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Jiang XJ, Song MQ, Xin YN, Gao YQ, Niu ZY, Tian ZB. Endoscopic stenting and concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer: A case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(12): 1404-1409 [PMID: 22493556 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i12.1404]
Zi-Bin Tian, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China. tianzb@qdumh.qd.sd.cn
Brief Article
Endoscopic stenting and concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer: A case-control study
Mar 28, 2012 (publication date) through Jan 18, 2022
Brief Article Open Access
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 28, 2012; 18(12): 1404-1409
Published online Mar 28, 2012. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i12.1404
Xiang-Jun Jiang, Ming-Quan Song, Yong-Ning Xin, Yu-Qiang Gao, Zi-Yu Niu, Zi-Bin Tian
Xiang-Jun Jiang, Ming-Quan Song, Yong-Ning Xin, Yu-Qiang Gao, Zi-Yu Niu, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
Xiang-Jun Jiang, Ming-Quan Song, Yong-Ning Xin, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
Zi-Bin Tian, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Jiang XJ and Tian ZB designed the research; Song MQ, Xin YN, Gao YQ and Niu ZY performed the research and analyzed the data; Jiang XJ, Song MQ and Tian ZB wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Zi-Bin Tian, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China. tianzb@qdumh.qd.sd.cn
Telephone: +86-532-82911302 Fax: +86-532-82911302
Received: July 28, 2011
Revised: September 28, 2011
Accepted: January 18, 2012
Published online: March 28, 2012
AIM: To evaluate the role of endoscopic stenting with or without concurrent 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy (3D-CRT) in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer.
METHODS: Advanced esophageal cancer patients indicated for esophagectomy received esophageal stents. A part of patients completed 3D-CRT after stenting. Efficacy was assessed by endoscopy and computed tomographic scan before and 4 wk after completion of the treatment. The median survival, 3D-CRT toxicity and complications were compared between 3D-CRT and control groups.
RESULTS: From 1999 to 2008, 99 consecutive patients with T3/T4 disease and unsuitable for esophagectomy were placed with esophageal stents. Sixty-seven patients received 3D-CRT, while 36 patients treated with endoscopic stents alone were recruited as controls. After 3D-CRT treatment, the median tumor volume of 3D-CRT patients were reduced significantly from 43.7 ± 10.2 cm3 to 28.8 ± 8.5 cm3 (P < 0.05). The complete and partial response rate was 85.1%, and no response was 14.9%. After 3D-CRT, the incidence rate of T2 and T3 disease evident on CT scan increased to 78.4% while T4 decreased from 66.7% to 21.6% (P < 0.05). 3D-CRT Karnofsky Performance Status improved in 3D-CRT patients compared with the control group (P = 0.031). 3D-CRT patients had a longer survival than the control group (251.7 d vs 91.1 d, P < 0.05). And the median half-year survival rate in 3D-CRT group (91%) was higher than in the control group (50%, P < 0.05). The most common toxicity was leukocytopenia in the 3D-CRT group (46.7% vs 18.8%, P = 0.008). The control group had a higher rate of restenosis than the 3D-CRT group (81.3% vs 9.0%, P < 0.05). The rate of nephrotoxicity was increased in 3D-CRT as compared with the control group (31.3% vs 15.6%, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: 3D-CRT can improve dysphagia in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. 3D-CRT combined with stenting results in better survival as compared with endoscopic stents used alone.
Key Words: Esophageal Cancer, Stents, Chemoradiotherapy, Three-dimensional imaging, Case control study
Citation: Jiang XJ, Song MQ, Xin YN, Gao YQ, Niu ZY, Tian ZB. Endoscopic stenting and concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer: A case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(12): 1404-1409
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i12/1404.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i12.1404
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with a high mortality rate in almost a half of the cases, and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in China[1,2]. Most patients have been already in an advanced stage at the diagnosis of this aggressive malignancy. At least 60% of patients are unsuitable for surgical resection either due to the advanced stage or their comorbidity[3]. At this stage, esophageal carcinoma has infiltrated surrounding tissues and caused esophageal stenosis, and even esophagotracheal fistula in some cases. These patients could only be treated with palliative procedures which play an important role in improving the patient's life quality. The current palliative means include radiotherapy, chemotherapy and esophageal stent placement. However, esophagitis is usually unavoidable after radiotherapy, and once esophagitis occurred, dysphagia would be exacerbated[4]. Some patients even can not swallow liquid diet, some can not endure the chemotherapy and radiotherapy for their poor nutritional status. Stents placement has become a safe and effective palliation for dysphagia due to malignant esophageal obstruction or strictures after radiotherapy[5]. A randomized trial demonstrated that the combination of endoscopic stenting with additional radiation and chemotherapy could improve the survival of advanced esophageal cancer patients[6,7]. We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of esophageal stenting combined with simultaneous radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer.
All esophageal cancer patients treated in Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January 1999 to September 2008 were identified. The care of esophageal cancer patients was planned under the auspices of a multidisciplinary gastrointestinal disease management team which includes surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, gastroenterologists, pathologists, interventional radiologists, and radiation oncologists. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution and informed consent was obtained from all the patients before enrollment.
Clinical staging was performed with endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). The tumor, node, metastasis and staging classification used for this analysis were defined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system version 6.0[8].
Inclusion criteria for the study were: (1) esophageal cancer at stage III or IV unsuitable for esophagectomy; (2) symptoms of dysphagia ≥ grade 3 (Table 1); (3) tumors were mainly located in the esophagus; (4) adequate bone marrow (white blood cell > 3.5 × 109/L, hemoglobin > 90 g/L, platelet count > 100 × 109/L), and hepatic (bilirubin 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal value) and renal functions (calculated creatinine clearance > 50 mL/min or creatinine < 2 mg/dL) were examined before administration of chemotherapy; (5) a minimum life expectancy of 5 mo; and (6) stay in hospital during the entire chemoradiotherapy treatment course.
Table 1 Dysphagia assessment.
Difficulty in swallowing solid food but able to swallow semisolid food
Difficulty in swallowing solid food, but able to swallow liquid one
Difficulty in swallowing liquid
Inability to swallow anything, including saliva
Patients were excluded because: (1) with tumors predominantly located in the stomach; (2) with prior treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy; and (3) with tumors infiltrating the tracheobronchial tree found on CT.
Data collected included patient clinical demographics, Karnofsky Performance Status, dysphagia grade, 76% meglumine diatrizoate compound swallow esophagogram (esophageal strictures) findings, endoscopic findings (tumor length at initial endoscopy, primary tumor, and lymphadenopathy location), tumor histology, and results of CT scan of the chest and abdomen with intravenous contrast.
Procedure of stenting
The procedure was performed under local anesthetic spray, with intravenous sedation when required. Endoscopy was done to determine precisely the site and length of stenosis. All patients with strictures underwent dilatation with 12-14 mm flexible rubber Savary-Guillard dilators before stent placement. Once this stricture was successfully dilated, a distal hemoclip (resolution clip, Boston Scientific, United States) was placed 2 cm below the area of stricture. Then endoscope was advanced farther and a flexible guidewire was placed into the second portion of the duodenum. The covered self-expanding Titanium Nickel alloy mesh stent (MTN, Nanjing Microinvasive Medical Inco., Nanjing, China) has a polyester at its midsection and its proximal end is flared to a diameter of 25 mm. The stent was loaded onto a dedicated applicator (12-14 mm depending on the diameter of stent) with an atraumatic dilator tip and was placed under continuous fluoroscopic guidance using the distal hemoclip as a mark. The length chosen was at least 2 cm longer than the stenosis. An 18 mm-diameter stent was used for severe strictures; and a 21 mm-diameter stent was used for moderate strictures.
Three-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy
Three-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy (3D-CRT) protocol was used. CT scans displayed isodose distributions and directly obtain dose-volume histograms. The primary tumors as well as the loco-regional lymph nodes were irradiated with an International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements reference dose of 45.0 Gy in 25 fractions with 1.8 Gy/d using a LINAC 6-MV X-ray unit (Varian, CA, United States), and the total dose was adjusted according to patients' tolerance. Chemotherapy regimens consisted of cisplatin 60 mg/m2 infusion on day 1 and day 22, plus continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil at 200 mg/m2 per day from day 1 to day 42.
Clinical response criteria
The clinical response to treatment was categorized as a clinically complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease (PD). CR was defined as the disappearance of all clinically detectable lesions; CR of primary tumors was defined as the disappearance of all visible lesions, including ulceration, with no microscopic evidence of tumor in randomly obtained biopsy specimens from the previous lesion sites. PR was defined as either a reduction exceeding 50% of the initial sizes (products of dimensions) of all measurable tumors according to CT or esophagraphy. A new lesion or more than a 25% increase of the original tumor size was defined as PD. All other conditions were categorized as SD. Chest CT was repeated every 4 wk to assess the response of the tumor. Endoscopy or abdominal CT was repeated if necessary.
The data was analyzed using SPSS 13.0, mean ± SD were calculated. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student's t test. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, whichever applicable. Repeated measure analysis (two-way ANOVA) was also used. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. A P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.
Among the 146 patients who were diagnosed as having inoperable esophageal cancer, 111 (76.0%) were eligible for treatment with palliative 3D-CRT. Nine patients did not complete 3D-CRT because of disease progression. One patient died of severe bleeding 12 d after 3D-CRT. Two patients developed febrile neutropenia, and stopped the chemotherapy. Thirty-two patients did not undergo 3D-CRT after stents placement because their preference, these patients were regarded as the control group. Sixty-seven patients completed the 3D-CRT segment with a total radiation dose over 40Gy. Among these patients, 38 received 40Gy, and 29 received 50-55Gy. These patients were enrolled as the 3D-CRT treatment group. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients in 3D-CRT and control groups are shown in Table 2. There was no obvious difference in the dysphagia grade, tumor type, tumor stage and tumor size between the two groups.
Table 2 Clinical and demographic characteristics of 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy-treated patients and controls.
3D-CRT(n = 67) Control(n = 32) P value
Male 53 24 0.796
Female 14 8
Age (mean ± SD, yr) 56.3 ± 12.7 58.6 ± 12.1 0.435
Karnofsky performance status
50-70 37 21 0.386
Dysphagia grade
3 6 4 0.673
Stage at diagnosis
III 56 29 0.539
IV 11 3
Tumor type
SCC 53 23 0.579
Adenocarcinoma 6 4
Unspecified 8 6
Thoracic - middle 42 20 1.000
Thoracic - lower 25 12
Gross tumor volume (mean ± SD, m3) 44.6 ± 10.2 48.5 ± 11.1 0.077
Length (mean ± SD, cm) 7.3 ± 1.6 7.1 ± 1.8 0.299
SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; 3D-CRT: 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy.
Response after 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy
After 3D-CRT treatment, the median tumor volume of the 67 patients measured by CT scan reduced significantly from 43.7 ± 10.2 cm3 to 28.8 ± 8.5 cm3 (P < 0.05). The complete or partial response (> 50% reduction of tumor volume) was observed in 57 patients (85.1%), and no response in 10 patients (14.9%). The cases of T2 and T3 disease evident on CT scan had increased from 0 to 40 (78.4%) after 3D-CRT, and that of T4 decreased from 34 (66.7%) to 11(21.6%) (P < 0.05). After 3D-CRT, the number of cases of dysphagia at grade ≤ 3 among the 67 patients increased significantly from 6 (9.0%) to 55 (82.1%), while the number of dysphagia at grade ≥ 4 reduced from 61(91.0%) to 12(17.9%) (P < 0.05). Karnofsky Performance Status improved in the 3D-CRT patients compared with the control group (P = 0.031). The result of response assessed by CT scan and endoscopy is listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Radiological and clinical evaluation after 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy.
