text:
\section{\label{sec:level1} Introduction}
Skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures originating from the competing interactions such as the exchange and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMI) \cite{Dzya58, Moriya, Boulle2016,Luchaire2016}. They are highly stable and can avoid getting pinned to structural defects or impurities due to their topological stability \cite{Nagaosa2013, Sampaio2013}. Furthermore, depending on the material properties and the strength of DMI, skyrmions can be as small as 5 nm \cite{Nagaosa2013} enabling ultra-dense information storage and processing devices. Recent studies also highlight the possibilities of efficient nucleation, annihilation and current-driven motion of skyrmions using current densities as low as 100 A-cm$^{-2}$ \cite{Sampaio2013,Romming636, Jonietz1648}. Subsequently, skyrmions are envisaged as promising candidates for novel memory \cite{Muller, Yang}, logic \cite{Xing2016, Diana2018, pinna18, kang2016}, oscillators \cite{Grac16, Jin18}, and artificial neuron \cite{chenk, Azam} devices.

In addition, it is observed that skyrmions interact with the spin waves (SWs) in different modes: breathing modes \cite{Kim2014}, azimuthal modes \cite{Mruc2018, Masa2012}, and gyrotropic modes \cite{Masa2012, Mruc2017}. As compared to \cite{Kim2014, Mruc2018, Masa2012, Mruc2017}, here we demonstrate a different mechanism to achieve electrical manipulation or interaction with skyrmions using SWs. Our proposed mechanism is based on our observation in micromagnetics that SWs get elastically scattered by a skyrmion, which then appears to be a source of radiating SWs. The effect may be understood by considering skyrmions as rigid particles due to topological protection, and they forbid topologically trivial SWs to pass through them \cite{garst,Iwasaki}. Earlier work has shown that this scattering mechanism is observed for planar SWs \cite{garst}. In this work, we utilize a spin-torque nano-oscillator (STNO) \cite{chen2016, KIM2012} as a SW source, and show in micromagnetics that the dynamics of the STNO can be altered due to the scattering of SWs by skyrmions. Furthermore, if the DMI is sufficiently strong in the magnetic system, the SW-mediated interaction between the STNO and a skyrmion can lead to the nucleation of another skyrmion. Therefore, our results presented here offer a novel perspective in electrical manipulation and interaction with skyrmions, and we demonstrate how these interactions between STNOs and skyrmions can be leveraged to implement a majority logic gate.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The simulation methodology used in this study is described in Section.~\ref{sec:level2}. The SW mediated interactions between STNOs and skyrmions are introduced and discussed in Section.~\ref{sec:level3}. In Section.~\ref{sec:level4}, we demonstrate the implementation of a skyrmion and STNO-based 3-bit majority logic gate. Finally, Section.~\ref{sec:level5} concludes this paper.

\section{\label{sec:level2} Simulation Methodology}
The open-source MuMax3 micromagnetic tool \cite{Arne2014} is used to study the interactions between STNOs and skyrmions. The orientation of the free layer magnetization, $\bm{M}$, is modelled as the unit vector $\bm{\vec{m}}$. The time evolution of $\bm{\vec{m}}$ is given by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski \cite{Landau1935, Gilbert2004} equation written as

\begin{eqnarray}
\left(1+\alpha^{2}\right)\frac{d\bm{\vec{m}}}{dt} & = & -\gamma\bm{\vec{m}}\times\left(\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}} + \alpha \bm{\vec{m}}\times\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}}\right)\nonumber\\
&& - \beta(\epsilon-\alpha\epsilon')\bm{\vec{m}}\times\left(\bm{\vec{m}}\times\bm{\vec{m}_\text{p}}\right)\nonumber\\
&& + \beta(\epsilon'-\alpha\epsilon)\bm{\vec{m}}\times\bm{\vec{m}_\text{p}} \\
\beta & = & \frac{\hbar\gamma J_\text{z}}{e{t_\text{FL}}M_\text{S}}\\
\epsilon & = & \frac{P\cdot\Lambda^{2}}{\left(\Lambda^{2}+1\right)+\left(\Lambda^{2}-1\right)\left(\bm{\vec{m}}\cdot\bm{\vec{m}_\text{p}}\right)}
\end{eqnarray}

where $\gamma$ = 1.76085$\times$$10^{11}$ rad/s$\cdot$T is the gyromagnetic ratio, $\alpha$ is the damping parameter, $\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}}$ is the total effective magnetic field of the free layer, $J_\text{z}$ is the current density along the $\it{z}$-axis, $\textit{e}$ is the electron charge, $M_\text{S}$ is the saturation magnetization, $t_\text{FL}$ is the free layer thickness, $\bm{\vec{m}_\text{p}}$ is the pin layer magnetization, $\textit{P}$ is the spin polarization, $\Lambda$ is the Slonczewski parameter that characterizes the spacer layer, and $\epsilon'$ is the secondary spin-torque parameter.

The first term on the right-hand side of (1), models the dynamics of $\bm{\vec{m}}$ induced by the $\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}}$, which consists of magnetostatic field, Heisenberg exchange field, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) exchange field, magneto-crystalline anisotropy field, and the externally applied magnetic field. The competition between non-collinear DM exchange field and the other field components of $\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}}$ leads to the formation of skyrmions in the free layer magnetization. The remaining two terms on the right-hand side of (1), models the dynamics of $\bm{\vec{m}}$ due to the current-induced spin-transfer torque (STT) \cite{Xiao2004, PavanTED, Pavansispad}.

In all the simulations performed in this work, the simulation volume is discretized into rectangular meshes with 2 nm$\times$2 nm$\times$0.4 nm cell sizes. The material parameters considered are typical of Co/Pt bilayer systems with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) \cite{Sampaio2013}: $M_\text{S}$ =  5.8$\times$$10^{5}$ A/m; exchange stiffness constant, $A_\text{ex}$ = 1.5$\times$$10^{-11}$ J/m; interfacial DMI constant, D = 3 mJ/m$^{2}$; PMA constant, $K_\text{u}$ = 0.8$\times$$10^{6}$ J/m$^{3}$; $t_\text{FL}$ = 0.4 nm. The $\bm{\vec{m}_\text{p}}$, $\alpha$, $\textit{P}$, $\Lambda$, and $\epsilon'$ are assumed to be [0.1736, 0, 0.9848], 0.03, 0.4, 1.2, and $10^{-3}$, respectively.

\section{\label{sec:level3} Results \& Discussion}

The device structure (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (a-b)) used in our simulation study consists of a 1 $\mu$m diameter circular multi-layer ferromagnetic system with two distinct circular regions: the skyrmion region and the nano-contact STNO region. Both the circular regions have a diameter of 40 nm and are each connected to a current sources denoted as $I_\text{1}$ and $I_\text{2}$, respectively. The distance between the centers of the two circular regions is denoted as \textbf{\textit{d}}. The dimensions of the ferromagnetic system were chosen to minimize the influence of edge effects on the simulation results. In the proposed device, we first inject the current $I_\text{1}$ with current density of 7.25$\times10^{11}$ A/m$^{2}$ and pulse width ($\tau_\text{1}$) of 5 ns into the skyrmion region (i.e. green colored circular region in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (a)). $I_\text{1}$ exerts the STT on the local magnetization and if the torque is sufficiently large, the local magnetization is switched from one state to the other and finally stabilizes into a skyrmion \cite{Romming636,Ma2015} due to the DMI interactions. Next, $I_\text{1}$ is reduced to zero and the overall magnetization is allowed to relax for 2 ns. After relaxation, the current $I_\text{2}$ with current density of \textcolor{red}{5.4985$\times10^{11}$ A/m$^{2}$} and pulse width ($\tau_\text{2}$) of 5 ns is injected into the STNO region (red colored circular region in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (a)). $I_\text{2}$ exerts the STT on the local magnetization and balances out the damping-like torque generated by the $\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}}$. As a result, the local magnetization, $\bm{\vec{m}}$ oscillates continuously as shown by the in-plane component of $\bm{\vec{m}}$ plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (c) \cite{chen2016, KIM2012}. The frequency of these oscillations is estimated to be \textcolor{red}{63 GHz} (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (d)). These continuous magnetic oscillations radiate SWs into the sample (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_1} (e)). \textcolor{red}{The average wavelength ($\bm{\lambda}$) of these SWs is found to be 100 nm approximately using the spatial fast Fourier transforms to the data obtained in micromagnetics.}

