to account for the effect of elastic and inelastic particle interactions inside the apparatus (especially with its mechanical parts),
on the measured coincidence rate.
Consequently, $\Gamma$ is different for each particle species (protons, electrons, ions, etc.).

\subsection{Isotropic Flux Exposition}

For an isotropic particle flux, the gathering power does not depend on looking direction (i.e. $F(\omega)$ = 1), and it is usually called the geometrical factor $G$.

\subsubsection{Monte Carlo Methods}\label{Monte Carlo Integration Methods}
A technically simple but efficient solution for the calculation of the geometrical factor of the apparatus is provided by Monte Carlo methods \citep{Sullivan}.
The solid angle is subdivided into a large number of ($\Delta cos\theta,\Delta\phi$) bins, with the angular domain limited to downward-going directions.
For each bin:
\begin{itemize}
\item particles are produced with random position on a plane generation surface with area $S_{gen}$, placed just above the apparatus opening aperture, so that a large number of events corresponds to the intensity incident on the instrument.
\item For each particle, a random (i.e. random $cos\theta$ and $\phi$) direction is chosen in the selected ($\Delta cos\theta,\Delta\phi$) bin.
\item Trajectories are propagated through the apparatus and tested at successively deeper layers: only particles satisfying all the detector geometrical constraints
    defining the apparatus Field of View (FoV) are selected.
\end{itemize}
The procedure is repeated until the desired statistical precision (see below) is achieved.
Then, for each rigidity value, the geometrical factor is obtained as:
\begin{equation}\label{differential_GF_tot}
G(R) \simeq  S_{gen}\hspace{0.04cm} \Delta cos\theta \hspace{0.04cm} \Delta \phi \sum_{cos\theta} \sum_{\phi} k(R,\theta,\phi)  \hspace{0.04cm} \left| cos\theta\right|
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
k(R,\theta,\phi) =\frac{n_{sel}(R,\theta,\phi)}{n_{tot}(R,\theta,\phi)},
\end{equation
where $n_{sel}(R,\theta,\phi)$ and $n_{tot}(R,\theta,\phi)$ are the numbers of selected and generated trajectories in each angular bin,
and the $cos\theta$ factor
accounts for the probability of a particle trajectory with direction ($cos\theta,\phi$):
\begin{equation}
P(\theta,\phi)\hspace{0.04cm}dcos\theta\hspace{0.04cm} d\phi = \left|cos\theta\right| \hspace{0.04cm}dcos\theta\hspace{0.04cm} d\phi.
\end{equation}
The statistical uncertainty on $G(R)$ can be evaluated\footnote{A more rigorous treatment is provided by Bayesian approaches.} with binomial methods:
\begin{equation}\label{stat_differential_error}
\Delta G(R) \simeq S_{gen} \hspace{0.04cm}\Delta cos\theta \hspace{0.04cm} \Delta \phi   \sqrt{ \sum_{cos\theta} \sum_{\phi} \left[ \frac{k(R,\theta,\phi)(1-k(R,\theta,\phi))}{n_{tot}(R,\theta,\phi)}\right]  cos^{2}\theta}.
\end{equation}
Advantage is taken of the angular subdivision, by varying directions over the $\Delta cos\theta\Delta\phi$ solid angle rather than a
full $2\pi$ hemisphere. In particular, a number $n_{tot}(R,\theta,\phi)$ of incident trajectories proportional to $cos^{-1}\theta_{c}$ (with $\theta_{c}$ taken at $\Delta cos\theta$ bin center) is chosen
in order to minimize the statistical error associated to the angular bins with a small $k(R,\theta,\phi)$.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=4.5in]{Figure4.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=4.5in]{Figure5.eps}
\caption{The $k(R,\theta,\phi)= n_{sel}(R,\theta,\phi) / n_{tot}(R,\theta,\phi)$ ratio (color codes) over the PAMELA field of view, as a function of local polar coordinates $\phi$ and $cos\theta$ (apparatus reference frame). Results for 0.39 GV (top) and 4.09 GV (bottom) protons are displayed. See the text for details.}
\label{acce78}
\end{figure}

The dependence of the instrument response on particle rigidity is studied by performing the calculation for 30 rigidities in the range 0.39--10 GV, and the value of $G(R)$ at intermediate $R$ is evaluated through interpolation methods.
An accurate estimate of the PAMELA geometrical factor based on the Monte Carlo approach can be found in \citet{BRUNO_PHD}.

As an example, Figure \ref{acce78} reports the $k(R,\theta,\phi)$ ratio (color codes) over the PAMELA FoV as a function of local $\phi$ and $cos\theta$, for 0.39 GV (top panel) and 4.09 GV (bottom panel) protons.
The four peaks structure reflects the rectangular section of the apparatus; the differences in the FoV distributions at different rigidities are due to the bending effect of the magnetic spectrometer.

\subsection{Anisotropic Flux Exposition}
However, in presence of an anisotropic flux exposition ($F\ne const$), the gathering power depends also on the flux angular distribution.
SCR fluxes can be conveniently expressed in terms of asymptotic polar angles $\alpha$ (pitch angle) and $\beta$ (gyro-phase angle) with respect to the IMF direction: $F=F(R,\alpha,\beta)$. The corresponding gathering power can be written as:
\begin{equation}\label{gathering_power_formula4}
\Gamma(R)=\int_{0}^{\pi} sin\alpha \hspace{0.04cm} d\alpha  \int_{0}^{2\pi} d\beta  \hspace{0.04cm}   F(R,\alpha,\beta) \hspace{0.04cm} S(R,\theta,\phi) \hspace{0.04cm}\left|  cos\theta \right|,
\end{equation}
with $\theta$=$\theta(R,\alpha,\beta)$ and $\phi$=$\phi(R,\alpha,\beta)$. The flux angular distribution $F(R,\alpha,\beta)$ is unknown.

\subsubsection{Asymptotic Effective Area}
For simplicity, we assume that SCR fluxes depend only on particle rigidity $R$ and asymptotic pitch angle $\alpha$, estimating an apparatus effective area (cm$^{2}$) as:
\begin{equation}\label{gathering_power_formula5}
H(R,\alpha)=\frac{sin\alpha}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi} d\beta  \hspace{0.04cm} S(R,\theta,\phi)\hspace{0.04cm}  \left|  cos\theta \right|,
\end{equation}
by averaging the directional response function over the $\beta$ angle.
The method is valid also for isotropic fluxes (independent on $\alpha$): in this case, the effective area is related to the geometrical factor $G(R)$ by:
\begin{equation}\label{gathering_power_formula6}
G(R)=2\pi  \int_{0}^{\pi}d\alpha \hspace{0.04cm}H(R,\alpha).
\end{equation}

The approach is analogous to the one developed for the measurement of geomagnetically trapped protons \citep{BRUNO_ICRC_SUBCUTOFF}, with $\alpha$ and $\beta$ denoting the polar angles with respect to the local geomagnetic field direction. But while local angles can be calculated from $(\theta, \phi)$ by means of basic rotation matrices of the FoV involving only the spacecraft orientation with respect to the local magnetic field,
the conversion to asymptotic angles depends on the particle propagation in the magnetosphere, so trajectory tracing methods are needed.

