text:
Reducing IIA Risks to Climate Change Rules Using Permits
By Howard Mann, January 30, 2019
Using Permits and Contracts to Reduce International Investment Agreement (IIA) Risks to Climate Change Regulations: The Washington Gas Purchase.
On April 4, 2018, the Maryland Public Service Commission (Maryland PSC) issued an Order approving the purchase of Washington Gas in the State of Maryland by AltaGas, a Canada-based natural gas company.
The Order of the Commission, which was subject to negotiation with AltaGas and involved public hearings and inputs from expert witnesses, acts as a regulatory approval by the responsible government for the purchase. In the United States, decisions permitting foreign investment are almost exclusively taken at the state level rather than the national level, due to the division of powers in the U.S. constitution. The negotiating process leading to the decision also makes it similar to a contract negotiation process.
Washington Gas is a subsidiary of WGL Holdings. AltaGas acquired WGL Holdings in full, completing the process in July 2018. Other WGL Holdings subsidiaries include New Hampshire Gas, though Washington Gas is the largest. The Maryland PSC Order is binding over this purchase. AltaGas, upon completing the acquisition, said that the value overall of WGL Holdings was USD 9 billion.
Eliminating risk from future climate change regulations
What made the Maryland PSC's Order to approve the purchase unique was the inclusion of legally binding conditions, negotiated with AltaGas, designed specifically to address the potential of future regulatory decisions to reduce or prohibit carbon-based energy use in Maryland. (The author of this blog was an expert witness on behalf of the Office of Public Counsel of the State of Maryland and drafted the preliminary version of the conditions of the Order discussed here, ultimately agreed to by the investor.)
These potential actions would be primarily, though not exclusively, for climate change purposes.
Given the precedent in the Washington Gas sale, governments should feel empowered to protect the public interest.
The need to tackle carbon-based pollution, including from energy, has been a recurring topic in Maryland. It has become widely recognized that ongoing climate change policy-making processes could lead to future regulatory limits and prohibitions. Hence, the issue was very much a live issue during the Maryland PSC approval process.
In investment treaty terms, the Maryland PSC's decision—specifically the conditions involving future regulatory decisions to lower or ban carbon-based energy use in the state—acts as a means to eliminate the risk of actions against the government for breach of fair and equitable treatment (FET) and expropriation obligations. The conditions also act as the antithesis of a regulatory stabilization provision. Each of these issues is discussed briefly below.
The text of Conditions 20-21 of the Order is found at p.A-11:
20. Notwithstanding any other provisions of these conditions, AltaGas, Washington Gas, and WGL recognize that the State of Maryland and the Government of the United States retain the full right to enact bona fide laws and regulations in relation to the production and distribution of natural gas and other carbon-based energy sources. Nothing in these conditions or the Commission's orders restrict or alter these rights, or creates or implies any limitation on the State of Maryland or its agencies, or on the Government of the United States and its agencies, with respect to future measures in this regard. This includes measures to address climate change and other public interest issues such as air quality.
21. AltaGas, Washington Gas, and WGL expressly acknowledge that the Commission, by approving the Merger, is not creating any special expectations to induce AltaGas, as an entity covered by North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA"), to close the Merger.
Some interpretations of expropriation include a concept of "regulatory expropriation." Under this theory, which itself is far from unanimously accepted as part of the meaning of expropriation, a change in regulations that impacts a business's profitability can be an act tantamount to expropriation. This notion relies on the view that investors have some form of right to operate in perpetuity in the same manner as when the investment was made. Enacting a new regulation would thus be akin to removing such a right.
The conditions quoted above make it clear that the investor, AltaGas, has no extended rights to operate as it did at the start of the investment, at least as it relates to laws and regulations to reduce carbon-based energy use. By expressly denying any such right, the conditions act to preclude any effective claim to regulatory expropriation under NAFTA's Chapter 11, Article 1110.
The provision above has the effect of preventing a claim that a new measure to reduce natural gas use would constitute a breach of FET obligations in Article 1105 of NAFTA or under FET language. These provisions have been found, under some readings, to create barriers to new legislation on the basis that the investor had a "legitimate expectation" to be free of future regulations that would negatively impact its investments.
A less stringent reading of the legitimate expectation concept has held that, where the investor had been given reason to expect a government will act or refrain from acting in a certain way and this specific expectation is then frustrated by the government, a claim under FET would hold.
The conditions above make it clear that the investor could have no expectation that the government will not act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from carbon-based energy sources. The text acknowledges that the government has the right to do so and could act accordingly. Thus, at a substantive level of interpreting and applying an FET clause, both stricter and more flexible readings of legitimate expectations have been negated by the conditions.
Antithesis to a regulatory stabilization provision
At a functional level, these legally binding conditions act as the exact opposite of a regulatory stabilization provision that would either prohibit a government from enacting new laws or regulations that impact an investment or would require the government to compensate the investor for any negative economic effects resulting from the new measure. Such stabilization provisions are fraught with difficulties for governments but remain a demand of many companies, especially in the oil and gas sector, when making investments.
Binding conditions were introduced to the sale of Washington Gas to address the potential of future laws to reduce carbon-based energy in Maryland.
The conditions imposed by the Maryland PSC Order in this case produce precisely the opposite result: rather than the government assuming the risk of introducing new laws or regulations, and thus being disincentivized from doing so, the above provisions make it clear that the investor is the sole actor that bears this risk.
Special importance in the oil and gas sector
That this provision is by an investor in the oil and gas sector is especially important. Analysts from around the world have forecast literally trillions of dollars in "stranded assets" in the sector due to necessary and foreseeable restrictions to combat climate change. Stranded assets are production, transportation and transmission facilities that lose economic value after legal measures restrict or prohibit their ability to continue producing, transporting or delivering their products.
Who covers the costs of these stranded assets is a key question. In many cases, analysts anticipate that the cost of these assets would be part of a claim under a regulatory expropriation or FET provision in an investment treaty. Thus, claims could stretch easily into the billions of dollars for climate change regulations. In the Washington Gas case, the above provision negates this risk, clearly allocating the risk of stranded assets to the investor.
Acting in the public interest
The fact that a top-tier oil and gas company agreed to this precedent-setting provision shows that the demand for a stabilization provision in this sector can be counter-acted by a provision recognizing governments' right to take measures to protect the environment.
Given this precedent, governments should thus feel more empowered to protect the public interest, including on environmental issues and including in relation to oil and gas investments.
Issue Expert
Investment Law and Policy Reform
Deep Dive Into Fisheries Subsidies, Part 2: Cheap gas and free nets causing problems for shrimp
How Costa Rica's environment minister talks to his daughter about climate change
Is Climate Art the Right-Brained Approach We Need to This Crisis?
A Long and Winding Road: COP 25 end notes
Way to Go Winnipeggers, on Getting Us Even Closer to Protecting Lake Winnipeg!
view all Blog Entries


text:
package cn.lambdacraft.mob.client.renderer;

import java.util.Random;

import net.minecraft.entity.EntityLiving;

import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;

import cn.lambdacraft.mob.client.model.ModelHoundeye;
import cn.lambdacraft.mob.entity.EntityHoundeye;
import cn.liutils.api.client.render.LIRenderMob;