Let us now investigate the interactions between skyrmions and STNOs. First, in the absence of skyrmion, the local magnetization in the STNO region continuously oscillates and radiates SWs into the sample (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (a-e)). Interestingly in the presence of a skyrmion at \textbf{\textit{d}} = 100 nm, the magnitude of magnetic oscillations are amplified (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (f-j)). As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (j), the STNO becomes unstable resulting in significant disturbances in ferromagnet's magnetization at $\tau_\text{2}$ = 4 ns. However, if the skyrmion is at \textbf{\textit{d}} = 125 nm, the magnitude of magnetic oscillations are attenuated (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (k-o)). Similar amplification and attenuation in STNO's magnetic oscillations are observed when the skyrmion is at \textbf{\textit{d}} = 150 nm (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (p-t)) and 175 nm (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (u-y)), respectively. This \textbf{\textit{d}}-dependent periodic trend in the amplification and attenuation of STNO's magnetic oscillations can be due to the interference between SWs emitted by the STNO ($\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$) and SWs scattered by the skyrmion ($\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$). Note that the skyrmions studied here are of Neel-type due to interfacial nature of DMI interactions in Co/Pt bilayer systems \cite{Finocchio}. The same type of interaction between SWs and the skyrmion is also observed in case of Bloch-type skyrmions. Bloch-type skyrmions commonly exist in non centro-symmetric or cubic magnets with bulk-DMI interactions \cite{Finocchio}. \textcolor{red}{Although it is not physical, here we created the Bloch-type skyrmion by fictitiously modeling the nature of DMI interactions as bulk instead of interfacial.} The dynamics of STNOs under the influence of Neel-type skyrmion and Bloch-type skyrmion are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_4} (a-e) and (f-j), respectively. The amplification in STNO's magnetic oscillations is observed in both the cases and therefore, we may conclude that this interaction between skyrmions and STNOs is identical for both Neel-type and Bloch-type skyrmions.

Moreover, this effect is observed only in the presence of skyrmions but not in the presence of domain walls \cite{midd}. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_4} (k-o) and (p-t), a Neel-type domain wall does not scatter the SWs and thus, the STNO steadily oscillates without amplification or attenuation regardless of whether a Neel-type domain wall is present. Similar results are observed in case of Bloch-type domain walls as well (not shown here). Therefore, we may conclude that the interaction between skyrmions and STNOs we have presented thus far is unique for the skyrmions owing to their topological properties. Furthermore, the results shown so far are obtained by placing the skyrmion on the right-hand side of STNO at \textbf{\textit{d}}. We observed similar results even if the skyrmion is placed on left-hand side or on top or bottom-side of STNO (not shown here) and that edge effects or the magnetization orientation along the edges do not play any role in these interactions between STNOs and skyrmions.

Skyrmions behave as rigid particles and do not allow $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ to pass through their magnetic texture. Therefore, $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ gets scatterred back by the skyrmion \cite{garst,Iwasaki}. For example, the magnitude of $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ when the skyrmion is located at \textbf{\textit{d}} = 100 nm is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_3} (c). The $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ getting scattered from all around the skyrmion appearing as if the skyrmion is reradiating the SWs. However, the magnitude of $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ is strong in particular directions (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_3} (c)) as SWs experience the Magnus force resulting from the topological magnetic texture of skyrmions \cite{garst,Iwasaki}. Despite the differences in magnitude, the $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ has same wavelength as compared to the $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$. In addition, no phase difference is observed between $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ and $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$. Constructive interference between $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ and $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ can amplify the STNO's magnetic oscillations, whereas destructive interference attenuates the STNO's magnetic oscillations. The equations describing $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ (Eq.~\ref{eq:inter1}) and $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ (Eq.~\ref{eq:inter2}), as observed from the results obtained from the micromagnetics can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:inter1}
\it{SWs}_\text{emitted} & \propto & A e^{\frac{k}{k_\text{f}}x-\omega t} cos(kx -\omega t)\\
\label{eq:inter2}
\it{SWs}_\text{scattered} & \propto & B e^{\frac{k}{k_\text{f}}x-\omega t - \frac{\Phi}{2\Phi_\text{f}}} cos(kx -\omega t-\Phi), \Phi = 2k(\textbf{\textit{d}}-R)\\
\label{eq:inter3}
\it{SWs}_\text{total} & = & \it{SWs}_\text{emitted} + \it{SWs}_\text{scattered}
\end{eqnarray}
where, A and B are constants that govern the wave amplitudes,  $\omega$ is the angular frequency, $\it{k}$ = 2$\pi$/$\bm{\lambda}$ is the wave vector, $k_\text{f}$ and $\Phi_\text{f}$ are the fitting parameters used to reproduce the micromagnetics results, $\Phi$ is the phase difference, and $\it{R}$ is the radius of the skyrmion. To simplify the study, the Magnus force acting on the SWs has been neglected. When the skyrmion is at \textbf{\textit{d}}, $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ travels from $\it{x}$ = 0 (i.e. the centre of STNO region) to \textbf{\textit{d}}-$\it{R}$ (i.e. the boundary of skyrmion's magnetization) and gets scattered by the skyrmion. Thus, the $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ starts propagating back from $\it{x}$ = \textbf{\textit{d}}-$\it{R}$ to 0 to reach the STNO. Subsequently, at $\it{x}$ = 0, $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ accumulates a total phase difference of 2$\it{k}$(\textbf{\textit{d}}-$\it{R}$) as compared to $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$. \textcolor{red}{The zero reflection phase difference observed between $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ and $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ can be due to different modes of interaction between skyrmions and SWs. As skyrmion's magnetic texture changes during the SW interaction \cite{Kim2014, Mruc2018, Masa2012, Mruc2017}, skyrmion's boundary can be treated as soft. Generally, when waves encounter soft boundaries, no phase difference arises between incident and reflected waves. For instance, when one end of the string is open-ended (fixed), the reflected wave will have 0$^\circ$ (180$^\circ$) phase change \cite{jones1986,WinNT,PSU01}.}

From the equations Eq.~\ref{eq:inter1} to Eq.~\ref{eq:inter3}, we find that $\it{SWs}$$_\text{emitted}$ and $\it{SWs}$$_\text{scattered}$ add constructively for \textbf{\textit{d}} = $\bm{\lambda}$+ n$\bm{\lambda}$/4 whereas they add destructively for \textbf{\textit{d}} = $\bm{\lambda}$+ m$\bm{\lambda}$/4, where n and m are positive even and odd integers, respectively. In other words, for every $\bm{\lambda}$/4 change in \textbf{\textit{d}}, the STNO's magnetization dynamics change between amplification and attenuation regimes. These results are in agreement with the micromagnetic simulation results. For instance, when $\bm{\lambda}$ = 100 nm, and \textbf{\textit{d}} = 100 nm (i.e. n = 0) and 150 nm (i.e. n = 2), the oscillations of STNOs are amplified (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (f-j) and (p-t)). Similarly, when $\bm{\lambda}$ = 100 nm, and \textbf{\textit{d}} = 125 nm (i.e. m = 1) and 175 nm (i.e. m = 3), the oscillations of STNO are significantly attenuated (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_2} (k-o) and (u-y)).

