Some people have accused me of not fully committing to the Law of Attraction because I advocate Sustainable Living. To my mind, such people do not fully understand how the Law of Attraction works. Note that I am not campaigning against Climate Change or against Global Warming because that would just feed more energy to these problems. Rather I choose to campaign for their opposite, Sustainable Living.
The Law of Attraction states that we draw into our lives whatever we consistently focus our minds upon. We draw it all in, good or bad, it makes no difference, but we must be consistent. The Law of Attraction is working every moment of every day to bring us the things and conditions we expect. I cant stress this enough, its not what we want, its not necessarily what we affirm, its what we expect. Of course we can use our knowledge of the Law of Attraction consciously and deliberately to bring about the conditions we want but what we ask for must be realistic in order to be believable, and they must be believable in order to be expectable.
Now in order for things to be realistic, believable and expectable they must conform with natural laws. In Illusions Richard Bach argues that we may one day reach a stage in our personal development where we will be able to walk through walls, walk on water and swim in the soil. Yes ok. I am not saying he is wrong but I don't know of anyone who is on that lever yet. Maybe there was this one guy, a couple of thousand years ago and maybe there wasn't, I don't know. What I do know is that if anyone out there is that advanced they are not very likely to be reading this website so I am not going to pitch my advice at that level. So lets just talk about the ordinarily world I and my readers live in every day. In order to be realistic, believable and expectable, what we intend must confirm with the limitations set by the normal laws of physics as we understand them in the early 21st century. And that includes the laws governing our environment.
In Beyond Positive Thinking Dr. Robert makes the valid point that its not about positive thinking verses negative thinking but rather its about right thinking. Also in the same books he argues that we need to get clear about what we wish to attract and to ensure we are not sending out conflicting signals. So lets consider a hypothetical case of a Peter Familyman who is using affirmations and creative visualisation to attract a lovely safe home for himself and his family, a new car and a holiday in Thailand. Can you think of any conflicts in that?
To me the conflict is clear. In his own mind, even if subconsciously, Peter knows that the car and the flight to Thailand will emit pollutants into the atmosphere that sooner or later will threaten the safety and security of his family (and everyone else on the planet). Those conflicts in his own mind will either prevent him from attracting all those things or make it a lot harder for him to do so.
However there are ways around this issue. The most obvious, in the short term at least, is to reduce his family's carbon footprint. If Peter, our hypothetical Law of Attraction practitioner, chooses an eco-friendly house, lots of insulation, solar panels on the roof, maybe a small wind turbine too, buys a fuel efficient car with low emissions, walks the couple's two children to and from school every day, walks or cycles on all short journeys. If he and his family do all this then they can offset the environmental damage they cause by flying to Thailand.
Of course it would still be better for our planet if they took a trip to somewhere nearer home instead. And another excellent way to reduce their carbon emissions in the long term would be to agree not to have those two children in the first place. Weather we like to admit it or not, we are all global warmers and the only long term solution is to breed fewer global warmers.
Now I can hear you all screaming that The Law of Attraction says that there is an unlimited supply of resources for us all and all we have to to is think nice thoughts and everything we need will be magiced into existence. I can also hear you saying that if we ignore problems, feed them no energy, then they will go away. Well sorry, that is not what the law of attraction says at all. To take the second point first, the Law of Attraction is not about burying our heads in the sand and hoping no lion will bite us on the backside. And as to the first objection, we are taught to start with something small. Global Warming has already begun. Its a bit late in the day to suddenly expect eight billion people to change their thinking and reverse it. Its a bit like saying "I am so happy and grateful that I always have good journeys" to stop your car from hitting the ground after its already gone over the cliff.
I do love The Secret book and DVD. It explains all this stuff so well. Do you remember the bit about the woman who wanted to attract her perfect partner? She had been doing all the affirmations and creative visualisation stuff and there was still no sign of her perfect partner. Then she realised that she was sending out conflicting signals to the universe. She was parking her car in the middle of her garage so there was no room for his car, she had her wardrobes filled with her own clothes so there was no room for his clothes and she was sleeping in the middle of her bed so there was no room for him. So what happened? Did the universe give her a bigger garage, more wardrobe space and a bigger bed? No. She moved over, made room in her life for him and the Universe brought him into her life.
Well its like that with climate change, we need to move over, reduce the pressure we are putting on Mother Earth, and make room to allow the Universe to reverse Climate Change. So you see, campaigning for Sustainable Living is very much a part of following the Law of Attraction!


Today's post is a quick read that could have a major impact of your future. Read on to learn 5 reasons why the Signworld business model will work for you, and find out how to schedule a meeting with one of our representatives.
The sign market is huge.
Think about all the successful businesses near you. What's one thing they all have in common? Signage! And while this may seem a little elementary, it's utterly undeniable; every successful brick-and-mortar business has a sign telling customers who they are and what they've got for sale. According to the United States Small Business Administration, there are currently about 28-million small businesses in operation across the US, and about 18,500 large companies. That's a lot of demand for your product and services.
And signage usually isn't a one-in-a-lifetime purchase. Most business owners use a variety of signs in their overall marketing strategy, and most of these must be refreshed every few years. Add to that the huge number of seasonal and limited-time promotions that need to be advertised with custom signs, and you have an incredible amount of ongoing market demand.
But business owners aren't your only customers. All kinds of people need signs, for private parties and big events and yard sales and weddings–the list goes on and on.
The bottomline is that the sign market is huge and highly profitable, so long as you have the right business model.
The B2B model is highly resilient.
Most sign shops operate primarily as "business-to-business" (B2B) companies, which simply means that the majority of sales are made to other business owners, rather than members of the general public. This is great news for those concerned about sudden market downturns, because B2B models are highly resilient. Even in tough times, businesses need to look their best, and signage remains a top priority.
Signworld does not believe in rules or royalties.
When you join the Signworld business alliance, you get complete autonomy. We believe in empowering our partners, rather than railroading their careers, which is why we offer most of the perks of franchising without any of the strict operational rules, and collect no royalties.
Signworld partnerships lead to fun and rewarding work days.
Our startup model is designed to take the stress out of the early goings, and once you're established, our business runs at a smooth and pleasant pace. As a B2B operation, you'll enjoy dealing with a core group of loyal corporate customers during regular work hours, and a huge chunk of your income will come through online transactions that feel almost automated. We help our partners find locations in light industrial business parks, and set them up for pleasant workdays where they're exposed to no chemicals, loud noises, or back-breaking labor. Instead, you get to spend your days being creative and making clients happy alongside a close-knit staff.
No prior graphics arts education or sign making experience is required. Our start-up process includes comprehensive training that helps turn people from all walks of life into successful sign business owners.


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Episode Jan 13
January 13, 2019 – PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode
Episode Dec 29
Watch 24:59
December 29, 2018 – PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode
On this edition for Saturday, Dec. 29, the partial government shutdown enters its second weekend, Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen continues her tour of facilities along the border after the deaths of two young children in U.S. custody, and the…
Episode Nov 10
November 10, 2018 – PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode
On this edition for Saturday, Nov. 10, wildfires rage in northern and southern California, forcing tens of thousands to flee, and the vote count continues across several states where key races are too close to call. Also, a home built…
Episode Sep 30
September 30, 2018 – PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode
On this edition for Sunday, Sept. 30, President Trump holds a campaign rally as the FBI begins a probe into his U.S. Supreme Court nominee, and the private information that Facebook users have no control over. Also, the clock is…
On this edition for Saturday, Sept. 29, the FBI begins an investigation into Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh, and a global education program turns 50. Also, a rare look at Libya, where the Islamic State is regrouping and staking its…
PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode May 20, 2018
On this edition for Sunday, May 20, the first funeral is held for a victim of the Santa Fe High School shooting, and how midwives in Memphis are addressing the racial divide in maternal care. Also, Trump paints a conspiratorial…
On this edition for Saturday, May 19, authorities continue to investigate the Santa Fe school shooting in Texas that killed 10 people, and a sermon at the royal wedding invokes Martin Luther King Jr. Also, a look at severe malnutrition…
PBS NewsHour full episode May 11, 2018
Friday on the NewsHour, a interview with a top State Department official who traveled to North Korea with Secretary Mike Pompeo. Also: President Trump's plan to curb the cost of prescription drugs, Iranians respond to the U.S. withdrawal from the…
PBS NewsHour full episode May 7, 2018
Monday on the NewsHour, Rudy Giuliani says President Trump could defy the Mueller investigation. Also: Trump aides accused of trying to dig up dirt about Obama officials, setbacks for efforts in reconciliation in the Balkans, the science behind Hawaii's erupting…
PBS NewsHour full episode April 27, 2018
Friday on the NewsHour, North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un steps over the border into South Korea to meet his counterpart in a historic meeting. Also: The plight of Rohingya refugees, a caravan of asylum-seekers at the U.S. border, Mark…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My boys can be quite picky as well and I'm convinced would survive solely on churros if given the chance when we visit Walt Disney World. Fortunately, the table service restaurants and quick service locations are well versed in picky eaters. You can certainly go with your party and it's perfectly fine if he chooses not to eat at that location while the rest of you enjoy your meal. You could also talk to a cast member and see if they have any ideas or options that your son might like.


