text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sintro}

Insulation problems will represent some of the crucial research fields in the next future, being related to energy saving, pollution control, environment improving. Several sciences are involved in this topic: Civil Engineering for the design of new buildings with more efficient energy consumption, Physics and Chemistry for the research on new material with better insulating properties, Mathematics for the study of the partial differential equations involved in the heat conduction in the presence of insulating regions.

In this short note we present two problems related to optimal insulation; in both cases a domain $\Omega$ of $\mathbb{R}^d$ is given, we assume it is a bounded open set with a regular boundary $\partial\Omega$. For simplicity we assume that $\Omega$ is a conducting domain with a constant conductivity coefficient, that we assume equal to one. The goal is to distribute around $\partial\Omega$ a layer $\Sigma$ of insulating material in some efficient way; the optimality criterion we use is described later. We describe the layer $\Sigma$ by means of the tangential and normal coordinates on $\partial\Omega$:
$$\Sigma_{\varepsilon}=\big\{\sigma+t\nu(\sigma)\ :
\ \sigma\in\partial\Omega,\ 0\le t<{\varepsilon} h(\sigma)\big\},$$
where $\nu(\sigma)$ is the exterior normal versor to $\partial\Omega$ at the point $\sigma$ and the function $h$ describes the variable thickness. The index ${\varepsilon}$ describes the average thickness of the layer and is taken very small (for a house of several meters of diameter the thickness of the insulating layer is usually of few centimeters). The conductivity coefficient of the insulating material in the layer $\Sigma_{\varepsilon}$ is taken very small too, we denote it by $\delta$. Finally, we assume that the temperature is zero outside the set $\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon}$

The two problems we deal with are described below in a precise mathematical form.

\bigskip

{\bf Problem 1. }We put in $\Omega$ a heat source $f\in L^2(\Omega)$; after waiting enough time the temperature $u(t,x)$ approaches the stationary temperature $u(x)$ that is the solution of the elliptic equation with transmission conditions at $\partial\Omega$
\begin{equation}\label{pde1}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=f&\hbox{in }\Omega\\
-\Delta u=0&\hbox{in }\Sigma_{\varepsilon}\\
u=0&\hbox{on }\partial(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})\\
\displaystyle\frac{\partial u^-}{\partial\nu}
=\delta\frac{\partial u^+}{\partial\nu}&\hbox{on }\partial\Omega\;.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
Equivalently, the stationary temperature $u$ can be seen as the solution of the minimum problem on $H^1_0(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})$ for the energy functional
\begin{equation}\label{cost1}
E_{{\varepsilon},\delta}(u)=\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac\delta2\int_{\Sigma_{\varepsilon}}|\nabla u|^2\,dx-\int_\Omega fu\,dx\;.
\end{equation}
The PDE \eqref{pde1} is indeed the Euler-Lagrange equation of the minimum problem related to the cost functional \eqref{cost1}. Denoting by $u$ the solution of the PDE \eqref{pde1} (or of the variational problem for the energy \eqref{cost1}) a multiplication by $u$ in \eqref{pde1} and a standard integration by parts allows us to write the minimum of the energy functional \eqref{cost1} in the form
$$\min_{H^1_0(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})}E_{{\varepsilon},\delta}=-\frac12\int_\Omega fu\,dx\;.$$
Note that, when the heat sources are uniformly distributed, the minimization of the energy functional above corresponds to the maximization of the average temperature.

The optimization problem we deal with consists in the optimal choice of the shape of the insulating layer $\Sigma_{\varepsilon}$ around $\partial\Omega$ once the total amount of insulating material is prescribed. Stressing the dependence on $h$ of the energy functional and denoting by $E(h)$ the quantity
$$E(h)=\min_{H^1_0(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})}E_{{\varepsilon},\delta}$$
our first optimization problem can be written in the form
$$\min\big\{E(h)\ :\ h\in\mathcal{H}_m\big\}$$
where $\mathcal{H}_m$ denotes the class of admissible choices
\begin{equation}\label{hm}
\mathcal{H}_m=\left\{h:\partial\Omega\to\mathbb{R},\ h\ge0,\ \int_{\partial\Omega}h\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}=m\right\}.
\end{equation}
This applies for instance to the thermal insulation of an house (see Figure \ref{fig1a}) or of a pipe (see Figure \ref{fig1b}). One of the most crucial questions in this field is: ``which parts have to be more protected?'' For instance, in a radially symmetric body (like an igloo, see Figure \ref{figigloo}), should we put a layer of insulating material with a constant boundary thickness?

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{house.jpg}
\caption{The thermography of a house (photo by Lutz Weidner on commons.wikimedia.org).}
\label{fig1a}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{pipe.jpg}
\caption{The thermal insulation of a pipe (photo by S\"onke Kraft aka Arnulf zu Linden on commons.wikimedia.org).}
\label{fig1b}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{igloo.jpg}
\caption{The thermal insulation of an igloo by a layer of snow (photo by David McKelvey on www.flickr.com).}
\label{figigloo}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

{\bf Problem 2. }The second problem that we consider deals with a domain $\Omega$ as above, with a fixed initial temperature $u_0$ and without any heat source. In this case the temperature decays to zero and our goal is to put the insulating material around $\Omega$ in order this decay be as low as possible. This applies for instance to the thermal insulation of a coffee pot, see Figure \ref{fig2}.

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{thermos}
\caption{The thermal insulation of a coffee pot (photo by Gail Thomas on www.flickr.com).}
\label{fig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

By the Fourier analysis of the corresponding heat diffusion equation, the decay of the temperature goes as $e^{-t\lambda}$, where $\lambda$ is the first eigenvalue of the elliptic operator written in the weak form as
$$\langle\mathcal{A} u,\phi\rangle=\int_\Omega\nabla u\nabla\phi\,dx+\delta\int_{\Sigma_{\varepsilon}}\nabla u\nabla\phi\,dx\qquad\forall\phi\in H^1_0(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})\;.$$
Therefore, indicating by $\lambda(h)$ the first eigenvalue above, stressing its dependence on the function $h$, Problem 2 reduces to the minimization problem
\begin{equation}\label{pb2}
\min\big\{\lambda(h)\ :\ h\in\mathcal{H}_m\big\}\;,
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{H}_m$ is the class of admissible choices introduced in \eqref{hm}.

\section{The asymptotic problem}\label{sasympt}

In order to simplify the questions illustrated in Section \ref{sintro} we consider the asymptotic model when both the thickness ${\varepsilon}$ of the insulating layer, as well as the conductivity coefficient $\delta$ of the insulator tend to zero. The identification of the limit problem goes back to \cite{sp74} (see also \cite{sp80}), a more general variational framework was considered in \cite{brca80} and its formulation in terms of $\Gamma$-convergence can be found in \cite{acbu86}. We summarize the results in this last point of view by considering the functionals
$$\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac\delta2\int_{\Sigma_{\varepsilon}}|\nabla u|^2\,dx\qquad u\in H^1_0(\Omega\cup\Sigma_{\varepsilon})\;.$$

\begin{itemize}
\item When ${\varepsilon}\ll\delta$ the limit problem is the Dirichlet one, related to the functional
$$\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx\qquad u\in H^1_0(\Omega)\;.$$

\item When ${\varepsilon}\gg\delta$ the limit problem is the Neumann one, related to the functional
$$\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx\qquad u\in H^1(\Omega)\;.$$

\item When ${\varepsilon}\approx k\delta$ with $k>0$ the limit problem is a Robin type problem, related to the functional
$$\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2k}\int_{\partial\Omega}\frac{u^2}{h}\,d\sigma\qquad u\in H^1(\Omega)\;.$$
\end{itemize}

In the rest of this article we are in the framework of the last situation. We can reformulate now Problems 1 and 2 in their asymptotic form, as ${\varepsilon}$ and $\delta$ go to zero, with $k\approx{\varepsilon}/\delta$.