Next, to further verify the analytical theory, we obtained the trends in amplification and attenuation of STNO's oscillations using different $\bm{\lambda}$ and \textbf{\textit{d}} through micromagnetic simulations. \textcolor{red}{To obtain different $\bm{\lambda}$, we added an external magnetic field ($\bm{\vec{B}_\text{ext}}$) and used different magnitudes of $I_\text{2}$ in the STNO region. As per the SW dispersion relation Eq.~\ref{eq:inter5} \cite{Jamali2016}, applying $\bm{\vec{B}_\text{ext}}$ modulates the frequency of STNO's magnetic oscillations ($\it{f}$). Depending on $\it{f}$, the velocity at which the SWs spread out in the sample varies giving rise to SWs with different $\bm{\lambda}$.
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:inter5}
\it{f} & = & \frac{\gamma}{2 \pi}\sqrt{(\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}} + \bm{\vec{B}_\text{ext}})(\bm{\vec{B}_\text{eff}} + \bm{\vec{B}_\text{ext}} + \mu_{0}M_\text{S}) + \frac{(\mu_{0}M_\text{S})^2}{4}(1-e^{-2kt_\text{FL}})}
\end{eqnarray}}
As expected, when $\bm{\lambda}$ = 120 nm, 80 nm and 40 nm, the STNOs alternate between amplification and attenuation regimes for every $\bm{\lambda}$/4 change in \textbf{\textit{d}} i.e. 30 nm, 20 nm, and 10 nm, respectively (See Table~\ref{tab:table_1}). If $\bm{\lambda}$ = 120 nm, the amplification in STNO oscillation is observed when \textbf{\textit{d}} = 120 nm (i.e. n = 0) and 180 nm (i.e. n = 2). If $\bm{\lambda}$ = 80 nm, amplification in STNO oscillation is observed when \textbf{\textit{d}} = 120 nm (i.e. n = 2) and 160 nm (i.e. n = 4). If $\bm{\lambda}$ = 40 nm, amplification in STNO oscillation is observed when \textbf{\textit{d}} = 120 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, and 180 nm (i.e. for n = 8, 10, 12, and 14, respectively). Similarly, for all the different $\bm{\lambda}$ studied, the attenuation of magnetic oscillations is observed when m = 1, 3, 5, ...etc. Therefore, we can conclude that this interaction between STNOs and skyrmions arise due to the interference between the SWs emitted by the STNOs and the SWs scattered by the skyrmions.
\begin{table*}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$\textbf{\textit{d}}$ (nm) & 100 & 110 & 120 & 130 & 140 & 150 & 160 & 170 & 180 \\
\hline
$\textbf{\textit{$\bm{\lambda}$}}$ = 120 nm & C & C & C & D & D & D & C & C & C\\
\hline
$\textbf{\textit{$\bm{\lambda}$}}$ = 80 nm   & D & C & C & D & D & C & C & D & D\\
\hline
$\textbf{\textit{$\bm{\lambda}$}}$ = 40 nm   & C & D & C & D & C & D & C & D & C\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Wavelength ($\textbf{\textit{$\bm{\lambda}$}}$) and distance (\textbf{\textit{d}}) dependent STNO's magnetic oscillations amplification due to constructive interference (C) and attenuation due to destructive interference (D)}
\label{tab:table_1}
\end{table*}

Interestingly, if the DMI is sufficiently strong (i.e. 3.5 mJ/m$^{2}$) in the sample, it is observed that the amplified magnetic oscillations results in nucleation of a new skyrmion. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_5} (a-e) and (f-j), a new skyrmion forms in the STNO region when the first skyrmion is at \textbf{\textit{d}} = 100 nm and 150 nm, respectively. This is due to the DMI interactions that transform significant distortions in the ferromagnet's magnetization into skyrmions \cite{Liu2015, Giordano2016}. Note that with increase in DMI constant from 3 mJ/m$^{2}$ to 3.5 mJ/m$^{2}$, the skyrmion's radius, $\it{R}$ increases from 45 nm to 50 nm \cite{Fert2017}. Therefore, SW mediated interactions between STNOs and skyrmions can be used to manipulate the presence or absence of skyrmions, opening up a new perspective in information processing using skyrmions. As an example, we next demonstrate a 3-bit STNO-based majority gate for logic applications.

\section{\label{sec:level4} Skyrmion and STNO-based 3-bit Majority gate}
The device structure assumed here consists of a of a 1 $\mu$m diameter circular multi-layer ferromagnetic system having four distinct circular regions with 40 nm diameters: three input bit regions (A, B and C) and one output bit region (O) (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_6}). The absence or presence of skyrmion in the input bit regions represents bit 0 or 1, respectively. To perform 3-bit majority computation on the three input bits, a STNO is placed in the output bit region. The distance between the centers of output bit region and each input bit region is described as \textbf{\textit{d}}. As discussed in Section.~\ref{sec:level3}, when \textbf{\textit{d}} = $\bm{\lambda}$+ n$\bm{\lambda}$/4, SWs emitted by the STNO and SWs scattered by the skyrmion add constructively. As a result, a new skyrmion forms in the STNO region representing output 1.

\begin{table*}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
A & B & C & O  \\
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
\hline
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
\hline
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\
\hline
1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
\hline
1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Truth Table for 3-bit Majority Gate}
\label{tab:table_2}
\end{table*}

\textcolor{red}{For this device, we assumed \textbf{\textit{d}} to be 200 nm, i.e. n = 4, where $\bm{\lambda}$ is 100 nm. First, the input bits are written into the specified regions using the charge currents with current density of 7.25$\times10^{11}$ A/m$^{2}$ and pulse width ($\tau_\text{1}$) of 5 ns. Next, we induce continuous magnetic oscillations in the STNO region using charge current with current density of 5.4985$\times10^{11}$ A/m$^{2}$ and pulse width ($\tau_\text{2}$) of 8 ns. If all the three input bits are in state 0, the STNO steadily oscillates and no skyrmion forms in the STNO region, i.e. output 0 (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_6} (a-d)). If one of the three input bits is in state 1, the STNO oscillations get amplified and a new skyrmion forms in the STNO region in 8 ns of time delay (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_6} (e-h)), i.e output 1. If any two of the input bits are 1, the STNO's magnetic oscillations are further amplified and the amount of amplification is roughly doubled due to the presence of two skyrmions. Consequently, a new skyrmion nucleates with in the pulse width of 6 ns, i.e. output 1 (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_6} (i-l)). Similarly, if all three input bits are 1, the STNO's magnetic oscillations get strongly amplified and a new skyrmion nucleates in the output region with in the pulse width of 4 ns, i.e. output 1 (See Fig.~\ref{fig:fig_6} (m-p)). The presence of output skyrmion in the STNO region can be electrically read using the non-collinear magnetoresistance (NCMR) effect \cite{Hanneken2015,Crum2015, Kube}. The output skyrmion in the STNO region must be annihilated prior to the next logic operation and this annihilation can be performed by passing the current with current density of and pulse width through the STNO region. In addition, by fixing the input bit A to 0, a 2-bit AND gate can be realized and by fixing the input bit A to 1, a 2-bit OR gate can be realized (See Table.~\ref{tab:table_2}). Note that in all the logic gates proposed, skyrmions in the STNO regions must be annihilated prior to logic operation.}

\textcolor{red}{Finally, a 5-bit and 7-bit majority gates can be designed by placing the input bits at a radial distance of $\bm{\lambda}$+ n$\bm{\lambda}$/4 from the center of output region. In 5-bit majority gate where 5 input bits are placed at a radius of 200 nm from the center of output bit region, $\tau_\text{2}$ must be less than the time required to generate the output skyrmion when 2 of 5 input bits are state 1, i.e. 6 ns. Similarly, $\tau_\text{2}$ in case of 7-bit majority gate must be less than the time required to generate the output skyrmion when 3 of 7 input bits are in state 1, i.e. 4 ns.}

\section{\label{sec:level5} Conclusion}
In conclusion, we showed that skyrmions strongly interfere with the dynamics of spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs). The stable magnetic oscillations of STNOs are shown to be amplified or attenuated depending on the position of skyrmion in the near vicinity. This interaction between topologically non-trivial skyrmions and STNOs is found to be unique and does not exist between domain walls and STNOs. We have also shown that this interaction between STNOs and skyrmions arises from the constructive or destructive interference between spin waves (SWs) emitted by STNOs and the SWs scattered by skyrmions. Furthermore, we showed that if Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is sufficiently strong in the sample, the amplified magnetic oscillations cause a new skyrmion to be nucleated. Finally, we demonstrated the skyrmion and STNO-based majority gate device.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Air Force seeks Medal of Honor for airman who died in Afghanistan
by Kristin Stoller
The Hartford Courant
The secretary of the Air Force is pushing to award a Medal of Honor to the first Connecticut native to die in the war in Afghanistan, based on new evidence 14 years after his death, the New York Times reported.
Sgt. John Chapman, 36, a standout athlete and 1983 graduate of Windsor Locks High School, was killed in combat after military action began in Afghanistan following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
He died on March 4, 2002, while attempting to retrieve the body of a Navy SEAL who had fallen from a helicopter during an attack by al Qaida and Taliban fighters, according to previous Courant reports.
But new evidence unearthed by the Air Force about Chapman's final hours suggests that a senior chief petty officer may have been incorrect when he declared Chapman dead during the attack, the New York Times reported.
Instead, the Air Force said, Chapman lived for an hour after his teammates had retreated, fighting enemy troops alone, according to the newspaper report. New technology used in an examination of videos from aircraft flying overhead indicate that Chapman killed two Al Qaida fighters before "dying in an attempt to protect arriving reinforcements," the newspaper reported.
U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal said on Saturday that, in the wake of the new information, he is looking forward to contacting the Secretary of Defense to help take the next step in awarding Chapman with the Medal of Honor, the military's highest award.
"I support moving forward with the Medal of Honor for Sgt. Chapman because he unquestionably died a hero fighting for his country," Blumenthal said. "We may never know exactly what happened during the final hours of that fight but, undoubtedly, Sgt. Chapman died a hero."
Chapman joined the Air Force in 1985 and later became a combat controller with the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, based at Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina, where he lived with his wife, Valerie, and daughters, Madison and Brianna.
Chapman had been credited with saving the rest of his team, and a memorial was built for him at an Air Force base in Alabama. He received a citation for the Air Force Cross, the second-highest honor for an airman.
In Windsor Locks, Chapman was known as a winning athlete, making the varsity soccer team in his freshman year.
Study's focus: Mending hearts broken by deaths of military loved ones
Local Tinian students get taste of Marine Corps life
Electric Island Fest to be held March 24
Guam's Rovers FC to make first-ever appearance in AFC club football tournament