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Sacrificium Carmen – Ikuisen Tulen Kammiossa (Saturnal)
There is a place far in the North which carries the torch for a particularly 'orrible, murderous and plain old Satanic brand of black metal. Finland is a place where the obsidian heart of 1990s black metal scene still burns with its freezing touch and where the scene operates with a level of disengagement from the rest of Europe that seems appropriate not just to the geography and culture of the country but the music itself. Not only that, the place seems to be churning out weapons grade black metal with impressive consistency at the moment and Sacrificium Carmen isn't about to challenge that well-tested rule to any great degree.
Ikuisen Tulen Kammiossa is the band's first full release after causing a stir with a couple of demos and a split with three other like minded bands with more than a casual interest in the great tempter himself. The style can best be described as well-rooted in orthodox black metal, a grim nod to Finnish masters Sargeist and with a splatter of Taake-style black n roll. Casting aside ice cold blast beats for a far more measured and sinister approach to percussion helps the set the scene on the band's consistently snarling menace. The bass – yes, you heard it right, the bass guitar, that most un-kvlt of instruments – provides a solid, rumbling back bone like the sound of something unpleasant approaching from some hidden cavity in your walls.
Unhurried riffs, clean single-string riffs and sandpaper vocals build the atmosphere through the first few tracks with a flawless execution even if you might occasionally get the distinct feeling of déjà-vu. Because the grim fire within Sacrificium Carnen is undeniable but it never quite makes up for the fact that the album never quite breaks free from the boundaries of its self imposed journeyman approach.
Tracks like Julman San, a highlight of the album, display all the positive characteristics of the above bands and more. But while this is a more than respectable slab, it still feels like we're going though the motions of arming the warhead although never quite finding the big lever to pull which delivers the final bang.
Ikuisen Tulen Kammiossa has everything a black metal album needs to make it a decent listen and the band undeniably has provided itself with a worthy debut here. The bonfire has been built, doused with petrol and the fire works are all laid out. All that's left to do next time round is to light the fuse.
(7.5/10 Reverend Darkstanley)
https://www.facebook.com/SacrificiumCarmen
Reverend Darkstanley
black metal, Finland, Orthodox, Sargeist, Satanic, Taake


Talent Hub is working exclusively with a global giant in the tech industry. Their marketing team is now expanding and looking for a skilled Digital Marketing specialist, to create and delivery integrated multi channel Digital marketing campaigns. This role is in their UK head office based in Crawley / Gatwick.
This role will be instrumental in contributing to the delivery of the digital strategy, through a wide variety of marketing programmes and initiatives.
Including the design, development and management of digital marketing campaigns, content, digital marketing, web, video, social and other digital marketing channels in accordance with brand guidelines.
Educated to degree level in a marketing or similar field.
Previous skills in a B2B market required.


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package parity

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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EU's Lisbon Treaty comes into force
The Lisbon Treaty has had a long and difficult birth (Photo: Portuguese EU Presidency)
By Honor Mahony
Brussels, 1. Dec 2009, 07:19
The European Union is celebrating the entry into force of a new set of rules today (1 December), hoping to put a full-stop behind the years of wrangling, set-backs and lowered ambitions that have marked this lengthy phase of institution building.
The Lisbon Treaty, named after the Portuguese capital where it was signed in 2007, is coming into place a full eight years after member states decided that the European Union needed both to address its democratic legitimacy - sometimes described as its democratic deficit - and allow for more flexible decision-making.
Since that time, the European Union has grown by 12 member states to encompass almost 500 million citizens, expanded the area where the euro is employed as the currency to 16 countries, and sees its main challenges as tackling climate change, dealing with the effects of globalisation, and lately trying to exit the economic crisis.
The path to today's ratification however has been far from smooth, leaving the European Union with barely a month since 2001 when the institutional question was not an issue up for debate.
The body of the treaty was drawn up via a one-year convention, hailed at the time for containing a broad mix of representatives including national and European politicians and civil society representatives and headed by former French president Valery Giscard d'Estaing.
But the European Constitution that emerged was in 2005 torpedoed by voters in founding member states France and the Netherlands, shocking the EU and sending everyone back to the negotiating table.
Bumpy path
The resulting Lisbon Treaty contains most of the constitution's innovations but no longer the symbolically important and state-like elements such as an article covering an EU flag and anthem. It was also presented differently as simply an amending treaty, rather than a constitution in its own right.
This is largely a reflection of the nature of the European Union, made up of 27 member states, which to a greater or lesser degree want to further integrate in certain - but not all - areas.
Controversy and delays have continued to dog the treaty even in its new form. It too was rejected, this time by Irish voters in June 2008 who then changed their minds to embrace it a second referendum in the October of the following year. Meanwhile the Czech Republic's ratification, the final of the 27, was a drawn-out process involving multiple court assessments before the eventual reluctant signature by its eurosceptic president.
This meant that news that the treaty could finally to pass into force was marked rather by a sense of weary relief in member states than any sort of celebration.
New posts and new powers for MEPs
Its most prominent innovations include the creation of a permanent president of the European Council and a beefed up foreign policy chief, who will head a new large diplomatic corps.
These posts are supposed to give coherence to the bloc's external policy and supply it with a stronger voice on the world stage, although their success – ultimately awarded to a pair of low-profile politicians - will depend on the ability of member states to form united positions and support the new external policy chiefs.
The arguably more profound change is internally, with member states' ability to veto being markedly reduced and a corresponding significant boost to the European Parliament's powers. MEPs now have a say over a wide range of new areas including farm and fisheries policy, transport, structural funds and justice and home affairs.
Tax, social security issue, citizens' rights, the main aspects of foreign and defence policy and where EU institutions sit geographically are still subject to agreement by member-state unanimity, however.
National parliaments also gain some powers to scrutinise legislation to make sure it is proportionate and being enacted at the right level, while the signature of one million citizens across the EU obliges the commission to look into acting on the issue concerned.
The European Court of Justice gains the powers to rule in the area of freedom, security and justice as well as judging whether member states are implementing EU laws according to the Charter of Fundamental Rights – a rights document that all member states except Britain, Poland and the Czech Republic have signed up to.
The treaty, so long in the making, has both ardent proponents and vehement critics. Its admirers say it will make internal EU decision-making easier, more flexible and more democratic while its innovations will allow the EU to become a major player in the globe.
Its critics, however, say the central issue of the EU's democratic deficit has not been sufficiently addressed, meaning citizens will continue to perceive the European Union as being an elites-driven project.


We're so accustomed to paper labels on bottles these days (perhaps port and madeira are the only mainstream wines where some bottles still have words stencilled directly onto the bottle for primary communication of their contents) that it's hard to think of a time when they didn't exist. The crucial date seems to be around 1860, when glues were developed that could stick paper to glass.
I can't recall ever seeing Cape wine labels from the 19th century, but was sent some photos of six of them by Hennie Taljaard the other day, and I reckon some others will be as interested as I was. Hennie is a great wine-lover who is also (and this is much rarer) deeply interested in the cultural history of wine, and a collector of old SA wine books – he's published an article on "vinous Africana", which is available, together with other fascinating tidbits, on his blog. He bought them from an American label dealer, who told Hennie they came from a late 19th century label collection. Which makes sense when we look at the labels.
Actually, the first thing we can see when we look at them is that the basic designs are surely generic – standard, multi-purpose cartouches and frames into which words have been placed. Have sometimes been squeezed, in fact, even rather crookedly, as a close examination of the Sweet Constantia Pontac label (left) suggests.
Very typically for the time, there is no producer/estate mentioned, just the merchant who sold the wine – in this case J. Sedgwick & Co, Cape Town, the company founded in 1853 to distribute liquor and tobacco (and continuing to this day – Sedgwick's Old Brown "sherry" is no doubt its most famous product). But the grape variety is mentioned, which would have still been pretty unusual at this time, when most wines were still given generic, usually European, names. Pontac, a red-juiced variety known in Europe as Teinturier, was important in the sweet Constantia wines of the 19th century, but declined sadly and has now disappeared from Cape vineyards (for the time being at least – watch this space).
Another famous variety associated with Constantia is mentioned on another label: Frontignac, the red version of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains which might have been a different mutation of the variety we now call muscadel or muscat de Frontignan. I wonder where this label was printed? If not locally, then perhaps England, given the "Colonial" reference? It doesn't mention the distributor (if there was one) or the printer, unlike the first label which indicates it was printed by Argus (in Cape Town). Probably modern day Groot Constantia could help here.
We might have thought it easier to narrow down the date of this label, given that it mentions, in conjunction with Groot Constantia, its owner JP Cloete, who died in 1875. But look at the proud list of awards (precursor of all those medallions adorning bottles today), and see that it mentions one from Philadelphia in 1876 – after Cloete's death. We could perhaps reasonably guess that the wine itself came from shortly before his death, or the year he died, and that the label was printed shortly thereafter.
Presumably, Cloete's name and famous association with Groot Constantia was significant enough to be invoked even after his death (by the way, he left Groot Constantia insolvent, and it was bought by the state a decade later). The wine is not given as coming "from Groot Constantia"; note the comma: the wine comes from "J.P.Cloete, Groot Constantia". But even more important than his name, or that of the specific farm, and more important than the variety, is the name of the famous area from which it came: Constantia. That was the significant brand at the time; the producer was comparatively irrelevant.
Before someone else points out my inability to read properly and carefully, let me amend my last para (in the light of what I've just noticed): the name of the farm given on the label is not "Groot Constantia", but "Great Constantia" – I suppose further indication that this label was printed for the British market.
I loved the article Tim! Ja, Hennie is a special chap with a wealth of wine knowledge.