Before 3D-CRT After 3D-CRT P value
Tumor staging
T2 and T3 0 40 (78.4%) < 0.05
T4 34 (66.7%) 11 (21.6%)
Tumor volume (mean ± SD, cm3) 43.7 ± 10.2 28.8 ± 8.5 < 0.05
Assessment of tumor response
Complete and partial response 57 (85.1%)
No response 10 (14.9%)
≤ 3 6 (9.0%) 55 (82.1%) < 0.05
≥ 4 61 (91.0%) 12 (17.9%)
3D-CRT: 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy.
Survival comparison
Patients treated with 3D-CRT seemed to have a better prognosis, with a longer survival duration (251.7 d vs 91.1 d, P < 0.05; Figure 1). The median six-month survival rate in 3D-CRT group (91%) was higher than in the control group (50%, P < 0.05, Table 4). The overall 1-year survival rate after 3D-CRT was 25%; none of the control patients survived more than 1 year. Although the mean number of hospital admissions was significantly higher in patients who received 3D-CRT (146 ± 48 d vs 87 ± 29 d, P < 0.05), the overall survival of the 3D-CRT group without hospitalization was statistically significantly higher than that of the control group (186 ± 33 d vs 59 ± 18 d, P < 0.05).
Figure 1 Comparison of overall survival between 3D-CRT and control groups. 3D-CRT: 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy.
Table 4 Comparison of clinical and survival outcomes between 3-dimensional conformal and control groups.
Outcome 3D-CRT (n = 67) Control (n = 32)
Median survival (d) 251.7 91.1
Overall survival at a half year 91% 50%
Over survival at 1 year 25% 0
Total hospital stay (mean ± SD, d) 146 ± 48 87 ± 29
Median hospitalization-free survival (mean ± SD, d) 186 ± 33 59 ± 18
Toxicity and complications
The toxicity profile is presented in Table 5. After 3D-CRT, the most common toxicity was leukocytopenia as compared with the control group without 3D-CRT treatment (46.7% vs 18.8%, P = 0.008). However, in the control group, the most common non-hematologic toxicities included a higher rate of restenosis compared with 3D-CRT group (81.3% vs 9.0%, P < 0.05). The incidence of nephrotoxicity in 3D-CRT was higher than in control group (31.3% vs 15.6%, P < 0.05).
Table 5 Toxicity and complications in patients after 4-wk 3-dimensional conformal and control group after treatment n (%).
3D-CRT (n =67) Control (n = 32) P value
Anemia 33 (49.3) 11 (34.4) 0.198
Thrombocytopenia 21 (31.3) 7 (21.9) 0.475
Leukocytopenia 31 (46.7) 6 (18.8) 0.008
Non-hemotologic
Reflux esophagitis 28 (41.8) 15 (46.9) 0.669
Pectoralgia 29 (43.3) 14 (43.8) 1.000
Perforation 16 (23.9) 12 (37.5) 0.232
Restenosis 6 (9.0) 26 (81.3) < 0.05
Nephrotoxicity 21 (31.3) 5 (15.6) < 0.05
Shift and brush off of stent 8 (11.9) 5 (15.6) 0.751
About more than 90% of esophageal cancer patients are not clinically identified until at an advanced stage, their prognosis is the poorest among the patients with digestive carcinomas, with a 5-year survival rate below 10%[1]. Because of malnourishment due to comorbid conditions in advanced carcinoma, more than 50% of esophageal cancer cases are unresectable[9]. A case-control study showed that the median survival time for patients with advanced esophageal cancer was only 3-5 mo[10]. However, once these inoperable patients' physical condition was permitted, effective therapies should be performed. No matter which therapy is used, the primary purpose is to prolong the patients' survival time and improve their quality of life. In this study, we relieved the dysphagia with minimal morbidity and mortality, and then choose the suitable management to prolong the patients' life span and improve their quality of life.
Recently, 3D-CRT appeared to be a promising treatment even for esophageal carcinoma patients with distant metastasis[11]. Because CDDP and 5-FU have synergistic effects and also act as radiosensitizers, these agents were considered to be particularly effective in combination with radiotherapy[12].
In our study, we focused on the 3D-CRT effectiveness in the inoperable esophageal cancer patients. Ten years ago, we could only place stents to palliate dysphagia among these patients. And in recent years after stents placement, 3D-CRT could be performed as long as patient's physical condition allowed, and whenever their dysphagia was relieved, the malnutrition of the patients was ameliorated. For these inoperable patients, esophageal stents placement not only improved their quality of life, but made the 3D-CRT completion possible as well. In our study, compared with the patients treated with stenting only, at least 25% of the inoperable patients after 3D-CRT survived 1-year, and their six-month survival rate was also higher. 3D-CRT could reduce the tumor volume and improve Karnofsky Performance Status in the inoperable patients. Combined with 3D-CRT, it seemed that the esophageal stent placement is the adjuvant therapy with CRT. We found that stenting combined with 3D-CRT could improve the inoperable patients' quality of life, and prolong their survival. Fietkau[4] thought that simultaneous CRT should be considered as the standard treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus with the median survival time between 13 and 18 mo. The reason why Fietkau's result[4] was better than ours may be that there were more inoperable stage III/IV patients in our study as compared with the stage II/III patients in Fietkau's study.
3D provides the superior dose distributions in the target volume with markedly reduced morbidity to the surrounding normal tissues. Minsky found that increasing the percutaneous radiation dose from 50.4 to 64.8 Gy did not result in better survival[13]. Part of the patients in our study received radiation dose of less 40Gy due to the complications such as perforation or esophagitis. Although there is still no consensus of the optimal dose of radiation within the framework of simultaneous RCT, there has been a common opinion that the higher dose of radiation the more therapy-related deaths. In our study, our therapeutic purposes were not to remit or downstage the tumor, but to alleviate the pain and improve the quality of life of the patients. Moreover, 3D-CRT with covered metal stenting would cause a relatively higher rate of late complications such as stent migration, hemorrhage, and gastroesophageal mucosal prolapse. The results from some studies about the safety of self-expandable metallic stents for patients who have undergone chemoradiotherapy were controversial[14-16]. Therefore, more studies should be conducted.
In our study, there was no difference of complications such as perforation, shift and brush off of stent and pectoralgia between the 3D-CRT group and the control group with only stenting. Because we did not determine whether lymph node metastasis occurred in these patients without biopsies from esophagectomy, we did not compare the patients with and without lymph node metastasis. Those who could not be treated by 3D-CRT due to poor physical conditions served as controls, and there might be selection bias in this study.
Fietkau[4] pointed out that CRT could increase the treatment-related toxicity, in particular, the hematological side effects. This result was in agreement with ours, which was caused by 3D-CRT such as leukocytopenia and nephrotoxicity. After 3D-CRT, more leukocytopenia and nephrotoxicity occurred, but less restenosis was found as compared with the control group. Therefore, among the patients with leukocytopenia and liver and renal dysfunctions, caution should be exercised in the application of 3D-CRT.
Furthermore, more patients were relieved from dysphagia during the later stages of life after 3D-CRT treatment. 3D-CRT is beneficial for the majority of patients with advanced esophageal cancer in the improvement of quality of life and survival. In our study, endoscopic stenting with 3D-CRT for advanced esophageal cancer patients could relieve the dysphagia and prolong the survival, and decrease the incidence of restenosis as well. Therefore, more efficient and combined management should be explored and studied to improve the survival and quality of life of the patients with advanced esophageal cancer.
Placement of esophageal stents in patients with advanced esophageal cancer can improve the symptoms of dysphagia. However, the safety of esophageal stents for patients receiving chemoradiotherapy is controversial. The authors evaluated the morbidity and mortality after self-expandable metallic stent placement with and without 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy (3D-CRT) in advanced esophageal cancer patients unsuitable for surgery.
Research frontiers
In this study, once the dysphagia in advanced esophageal cancer patients was alleviated, concurrent 3D-CRT was carried out. 3D-CRT combined with esophageal stenting could improve the symptoms of dysphagia in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma and could prolong their survival as well.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This study showed that self-expandable metallic stent placement with concurrent 3D-CRT could improve the symptoms of dysphagia and result in better survival as compared with endoscopic stenting used alone in the patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma.
The combined treatment of endoscopic stenting and 3D-CR could be applied in patients with inoperable advanced esophageal cancer.
Three-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy (3D-CRT) is a mode of high precision radiotherapy. It is a complex process that begins with the creation of individualized, 3D digital data sets of patient tumors and normal adjacent anatomy. These data sets are then used to generate 3D computer images and to develop complex plans to deliver highly "conformed" (focused) radiation while sparing normal adjacent tissues. The radiation beam could focus on a higher radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing radiation exposure to healthy cells.
In this study, the authors examined the efficacy and toxicity/complication of esophageal stenting thereafter 3D-CRT for patients with inoperable esophageal cancer. The results of this study revealed that esophageal stenting after 3D-CRT induced no severe complication, prolonged their survival and effectively improved their symptoms of dysphagia than stenting alone in patients with inoperable advanced esophageal cancer.
Peer reviewer: Satoshi Osawa, MD, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
S- Editor Shi ZF L- Editor Ma JY E- Editor Xiong L
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Girl Time is Essential ...
Whatever happened to the days receiving calls and texts from friends on our Nokia cell phones, or messages on AOL screennames, looking to hook up and make plans, miss those days. Girl time is essential. You forget once youre on your way with career goals in mind, to check back in with friends, who are all now, married and with kids, time flies. If you were much better off with friends than what is keeping you from not feeling like your friendly self. Just made pen pals with my first girl pen pal Lizzo, in the height of her success, wished her well, and thanked her, for being a role model to young women like me, career oriented, and who after being hurt once or twice have chosen a more stable path in life for ourselves "career." She represents how turning loss into dream, and by recreating her reality, to fit the person who shes always known and thought she was, from the get go, without anyone needing to remind her of how special she is, her warmth and love for the music profession really showed that day, everything to a T. For me its more than just body image, its bipolar, its ADD ADHD meds, its diet, its dating, its loss upon loss, career shifts, everything affects my mental health, to see women who are well, is very helpful when facing the reality that "life is tough but so are you" there is not one perfect reality or way of seeing things that's the beauty of life, and there certainly is not one mold to fit in order to become successful or well liked for that matter. What makes people approachable, their success? What makes people loveable? Their looks. What makes people proud? Their stability. What makes others happy? To see the growth in others. I think all of things matter when it comes to happiness, and it starts from within, being proud of yourself, and whether or not you have time for girl time, glad I joined an all girls AA meeting, just making new friends has already made a huge difference in my life, more approachable, more likeable, more loveable, on that's note: girl time is essential! Its when we separate from the ones who cared for us, or who we got along with best, that that inner turmoil occurs, feeling left out, or not included in Facebook photos, one should never feel threatened by others, that's not what girl time is about, losing friends to friends, always be happy for the happiness of others, its all about self-care and proper representation when it comes to making friends and keeping friends. Never forget that, and once you get sick, they'll be around, but don't expect anyone to jump over hurdles to get to you in life, that's when its your time to pick yourself back up, and be someone who they can equally be proud of, you may grow apart but never from sight, according to Facebook, who keeps all your friends around to watch you bloom, fade, grow, and mature as the years go on. Some of us faster than most, don't make life too short!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