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Desert homes are perfect for solar paneling. These days, solar panels are very affordable, so many homes take advantage of the scorching hot sun to reduce energy costs, sometimes bringing power bills to zero. In addition, some municipalities actually pay homeowners with solar panels for extra power that they provide back into the power grid.


text:
Бронепалубные крейсера типа «Эррогант» — серия крейсеров 2-го класса британского королевского флота, построенная в 1890-х гг. XIX века. Являлись развитием типа «Эклипс» (). Предназначались для службы при эскадре и нанесения, в случае необходимости, таранного удара. Всего было построено 4 единицы: «Эррогант» (), «Фьюриос» (), «Гладиатор» (), «Виндиктив» ().

Дальнейшего развития этот тип не получил, в силу архаичности таранной тактики.

Конструкция

Вооружение
В 1903—1904 годах крейсера перевооружили на десять 152 мм орудий.

Служба
 «Эррогант» — заложен в 1895 г., спущен 25 мая 1896 г., в строю с 1898 г.
 «Фьюриос» — заложен 10 июня 1895 г., спущен 3 декабря 1896 г., в строю с 1 июля 1898 г.
 «Гладиатор» — заложен в январе 1896 г., спущен 18 декабря 1896 г., в строю с апреля 1899 г.
 «Виндиктив» — заложен 27 января 1896 г., спущен 9 декабря 1897 г., в строю с 4 июля 1900 г.

К началу 1 -и мировой войны крейсера 2-го класса использовавшихся в качестве различных вспомогательных единиц. «Аррогант», «Фьюриес» и «Виндиктив» числились блокшивами либо тендерами, причем последний в 1918 году был переоборудован а специальный штурмовой корабль, предназначенный для посадки на мель в ходе десантной операции Зеебрюгге.

Примечания

Литература

Бронепалубные крейсера типа «Эррогант»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As a Board-certified Family Practice Physician, Dr. Jao is specifically trained in all major medical areas to provide high-quality comprehensive health care for the entire family. She treats infants, children and adults of all ages at times of acute illness, performs routine examinations and immunizations, and follows chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, cancer, etc. Dr. Jao holds privileges at Presbyterian Inter-Community Hospital, St. Jude's Medical Center and Whittier Hospital.


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text:
Toma Daniel "Tim" Conway, ameriški komik in igralec, * 15. december 1933, Willoughby, Ohio, ZDA, † 14. maj 2019, Los Angeles, Kalifornija, ZDA.

Zunanje povezave

Ameriški komiki
Ameriški filmski producenti
Ameriški filmski igralci
Ameriški televizijski igralci


text:
class RockWeapon : public WeaponBase, ICallback<UserPhysics::ObjectType>
{
public:
    enum SizeSetting
    {
        BULLET,
        BOULDER,
        BUILDING
    };

protected:
    ModelManager* modelManager;

    SizeSetting sizeSetting;

    glm::vec2 speedLimits;
    float speed;

    int maxProjectiles;

    virtual float GetRequiredAmmoToFire() override;
    virtual void FireInternal(glm::vec3 fireOrigin, glm::vec3 fireDirection) override;

public:
    RockWeapon::RockWeapon(ModelManager* modelManager, Physics* physics, glm::vec2 speedLimits);
    void Render(const glm::mat4& projectionMatrix) override;