\subsubsection{Area Calculation}\label{Area Calculation}

The effective area definition given in Equation \ref{gathering_power_formula5} is based on the assumption of approximately isotropic fluxes within small pitch-angle bins.
Consequently, $H(R,\alpha)$ can be derived from Equation \ref{differential_GF_tot} by integrating
the directional response function
over the ($cos\theta,\phi$) directions
corresponding
to pitch angles within the interval $\alpha\pm\Delta\alpha/2$:
\begin{equation}\label{MCgfactor_alpha}
2\pi  \int_{\Delta\alpha}d\alpha \hspace{0.04cm}H(R,\alpha) \simeq S_{gen}  \hspace{0.04cm}\Delta cos\theta \hspace{0.04cm} \Delta \phi   \sum_{\theta,\phi\rightarrow\alpha}  k(R,\theta,\phi) \hspace{0.04cm}\left|cos\theta \right|.
\end{equation}
The approach accuracy depends on the number of ($\Delta cos\theta,\Delta\phi$) bins used in the angular partitioning (see Section \ref{Monte Carlo Integration Methods}), while the width of
the $\Delta\alpha$ bins is chosen accounting for the detector angular resolution.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5in]{Figure6.eps}
\caption{Top: simulated directions (red points) inside PAMELA field of view. Middle: pitch-angle coverage (color axis, deg). Bottom: the apparatus effective area as function of pitch-angle; minimum and maximum observable pitch-angles are reported, along with the value corresponding to the vertical direction. Results correspond to 0.39 GV protons for a sample orbital position (May 17, 2012, 02:07:00 UT).}
\label{area600_ek78}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5in]{Figure7.eps}
\caption{Same than Figure \ref{area600_ek78} but for 4.09 GV protons.}
\label{area600_ek1582}
\end{figure}

To convert local ($cos\theta,\phi$) into asymptotic ($\alpha,\beta$) directions and apply Equation \ref{MCgfactor_alpha}, a large number of trajectories $N$, uniformly distributed inside PAMELA field of view, has to be reconstructed in the magnetosphere, for each rigidity value and each orbital position.
In order to assure a high resolution,
the calculation is performed for time steps with a 1-sec width,
back-tracing
about 2800 trajectories for each rigidity bin,
for a total of more than $10^{8}$ trajectories for each polar pass ($\sim$ 23 min).
At a later stage, results are extended over the full
field of view of PAMELA
through a bilinear interpolation.

The procedure is illustrated in Figures \ref{area600_ek78}-\ref{area600_ek1582} for 0.39 and 4.09 GV protons respectively, at a sample orbital position (May 17, 2012, 02:07 UT).
Top panels report the distribution of reconstructed directions in the PAMELA field of view, with each point as\-so\-cia\-ted to a given asymptotic direction ($\alpha$,$\beta$); middle panels show the calculated (after interpolation) pitch-angle coverage\footnote{The $\beta$ calculation can be neglected under the gyro-tropic approximation.};
bottom panels illustrate the estimated effective area as a function of
the explored pitch-angle range.
Final calculation results for 22 ri\-gi\-di\-ty values between 0.39 and 4.09 GV (see the color code) are displayed in Figure \ref{all600}: the peaks in the distributions
correspond to vertically incident protons.

Figure \ref{acce_cones2012} reports the asymptotic cones of acceptance of the PAMELA apparatus
evaluated for the first polar pass (01:57--02:20 UT) during the May 17, 2012 SEP event \citep{MAY17PAPER}.
Results for sample rigidity values (see the color code)
are shown as a function of GEO (top panel) and GSE (middle panel) coordinates;
grey points denote the spacecraft position, while crosses indicate the IMF direction.
The pitch-angle coverage as a function of orbital position is shown in the bottom panel.
While moving (and rotating) along the orbit, PAMELA covers a large pitch-angle interval, approximately ranging from 0 to 145 deg.
In particular, PAMELA is looking at the IMF direction between 02:14 and 02:18 UT, depending on the proton rigidity.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5.5in]{Figure8.eps}
\caption{The PAMELA effective area at a sample orbital position (May 17, 2012, 02:07:00 UT) as function of pitch-angle, for different values of particle rigidity.}
\label{all600}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5.5in]{Figure9.eps}
\caption{Asymptotic cones of acceptance of the PAMELA apparatus for sample rigidity values (see labels), evaluated in GEO (top) and GSE (middle) coordinates, and as a function of UT and pitch-angle (bottom). Grey points denote the spacecraft position, while crosses indicate the IMF direction. Calculations refer to the first PAMELA polar pass (01:57--02:20 UT) during the May 17, 2012 SEP event.}
\label{acce_cones2012}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Differential Directional Fluxes}
Differential directional fluxes are obtained
at each orbital position $t$ as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq_flux}
\Phi(R,\alpha,t) = \frac{N_{tot}(R,\alpha,t)}{ 2\pi\int\limits_{\Delta R} dR \int\limits_{\Delta \alpha} d\alpha \int\limits_{\Delta t}^{} dt H(R,\alpha,t) },
\end{equation}
where
$N_{tot}(R,\alpha,t)$ is the number of proton counts in the bin $(R,\alpha,t)$, corrected by the selection efficiencies, and
the denominator represents the asymptotic exposition of the apparatus integrated over the selected rigidity bin $\Delta R$.

Averaged fluxes over the polar pass $T=\sum\Delta t$ are evaluated as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq_flux_mean}
\Phi(R,\alpha) =  \frac{N_{tot}(R,\alpha)}{ 2\pi\int\limits_{\Delta R} dR \int\limits_{\Delta \alpha} d\alpha \int\limits_{T}^{} dt H(R,\alpha,t) },
\end{equation}
where $N_{tot}(R,\alpha)=\sum_{T}^{} N_{tot}(R,\alpha,t)$ and the exposition is derived by weighting each effective area contribution by the corresponding lifetime spent by PAMELA at the same orbital position.

\subsection{GCR Background Subtraction}
Since it is not possible to discriminate between SCR and GCR signals, solar flux intensities are obtained by subtracting the GCR contribution from the total measured flux.
The GCR component is evaluated by estimating proton fluxes during two days prior the arrival of SEPs. We found that the GCR flux is isotropic with respect to the IMF direction within experimental uncertainties. Consequently, the same flux $\Phi_{GCR}(R)$ is subtracted for all pitch angle bins:
\begin{equation}\label{eq_flux_sub}
\begin{split}
\Phi_{SCR}(R,\alpha) =  \Phi_{tot}(R,\alpha) - \Phi_{GCR}(R)  =  \\
= \frac{N_{tot}(R,\alpha)-N_{GCR}(R,\alpha)}{ 2\pi\int\limits_{\Delta R} dR \int\limits_{\Delta \alpha} d\alpha \int\limits_{T}^{} dt H(R,\alpha,t) }.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\subsection{Flux Uncertainties}
Flux statistical errors can be obtained by evaluating 68.27\% C.L. intervals for a poissonian signal $N_{tot}(R,\alpha)$ in presence of a background $N_{GCR}(R,\alpha)$ \citep{FELDMAN}.
Systematic uncertainties related to the reconstruction of asymptotic directions are evaluated by introducing a bias in the particle direction measurement from the tracking system, according to a gaussian distribution with a variance equal to the experimental angular resolution.