\medskip

The asymptotic form of Problem 1 becomes now
\begin{equation}\label{pb1}
\min\big\{\mathcal{E}(h)\ :\ h\in\mathcal{H}_m\big\}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{H}_m$ is given in \eqref{hm} and $\mathcal{E}$ is the asymptotic energy
$$\mathcal{E}(h)=\min\left\{\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2k}\int_{\partial\Omega}\frac{u^2}{h}\,d\sigma-\int_\Omega fu\,dx\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega)\right\}\;.$$
The Euler-Lagrange equation of the minimum problem above is
$$\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=f\quad\hbox{in }\Omega\\
\displaystyle\frac1k u+h\frac{\partial u}{\partial\nu}=0\quad\hbox{on }\partial\Omega\;.
\end{cases}$$
Denoting by $u_h$ its solution, multiplicating both sides by $u_h$ and integrating by parts gives that
$$\mathcal{E}(h)=-\frac12\int_\Omega fu_h\,dx\;.$$

Analogously, the asymptotic form of Problem 2 is given by
\begin{equation}\label{pb2}
\min\big\{\lambda(h)\ :\ h\in\mathcal{H}_m\big\}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda(h)$ is the first eigenvalue of the elliptic operator written in a weak form as
$$\langle\mathcal{A} u,\phi\rangle=\int_\Omega\nabla u\nabla\phi\,dx+\frac1k\int_{\partial\Omega}\frac{u\phi}{h}\,d\sigma\qquad\forall\phi\in H^1(\Omega)\;.$$
Equivalently, $\lambda(h)$ can be written in terms of the Rayleigh quotient
$$\lambda(h)=\min\left\{\frac{\displaystyle\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac1k\int_{\partial\Omega}\frac{u^2}{h}\,d\sigma}{\displaystyle\int_\Omega u^2\,dx}\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega),\ u\ne0\right\}\;.$$

\section{Energy optimization}\label{senergy}

The optimization problem \eqref{pb1} is a double minimization problem:
$$\min_{h\in\mathcal{H}_m}\,\min_{u\in H^1(\Omega)}\left\{\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2k}\int_{\partial\Omega}\frac{u^2}{h}\,d\sigma-\int_\Omega fu\,dx\right\};$$
interchanging the two minima we have that for every $u\in H^1(\Omega)$ which does not identically vanish on $\partial\Omega$ the best choice for $h$ is
$$h=m\frac{|u|}{\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\sigma}\;,$$
while the choice of $h$ is irrelevant when $u\in H^1_0(\Omega)$. This reduces the minimization problem \eqref{pb1} to
\begin{equation}\label{pb1aux}
\min\left\{\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2-\int_\Omega fu\,dx\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega)\right\}.
\end{equation}
The problem has been studied in \cite{bu88, bubuni}; we summarize here the results.

\begin{teo}\label{teoenergy}
Assume $\Omega$ is connected. Then the functional
$$F(u)=\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2$$
is strictly convex on $H^1(\Omega)$, hence for every $f\in L^2(\Omega)$ the minimization problem \eqref{pb1aux} admits a unique solution $\bar u$. Thus the optimal function $h_m$ for problem \eqref{pb1} is given by
$$h=m\frac{|\bar u|}{\int_{\partial\Omega}|\bar u|\,d\sigma}\;.$$
\end{teo}

By uniqueness, if $\Omega=B_R$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $f=1$ the optimal solution $\bar u$ above is radial:
$$\bar u(r)=\frac{R^2-r^2}{2d}+\frac{km}{d^2\omega_d R^{d-2}}\;,$$
hence, the optimal thickness $h_m$ is constant.

If $\Omega$ is not connected the optimal insulation strategy is different. Let $\Omega=B_{R_1}\cup B_{R_2}$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ (union of two disjoint balls), and $f=1$. Then:
\begin{itemize}
\item if $R_1=R_2=R$ any choice of $h_m$ constant around $B_{R_1}$ and on $B_{R_2}$ is optimal;
\item if $R_1\ne R_2$ then the optimal choice is to concentrate all the insulator around the largest ball, with constant thickness, leaving the smallest ball unprotected (see Figure \ref{fig3}).
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{circles}
\caption{Optimal insulation of a domain composed by two disjoint balls of different radius.}
\label{fig3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The numerical computation for $\Omega=]0,1[\times]0,1[$, $f=1$, and $k=1$ gives the following outputs for various values of $m$.

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{square1.png}
\includegraphics[height=6truecm]{square05.png}
\caption{Optimal energy insulation of $]0,1[\times]0,1[$ with $m=1$ and $m=2$.}
\label{fig4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

It is interesting to study the behavior of $h_m$ when $m\to0$. This was analyzed in \cite{esri03}, where it is shown that the rescaled functions $h_m/m$ weakly* converge as measures to a probability measure concentrated on the set where the normal derivative $\partial u_0/\partial\nu$ reaches its minimal value, being $u_0$ the solution of the Dirichlet problem
$$-\Delta u=f,\qquad u\in H^1_0(\Omega).$$
For instance, when $\Omega$ is a square, the region of concentration of $h_m/m$ consists of the four middle points of the sides.

\section{Eigenvalue optimization}\label{seigen}

The second optimization problem \eqref{pb2} looks very similar to the first one; however, its solutions behave in a quite different way. This problem has been raised in  \cite{fr80}; in particular the question if, in the case $\Omega$ a ball the optimal $h$ is constant, was raised in \cite{cku99}. In that paper, the authors claimed this symmetry result; however they overlook a point in the proof, that works only if the total quantity $m$ of insulator is large enough. In \cite{bubuni} a complete proof was provided, and surprisingly, for small $m$ there is a {\it symmetry breaking} phenomenon, as specified below.

As done for problem \eqref{pb1}, problem \eqref{pb2} is a double minimization problem as well; by the same procedure of Section \ref{senergy} we find that the optimal function $h_m$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{propor}
h_m=m\frac{|\bar u|}{\int_{\partial\Omega}|\bar u|\,d\sigma}\;,
\end{equation}
where $\bar u$ solves the {\it auxiliary variational problem}
\begin{equation}\label{pb2aux}
\min\left\{\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega),\ \int_\Omega u^2\,dx=1\right\}.
\end{equation}

\begin{teo}
For every $\Omega$ there exists a solution $h_m$ to the optimization problem \eqref{pb2}. If $\Omega=B_R$ there exists a threshold $m_0>0$ such that:
\begin{itemize}
\item if $m>m_0$ $\bar u$ is radial, hence $h_m$ is constant;
\item if $m<m_0$ $\bar u$ is not radial, hence $h_{opt}$ is not constant.
\end{itemize}
\end{teo}

\noindent The threshold value $m_0$ is determined as the unique $m$ such that $\lambda_m=\Lambda$, where
$$\lambda_m=\min\left\{\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega),\ \int_\Omega u^2\,dx=1\right\},$$
while $\Lambda$ is the first nonzero Neumann eigenvalue
$$\Lambda=\min\left\{\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega),\ \int_\Omega u^2\,dx=1,\ \int_\Omega u\,dx=0\right\}.$$

When the dimension $d=1$ no symmetry breaking occurs. In fact, in this case, the first nonzero Neumann eigenvalue $\Lambda$ coincides with the first Dirichlet eigenvalue $\Lambda_0$ and so $\lambda_m<\Lambda$ for every $m$.