    virtual void Callback(UserPhysics::ObjectType callingObject, void* callbackSpecificData) override;
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
~ International Student from Guatemala ~|NewsRelease|University of Miyazaki
NewsRelease
Surfing Made Me Choose Miyazaki
~ International Student from Guatemala ~
2022/01/04 published
SANTIAGO MORALES JOSE RODOLFO
First-year doctoral student at the University of Miyazaki Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering.
Born in Guatemala, 1993.
Guatemalan graduate student Santiago Morales José Rodolfo was born in Guatemala City, the capital of the Central American nation of Guatemala, and lived there for 23 years until he graduated from college. He then applied for and received an Embassy-recommended Monbukagakusho Scholarship to study in Japan. In April 2018, he joined the University of Miyazaki Graduate School of Engineering as a research student, and in October 2018, he started his master's course at the same faculty. In October 2021 he went on to start his doctoral studies at the University of Miyazaki Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering. Under the guidance of Associate Professor Sekito Tomoo, he has been researching the effective use of fly ash produced by incineration plants and factory boilers.
Having picked up surfing as a hobby while he was a college student in Guatemala, he now heads to the beach at least three times a week. He even makes his way to the leading big wave surf spots in the prefecture, attacking them with determination. In addition to the sea, he also loves the mountains and actively participates in beach cleanups and other environmental protection activities.
Japanese dishes he likes are grilled chicken thighs, chicken nanban and ochazuke (tea poured over rice). He especially likes the katsuo ochazuke that comes with the katsuo aburi ju teishoku (broiled bonito set meal) from the local teishoku (set meal) restaurant Bibin-ya in Nichinan. On weekdays he cooks for himself, often preparing Guatemalan dishes similar to taco rice. Although his native language is Spanish, he also speaks fluent English and Japanese.
Q.Please tell us what brought you to Miyazaki.
Originally, I thought that after graduating from college, I would move to a developed nation like the United States and find work there, but in my fourth year of college, my advisor urged me to continue researching. That might have been the first stepping stone that would lead me here. My advisor was a Bolivian woman who had received a scholarship from the Japanese government and earned her degree in Japan. With that in her personal background, she told me about the Embassy-recommended Monbukagakusho Scholarship as a means for me to continue my path as a researcher.
Except that in order to get the scholarship, one had to take a test, and getting selected wasn't going to be easy by any means. I had nothing to lose by trying, so I went ahead and submitted the required documents, including all of the findings from my research up to that point, and not only did I pass the first selection round, I also made it through the interviews of the second round. I was really quite lucky.
Q.But did you know anybody at the University of Miyazaki?
Not only did I not know anybody, I had never even heard of Miyazaki before.
When it comes to the Embassy-recommended Monbukagakusho Scholarship, shortly after receiving the acceptance letter, you have to find a teacher at a university or research institution to accept you, or else you won't be able to come to Japan. Up until then, the only Japanese cities I had ever heard of were maybe Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, so I started out by looking for researchers working in fields similar to mine at universities in those cities. But having lived in Guatemala City for my whole life, I began to think that if I'm going to live in Japan, I would like to go to a regional city with rich natural surroundings, where I would be able to interact with locals. I could visit Tokyo or Osaka at any time, and there are lots of foreigners there anyway.
With that in mind, I searched for researchers in regional cities who worked in fields similar to mine, as well as universities endowed with a good environment for surfing. I discussed this with embassy staff. One of them had studied abroad at the University of Miyazaki and recommended it to me. I immediately contacted the university, and I was fortunate to be accepted.
I had searched extensively on the internet, but I couldn't find a university that had both a research environment that suited me, and a surfing environment. I was really quite lucky that one of the embassy staff members had received their degree at the University of Miyazaki. It goes without saying that surfing made me choose Miyazaki for my studies.
Santiago at a reef point in Miyazaki Prefecture (photo by Shimazumi Kazuaki)
Q.Please tell us about your research.
In Japan, incineration is a standard method of waste disposal, but it produces leftover fly ash. Much of the ash is discarded in landfills, but the space is limited, and the costs associated with the disposal are becoming a heavy burden on companies and municipalities, so I'm researching whether the ash can be safely reused as material for building infrastructure, such as roads.
Even though past research has shown that there are many effective uses of incineration fly ash, there hasn't been much progress in the practical use of the ash. One of the major factors preventing its effective use is the fact that even small amounts of fly ash contain harmful substances that could cause environmental contamination. I have been running chemical experiments to verify the safety of the fly ash coming out of a particular factory. In my doctoral program I've been looking into whether it's possible to safely utilize incineration fly ash as construction material on an even longer term in the environment. My research has mainly consisted of using a computer program to make forecasts.
Waste incineration is a disposal technique mainly used in developed countries, but I believe the technology will be used by many countries around the world in the future. I'm working hard so that my research can become a tool to help bring about the safe recycling of incineration fly ash.
Santiago at the laboratory
■ The subject of Santiago's master's thesis
Mineral speciation and leaching behaviors in recycled roadbed material using solidified boiler fly ash
Q.What surprised you the most when you came to Japan?
It's got to be the safety. The first time I rode a train in Japan, I was surprised to see a child - maybe seven years old - riding the train alone. I was also surprised to see young women walking alone, even at night.
Guatemala City, where I was born and raised, unfortunately has a huge number of robberies and other crimes when compared to Japan. One cannot say it's a safe city. You would never see a young woman walking alone at night.
Q.What are your impressions of Miyazaki?
I'm very glad that I chose to study at the University of Miyazaki.
My advisor Professor Sekito is very kind and polite in the way he gives guidance, and strongly encourages me to do the research I want to do. The local Japanese people have also been very kind to me.
Rent and prices in general are low, and as long as you don't overindulge in luxuries, the monthly stipend you get from the scholarship is enough to live on comfortably. The amount of the stipend is the same whether you go to a university in Tokyo or the University of Miyazaki, so logically speaking the University of Miyazaki is a more economical choice.
I also think there aren't many universities anywhere in the world where you can reach a surf spot just ten minutes away by car. Not only that, but the beach where the 2019 World Surfing Games were held (Kisakihama) is also just a ten-minute car ride away. It's almost too good to be true. There are several big wave surf spots along the Nichinan coast, with an abundant variety of waves coming in. As far as I know, out of all the universities in Japan, this university has been blessed with the best environment for surfing. I don't just go on weekends and early weekday mornings. Sometimes when I get stuck in my research, I head out to the beach even in the middle of the day to refresh myself with some surfing. It's something that I can only do because I'm at the University of Miyazaki, and it's precisely because there is this environment here that I can conduct good research.
Miyazaki has a lot to offer besides the sea. I've hiked mountains all across the prefecture, but I especially love the view of the Onamino Ike lake close to the Ebino Plateau (Kirishima Kinkowan National Park).
View of Onamino Ike from Mount Karakuni (photo taken in 2021)
■ The advisor's take on Santiago (Associate Professor Sekito Tomoo)
In his research he's using methods that are hardly used by anybody in the field of waste disposal anywhere in the world to develop ways to evaluate the safety of waste incineration fly ash. It's a topic with big challenges. He collects and analyzes water samples from the lab equipment practically every day, studies new programs, and so on. I'm sure it's quite an intense life as a researcher. But far from being overwhelmed, he actually seems to be enjoying the challenge. There's a certain toughness in him. He comes to the lab every day and takes his research seriously.
There are around ten undergraduate and master's students at this lab, but Santiago is the only doctoral student. As such, he's taken on a coordinating role, even if he's a foreign student, and in doing so, he's lightened my workload.
Research isn't something that produces immediate results, and there's an aspect of it that's sort of like an endurance test. In many cases, you need a lot of stamina and patience. You can't build up such stamina and patience through research or university study, so I think it's necessary to take hobbies and interests (i.e., play) seriously. Santiago has the ability to cleanly toggle the ON/OFF switch of university life when he does his research, so he's able to come up with fresh ideas. The life of a researcher demands patience and focus, and I believe that Santiago possesses the important qualities to succeed. I hope that in the future, he will accomplish great things as a researcher, tackling international waste disposal issues.
Santiago's advisor Associate Professor Sekito Tomoo (photo taken in 2021)
■Researcher database (Associate Professor Sekito Tomoo)https://srhumdb.miyazaki-u.ac.jp/html/92_ja.html
The 2019 ISA World Surfing Games held at Kisakihama. Surfers from all over the country move to Miyazaki Prefecture in search of good waves. Within Miyazaki, Kisakihama is especially well-known for consistently having good waves year-round, as well as for being accessible from the airport.
Basic Information about Guatemala
(taken from the website of the Japanese Embassy in Guatemala)
1.Independence: September 15, 1821 (gained independence from Spain together with several other Central American countries then under the rule of the Captaincy General of Guatemala)
2.Area: 108,889 ㎢
3.Population: 16.18 million (ref. 2015 National Institute of Statistics)
4.Capital: Guatemala City (Ciudad de Guatemala)
5.Demographics: 38.8% indigenous, 61.2% non-indigenous (ref. 2014 National Institute of Statistics)
6.Languages: Spanish (official language) and more than 20 Mayan languages


This command moves node coordinates in the following manner.
Three pairs random numbers between 0 and 1 are obtained. These pairs refer to the x, y and z coordinates of the nodes respectively. The first random number of each pair is multiplied by the factor given in thecommand. The second random number is used to determine if the calculated offset is to be added or subtracted from the coordinate. No checking is done to see if elements are inverted by this perturbation. It is assumed that the mesh is not yet connected.
perturb/pset,get,mypset/0.001,0.001,0.001 add small offsets to all coordinates of the nodes in the pset named mypset.