DROP acid on a naked mole rat and it won't flinch. The secret behind its insensitivity to acid pain could help treat arthritis.
Naked mole rats, like most animals, carry special acid-activated channels at the tips of sensory neurons called nociceptors. The channels transmit a pain signal if exposed to acid. But the nociceptors also contain another type of channel – called NaV1.7 – which become blocked when exposed to a certain amount of acid, dampening the pain signal.
Ewan Smith and colleagues at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin, Germany, doused nociceptors from naked mole rats and mice in acid, and found the strength of the pain signal passing through the NaV1.7 channels dropped significantly more in the mole rats.
"The acid block of NaV1.7 is so strong that the simultaneous activation of acid sensors is irrelevant and no signal is conducted," says Smith (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1213760).
The equivalent sodium channel in humans could be a target for preventing the pain caused by acid build-up, a symptom of arthritis.


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Q: HDMI to Dual Link DVI upscaler? (HDMI -> 2560x1600) I have a NEC 3090 screen at home, its a gorgeous 30 inch 2560x1600 monitor and I have two Dual Link DVI input on this screen...  I was considering perhaps buying a console and/or a blueray player to attach to the monitor, then I ran into the first limitation...
HDMI - Supports up to 1920x1080 The latter HDMI versions do support up to 2560x1600 but most devices does not seem to support up to this resolution, only up to 1920x1080 hence I would need some sort of up-converter.
I did a bunch of search and found a bunch of SD or 720p converter to 1920x1080 but didn't find any converter to 2560x1600...
I did find some DVI upscalers but the majority of them maxed out at 1920x1200 or so.  My NEC 3090 has no internal scaler so it HAS to be 2560x1600 to accept the input.
The main reason why I am looking for an upscaler is so that I don't have to buy a tv that I probably will only use to watch some blueray or play a couple of console games.  Plus I don't have the room for a large HDTV in my apartment anyway.

A: What's wrong with a simple dual-link DVI to HDMI cable or dongle?  There are plenty that carry the signal through normally (assuming the HDMI on the device supports it, of course, but you know that!)