Below are some numerical outputs for $\Omega$ the unitary disc in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and $k=1$, for various values of $m$. The plots show the first eigenfunction, solution of the minimum problem \eqref{pb2aux}; the boundary insulator thickness is proportional to it, by \eqref{propor}.

\begin{figure}[htp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figureC02.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figureC05.png}
\caption{Optimal eigenvalue insulation of the unitary disc with $k=1$, for $m=1$ and $m=2$.}
\label{fig4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Some open problems}\label{sopen}

In the presentation above we always considered $\Omega$ fixed; however it would be very interesting to study the {\it shape optimization problems} related to problems 1 and 2. More precisely, denoting by $\mathcal{E}(\Omega)$ and by $\lambda(\Omega)$ the minimal values of problems 1 and 2
\[\begin{split}
&\mathcal{E}(\Omega)=\min\left\{\frac12\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{2km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2-\int_\Omega fu\,dx\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega)\right\},\\
&\lambda(\Omega)=\min\left\{\int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2\,dx+\frac{1}{km}\Big(\int_{\partial\Omega}|u|\,d\mathcal{H}^{d-1}\Big)^2\ :\ u\in H^1(\Omega),\ \int_\Omega u^2\,dx=1\right\},
\end{split}\]
the two shape optimization problems read as
\[\begin{split}
&\min\big\{\mathcal{E}(\Omega)\ :\ |\Omega|=M\big\},\\
&\min\big\{\lambda(\Omega)\ :\ |\Omega|=M\big\}.
\end{split}\]

The problems above look very difficult and we do not have at the moment existence results of optimal shapes. It would be very interesting to prove (or disprove) the following facts.
\begin{itemize}
\item In the case of energy show that an optimal shape exists.

\item In the case of energy show that the optimal shape is a ball. We can actually prove that the ball is {\it stationary} with respect to smooth perturbations of the boundary.

\item In the case of eigenvalue, in dimension $d=2$, show that an optimal shape exists. If $d\ge3$ it is easy to see that, taking $\Omega$ as the union of many disjoint small balls, the value $\lambda(\Omega)$ can be made arbitrarily close to zero.

\item In the case of eigenvalue, in dimension $d=2$, the optimal shape is a ball if $m$ is large ($m>m_0$).

\item In the case of eigenvalue, in dimension $d=2$, characterize the optimal shape (if any) when $m$ is small ($m<m_0$). We can prove that if $m<m_0$ the ball cannot be optimal, actually it is even not a stationary domain with respect to smooth perturbations of the boundary.
\end{itemize}

\ack We wish to thank Beniamin Bogosel for the help provided in the numerical simulations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


December 31, 2013 -I have made up my mind that even one time in my life here in the UAE that I will try to go out and watch the Burj Khalifa fireworks live and in person. We have been preparing for this life event ever since Christmas. We have watched the fireworks only from the television or in Youtube since 2006. I wanted to see it this time at the beginning of 2014.
Our plan was to avoid the traffic. We decided to get to the nearest Dubai Metro station around 7:30 pm, park the car and take the train ride to the Dubai Mall/Burj Khalifa station. It was a simple plan. We will take the red line from the Union station. This marked the beginning of our increasing stress levels. At the Union station, there was already chaos.
Piles of people waiting to pass towards the gates to the train. The traffic of people was controlled by the police from the stairs. I feel that if people will push from behind, a lot will get hurt if they fall from the stairs. Luckily, I'm a lady and the police prioritize to let pass the ladies and families. We are able to get through. The train was jam packed. It stops in every station but cannot accommodate more passengers.
We arrived at the Dubai Mall station and the police were also controlling the flow of the people towards the bridge walkway going to the mall. Families walk in the middle and bachelors on the left. It's a long walk to the mall. Good thing we were wearing sneakers. At the mall, they placed signs "FIREWORKS" arrow to the left, right, up and down. Good, we will not get lost inside this huge mall. We still have more than 3 hours left so we walked leisurely inside the mall.
We followed the fireworks signs that led out to the open areas around the mall. The exit looked like a dugout. We walked through it but I was already wondering why some people are coming back to the mall. I felt uneasy. Something must be wrong. When we were outside a big crowd of people were outside the Address Hotel. I turned around and tried to look for the tallest building in the world, the Burj Khalifa. It's the reason why we went out of trouble to see it, to witness the fireworks that will draped around it when the clock strikes 12.
As we push our way towards the crowd looking for the best place to view it, the crowd was becoming thicker and thicker while the air is getting thinner and thinner. It was hard to breath. It was harder to move around. I raised my eyes up eyeing the tip of the Burj Khalifa. We're fine were we are. I can see half of the building I thought to myself. Alas, you are not be able to stay put. People start to push forward, push on the sides and push backwards. It was starting to be uncomfortable- not being able to move freely. My personal space invaded! This is not what we had in mind. It was not enjoyable anymore. I tried to calm myself. I told my husband that we needed to look for a better place to see the fireworks. Pushing out of the crowd, we literally fought our way out but still there was no space at all. We settled for another spot where there were mostly ladies and families and away from the roaring crowd of men.
11 PM- one hour left to wait. I have never been this patient in my life. I told myself. There's no use arguing with the people. We cannot be upset. I looked around. Dubai is really a melting pot of different nations. There were mostly Indians, Arabs, Americans, Russians, Filipinos, Chinese, and many other nationalities present just to witness this 4-minutes of grand display.
12 midnight- With my eyes closed, I hear the crowd start to shout happily "Happy New Year!!" I opened my eyes and saw the most magnificent fireworks display. My fear was lost. Chaos that was among the crowd died down. I was in awe. My husband tried to reach me to kiss me but he cannot move as well. I tried to stop my tears from falling. I am here now. I am watching the fireworks from the tallest structure in the world. How wonderful is that!
"We'll check the moon tonight", a funny remark by my Muslim friend when I asked when is Eid.
Some things still I don't even try to understand but as part of living in an Arab country it doesn't hurt to educate oneself.
Some will be happy, some will be sad. Happy, for the time of fasting is over and a breath of new beginning for all our Muslim brothers. As for us, non-Muslims, we'll be missing the slow and short working hours of Ramadan.
Before starting our regular working schedules, it's time to reboot. Pack your bags and go on a holiday. It's Eid! Or maybe not, like me, I don't want to join the raging swarm of holiday buzzers going to Dubai or out of the country. I will stay put and find things to do in this quiet suburban place- watch movies, go shopping at the local malls, order take-outs, go fishing or swimming. So much to do and alas, so little time.
Whatever you had planned this Eid, just enjoy and have fun!
It's that time of the year again. Ramadan! Am I ready for Ramadan?
7 years ago, I experienced "Ramadan" during the hot summer in the UAE. Being a non-Muslim, it was an really an interesting experience. First thing I learned was the "NOT TO DO" during this holy month- no eating in public not even a candy nor a bubblegum. The Muslims usually eat before sunrise and refrain from eating during the day and then break their fasting at sunset after praying.
This Ramadan their fasting period is around 14 hours. Its an amazing feat of faith. I cannot stay even more than 2 hours not eating. The Muslims have my full respect on this one. Its really a great sacrifice to deprive yourself with the means to live- food!
So here's my Ramadan routine. I start work at 9 AM. When it's not Ramadan, I can arrange myself for work at 8:30 AM and then eat breakfast at the office. During Ramadan, I wake up before 8 AM and eat a heavy breakfast that can last me 3 days if you know what I mean and drink lots of water. Stuffing myself, like a camel does, ensures 4 1/2 hours of non-stop work without food and water. The hardest part of our Ramadan timing is coming back in the evening. We usually come back for a 1 1/2 night shift. It's not a very productive time. Usually, we spend this time drinking tea or coffee while chatting only. I am just happy to get a half-day during Ramadan since we work regularly 48 hours from Saturday-Thursday. During Ramadan, the 8-hour work schedule is 2 hours less.
Am I ready for Ramadan? Definitely!