text:
Florida vs. South Carolina: Special teams, philosophy doom Will Muschamp's Gators
We all just wanted him to be good. But Will Muschamp's approach, and key special teams errors, cost Florida a win over South Carolina.
By Trevor Sikkema Nov 19, 2014, 10:35am EST
Share All sharing options for: Florida vs. South Carolina: Special teams, philosophy doom Will Muschamp's Gators
In the final must-win game of the Will Muschamp Era, Florida embarrassingly gave away a fourth quarter lead and out South Carolina-ed South Carolina for the Gators' third home loss of the season.
In this game, we learned a few things. First, Will Muschamp will not be coaching the Gators next season. Second, playing to not score as many points as possible is really dumb.
Third, you can fumble a ball forward and still score a touchdown. Who knew on that one!
But what else did we learn? What does the film tell us? The game had a very boring and slow pace, with the score sitting at 17-10 Florida late in the fourth quarter, and we'll start there so as not to put everyone to sleep. Up to that point, you know what happened: Florida ran the ball a lot, played a very conservative ball game and South Carolina wasn't able to turn offense into points after the first quarter.
Let's begin and analyze what people want to know: How the hell did Florida give that game away? We start at 6:01 left in the fourth quarter. Florida has the ball at Carolina's 19. It's first and 10. The world is our oyster.
South Carolina stacks the box. Why? Because Florida had only attempted one pass in the fourth quarter (incomplete, by the way). Despite that, Treon Harris rushes for a touchdown on a good-looking QB draw.
But Quinton Dunbar's holding penalty brings that back, so here we go again.
On the next play, announcer Dave Neal says "You've gotta think on this play Harris is going to take the snap, take one step like he's running it, then sling it. It's his for the taking with as many counter (runs) as he's ran today." But did Florida do that? Florida did not, even with very favorable soft coverage on Robinson on the far side.
All the room in the world, but the pass wasn't there.
Now, I'll stop here and talk a bit. Florida was up 17-10 with the time winding down. A field goal basically puts the game out of reach and Florida did just score off a run play that was called back. Running the ball is not indefensible here. With that said, would you have passed the ball at all on this drive?
Some would say this offense isn't built for that. Others think the nature of this offense is stupid — and as Jeremy Foley demonstrated with his decision to end the Muschamp era, and comments about needing "a track record of offensive success," Florida's aware of those criticisms.
But the offensive style is one thing; the macro-level philosophical decision we believe Muschamp made, in never trying to run up the score, and simply attempting to win by whatever may be considered enough, is what killed Florida on Saturday, and what rankles Gators most.
At this juncture in the game, South Carolina had not scored since the first quarter. Florida's defense was shutting the Gamecocks down and forcing mistakes. I understand the thought of not letting your young quarterback lose you the game, but Harris hadn't shown such erratic traits yet, and, even if he did, Florida's defense was covering for them. The purpose of offense in football is to score points, the most points possible on that series.
After four years, it doesn't feel like Muschamp ever got that.
So, yeah, Florida sputtered to finish this drive, and yeah, Frankie Velez came out to seal the game, and ... well, yeah, this happened.
But Florida's defense held on a fourth down to give the ball back to the offense with yet another chance to close this game out, this time with just 2:22 left to play and just one timeout for Carolina.
First play? Power run — a good play, gaining five yards.
Second play? Power run — the right call, but good for just one yard. After the play, Carolina uses its final timeout.
Third play? Quarterback counter off a play action sweep — a play run roughly 5,000 times this game, and one that goes for a loss of two yards.
Fourth play? Obvious punt. But, wait ... oh, God no ... it's blocked.
Hey, Mike. Hey, Clay.
THAT'S YOUR GUY. RIGHT THERE.
The blocking scheme on that punt was atrocious, even beyond Burton's missed assignment — even if his initial assignment was the outside, he has eyes. It was a broken play. And a terrible one.
So South Carolina scores. To overtime we go! And looky here, Florida received the ball first!
First play? Quarterback counter. Worked well, with Harris bouncing to the outside, and getting a gain of eight.
Second play? Quarterback counter — but for no gain.
Third play? Wide receiver screen. Against press coverage. For no gain.
Florida's identity is as a power running team. Or, well: When Florida wins, it's an identity. When the Gators lose, it's a prehistoric style of offense that can't win you more than seven or eight games.
Treon Harris had 11 total passing attempts against South Carolina. He also had 20 carries, along with 28 handoffs. This was an interesting — and by interesting, I mean "as conservative as you can make a spread offense" — strategy from Kurt Roper, considering that Florida didn't take the lead until the very end of the third quarter.
Ultimately, what did Florida in were the two blocked kicks. You'd figure after a crucial blocked field goal that every special teams play from then on out would be zipped tight, but no, another blocked kick was their downfall. Players can love Muschamp all they want, but if that's how they play for them, then it's their fault he's gone, just as much as they might think it's ours for calling for his head all year.
This game wasn't a fun watch; these losses never are (especially since Muschamp is such an easy guy to root for as a person). Gators fans were once again subject to an offense that wouldn't get out of its own way, in a program that made its destiny off electrifying plays.
This Florida era will soon turn the page, and with it, I hope the next platoon of coaches will realize the point of offense has nothing to do with defense. The point of offense is to score, and on every play, an offense should be working toward that goal. If you score on 100 percent of your possessions, you'll probably win the game. Muschamp, it seems, was always worried about how much time they could control while they scored, and forgot that last part far too often.
But two weeks remain in this era. We'll see if they open up the spread. As Muschamp himself has said, there's the talent here to do it.
I hope they do.


Amazon's Alexa is now more useful than ever. From home automation to security system integrations, Alexa works seamlessly with a handful of security companies to create the ideal smart home. These are our favorites.
Frontpoint sells affordable DIY wireless equipment that works with Alexa. Not only can you control their Z-wave compatible General Electric equipment with your voice through any Alexa device, but you can also use it with any monitoring company.
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Vivint – This home security system is 100% wireless, requires and provides free professional installation, offers a variety of home automation features, and environmental disaster protection.
Frontpoint – This is a very affordable DIY wireless security/home automation system that can be installed in less than 30 minutes. Front point is quickly becoming a consumer favorite.
ADT – This company is the largest home security provider in the US and Canada. They offer a wide range of products and services, wired or wireless systems, free installation, and is extremely affordable.
SimpliSafe – This company builds their own high-quality DIY security equipment which helps avoid high markups. They also offer a 60-day free trial and don't have a contract requirement.
Amazon – This option features five different packages, no professional monitoring requirement, a free consultation, and free professional installation. Amazon's security systems are affordable and a great option for home automation beginners.
Best Home Security Systems that Work with Alexa Amazon's Alexa is now more useful than ever. From home automation to security system integrations, Alexa works seamlessly with a handful of security companies to create the ideal smart home. These are our favorites.
Whether you currently have a home security system or not, you might also be thinking about adding some home automation equipment to your current system or upcoming purchase. There are a wide variety of home automation options on the market, so there are many different things you will need to consider before making a purchase. One of the most popular home automation hubs on the market is Alexa; therefore, if you choose Alexa as your preferred home automation hub, any equipment you buy will need to be compatible. Here are five of the most popular home security and automation companies that are also compatible with Alexa in 2019 along with the pros and cons of each.
Vivint produces high-end wireless security equipment with a focus on home automation end-user conveniences. They also offer professional installation, no activation fee, 24/7 monitoring, and have a free equipment replacement policy in place as well. In addition, they offer a wide variety of home security and home automation equipment that works well with Alexa. Another great thing about Vivint is they have a very intuitive app that is highly rated among its users.
Vivint is a home security company that caters to home automation shoppers. And while it's not the cheapest option out there, they do offer high-end wireless equipment on either a four- or five-year contract. Vivint doesn't offer any DIY options; therefore, everything they sell has to be professionally installed. On the bright side, you won't have to go through any installation hassles, which most people appreciate.
In addition, the Vivint systems come with a wide variety of popular features such as two-way talk, environmental sensors (fire, carbon monoxide), home automation and voice controls for much of their equipment. And, their newest systems use the 7″ touchscreen Vivint Sky control panel. Vivint also offers a cellular or landline connection option and has its own in-house monitoring centers that boast 10 second response times, which is pretty much unheard of in the industry.
Frontpoint is another home security and home automation company that provides very affordable, high-quality DIY wireless equipment to the consumer and gives that consumer more for their money than any other security company out there. Additionally, they also provide exceptional 24/7 customer service that everyone raves about. Here are some of the Frontpoint pros and cons.
Frontpoint works well with Alexa. And between their exceptional customer service, quick and easy 30-minute installation process, low startup costs, generous equipment packages, and popular home automation features make Frontpoint a serious contender. Additionally, Frontpoint is frequently rated as one of the best home security companies for emergency monitoring with "smarthome" enhancements.
Also, Frontpoint offers three equipment packages and you have the option of signing a one- or three-year monitoring contract. They also give you a 30-day risk-free trial as well. And, they use General Electric equipment which means it can be monitored by another security company if you prefer.
ADT, which dates back about 150 years, is another great choice for compatibility with Alexa in 2019. ADT is the largest home security provider in the US and Canada and they offer more products and services than most other companies in the industry. ADT provides wired and wireless systems that come with free installation and a six-month money-back guarantee. Here are some of the ADT pros and cons.
With ADT you have the option of a wired or wireless system. They also offer environmental protections and home automation features that work with Alexa as well. Additionally, they have five equipment packages and two different monitoring plans. Alternatively, they offer customized solutions if you prefer.
ADT has monitoring centers across the country; however, their monitoring plans are more expensive than other security companies in the industry. Their monitoring plans range from $36.99 to $52.99 per month and the associated equipment will vary depending on the plan you choose. ADT does require a three-year contract which is pretty standard; however, you can cancel and have your monitoring fees refunded within the first six months without penalty as long as you return all their equipment.
If you already own ADT equipment, your monthly prices will be lower than if you don't. ADT offers several different brands of equipment such as Honeywell, General Electric, ITI, and more. Additionally, with some of the ADT equipment plans, you will have the option of video security cameras and home automation features that are also compatible with Alexa.
ADT also offers medical alert pendants that are compatible with their equipment and can be monitored through their monitoring centers. However, as with all the ADT equipment, fees, and services, they will vary by dealer.
SimpliSafe is one of the leading providers of self-monitored home security systems that are compatible with Alexa in 2019. SimpliSafe doesn't have any long-term contracts or monthly fees and their equipment is extremely user-friendly. Additionally, the SimpliSafe equipment is of a very high-quality, as well as being durable and versatile. Here are some of the SimpliSafe pros and cons.
SimpliSafe is a great home security system because it can be used as is or customized, so you can easily add on to it as your needs change. SimpliSafe makes all the equipment they sell and it's portable so you can move it from place to place and not have to worry about any wiring. Additionally, the SimpliSafe system comes with a battery backup that lasts for days versus only 24 hours like others in this category.
The SimpliSafe equipment packages range from approximately $229 to $499 and come with a three-year warranty. And their video cameras come with a motion sensor and night vision. Additionally, they offer environmental protection features such as smoke, carbon monoxide, and water leak detection.
Most people find the SimpiSafe system very easy to use because all you have to do is plug-in the base station, place the sensors where you want them, adjust the settings and you're done. It doesn't get much easier than that!
Amazon is a very well-known household name people trust. One whose name is synonymous with unbeatable prices and savings. So it only makes sense that Amazon would eventually jump into the home security and home automation arena themselves and that time is now, especially since Amazon has recently acquired Ring. Amazon's home security system works especially well with Alexa and their business model focuses on personalized customer service and expert installations. And they do that by configuring the security and home automation devices you buy from them, then they take it a step further by personally showing you how to use everything you just purchased. Here are some of the Amazon security system pros and cons.
Amazon is a relative newcomer to the home security industry; however, they are a trusted name brand and, therefore, worth a look.
Amazon home security offers five different smart security packages which range from $320-$840. All packages are portable and easily integrated with Alexa. They come with indoor/outdoor lighting, motion detection, a siren, cameras, a video doorbell, and more. They also provide a mobile app, will send you live alerts, and give you access to live video feeds with an optional cloud video backup option, depending on the package you choose. Additionally, when you contact Amazon, you will be dealing with Amazon employees who are highly trained smart home experts, not salespeople.
Alexa Home Security uses home automation features to allow you to control many functions of your home and lifestyle. This is commonly referred to as a smarthome. Home automation features are easily integrated and controlled through Alexa and other compatible products for things such as security systems, lighting, climate control, entertainment systems, appliances, door locks, and more.
Alexa can be integrated with Amazon Echo, which comes with any Amazon home security package. The Echo is a hands-free voice-controlled device that uses voice recognition to enable you to perform many home security and home automation functions with your voice rather than doing it manually.
One of the benefits of using Alexa is that you will experience an increased level of security because when using the Alexa app you will have real-time access to your home security cameras, as well as being able to remotely access, monitor, and control your home security and home automation equipment and respond accordingly when necessary.
Additionally, you can have Alexa control your door locks, as long as you have the proper locks and set up a four-digit pin code which enables you to use this feature. Just remember that voice recordings can be captured and replicated so you need that second layer of security such as a pin number so a criminal can't use a recording of your voice, then manipulate that recording using a speech synthesis system like WaveNet to trick your voice identification system.
Alexa compatible home security systems have a number of features. Most of these features are related to home automation and these home security systems that work with Alexa help to create a safe and secure smart home.
With Alexa, you have hands-free control using the Alexa-controlled Echo which uses voice recognition through Amazon's Alexa voice service. This allows you to control your home security and home automation devices using your voice rather than manually performing any given request.
Most security systems come equipped with entryway sensors that are placed on your windows and doors. These sensors will send you an alert that will notify you if any of your windows and/or doors have been opened so you can then respond appropriately when necessary.
Alexa and Echo can be configured to send you specifically designated real-time activity detection alerts to your mobile device via the Amazon app so you can respond appropriately when necessary. This will help save you money by not having to pay monthly monitoring fees to any given company.
Your home security app gives you the ability to access, monitor, and control your home security and home automation equipment remotely. You can lock and unlock your doors hands-free, arm and disarm your security system, control your lights, and/or thermostat, and more.
Using home automation equipment such as Alexa, you can turn your thermostat on or off or adjust the temperature in your home to any degree you want using your voice, or a mobile app, rather than having to perform that task manually.
Home automation equipment such as Alexa enables you to turn the lights in your home on and off using your voice, or a mobile app rather than physically having to do so.
When integrated with Alexa and other task specific home automation features, you can control your home security and home automation equipment, including your door locks. You could use voice-controlled Alexa rather than having to physically lock or unlock your doors manually; however, you will have to verbally state your four-digit pin code every time in order to do so. This will protect you from intruders being able to verbally unlock your doors.
Motion detectors work a little differently than entryway sensors in that they detect motion rather than the opening of a door or window. When your system detects motion, it will send you an alert notifying you that activity has been detected so you can respond accordingly. Additionally, some motion detectors are so advanced they can recognize and ignore specific occurrences such as your designated family members, pets, and even your family's vehicles so you aren't constantly sent false security alerts.
Many home security and home automation systems and equipment such as the Nexx Garage door opener, include a garage door feature that enables you to open and close your garage door remotely using your voice, such as with Alexa, or with a mobile app. Specific garage door equipment, such as Nexx (which is compatible with Alexa), allow you to assign certain permissions for multiple users and include an in-app calendar that lets you see when the door was opened and who opened it.