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Biodiversity▼
sqnkova Dec 21, 2017 10:46 PM
Lion cubs in captivity being endangered by the government - question about possible legal action of EU towards a country part of the EU.
I am writing to you from Bulgaria, where for days now two lion cubs which were rescued from a neglectful Zoo institution are about to be traded back into captivity.
Their case received small coverage by the media, but long story short: an animal rights organization founded in Bulgaria saved the cubs and provided their required veterinary care (crowdfunded); and the initial agreement between the government and the rescue organization was for the cubs to find proper care and home throughout a secure wild animals shelter located in Holland, and from there a protected natural habitat in UAE. However, due to corrupt politician's private interest in illegally owning the cubs, they're now to be 'gifted' to a Zoo in a city in Bulgaria which lacks the proper conditions and educated staff that can adequately care for the cubs. The likelihood of them dying shortly after being taken there, or ending up at a private estate are too high.
The people have attempted to contact the legal system of the government to no avail, and the media owned by the aforementioned politician is issuing false statements in order to sway mass consciousness and prevent the lions from having the life and fate they deserve. Tomorrow (22-12-2017) a protest will be held in front of the Bulgarian Congress building, backed both by animal rights organizations and civilians.
Further information on the case can be found throughout the Social Media Facebook page of the Wild Animals - @DiviteJivotni foundation, Four Paws - @4paws foundation, Veterinary Clinic - @dobrohrumvane and many more connected pages.
Please advise who else could we contact in EU so that our plea for legal assistance in the matter can be heard!
EEA Jan 03, 2018 04:49 PM
Thank you for contacting the European Environment Agency (EEA).
The EEA is an official European body, aiming at supporting the development and implementation of sound environmental policies in the EU and other EEA member countries by delivering timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy-makers and the public. The EEA produces environmental reports and indicators, which assist the European Community in its attempt to improve the environment and move towards sustainability in Europe. For additional information about the activities of the EEA, please consult our website:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/
As you may see from the description above, EEA produces reports on the state and trends of the environment in Europe. EEA's work is based on aggregated environmental data at the European level. It builds an information basis for the European environmental policy-making process. The geographical coverage of EEA includes 33 EEA member countries and six collaborating countries. More information about the geographical coverage is available at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/[…]/intro
Since the matter of your interest is beyond EEA's working remit, EEA is not able to provide you with any relevant detailed information. Nevertheless, please find link to WWF that may be able to assist you to obtain the information needed.
WWF: World Wild life Foundation is one of the world's largest and most respected independent conservation organizations. It is an independent foundation registered under Swiss law. Additional information about WWF can be obtained at: http://www.wwf.org/
If you would like to contact one of the WWF branches, please select the office in or closest to your country at the above mentioned website to find the relevant contact details.
Hopefully, this information will be of use to you.


Muscles can be classified as either mobility or stability muscles. The stability muscles tend to be small and deep - close to the joints. They don't produce much force or movement and if you don't have a sore back they contract automatically just prior to movement commencing to provide stability.
After an injury, pain and swelling cause the stability muscles to be inhibited or "switched off". Research has shown that these muscles do not automatically regain their stabilisation ability without specific retraining. It follows that for injury prevention, good coordination between the mobility and stability muscles is vital. This is sometimes referred to as core control.


Microsoft today announced the launch of its new Visual Studio LightSwitch business application development environments at the VSLive! Conference in Redmond. Jeffrey Hammond, principal analyst at Forrester Research, has been tracking the LightSwitch project and provided insight into the new solution, which promises to enable robust application development for business users.
Visual Studio Magazine: What's your take on how compelling LightSwitch really is? Will it really enable business users to develop rich .NET apps that can be elevated to native Visual Studio development?
Jeffrey Hammond: I think so, especially if the users can start from the included templates. We've certainly seen tremendous business user use of tools like Excel and Access for basic programming tasks, and I have to say that the digital skills the millennial generation brings to the table constantly surprises me. So many firms have the list of projects the IT "can't get to", and I'd not be surprised if we see LightSwitch apps popping up to fill that gap.
VSM: What shortcomings or issues do you see Microsoft having to still address with the LightSwitch launch?
JH: I think they can always use more out of the box templates to make it easy to create archetypal apps out of the box. The other thing I'd like to see in a future version is a more graphical WYSIWYG designer.
VSM: It seems Microsoft has been working hard to court productivity developers, with efforts like WebMatrix, jQuery and now LightSwitch. Are we seeing a sustained effort by Microsoft to recapture the individual/small-shop developer, after spending years focused on scaling .NET to the enterprise?
JH: I think so. I also think it's an acknowledgment of how our space is shifting. Think how kids are coming into the space that take a programming course or two in high school and college, but aren't professional developers. They think how application architecture is evolving with all the Web based services out there. We're moving into a world where front ends are composed and mashed-up, and with the right tools you don't need a degree in computer science as much as a real understanding of how the business works.


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Stefan Johansson's latest blog: On rules, regs and female race drivers
By DizbizroundupApr 29, 2016, 2:00 PM EDT
With the Verizon IndyCar Series and Mazda Road to Indy now off until the Angie's List Grand Prix of Indianapolis weekend May 12-14 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, it's a break for Scott Dixon and Felix Rosenqvist.
Not so, a break for Stefan Johansson, the F1 veteran-turned their driver manager and also the sporting director for Scuderia Corsa.
The Los Angeles-based sports car team heads up the California coast to Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca this weekend for the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship race in Monterey, where once again the team's Ferrari 488 GTE and GT3 variants will compete in separate GT Le Mans and GT Daytona class races.
Johansson has checked in with Jan Tegler for a catch-up following F1's Chinese Grand Prix, and the last two IndyCar races of the year in Long Beach and Barber.
While the racing is part of Johansson's latest blog entry, the majority centers on rules, regulations and recent comments from F1 supremo Bernie Ecclestone about whether female drivers could make it in F1.
Although the first round of 2017 regulations have been confirmed with today's earlier news that new engine regulations have been signed off on for a four-year period from 2017 to 2020, Johansson is skeptical that as long as the teams are involved, there won't be a consensus when it comes to the new technical regulations.
"I don't think we'll see anything of any substance," Johansson writes. "I've been saying it for three years now but it will be the same old thing. You have to get the teams out of the decision making process or nothing will happen. They can't agree on anything.
"If something does come out the meeting it will be a half-baked compromise that will drive costs even higher and make the racing even more complicated. There won't be a simple solution. It will be something so convoluted and expensive that it would be better if they did nothing."
Johansson added that rules stability is needed more than a shakeup; inevitably the more rules change, the more costs increase to keep pace with the changes.
Officiating was in the crosshairs at Long Beach, when an official warning was assessed to Simon Pagenaud rather than any sort of official penalty – drive-through or otherwise – for when Pagenaud violated the Lane Usage rule in INDYCAR's rulebook.
While Johansson disagreed with what Pagenaud was assessed, he also said INDYCAR Race Control was almost put into an untenable position anyway because of the way the rulebook – and INDYCAR's new-for-2016 Penalty Guidelines sheet – is written.
"Long Beach was interesting and confusing," Johansson admits. "I ended up having a long conversation with Max Papis (one of the three stewards along with Arie Luyendyk and Dan Davis) about it because no one could understand their illogical decision.
"As stupid as it may sound, I think the bottom line is that they've been handed such a convoluted set of rules that they just couldn't act because there wasn't anything in the rulebook that applied to this particular situation. Which is totally bizarre as this must be one of the easiest rules of all to enforce."
Like others within the INDYCAR paddock, Johansson argues a clearer, more black-and-white form of rules will be a better way towards officiating in the future.
"I just wish they could make decisions and then stand behind them rather than the wishy-washy situation we have now. No one knows where they stand," he writes.
He did give credit to Race Control for staying out of the way at Barber, as Pagenaud and Graham Rahal enjoyed a spirited battle for the win in the final 10 laps.
"The racing between Pagenaud and Rahal was just that, hard racing. To me, their contact was a racing incident. In this case, I'm glad IndyCar didn't issue a bunch of penalties. You have to let drivers race sometimes," he writes.
When it comes to female drivers in racing, Johansson says it isn't gender that's holding them back: it's pure numerology.
"I don't know the exact number of professional drivers worldwide right now but let's say there are at least 2,000 each year. How many of those are females? Ten maybe? What are the chances that one of those ten is going to be competitive with the best of the rest? Sheer statistics are against it," he notes.
Johansson writes that he thinks a woman driver could make it to F1 based on physical ability – he says the cars aren't nearly as hard to drive as they used to be. But whether any female driver makes it, or similarly any males with similar record, comes down to results.
"I don't think it would difficult for a woman do to the physical training required to get to that level but the point is that motor racing is a fairly pure culture. It's survival of the fittest. If you're not good enough, you won't make it," he says.
"My point is that once there is a female good enough they should and will have to prove themselves. There are many men who are very good but not good enough. There is a lot of noise being made about female drivers but if you look at the results, the facts… that's all you need to see. You're not entitled to something until you prove yourself. May the best driver win, independent of gender."
Those thoughts, as well as Johansson's take on the Chinese Grand Prix, the crazy first lap there, Dixon's own tough luck at both Long Beach and Barber, an update on how Rosenqvist did in his first U.S. road racing weekend (as opposed to ovals and street courses) and thoughts on the FIA WEC opener from Silverstone are also included in Johansson's blog.
Previous linkouts to Johansson's blog on MotorSportsTalk are linked below:
4/7: F1's power struggle, Haas' rise
3/24: Addressing fixes for F1, IndyCar
Additionally, a link to Johansson's social media channels and #F1TOP3 competition are linked here.