Why do I need to allow notifications?
This is probably the secret to your success in the 21-day PrePet Challenge… after all, life and homework and hanging with mates is all consuming for everyone! Simply tap "Allow" when you are asked and your PrePet pet will bark or meow when it needs your care. These are vital reminders, just like a real pet would give!
What if I still don't get notifications?
That might be something to do with how your phone is set up. Go to 'Settings' and 'Notifications', and then scroll down to 'PrePet'. Ensure 'Allow notifications' is on. That should set you up for success!
What do the different levels of the PrePet Challenge mean?
The main difference between easy, medium and hard is the frequency of care – in other words, how often you have to tend to your pet. Some breeds of dog, for example, are more active and larger and so require more care. The level you choose will also determine how long you have to perform each task.
Do I have to do a task at that exact time?
You can do a task two hours either side of the scheduled time (which should be before or after school) and still get full marks towards your Challenge result. Any later and you might not get 100%… or any marks at all.
The thing is, if you miss a day with a real pet, it's not good. The idea of the PrePet 21-day Challenge is to tend to your new fur-buddy every single day – just like in real life. In the Challenge, you can make it up, but you can't afford to miss more than one day and be aware that it might take a week for your pet to dance again!
Can I catch up any other way?
Why can't I treat my pet?
Because you must have treated it in the past 30 minutes. You will be able to again shortly, but remember only so many treats (especially those cheeky snacks) count towards PrePet success. You need your pet to be happy and healthy.
Can I change the level of the challenge at any time?
You can only set the level of difficulty at the beginning of the Challenge. Get your whole family involved with this one, so that it's an accurate reflection of care for the type of pet you are wanting – and you stand the best chance of getting the real thing!
Do you have any insider tips to nailing the tasks?
Feed: If it's a survival task, tip your phone either to the side or to the back, like you're pouring food.
Feed: If it's a treat task, so you're giving your pet a cheeky snack, tap its bowl.
Walk: The first time you do the 'walk' task, PrePet will ask you for access to your location – we need the GPS to check you're moving. Get outside if you can as that's where it works best. You can also try swinging your device around your body as a way of having a little cheat. If you haven't turned on access to your location, during the 'walk' task PrePet will ask you to shake your phone while you move around. You can't cheat by getting in a car – there's a (secret) speed at which the progress bar will stop moving.
Poo: Drag the poo offscreen for the explosions to work best.
Talk: Speak nice and clearly (and if you run out of things to say, music works beautifully, just like for real pets!).
Play: Flick the ball or ball of wool with your finger for optimum results.
Pat: Our top tip is that a motion a lot like a tickle works best.
Wash: On Saturdays, when it's wash time, get shaking that device like you'd lather up a real-life dog.
Why did my pet dance and then become immediately sad again?
Your pet dances if you complete the last scheduled task for a day (and just quietly, if you prove yourself Pet-Worthy). That doesn't mean it has been healthy and happy during the last seven days though… that is reflected in its mood on the homescreen. Swipe from left to right to see its 7-day 'healthy' and 'happy' ratings… but remember you might be on track for a different result over the full 21 days.
My pet has been happy every time I open the app, so why did I fail the Challenge?
It can't have been happy every time, but your pet's demeanour on the home screen is based on the past seven days; your overall result in the PrePet Challenge is based on the full 21 days.
Sure can. Again, swipe from left to right on the homescreen, select 'Pet Details' and just change it.
What if I log out and log in a different way?
If you want to keep the same pet, you need to log in the same way. If you set up your pet with Facebook, you can access your pet on any device with the same Facebook account. Your pet is tied to the way you log in – the options are Facebook, Google or setting an email address and password.
Can two different family members do the challenge at the same time?
Yep. All you need to do is log in with the same accounts. That means you can care for the same pet on Mum and Dad's phone, as well as the family tablet.
What happens if I fail the 21-day PrePet Challenge?
Sometimes that happens. It is a big-time commitment looking after a pet and life is crazy busy with activities, homework and well… life. Don't stress though, you can repeat the PrePet 21-day Challenge as often as you would like. We won't charge you anything extra. We just want to help you prove to your family that you have the goods when it comes to looking after your pet.
How often can I repeat a challenge?
You can repeat the challenge as often as you need to. Routines can take a while to establish. Once you've successfully completed the 21-day PrePet Challenge you will get your certificate to prove it.
Do I have to pay to repeat?
Nope – you can repeat the PrePet 21-day Challenge as often as you would like for free… it all just delays you getting your real-life fur baby though. We want to help you prove to your family that you have the goods when it comes to looking after your pet.
I have finished my challenge but didn't receive a certificate. Why?
Two potential reasons… Firstly, it's possible you need a teensy bit more pet practice before you're Pet-Worthy. If so, see the FAQs above. But it's also possible that you simply didn't give us your email address when you signed up for the 21-day PrePet Challenge, so we didn't have anywhere to send your certificate. If the app told you that you were Pet-Worthy, drop us an email at support@prepetapp.com and we can send you your personalised proof!


text:
#pragma once

#include "vector.h"
#include <string>

namespace ve
{
	class InputEvent
	{
	public:
		// All of the possible types of events.
		enum Type
		{
			Keyboard,
			Text,
			MouseButton,
			MouseMove,
			MouseWheel,
			ControllerButton,
			ControllerAxis,
			ControllerAdded,
			ControllerRemoved
		};

		// Constructs an event of a given type.
		InputEvent(Type type);

		// Returns the type of the event.
		bool is(Type type) const;

		// Converts the event base class to a derived type.
		template <typename EventType>
		EventType const & as() const;

		// Returns a human-readable string of the event. Implemented by the event subclasses.
		virtual std::string toString() const = 0;

	private:
		Type type;
	};

	class KeyboardEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		enum Key
		{
			Unknown,
			A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z,
			N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, N9, // Regular number keys
			Up, Down, Left, Right, PageUp, PageDown,
			Home, End, Enter, Backspace, Insert, Delete, Tab, Space, Escape,
			Keypad0, Keypad1, Keypad2, Keypad3, Keypad4, Keypad5, Keypad6, Keypad7, Keypad8, Keypad9, // Keypad number keys
			KeypadAdd, KeypadSubtract, KeypadMultiply, KeypadDivide, KeypadDecimal, KeypadEnter,
			Grave, Apostrophe, Semicolon, Comma, Period, Slash,
			LeftBracket, RightBracket, Backslash, Hyphen, Equals,
			Capslock, LeftShift, RightShift, LeftControl, RightControl,
			LeftAlt /*!	same as option */, RightAlt /*! same as alt gr */,
			F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12, F13, F14, F15,
			Pause
		};

		KeyboardEvent();

		void setFromSDL(int type, int sym);

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		int key;
		bool pressed;
	};

	class TextEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		TextEvent();

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		std::string text; // UTF-8 encoded
	};

	class MouseButtonEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		enum Button
		{
			Left,
			Middle,
			Right,
			Button0 = Left
		};

		MouseButtonEvent();

		void setFromSDL(int type, int sym);

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		int button;
		bool pressed;
	};

	class MouseMoveEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		MouseMoveEvent();

		void setFromSDL(int xrel, int yrel);

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		Vector2i offset;
	};

	class MouseWheelEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		MouseWheelEvent();

		void setFromSDL(int amount);

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		bool up;
	};

	class ControllerButtonEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		ControllerButtonEvent();

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		int controller;
		int button;
		bool pressed;
	};

	class ControllerAxisEvent : public InputEvent
	{
	public:
		ControllerAxisEvent();

		virtual std::string toString() const override;

		int controller;
		int axis;
		float value; // from -1 to +1
	};

	// Template Implementations

	template <typename EventType>
	EventType const & InputEvent::as() const
	{
			return dynamic_cast<EventType const &>(*this);
	}
}

/*

Notes on pass-thru

MouseMove should make its cursor invalid if the widget that it is handling it deems so.
Keyboard should stop after the first widget consumes it.
MouseButton

Should every widget have a contains function? Then in a widget container, if a widget contains the cursor, the MouseMove is automatically
changed to cursorValid = false, and MouseButton left click sets that widget as the focus widget. Then all keyboard commands are sent to the focus widget
first, then to the other widgets (if it isn't consumed already)

*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For those who don't know, a New Year's resolution is a tradition, in which a person makes a promise to do an act of self-improvement beginning from New Year's Day.
But for all the good intentions, only a tiny fraction of us keep our resolutions. So, please, try to keep it simple and make it tangible.
These websites and apps will help you stick to your New Year's resolution in 2016. Enjoy!
Expand your knowledge universe in just 5 minutes a day, from art and history to science and philosophy.
Track your workouts, develop healthy habits, and reach your goals with the help of expert coaches.
Automate your diet, eat better in less time.
Your own yoga studio on the go.
A Mac application to help you avoid distracting websites.
An app to create good habits and break unhealthy ones.
An app helping you put down your phone and focus on what's more important in your life.
A tool for writing daily.
E-book, audiobook and comic book subscription service that includes more that one million titles.
Guided meditations to inspire you to meditate every day.
The 5-minute daily workout for your developer skills.
A simple Mac app to make standing a habit.
Your individual training plan adapted to you and your goals.
Move 30 minutes or more, every day.
A companion app for runners and joggers.
Learn the piano step-by-step, from scratch.
The best cities to live and work remotely.
An iPhone app with 17,000 free recipes from the New York Times.
Challenge your brain with games designed by neuroscientists to exercise memory and attention.
A learning community for creators with 1000+ online classes.


text:
Paulus Sladek (* 28. Januar 1908 in Třebenice als Friedrich Sladek; † 2. November 2002 in Zwiesel) war ein deutscher Theologe und Augustiner-Eremit.