A brief tutorial on submodule types and encapsulation schemes.
Listed below are submodules used in ARP synthesisers. A brief descritpion of each module is given, as well as information about which synthesiser model(s) the submodule was used in. Some of the more common modules are presented in greater detail by means of downloadable documents.


text:
The Hacker News — Cyber Security and Hacking News Website: Google Android
Google Makes it Tough for Rogue App Developers Get Back on Android Play Store
Even after Google's security oversight over its already-huge Android ecosystem has evolved over the years, malware apps still keep coming back to Google Play Store. Sometimes just reposting an already detected malware app from a newly created Play Store account, or using other developers' existing accounts, is enough for 'bad-faith' developers to trick the Play Store into distributing unsafe apps to Android users. Since the mobile device platform is growing rapidly, every new effort Google makes apparently comes with trade-offs. For example, Google recently made some changes in its Play Store policies and added new restriction in Android APIs that now makes it mandatory for every new app to undergo rigorous security testing and review process before appearing in the Google Play Store. These efforts also include: restricting developers from abusing Android accessibility services, restricting apps access to certain permissions like call logs and SMS permi
Android Q — Google Adds New Mobile Security and Privacy Features
March 19, 2019Swati Khandelwal
Google has recently released the first beta version of Android Q, the next upcoming version of Google's popular mobile operating system, with a lot of new privacy improvements and other security enhancements. Android Q, where Q has not yet been named, offers more control over installed apps, their access, and permissions, and location settings; more support for passive authentication like face ID, and warnings when you install a new app targeting Android Marshmallow or older. Instead of directly going through dozens of different pages Google published about Android Q, here I have summarized all new privacy and security features of the new version of Android you can quickly learn from: 1) Stop Android Apps From Tracking Your Location in the Background Android Q gives you more control over how an app can use your device location information. Currently, you have a single option to either allow or deny an app access to your device location, doesn't matter if it is in-use
Google Makes 2 Years of Android Security Updates Mandatory for Device Makers
October 25, 2018Mohit Kumar
When it comes to security updates, Android is a real mess. Even after Google timely rolls out security patches for its Android platform, a major part of the Android ecosystem remains exposed to hackers because device manufacturers do not deliver patches regularly and on a timely basis to their customers. To deal with this issue, Google at its I/O Developer Conference May 2018 revealed the company's plan to update its OEM agreements that would require Android device manufacturers to roll out at least security updates regularly. Now, a leaked, unverified copy of a new contract between Google and OEMs obtained by The Verge reveals some terms of the agreement that device manufacturers have to comply with or otherwise they have to lose their Google certification for upcoming Android devices. Google's New Terms for Android Security Updates According to the leaked contract, Android OEMs will now be required to regularly roll out security updates for popular devices—lau
From Now On, Only Default Android Apps Can Access Call Log and SMS Data
A few hours ago the company announced its "non-shocking" plans to shut down Google+ social media network following a "shocking" data breach incident. Now to prevent abuse and potential leakage of sensitive data to third-party app developers, Google has made several significant changes giving users more control over what type of data they choose to share with each app. The changes are part of Google's Project Strobe —a "root-and-branch" review of third-party developers access to Google account and Android device data and of its idea around apps' data access. Restricted Call Log and SMS Permissions for Apps Google announced some new changes to the way permissions are approved for Android apps to prevent abuse and potential leakage of sensitive call and text log data by third-party developers. While the apps are only supposed to request permission those are required for functioning properly, any Android app can ask permission to access y
Google Solves Update Issue for Android Apps Installed from Unknown Sources
If you are wondering how to receive latest updates for an Android app—installed via a 3rd party source or peer-to-peer app sharing—directly from Google Play Store. For security reasons, until now apps installed from third-party sources cannot be updated automatically over-the-air, as Google does not recognize them as Play Store apps and they do not show up in your Google account app list as well. Late last year, Google announced its plan to set up an automated mechanism to verify the authenticity of an app by adding a small amount of security metadata on top of each Android application package (in the APK Signing Block) distributed by its Play Store. This metadata is like a digital signature that would help your Android device to verify if the origin of an app you have installed from a third-party source is a Play Store app and have not been tempered, for example, a virus is not attached to it. From early 2018, Google has already started implementing this mechanism, which doesn
Google Silently Adds 'Panic Detection Mode" to Android 7.1 – How It's Useful
July 11, 2017Wang Wei
How often do you click the 'back' or the 'Home' button on your mobile device to exit an application immediately? I believe, several times in a single day because a large number of apps do not have an exit button to directly force-close them instead of going back and back and back until they exit. Sometimes Android users expect the back button to take them back to the back page, but sometimes they really want to exit the app immediately. Often this has severe usability implications when a majority of users are already dealing with their low-performance mobile devices and believe that clicking back button multiple times would kill the app and save memory, but it doesn't. Google has now addressed this issue and silently included a feature within Android 7.1 Nougat that allows users to exit from apps by pressing the 'back' key successively within 0.3 seconds for over four times. Dubbed " Panic Detection Mode ," the feature runs in the background o
Android Beats Windows to Become World's Most Popular Operating System
April 03, 2017Wang Wei
It's an impressive milestone for Google — For the first time in decades, Android has been crowned as the world's most popular operating system in terms of Internet usage, knocking Microsoft Windows off the top spot. According to a new report from web traffic analytics firm StatCounter, Google's Android is the most popular operating system worldwide in terms of total internet usage across desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile combined. Looking at overall internet usage, Android represented 37.93 percent of the global OS Internet usage market share in March, while Windows accounted for 37.91 percent. Although Windows is still not far behind, Android taking the lead is being described by StatCounter CEO Aodhan Cullen as a "milestone in technology history." This achievement is due to the fact that mobile devices are used to connect to the Internet far more frequently than desktops and laptops, and people are spending more time on smartphones surfing the Inter