/**
 * @author WeAthFolD
 *
 */
public class RenderHoundeye extends LIRenderMob {

    protected static ModelHoundeye model = new ModelHoundeye();
    protected Random rand = new Random();
    /**
     * @param par1ModelBase
     * @param par2
     */
    public RenderHoundeye() {
        super(model, 0.5F);
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    @Override
    public void func_110827_b(EntityLiving ent, double par2, double par4, double par6, float par8, float par9)
    {
        GL11.glPushMatrix();
        float yOffset = ent.prevLimbSwingAmount + (ent.limbSwingAmount - ent.prevLimbSwingAmount) * par9;
        float xOffset = 0.0F, zOffset = 0.0F;
        if(((EntityHoundeye)ent).isCharging) {
            xOffset = rand.nextFloat() * 0.3F;
            zOffset = rand.nextFloat() * 0.3F;
            yOffset += rand.nextFloat() * 0.3F;
        }
        if(yOffset > 1.0F)
            yOffset = 1.0F;
        yOffset *= 0.2F;
        GL11.glTranslatef(xOffset, yOffset, zOffset);
        super.func_110827_b(ent, par2, par4, par6, par8, par9);
        GL11.glPopMatrix();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home FIR Can the police lodge an FIR under Section 188 of IPC for...
Can the police lodge an FIR under Section 188 of IPC for violation of lockdown : challenges faced by the courts amidst the pandemic
Sneha Mahawar
Image Source: https://rb.gy/al7w1j
This article is written by Aastha Verma, pursuing B.A.LL.B from Kalinga University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. This article is concerned with Section 188 of IPC and discusses whether police can lodge FIR under Section 188 or not.
Government imposed restrictions in the country
Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code
The procedural scheme under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code
Measures which police can take-
Circumstances under which Section 188 can be invoked
COVID -19, Criminal law and Section 188 of IPC
The Central and the State Government has taken various measures to stop the spreading of novel coronavirus which includes the enforcement of an unprecedented nationwide lockdown that has affected the lives and business of the people. Because lockdowns came into force the statutes like the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DMA), Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (EDA), and certain provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) have become a part of lawyer's everyday language.
However, most orders/directives/notifications issued by governments, whether state or federal, have included Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code. This section is invoked when there is non-compliance with the guidelines which have been mentioned in the orders. Therefore, it becomes important to understand this provision.
The coronavirus was the first to emerge in China's Wuhan in 2019, and slowly it affected various countries and their territory. To stop the virus from spreading the government imposes measures to reduce the public gathering. Offices, schools, conferences, sports, marriages, etc were stopped. The World Health Organization (WHO) asked the government to take action to prevent the transmission of the disease. In India, on 22nd March 2020 the center announced the Janta curfew for the first time from 7 am to 9 pm and the condition is that everybody has to stay at their home only. Even after that, the number of cases increased rapidly, so the center announced the nationwide lockdown from 25th March 2020, and wearing masks and maintaining social distance is the most important step while going out of home for basic necessities. Whoever is disobeying the order shall be punished under Section 188 of IPC. The police have the power to register a First Information Report (FIR) if he knows that someone has violated the order promulgated by the public servant and police can investigate the offence but the court cannot take cognizance of the case unless there is a written complaint filed by the concerned public servant. Further magistrate court cannot direct the police to initiate the investigation as it has no negative power to direct stoppage of investigation of cognizable offence.
The question arises of the FIRs that have been registered all over the country under Section 188, IPC. The cases are broadly divided into two categories –
Cases in which FIR is registered under Section 188 and also under Section 269 and 270 of IPC.
Cases that are registered only under Section 188 of IPC.
In the first category, the police can omit the investigation under Section 188 of IPC before filing the charge sheet incompetent court but the charge sheet can be filed for the other offences. In the second category, where FIR has been registered only under Section 188 of IPC the police have to drop the case and file a complaint in the competent court. But a practical difficulty the administrative authority is facing now is that most of the courts have been shut down during the lockdown and it is getting difficult to take a written complaint from the concerned public servant if there is a violation of Section 188 of IPC.
In May 2020, the Supreme Court refused to entertain a plea seeking for quashing of various FIRs registered under Section 154 of CrPC, 1973 and of other petty offences related to not following norms of the COVID-19 pandemic.
When the court is not functioning properly the public servant can't submit the complaint in writing. The public servant gives an informal complaint. When it becomes practically possible the Section 195 of CrPC will be applicable along with the findings of the informal investigation.
Section 188 of IPC comes under Chapter X "of Contempts of the Lawful Authority of Public Servants" which reads disobedience to order duly promulgated by a public servant. The existence of the order promulgated by the public servant who is lawfully empowered to promulgate and the accused know about the same and disobeys the order which has caused obstruction, annoyance, or injury to any person lawfully employed or danger to human life, health, and safety. Whoever knows that order given by the public servant lawfully directs to abstain from doing disobey such direction and causes obstruction, annoyance, injury, or risk to any person lawfully employed shall be punished with simple imprisonment which may extend to one month or fine up to Rs. 200/- or both.
If such disobedience causes danger to human life, health, or safety or causes riot or affray shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to six months or fine up to Rs. 1000/- or both. According to the first schedule of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973 the offences are cognizable, bailable, and can be tried by any magistrate. Also, as per Section 320 of the Code of Criminal procedure, 1973 Section 188 is a non-compoundable offence.
To be punishable under Section 188, the order should be given by a public servant for the public purpose. There must be evidence that the accused knows the order with the disobedience of which he is charged. An order made in a civil suit between two parties does not fall under this section. Mens Rea or a guilty mind is not an essential requirement for the commission of the offence.
The police have the power to arrest the person without a warrant also police can register an FIR under Section 154 of the CrPC, 1973, and can initiate the investigation into the offence.
After the completion of the investigation police can proceed to file a police report under Section 173 of the CrPC, 1973 based on which the court initiates the trial and takes cognizance of the offence.
By applying Section 195(1)(a) of the CrPC, 1973 which provides that the court can take cognizance of the offence punishable under Section 172 to 188 of the IPC only when there is a written complaint of the public servant concerned or his superior.
It also bars the court from taking cognizance of the case on the basis of the final report by the police which creates a twist in the enforcement of Section 188 of IPC. This is the travesty of the judicial process.
In the case of Jeevanandham v. State, 2018 the Madras High Court held that it is mandatory to follow the procedure of Section 195 of CrPC, 1973 to prosecute an accused of an offence under Section 188 of IPC otherwise such action would be rendered as void ab initio. There must be a complaint by the public servant whose lawful order has not been complied with. The power of police officers is limited to preventive action and immediately he has to inform the concerned public servant to enable him to proceed with the complaint before the Court.
In the case of Jagdish and others v, the State of Haryana, 2015 the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that as per Section 195(1) of the CrPC, 1973 no FIR can be registered by the police unless there is a written complaint made by the public servant concerned and if made then the police report will be quashed for the offence under Section 188 of IPC.
Police have to prevent such disobedience of the order promulgated by the public servant.
As per Section 41 of the CrPC, 1973 an accused person can be taken to the custody of the police.
The procedure has to be followed to prosecute the accused.
In the case of State of Punjab v. Raj Singh, 1998 the Supreme Court held that we are unable to sustain the impugned order of the High Court for quashing the FIR lodged against the respondent for the commission of an offence under Section 467 and 468 of the IPC on the ground that Section 195(1)(b) of CrPC, 1973 prohibits the investigation of the offence by the police. Section 185 manifests that it comes into operation when the court takes cognizance of the case under Section 190 of the CrPC, 1973. The statutory power of police to investigate under the code is not controlled by Section 195 of CrPC. The court may file a complaint about the offence on the basis of FIR and the material collected during the investigation but should follow the procedure laid down in Section 340 of CrPC, 1973.
To be punishable under Section 188, the order has to be for a public purpose by public functionaries. An order made under a civil suit between two people does not cover under this Section. For example – an order commanding an assembly of five or more members to disperse will fall under Section 188 of IPC. There must be evidence that the accused has knowledge about the order in which he has disobedience. Mere proof of general notification and promulgating the order does not constitute offence but it must show the offence that disobedience has or tends to various circumstances.
The government for saving the lives of people has taken various measures during the pandemic coronavirus and these cumulative measures are known as lockdown. However, some people are not following the rules and regulations made by the government which prompts the police to take action against the various provisions of law. Section 188 of IPC is one of them. Police are regularly registering FIRs and investigating upon the same as the offence under Section 188 is cognizable where police can arrest a person without any warrant. Section 154 of CrPC obligates the officer in charge of the police station to reduce the information into writing and make the sign of the informant. Section 195 of CrPC says that the court can take cognizance only after the complaint is in writing by the public servant which creates confusion between the two.
Section 195 creates a barrier to the court for taking cognizance of the case. It does not talk about the power of the police officer. The applicability of Section 195 of CrPC, 1973 can be invoked before the stage of cognizance but it cannot infringe the power of police during the investigation. This section bars the Magistrate's power to take cognizance of the case under Section 190 of CrPC, 1973. Also, when the magistrate is taking cognizance of the case under Section 190 of CrPC he must examine the facts of the complaint and should determine his power before taking cognizance. The police have to inform the accused about the offence to the competent public servant whose order has been contravened by the accused and give a police report for filing the complaint before the court.
Thus the police officer, as well as the prosecution agency, are bound to observe the correct procedure under Section 195 of CrPC and Section 188 of IPC. Also, the written complaint of the District Magistrate (DM) or its superior officer annexed with a police report should be submitted for taking cognizance of the offence before the court.
It is the responsibility of every citizen to maintain peace and follow the rules and regulations of society. The public servant promulgates orders and whoever disobeys such orders shall be punished according to Section 188 of IPC. Coronavirus was increasing rapidly so to stop spreading it the government promulgated the order of lockdown and whoever disobeyed the order had to face legal consequences. The offence under Section 188 is cognizable where the officer in charge of the police station has to file an FIR under Section 154 of CrPC and on the other hand Section 195 of CrPC prohibits the police from filing FIR for an offence punishable under Section 188 of IPC. Whenever such conflict arises between two provisions of law then it's important to take notice of the intention of the legislature while interpreting the procedural law. The intention of the legislature in Section 195 of CrPC, 1973 is to bar the court from taking cognizance and not bar registration of an FIR. Cognizance of the case can be taken at the time of filing of the charge sheet the statutory procedure specified under the provision compiled with it. The court has to decide which approach towards interpretation is better, the old grammatical approach or the modern purposive approach.
https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1860-45.pdf
https://www.latestlaws.com/articles/no-fir-under-section-188-of-indian-penal-code-a-critical-analysis/
What is Section 188 IPC, under which you will be booked for violating COVID-19 lockdown? | Explained News, The Indian Express
https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/section-195-crpc/
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Section 302 IPC punishment
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#include "qMokkaCoreDataManager.h"
#include "qMokkaCoreDataManager_p.h"