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Clifton Stories
A History of One Domestic Space
In Media Res (Yes, Virginia…)
Before there was a house here
John Robert Green
From Wales to Ipswich to Bristol to Canada Part 1.
Five Little Mayberys and How They Grew
Maybery Men and Boats
Robert Alexander Eaket: Is this the house that Bob built?
James Beaumont
Pack up your troubles
Two Lockwood brothers arrive in North America
The Lockwood Years at 1037
William Wallace Lockwood
Read about House History
Daniel Coleman has written about a small plot of land sheltered by the Niagara Escarpment near where he works at McMaster University. In his book Yardwork: A Biography of an Urban Place he works to deal with questions about belonging to a place.
"Belonging comes from having been accepted, not from being in charge. The work of place, the recording of its biography, its life story, then, requires as much listening as it does speaking. Indeed, because of the imbalance of our acquisitive aggressive times, the work of belonging may require more listening than speaking, more contemplation than action, more intuitive immersion than bold assertions.
Coleman, Daniel. Yardwork: a Biography of an Urban Place. JSNB James Street North Books, 2017.
Leith Knight carefully researched and listened, and in her Times-Herald Column called "Historically Speaking" told many stories of the days before Moose Jaw was a town or a city.
Collection of Columns "Historically Speaking"
"As winter approached family groups moved into the sheltered valleys of prairie streams which could supply water, fodder and sufficient timber for log cabins….There were at least two wintering sites on the Moose Jaw Creek: one where the river meets the Qu'Appelle, another about twelve miles upstream at a big bend, called the Turn by all who travelled the prairies in pre-settlement years. …The latter site, situated in what is now Kingsway Park, had been a campground for nomadic plains dwellers for centuries, and for fur traders and buffalo hunters since the beginning of the 1800s. Not only was it an oasis in the middle of the vast dry prairieland, but the only point on Moose Jaw Creek where Red River carts, loaded with pemmican and furs, could cross the valley with minimum difficulty. The great west trail from Fort Garry utilized this natural ford, bringing to The Turn many colorful figures of the old West to barter for furs and pemmican, peddle whiskey and preach the Gospel."
Knight, Leith. All the Moose –All the Jaw. Moose Jaw 100, 1982.
The Kingsway Park mentioned by Leith Knight will enter into the stories of more than one of the families who lived at 1037 Clifton Avenue.
Posted on September 11, 2018 May 13, 2019
Many of my frien ds have heard me tell about the lady who showed up on the veranda of our house at 1037 Clifton Avenue, in August of 2002. She was wondering if she could have her picture taken on our porch because this was her birthday, and she was turning 80 years old. She had been born here in what was then her grandparents' home on August 22, 1922. In a brief tour of the house, she designated our second floor study as the room of her birth. Her maiden name was Virginia Louise Bills. She was the daughter of Dick and Louise Bills, their youngest child. She had 3 older brothers: Burdette, Robert, and Don.
In the brief conversation during the house tour, Mrs. Virginia (Bills) Stewart said she had been married for 55 years to Douglas Stewart and had been a widow since 2000. She had had some ties with the Free Methodist Church and knew some students from the Moose Jaw Bible College in the 1940s: Jack Walrath, Phyllis Langman, and "Donnie Bastian" to name a few.
Hindsight tells me we should have pinned her in a chair and fired questions at her: about her memories of this house, (her grandparents owned it only until 1935 when she was 13), about the people we knew in common, about the college in those days of its beginnings, and about the Free Methodist Church camp in Kingsway Park south of Moose Jaw and about farming in the early days in the Tuxford/Marquis area, and of course, about where her grandparents put up the Christmas tree. But she couldn't stay long and we were busy arranging for our daughter's wedding in a few days.
The story of Virginia Bills and her family (four generations of them had lived in this house) was put aside for a time. When retirement time was available, I first searched with the contact information I had from her. Then I googled her name and found her Obituary. She had died on June 11th of 2010 in her 88th year. Yes, Virginia, you were the fire in my bones to start a retirement project that I love waking up to! I knew the walls of this house couldn't talk, but the library archives could, old newspapers could, and the internet could, Land Titles could, and yes, your descendants and friends could. I wondered, and researched, and learned about your losing your father when you were only two, about your 12 year old big brother drowning at a church camp when you were 4 years old, about watching your auntie walk down the stairs for her wedding in your grandpa's house six months later, about what it's like to have your grandparents lose their house in the depression and move away.
From this in medias res beginning, research moved back to previous house owners and forward to others: Lockwoods, Cooks, Simingtons, Humphreys, Conleys, Keelers, Andersons, Babiches. And that, dear friends and total strangers, is the subject of this Blog. It all started with Virginia.
Watch for more about Virginia's family when I write about the Thomas Years. Although Virginia spent a lot of time in this house until she was 13 years old, the house was rented and then owned by her grandparents, James Smith Thomas and his wife Winnie.
(picture credit: Mirva Travland)
This blog is about a plot of land and a building, one domestic space in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada that was owned and sold by a dozen families over the last 115 years.
Because the property is part of traditional Indigenous lands that are the subject of the Qu'Appelle Treaty (Number 4), the first acknowledgement must be to the Cree, Salteaux, Assiniboine and Métis peoples, Indigenous Nations who traveled, hunted, and found shelter in the areas now populated by the city of Moose Jaw and the farms and villages in the vicinity. Before the first plows were brought into the area, according to Leith Knight, Moose Jaw historian and archivist, the first wooden dwellings were the wintering cabins of Metis buffalo hunters who preferred to stay on the plains after the fall hunt. The peoples who moved and told their stories all around this place for hundreds of years did not consider themselves "land owners" or "settlers". Yet they surely must be acknowledged as the rightful storytellers about Beginnings. And if we are wise, we will acknowledge and listen to their powerful narratives, listen and learn.
Posted on September 9, 2018 October 28, 2018
Welcome to my new blog!! I've been telling some of you for years about the interesting things I have found in researching the house we live in and the families who have lived here since 1913. Now instead of cornering you at every outing with new tidbits about who lived and grew, married, gave birth and died in our house, I can put my stories in this blog….and you can take it or leave it!!
Ron and Bill Cook and World War 2 November 14, 2021
On the Move: The Cook Family in the 20s and 30s November 3, 2021
The Cook Family Part 2: Ernest and Mary Louise August 2, 2021
The Cook family 1936-1959 May 12, 2021
Depression comes to Clifton Ave. January 16, 2021
Barb (from Book Club) on Two Lockwood brothers arrive in North America
chad frentz on Pack up your troubles
admin on Robert Alexander Eaket: Is this the house that Bob built?
Bev on Robert Alexander Eaket: Is this the house that Bob built?
admin on Maybery Men and Boats
Chad on Maybery Men and Boats
Alene on John Robert Green
admin on Before there was a house here
chad on Before there was a house here
Dates of Posts


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L'épreuve du marathon aux Jeux olympiques de 1896 se déroule le  près d'Athènes, en Grèce. Le départ est donné dans la ville de Marathon et l'arrivée se déroule au Stade panathénaïque d'Athènes, soit  à parcourir. Elle est remportée par le Grec Spyrídon Loúis en , le podium étant complété par le Grec Kharílaos Vasilákos en  et le Hongrois Gyula Kellner en .

Inspirée de la légende antique de Phidippidès, cette course est à l'origine une idée de Michel Bréal ensuite vivement défendue par le fondateur des Jeux olympiques modernes, Pierre de Coubertin. Les Grecs acceptent l'initiative avec enthousiasme et notamment Georges Averoff, principal mécène et source financière des Jeux. Le marathon fait partie des douze épreuves d'athlétisme au programme des premiers Jeux olympiques et est directement la favorite du peuple grec, ce qui implique une forte sélection de leur part et une grande ferveur populaire en vue de la course.

Dix-sept athlètes représentant cinq nations, dont treize Grecs, participent à la compétition une fois le départ donné à  mais seulement dix parviennent à terminer la course. Sont en cause des conditions climatiques relativement difficiles mais surtout le manque de préparation des athlètes étrangers, ceux n'ayant jamais couru une telle distance auparavant  étant finalement contraints à l'abandon même s'ils ont mené pendant la majeure partie de la course.

L'épreuve est également marquée par la fraude du Grec Spyrídon Belókas, disqualifié par le prince Georges de Grèce  alors qu'il est arrivé troisième parce qu'il a en réalité fait une partie du trajet dans une charrette. Deux anecdotes de refus de participation entourent aussi la course : celle de l'Italien Carlo Airoldi par le prince héritier Constantin pour cause de professionnalisme et celle de Stamáta Revíthi par le comité d'organisation car elle est une femme, bien qu'elle décide de courir tout de même la distance le lendemain.

La victoire de Spyrídon Loúis crée une légende autour de ce porteur d'eau de Maroússi inconnu auparavant . Poussé à concourir par le colonel Geórgios Papadiamantópoulos qui remarque son endurance lors de son service militaire, il est acclamé par les  du stade panathénaïque dans une scène de liesse qui marque les observateurs. Couvert d'honneurs, il reçoit de nombreux cadeaux, dont la coupe d'argent de Michel Bréal, mais en refuse la plupart et retourne à l'anonymat jusqu'à sa réapparition remarquée lors des Jeux olympiques de 1936 à Berlin. Il apparaît pour les historiens olympiques contemporains que cette victoire grecque au marathon a été déterminante à la pérennité des Jeux, Charles Lovett commentant par exemple que .

Contexte

Jeux olympiques de 1896

Lorsque les Jeux olympiques modernes sont programmés pour 1896, les initiateurs et organisateurs sont à la recherche d'une grande épreuve les caractérisant tout en rappelant la gloire de la Grèce antique. Il est cependant à noter que de telles courses de fond n'étaient pas présentes aux Jeux olympiques antiques, et qu'il s'agit donc d'une innovation de l'époque moderne.