\section{Conclusions}\label{Conclusions}
This paper reports the analysis methods developed for the estimate of SEP energy spectra as a function of the particle asymptotic direction of arrival.
The exposition of the PAMELA apparatus is evaluated by means of accurate back-tracing simulations based on a realistic description of the Earth's magnetosphere.
As case study, the results of the calculation for the May 17, 2012 event are discussed. The developed trajectory analysis enables the investigation of flux anisotropies, pro\-viding fundamental information for the characterization of SEPs. It will prove to be a vital in\-gre\-dient for the interpretation of solar events observed by PAMELA during solar cycles 23 and 24.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge support from The Italian Space Agency (ASI), Deutsches Zentrum f$\ddot{u}$r Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR), The Swedish National Space Board, The Swedish Research Council, The Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) and The Russian Scientific Foundation.
We gratefully thank N. Tsyganenko for helpful discussions, and M. I. Sitnov and G. K. Stephens for their assistance and support in the use of the TS07D model.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home > Distributed Publishers > Sono Nis Press
Summer of Adventures
By (author): Ann Alma
Publisher: Sono Nis Press
Pub Date: 01/Jan/2002
For twelve-year-old Anneke, the summer has brought uncertainty and change. Her dream of creating a home with her mother, who has schizophrenia, seems increasingly remote. When Anneke's foster parents offer her the possibility of adoption, she must face some difficult choices. Her struggle to discover where she really belongs takes a new direction after she rescues a Japanese carving, a netsuke, from a rushing river, a direction that leads Anneke and her friend Ken to the Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre and then into the beautiful, unforgiving Kootenay mountains. Lost in the wild, the two friends, accompanied by Anneke's dog, Sheera, must draw on all their strength and courage to survive. In the end, both Anneke and Ken will discover what family really means. Summer of Adventures is the second book in Ann Alma's Summer series. Resource Links recommended that "all elementary school libraries obtain Summer of Changes," the first book in the series, because it is "full of pathos, optimism, and love [and] written in a very realistic and appealing style."

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Despite herself, Paige's heart went out to him.
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The shares of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) started off the last trading session with the price of $103.09 while closing the day with the price of $104.46. The shares of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) Rise 1.54% with the Gain of 1.37 points.
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While analyzing the past performance of the stock we can see that the shares of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) Gain 1.46% in the last week while rising 14.25% in the last month. Past quarter performance shows the green light with 34.77%. The semi-annual and annual performance shows 70.3% and 113.53% respectively.
Some critical values of the shares of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) to be discussed here are: the beta which shows the value at 2.47 while Average True Range of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) demonstrate the value at 3.13. The weekly and monthly volatility of the shares of XPO Logistics, Inc. (NYSE:XPO) are indicated at 2.57% and 2.88%. Also to discuss here is the Relative Strength Index or RSI which is depicted at 62.87.
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Consolidated Edison, Inc. (NYSE:ED) started its previous trading session at $77.08 and closed at $76.89 showing a Fell of -0.21 Percent.
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While studying the financial position of the shares of Consolidated Edison, Inc. (NYSE:ED), we can see that the Market capitalization of the company is at 23.6 Billion. The shares outstanding for the company is 306.91 Million and the shares float stands at 306.91 Million.
While analyzing the stock from technical aspects, Diluted Earnings per share stands at $21.95 a share. P/E (price to earnings) and P/S (price to sales) values are 3.5 and 1.96 respectively.


At Moredun Scientific we conduct regulatory compliant, contract biosafety testing of biopharmaceuticals, cell lines, virus seeds and bulk harvests to ensure our client's products are free from contaminating adventitious agents (e.g. bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma). We test a range of biopharmaceutical types including therapeutic antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccines and cell therapy products.
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text:
Q: ML-Agents release numbers I'm totally confused about the release numbering Unity is using. Looking at GitHub, I see that the latest release is referred to as 'Release 17' yet the version numbers when looking at things in Package Manager look like 1.08.
Is Release 17 the same as 1.08? Could someone clarify that.
Also, I downloaded Release 17 and installed it by referencing the package.json file however, Unity show it up as 2.0.0
I hope you guys can help.
thanks