A: Your solution is simple.
DVI-D 2560 with anydvd HD will enable upscale (and play in 2560).
or get a mini displayport cable, still using anydvd hd if your screen has that input.
D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It has been almost two decades since the outside world was introduced to the original barefoot diva, Cesaria Evora. While in recent days we see many following in the footsteps of Cape Verde's best-known singer, few Cesaria fans are drawn to the little-known island nation per se. They are drawn to Cesaria herself. Her personal authenticity. Her voice. Her bare soul. Never kowtowing to the whims of a trend, audiences of Cesaria's June and July North American tour will find her once again just being herself. She will perform her signature mournful-yet-hopeful ballads including music from her most recent recording Rogamar (Sony BMG/RCA Victor).
It's been an unexpected road for Cesaria. In the early days, she rode a wave of tastemaker popularity finding audiences that included David Byrne, Bonnie Raitt, and Ed Bradley. Cesaria was set to perform at Madonna's 1997 birthday party at Versace's private estate. But the fashion designer's murder put an end to that. Madonna tried again with her 2000 wedding at a castle in Scotland, but when Cesaria found out Madonna only wanted the Cape Verdean singer accompanied by piano, not her full band, the elder singer cancelled. Regardless, over the years a wide American and Canadian fan base grew from consistent touring, each year in successively larger venues, several CD releases, and her star-studded audiences.
Like many people, Cesaria envisioned that if she would become successful, she would buy herself a Mercedes. After first proudly being able to buy her own house (she still lives in Cape Verde), she finally was able to secure the car of her choice. She soon found out how difficult it is to get Mercedes parts in Cape Verde, and as a result, many a band member has departed from a worldwide tour trying to figure out how to pack a muffler or other car part into their bags. To top things off, Cape Verde's rough roads are not the best terrain for a Mercedes. On stage, fans still find the singer in modest form, yet with a singular voice that calls to mind a previous era.
"This flower that wilts, this child that cries, this cloud that passes, it's nostalgia, it's sadness… The world changes, but my story continues." Cesaria sings these words by Teofilo Chantre and Vitorino Chantre on their song "Um Pincelada" featured on Rogamar.
Cesaria shows extraordinary good taste in choosing songwriters. In the port of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, they might say she has a kind of inbuilt radar that allows her to detect hazards and steer clear of treacherous reefs, enabling her to rely on the best. Manuel de Novas, ex-harbor pilot, and Teofilo Chantre, the musician from Paris, are inextricably bound to the emotional lace of their native land's saudade, Portuguese blues. Cesaria also turns to younger talents. "They're born and grow. I'm the only one getting old," she jokingly remarks. Two of these new songwriters are on Rogamar, gifted lads from Mindelo named Constantino Cardoso and Jon Luz. Morna and coladera are not about to be sucked down into the globalization of sound.
Rogamar comes from from rogar, to pray, and mar, the sea, the ever-present sea. "The people of the islands/Are a seagoing people/But only for long voyages," writes Teofilo Chantre over a Saint John's Day beat. The journey through the "channel" between São Vicente Island and Sant'Anton opposite is quite an ordeal. When the waves rise, "Rogà, rogà Virgem Maria/Pegà, pegà Santa Barba;" on the little boat, they pray to the Virgin Mary and ask Santa Barba to hold on. Cesaria loves to gaze at the sea. She's very clear: she cannot live without it. But as for going in: never! She's afraid of it, she says, just as she says she has loved, suffered and been exploited by the colonial system and jealous producers, yet managed to laugh and joke about it. "And God never sleeps, he writes in a straight line, even injustices," Cesaria adds, with a meaningful look.
Cesaria Evora is a puzzle with several unknowns. Although the future once predicted for her an ephemeral season in the sun, she has sold nearly five million albums worldwide. Since 1988, the year of La Diva aux Pieds Nus (The Barefoot Diva) and her appearance in the Western market, "I've fulfilled all my obligations," she says. Thoroughly, one might add, and remaining very much the mistress of her own fate. Rogamar is fresh. Rogamar is oceanic. Cesaria is complete.


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Singapore waves red flag on foreign interference, fears impact of naming
Vernon Lee
·Senior Editor
12 September 2022, 4:12 am ·10-min read
Logos of social media applications WeChat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Messenger, Telegram, TikTok, Twitter, Facebook and Signal. (PHOTO ILLUSTRATION: Chesnot/Getty Images)
SINGAPORE — Over the past year, Singapore's government ministers have been waving the red flag on foreign interference activities and referred to a particular country.
The ministers have dropped hints about the country in their speeches but stopped short of revealing the identity of the elephant in the room.
Analysts that Yahoo News Singapore spoke to said the Singapore government is fearful of a severe economic impact arising from any reprisal that could be undertaken by the country if it were named. Unlike the government's reticence, the analysts have identified the origin of foreign actors behind a recent wave of hostile information campaigns targeting various countries including Singapore: China.
The Asian superpower has been actively engaging in global foreign interference activities amid its intense geopolitical rivalry against the US and the West, and desire to trumpet its achievements and authoritarian system of government in the eyes of the world, the analysts said.
Through various social media platforms, particularly Wechat, China has been targeting societal groups, businesses, the broader public, and officials in Singapore. Its goals are to steer global perspectives towards Beijing's positions on issues ranging from Taiwan, the South China Sea disputes, to even the ongoing Ukraine war, the analysts said.
These efforts may further bolster the generally positive views of China among Singaporeans, as indicated in a Pew Research Centre survey of 17 economies released last year. The survey showed that Singapore and Greece were the only economies where the majority of their respondents have broadly positive views of China. About 64 per cent of respondents in Singapore viewed China positively, compared with only 10 per cent in Japan, 22 per cent in South Korea, and 27 per cent in Taiwan.
Associate Research Fellow James Char from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) said, "There is very likely an attempt by Beijing to shape narratives in Singapore to actually align…normal Singaporeans to believe in the greatness of the Chinese model and the narratives about Chinese foreign policy."
In general, China's desire to push its perspective on policies on the global stage is not necessarily a problem, said National University of Singapore (NUS) political scientist Chong Ja Ian. "The problem is when these actions start complicating political processes that need to run their course in these various countries," Associate Professor Chong added.
Law and Home Affairs Minister K Shanmugam speaking in Parliament on 4 October 2021. (SCREENSHOT: Ministry of Information and Communications/YouTube)
Singapore is a 'price-taker'
During the second Reading of Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill in Parliament on 4 October last year, Minister for Home Affairs and Minister for Law K Shanmugam spoke about one of the "most serious threats" from foreign parties seeking to undermine Singapore.
Shanmugam did not name any country but he referred to a report published "a few days ago" by the Strategic Research Institute of France's Military College on influence operations, which named Singapore as among the country case studies. While Shanmugam also did not state its title, the Military College released its 646-page report written in French entitled "Chinese influence operations - a Machiavellian moment" in late September last year. In it, the Military College wrote about the extensive network that China had built over the years to exert its deleterious influence around the world, including Singapore.
Similarly, Shanmugam mentioned the expulsion of academic Huang Jing from Singapore in 2017 for collaborating with foreign intelligence agents, without naming any country.
He said, "Can you imagine naming one of our neighbours involved, or a much larger country? When we asked Huang Jing to leave, we did not say who he was acting for. Why? The foreign policy and national security implications are too serious. The US can name any country it wishes, but we are a price-taker in this business of international relations."
In contrast, Singapore has openly confronted the US government as far back as the 1960s and 1970s about its interference in the city-state's affairs. For instance, then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had accused Washington over the Central Intelligence Agency's attempt to bribe a Singapore official and American attempts to finance the local English newspaper, the Singapore Herald. In 1988, bilateral ties soured after First Secretary of the US embassy E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was expelled by the Singapore government for his attempts to influence domestic politics.
Assoc Prof Chong of NUS and Char of RSIS agreed that Singapore adopts a very calibrated approach towards managing the foreign interference activities of the Americans and the Chinese.
The approach arose because of the stark contrasts between the transparent American style of governance and the opaque Chinese Communist Party model, they said.
Assoc Prof Chong said the Chinese would respond particularly strongly to being named as a key source of foreign interference activities. "This is a feature of authoritarian systems that are very powerful. They would rather have a lot of praise for the system. In the case of China, they have been particularly robust in their efforts to clamp down anything that could look like criticism."
Unlike the Chinese, the Americans are used to criticisms from other countries including Singapore, according to Char. "Our government understands it is fine to pick out certain things that we don't agree with the Americans and they don't throw a hissy fit. Our relations remain stable, they don't use economic coercion," he said.
A ship docks at PSA's Tanjong Pagar container port in Singapore. (PHOTO: Reuters)
High risks of economic fallout
Assoc Prof Chong and Char flagged the high risks of an economic fallout if Singapore were to publicly confront China about its foreign interference activities. The significant trade volumes between Singapore and its largest trading partner attested to their concerns.
In 2021, Singapore's two-way trade with China totalled S$164.3 billion, with the city-state running a trade surplus, according to data from the Department of Statistics Singapore. China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since 2013 while Singapore is also China's largest foreign investor. The centrepiece of their close trading relationship is the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, which has been in effect since 1 January 2009.
Given the significant risk exposure in terms of trade and investments, Singapore's government is afraid of any potential economic punishment inflicted by Beijing, Assoc Prof Chong said. "The real fear is that there'll be some sort of punishment, be this market access, limits on exports, investment in China, or outward Chinese investments," he added.
Char said the economic risk is the overriding concern of the government and as such, it has to confront the threat of Chinese foreign interference behind the scene. "With the growth of the Chinese economy, it is very hard for us to get entangled (in a quarrel over foreign interference). I think we do not want this to affect our daily (trade) operations as there is too much going for us," he added.
Both analysts cited the example of how Australia's exports to China were severely curbed as a result of Canberra's public accusations about Chinese foreign interference and its demand for transparent investigations into the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic.
One of nine Terrex armoured vehicles, which belong to Singapore, waits to be loaded at a cargo terminal in Hong Kong, China on 26 January 2017. (PHOTO: Reuters)
Tensions with China during Terrex saga
Such concerns over the ripple effects – whether in the economic realm or otherwise – from China reacting to what it may perceive as any slight by Singapore are warranted.
From late 2016 to early 2017, Singapore was embroiled in the "Terrex" saga after nine armoured military vehicles from a vessel that were bound for the city-state from Taiwan were seized in Hong Kong on 23 November 2016. While the Hong Kong custom authorities said they were conducting "a routine ship search", analysts across the region attributed the seizure to Beijing's unhappiness over Singapore's continuous military ties with Taiwan, including the city-state's army exercises in the "renegade province", and its internationalist stance over the South China Sea disputes.
During a parliamentary debate, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen said the matter regarding the Terrex Infantry Carrier Vehicles would be resolved between Singapore and Hong Kong authorities. Dr Ng also said the Terrexes "cannot legally be detained or confiscated by other countries", without mentioning any country. The Terrexes were returned to Singapore in late January 2017.
A few days after the seizure of the Terrexes, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Geng Shuang mentioned Singapore at a regular media briefing. "The Chinese government has always firmly opposed countries that have diplomatic ties with China to have any form of official exchanges with Taiwan, including military exchanges and cooperation. We asked that the Singapore government strictly abide by the One-China principle."
Char said it was clear that China-linked actors were involved in the saga and noticed the considerable online chatter against Singapore then. "During the Terrex saga, this trope was being spread that Singapore was taking a position against China when it was quite obvious we were voicing the usual platitudes about observing an international rules-based order (on the South China Sea disputes) and UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)."
Office workers at the Central Business District in Singapore on 26 April 2022. (PHOTO: Reuters)
Targeting Singapore's Chinese population?
To further underscore the government's concerns about foreign interference, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong addressed the issue at the recent National Day Rally in his English and Chinese speeches.
"Stay alert against foreign actors who are looking out to exploit our vulnerabilities and to influence our people for their own interests. I talked about this in my Chinese speech. Do not believe that everything that you read online is true," said Lee, who did not identify the origins of the foreign actors.
When asked if Singapore is targeted by China for foreign interference because of its Chinese-majority population, Assoc Prof Chong said there are sustained efforts to play up ethno-nationalism among the ethnic Chinese communities living outside the mainland. Similar concerns have also been highlighted in Malaysia, where the ethnic Chinese population is a fairly large minority, he added.
The bigger concern is the potential for ethno-nationalism to fuel tensions among the different races in Singapore, according to Assoc Prof Chong. "It is the playing of ethno-nationalist sentiments that can somewhat be exclusionary and emphasise certain ideas of superiority. That is of concern because discriminatory behaviour towards minority groups could potentially be pronounced as a result of such polarisation."
While regulatory frameworks including the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act (FICA) are critical in defending Singapore against such activities, Assoc Prof Chong said that there has been a recent spike in disinformation regarding issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the Ukraine war, with the latter characterised by an amplification of Russian and Chinese perspectives.
He added, "Sensitising the public (against foreign interference) through public education and media literacy is something that in Singapore's case, we can probably see a lot more."
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At the Stalingrad Battle Museum in Russia's southern city of Volgograd, dozens of teenagers stand in a circle, waiting to take oath as they join the patriotic Youth Army movement.The oath-taking ceremony in Volgograd came ahead of the 80th anniversary of the battle of Stalingrad, the name of the city at the time.
Hijabi 'indie mothers' embraced by young Indonesian music fans
At a packed festival in central Jakarta, hijab-clad sexagenarian singer Rien Djamain bursts into an upbeat track about nuclear destruction to a crowd of thousands, mostly young Indonesians.They are attracted not only to the musical aesthetics but also musical comedy," he told AFP. Dangdut music has been increasing in popularity, with acts now playing at festivals across Indonesia, performing for young audiences alongside rock bands, in addition to gigs for their usual crowds in smaller villages.
In Spain, jihadist attacks a dormant but real threat
The deadly church attack in Algeciras has rekindled Spanish concerns about the jihadist threat, which experts say is still present although the country has been relatively spared from attacks in recent years.- Five quiet years - The bloodshed sent shock waves through Spain, where the memory of such attacks has largely faded as the country has been largely spared over the past five years, unlike its European neighbours.