L'idée de la course du marathon provient à l'origine du linguiste français Michel Bréal, celui-ci s'inspirant de la légende de Phidippidès et de sa course de Marathon à Athènes . Il évoque tout d'abord ce projet au  Congrès olympique qui a lieu du 16 au , dans l'amphithéâtre de la Sorbonne. L'idée est ensuite fortement soutenue par Pierre de Coubertin  qui la propose officiellement lors du comité d'organisation des Jeux.

Les Grecs adhèrent à cette initiative avec un fort enthousiasme, y compris l'homme d'affaires et mécène Georges Averoff, principale source financière des Jeux et de la restauration du Stade panathénaïque. Le marathon fait ainsi partie des douze épreuves d'athlétisme au programme des premiers Jeux olympiques. Une course cycliste également inspirée de la légende de Phidippidès est aussi au programme, réalisant un aller-retour entre Athènes et Marathon sur .

Le mont Pentélique se dressant sur le chemin, il existe en réalité deux chemins potentiellement empruntés par le coureur légendaire : soit par le nord, soit par le sud. Ce dernier itinéraire correspond à peu de chose près à la route contemporaine entre Marathon et Athènes, qui suit la baie de Marathon et longe la côte vers le sud, puis effectue une montée douce vers l'ouest en direction d'Athènes, entre le Pentélique et l'Hymette. Ce parcours mesure , ce qui inspire donc la distance approximative utilisée pour les premiers marathons. Cependant, il est suggéré que Philippidès aurait pu suivre l'itinéraire par le nord du Pentélique, qui s'avère plus court avec ses , mais comprend une montée initiale très raide sur plus de , ce qui peut être considéré comme moins adapté à une course de fond.

Participants

Courses de sélection grecques
Les Grecs ont d'emblée une forte volonté d'exceller dans cette épreuve créée d'après leur histoire. Charles Lovett rapporte que, selon certaines sources d'époque, jusqu'à trois Grecs seraient morts en s'entraînant pour le marathon olympique.

Ils organisent une première course de sélection pour le marathon olympique le  (calendrier grégorien, soit le  pour le calendier julien alors en vigueur en Grèce) dans le cadre d'un rassemblement sportif panhellénique. Douze athlètes prennent part à cette première course officielle d'un marathon jamais organisée. Celle-ci est remportée par Kharílaos Vasilákos en . Lui et les cinq suivants  sont directement qualifiés pour le marathon olympique. Pour David Martin et Roger Gynn, Kharílaos Vasilákos est d'ailleurs une des figures les plus importantes de l'histoire du marathon en raison de cette première victoire, mais il est généralement éclipsé par Spyrídon Loúis et sa victoire olympique.

Les organisateurs grecs, cherchant toujours à avoir la meilleure équipe possible, organisent une deuxième course de sélection deux semaines plus tard le  (ou  julien), soit quelques jours avant le début des Jeux. L'organisation de cette seconde étape de sélection aurait peut-être été motivée par le fait que le Hongrois Gyula Kellner court entre-temps en trois heures la même distance, soit près de vingt minutes plus vite que le favori grec. Avant la course, les trente-trois (ou trente-huit, selon les sources) athlètes présents sont prévenus qu'il est toutefois nécessaire de battre le temps de Kharílaos Vasilákos en  afin de se qualifier. L'épreuve est remportée par Ioánnis Lavréntis en . Après lui, ce sont Ioánnis Vrettós (), Eleitherios Papasimeon () et Ilias Kafetzis () qui parviennent à obtenir leur place.

Le futur vainqueur du marathon olympique, Spyrídon Loúis, se classe quant à lui cinquième de cette épreuve de sélection en  et est suivi par Stamatios Masouris en . Initialement, ces deux athlètes ne sont donc pas dans les critères pour courir le marathon olympique, mais la faible différence de temps avec la limite imposée et les mauvaises conditions de course  convainquent les officiels de les inscrire tout de même, ce qui est probablement aidé par l'affection que le colonel Geórgios Papadiamantópoulos, responsable de sélectionner les athlètes, porte à Spyrídon Loúis. Un dernier athlète, Sokratis Lagoudakis, est ajouté à la liste grecque sans que l'on sache si ses capacités athlétiques ont été testées.

Il est probable que ces deux courses de sélection se soient déroulées trop près du marathon olympique pour que les athlètes aient eu le temps de totalement récupérer, ce qui a peut-être handicapé certains membres de la délégation grecque.

Spyrídon Loúis

Spyrídon Loúis est avant la course totalement anonyme, mais sa victoire crée ensuite des anecdotes probablement apocryphes et des légendes sur son existence précédant les Jeux.

Même sa profession exacte reste incertaine, l'homme pouvant être, selon les versions, un pauvre berger, un riche fermier ou encore un postier. Raymond Pointu juge toutefois plus plausible une carrière de postier que de berger ; le journaliste rapporte également qu'il aurait pu être porteur d'eau entre son village natal de Maroússi et Athènes. Selon lui, Pierre de Coubertin aurait accrédité la thèse d'un Spyrídon Loúis berger, mais il remet en cause la pertinence de sa parole car l'organisateur des Jeux aurait eu à l'époque d'autres occupations que de vérifier sérieusement cette information. Selon David Martin et Roger Gynn, il était bien porteur d'eau et le trajet quotidien de plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres qu'il faisait au pas de course serait à l'origine de son excellente endurance sans entraînement sportif spécifique. Cette profession de porteur d'eau semble être la plus souvent considérée comme la vraie par les sources contemporaines, dont le Comité international olympique.

En 1896, Spyrídon Loúis a  et est en train de terminer son service militaire au grade de sergent dans le  grec d'infanterie sous la responsabilité du colonel Geórgios Papadiamantópoulos. Ce dernier constate sa très bonne endurance lors des exercices et, en tant que membre du comité d'organisation des Jeux, il finit par convaincre Loúis de prendre part aux qualifications, puis à la course officielle. Philippe Jaenada raconte notamment une anecdote selon laquelle le colonel aurait un jour oublié ses lunettes à plus d'une dizaine de kilomètres de la caserne et comment Spyrídon aurait fait l'aller-retour à la course en moins de deux heures, ce qui aurait convaincu le colonel de ses capacités.

La veille de la course, on raconte qu'il se serait préparé d'une façon spirituelle, en jeûnant et priant devant des icônes. Cette préparation religieuse est également celle suivie par la majorité des coureurs grecs.

Autres coureurs
Raymond Pointu évoque les grandes incertitudes autour du nombre d'athlètes se rendant à Marathon pour la course, celui-ci variant entre les sources et les témoignages de seize à vingt-cinq. C'est ce dernier nombre qui est, selon le journaliste, le plus souvent retenu comme dans le rapport officiel, qui reste toutefois imprécis en évoquant . Cela est en léger désaccord avec les sources statistiques d'Olympedia et du Comité international olympique, qui listent respectivement vingt-quatre et vingt-deux inscrits.

Les sources contemporaines convergent cependant sur le fait que dix-sept coureurs prennent effectivement le départ. Parmi eux, on compte notamment treize athlètes grecs et quatre étrangers : l'Australien Edwin Flack , l'Américain Arthur Blake , le Français Albin Lermusiaux  et enfin le Hongrois Gyula Kellner. Ce dernier est le seul parmi les non-Grecs à avoir déjà couru une telle distance, un  à Budapest en trois heures. Malgré son inexpérience sur des courses de fond, l'Australien est fort de ses deux victoires et aurait avancé que les autres concurrents avaient . Tous les concurrents inscrits sont transportés au village de Marathon la veille de la course, soit le  ( en calendrier julien), et sont à partir de là sous la charge d'une équipe d'officiels.

Carlo Airoldi, un Italien, décide de parcourir plus de  à pied et en bateau en un mois pour se rendre à Marathon, étant notamment sponsorisé par le journal La Bicicletta. Il est cependant disqualifié avant la course car il est considéré comme un athlète professionnel par le prince Constantin pour avoir touché une faible somme d'argent après sa victoire lors de la compétition Milan-Barcelone. Il aurait également été rémunéré pour sa participation à des courses contre des chevaux ou des cyclistes dans des Wild West Shows de Buffalo Bill.

Il existe finalement une anecdote fréquemment rapportée concernant la volonté de participer au marathon du sprinteur français André Tournois. Après avoir échoué à se qualifier lors des séries, il est questionné sur les épreuves auxquelles il est inscrit par Thomas Curtis puis lui répond : . Devant l'incrédulité de l'Américain, il aurait continué : . Il ne participe en réalité pas au marathon, mais cela est caractéristique selon Raymond Pointu du manque de préparation et de spécialisation des athlètes.

Participation féminine

Au moins une femme court entre Marathon et Athènes sur le tracé officiel à une date proche du marathon olympique. Deux mythes s'opposent, entre celui d'une femme nommée Melpomene et d'une autre nommée Stamáta Revíthi. Ces deux femmes pourraient n'en être qu'une, mais il n'y a pas de consensus clair à ce sujet parmi les historiens olympiques contemporains.

En ce qui concerne la légende de Melpomene , il s'agirait d'une femme ayant fait une course d'entraînement en , finissant le parcours en quatre heures et trente minutes. Lorsqu'elle demande de s'inscrire à la course, la commission lui refuse l'accès au motif qu'elle est une femme car la compétition est réservée aux hommes. Selon les sources, il apparaît aussi que la raison officiellement donnée aurait été que son inscription est arrivée après la date limite mais, qu'officieusement, la réelle raison reste son genre. Ce refus est critiqué par les journaux de l'époque, notamment Akrópolis.