Leben
Er wurde in eine tschechisch-deutsche Familie geboren. Er studierte am Gymnasium in Česká Lípa, wo Augustiner des örtlichen Klosters unterrichteten. Er engagierte sich im Staffelstein-Verein (zusammen mit einem anderen späteren Augustiner, P. Augustine Schubert).

1926 trat er dem Augustinerorden im Prager Kloster in der Kleinstadt bei. Hier nahm er den religiösen Namen Paulus an. 1931 erhielt er eine Priesterweihe und arbeitete einige Zeit im Kloster Českolipské. Anschließend zog er nach Prag, lebte in einem Kloster in der Kleinstadt und widmete sich der Seelsorge der Studenten. Er war Prediger für deutschsprachige Studenten.

Nach 1945 reiste er nach Deutschland ab. Ein Jahr später war er an der Gründung der Ackermann-Gemeinde beteiligt. Den Rest seines Lebens verbrachte er in Deutschland. 1990 beteiligte er sich an der Restaurierung des Augustinerklosters in Malá Strana in der Nähe der Kirche St. Tomas und hielt bei dieser Gelegenheit eine tschechische Predigt. Er lebte im Kloster in Zwiesel, wo er 2002 starb und begraben wurde.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Der Augustinerprovinzial Kosmas Schmalfus, O.S.A. (1730–1811) Rektor der Prager Universitat. Prag 1931, .
 Gott und Welt nach dem Sentenzenkommentar des heiligen Thomas von Aquin. Würzburg 1941, .
 Vertriebene Jugend zwischen alter und neuer Heimat. München 1955, .
 Heimat und Heimaterlebnis im Lichte einer christlichen Tiefenpsychologie. München 1971, .

Literatur
 als Herausgeber Rudolf Ohlbaum: Paulus Sladek: Not ist Anruf Gottes. Aus Veröffentlichungen, Rundschreiben, Predigten und Briefen. Dokumente zur Geschichte der Vertriebenenseelsorge. Festgabe zum sechzigjährigen Priesterjubiläum. München 1991, ISBN 3-924020-01-9.

Weblinks
 ackermann-gemeinde.de
 kirche-in-not.de

Augustiner-Eremit
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Sudetendeutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste
Deutscher
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 2002
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It was Christmas break at the University we attend and I live in a frat house with a roommate. My roommate, myself, and my gf are all seniors. We party together regularly and have a good time with each other. I have never noticed any attraction between the two of them. So during break we have nothing to do all day since class is out of session. We decide to day drink at a friends house. We all get really drunk with about 15 other people at the party.
Six days had passed since Lisa turned 18. Lisa was a senior in high school, three months away from graduating, and a shy and smart girl from London. She was a petite brunette, 5″7, with a nice lean body. Lisa was a virgin who had a curiosity of dating boys but due to her shy nature and her academics kept her busy. She received news that she was accepted into MIT and Stanford due to her resume in high school. Before leaving school that day she dropped by to say hi to her math teacher Mr Suresh and thank him.


text:
Arsenal transfer news: Dayot Upamecano will NOT join in January as Mikel Arteta only looking at loan deals
By talkSPORT
8th January 2020, 8:15 am
Updated: 8th January 2020, 8:26 am
New Arsenal boss Mikel Arteta looks unlikely to get any money to spend in the January transfer window.
The Spaniard has made an instant impact at the Emirates, leading his side to a convincing victory over Manchester United on New Year's Day after an impressive performance against Chelsea in their previous match.
Getty Images - Getty
Mikel Arteta will reportedly not be allowed to splash the cash
However, he has numerous injury problems, particularly at the back.
Calum Chambers has been ruled out for the rest of the season, while Kieran Tierney is still two months away from a return and Hector Bellerin remains sidelined.
The Gunners have been linked with a number of players this month, with RB Leipzig's £45million-rated Dayot Upamecano hotly tipped for a move to the club.
However, according to Goal, Arsenal have no plans to make any permanent signings this month.
The north London side spent around £140million last summer, bringing in Tierney, Nicolas Pepe, David Luiz, William Saliba and Gabriel Martinelli.
And the Arsenal hierarchy are said to have ruled out any more spending in January unless something too good to refuse comes up.
Arsenal Ray Parlour names his top-five most influential Premier League managers
Arteta recently admitted he wanted to sign as many as two players in the transfer window.
But he will have to use the loan market to bolster his squad, it seems.
"We need players back from injuries, first of all, to be more solid, more compact," said Arteta.
"And then we might need to do one or two things if the right players become available, to help us. But at the moment I am more concerned with getting the maximum out of the players available to us."
Transfer Rumour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Beaudesert Kingfishers 50th birthday celebration song release
The Beaudesert Kingfishers were planning to celebrate their 50th birthday this year with a gala cabaret event but due to Covid that has now been moved to 2021.
Something very exciting that is taking place is the release of a birthday celebration song for the club that was written by their very own Keith Gee and performed and recorded by none other than Golden Guitar winner Josh Arnold.
Music Producer Michael Flanders says, "Josh believes in the collaborative process and possesses the unique ability of creating music with the people for the people" and it seems that is exactly what he has done once again with the single "Playin' for the Kingies"
Take a listen to my catch up with Keith Gee to find out more about the release of the song!
https://rebelfm.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Kingfishers-with-Keith.mp3


First Aid. Can Horses Have A Say?
The other day, my horse, Chaco, got a scrape on his lower leg and back of his hoof. It was superficial, but it did bleed. So I cleaned it up, and as I was doing so, I noticed that the back of the hoof by the frog had some superficial abrasions. I wasn't sure how to be sure it was cleaned out, so I decided to give it an Epsom salt soak in a boot.
Chaco was loose and let me put the boot on, and then he just stood there for some time while I did some chores. After a while I went over to where he was standing and asked him to pick his leg up so I could take the boot off. His response was to just stand there and not pick up his foot. I asked two more times, but to no avail. It was then I realized he was trying to tell me something.
I let go of my agenda of taking the boot off. I stood up, looked at him and said, "Let me know when you want me to take it off." (I assumed he would "tell" me, but I didn't know what that would look like. I was also curious to know what he would come up with when he did want me to take the boot off).
I walked away and went back to doing chores. Meanwhile, Chaco remained in his chosen place to stand, not moving an inch. Several minutes later as I finished picking up the last manure pile and was about to carry the bucket away, I heard the shifting of pea gravel in the paddock. I looked over in Chaco's direction and noticed him starting to fidget.
"Oh, I think you want the boot off," I thought to myself.
I wasn't sure that was what he meant, but I knew if I asked for his foot and it came easily, then that was what he wanted.
Sure enough, when I walked over to him and bent down to pick up his foot, he picked it up freely of his own accord. I just went with his idea and removed the boot.
When this whole episode started, my concern was trying to make sure the little crevices that got scraped in the back of his foot got clean. The idea of an Epsom salt foot soak popped into my head. I wasn't sure how long to soak, but that's where Chaco came in with his own input. I didn't have to figure it out on my own, he let me know.
I could have labeled Chaco stubborn when he wouldn't pick his foot up initially for me to take the boot off. However, I would have completely missed what he was trying to communicate. Instead, when I went with what he was offering me, something much more meaningful happened. He had something relevant to say about the situation, and this human happened to figure it out.
It's these simple two-way, cross-species communications that fascinate me. I'm always curious to know what will Chaco have to say next?
Beautiful and so true! We need to "hear" God's creatures "speak" and to hear God speak through them!
"Quality of Life" – Fact or Fiction?
What about pain and dying?
What's Your Relationship With Pain?