#include "qMokkaAcquisition.h"

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
//                      qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate                  //
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate::qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate(qMokkaCoreDataManager* q)
: q_ptr(q), acquisitions()
{};

qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate::~qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate()
{
  QList<qMokkaAcquisition*>::iterator itA = this->acquisitions.begin();
  while (itA != this->acquisitions.end())
  {
    delete *itA;
    itA = this->acquisitions.erase(itA);
  }
};

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
//                         qMokkaCoreDataManager                      //
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

qMokkaCoreDataManager::qMokkaCoreDataManager(QObject* parent)
: QObject(parent),
  d_ptr(new qMokkaCoreDataManagerPrivate(this))
{};

qMokkaCoreDataManager::~qMokkaCoreDataManager()
{};

const QList<qMokkaAcquisition*>& qMokkaCoreDataManager::acquisitions() const
{
  Q_D(const qMokkaCoreDataManager);
  return d->acquisitions;
};

void qMokkaCoreDataManager::appendAcquisition(qMokkaAcquisition* ptr)
{
  Q_D(qMokkaCoreDataManager);
  for (QList<qMokkaAcquisition*>::iterator itA = d->acquisitions.begin() ; itA != d->acquisitions.end() ; ++itA)
  {
    if (*itA == ptr)
    {
      qWarning("Acqusition already in the list!");
      return;
    }
  }
  d->acquisitions.append(ptr);
};

QVariantList qMokkaCoreDataManager::variantAcquisitions() const
{
  Q_D(const qMokkaCoreDataManager);
  QVariantList list;
  // NOTE: Even if downcasted to a QObject pointer, PythonQt will correctly convert the QVariantList as a QList<qMokkaAcquisition*>.
  for (QList<qMokkaAcquisition*>::const_iterator itA = d->acquisitions.begin() ; itA != d->acquisitions.end() ; ++itA)
    list.append(QVariant::fromValue(static_cast<QObject*>(*itA)));
  return list;
};