Quant à Stamáta Revíthi, il s'agirait d'une femme d'une trentaine d'années vivant au Pirée dans une grande pauvreté avec son jeune enfant. Elle rencontre peu avant les Jeux un coureur qui lui indique avec humour que la meilleure façon de devenir riche est de remporter le marathon pour recevoir les nombreux cadeaux promis au vainqueur. Elle se rend alors à Marathon la veille de la course mais se voit refuser l'accès à la course en raison de son genre. La commission lui aurait en revanche promis qu'elle pourrait concourir la semaine suivante dans une course similaire avec des femmes américaines ; cette course n'a en réalité jamais eu lieu. Elle décide toutefois de courir le parcours seule le lendemain matin, couvrant la distance en cinq heures et demie avec des témoins pour l'attester , mais aucun document n'indique que sa course ait été reconnue par le comité olympique.

Conditions de la course

Ferveur populaire
Avant cette course, les athlètes grecs n'ont remporté aucune des épreuves d'athlétisme, celles-ci étant généralement dominées par les Américains même dans des épreuves où les Grecs sont pourtant favoris comme le lancer de disque, où Panayiótis Paraskevópoulos est dépassé par Robert Garrett.

Le  (calendrier grégorien, soit le  dans le calendier julien), l'attente est très grande pour le marathon  et une importante ferveur populaire est constatée sur le parcours. Même si la ville d'Athènes est alors composée d'environ , presque  venus de la ville et de ses alentours assistent à l'épreuve, que ce soit le long de la route ou sur les  du stade Panathénaïque, qui commence à se remplir dès  du matin. David Martin et Roger Gynn rapportent même que  auraient été vendus le jour du marathon. Le roi Georges  et la reine Olga s'installent quant à eux à  précises à la tribune royale, accompagnés par le roi Alexandre de Serbie.

Pendant que la course du marathon se déroule, de multiples finales d'épreuves d'athlétisme ont lieu dans le stade et voient des Américains triompher  dans une , selon Raymond Pointu, car seul le résultat du marathon a alors de l'importance.

Parcours et organisation
Le départ est donné depuis le village de Marathon, près d'un pont dominant une voie ferrée. La distance totale rapportée par toutes les sources est de  mais il reste impossible de savoir comment les organisateurs ont pu vérifier que cette distance était exacte, notamment sur des routes peu régulières et en l'absence d'odomètres. Quant au choix de la voie autour du mont Pentélique, il est aussi impossible de savoir avec certitude pourquoi le sud a été préféré mais David Martin et Roger Gynn suggèrent que la distance de  présente l'avantage d'être environ égale à , ce qui facilite les conversions entre le système métrique et le système impérial adoptés par les différentes nations participants aux Jeux.

L'élévation par rapport au niveau de la mer est d'environ  au départ et les quinze premiers kilomètres de courses sont relativement plats. Le trajet passe près de la mer et du golfe des îles Petalis à Néa Mákri puis traverse les villages de Máti et Rafína. Prenant ensuite un virage vers l'ouest, il continue à travers les collines athéniennes et les villages de Pikermi et de Pallíni. Les principales difficultés s'étendent sur ce tronçon, entre le dix-huitième et le trentième kilomètres, où la course connaît un dénivelé positif de  et culmine à  au-dessus du niveau de la mer près de Stávros. Ensuite, la route est en légère descente jusqu'à Athènes et le stade panathénaïque, pour finalement se conclure à  au-dessus du niveau de la mer. David Martin et Roger Gynn relèvent qu'il s'agit d'un des rares marathons olympiques à connaître un dénivelé positif entre le départ et l'arrivée. Ils notent également que le profil de course est certes difficile, mais qu'il permet un début relativement tranquille pour trouver son rythme puis présente une conclusion propice à aider ceux en difficulté. De manière générale, le chemin emprunté est très accidenté, le sol étant pierreux et sablonneux, et difficilement carrossable tant pour les voitures que pour les vélos.

Les coureurs sont soumis le matin de l'épreuve à une forme de visite médicale, probablement pour permettre à l'organisation de se dédouaner en cas de décès survenant l'après-midi. Pendant la course, ils sont suivis par des officiels qui se déplacent à vélo ou dans des charrettes tirées par des chevaux. Une voiture à cheval est dédiée aux soins, avec à son bord des médecins et des réserves de médicaments.

Chaque coureur a droit à un accompagnateur utilisant le moyen de locomotion de son choix. Il est également prévu qu'à tout instant deux soldats à cheval doivent accompagner chaque coureur pour essayer de s'assurer de l'absence de toute forme de tricherie. La circulation des hommes et des animaux est prohibée sur le parcours à partir de midi, et des patrouilles militaires à cheval font des aller-retours afin de contrôler que cela est respecté. Des officiers de cavalerie ont été dispersés sur le parcours afin de protéger les coureurs contre une éventuelle malveillance de la part des spectateurs et de leur porter secours en cas de besoin.

La principale source sur les événements de la course est un récit complet par Charálambos Ánninos, qui est inclus dans le rapport officiel des Jeux. David Martin et Roger Gynn écrivent que ce témoignage est étonnamment complet en comparaison avec les rapports des Jeux suivants en ce qui concerne la course du marathon.

Conditions climatiques
La course a lieu lors d'un jour de printemps relativement chaud, et la peur d'une insolation associée à la légende de Phidippidès serait une des causes du non-départ de certains inscrits. La description de coups de soleil sur les coureurs dans le rapport de Charálambos Ánninos permet également d'établir que le jour était assez ensoleillé. David Martin et Roger Gynn notent toutefois que des pluies et un temps plutôt frais les jours précédant la course ont relativement ôté la poussière des routes, ce qui facilite la course pour les athlètes.

Les coureurs auraient également reçu des gorgées d'alcool de la part de spectateurs pour les encourager, ce qui, associé à la chaleur, a probablement eu des effets néfastes sur leurs performances.

Déroulement

Départ

Le  ( dans le calendier julien), les athlètes sont disposés en deux ou quatre rangées, selon les sources, derrière la ligne de départ. Les positions au départ auraient été tirées au sort.

Le colonel Geórgios Papadiamantópoulos, responsable de la course, donne un court discours patriotique en grec. Ce dernier peut se traduire en : . Sokratis Lagoudakis, qui parle aussi français, continue en cette langue pour les athlètes étrangers : . Quelques centaines de spectateurs tout au plus sont présents pour assister à ce départ. Le colonel actionne finalement son pistolet à . Certaines sources évoquent qu'il aurait donné le départ légèrement plus tôt.

Les coureurs restent relativement regroupés lors des dix premiers kilomètres. Toutefois, le Français Albin Lermusiaux prend progressivement la tête de la course et possède jusqu'à trois kilomètres d'avance sur ses rivaux. Son allure est très rapide même selon les standards contemporains puisqu'il serait arrivé au village de Pikermi  en seulement  d'après le rapport officiel. Raymond Pointu met néanmoins grandement cette information en doute, jugeant que . David Martin et Roger Gynn affirment quant à eux que c'est .

Il est suivi par les autres étrangers Edwin Flack, Arthur Blake et Gyula Kellner, tandis que les Grecs courent à une allure encore plus réduite. Edwin Flack a par ailleurs pour accompagnateur à bicyclette un maître d'hôtel de l'ambassade du Royaume-Uni muni d'un chapeau melon. Les premiers Grecs à ce moment sont Ioánnis Lavréntis et Ilias Zafetzis, mais ils abandonnent néanmoins vers la mi-course, puis Kharílaos Vasilákos et Spyrídon Loúis courant ensemble.

La légende veut que Spyrídon Loúis se serait arrêté une fois à Pikermi pour boire un verre de vin et manger un œuf dans une auberge et, mis au fait par les spectateurs de son grand retard, aurait alors réaffirmé son ambition de malgré tout remporter la course. D'une façon générale, Spyrídon Loúis semble prendre la course d'une façon plus détendue que les autres concurrents, essayant notamment de socialiser avec ses compatriotes.

Mi-course

Une fois le village de Pikermi dépassé, le dénivelé commence à augmenter, ce qui fait notamment souffrir les athlètes ayant adopté un rythme trop élevé. Selon le rapport officiel, Blake abandonne peu après, les pieds ensanglantés. Kellner se met quant à lui à ralentir jusqu'à être dépassé par Vasilákos et Loúis.

Au village de Pallíni, quelques kilomètres plus loin, un journaliste anonyme note l'ordre de passage et les temps respectifs : Lermusiaux (), Flack (), Blake (), Vasilákos (), Loúis ( et demi), Kellner (), Deligiannis et Spiridon Belokas (). David Martin et Roger Gynn jugent ces temps bien plus plausibles que ceux à Pikermi du rapport officiel, mais il apparaît une incohérence majeure entre les deux témoignages puisque Charálambos Ánninos avance qu'Arthur Blake n'a jamais atteint Pallíni.

Par ailleurs, à Pallíni, un arc de triomphe est dressé au-dessus de la route et Albin Lermusiaux est accueilli prématurément en tant que futur vainqueur, recevant sur sa tête une couronne d'olivier de la part des villageois. À noter qu'un Grec trop fanatique tente d'assommer le français. S'affaiblissant de plus en plus, il s'arrête dans une montée afin que son accompagnateur à bicyclette et compatriote Adolphe Grisel puisse lui appliquer une pommade sur les jambes. Le Français parvient à se relever mais, incapable de courir, il est contraint d'abandonner vers le  kilomètre. Raymond Pointu rapporte qu'il est ensuite transporté inconscient dans une voiture à cheval puis éclate en sanglots à son réveil. Charles Lovett décrit quant à lui une version probablement apocryphe où Albin Lermusiaux aurait été involontairement renversé par son accompagnateur, le contraignant ainsi à abandonner.