text:
About IANR
Growing Magazine
Finance & Personnel
Teaching, Research & Extension
IANR Communities of Practice
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging at IANR
Rural Prosperity Nebraska
IANR Bylaws
Promotion and Tenure Guidelines
IANR Human Resources
Science Communication Hub
Heuermann Lectures
Roads Scholar tour
Alumni, Friends & Donors
IANR Home
Growing Magazine Fall 2017
Developing future leaders in international trade
Growing Fall 2017
The Sower: Much to celebrate!
Teamwork makes family dairy farm thrive
IANR's bold vision for the future of Nebraska
Notable events throughout CASNR's 145 year history
Nebraska Extension: Next Chapter at Nebraska
Innovative teaching and learning in CASNR
CASNR surges forward as industry demands more skilled graduates
World-class research: Plant phenotyping research takes flight
Action in the metro: Extension service garden providing HOPE for the hungry
Capitalizing on efficiency and opportunity in Eastern Nebraska
Extension shares hops research
Hops: A specialty crop rising to new heights
Brewing up a partnership
Thinking bigger to improve human health
Linking agricultural and medical research to prevent disease
Growing Nebraska
Linda Ulrich
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A renowned trade expert and Nebraska alumnus, Clayton Yeutter made a $2.5 million leadership gift through outright and planned gifts to establish the Clayton Yeutter International Trade Program Fund at the University of Nebraska Foundation.
Clayton Yeutter
Yeutter, who died in March at age 86, held three cabinet-level posts for two U.S. presidents. He was counselor for domestic policy and secretary of agriculture for President George H.W. Bush and U.S. trade representative for President Ronald Reagan. Most recently, Yeutter was senior adviser of international trade for Hogan Lovells, LLP, in Washington, D.C., one of the nation's oldest and largest law firms.
Developing future leaders in international trade and global finance will be one of the primary goals of the Clayton Yeutter Institute of International Trade and Finance at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
Darci Vetter, former chief agricultural negotiator at the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, will help fulfill Yeutter's vision for the institute by serving as diplomat in residence.
"His work formed a good foundation that guides the way we negotiate in a global marketplace, and I look forward to using the lessons I learned from Clayton to help launch the Institute," she said.
In her new role, Vetter will work with leadership from the university's College of Law, College of Business and Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources to launch the Institute. It will include three endowed chairs: the Duane Acklie Chair in the College of Business; the Michael Yanney Chair in the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and the Clayton Yeutter Chair in the College of Law. Vetter also is planning a lecture series and will help develop the role of the institute's permanent director.
Darci Vetter
"I think there is a lack of understanding or even misunderstanding of how critically important trade is for the Nebraska economy," said Vetter, who grew up on her family's Hamilton County organic farm.
"We will be developing the next generation of critical thinkers who can analyze and see both the good and the bad of complex international trade issues, and who can make good choices and impact the course of trade policy."
As chief agricultural negotiator from 2014 to 2017, Vetter led bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations on agriculture, including negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement's agricultural package. Before her appointment at USTR, she oversaw USDA's export promotion and international development programs as deputy under secretary and advised the Senate Finance Committee on trade issues related to agriculture, the environment and labor. Currently she works as a consultant for companies and associations engaged in international food and agricultural trade.
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Maintained and retrofitted a genuine german "BAT" lantern. (Bats were produced from WWII till Germany's reunion i think). Mine is estimated around 30 years old.
It is clearly seen on its tank " BAT, No 158, MADE IN GDR" or eastern Germany.
That lantern, had its rust removed and brush painted, first layer with anti rust paint and 2 times later with black mat tin paint. Handle, wick controller (on-off & dimmer) and tank cap are polished tin (no color). Globe is frosted and labeled with my stamp and model number in red lettering.


I am using MbUnit as my unit test framework. R# is not recognizing that my unit test classes/setups/teardowns/methods are related to unit tests, and are all getting marked as not being used.
Is there a way to make R# recognize the MbUnit attributes, and thus not flag them as unused?


There's a fantastic team at our Central Office supporting our Counsellor network to deliver our life-changing LighterLife Programme. We all live and breathe LighterLife – it's not hard to be so passionate when you know that, whatever your role, you're helping to make an amazing difference to so many lives. We also make sure we have the very best experts and talent in every department – ranging from highly qualified scientists and nutrionists to IT bods with decades of experience of turning computers on and off again!


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text:
Jacob Glatstein ou Yaakoyv ou Yankev Glatshteyn est un poète yiddish né à Lublin en Pologne le  et mort à New York en 1971. Il émigra aux États-Unis en 1914. Son père était musicien. Il en a gardé toute sa vie un grand intérêt pour la musique. Jusqu'à 16 ans, il reçoit une éducation religieuse traditionnelle. Son père l'ouvre alors à la culture yiddish moderne et lui fait découvrir les grands auteurs yiddish comme Isaac Leib Peretz, Cholem Aleikhem et Avrohom Reyzen. Émerveillé, Jacob Glatstein commence à écrire lui aussi en yiddish.

L'antisémitisme étant de plus en plus virulent à Lublin, la famille décide d'émigrer aux États-Unis et s'installe à New York chez un oncle. En 1918, il entre à la Faculté de droit à New York.

Glatstein est l'un des chefs de file du mouvement littéraire d'avant-garde In zikh (Introspectionnistes). Il cherche à renouveler le lexique, propose de nouveaux rythmes, une prosodie inédite en yiddish.

Œuvres
La plupart de l'œuvre de Jacob Glatstein n'est pas traduite en français.

En français
 Seulement une voix, Buchet-Chastel, 2007

En anglais
 Selected Poems of Yankev Glatshteyn, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1987

En yiddish
 Kredos, New York : Idish lebn, 1929. Poèmes consacrés aux relations entre homme et femme. Thèmes sociaux et éthiques
 Ven Yash iz geforn (Quand Yash est parti en voyage), New York : Ed. Inzikh, 1938. L'auteur entreprit en 1934 un voyage à destination de sa Pologne natale.
 Ven Yash iz gekumen (Quand Yash est arrivé) / Yakoyv Glatshteyn. - New York, M.S. Sklarski, 1940
 Emil un Karl, 1940, Square Fish, 2008. L'amitié entre deux petits garçons de Vienne, l'un juif, l'autre chrétien, recueillis par des résistants après l'"Anschluss".
 Shtralendike yidn (Juifs rayonnants), New York : Matones, 1946. Poésie
  Dem tatns shotn (A l'ombre de mon père), New York : Matones, 1953
 Fun mayn gantser mi (De toute mon œuvre), New York : Congrès juif mondial, 1956
 In tokh genumen : Eseyen 1948-1956 (En substance), New York : Idish natsionaln arbeter farband, 1956
 In der velt mit yiddish (Dans le monde avec le yiddish), New York : Congress for Jewish Culture, 1972. Essais concernant des écrivains et la littérature yiddish, la littérature en hébreu. L'avenir du yiddish

Lien interne
Littérature de la Shoah

Liens externes

Biographie
  Jacob Glatstein: Summoned Home
 Jacob Glatstein: Di freyd fun Yidishn vort
 Jacob Glatstein: Fraye ferzn
 Glatstein: Emil un Karl

Naissance en août 1896
Naissance à Lublin
Décès en novembre 1971
Décès à New York
Auteur de littérature sur la Shoah
Culture juive
Poète juif
Écrivain américain du XXe siècle
Écrivain de langue yiddish
Poète de langue yiddish
Écrivain polonais du XXe siècle
Décès à 75 ans