Nationally, every three hours a person or vehicle is hit by a train. Tragically in 2017, California had the highest number of trespass fatalities and casualties in the country, while ranking second in the nation in crossing incidents.
Southern California is home to the nation's two busiest ports, which means that many freight trains travel through the region. These trains share the tracks with passenger trains including Amtrak and Metrolink. Both freight and passenger trains pass through densely populated areas where vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians cross.
Trains are part of Orange County life. Every day, trains contribute to our mobility and economic growth. To help keep Orange County rail safe, OCTA enhanced 52 railroad crossings with upgraded and updated equipment and signage while helping silence train horns for local communities. OCTA's OC Bridges program separates freight trains from vehicular traffic along the Orangethorpe Corridor in Anaheim, Fullerton, and Placentia.
Flashing red lights indicate a train is approaching from either direction. You can be fined for failure to obey these signals. Never walk around or behind lowered gates at a crossing, and do not cross the tracks until the lights have stopped flashing and it's safe to do so.
Stay alert around railroad tracks. No texting, headphones or other distractions that would prevent you from hearing an approaching train.
Vehicles at train crossings and pedestrians walking on tracks account for 95 percent of all rail-related deaths. Almost all of these deaths are preventable.
More than 50 percent of people who die while walking on railroad tracks have alcohol or drugs in their system.
By the time a locomotive engineer sees a trespasser or vehicle on the tracks, it's too late. It takes the average freight train traveling at 55 mph more than a mile-the length of 18 football fields-to stop.
Learn more about rail safety here.