A: Based on Unitys docs about Versioning I would guess that the overall count of releases is 17, meaning there have been 17 public releases of the package. There is usually a change log that you can find using the package manager that goes into a little more depth for each version. I would guess that the github has more versions than the package manager as the versions released on the package manager are most likely more stable and not just hot fixes.
To summarize, they've had 17 releases, some could have been before version 1.0.0 and you mentioned that 17 is 2.0.0. It could be that 2.0.0 is not stable yet which is why you need to download it from Github to have it in the package manager. Anything prior to the first digit is a patch release version increase. So with 1.0.8, it means they're on major release 1 on patch version 8. The other reason 2.0.0 might not appear in your package manager is due to being on a non verified version of Unity for this package version or not viewing unreleased packages. It could be 2.0.0 works, but is not verified by Unity yet on your Unity version.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Medicine (254)
[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Basic Medical Science (254)
History and Ethics of Medicine (254)
[[missing key: search-facet.tree.open-section]] Clinical Medicine (254)
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Education, other (254)
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Minimalistic Approach for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Open Vascular Vs. Fully Percutaneous Approach
Sasko Kedev, Biljana Zafirovska, Elizabeta Srbinovska-Kostovska, Slobodan Antov, Aleksandar Nikolic, Omer Dzemali and Matjaz Bunc
Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in elderly people. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a revolutionary treatment for elderly patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. The authors present the first experiences with transcatheter aortic valve implantation treatment in Macedonia and compare their findings in regard to differences between open vascular vs. minimalistic transfemoral TAVI approach.
Methods: The procedure was performed in 54 patients with severe and symptomatic AS in the period from December 2014 until February 2018. All patients were deemed having high surgical risk or were denied surgery. Pre-procedural screening included detailed clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, coronary, peripheral and carotid angiography and computed tomography scan of the aortic root. A self-expandable aortic valve (Core Valve/Evolut R, Medtronic, USA) was implanted in all patients.
Results: Mean patient age was 75 ± 7.2 years, 28 (52%) were female, 26 patients (48%) male. All interventions were successfully performed through right transfemoral approach with 100% implantation success. Ancillary right radial and ulnar approach was used for correct valve positioning and control. 22(40%) cases were performed under general anesthesia and open vascular access to the femoral artery. All other 32(60%) cases were performed with minimalistic approach (local anaesthesia and analgosedation of the patients, access site was closed with closure devices). Patients in the minimalistic approach group were older, with more chronic conditions as anaemia, chronic kidney disease, poor mobility and peripheral vascular disease (p<0.0001). Also 4(12.5%) patients in the minimalistic group had bicuspid valve TAVI implantation (p<0.0001). Procedural time and contrast amount spent were shorter in this group with 97± 38 vs. 121± 38.3(p<0.0001) and 287± 122 vs. 330± 115 ml, while fluoroscopy time was similar in both groups. Immediate hemodynamic improvement was obtained in all patients. Echocardiographic peak gradient decreased from 85 ± 25 to 17 ± 8 mmHg (p < 0.001) and mean pressure gradient from 49 ± 26 to 8.3 ± 4.2 mmHg, (p < 0.001). Effective valve orifice area was 1.8±0.4 cm2 after intervention. None of the patients had significant aortic regurgitation after implantation. After intervention 7(12%) patients developed a permanent heart block and required implantation of a permanent pacemaker. There was a larger Hgb drop after intervention with open vs. minimalistic approach 1,9±0.9 vs. 0.7±0,2 g/dL (p<0.0001). 3 (13% vs.0%) patients from the open vascular access group had a major bleeding complication with 2 requiring transfusion after intervention (p<0.0001). Mortality was 5.5%, 2 with open-vascular and 1 with minimalistic approach. MACCE rate that included MI, Stroke, Major bleeding and Death rate, was recorded in 5(18%) patients with open vascular approach vs. 1(3.1%) in minimalistic approach (p<0.0001). Hospital discharge was 8.7±3.1 vs. 4±3.1 days respectively (p<0.0001). All TAVI patients with minimalistic approach were discharged the following day after intervention. All discharged patients had a good neurological condition, which was assessed based on the CPC-1 (Cerebra Performance Categories Scale). After median follow up of 26 months, the survival rate was 95% with clinical improvement in all patients.
Conclusion: Percutaneous aortic valve implantation can be successfully conducted with high success rate and low rate of complications in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Using a less invasive approach with local anaesthesia and analgosedation is associated with shorter length of stay and a decrease in post-procedural complication rates and MACCE.
in PRILOZI
Prof. Aleksandar Josifovich Ignjatovski, Founder and First Director of the Clinic for Internal Medicine and the First Head of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, R. Macedonia
Momir Polenakovic and Doncho Donev
Aleksandar J. Ignjatovski was born in the Smolensk Region, Russia, on 18.03.1875. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in St. Petersburg in 1899 where he started specialization in internal medicine and continued in Berlin, Heidelberg, Munich and Paris. In 1905 he was elected assistant professor in St. Petersburg, continued as an associate professor in Odessa in 1908 and a full-time professor in 1912 in Warsaw. During the October Revolution, he was the Head of the Internal Clinic in Rostov, and in 1920 he emigrated to Belgrade. In 1922 he was appointed full professor and Director of the First Internal Clinic at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, which he established, developed and managed until his retirement in 1946. In 1948 he moved to Skopje as a full professor and first Director of the Internal Clinic at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. He studied the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and first proved it experimentally, and published a paper in 1908, indicating that it was associated with higher blood cholesterol level. He also dealt with immunobiology and infectious diseases, in particular tuberculosis and tetanus. Prof. A. Ignjatovski was an excellent clinician, teacher and scientist, who published over 80 papers. His most important textbooks are "Clinical Semiotics and Symptomatic Therapy", in two editions, in Russian (1919) and in Serbian (1929-37), and "The Basics of Internal Propedeutics" in three volumes, published in Skopje in 1952, 1954 and 1963. The work of Prof. A. Ignjatovski, as a leading clinician and a great teacher and scientist, is embedded in the development of internal medicine, and medicine in general, in Russia, Serbia and Macedonia. The bright memorial of the founder and first director of the Internal Medicine Clinic and the first Head of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje has been permanently incorporated in the history of medicine in R. Macedonia. Prof. A. Ignjatovski died on 18.08.1955.
Quality of the Clinical Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare Assessment in a Tertiary Public Maternity Hospital in R. Macedonia
Svetlana Krstevska Blazhevska and Doncho Donev
Introduction: Maternal and neonatal infections can be prevented, but they are still common in low and middle-developed countries. There is a connection between childbirth on one hand and postpartum and newborn care on the other. Globally, several efforts are being made to improve quality of childbirth by providing initial assessment of procedures, risk prevention and continuous monitoring of childbirth process and possible complications. The World Health Organization has developed Checklists for Safe Delivery with procedures to be implemented as routine care, in order to promptly detect and manage complications related to childbirth.
Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Skopje, a maternity hospital in R. Macedonia from the tertiary level of the public health care system. In this study 300 obstetric and 307 neonatal histories from childbirths in February and March 2018 have been analyzed. The collected data refers to the care of the prepartum, intrapartum, early postpartum and early neonatal periods.
Results: An initial assessment at admission proved that 14.7% of pregnant women had existing infection, in 93% of them the body temperature was measured and in only 9.3% urine analysis was made, 10.3% of the women had arterial hypertension, and 66.5% of them with hypertension had a headache. In the continuous monitoring and prevention of potential risk, arterial tension was measured in 33% of all mothers. In all women the placenta quality was checked up, as well as vaginal bleeding, application of oxytocin and hemoglobin level before discharge.
Conclusion: The quality and quantity of documented data in the maternity hospital medical histories is high. There were no standard protocols for assessment of pregnant women. Certain procedures are conducted in every woman during childbirth. Standardized procedures are needed to be applied during every childbirth.
A Rare Case of Superior Gluteal Artery Pseudo Aneurysm after Blunt Trauma
Sime Trpeski, Marija Mihajlova Ilieva, Nina Apostolovska, Alan Andonovski, Andreja Gavrilovski and Nada Pop-Jordanova
Prevailing over in rotationally unstable pelvic fractures, acetabular fractures or hip dislocations, superior gluteal artery pseudo aneurysm imperceptibly could be found after blunt force trauma of the pelvic region. We present a case of superior gluteal artery pseudo aneurysm after blunt force trauma that became gradually symptomatic in two months following the prime malevolence. Non-resolving gluteal hematoma presented two months after the incident, disregarding standard treatment methods led the diagnosis to plausible entity of pseudo aneurysm. Standard protocol was followed. CT angiography was indicated and it confirmed the suspected diagnosis. Upon indication a treatment plan was established with correspondent angioembolization of the pathologic substrate. Pseudo aneurism of the superior gluteal artery should be considered as differential diagnosis for unexplained hematomas in the posterior pelvic region following a trauma regardless of its nature.
Special Conditions in Venous Thrombembolism – Case Series
Marijan Bosevski, Irena Mitevska, Marica Pavkovic, Milka Klincheva, Emilija Trajkovska Lazarova, Emilija Velkova, Zlate Stojanoski, Nela Kostova, Savetka Paljoskovska Jordanova, Danica Petkoska, Mimi Mancheva, Aleksandra Gulevska, Marjan Baloski, Vasko Hadjiev, Gorjan Krstevski, Viktorija Kralevska, Ivica Bojovski, Mario Jovanovski, Vesna Nedelkovska and Atanas Gjorgievski
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a preventable cause of in-hospital death, and one of the most prevalent vascular diseases. There is a lack of knowledge with regards to contemporary presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with VTE. Many clinically important subgroups (including the elderly, those with recent bleeding, renal insufficiency, disseminated malignancy or pregnant patients) have been under-represented in randomized clinical trials. We still need information from real life data (as example RIETE). The paper presents case series with VTE in special conditions, including cancer associated thrombosis, malignant homeopathies, as well in high risk population.
Transmission Electron Microscopy: Novel Application of Established Technique in Characterization of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
Marija Petrushevska, Kristina Pavlovska, Jovanka Laskova, Pance Zdravkovski and Marija Glavas Dodov
Nanotechnology presents a modern field of science that in the last twenty-five years plays a dominant role in the biomedicine. Different analytical methods are used for evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles including chromatography, electrophoresis, X-ray scattering, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, zeta potential measurement and microscopy on which this article will focus.
Herein, we present novel application of the long-established TEM technique that is focused on characterization and evaluation of various nanoparticles in development of drug delivery systems.
Transmission electron microscopy images were taken of samples from native nanoparticles, nanoparticles labeled using stannous chloride labeling procedure, inorganic silica nanoparticles loaded with budesonide and native micelles and micelles carrier of anticancer drug camptothecin. In the case of radiolabeled nanoparticles, beside for nanoparticle characterization, TEM technique was used to confirm the stability of the nanoparticles after radiolabeling. Furthermore, the porous structure of hybrid silica particles loaded with budesonide was examined under TEM.
Transmission electron microscopy technique offers exceptional benefits for nanoparticle characterization. Additionally, the necessity of ultrastructural analysis demonstrates the potential of TEM in the field of nanomedicine. Hence, the long-established and well-known TEM has been only partially exploited and offer researchers very detailed images of specimens at microscopic and nano scale.
Treatment of Acetabular Defects with Porous Metal Augments in Revision Hip Surgery
Jasmin Ciriviri, Zoran Nestorovski, Darko Talevski, Tode Vranishkovski and Hristijan Kostov
Porous metal augments have been used successfully for management of large acetabular defects during revision hip arthroplasty. This study analyzes and compares the clinical and radiographic outcomes of porous metal augments in cemented and uncemented acetabular revisions, all performed at the same institution. In the period 2015-2017, 36 patients with 37 large acetabular defects were treated with porous metal augments in cemented and uncemented acetabular revisions. Postoperatively, patients were monitored for two years on average period of 24-36 months.
Acetabular augments were used when preoperative and intraoperative findings indicated the presence of large acetabular defects that can hinder the stability of the revision implants. We used lateral approach, 36 mm femoral head, and cementless or cemented acetabular cup depending on local bone quality. Postoperatively, all patients followed total hip arthroplasty precautions, with weight bearing as tolerated regimen with use of crutches during 6 weeks after surgery. The follow-up was radiological and clinical. We used HHS. At a mean follow-up of two years (range 24-36 months) one patient had reinfection and one patient had infection. None of the patients shown signs of aseptic augment or acetabular cup loosening. Porous metal augments show comparable excellent radiographic and clinical short-term outcomes, when combined with cemented or uncemented cups in revision hip arthroplasty. They allow good bone ingrowth, adequate implant contact and good stability. Complications were related to infection and not related to the augments itself.
Brain Rate Parameter in Children with General Anxiety Disorder
Aneta Demerdzieva and Nada Pop-Jordanova
Introduction: Brain rate is parameter correlated to brain electric and metabolic activity.
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the results obtained for brain rate parameter as an indicator for general mental arousal in anxious patients and to compare them with results of healthy young people matched in age and gender, as well as with anorectic and hyperactive children.
Material and Methods: The diagnosis for all examinees was made according two statistic manuals (DMSIV- R and ICD-10), medical history, neuropsychological assessment, biochemical analysis and QEEG. In this study we examined the spectra power of the brain waves through quantified EEG (QEEG). The obtained results were exported to brain rate software and then calculated for each region separately. The QEEG spectra power data and the brain rate data were analyzed using Statistica software.
Results: According to sagittal and lateral topography maximal values of brain rate parameter were obtained in group of healthy individuals and in group of anorectic patients. The lowest results were obtained in group of hyperactive children for all three regions.