L'Australien Edwin Flack en profite pour passer en tête alors qu'il lui reste moins d'une dizaine de kilomètres à parcourir. Confiant en ses capacités, il ordonne à un accompagnateur de se rendre rapidement au stade pour annoncer sa victoire imminente, ce qui attriste l'assemblée. Ce fait demeure contesté par l'historien Ian Jobling, qui estime cet excès d'orgueil incohérent avec le comportement habituel de Flack. Toutefois, il est avéré qu'un cycliste, probablement l'Allemand August von Gödrich, s'est rendu au stade pour annoncer que Flack était en tête.

Dans le même temps, le Grec Spyrídon Loúis entame une progressive remontée jusqu'à la deuxième place, ayant distancé plusieurs de ses compatriotes ainsi que Kellner, qui se maintient alors à la troisième place devant les autres Grecs et notamment Vasilákos. Finalement pris de fatigue, Flack commence à ralentir et se fait dépasser par Loúis au  kilomètre, alors qu'ils sont dans la portion descendant vers Athènes. Il parvient à courir pendant deux kilomètres à quelques dizaines de mètres derrière lui. Au niveau du  kilomètre, vers le village d'Ambelokipi, Spyrídon Loúis reçoit des morceaux d'orange de la part de sa fiancée qui l'y attendait puis accélère brutalement, probablement aidé par le profil en descente de la course. Ce changement de rythme finit d'épuiser Flack, qui tombe puis abandonne presque simultanément.

Lorsque Loúis pénètre dans les limites de la ville d'Athènes, un coup de pistolet ou de canon annonce son arrivée. Un nouveau messager, cette fois-ci le colonel Papadimantopoulos à cheval, se rend dans le même temps au stade pour annoncer le revirement de situation au roi, ce qui est accueilli par une grande clameur. D'autres messagers à vélo ou à cheval font de même, criant  ().

Arrivées

Spyrídon Loúis se trouve ensuite dans les rues d'Athènes où il peine à se frayer un chemin du fait de l'excitation autour de lui. Lorsqu'il se présente seul à l'entrée du Stade panathénaïque et ses , il est rejoint par les princes Constantin et Georges de Grèce qui courent avec lui jusqu'à la ligne d'arrivée  puis le portent en triomphe vers la tribune royale. Son temps est de , ce qui constitue une substantielle amélioration par rapport à ceux obtenus par les vainqueurs des deux marathons de qualification.

L'état de fraîcheur relatif de Spyrídon Loúis à la fin de la course crée la surprise de certains, ce qui attire quelques suppositions de tricherie de la part d'athlètes étrangers comme l'ami de Teddy Flack, George Stuart Robertson. Sans que ces accusations soient avérées, ils évoquent que le coureur aurait pu emprunter des raccourcis ou même que le colonel Papadimantopoulos  l'ait pris sur son cheval pour une partie du trajet. Une théorie reprise dans des articles, documentaires et ouvrages journalistiques dénonce une possible tricherie de Spyrídon Loúis, ce qui lui retirerait le titre victorieux pour l'accorder à Kharílaos Vasilákos. Cette théorie qui s'inscrit dans une entreprise de démystification de Spyrídon Loúis ne fait toutefois pas consensus.

Le rapport officiel des Jeux peint de façon très précise l'état d'enthousiasme s'emparant du stade au moment de l'arrivée, décrivant des scènes de liesse dans le public grec , les applaudissements des officiels étrangers, un lâcher de colombes blanches, ainsi que le salut ému du roi Georges  à Spyrídon Loúis pendant que l'hymne grec est joué par un orchestre. Frantz Reichel remarque un spectateur lançant du haut du stade un pigeon auquel il a attaché un drapeau grec. Pierre de Coubertin, également présent dans le public, rapporte dans ses mémoires en 1931 que . De nombreux autres témoins de la scène, tels George Stuart Robertson, Ellery Clark, Elias Burton Holmes ou Charles Waldstein, mentionnent des sentiments similaires. Du fait de l'émotion entourant la course, David Martin et Roger Gynn font valoir que leurs témoignages tendent toutefois à être incohérents entre eux. Pour Anthony Bijkerk et David Young, les différents témoignages ne sont pas pour autant tous faux, mais il est nécessaire de les remettre dans leur contexte. Après la course, Spyrídon Loúis part se reposer et boire des tasses de café dans les vestiaires du stade, où il est rejoint par des membres de la famille royale et notamment la reine Olga ; celle-ci lui aurait offert ses bagues en lui disant que .

Il devance de plus de sept minutes ses compatriotes Kharílaos Vasilákos et Spiridon Belokas, suivi de très près  par le Hongrois Gyula Kellner. Cette importante différence de temps entre un champion et le second est la plus grande de l'histoire olympique du marathon. La clameur est d'autant plus forte que le podium est totalement occupé par des athlètes grecs. Belokas reçoit par ailleurs une ovation du public après avoir gracieusement salué le roi à son arrivée. Toutefois, Kellner porte rapidement réclamation car il est persuadé de n'avoir vu que deux personnes courir devant lui et que Belokas a en réalité parcouru une partie du trajet à l'arrière d'une charrette. Le cas est porté à la connaissance du prince héritier Constantin et, après une rapide enquête menée par le prince Georges en sa qualité de président du comité des juges, il est confirmé que Belokas n'est descendu d'une voiture à chevaux qu'à l'approche du stade. Ce dernier est donc immédiatement disqualifié et, en guise de compensation, le prince Constantin offre une montre en or à l'athlète hongrois.

Dix athlètes  terminent l'épreuve mais seuls les trois premiers voient leur temps précisément enregistré. Le dernier arrivé, Sokratis Lagoudakis, conclut néanmoins la course environ une heure après Spyrídon Loúis, soit en un peu moins de quatre heures au total. Une fois qu'il est certain que plus aucun coureur ne finira la course et que l'émotion est retombée, le concours du saut à la perche  reprend.

Résultats

Sources : Olympedia et Comité international olympique.

•  •

Postérité

Au sujet de Spyrídon Loúis

Lors des événements honorifiques suivant les Jeux, notamment le repas des athlètes en présence du roi et la cérémonie de remise des prix le mercredi  ( en calendrier julien), Spyrídon Loúis demeure l'attraction principale. Cela est amplifié par le fait qu'il décide à chaque occasion de se présenter dans un costume traditionnel grec composé d'une fustanelle. En tant que vainqueur d'une épreuve, il reçoit un rameau d'olivier, une médaille d'argent , et un diplôme olympique de la part du roi lors de la cérémonie. Il est également récipiendaire de la coupe d'argent de Michel Bréal, promise au gagnant du marathon par le savant à l'origine de sa création, ainsi que d'un vase antique offert par le riche collectionneur d'antiquités Ioannis Lambros, qui avait été inspiré par le concept de la course et été arbitre pendant les Jeux.

De nombreuses autres propositions de cadeaux faites avant la course en cas d'un vainqueur grec sont finalement presque toutes refusées par Spyrídon Loúis. Par exemple, George Averoff promet un million de drachmes ainsi que sa fille en mariage, et de nombreux artisans  proposent de fournir leurs services gratuitement et à vie au vainqueur. D'autres légendes entourent de potentielles récompenses, comme le fait que l'athlète ait demandé pour seule faveur la libération de son frère, qui était emprisonné après une rixe au couteau. Le roi Georges lui offre également un cadeau de son choix, qui est finalement une nouvelle charrette et un autre cheval afin qu'il puisse continuer son métier de porteur d'eau dans de meilleures conditions.

Par la suite, Spyrídon Loúis donne probablement le vase antique à un musée  puis retourne à un relatif anonymat et ne prend plus part à aucune forme de compétition, ce qui favorise de nombreuses légendes sur qui il était et sur son existence après cette victoire. Quant à la coupe d'argent de Michel Bréal, elle reste dans la famille Loúis jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit mise en vente par son petit-fils. Elle est acquise par la Stavros Niarchos Foundation lors d'une vente aux enchères organisée le  chez Christie's, à Londres. Une délégation de la municipalité de Maroussi, la ville natale de Spyrídon Loúis, participe à la vente aux enchères. De façon contemporaine, la médaille d'argent se trouve au musée de Marathon tandis que la coupe offerte par le roi et le vase antique semblent perdus.

Spyrídon Loúis aurait dû être le premier porteur de la flamme olympique en 1934 mais ce n'est finalement pas le cas, peut-être à cause de son âge devenu avancé. Sa dernière apparition publique se fait en 1936, lorsqu'il est invité d'honneur des Jeux olympiques de Berlin et porte-drapeau de la délégation grecque à l'occasion du quarantième anniversaire des Jeux. À cette occasion, il remet symboliquement un rameau d'olivier à Adolf Hitler. Il meurt en  d'une crise cardiaque à l'âge de  et ses obsèques, auxquelles assistent plusieurs milliers de personnes, sont payées par l'État. Son nom est donné à de multiples rues ou clubs sportifs grecs et notamment au stade principal du Complexe olympique d'Athènes utilisé lors des Jeux de 2004. L'histoire de la réussite de Spyrídon Loúis est finalement à l'origine d'au moins une expression en grec :  (), qui est traduisible littéralement par  et signifie  ou .

Au sujet de la course
L'historien Charles Lovett estime que la victoire de Loúis Spyrídon crée à l'époque une considérable impulsion émotionnelle, qui se révèle ensuite essentielle à la pérennité des Jeux : . Raymond Pointu estime également que l'épreuve du marathon n'aurait pas été maintenue sans la victoire d'un Grec.

Toutefois, la course connaît une couverture médiatique relativement confidentielle à l'étranger et, par exemple, seul Le Vélo commente l'épreuve en France par l'intermédiaire de Frantz Reichel.