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Dr Ping's story: why I studied Chinese medicine
ByPing Ming Health
I was born in Beijing in 1957. In that year both Chinese and Western medicine were available in China, and people could choose between Chinese or Western medicine depending on their family background and personal experiences.
I grew up in a family that was influenced more by Western culture. My father studied Law at Peking University. However, the government changed after he graduated and he was not allowed to practice his profession. He then taught mathematics at high school.
My mother was a principal of a primary school. My other relatives including aunts, uncles and cousins studied engineering and Western medicine. No one else in my family at that time had ever tried Chinese medicine.
After my high school examinations, I was unsure of what I should choose to study. At the time, my mother told me this story:
When I was three years old, I became very sick with a high fever during the hot Beijing summer. For three weeks I was treated at several hospitals.
Our elderly neighbour who saw that I was becoming exhausted and very weak, recommended an old Chinese doctor to my parents. She said that every time her grandchildren fell ill she took them to see him. So my parents took me to the Chinese medicine hospital to see the this Chinese medicine doctor. That was the first time my family ever tried Chinese medicine.
Though my illness, my family started to understand Chinese medicine. Finally, my mother said to me, "why don't you study Chinese medicine? In the future you can help others too." I was very impressed by this story and this is why I chose to study Chinese medicine.
In the thirty-four years since I began my studies in 1978, I have never stopped practicing Chinese medicine. During this time I have worked in hospitals and clinics, and taught Chinese medicine in both China and Australia.
Dr Ping Wang
Clinic Founder & Senior Chinese Medicine Practitioner
Ping Ming Health
WRITTEN BY: Dr Ping Wang
Dr Ping Wang is the clinic founder and senior practitioner of Ping Ming Health. She has over 30 years of experience in traditional Chinese medicine teaching and practice. Dr Ping especially enjoys sharing her knowledge of Chinese medicine through our popular clinic articles, seminars and clinical training of students and practitioners.
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Kodak Motion Picture and Entertainment
Website: www.kodak.com/go/motion
Address: Kodak Limited (UK), Building 8, Hatters Lane, Watford WD18 8PX.
Email Address: samuel.clark@kodak.com
Telephone: +44 (0)7921 740743 | 0870 8501904
Kodak is a technology company focused on imaging. We provide - directly and through partnerships with other innovative companies - hardware, software, consumables and services to customers in graphic arts, commercial print, publishing, packaging, electronic displays, entertainment and commercial films, and consumer products markets. With our world-class R&D capabilities, innovative solutions portfolio, and highly trusted brand, Kodak is helping customers around the globe to sustainably grow their businesses and enjoy their lives.
Though Kodak has mostly been known for its historic role in photography, the company has served imaging needs of numerous industries since the early 1900s. Kodak's current portfolio is based on deep technological expertise developed over the years in materials science, deposition and digital imaging science. Using this expertise, the company that delivered the first roll film and the first digital camera is now delivering leading solutions for today's business customers. Today we are building new growth businesses based on our technology and the value of the Kodak brand.
Kodak's Motion Picture and Entertainment business is the world leader in providing motion picture film and imaging products, services, and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries.
Kodak Motion Picture Film, Kodak Film Lab London & Kodak Digital Services are available to discuss all aspects of the film workflow from shooting, processing, transfer, printing and scanning to long-term archiving along with the film-friendly network of collaborative companies supporting 8mm to 65mm production, post and preservation in the UK.
Kodak Motion Picture is the supplier of the full range of Kodak's motion picture products. Kodak VISION3 Colour Negative Films deliver excellent grain and sharpness and true speed ratios. The KODAK VISION3 Film family offers high-definition capture with unrivalled highlight latitude, reduced grain in shadows, flexibility in post, and, of course, proven archival stability.
The Kodak Film Lab London, based at Pinewood Studios offers comprehensive negative processing services for motion picture films offering 16mm, 35mm and 65mm negative processing. Our lab houses two Photomec Silver Sprinter processing machines that can handle over 120,000 feet every 10 hours. Using Kodak's pre-mixed chemistry, we run day and night baths Monday through Friday and on weekends by arrangement. Our dedicated team of highly skilled film technicians have extensive experience working on major feature films, commercials, promos and archive projects so you can be assured of the very best service and support for your project.
Sales and Booking:
Email: [javascript protected email address]
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The Ken Adam Building, Pinewood Studios,
Pinewood Road, Iver Heath
Buckinghamshire. SL0 0NH.
Kodak Digital Services London, includes a state-of-the-art 4K Scanity HDR film scanner with full Wetgate functionality which is the first of its kind to be available in UK. The scanner provides a complete scanning solution for Dailies, Mastering, and Archive film in a range of resolutions from 0.5K to 4K.
Kodak Digital Services London also offer a range of specialised services including full 2K and 4K dailies pipeline with grading and reviewing facilities. We also offer on-site physical inspection and repair to damaged film prior to scanning. Film is cleaned on KODAK's proprietary P-200 film cleaner, with variable speed, tension control and solvent delivery, providing exceptional care for aged or brittle film content. Our managed service will include inspection, full cataloguing and storage
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London, W3 0RB.
For more information, visit www.kodak.com/go/motion
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Behind Green Eyes: #IrishBlogCollab Week 1 - Spring Essentials!
The #IrishBlogCollab is a collaboration between 12 Irish bloggers who don't attend many events for various reasons - mainly due to location. Over 9 weeks, we'll have 9 posts on different topics. I haven't done a collab post since the #SBBC back in 2013, so I'm looking forward to this!
For week one, we're talking about Spring Essentials.
Thank you to The Skinny Doll for the little chick!
Links to purchase are in the titles. All items purchased by me except the Matrix Oil, which was a PR sample gratefully received. The little bucket is from Dealz, my poor Dillydums were on their last legs yesterday. My main Spring essential has been a bunch of fresh flowers every week. Lidl have great tulips, and Keelings do beautiful bunches of Daffodils for a euro in Tesco. I look forward to my flowers every Friday!
I received a sample of this in the Glamour Spring Edit beauty box. I fell in love with the light, floral, crisp scent and knew it would be my Spring perfume this year. Love it!
I've swatched the polishes already in this post, but I'm fast becoming a big fan of the Essie mini polishes. They're 5ml each, and it's more than enough to see me through the Spring. The EOS lip balm is a favourite, it's great for my handbag and it's a little fresher for Spring than some of the heavier almost medicated ones I've been using since Christmas.
I picked this up in a New Look haul earlier this year. I thought it was a pretty colour for Spring, plus it has a zip part for coins and loads of space for cards. They don't have it in lilac online at the minute, but you can still get it in coral or baby blue, link in title. New Look actually have a brilliant range of purses and bags, definitely worth a gander.
I have taken my seat on the lipgloss bandwagon over the past few weeks, and I'm not getting up for anyone. I've bought a lot of different brands of lipgloss recently, but these are the ones I keep going back to. The Plushglass is in the shade 'Big Baby', and the Tanya Burr is in the shade 'Lunch Date'. Both are really wearable on their own, over lip liner, or over matte lipstick.
Bit of a strange one, I know - but stay with me here. I follow Slimming World, which means that essentially I can drink sugar-free squash as often as I want. Unfortunately, sugar-free squashes are usually full to the brim with the chemical Aspartame - I try to avoid that as much as humanly possible because I've read too many bad things about it and it seems to trigger a headache with me. I'm happy enough to drink water, but when I saw this I was delighted, it's a new sugar-free version that contains Stevia, a natural sweetener, instead of Aspartame. It tastes delicious and it's perfect for this warm spell of weather! I feel a lot better about giving this to the eldest too. There are a couple of flavours available.
This controlling oil is fantastic - I received it a while ago and have been using it every time I wash my hair. It stops those little flyaways from turning into a halo of fluff around my head during the dry spells of weather, and smells fab too! Talking about smells, I usually stick to cheaper hand creams but I couldn't resist the Molton Brown Honeysuckle & White Tea hand cream. Honeysuckle is an all-time favourite scent of mine, it's very evocative for me. The hand cream is as you'd expect from Molton Brown - smooth, thick, non-greasy.
I bought the medium jar in "Sicilian Lemon" for myself as an Easter treat this year. Part of the new "Fruit Fragrance" range, it's stunning. It smells like lemon drops! There's another one from this range that I have in tart form - it's called "Vanilla Lime" and it is deliciously fruity. If you're a fan of the Sugar Crush range from Soap & Glory I think you'll love it, it's pretty much the same smell. Both of those scents are included in Homestore and More's "Fragrance of the Month" offer, meaning you can pick up a large jar for €16.99 throughout April. They are just gorgeous for this time of year.
I got this necklace a while ago in the Button + Bow Factory January sales (I've linked a nice one from Adorning Ava on eBay), but you can pick a nice pastel statement necklace up just about anywhere at the moment. Penneys have lovely ones, as do New Look, River Island - they're everywhere and they're lovely and bright. Despite recent "pet days" as my Mammy-in-Law calls them - you still need a cardi, so a bright pastel necklace is perfect for injecting a bit of colour.
This bag - sigh. I adore it. I bought it from River Island in January - sadly, it doesn't seem to be available online anymore, but you might be able to find it in store. I've linked similar ones from Debenhams, and I'm sure New Look have some too. This bag puts me in good humour every single time I use it - it's so bright and Spring-like. It's also really easy to clean with a baby wipe, which makes a difference when you're a clot like me. I definitely think that a pastel handbag is a Spring must-have!
So that's it - my attempt at the collaboration topic this week. I'll add links to the other ladies posts as we get them - please do check them out, you might find a great new-to-you Irish blog to read!
Have I missed anything? Is there anything you've found for Spring that you want to tell everyone about? Let me know!
Also, if you haven't entered my giveaway, have a shot at it here. You could win a box of great stuff!


Updated | In April, as her family in central Israel prepared to celebrate Independence Day, Rachel Ohal was preparing for what she calls "every Israeli's dream." The next morning, she awoke in her home in Los Angeles and drove to a ceremony to become an American citizen. She is one of at least 1 million Israelis residing in the United States. And if Israel—home to 8.8 million people—doesn't change course, many more may soon join her.
Israel celebrates its 70th birthday in May with the opening of the U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem. Yet the country is grappling with an existential crisis—one that doesn't involve Iranian nukes or Palestinian protests. Spurred by the high cost of living, low salaries, and political and demographic trends, Israelis are leaving the country in droves, trying to build their lives elsewhere, mostly in the United States. Many of these young Israelis are moving to big cities, and yet, even in these often expensive places, they see more opportunities to advance.
The available data is telling, analysts say. Between 2006 and 2016, more than 87,000 Israelis became U.S. citizens or legalized permanent residents, according to the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. That's up from 66,000 between 1995 and 2005. These figures take into account only those who took the legal route (many Israelis, analysts say, arrive on temporary tourist, student or work visas, then stay). And in addition to the Israelis now living stateside, according to the country's Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, hundreds of thousands have moved to Europe, Canada and elsewhere.
The country's brain drain isn't new. For years, many of its most talented scholars and researchers moved to the U.S., where the salaries are far higher and there are more jobs at top-tier universities. One report by Dan Ben-David, an economist at Tel Aviv University, found that the emigration rate of Israeli researchers was the highest in the Western world. Recently, however, the exodus has expanded to include average young people, many of whom say there's simply no future in Israel.
Though this embattled country has become known as the "Startup Nation"—it has more early-stage tech companies per capita than any other country—the average Israeli has little connection to that prosperous field. According to government data, 8 percent of Israelis work in high-tech, which pays up to seven times the national average salary of $2,765 a month (before taxes). Israel has one of the highest poverty rates and levels of income inequality in the Western world. Meanwhile, it also has one of the highest costs of living. Tel Aviv ranks ninth among the world's most expensive cities, higher than New York and Los Angeles; five years ago, it ranked 34th. The situation is so dire that a 2013 survey by the financial newspaper Calcalist (the most recent Israeli study conducted on this topic) found that 87 percent of adults—many with children of their own—depend on substantial financial support from their parents.
In the summer of 2011, these economic pressures spilled onto the streets, as half a million young Israelis spent months protesting against the high cost of living, as well as decaying health and education systems.
Since then, the nation's leaders have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in efforts to bring home its most educated citizens. Those efforts, experts say, haven't succeeded. In 2011, the Israeli government launched I-CORE, a $360 million program to encourage scholars to return to the country's universities. Results were so underwhelming that the program was ended after three years. Barak Medina, the rector of Jerusalem's Hebrew University, says only 20 percent of Israelis who go abroad for doctoral studies return, due to low salaries and high cost of living. Medina, whose university was a part of I-CORE, says that in some cases faculty members returned to Israel but soon went back to the U.S. "There was a gap between what they expected to get here and what they got in reality," he says.
Linoy, a 21-year-old from Jerusalem, agrees. (Like others interviewed for this story, she asked Newsweek not to print her last name because she arrived in the U.S. on a tourist visa.) Last year, not long after completing her mandatory military service, she moved to Los Angeles, hoping for a better future. Since arriving in the states, she has married an American and is awaiting her green card. If she returns to Israel, she worries she'd wind up like her mother, who, at 47, still rents her apartment and lives paycheck-to-paycheck.
"I love Israel," Linoy says, "but the government has brought us to a place where we can't build a life in our country. It's sad that the younger generation is just searching for a way to escape." She'd like to raise her children there one day, but doubts it will happen.
Rachel Ohal and her husband, Amir, felt the same way. Five years ago, they were living in Israel, with their two children and working full time (she was a bank teller; he was in customer support for a telecommunications company). Together, their monthly income was less than $4,000 after taxes. They were barely able to pay their bills. In 2013, they moved to Los Angeles, and within three years they managed to buy a four-bedroom house.
Another reason many Israelis give for leaving is what they view as the country's turn away from its origins as a secular Jewish democracy. Israel is home to a growing number of religious Jews—a change reflected in every aspect of Israeli society, from politics to the national education system, where religious studies are taking up a larger share of the school day. "I want my country to remain democratic and Jewish, not Jewish and then democratic," says Karmit, a 30-year-old who plans to move to New York with her husband next year.
The increased religiosity of Israelis has, in part, led the country to become more conservative. Those leaving are usually more liberal. While ultra-Orthodox Jews constitute 12 percent of the population today, that figure is expected to quadruple by 2065, according to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics.
The growth of the ultra-Orthodox population—whose publicly funded schools teach little, if any, math, science and English—foreshadows an even larger problem. "Half the kids in Israel are getting a Third World education," says Ben-David, citing data collected by his organization, the Shoresh Institution.
The Ohals—who both are now U.S. citizens—agree. As Amir puts it: "I don't need to be rich. [But] if you really want us to come back, then you need to change the system.
Correction: A previous version of this story stated that Barak Medina is chancellor of Jerusalem's Hebrew University. He is the university's rector.