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Greece Updates Covid-19 Recovery Certificate Rules
By : Maria Paravantes
Tag: Coronavirus, coronavirus Greece, Covid-19, Covid-19 measures Greece, Covid-19 travel measures, pandemic, recovery certificates Greece, recovery certificates validity, tourism and travel, tourism and travel Greece, Yiannis Economou
Starting today, unvaccinated individuals who have recovered from Covid-19 are allowed entry to all spaces as applies to vaccinated citizens after displaying a recovery certificate issued in the last 90 days.
Health authorities announced that as of today, Covid recovery certificates will be valid for a period of three months (90 days) and not six months which applied until now. If the three-month period has expired, then individuals will be subject to the rules for the unvaccinated.
More specifically, "the Covid-19 recovery certificate is issued only after laboratory testing by PCR method for Covid-19 within thirty (30) days after the first positive test and its validity lasts up to ninety (90) days after".
According to the new rules, recovery certificates issued between June 13, 2021 and October 31, 2021 following PCR or rapid testing for Covid-19 remain in effect according to previous rules.
Covid recovery certificates issued between November 1, 2021 to December 4, 2021 via PCR or rapid testing are valid for 90 days, according to the new amendment.
Holders of recovery certificates issued via gov.gr must display these either printed or in digital format upon entry to given spaces.
Holders of three-month recovery certificates will be allowed admission to all activities or shops, restaurants, and closed spaces.
Photo source: diaNEOsis
Unvaccinated individuals must present a negative PCR or rapid test result, to enter banks, public services, restaurants, cafes, bars and entertainment venues.
Additionally, according to the revised rules, starting today, people aged 60 or above who have not received the booster shot (third dose of a vaccine) seven months after the second dose will be considered unvaccinated. While those 60 or over who have not received at least on dose by January 16, 2022 will be subject to a monthly fine of 100 euros.
Meanwhile, speaking to the press on Monday, Government Spokesperson Yiannis Economou ruled out the possibility of new measures before Christmas. Instead, he said, the government is focused on implementing regulations, accelerating vaccination rates and reach, and encouraging self-testing.
"At this stage, we are not considering new measures, whether they concern compulsory vaccinations or restrictions," he said.
In this direction, he reiterated that as of 5pm on December 18 all adults – vaccinated or not – will be able to get free self-tests using their AMKA number or temporary social security number.
Currently, some 7.2 million people in Greece have received at least one dose of a vaccine against Covid. In the last 24-hour period, the country reported 3,225 new coronavirus cases and 90 deaths.
Chicago-born and raised, Maria Paravantes has over two decades of journalistic experience covering tourism and travel, gastronomy, arts, music and culture, economy and finance, politics, health and social issues for international press and media. She has worked for Reuters, The Telegraph, Huffington Post, Billboard Magazine, Time Out Athens, the Athens News, Odyssey Magazine and SETimes.com, among others. She has also served as Special Advisor to Greece's minister of Foreign Affairs, and to the mayor of Athens on international press and media issues. Maria is currently a reporter, content and features writer for GTP Headlines.
Global Travel Agency Associations Agree: Closing Borders is Not the Answer
Greek City Ioannina Aiming to Attract Visitors All Year Round
Elena 28 December 2021 at 18:48 Reply
Unfortunately, our country is always in the first place when it comes to bad statistics and stupid decisions.
If I understand it correctly, an EU certificate issued in Germany with a validity of 180 days is no longer valid in Greece once the 90 days have expired. Right?
Because our medical doctors and politicians are the smartest in the EU, is that the reason? After all, in Japan the medical professionals don't have to be as smart as they are in Greece if the recovery certificate has a validity of 12 months.
For over 20 years our Greek identity cards have been problematic in the EU because our ID Card has no expiration date.
Obviously, the vaccination passport are more relevant than the identity card, which is the most important document in the EU!


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Doederleinia berycoides és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels acropomàtids.

Descripció
 Pot arribar a fer 40 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 30).
 És de color vermell al dors i blanc al ventre.
 9 espines i 10 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 3 espines i 6-8 radis tous a l'anal.
 Escates grans.
 Interior de la cavitat bucal de color negre.

Alimentació
Menja crustacis i mol·luscs.

Hàbitat
És un peix marí, demersal i de clima tropical (25°N-21°S i 115°E-177°W) que viu entre 80 i 200 m de fondària.

Distribució geogràfica
Es troba al Pacífic occidental: des del Japó i Indonèsia fins al nord-oest d'Austràlia.

Observacions
És inofensiu per als humans i emprat com a aliment.

Referències

Bibliografia

 Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
 Pauly, D., 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.
 Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

Enllaços externs
 BioLib
 AQUATAB

Acropomàtids


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Q: SwiftUI ForEach vertical divider layout strange I'm beginner in SwiftUI and faced strange behaviour of ForEach layout when adding some VStack with divider inside.
Here is example:
struct TestUserView: View {
    @State var users: [String] = ["John Doe",
                                  "Jane Doe",
                                  "James Doe",
                                  "Judy Doe"]

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            ForEach(users, id: \.self) { user in
                VStack(spacing: 0) {
//                    Text("")
//                        .background(Color.blue)
//                        .frame(height: 0)
//
                    Rectangle()
                        .frame(height: 5)

                    HStack {
                        Text(user)
                            .font(.system(size: 55, weight: .bold))
                        Spacer()
                    }
                }
                .background(Color.green)
            }
        }
        .background(Color.purple)
    }
}

It looks like this:

See this purple area. I don't expect it to be there.
Strange enough that it disappears if add Text before separator(no matter if this is Rectangle, Divider or Color.black). Just uncomment commented code and it will become as expected.
Just wondering if this is bug or I don't understand SwiftUI layout.
If this is expected please point me to some useful documentation.
Used XCode 11.5

A: It is effect of default spacing between different kind of views.
Here is a solution. Tested with Xcode 11.4 / iOS 13.4.
    var body: some View {
        VStack(spacing: 0) { // << explicit spacing !!

        // .. other code

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