Des marathons commémoratifs sont organisés entre Marathon et le Stade panathénaïque de façon épisodique à partir des . En 1996, pour le centenaire de la course, seuls  se rendent à Marathon pour fêter l'événement ; toutefois, cette faible affluence est justifiée par le fait que le trajet est en réalité peu adapté aux grands pelotons qui constituent les marathons modernes. Le parcours est également repris lorsque Athènes accueille de nouveau les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004. Ce deuxième marathon olympique est cependant légèrement différent car la distance officielle du marathon a entre-temps été fixée à .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Marathon aux Jeux olympiques
 Jeux olympiques de 1896

Bibliographie

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1896
Marathon
Jeux olympiques de 1896

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Bangor golfer Jesse Speirs has missed the cut in his first Web.com Tour event. A 2-over par 72 today leaves him +5 after two days and that's below the cut line.
The cut line to play on Saturday and Sunday is projected to be 1-over.
The tourney is being played in Panama City, Panama.
After finishing +3 on Thursday, Speirs was playing well and was 3-under par after 7 holes. Then a bogey and double-bogey had him even at the halfway mark.
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Springbok team to play England in PE
Gio Aplon will run out for South Africa when they take on England at the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth on Saturday.
Aplon was included in a starting 15 that shows three changes from the one that beat England in the second Test of the Castle Incoming Tour. Willem Alberts (flank) and Pat Lambie (fullback) were not declared fit for the Test.
Jacques Potgieter will make his Springbok debut at flank in the place of Alberts, Aplon has been selected at fullback for Lambie and Wynand Olivier comes in at inside centre for Frans Steyn, who is getting married.
There are two changes on the bench. Flyhalf Elton Jantjies has been selected in a Test squad for the first time and will earn his Bok debut if he gets game time, while Ryan Kankowski takes over from Keegan Daniel.
"Injuries have forced us to make a number of changes, which is never ideal, but this provides an opportunity for players like Gio, Wynand and Jacques to put up their hands," said Springbok coach Heyneke Meyer.
"Gio is our third fullback of the series, but he's experienced and has been part of our planning. Wynand came on as a replacement in both of the first two Tests and knows our game plan, while Jacques has impressed this year as a very strong ball carrier – hopefully he can continue with the good work Willem has done in the last fortnight."
Meyer explained the changes on the bench as follows: "Jacques has not played for a while and we felt Ryan is the right option for this game if he needs to take over from Jacques, with his explosive running. Keegan did very well in the first two Tests, but for this match we felt that Ryan is a better option.
"Elton comes in to provide cover at flyhalf and is a very good goal kicking option, something we will miss with Frans not available.
"Bjorn Basson still covers all three positions in the back trio, JP Pietersen or Bryan Habana can play outside centre and Jean will move to inside centre if needed, so we are covered in all positions in the backline."
The starting 15 boast a combined total of 464 Test caps – 299 for the backs and 165 for the forwards.
The Springbok team to face England in Port Elizabeth is:
Test Caps
Gio Aplon
DHL Western Province
JP Pietersen
The Sharks
Jean de Villiers (captain)
Wynand Olivier
Vodacom Blue Bulls
Bryan Habana
Morné Steyn
Francois Hougaard
Pierre Spies
Jacques Potgieter
Marcell Coetzee
Juandré Kruger
Eben Etzebeth
Jannie du Plessis
Bismarck du Plessis (vice-captain)
Tendai Mtawarira
Adriaan Strauss
Toyota FS Cheetahs
Werner Kruger
Flip van der Merwe
Ryan Kankowski
Ruan Pienaar
Ulster, Ireland
Elton Jantjies
MTN Golden Lions
Bjorn Basson
Record watch
The Springboks have won the last nine consecutive Tests against England. This is a new record for South Africa against England. New Zealand is the only other country that had nine consecutive wins against England.
This Test will only be the second to be played at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium. The Springboks beat New Zealand here last year in the Castle Tri-Nations by 18-5. Morné Steyn scored all points on that occasion with five penalty goals and one drop goal.
South Africa and England have only met once before in Port Elizabeth – in 1984, when the Springboks won 33-15 in the first of two Tests against John Scott's England side.
Bryan Habana is South Africa's most capped Springbok wing with 75 Tests and also most experienced player in the squad with 76 Test caps. He is the Springboks' top try scorer with 40 career tries in Tests (all scored as a wing). He also holds the Springbok record for most career tries in Tests against England, with six. Bryan has played in 10 Tests against England.
Morné Steyn is South Africa's top try scorer as a flyhalf with seven career tries. Morné will equal Butch James' record for most capped Springbok flyhalf – 37. This Test will be Morné's 25th consecutive Test of which only one appearance was not at flyhalf. Only five Springboks have played in more than 25 consecutive Test matches before.
In the only Test at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Morné Steyn scored all points against the All Black in last year's Castle Tri-Nations Test – 18. He needs 13 points in this Test to replace Braam van Straaten in second place for most points in Tests against England.
Bismarck du Plessis is South Africa's top try scorer in Tests as a hooker with six Test tries.
Pierre Spies will play in his 50th test for South Africa. He is South Africa's most capped No. 8 with 44 Tests in this position. Pierre holds the record for most Test tries as a No 8, with seven.
Jean de Villiers will play in his 75th Test for South Africa. It will also be his 60th cap as centre.
Jean scored his 20th Test try for the Springboks in Durban two weeks ago against England.
Bismarck and Jannie du Plessis will play together in their record 23rd Test as brothers.
Jacques Potgieter will be South Africa's 834th Springbok. It is appropriate that he will make his Test debut in Port Elizabeth, his place of birth.


National Law University (NLU) Jodhpur has issued the notification for admission into PhD programmes, to be offered in the upcoming academic session 2013.
National Law University (NLU) Jodhpur has invited applications from eligible candidates for admission into Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) programmes, to be offered in the belowmentioned areas. Admission will be offered on the basis of merit obtained in entrance test, followed by Personal Interview (PI), scheduled to be conducted on the following date.
Date and schedule of PI has not been declared by the University, yet. Candidates are advised to visit the official website of the University: http://www.nlujodhpur.ac.in/, for regular updates.
Interested candidates can procure the application form from the office of the Registrar, National Law University, Nagaur Road, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) - 342304. In addition, the application form is also downloadable from the official website of the University: http://www.nlujodhpur.ac.in/. The direct link for the same is: http://www.nlujodhpur.ac.in/downloads/PhDform_13.pdf. Candidates have to pay an application fee of Rs 2500 in the form of Demand Draft (DD) drawn on any nationalized bank in favor of the Registrar, National Law University, Jodhpur, payable at Jodhpur.
The duly filled-in application form or the hard copy of the downloaded form, complete in all respects as per the prescribed guidelines, along with the DD of requisite amount (as mentioned above) and all essential documents, should be sent to the Registrar, National Law University, NH-65, Nagaur Road, Mandore, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) - 342304, latest by June 28, 2013. The envelope containing the application form should be super scribed as FOR PhD ADMISSION 2013. For more information regarding the admission, eligibility criteria and application procedure, candidates can visit the aforementioned official website of the University.


Crepe Myrtle Burl- Lagerstroemia divers- also called Mia Puay Burl. Grows in S.E. Asia. Theses pen blanks are extraordinary; eyes are densely packed together. This burl can be dyed different colors to create incredible effects.This is a rare burl pen blank. All these wood will vary a bit from pen blank to pen blank. These pen blanks may require further drying in your shop. Pen blanks are at least 3/4" x 3/4" x 5".
I usually like the darker woods, but this burl is gorgeous. After turning and sanding I applied walnut-tinted Danish Oil (which only slightly darkened it), waited a few days, and topped it off with CA. The result was far better that I expected. The grain has a beautiful 3D-like velvety shimmer. I highly recommend this wood!


Do you love tank shooting game? Drive your tank and follow the army to join the war! You must aim at the enemy tanks to shoot them and destroy them. At the same time, you should also pay attention to avoid enemy attacks. Otherwise, your tank will explode and the game will over. Fight for honor and faith! Wish you have a happy game time.


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Q: Laravel: insert array object in single SQL column I have a single column in db named session and I want to insert all below data in single column in a form of array.
data available in array
 array:1 [▼
0 => array:3 [▼
"_token" => "ENzbpMgvlOhMkwE1Fv13hjn9NlCOUolIFBDZ4wJd"
"session_start" => "2000-01-01"
"session_end" => "2002-01-01"
]
]

I tried below
public function store(Request $request)
{
  $arr = (array($request->all()));

  $create = SchoolSession::create($arr));
}

getting an error: Array to string conversion
Please advise the solution and also advise how to fetch the same from db and show seperately.

A: You can't insert an array into a database field without some kind of serialization, so you may try something like this (but there's a better way, continue reading):
public function store(Request $request)
{
    $json = json_encode($request->all());

    $create = SchoolSession::create(['session' => $json]);
}

Make sure your database field type is JSON/TEXT depending on your mysql version. When retrieving the data you also need to decode it.
Out of the box, Laravel provides an easy mechanism to handle this. So, you don't need to manually encode/decode your data. Eloquent will take care of encoding brfore saving it to database and also the decoding will be handled automatically. Read the doc (link given above).

A: You can not directly add array in the column:
public function store(Request $request)
{
    $arr = $request->all();
    $arr = serialize($arr);
    $create = SchoolSession::create(['session'=>$arr]);
}

And to fetch the same from DB:
public function view(Request $request)
{

    $SchoolSession = SchoolSession::where('id','Specific ID ADD')->get();
    $SchoolSession = unserialize($SchoolSession[0]->session);
}

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