MTV beamed the first music video in 1981: "Video Killed the Radio Star," warbled the Buggles, declaring war on radio, which had previously ruled the airwaves. Today almost 40 years later, Radio 2.0 is striking back. In Germany, more audio than video was consumed on the Internet for the first time in 2017 – and in the U.S. one in four adults have listened to at least one podcast in the past month. Those numbers should make every online marketer sit up and take notice!
There's no question that podcasts have been feeling the limits of their niche for a long time now, and that they're heading inexorably into the mainstream. The target group is growing by the day, bringing joy to the hearts of amateur producers, most of whom are very ambitious – but it's also attracting increasing numbers of professional content creators and online marketers… or at least it should be.
Are podcasts a suitable marketing instrument for me?
Whether a podcast fits your online marketing mix depends on many factors: Can you use a podcast to generate leads – or at least strengthen your own brand? Will there be measurable benefits? Will the expense pay off? We offer ten good reasons for answering all of these questions with a resounding YES.
The online myth that YouTube is the second-largest search engine after Google has been around for a while now. There's no need to discuss here whether that's precisely accurate or not, but the fact is that anyone who wants to be found online has nothing to lose by appearing on a video platform. The same naturally applies to iTunes as a representative of – and often a data source for – all the podcast directories. People use it to actively search for content to consume while driving or taking a bath, or in any one of the countless other situations where video or text aren't appropriate. Demand of this kind can be fulfilled only by specific audio products. And, as mentioned above, this target group is growing.
Simply put, the greater the distance between the transmitter of a message and its recipient, the more the authenticity of the message will suffer. That's especially true when the distance is social or intellectual rather than geographic. And it's why testimonials and product placements in videos about makeup are such good marketing measures. The message isn't being sent "down from above" and instead is passing "between equals," which means that the target group then finds it easy to identify with the transmitter. The same applies to podcasts: Even if there are many exceptions, the world of podcasts makes its living from its credibility. The best productions are those in which people speak sincerely and enthusiastically about something close to their heart. In other words, if you succeed in speaking passionately about your products and services while avoiding memorized empty phrases, you will be well on your way to a successful podcast. This is entirely possible, even in a business environment that deals with complex problems. And company messages and authenticity aren't mutually exclusive, as shown by charming examples like The Geek and the Sales Guy podcast from Paessler AG.
Anyone who deliberately decides to consume audio content is already in receiving mode. Simply clicking on Download or Play creates a relationship between the transmitter and the receiver that's not achievable in any other marketing format. Audio reception is often a focused activity: The listener isn't doing anything else. Simply letting audio rain down on you also works. Even then, consumers usually pay at least some attention to content, selectively listening to segments that don't require much physical or mental effort.
We've already gone over all the arguments in favor of podcasts, but let us provide another lovely image for your consideration. Imagine your listeners hearing your podcast through ear buds. Your content goes directly INTO THE RECIPIENT – unfiltered, directly into their head. Do you know any other medium that takes you that close to your target group?
Facebook? Everyone uses it. A blog? Everyone has one these days. YouTube? Too much competition. But not that many companies have blogs in 2017. And if you think you don't have anything to say, take a look at Simon Dückert's list of podcast format suggestions for companies (in German, sorry!). We'd be surprised if it doesn't inspire you to come up with some good ideas.
Podcasters used to have to master complicated audio technology along with Web hosting, cobbling together XML feeds all the voodoo that comes with MP3tag – but today many tools and service providers have lowered the bar for podcasting to the extremely simple end of the tech spectrum. A bit of interest in adapters and microphones wouldn't be amiss, but it has become very simple to distribute complete audio online. Talk to us, we'd be glad to help you out.
As mentioned in an earlier blog posting, podcast listeners aren't just better off and better looking than other people, they're also better educated. OK, never mind "better looking," but the rest is true. Really! According to an annual survey by the podcast opinion researchers at Midroll, more than half of podcast listeners questioned in 2017 had a university degree, and 22 percent had a household income of more than $100,000. An impressive 61 percent had bought something they heard about on a podcast. Another fascinating fact from the same study: Podcast listeners are extremely loyal, with 88 percent of respondents stating that they always listen to at least two if not every episode of a podcast they've discovered.
It does? Where? In the United States, for example, but people there are usually far ahead of the rest of the world where such things are concerned. In other countries, it's primarily media companies and magazine publishers that have discovered that podcasts are an exciting way to support their key products. And many different consultants, trainers, and personality developers have had great success using podcasts to increase their online visibility and create confidence in what they have to offer in a fiercely competitive market. It's obvious that anyone selling knowledge, experience, and interpersonal soft skills as a service can take advantage of podcasts to reassure potential customers who are worried about hidden landmines. But podcasts are an ideal marketing tool in many other areas. If necessary, you can cover an extremely broad range of subjects – from statements in support of your products to brand development to human resources marketing – in a single run.
The nine reasons listed above are primarily aimed at podcasts used for online marketing purposes by the people who made them. But podcast marketing can work in other ways, including sponsoring, audio advertorials, or other advertising formats that easily convey content to an exciting target group. Companies like Blue Apron, Casper and Squarespace recognized the benefits of advertising in this niche some time ago. Many industries and regions are still looking at relatively green pastures for podcasting. But whether you want to distribute your messages over your own channel or someone else's, remember that almost everything that we've said about podcasts and their listeners also applies when buying conventional audio ads on someone else's podcast.
We're betting that you mentally nodded more than once as you read through our ten reasons, right? If you're not yet fully convinced that podcasts could be a useful addition to your online marketing activities, leave us a comment or write to us at hello@podigee.com. In any event, at Podigee you'll find everything you need to successfully launch your podcast, all fairly priced and individually scalable.


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Operating System: Windows xp, vista, 7, 8, Server 2000, and Mac OS.
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It is not cleared yet by canon website" According to canon guys stated the windows 8 drivers should work on windows 8.1, windows 10 computer, so please try ones.
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text:
Franz Boll may refer to:

Franz Boll (historian) (1805–1875), German Lutheran theologian and historian
Franz Boll (philologist) (1867–1924), German scholar
Franz Christian Boll (1849–1879), German physiologist and histologist

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Below are upcoming Scratch, Splash & Sliver events happening in Playden and the surrounding area. You can add your own events here.
Below are past that have already happened in Playden and the surrounding area. You can add your own events here.
Three women who love their art bring a fascinating mixture of styles, media and colour to Red Door Gallery, as unique and varied as the artists themselves.
Jenny Dalleywater creates finely detailed images of domestic and wildlife animals and birds on the little known scratchboard medium. To achieve the realistic detail she uses a sharp blade with thousands of tiny scratches to remove the black ink that covers the clay coated board.
Nicola Colbran paints Wildlife, from bees to Elephants and every creature in between – working in oil and watercolour.
Claire Dominic creates Lino Cuts as you have never seen before. Many printed onto copper, these beautiful panels will amaze you. Claire also has many other creative ways to present this wonderful medium.
Artwork and cards available offering a wide range of price points and a plethora of wonderful gifts.