> ok - let's do that.
> when/how to fix this?
volunteer to hack on it that I know of.
Solution for the local files backend.
a single daemon accessing them; change-monitor and lock each file).
maybe that is the right approach for the backend files.
- the Xserver/D-BUS lifecycle model instead of the Bonobo one; i.e.
to it exit; and said process lets apps track each other's lifetimes.
like Evolution losing its composer which keeps happening to me.
gracefully helping with multiple login if we can figure out how.
ensuring nautilus runs so you can clean up some files.
keep your data on the network would be more robust.
Ultimately I'm only going to be able to do 5% of the work myself.
and I'm not keeping up with bugs on my modules.


text:
Q: Vue.js unit test cases with vue-test-utils and Jest failing using vue-cli 3 , I starting to learn unit testing with Jest
I wrote my first spec for my initial Heading component
import { shallowMount } from "@vue/test-utils";
import Heading from "@/components/Home/Heading.vue";

describe("Heading.vue", () => {
  it("should contains default heading", () => {
    // when
    const wrapper = shallowMount(Heading);
    // then
    const heading = wrapper.find('h1');
    expect(heading.text()).toContain('In the heart of Charentes...')
  });
});

but I get a syntax error in the  of y component (??,)
Invalid or unexpected token
vue-cli-service test:unit

 FAIL  tests/unit/Heading.spec.js (16.815s)
  Heading.vue
    ✕ should contains default heading (215ms)

  ● Heading.vue › should contains default heading

    /Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/assets/images/hero.jpeg:1    ({"Object.<anonymous>":function(module,exports,require,__dirname,__filename,global,jest){����
                                                                                ^

    SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token

      124 | .primaryInversed {
      125 |   background-color: white !important;
    > 126 |   border-color: #464898 !important;
          |                                                                                ^
      127 |   color: #464898 !important;
      128 |   .icon {
      129 |     color: #464898 !important;

      at ScriptTransformer._transformAndBuildScript (node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:403:17)

I don't undertsand why ...   ( I am following the small tut from octo talks
here is my component
<template>

        <v-parallax :src="require('@/assets/images/hero.jpeg')">
          <v-layout column align-center justify-center>

{{ $t('lang.views.home.heading.header1') }}

 {{ $t('lang.views.home.heading.header2') }}

{{ $t('lang.views.home.heading.subheading') }}

            <v-btn round v-if="!listening" @click="startAudioPlayer()" class="primary" large href="#">{{ $t('lang.views.home.heading.btn__listen') }}
              <v-icon right>play_arrow</v-icon>
            </v-btn>
            <v-btn round v-else @click="stopAudioPlayer()" class="primaryInversed" large href="#">{{ $t('lang.views.home.heading.btn__stop') }}
              <v-icon right>pause_circle_outline</v-icon>
            </v-btn>
            <audioplayer id="audioplayer" v-if="audioPlayer" :autoPlay="shouldPlay" :file="audioFile" :canPlay="audioReady" :ended="audioFinish"></audioplayer>
         </v-layout>
        </v-parallax>

          <v-layout row wrap class='my-5' >
            <v-flex xs12 sm4>
              <v-card class='elevation-0'>
                <v-card-text class="text-xs-center">
                  <v-icon x-large class="">group</v-icon>
                </v-card-text>
                <v-card-title primary-title class="layout justify-center">

                </v-card-title>
                <v-card-text v-html="$t('lang.views.home.heading.card1__content')"></v-card-text>
              </v-card>
            </v-flex>

            <v-flex xs12 sm4>
              <v-card class='elevation-0'>
                <v-card-text class='text-xs-center'>
                  <v-icon x-large class="">audiotrack</v-icon>
                </v-card-text>
                <v-card-title primary-title class="layout justify-center">

                </v-card-title>
                <v-card-text v-html="$t('lang.views.home.heading.card2__content')"></v-card-text>
              </v-card>
            </v-flex>

            <v-flex xs12 sm4>
              <v-card class='elevation-0'>
                <v-card-text class='text-xs-center'>
                   <v-icon x-large class="">tap_and_play</v-icon>
                </v-card-text>
                <v-card-title primary-title class="layout justify-center">

                </v-card-title>
                <v-card-text v-html="$t('lang.views.home.heading.card3__content')"></v-card-text>
              </v-card>
            </v-flex>
          </v-layout>

</template>

UPDATE
here is the complete console.log error output
    > vue-cli-service test:unit

     FAIL  tests/unit/Heading.spec.js (8.158s)
      Heading.vue
        ✕ should contains default heading (226ms)

      ● Heading.vue › should contains default heading

        /Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/assets/images/hero.jpeg:1
        ({"Object.<anonymous>":function(module,exports,require,__dirname,__filename,global,jest){����
                                                                                ^

        SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token

          124 | .primaryInversed {
          125 |   background-color: white !important;
        > 126 |   border-color: #464898 !important;
              |                                                                                ^
          127 |   color: #464898 !important;
          128 |   .icon {
          129 |     color: #464898 !important;

          at ScriptTransformer._transformAndBuildScript (node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:403:17)
          at Proxy.render (src/components/Home/Heading.vue:126:186)
          at VueComponent.Vue._render (node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:4542:22)
          at VueComponent.updateComponent (node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:2786:21)
          at Watcher.get (node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3140:25)
          at new Watcher (node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3129:12)

      console.error node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:589
        [Vue warn]: Error in config.errorHandler: "SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token"

      console.error node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:1739
        /Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/assets/images/hero.jpeg:1
        ({"Object.<anonymous>":function(module,exports,require,__dirname,__filename,global,jest){����
                                                                                ^

        SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token
            at ScriptTransformer._transformAndBuildScript (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:403:17)
            at ScriptTransformer.transform (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:448:19)
            at Runtime._execModule (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:640:53)
            at Runtime.requireModule (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:376:14)
            at Runtime.requireModuleOrMock (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:463:19)
            at Proxy.render (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/components/Home/Heading.vue:126:186)
            at VueComponent.Vue._render (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:4542:22)
            at VueComponent.updateComponent (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:2786:21)
            at Watcher.get (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3140:25)
            at new Watcher (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3129:12)

      console.error node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:589
        [Vue warn]: Error in render: "SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token"

        found in

        ---> <Heading>
               <Root>

      console.error node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:1739
        /Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/assets/images/hero.jpeg:1
        ({"Object.<anonymous>":function(module,exports,require,__dirname,__filename,global,jest){����
                                                                                ^

        SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token
            at ScriptTransformer._transformAndBuildScript (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:403:17)
            at ScriptTransformer.transform (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/script_transformer.js:448:19)
            at Runtime._execModule (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:640:53)
            at Runtime.requireModule (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:376:14)
            at Runtime.requireModuleOrMock (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/jest-runtime/build/index.js:463:19)
            at Proxy.render (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/src/components/Home/Heading.vue:126:186)
            at VueComponent.Vue._render (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:4542:22)
            at VueComponent.updateComponent (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:2786:21)
            at Watcher.get (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3140:25)
            at new Watcher (/Users/yves/Developments/WIP/VUE.JS-cli-3/3-chocha-home-content/chocha/node_modules/vue/dist/vue.runtime.common.js:3129:12)

A: In this particular cas, the error comes from the hero.jpeg image file.. I should add the jpeg extension into the "jest" "transform" block in package.json which currently transform only jpg files..
"transform": {
  "^.+\\.vue$": "vue-jest",
  ".+\\.(css|styl|less|sass|scss|png|jpg|jpeg|mp3|ttf|woff|woff2)$": "jest-transform-stub",
  "^.+\\.jsx?$": "babel-jest",
  "^.+\\.js?$": "babel-jest"
},

A: Another possible solution is to add this to your "moduleNameMapper" object of the package.json file's "jest" object:
"\\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|eot|otf|webp|svg|ttf|woff|woff2|mp4|webm|wav|mp3|m4a|aac|oga)$": "<rootDir>/test/mocks/fileMock.js",
"\\.(css|scss)$": "<rootDir>/test/mocks/styleMock.js"

The content of fileMock.js:
module.exports = 'test-file-stub';

The content of styleMock.js:
module.exports = {};

The first mocks all the file resources (images and media) and the second the style files.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Establish a written policy signed by top management describing the organization's commitment to safety and health, and pledging to establish and maintain a safety and health program for all workers.
Reinforce management commitment by considering safety and health in all business decisions, including contractor and vendor selection, purchasing, and facility design and modification.
Be visible in operations and set an example by following the same safety procedures you expect workers to follow. Begin work meetings with a discussion or review of safety and health indicators and any outstanding safety items on a "to do" list.
By establishing specific goals and objectives, management sets expectations for managers, supervisors, and workers, and for the program overall. The goals and objectives should focus on specific actions that will improve workplace safety and health.
Establish realistic, measurable goals for improving safety and health. Goals emphasizing injury and illness prevention should be included, rather than focusing on injury and illness rates.
Develop plans to achieve the goals by assigning tasks and responsibilities to particular people, setting timeframes, and determining resource needs.
Management provides the resources needed to implement the safety and health program, pursue program goals, and address program shortcomings when they are identified.
Estimate the resources needed to establish and implement the program.
Allow time in workers' schedules for them to fully participate in the program.
Integrate safety and health into planning and budgeting processes, and align budgets with program needs.
Provide and direct resources to operate and maintain the program, meet safety and health commitments, and pursue program goals.
Note: Resource needs will vary depending on your organization's size, complexity, hazard types, and program maturity and development. Resource needs may include capital equipment and supplies, staff time, training, access to information and tools (e.g., vendor information, Safety Data Sheets, injury/illness data, checklists, online databases) and access to safety and health experts, including OSHA's free and confidential On-site Consultation Program (see "For More Information" in the introduction to these recommended practices).
Management leads the program effort by establishing roles and responsibilities and providing an open, positive environment that encourages communication about safety and health.
Identify a frontline person or persons who will lead the safety program effort, make plans, coordinate activities, and track progress. Define and regularly communicate responsibilities and authorities for implementing and maintaining the program, and hold people accountable for performance.
Provide positive recognition for meeting or exceeding safety and health goals aimed at preventing injury and illness (e.g., reporting close calls/near misses, attending training, conducting inspections).
Establish ways for management and all workers to communicate freely and often about safety and health issues, without fear of retaliation.
Note: Maintaining a positive and encouraging tone is important. Successful programs reward, rather than discipline, workers who identify problems or concerns, much like successful quality programs. Disciplinary measures should be reserved for situations in which an individual manager or worker is uncooperative or becomes an impediment to progress.


text:
'use strict';

const Actor = require('../util/actor');
const StyleLayerIndex = require('../style/style_layer_index');

const VectorTileWorkerSource = require('./vector_tile_worker_source');
const GeoJSONWorkerSource = require('./geojson_worker_source');
const assert = require('assert');

const globalRTLTextPlugin = require('./rtl_text_plugin');

/**
 * @private
 */
class Worker {
    constructor(self) {
        this.self = self;
        this.actor = new Actor(self, this);

        this.layerIndexes = {};

        this.workerSourceTypes = {
            vector: VectorTileWorkerSource,
            geojson: GeoJSONWorkerSource
        };

        // [mapId][sourceType] => worker source instance
        this.workerSources = {};

        this.self.registerWorkerSource = (name, WorkerSource) => {
            if (this.workerSourceTypes[name]) {
                throw new Error(`Worker source with name "${name}" already registered.`);
            }
            this.workerSourceTypes[name] = WorkerSource;
        };

        this.self.registerRTLTextPlugin = (rtlTextPlugin) => {
            if (globalRTLTextPlugin.applyArabicShaping || globalRTLTextPlugin.processBidirectionalText) {
                throw new Error('RTL text plugin already registered.');
            }
            globalRTLTextPlugin['applyArabicShaping'] = rtlTextPlugin.applyArabicShaping;
            globalRTLTextPlugin['processBidirectionalText'] = rtlTextPlugin.processBidirectionalText;
        };
    }

    setLayers(mapId, layers) {
        this.getLayerIndex(mapId).replace(layers);
    }

    updateLayers(mapId, params) {
        this.getLayerIndex(mapId).update(params.layers, params.removedIds, params.symbolOrder);
    }

    loadTile(mapId, params, callback) {
        assert(params.type);
        this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type).loadTile(params, callback);
    }

    reloadTile(mapId, params, callback) {
        assert(params.type);
        this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type).reloadTile(params, callback);
    }

    abortTile(mapId, params) {
        assert(params.type);
        this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type).abortTile(params);
    }

    removeTile(mapId, params) {
        assert(params.type);
        this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type).removeTile(params);
    }

    removeSource(mapId, params) {
        assert(params.type);
        const worker = this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type);
        if (worker.removeSource !== undefined) {
            worker.removeSource(params);
        }
    }

    redoPlacement(mapId, params, callback) {
        assert(params.type);
        this.getWorkerSource(mapId, params.type).redoPlacement(params, callback);
    }