Conclusions: The general conclusion will be that pathological conditions in childhood, analyzed in this research, can be defined as conditions of hypoarausal and this can be specific sign of brain dysfunction.
Comparison Between HPV DNA Testing and HPV E6/E7 MRNA Testing in Women with Squamous Cell Abnormalities of the Uterine Cervix
Drage Dabeski, Sotirija Duvlis, Neli Basheska, Vesna Antovska, Marjan Stojovski, Milka Trajanova, Goran Dimitrov, Ana Dabeski and Nadica Gureva-Gjorgievska
Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the results of two human papillomavirus (HPV) diagnostic techniques: human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV DNA) testing and human papillomavirus E6/E7 messenger ribonucleic acid (HPV E6/E7 mRNA) testing in women with squamous cell abnormalities of the uterine cervix.
Material and Methods: Comparative prospective study, conducted in the period from January 2016 to June 2017 of 128 sexually active women, age groups of 20 to 59 years (40.50 ± 10.85) with squamous cell abnormalities on the cervical cytology. All patients were subject to: HPV DNA testing, HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing and colposcopic cervical biopsy with endocervical curettage for histopathologycal analysis. HPV DNA testing was done using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse hybridization methods. HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing was done using real-time PCR method.
Results: Data analysis showed an association between the results of HPV DNA testing and HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing (p˂0.0001). The concordance between the results of both tests was moderate (55.47%). The results show that HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing had a higer specificity 88.89% and positive predictive value (PPV) 93.59% for HSIL + invasive squamous cell carcinoma compared to HPV DNA testing that had specificity of 55.56% and PPV 84.61%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of our study suggested that HPV E6/E7 mRNA testing is more specific and has a higher positive predictive value than HPV DNA testing and that viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 are superior biomarkers for the detection of high-risk HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix.
Different Clinical Expression of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Treatment
Nada Pop-Jordanova
Background: Fearful and anxious behaviour is especially common in children, when they come across new situations and experiences. The difference between normal worry and an anxiety disorder is in the severity and in the interference with everyday life and normal developmental steps. Many longitudinal studies in children suggest that anxiety disorders are relatively stable over time and predict anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescence and adulthood. For this reason, the early diagnostic and treatment are needed.
Researchers supposed that anxiety is a result of repeated stress. Additionally, some genetic, neurobiological, developmental factors are also involved in the aetiology.
Methods and subjects: The aim of this article is to summarize and to present our own results obtained with the assessment and treatment of different forms of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents such as: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Dental anxiety, General Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Anxious-phobic syndrome. Some results are published separately in different journals.
a) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 10 young children aged 9 ± 2, 05 y. is evaluated and discussed concerning the attachment quality.
b) The group with OCD comprises 20 patients, mean age 14,5 ± 2,2 years, evaluated with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Child behaviour Checklist (CBCL), K-SADS (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School age children), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), SCWT (Stroop Colour Word task), WCST (Wisconsin Card Scoring test).
c) Dental stress is evaluated in a group of 50 patients; mean age for girls 11,4 ± 2,4 years; for boys 10,7 ± 2,6 years, evaluated with (General Anxiety Scale (GASC), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).
d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles obtained for General Anxiety Disorder in 20 young females and 15 males aged 25,7± 5,35 years, and a group with Panic attack syndrome N=15 aged 19,3±4,9 years are presented and discussed by comparison of the results for healthy people.
e) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was applied for assessment and treatment in 15 anxious-phobic patients, mean age 12, 5±2,25 years and results are compared with other groups of mental disorder.
Results: Children with PTSD showed a high level of anxiety and stress, somatization and behavioural problems (aggression, impulsivity, non-obedience and nightmares), complemented by hypersensitive and depressed mothers and misattachment in the early period of infancy. Consequently, the explanation of the early predisposition to PTSD was related to be the non-developed Right Orbital Cortex. The later resulted from insecure attachment confirmed in all examined children.
The obtained neuropsychological profile of children with OCD confirmed a clear presence of obsessions and compulsions, average intellectual capacities, but the absence of depressive symptoms. Executive functions were investigated through Event Related Potentials on Go/NoGo tasks. Results showed that no significant clinical manifestations of cognitive dysfunction among children with OCD in the early stage of the disorder are present, but it could be expected to be appearing in the later stage of the disorder if it is no treated.
In a study of 50 children randomly selected, two psychometric instruments were applied for measuring general anxiety and personal characteristics. It was confirmed that there was presence of significant anxiety level (evaluated with GASC) among children undergoing dental intervention. The difference in anxiety scores between girls and boys was also confirmed (girls having higher scores for anxiety). Results obtained with EPQ showed low psychopathological traits, moderate extraversion and neuroticism, but accentuated insincerity (L scale). L scales are lower by increasing of age, but P scores rise with age, which can be related to puberty. No correlation was found between personality traits and anxiety except for neuroticism, which is positively correlated with the level of anxiety.
The obtained profiles for MMPI-201 in a group of patients with general anxiety are presented as a figure. Females showed only Hy peak, but in the normal range. However, statistics confirmed significant difference between scores in anxiety group and control (t= 2, 25164; p= 0, 038749). Males showed Hs-Hy-Pt peaks with higher (pathological) scores, related to hypersensitivity of the autonomic nervous system, as well as with manifested anxiety. Calculation confirmed significant difference between control and anxiety in men (t= 15.13, p=0.000).
Additionally, MMPI profiles for patients with attack panic syndrome are also presented as a figure. Control scales for females showed typical V form (scales 1 and 3) related to conversing tendencies. In addition, females showed peaks on Pt-Sc scales, but in normal ranges. Pathological profile is obtained in males, with Hy-Sc peaks; this profile corresponds to persons with regressive characteristics, emotionally instable and with accentuated social withdraw.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the beat to beat variability in heart rate, related to the work of autonomic nervous system. It may serve as a psychophysiological indicator for arousal, emotional state and stress level. We used HRV in both, the assessment and biofeedback training, in a group of anxious-phobic and obsessive-compulsive school children. Results obtained with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire showed significantly higher psychopathological traits, higher neuroticism and lower lie scores. After 15 session HRV training very satisfying results for diminishing stress and anxiety were obtained.