text:
WW2 Podcast
<MW03 – Myths about the crusades
Documentaries and the Ancient World>
http://traffic.libsyn.com/thehistorynetwork/2206_Bloody_Antietam.mp3
Military, Podcasts, Season 22
2206 Bloody Antietam
adminon April 9, 2017 /Comments closed
"The Battle of Antietam Creek as it was known to the Union, or the Battle of Sharpsburg as it was known to the Confederate States, was fought on the 17th of September 1862 and became the most costly one-day battle of the American Civil War. The battle claimed nearly 23,000 casualties including 6 generals in a protracted 4 year civil war the would go on to cost over 600,000 lives. While the official death toll for the battle stands at nearly 4,000, in actual fact, the true death toll is closer to 9,000 as many men who were marked down as wounded on the field of battle would later die in hospitals, some even months after the battle."
This episode was written by Sam deTurberville
Sam is a 22 year old from Ireland with a BA in Marketing. His true passion lies in history and ranges from the Phoenicians to the Normans and the War of Austrian Succession to the American Civil War. He does however have a particular interest in Irish regiments in foreign armies and he hopes to write more podcasts for us in the future.
>>Download<<
2710 The Battle of the Standard, 1138. pt2
Warriors on Wheels: Chariot Warfare in Antiquity
The Battle for Hong Kong, 1941
Michael Miller April 11, 2017 at 1:17 am
Thank you for the interesting podcast, and the many previous! I must however point out that there seem to have been some erroneous info regarding the run-up to Antietam. First, George McClellan was only reappointed to command of the Army of the Potomac on September 2, 1862 after John Pope's terrible performance at Second Bull Run/Manassas. Dates also appear to refer to the campaign beginning in June, which is of course impossible.
Thanks again, and cheers!
Thanks… Sorry about that we do try and get things right but things do slip through the cracks… We'll get it corrected.
cFlickr
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The History Network © 2020 All Rights Reserved


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Posts Articles Culture College
WATCH: 'Last Man Standing' Brutally Mocks College Liberals
If you're a regular here at LwC, you should know how seriously we don't take microaggressions (see Nailed It: College Professor Perfectly Explains Why 'Generation Snowflake' is so Wimpy…). Mostly on account of us having jobs.
You know who else doesn't have time for avoiding microaggressions? Mike Baxter of "Last Man Standing." When the subject came up on last week's episode, he wasn't impressed...
Mandy: No, uh, you can't say "Ladies and gentlemen," because it excludes those who don't identify as either.
Mike: Hmm. But those are the only two choices.
Mandy: No, not anymore. You just have to keep it gender-neutral, okay? Please continue.
Mike: "Hey, everybody." "America is the land of opportunity. I stand before you as --"
Mandy: Stop! Okay, by saying that America's the land of opportunity, you are implying that everyone has the same opportunities.
Mike: I'm not implying it. I'm saying it. If you live here and you work hard, you can succeed. That's how this works.
Mandy: Uh...yeah, that one's on here, too. It hurts the feelings of those who work hard and don't succeed.
This episode hits the nail on its soft skulled head. Though to be fair, wimpy college snowflakes make themselves an easy target. It's in their dewy-eyed, bovine nature.
Hilarity aside, sketches like this are beginning to hit a little too close to home (see Hampshire College Fights Racism... By Getting Rid of American Flag?). In this instance, Mike Baxter was asked to give a speech to a bunch of adult business majors. He couldn't say things like "America is the land of opportunity" or "if you work hard, you'll succeed." That is, lest he trigger the sniveling snot goblins.
It's in this way that "Last Man Standing" touches on the suckiest of realities - the left forces everyone to cater to their whims. You have to edit yourself to abide by their arbitrary set of rules. You know, because tolerance. You should be open minded to their beliefs. But the idea that hard work gets you places - like out of the safe space and into the work force? Too triggering to handle. The idea must be quashed thusly!
Blubbering college milksops are the worst...


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Søren Sætter-Lassen (* 11. Juli 1955 in Thorsted bei Horsens, Dänemark) ist ein dänischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Sætter-Lassen wurde zwar in dem kleinen Ort Thorsted bei Horsens geboren, wuchs aber in der Viadukt Allé in Hellerup. Er absolvierte 1978 am Odense Teater eine Schauspielausbildung und war 1982 einer der Mitgründer des Grønnegårds Teatret. Sætter-Lassen spielte eine Vielzahl von Charakterrollen in verschiedenen Theatern. Ab 1990 war er auch am Det kongelige Teater tätig, wo er seine bekanntesten Theaterauftritte hatte und seit 1991 eine feste Anstellung bekam. Dort trat er unterem in den Stücken  Lang dags rejse mod nat, På Herrens mark, Don Ranudo, Don Carlos, Onkel Wanja, Jean de France, Tartuffe, Richard III. und Fanny und Alexander auf. Weiterhin trat er noch in Inszenierungen von Onsdag im Bristol Teatret, bei Klassefjenden im Aveny Teatret, in Mercedes am Rialto Teatret, Glengarry Glen Ross im Betty Nansen Teatret und zu Gud bevare Danmark am Østre Gasværk Teater auf.

Des Weiteren spielte er in vielen dänischen Film- und Fernsehproduktionen mit. Seine bekanntesten Serienrollen hatte er in den Fernsehserien in Een stor familie, Mor er major, Kald mig Liva, Bryggeren, TAXA und Unit One – Die Spezialisten. Ebenso spielte er mehreren in den Filmen mit, wie unter anderem 2002 in Dina – Meine Geschichte,  2005 in Oskar & Josefine und 2012 in Marie Krøyer.

Des Weiteren ist Sætter-Lassen ebenfalls als dänischer Synchronsprecher tätig, so sprach er 2000 in den Animationsfilmen wie in Hilfe! Ich bin ein Fisch, den Professor Mac Krell sowie in den computeranimierten Olsenbandenfilmen 2010 in Die Olsenbande in feiner Gesellschaft, den Hallandsen und 2013 in Die Olsenbande auf hoher See Bang Johansen. Weiterhin sprach Sætter-Lassen die dänische Stimme zu Filmen und Serien von Tim und Struppi sowie zu Fernsehwerbespots von Volkswagen.

Am 7. September 2012 brach er sich während einer Probe zu einer Szene in der Oper Lulu im Skuespilhuset seinem Unterschenkel und hatte mehrere Wirbelfrakturen.

Im Januar 2013 wurde er zum Kommandeur des Dannebrogordens ernannt.

Søren Sætter-Lassen war mit der Schauspielerin Vibeke Hastrup verheiratet und sie haben einen gemeinsamen Sohn, den Schauspieler Jens Sætter-Lassen.

Auszeichnungen
 1999: Teaterpokalen
 2000: Reumert für die männliche Nebenrolle des Jahres in dem Stück Don Carlos
 2003: Lauritzen-prisen
 2010: Reumert für die männliche Hauptrolle des Jahres in dem Stück Richard III

Filmografie
 1980: Der Augenblick (Øjeblikket)
 1982: Pengene eller livet
 1982–1983: Een stor familie
 1984: Privatdetektiv Anthonsen (Anthonsen)
 1985: Mor er major
 1988: Ved vejen
 1990: Dr. Dip
 1990: Den er go
 1991: Der Feind im Inneren (De nøgne træer)
 1992: Mein allerbester Freund (Snøvsen)
 1992: Kald mig Liva
 1993: Schwarze Ernte (Sort høst)
 1996: Balladen om Holger Danske
 1997: Det store flip
 1997: Taxa
 1997: Bryggeren
 1997: Wolfgang
 1998: Mimi og madammerne
 1998: Don Ranudo
 1999: Deep Water – Im Sog der Angst (Dybt vand)
 1999: In China essen sie Hunde (I Kina spiser de hunde)
 1999: Klods Hans (Kurzfilm)
 2001: Et rigtigt menneske
 2002: Unit One – Die Spezialisten (Rejseholdet, Fernsehserie)
 2002: Dina – Meine Geschichte (Jeg er Dina)
 2005: Oskar & Josefine (Oskar og Josefine)
 2005: Vores sensommer
 2009: De vilde svaner
 2000: Hilfe! Ich bin ein Fisch (Hjælp! Jeg er en fisk, Animationsfilm, dänischer Synchronsprecher als Professor Mac Krell)
 2010: Die Olsenbande in feiner Gesellschaft (Olsen-banden på de bonede gulve, Animationsfilm, dänischer Synchronsprecher als Hallandsen)
 2011: Klassefesten
 2012: Marie Krøyer
 2012: Kommissarin Lund – Das Verbrechen (Forbrydelsen, Fernsehserie)
 2013: Die Olsenbande auf hoher See (Olsen Banden på dybt van, Animationsfilm, dänischer Synchronsprecher als Bang Johansen)
 2014: 1864 – Liebe und Verrat in Zeiten des Krieges (1864, Fernsehserie)
 2016: Der Tag wird kommen (Der kommer en dag)

Weblinks

 Søren Sætter-Lassen auf dfi.dk im Det Danske Filminstitut (dänisch)
 Søren Sætter-Lassen auf danskefilm.dk in der Dansk Film Database (dänisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Synchronsprecher
Kommandeur des Dannebrogordens
Reumertpreisträger
Däne
Geboren 1955
Mann