    /**
     * Load a {@link WorkerSource} script at params.url.  The script is run
     * (using importScripts) with `registerWorkerSource` in scope, which is a
     * function taking `(name, workerSourceObject)`.
     *  @private
     */
    loadWorkerSource(map, params, callback) {
        try {
            this.self.importScripts(params.url);
            callback();
        } catch (e) {
            callback(e);
        }
    }

    loadRTLTextPlugin(map, pluginURL, callback) {
        try {
            if (!globalRTLTextPlugin.applyArabicShaping && !globalRTLTextPlugin.processBidirectionalText) {
                this.self.importScripts(pluginURL);
            }
        } catch (e) {
            callback(e);
        }
    }

    getLayerIndex(mapId) {
        let layerIndexes = this.layerIndexes[mapId];
        if (!layerIndexes) {
            layerIndexes = this.layerIndexes[mapId] = new StyleLayerIndex();
        }
        return layerIndexes;
    }

    getWorkerSource(mapId, type) {
        if (!this.workerSources[mapId])
            this.workerSources[mapId] = {};
        if (!this.workerSources[mapId][type]) {
            // use a wrapped actor so that we can attach a target mapId param
            // to any messages invoked by the WorkerSource
            const actor = {
                send: (type, data, callback, buffers) => {
                    this.actor.send(type, data, callback, buffers, mapId);
                }
            };

            this.workerSources[mapId][type] = new this.workerSourceTypes[type](actor, this.getLayerIndex(mapId));
        }

        return this.workerSources[mapId][type];
    }
}

module.exports = function createWorker(self) {
    return new Worker(self);
};


text:
Q: Objective C one class not seeing the other I have these two classes MobRec & MobDef and I want to reference an array pointer of (MobDef) *mobInfo from MobRec. #import the mobdefs.h file in MobRec.h or .m but no luck any ideas?
MobRec.h
// Basic class unit
@interface MobRec : NSObject {
NSString *mName;
int speed;
}
@end

MobDef.h
// Master Class holding an array of units
@interface MobDef : NSObject {
NSMutableArray *mobInfo;
}

@property(retain) NSMutableArray *mobInfo;
@end

MobDef.m
@synthesize MobInfo;

- (id)init { // to add a new node and initialize it
mobInfo = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
MobRec *aNewMobRec = [[MobRec alloc] init];
[mobInfo addObject:aNewMobRec];
[aNewMobRec release];
}

A: The problem is that individual files have no knowledge of other files in your project, since Objective-C is a derivative of C. You need to #import the header files of any other classes that you need to use:
// ModDef.m
#import "MobDef.h"
#import "ModRec.h"

@implementation MobDef

@synthesize mobInfo; // case matters here

- (id)init
{
    mobInfo = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    MobRec* aNewMobRec = [[MobRec alloc] init];
    [mobInfo addObject:aNewMobRec];
    [aNewMobRec release];
}

@end

A: Well, your @synthesize doesn't match @property declaration - you're declaring properties for mobInfo but generating synthesized accessors for MobInfo.
Of are you getting some other error?


The Quvium team are very grateful for the support of software design company ARM and in particular access to the Arm Keil MDK Pro software development solution that we used to accelerate our product development.
We have designed a cough monitor that is compact and lightweight, with a long battery life and powerful machine learning algorithms for the device to analyze cough frequency, and listen only for coughs, ignoring background noise.
Inspiring new health tech start ups!
Our CEO Steve will be talking at this year's IDTechEx Show in Santa Clara on November 16th. He will taking about how technology has advanced from fitness trackers. We now have machine learning capabilities, which have ushered a new age of medical wearables that for example can help treat asthma or COPD by monitoring a patient's cough and cough patterns.
Come learn how the combination of microphone technology, machine learning algorithms and real medical science. Steve will also describe how our device's sensors are arrayed and processed, and will discuss other potential applications for sensors in medical products and health trackers, such as breathing detection, crying detection in babies, and fall and impact alerts.
International experts show growing interest in means of monitoring cough, the vital, but little used, bio-marker for disease management and identification.
and bulky, laboratory-based equipment to gather such data.


text:
HomeLacrosseSyracuse lacrosse dispatches Johns Hopkins with ease
Syracuse lacrosse dispatches Johns Hopkins with ease
March 8, 2020 Wes Cheng Lacrosse
Syracuse plays Johns Hopkins. Mandatory Photo Credit: Initra Marilyn, The Juice Online.
Syracuse, ranked No. 1 in the USILA coaches poll for the first time since 2017, looked every bit the part in a dominant 15-9 win over Johns Hopkins on Saturday.
The Orange raced out to an early 7-1 lead in the first quarter. Chase Scanlan started with an early goal at 12:11 before Garrett Degnon tied it two minutes later.
But it was all Syracuse from there, with Scanlan, Jamie Trimboli and Tucker Dordevic each scoring a pair of goals in the first quarter as the Orange took command.
Three second quarter goals from Johns Hopkins would pull the Blue Jays to within 8-4 with 8:50 left in the first half, but that is as close as they would get all afternoon.
» Related: Syracuse lacrosse relies on offense to top rival Hobart
SU responded with a 4-0 run, capped by a Trimboli goal with 4:27 remaining in the third quarter to make it 12-4. Scanlan then put a stop to a JHU run, scoring two consecutive goals after Johns Hopkins came within 12-7 with 13:09 to go.
Stephen Rehfuss notched a career-high with seven assists, while Scanlan (5 goals), Trimboli (4) and Dordevic (3) all had hat tricks. The Orange also dominated at the X, winning 18 of 28, as Danny Varello (9-13) and Jakob Phaup (9-15) helped the Orange outshoot the Blue Jays 37-25 through three quarters.
Owen Murphy had a hat trick to led JHU.
Syracuse next plays at Rutgers on Saturday at 1 p.m.
For more Syracuse coverage, Like our Facebook page, follow us @TheJuiceOnline and listen to our podcast.
Without Elijah Hughes, Syracuse basketball puts up a valiant fight, then fades
Syracuse basketball in need of a miracle to reach NCAA Tournament