Learn how to access and control ControlByWeb modules on one control panel.
QUESTION: Can I view multiple products in one location?
The X-600M acts as a master controller for all of our products. The module can connect to each ControlByWeb product and display all of the inputs and monitor/control the relays. The display is fully customizable, allowing for a unique setup to fit most needs. The X-600M also allows for custom web pages.
This is a good solution as long as each ControlByWeb module is accessible over the network from the location of the X-600M. The X-600M can also act as the remote server that many ControlByWeb devices can connect to using the Remote Services feature.
Our free app, CBW Mobile, for Android and Apple devices offers the ability to view inputs (temperature, input sensors, etc.) and control relays from multiple devices on a central control page. The app, like the X-600M, requires network access to each ControlByWeb product being used. The network access could be a wireless access point connected to the local network, or it could be the data connection through a wireless cellular phone carrier. To watch how to setup the CBW tutorial, please see our video tutorial: Intro to CBW Mobile App.
Firefox and Chrome have add-ons that can view multiple webpages on one physical webpage. You can use this to view multiple ControlByWeb products in the same window.
Each device may be monitored from a customer-built program. The program may show all the information you desire. More information on custom programs may be found in each product's users manual, under the XML section.


How susceptible to corruption are Brazil's institutions?
Corruption scandals are a central part of Brazilian politics. Since the democratization of the country, every administration has had a scandal to call its own. From Fernando Collor, impeached due to a campaign financing scandal, past Lula, arrested in April 2018, all the way to current president Michel Temer, who dodged two indictment requests in 2017. And ever since Operation Car Wash was launched in 2014, it seems that not a week goes by without a new corruption accusation coming to light.
That explains why levels of public trust in Brazilian institutions are so low. Nearly all institutions have lost prestige, according to a recent Ibope Inteligência poll. Even the Armed Forces, which had gained popularity points over the past three years, are now trusted less. According to Transparency International, Brazil is ranked 79th of 179 countries in the NGO's perception of corruption ranking. While that may not paint a particularly promising picture, the truth is that Brazil has taken steps towards fighting corruption.
The report will be sent out to the president's office and to President-elect Jair Bolsonaro's transition team.
How susceptible to corruption are Brazil's public institutions?
A total of 287 institutions attached to the Executive branch were scrutinized, including state-run companies of the caliber of Petrobras, the National Development Bank (BNDES), and Caixa (Brazil's biggest completely state-owned bank). Departments such as the Attorney General's Office and the National Transportation Infrastructure Department were also put under the microscope.
The TCU has criticized the "absolute and general lack of minimum and objective criteria for the nomination of executives." Besides, "state-owned companies with more economic power have advanced little in establishing transparency and accountability practices." And that includes Petrobras, which was at the center of Operation Car Wash.
Unfortunately, this shows that Brazil's leadership has learned nothing from the past four years.
On December 3, the TCU will invite all concerned institutions for a meeting, where it will present individual reports on each of them, highlighting the specific points that make them more exposed to fraud and corruption.


I want to wish you all a truly beautiful holiday. I hope you surround yourselves with loved ones and enjoy a bit of a respite from your usual hectic lives.
We'll be packing up our apartment, getting ready to move back to Brooklyn on January 9th. I'm dreading the packing but look forward to our new space. It has amazing light and is in a lovely quiet hood. I'll share photos on instagram over the holiday week if you want to see what it looks like before our things move in (we just had it painted).
It feels fitting that we'll be moving right as one year turns into the next. I always think of new years as a time for change, a time to deeply reflect on where I've been and where I'd like to be.
My goal for 2014 is to be grateful for where I already am, what I already have and to relish the moments that make up my life. I'll still have goals but I don't want them to trample the life that's happening in the moment.
I've been feeling more and more compelled to try different things in my work lately which is why I was thrilled to do the Paris Review and the Apartment Therapy work. I don't know what these patterns are for yet but I'm having a ball working this way.
Ok, I'll sign off until after the holidays. Check out some posts you may have missed, below.
Happy Holidays for you – Samantha!
I really really love and admire your works – it brings me happiness , I mean i feel happy watching this amazing and beautiful art.


Little Flacky turned 1 a few weeks ago, so of course she had a party. My step-sister used my Mum and step-dad's garden as she lives in a flat and doesn't have a garden. She had a bouncy castle & BBQ going and invited all of my side of the family and Little Flacky's daddy's side of the family.
There's not much to say about it really other then it was a great time with all the family being together, but I wanted to put this up because of the photos we took so here we go, get ready for all the photos.
All these photos were taken on the day of the party. Hope you enjoyed them.


Christmas angel costume with wings elegant christkind, butterfly wings costumes parties costume, butterfly wings costume wwwimgkidcom the image kid. Butterfly wings costumes parties costume. Butterfly wings costume wwwimgkidcom the image kid.


To dream of seeing a bed of radishes growing, is an omen of good luck. Your friends will be unusually kind, and your business will prosper. If you eat them, you will suffer slightly through the thoughtlessness of some one near to you. To see radishes, or plant them, denotes that your anticipations will be happily realized.


Hip replacement surgery is becoming more common these days due to the increasing standards and quality of life that one gains after a procedure. With today's technology facilitating minimally invasive procedures and faster recovery times, there seems to be almost little to no drawback to undergoing the surgery.
While the procedure has become incredibly easier to perform, the recovery process still requires a significant amount of effort on the both the doctor's and patient's part. To help anyone through this process, we have devised a list of things you should be doing to ensure a complete and successful recovery.
After an operation a considerable amount of blood loss occurs and with that, sometimes a blood transfusion is needed. It is important to remember that blood carries with it many components that the human body needs to survive, such as oxygen and nutrients. To ensure that your body will run again in tip-top shape, we recommend that you resume a healthy diet. An anti-inflammatory diet consisting of fruits and vegetables, along with sources of high fiber, will minimize inflammation and possible constipation.
Walking should be possible a day after surgery. During this time a bit of walking and small activities can be done and increased as time goes by. Movement will ensure that the proper muscle groups are being strengthened and promoting blood flow. A physical therapist will create a training program designed to help you get back on your feet without any assistance. In 4 to 6 weeks, you should be back to doing normal everyday activities, such as driving.
The final, most important thing that you should do is to have a follow-up appointment with your surgeon approximately 6 – 12 weeks after your hip replacement surgery. Your orthopedic surgeon will be able to determine how well you are healing and how long it will take to fully recover. They will also discuss with you any additional procedures required to ensure proper healing such as additional x-rays.
If you are considering hip replacement surgery, contact Dr. Likover, an experienced orthopedic surgeon in Houston, for a consultation.


Description: Beautiful beachfront lot on 3 miles of white powder soft sand known as Silver Beach Estates, Tar Bay a highly desirable residential area situated midway between Exuma's International airport and George Town. Included is an 80 foot wide single family residential lot across the road. All utilities are in place.