Sx: coughing of yellow, viscous sputum that is difficult to expectorate, focal distention and a feeling of fullness in the chest and diaphragm, nausea. in severe cases, there may also be difficulty in breathing. T: red with a greasy, yellow coat. P: slippery and rapid.


Today's update will be very short. Yesterday was a pretty slow writing day. I was able to get a little bit of writing done on my phone which brings me to today's subject, using the smartphone for writing. I would not want to write a full screenplay or novel on a phone but there's no reason it could not be accomplished. I am, however, extremely grateful to have this powerful, always connected, mobile computer in my pocket. Often times it is used strictly for capturing ideas but since both Final Draft and Scrivener have smartphone apps I can hop into the actual screenplay and make changes or add to it if I want.
Capturing ideas anytime and anywhere I have them is one the most beneficial aspects of having a smartphone for me. I have my Moleskine and pen with me ALMOST always but I carry my smartphone like it's my wallet. I don't leave the house without it, so during the times when I don't have my notebook and pen, I have my phone.
If you are interested I'll dive deeper into the apps I like for mobile writing and idea capture. I try to keep it simple but at the same time I've realized trying to make one app do it all is asking too much.
Today will consist of more mobile writing, with my phone and paper notebook.
Until Tomorrow. Thanks for reading.


text:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'my-app',
  template: `<h1>Hello {{name}} :)</h1>`,
})
export class AppComponent  { name = 'Angular4.00!'; }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our columnist delves into the Met's controversial new admission policy—and explains why a lasting solution won't come from the box office.
This week, tackling a single issue sucked all the air out of my room….
For anyone in the industry who has been frozen inside a block of ice since New Year's, on Thursday the Met officially announced that it will begin charging mandatory admission to non-New York adults and non-Tri-State adolescents, effective March 1.
I got agitated myself after the announcement, especially since the most memorable statistics I'd seen on this issue while I was living in Los Angeles—the Broad Museum's first-year attendance report—implied a link between gratis admission and audience diversity. Among the (free) institution's over 823,000 visitors from 2015-2016, a staggering 62 percent identified as an ethnicity other than Caucasian. That's nearly triple the average found in a 2015 study of US museum attendance by the Morey Group.
Still, if we're going to evaluate the Met's new policy fairly, we have to separate the controversy into two distinctive questions. The first is philosophical: Should museums be free for everyone, particularly during a time when sociocultural divisions within the US seem to be worsening by the minute? My personal answer to that would be "yes." And that position is the rare one where I appear to have a seat at the table with the majority.
The second question, though, is one that I haven't seen addressed yet, and one that transforms me right back into the Kodiak crashing the campground: Does a more comprehensive dive into the data show that admission fees meaningfully affect museum attendance? More specifically, do free museums ACTUALLY attract larger, more diverse audiences than those that charge for entry?
The Met's entrance hall. Photo Michael Gray, via Flickr.
There, Dilenschneider, who works extensively with nonprofits and cultural organizations, aggregates studies published by the Journal of Cultural Economics, New Zealand's Ministry for Culture and Heritage, the UK Council for Museums, Libraries, and Archives, and other credible sources from around the world—all of which strongly suggest that my intuition about the pernicious effects of museum admission fees is as wrong as sexting at a funeral.
I'm not going to refabricate every rung in Dilenschneider's argument here. Instead, I'll just highlight what were, to me, the most surprising and consequential findings.
In separate research on New Zealanders who had never visited a museum, about four and a half times as many respondents identified time constraints (49 percent) rather than cost (11 percent) as their main impediment. In another study, four times as many surveyed Brits did the same, by a count of 32 percent to just 8 percent.
Per research by the UK's Department of Digital, Culture, Media, and Sport (DDCMS), even in cases where overall attendance figures improved after institutions decided to go admission-free, the most substantial bump often came courtesy of a group that Dilenschneider and her peers call "high-propensity visitors," or people who were already going to museums before anyway. In other words, eliminating ticket prices generally compelled existing audience members to return more often, but did little to entice large numbers of new visitors.
Nor is the DDCMS an obscure government department with no skin in the game. It works with 43 agencies and public bodies across the UK, including museums like Tate, the National Gallery, and the British Museum—all of which went admission-free in 2001 and became the subject of this very study years later.
Cost is, at most, only a minor reason for why the vast majority of non-museum-goers stay away.
Free museums matter a lot more to people who were already going to them beforehand than those who weren't going at all.
If we want to argue that the Met's mandatory admission fee for out-of-towners is horrifically exclusionary, then, looking for existing evidence from the social sciences is about as helpful as a dead battery in a getaway car.
Metropolitan Museum. Photo: Flickr Creative Commons.
Now, all of the above being said, I think it's crucial to recognize that none of the findings I've cited so far necessarily rules out that ethnic and/or class differences may have heavily influenced the results. It may just be that those differences register at a deeper level than numbers alone can show.
Similarly, none of these studies directly addresses the effects of institutions' asking visitors to prove residency at the door by showing ID (or, somewhat ridiculously, utility bills or bank statements). Maybe this associated move ends up discouraging even locals—particularly POC, the young, and the working class, as these statistics suggest—to a degree that makes the Met's policy shift more insidious for audience size and composition than the research above captures.
However, if these caveats are valid, evidence says that eliminating ticket prices is not the way for museums to reverse course.
Instead, if we really want to focus on diversifying and expanding audiences at the Met and other institutions, particularly across racial and class lines, then we should look at more targeted, more progressive options.
Statue of Diana by Augustus Saint-Gaudens at the Met. Image: Wikimedia Commons.
Just a few weeks ago, my colleague Julia Halperin wrote about how Atlanta's High Museum tripled its nonwhite audience since 2015. Under director Rand Suffolk, the institution has implemented strategies such as "allowing curators to tailor projects to their own audience," often by featuring more artists of color, particularly African Americans; marketing the High more as a living, breathing "destination for families and young professionals" than as a venue existing primarily for the sake of housing a handful of special exhibitions; and significantly diversifying its staff, from docents to curators, so that the community as a whole could feel more welcome and better represented on campus.
With that in mind, it's notable that a true admission-fee drop played little role in the diversity success story at the High. While the institution technically lowered the entry fee for adults (formerly $19.50), as well as seniors and students (formerly $16), to $14.50, it simultaneously raised the price for children to the same figure (up from $12). As Andrew Russeth wisely noted in ARTnews, this "adjustment" meant that families with two children would pay the same amount as in the old price structure, while families of five and up would actually pay MORE.
So the High's encouraging results square with the social-science research, bolstering Dilenschneider's claim that museums and other cultural entities are being "inappropriately emotional about business matters" like ticket prices.
But if charging admission is largely a non-factor, then it naturally leads us to ask what's really triggering all the rhetorical artillery aimed at the Met.
Diane Arbus, Child with Toy Hand Grenade (1962).
While it's always hazardous to pop-psychologize, especially on a macro level, I'll attempt it here because the Met's shift on admission fees is, again, the rare issue where my initial reaction aligned with the most popular one.
But the museum's shift on admission fees has also caused so much friction because many of us in the art world think we can see in it the outlines of unjust structural conditions in the wider world—conditions that we often feel powerless to affect on our own.
Smith and Cotter certainly both do. Maneker slams the former for "comparing the effort to Nativism" and the latter for alluding to the increasingly virulent anti-immigrant campaign emanating from Washington, specifically vis-à-vis the Met ID'ing New York residents to confirm entry privileges.
I'm more sympathetic to Smith and Cotter's analogies. But they also solidify that the media melee over the Met's ticket policy is largely a proxy war, perhaps made all the more intense by the perception that our tiny militia might actually be able to win such a narrow victory on our own turf.
Yet this is likely a misdirection of resources (albeit an understandable one). In my colleague Ben Davis's book, 9.5 Theses on Art and Class, he argues convincingly that artists and art lovers who want real sociopolitical change would do better to focus less on political gestures made inside galleries than on organizing for social causes outside of them.
I'm not saying that Daniel H. Weiss and company are blameless, let alone perfect, for installing a less open policy at the Met's gate. But if we're offended by the museum's shift as a matter of principle, we—and I most definitely include myself in this suggestion—might do better to channel our ire and energy past the Met's boardroom to the larger, more systemic problems casting the shadow the museum lives inside.
We can't solve those larger problems on our own. But that doesn't mean we can't be a small part of a coalition big enough to succeed where our insular community would fail. And that's truly a goal worth sharpening our teeth for.
That's all for this edition. Til next time, remember: There's no such thing as a free museum. It's just a matter of who's paying the costs—and why.


text:
Q: How do you supply your Applications with TLS Certificates centrally in Openshift? I am currently struggeling with the following tasks. I don't want to include my TLS certificates in my templates because

*

*I don't want to check in credentials in code management while still checking in the templates

*I am using multiple Applications with the same Certificate and I don't want to update repos just because I might distribute another certificate
Now my approach is this. I am using Jenkins for my build pipelines. I have a Repo that is used just for certificate management. It will run when updated and distribute the certificate and private key to Openshift Secrets on various clusters.
When running the Template of an application I am retrieving the Information from the secret and setting the values in the route. And here's where things get tricky. I can only use single line values because

*

*Openshift templates will not accept multiline parameters with oc process

*Secrets will not store multiline values

So the solution seemed to be easy. Just store the Certificate with \n and set it in the Route like this. However Openshift will not accept single line certificates resulting in the error

spec.tls.key: Invalid value: "redacted key data": tls: found a certificate rather than a key in the PEM for the private key

Now the solution could be to insert the Certificate as multiple lines directly in the template file before processing and applying it to the cluster but that seems a little bit hacky to me. So my Question is
How can you centrally manage TLS Certificates for your applications and set them correclty in the Templates you're applying?

A: Secrets can be multiple lines. You can create a secret using a certificate file, and mount that secret as a file into your containers. See here for how to create secrets from files:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/
Use the openshift command line tool instead of kubectl.
For certificates, there is something called cert-manager:
https://docs.cert-manager.io/en/latest/
This will generate certs as needed. You might want to take a look.

A: In order to centrally manage TLS Certificates for the applications, you can create a general secret and use it via volume mounting.


text:
Jimmy Cliff + Toots & The Maytals
12:00 am - 12:00 am Jimmy Cliff + Toots & The Maytals Wolverhampton Civic Hall, Wolverhampton
12:00 am - 12:00 am Jimmy Cliff Indigo2, London
12:00 am - 12:00 am Easy Star All-Stars Electric Circus, Edinburgh
[email protected]: Artists 4 East African Famine Relief
12:00 am - 12:00 am [email protected]: Artists 4 East African Famine Relief The Tabernacle, London
Botw Presents: Misty In Roots
12:00 am - 12:00 am Botw Presents: Misty In Roots The Wardrobe, Leeds
12:00 am - 12:00 am Etana The Wardrobe, Leeds
Focus Carnival Party
- 12:00 am - 12:00 am Focus Carnival Party The Bowery, London
Terrakota @ Jazz Cafe
12:00 am - 12:00 am Terrakota @ Jazz Cafe Jazz Cafe, London
Dajla & The White Tiger Society
- 12:00 am - 12:00 am Dajla & The White Tiger Society Open The Gate, London