text:
The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
Tickets & Tours
Georgia O'Keeffe Museum Galleries
10 AM–5 PM MST | Thu–Mon
Abiquiú, NM
10 AM–4 PM MST | Tue–Sat
Art & Research
About Georgia O'Keeffe
Museum Blog & Publications
Educators & Schools
Stationery & Art
Georgia O'Keeffe Museum and Electric Playhouse collaborate on immersive experience
Music for the Eyes will feature digital projections, animations and interactive displays of O'Keeffe's art and inspirations
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE–September 6, 2022 (Albuquerque, NM)–The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum is proud to announce its first immersive experience, in collaboration with Electric Playhouse in Albuquerque. Music for the Eyes: A New Georgia O'Keeffe Experience will open exclusively at Electric Playhouse on Friday, September 30 and run through Sunday, November 27. Music for the Eyes will lead viewers through O'Keeffe's creative process, diving into the mind and inspirations of one of the world's most iconic and revered artists. Featuring large-scale digital projections, interactive displays and animation of O'Keeffe artworks, this limited-run exhibit will be a can't-miss experience for all audiences.
ⓒ Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
"As the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum celebrates its 25th Anniversary this year, our focus has been on what's next. I am proud to say that two New Mexico-based institutions, Electric Playhouse and the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, have worked together to bring an innovative and exciting showcase of O'Keeffe's works to audiences in our home state," Director of the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum Cody Hartley says.
"Welcoming the works of O'Keeffe into the minds and spaces at Electric Playhouse has been a thrilling honor," Electric Playhouse Chief Technology Officer Eric Yakley said. "We've collaborated with exhibits at the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe and are excited to now bring that collaboration to Albuquerque."
Georgia O'Keeffe once recalled a class where the instructor asked students to draw while listening to different types of music. The experience impacted O'Keeffe with her recalling, "This gave me an idea that I was very interested to follow later – the idea that music could be translated into something for the eye." The dazzling display of O'Keeffe's legacy will allow onlookers to better understand concepts around color, technique, and communicating through art. Portions of the exhibition will offer insight on about what inspired O'Keeffe, how she was able to interpret that inspiration through her art, and how she has become an artist worth exploring almost a century after her very first art exhibition in New York City.
"Music for the Eyes celebrates Georgia O'Keeffe's artistic processes and inspiration through an immersive and interactive experience," Liz Neely, Curator of Digital Experience at the Museum. "This experience was created for people to celebrate O'Keeffe's work but also to better understand concepts around color, technique, and communicating through art. People of all ages will have fun being immersed in the world of O'Keeffe and feel like they too have outlets to express their own creativity."
Music for the Eyes, A New Georgia O'Keeffe Experience will be on display at Electric Playhouse, located at 5201 Ouray Road NW in Albuquerque through November 27.
Tickets are available at Electric Playhouse
Renee Lucero
Credit for all Images:
Music for the Eyes, A New Georgia O'Keeffe Experience at Electric Playhouse in Albuquerque. Images by Krisi Breeze. 2022. ⓒ Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.
ABOUT THE GEORGIA O'KEEFFE MUSEUM:
Since 1997, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum has shared the art, life, and story of Georgia O'Keeffe with visitors from around the world. Located in New Mexico, where Georgia O'Keeffe lived the final decades of her life, the O'Keeffe has sites and experiences in two historic destinations, Santa Fe and Abiquiú. For more information, please visit okeeffemuseum.org
ABOUT ELECTRIC PLAYHOUSE:
Electric Playhouse produces creative worlds for immersive and interactive experiences including games, dining & special events for all ages. Most of these experiences are not something you just look at like a museum, gallery or spectacle. We invite you to play interactive, projection-mapped games with your friends that require no equipment–just some healthy, active movement!
Two New Exhibitions Set to Open at the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, Artist's Personal Belongings will be Showcased
Upcoming Exhibits Show O'Keeffe in New Ways: In Color and In the Landscape
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text:
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Int J Med Sci 2012; 9(1):40-46. doi:10.7150/ijms.9.40
The Simplified Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for Antenatal Depression: Is It a Valid Measure for Pre-Screening?
Sea Kyung Choi1, Jung Jin Kim2, Yong Gyu Park3, Hyun Sun Ko1, In Yang Park1, Jong Chul Shin1
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea.
2. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea.
3. Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea.
✉ Corresponding author: Jong Chul Shin, MD. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, Korea. E-mail: jcshin@catholic.ac.kr; Phone: 82-2-2258-2813; Fax: 82-2-595-1549.Conflict of Interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) License. See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.
Choi SK, Kim JJ, Park YG, Ko HS, Park IY, Shin JC. The Simplified Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for Antenatal Depression: Is It a Valid Measure for Pre-Screening?. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9(1):40-46. doi:10.7150/ijms.9.40. Available from http://www.medsci.org/v09p0040.htm
The identification of antenatal depression is critical but poorly conducted. The aim of this study was to construct a simplified depression survey scale and to verify its efficacy as a pre-screening for antenatal depression. A total of 494 pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation who had received antenatal care at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010 were included. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire was completed by them. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: 250 of training set and 244 of validation set. We designed a simplified questionnaire comprising two items of EPDS using the training set. We then validated its efficacy with the training set and reaffirmed the results with the validation set. The sum of item 5 (scare or panic) and item 8 (sadness or misery) explained 75.5% of the total score of the EPDS (AUC = 0.947). Using a score of 3 as a cut-off value of the simplified scale, sensitivity was 92.4% and specificity was 86.3%. The positive and negative predictive values were 56.2% and 98.4%, retrospectively. This study suggests that the simplified EPDS can be an efficient instrument to rule out depression during pregnancy.
Keywords: Antenatal depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Screening, Perinatal mental health, Depression.
Many women experience physiological and social changes related to pregnancy and want to adapt to these changes. However, changing circumstances without preparation can cause mental and emotional problems, and the influence of hormones associated with pregnancy can aggravate the occurrence of these problems. For these reasons, women of childbearing age can be at high risk for depressive disorder 1.
Perinatal mental disorder is characterized by depression, anxiety, or somatic symptoms that occur during the antenatal and postnatal periods. However, postpartum depression is the only perinatal mental disorder that has been the focus of extensive studies 2, 3. It has only been during the last decade that a shift from the narrow concept of postpartum depression to a consideration of the spectrum of depressive symptoms arising throughout the perinatal period has been observed 4.
Antenatal depression is a nonpsychotic depressive episode that begins during pregnancy. It is as common as postpartum depression, but less documented 5. Some studies have found that the incidence of depression is similar during the antenatal and postnatal periods 6, 7. Other studies suggest that antenatal depression may be more prevalent than postpartum depression and that the incidence of antenatal depression is as high as 20%, twice as frequent as the reported rate of 11% for postpartum depression 8-10.
Antenatal depression had been identified as a risk factor for postpartum depression and for adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes 11-13. Neonatal adverse outcomes include preterm labour, low birth weight, and neonatal complications associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the infant 14-17. Untreated antenatal depression has also been associated with smaller head circumference, lower Apgar scores, higher cortisol levels at birth, alteration in heart rate variability, and increased admissions to neonatal care units 18-20. Moreover, adverse long-term effects on early child development may be associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy 21.