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Milwaukee Brewers currently have fifth best odds to win World Series
A strong start to the season has their outlook for the postseason improving.
By -JP-@BrewersFanJP Jun 1, 2018, 1:30pm CDT
Share All sharing options for: Milwaukee Brewers currently have fifth best odds to win World Series
Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports
When it comes to figuring out the perception of a team, one strong place to look is the betting lines in Las Vegas. While it's easy to say that people think the team can win, it's more believable when there's money on the line. After two months of the season, more people are willing to put their money on the Brewers.
As we start June, oddsmakers are updating their lines for the World Series and National League, and one of the new favorites includes the Brewers.
The #Yankees may have beaten up on the #Astros, but the Astros (9/2) still are the favorites to win the World Series, per the @bovadaLV oddsmakers. The Yankees, #Nats, #Brewers and Cleveland round out the top 5.
— Bob Nightengale (@BNightengale) June 1, 2018
While Nightengale overlooked the Red Sox in his tweet (he did correct it right afterward), it still means that the Brewers are currently in the top five in odds for winning the World Series. They currently come in at 11/1, which is a jump from the 25/1 odds they had at the start of May.
Here are the current odds, per Bovada, for winning the World Series:
Houston Astros: 9/2
New York Yankees: 5/1
Boston Red Sox: 13/2
Washington Nationals: 17/2
Milwaukee Brewers: 11/1
Cleveland Indians: 12/1
Chicago Cubs: 15/1
Los Angeles Dodgers: 16/1
Arizona Diamondbacks: 18/1
Atlanta Braves: 20/1
In addition, the Brewers position has improved to win the NL Pennant, moving up to second in odds after being at 12/1 at the start of May. Here are the current top 11 for the NL Pennant, per Bovada:
Milwaukee Brewers: 9/2
Chicago Cubs: 7/1
Los Angeles Dodgers: 9/1
Colorado Rockies: 11/1
St. Louis Cardinals: 11/1
Philadelphia Phillies: 12/1
San Francisco Giants: 16/1
New York Mets: 16/1
Finally, here's the current odds for the NL Central, per Bovada, where the Brewers have become the favorite in Vegas, moving up from 15/4 odds:
Milwaukee Brewers: 10/11
Pittsburgh Pirates: 30/1
Cincinatti Reds: 500/1
There's a few caveats to these lists, of course. First of all, these are Vegas lines. While skill of the team is taken into account, odds can be inflated or deflated based on how people are betting at the time. It's how the Dodgers and Giants, who are tied for the fourth worst record in the NL, both can maintain better odds, as people are betting on them. At the same time, that's a source of encouragement. The fact that the Brewers odds are so good means that people are taking notice of them and betting on them. If the odds were lower, it would mean that people see the Brewers as a fluke. If people are willing to take a chance on them, it means they believe in them to at least some extent.
As the Brewers enter June, they are in a good position in the standings. They lead the NL Central over the Cubs by four games, and have the best record in the National League and third best winning percentage in all of baseball. There's still over 100 games to play this season, so a lot can still happen. However, after two months, many are willing to believe that the Brewers are a legitimate contender.
(The above information is for entertainment and informational purposes only, they are not a recommendation for betting.)


Multiple myeloma management has undergone profound changes in the past thanks to advances in our understanding of the disease biology and improvements in treatment and supportive care approaches. This article presents recommendations of the European Myeloma Network for newly diagnosed patients based on the GRADE system for level of evidence. All patients with symptomatic disease should undergo risk stratification to classify patients for International Staging System stage (level of evidence: 1A) and for cytogenetically defined high-versus standard-risk groups (2B). Novel-agent-based induction and up-front autologous stem cell transplantation in medically fit patients remains the standard of care (1A). Induction therapy should include a triple combination of bortezomib, with either adriamycin or thalidomide and dexamethasone (1A), or with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (2B). Currently, allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be considered for young patients with high-risk disease and preferably in the context of a clinical trial (2B). Thalidomide (1B) or lenalidomide (1A) maintenance increases progression-free survival and possibly overall survival (2B). Bortezomib-based regimens are a valuable consolidation option, especially for patients who failed excellent response after autologous stem cell transplantation (2A). Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone or melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide are the standards of care for transplant-ineligible patients (1A). Melphalan-prednisone-lenalidomide with lenalidomide maintenance increases progression-free survival, but overall survival data are needed. New data from the phase III study (MM-020/IFM 07-01) of lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone reached its primary end point of a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival as compared to melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide and provides further evidence for the efficacy of lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone in transplant-ineligible patients (2B).


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Guess the Chemist (6)
Author: ChemViews
This person was born in 1879 in Germany. In 1898, this person served a year of compulsory military training while at the same time beginning to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry. After attending lectures at universities in the German towns of Straßburg (now Strasbourg, France), Göttingen and Munich, this person moved to Berlin to complete their degree. The topic for their Ph.D. research thesis – which was completed in 1903 – was interference phenomena. This person studied for a further two years in Göttingen and took the examination required for high-school teaching.
In 1905, this person took up a position as assistant at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Berlin, where they became a lecturer in 1906. They moved to the University of Munich in 1909, where they lectured on optics, thermodynamics and the theory of relativity and in 1912 became Professor of Physics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. In 1914, this person returned to Germany as Professor of Physics at Frankfurt-on-the-Main University, but moved once again in 1916 to take part in war work at the University of Würzburg, Germany, on high vacuum tubes used for telephony and wireless communication. In 1919 they joined the faculty at the University of Berlin, a post which this person held until 1943.
After World War II, this person returned to Göttingen as Acting Director of the Max Planck Institute and Titular Professor in the University there. In 1951 this person was elected Director of the Fritz Haber Institute for Physical Chemistry at Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, where they remained until retirement in 1958. In their final years, this person returned to the topic of X-ray optics that characterized the beginning of their career and won them high acclaim.
The answer will be published on June 8, 2012
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Is there a climate crisis and can the world solve it?
>> Well, there's definitely a climate crisis.
that anthropogenic emissions are the cause of the rise in temperature.
And, Can we fix that?
It's harder than it was because the first convention on climate change was in 1992.
There was awareness in 1992.
economies were structured needed to happen.
which account for around 20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
relatively limited, the challenge is harder.
seen that it's a 1% rise has already occurred.
we're talking about trying to prevent a 1% rise now.
A one degree, sorry, a one degree rise.
So the window is closing.
transition to a world in which we do not use carbon.
And that clearly needs a massive change in the way in which we fuel our economies.
>> It will require unprecedented action.
very difficult to change the orientation of the global energy economy.
peak within the next four years, and then decline rapidly thereafter.
the political revolutions, relative to historical standards.
forth, they're showing a lack of momentum, actually, in some respects.
to be perfectly honest, relative to what can and should be done.
different understandings of how we produce and consume energy remain ever present.
We just need to take the steps that are called for.
cranking up the heating depending on the season is a little counter intuitive.
the impact is coming very severely.
still some immunity from any immediate effect upon people's lives.
of course, the financial issues that arise from these impacts.
>> Can we solve it?
>> I think there is definitely movement in the right direction.
carbon that we actually emit.
We have policies in place in different parts of the world.
people to come together, and act together.
We have seen the first signs of this in the Paris Agreement.
not the implementation of the actual treaty in 2020 may be a little late.
But we're certainly moving in the right direction.
the more that encourages further and deeper action to be taken.


Helium filled cube balloons are a great way to spread your message.
Being an unusual shape to see floating in the sky they attract attention, and with 5 flat sides visible for artwork they have no end of possibilities branding.
Due to their construction advertising balloons must be at least 2m in size to be able to fly outdoors, although smaller versions are available for indoor use they have fewer internal structure which will make them more rounded.
Ideal if you have various brands to promote.
Cube balloons are a great way of attracting attention at exhibtions.
Are you interested in Cube Balloons?


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Photoetch
Royal Navy Ship's Boats of WWII
On The Slipway
The launch of HMS Hood
February 12, 2021 / efoeth
HMS Hood was launched on the 22nd of August 1918 at John Brown & Co shipyard. These images were originally owned by Sir Thomas Bell, the MD of John Brown & Co and I was fortunate to obtain them. Some of these images—and quite a few others—can also be found in Ian Johnston's highly recommended "Clydebank Battlecruisers", (2011) and "A Shipyard at War" ( 2014), Seaforth Publishing.
A wonderful shot of HMS Hood's hull on No 3 slip (Johnston, 2011). This is my favourite image, showing the chains used to stop the hull during launch (more clearly visible in the following image bottom right), the large 150 ton derrick crane in the foreground, the yard's shops and stores, a forest of cranes, the buildings and train yard, church towers at right.
This close-up shows the port side underwater torpedo tube; the starboard tube on the opposite side was slightly more upstream. The openings in the hull upstream and downstream of the torpedo tube are seacock openings with discharge openings above them.
As my work focuses mainly on propeller design a close-up is in order.
The crowd after the launch, with traces of Champagne visible on the ramp at left.
HMS Hood on the 18th of March 1920 running her speed trials.
Categories: Gallery
45ft Admiral's Barge
Painting the deck, Part II
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