Fantastic 1St Grade Rainforest Lesson Plans Images - Deep area sparkle provide artwork lesson plans and coaching sources that will help you teach art to children, even if you are not a terrific artist. You acquire the components, round up the artists and watch the creativity spread.
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Our materials fortify geography, studying, and trouble-solving abilties. Plus, virtual instructor publications will help you integrate every month's lesson together with your curriculum through bonus content material, vocabulary, printable worksheets, lesson plans and a pop quiz. Global version is appropriate for first grade, second grade, third grade and fourth grade curriculum.
This rainforest themed unit study is designed for kids in preschool through grade 3. It is able to be completed in a single week, or it could be unfold out over a longer period of time. We like to add a few crafts and extra hands-on activities, so we commonly spend two weeks on our themes. Pouring over awesome books and following the exhilaration from the youngsters.
I'm pretty certain it's miles simply chalk for chalk forums in distinct shades. With any luck i should get the college to invest in the pastel variety, or perhaps i can myself! The colors on your images are genuinely a great deal extra excessive than ours, which tended to fade while the children did any mixing (in all likelihood because they're supposed to rub effortlessly off blackboards….). Thank you once more for the concept although – the kids had been nevertheless very thrilled with their consequences!.
I didn't do a directed line drawing. I published a spread of animal photos on the white board after which every scholar picked their favourite. This is hard to do. No longer each child might be a hit except you could offer a few primary guidance. I used some of my how-to-draw handouts from my pdf artwork booklets to assist guide the youngsters after i couldn't get to them.


text:
Q: Adding buttons on runtime to a Layout I'm working on an Android project and I need to add buttons to a Layout on runtime. So, this is the layout xml:
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
  xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  android:layout_width="match_parent"
  android:layout_height="match_parent"
  android:id="@+id/layout">

</LinearLayout>

And this is the Activity:
import android.app.Activity;
import android.widget.*;
import android.widget.TableLayout.LayoutParams;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class PluginsActivity extends Activity{

    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.plugins);

        LinearLayout layout = (LinearLayout) findViewById(R.id.layout);
        Button butt = new Button(this);
        Button butt2 = new Button(this);
        butt.setText("lol");
        butt2.setText("lol2");
        butt.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
        butt2.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
        layout.addView(butt);
        layout.addView(butt2);

    }

}

Now, the problem is that when i start the activity, the button 1 "covers" the button 2. In fact if I use LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) both the buttons are shown. Is there a way to add a "new line" on the LinearLayout? The screen should be like this:

|*******Button1**********|

|*******Button2**********|

Thanks.

A: Make the oritentation vertical of your LinearLayout in the layout file
< LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    >

and
butt.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
butt2.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));

A: activity_main.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:id="@+id/layout"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    tools:context=".MainActivity" >

</LinearLayout>

// mention the android:orientation="vertical"
.... this was the main problem....make it vertical  and will work

A: Activity_Main.java
____________________________________________________________________________

package com.example.dynamic;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        LinearLayout layout = (LinearLayout)findViewById(R.id.layout);

        Button b1 = new Button(this);
        b1.setText("A");

        Button b2 = new Button(this);
        b2.setText("B");

        Button b3 = new Button(this);
        b3.setText("C");

        Button b4 = new Button(this);
        b4.setText("D");

        Button b5 = new Button(this);
        b5.setText("E");

        Button b6 = new Button(this);
        b6.setText("F");

        layout.addView(b1);
        layout.addView(b2);
        layout.addView(b3);
        layout.addView(b4);
        layout.addView(b5);
        layout.addView(b6);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
        getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
        return true;
    }

}


text:
Home » Atmosphere » Outside Earth » What Is the Exosphere?
What Is the Exosphere?
Atmosphere | Outside Earth
Hours Updated on May 11, 2022 Categories Atmosphere, Outside Earth
"The exosphere is the upper part of Earth's atmosphere. It starts at about 500 km and extends to the uppermost edge of Earth's atmosphere at around 190,000 km."
Here are some of the highlights of the exosphere:
FADES INTO SPACE: The exosphere is part of the thermosphere and is the outermost layer which gradually fades into the vacuum of outer space.
LOW DENSITY: The density of the exosphere is so low that collisions between molecules are very rare.
SATELLITES: Most satellites orbit in the exosphere. This includes most GPS, telecommunication and weather satellites.
OUTERMOST LAYER: Particles in the exosphere are bound by Earth's gravity but fast-moving ones can escape, leaking from the atmosphere.
Where is the exosphere?
The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. It's part of the thermosphere between about 500 km to 190,000 km (which is roughly halfway to the Moon).
The lower part of the exosphere is the exobase. The exobase can range anywhere from about 500 to 1000 km into the atmosphere, depending on the intensity of solar and geomagnetic activity.
There is no defined upper boundary because of how it gradually fades into the vacuum of outer space. It's also where the exosphere interacts with the magnetosphere.
What happens in the exosphere?
Most satellites orbit in the exosphere. For example, GPS, telecommunications, and weather satellites circle the Earth in the exosphere. But the International Space Station (ISS) is directly below the exosphere in the thermosphere.
In the exosphere, it's where hydrogen atoms escape to space in the exosphere. Most gas particles follow a curved path without ever contacting other particles.
But some fast-moving particles escape the Earth's gravity from the exosphere. Although the amount is minimal (25,000 tons/year), this is the outermost layer where atoms leak from the atmosphere.
What is the temperature of the exosphere?
The sun strikes the exosphere first. This causes the sunlight to heat the low density air. It's so hot that temperatures can reach up to 2000°C or more.
But it's also susceptible to variability due to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation and geomagnetic activity. Overall, temperatures in the exosphere are highly dependent on solar activity.
The lapse rate defines how much temperature changes with height. The lapse rate in the exosphere is negative because temperatures increase with height.
What is the composition of the exosphere?
The composition of the exosphere is mostly lighter gases. For example, it primarily contains a thin layer of gases like hydrogen and helium.
Then, the heavier molecules are closer to the exobase. For instance, this includes nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Overall, some scientists don't consider the exosphere part of the atmosphere. This is because it has density similarities to the airless vacuum in outer space.
How thin is the atmosphere in the exosphere?
The density of the exosphere is just a fraction of sea level. And its mass is only 0.002% of the total mass of the atmosphere because gas molecules are far apart in the exosphere.
Sound waves can't travel through this layer of the atmosphere. If your body interacted with the exosphere, it would be freezing cold. Despite having a high temperature, there are not enough gas molecules to transfer heat to your body.
This is also why the exosphere exerts no significant energetic feedback to the lower atmospheric regions.
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into five major layers with the exosphere as the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. If you are looking for more information, try out one of the certification courses below:
Astronomy Courses – A Guide to the Universe
Earth Science Courses
Astrophysics Courses Online
Get started today and learn more about the outer layers of Earth.
What Is the Troposphere?
Earth's Geomagnetic Reversal: Flipping Polarity
5 Major Air Pollution Sources in the Atmosphere
What is Magnetic Reconnection in the Magnetosphere?
Earth's Atmosphere Composition: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and CO2
What Is the Thermosphere? [Infographic]
Aurora Borealis Facts: How the Northern Lights Work
What Are Tornadoes?
How Much Space Junk Orbits Earth? [Infographic]
The Impacts and Effects of Climate Change
A Guide to the Magnetosphere
What Is the Stratosphere?
A Beginner's Guide to Earth Magnetic Field
10 Electrifying Lightning Facts: Get Thunderstruck
Gabriel Kashimawo says:
This is an interesting study of the atmosphere, very revealing.
Lister says:
Thanks for helping us understand these tropics
earthhow says:
It's because satellites are constantly being pulled in by gravity and in a state of forward momentum. If satellites were in any of the lower portions of the atmosphere, gravity would be too high and "pull" them into Earth.
Vernice says:
Why satellites have to be in the exosphere but not other layers?
Learn Earth Science
© 2022 Earth How


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