Only a minority of pregnant women suffering from depression are identified by health care providers despite its importance 22-24. A major impediment to depression detection is the difficulty in the administration of depression screening tests in busy clinical settings 25. The instruments for screening depression can be used during pregnancy and the postpartum period, but they generally require at least 5 minutes to complete and even longer to interpret.
If there were simplified screening instruments, obstetrical health care providers would be able to identify the women who have depressive symptoms easier. Therefore, the purposes of our study are: 1 to design a simplified depression scale that is easy to administer in the clinic and 2 to assess the validity of the newly developed instrument as a pre-screen for antenatal depression.
All pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation who had received antenatal care at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010 were asked to participate in this prospective study. The aims and procedures of the study were explained to the women when they visited the hospital for antenatal care. A total of 494 pregnant women who provided consent were included in the study, and written consent was obtained. Women who did not speak Korean or had missing depression screening data were excluded. The Korean version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed while the women were waiting for their prenatal medical appointment, and all were scored by one researcher. Participants also completed a questionnaire that recorded their socio-demographic factors and obstetrical characteristics. The socio-demographic and obstetrical risk factors questionnaire included questions on age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), parity, gestational age, highest level of education completed, occupation, alcohol and smoking habits, past and/or current health problems, and past history of adverse obstetrical outcomes such as abortion or preterm delivery. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees at the Clinical Research Coordinating Center of the Catholic Medical Center (KC09OIS01368).
Measures of depressive symptoms
Depressive symptoms were measured using the EPDS, a 10-item self-report scale. This instrument was designed by Cox et al. to screen for postpartum depression 26. It is the most widely used screening questionnaire for postpartum depression 27, and has been widely validated for not only this condition but also antenatal depression 28, 29. In addition, it is the only rating scale for depression that has been validated as applicable to the antenatal period30. For each item, women are asked to select one of four responses that most closely describe how they have felt over the past 7 days. Each response has a value between 0 and 3; scores for the 10 items are summed to give a total score between 0 and 30. We chose to regard an EPDS score ≥12 as indicating depression. Although a number of cut-off points have been used, sensitivity for the identification of major depression in pregnancy has been found to be >95% with a specificity of >95% at this cut-off point 31. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the EPDS in this study was 0.82.
The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: 250 of training set and 244 of validation set. We analyzed the relationships between each item or subset of items and the total EPDS score for the training data set. Within the two groups, the number of women found to be depressive by the EPDS was approximately equal; that is, 38 in the training set and 41 in the validation set. To determine the items and groups of items that best predicted the total EPDS score, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression with best subset selection options were performed, and the coefficients of determination were used for selecting the reduced set of items.
We chose the cut-off point and evaluated the screening performance of the simplified EPDS by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We present here the resulting sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the area under the curve (AUC) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the determined cut-off value.
To confirm the validity of results obtained from the training data set, we applied the same procedures to the validation data set and total data set. Statistical analysis of the socio-demographic and obstetrical data was carried out using Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. SAS version 9.1 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. All tests were two-tailed, and a P value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Characteristics of study population
A total of 494 pregnant women joined the study and completed the questionnaire. Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Overall, the participants comprised primarily highly educated women with demographic characteristics consistent with that background. More than half of the participants were between the ages of 30 and 35. The proportion of primipara and multipara was similar. The scores of 79 of 494 women were ≥12 points, which is the cut-off value to define depressive symptoms by EPDS. The distribution of demographic variables did not vary significantly between the two groups, 'depressed' and 'not depressed'. Only occupational status was significantly associated with a positive EPDS screen (P = 0.038).
The total EPDS score averages were 7.38 ± 4.27 in the whole study population, 14.7 ± 2.75 in the depressed group, and 5.98 ± 2.84 in the not depressed group (P < 0.0001). The scores of all items showed a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.0001). Items that obtained high scores in both groups were item 3 (self-blame), item 4 (anxiety or worry), and item 5 (scare or panic). Item 8 (sadness or misery) was scored high in the depressed group (Table 2).
The simplified EPDS
The simplified EPDS was designed with the training set of 250 samples and then cross-validated with the validation set of 244 samples.
The degree of explanation of each EPDS item for the EPDS total score is shown in Table 3. Each item was highly associated with a positive EPDS screen. Item 8 (sadness or misery) scored the highest correlation. We defined the simplified instrument as the simple sum of items of EPDS. Among two-item subset models, we found that the sum of item 5 (scare or panic) and item 8 (sadness or misery) was the best two-item subset, explaining 75.5% of the variation of EPDS total score and producing an AUC of 95.5%.
The more items that were added, the better the total score of EPDS was explained. For example, among three-item subset models, we found that the sum of item 5 (scare or panic), item 8 (sadness or misery), and item 4 (anxiety or worry) was the best three-item subset, explaining 81.9% of the variation of total EPDS with an AUC of 94.8%. However, these results showed that the three-item subset increased the power of explanation but decreased the screening ability, as shown by the AUC, compared with the two-item subset. Therefore, we composed the simplified questionnaire based on the sum of two EPDS items that had high R-squares and AUCs: item 5 (scare or panic) and item 8 (sadness or misery). The sum of these two items was reasonably correlated with the total EPDS score, and the approach was also the simplest in that it used the fewest number of items. The performance of the simplified EPDS against total EPDS score is shown in Table 4. Using the simplified EPDS, the AUC for antenatal depressive symptoms was 0.955, and a cut-off score of 3 was found to be most suitable for screening of depressive symptoms. When using a score of 3 as a cut-off value of the simplified scale applied to the training set, the sensitivity was 0.921 (95% CI, 0.835-1.000), the specificity was 0.877 (95% CI, 0.833-0.922), the positive predictive value was 0.574 (95% CI, 0.450-0.698), and the negative predictive value was 0.984 (95% CI, 0.966-1.000).
In the validation set, item 8 (sadness or misery) scored the highest correlation, and the sum of item 5 (scare or panic) and item 8 (sadness or misery) explained the total score of EPDS most effectively. Application of the simplified scale produced the same results when applied to the total study population (Table 3). The effectiveness of the simplified EPDS with the validation set and total set are calculated by ROC curve analysis. The AUCs were 0.938 and 0.947, respectively. As a result, we concluded that the newly developed instrument performed well in detecting pregnant women with depressive symptoms. With a cut-off score of 3, the sensitivity was 0.927 (95% CI, 0.847-1.000), the specificity was 0.847 (95% CI, 0.798-0.897), the positive predictive value was 0.551 (95% CI, 0.433-0.668), and the negative predictive value was 0.983 (95% CI, 0.964-1.000) in the validation set. In the total study population, the sensitivity was 0.924 (95% CI, 0.866-0.982), the specificity was 0.863 (95% CI, 0.830-0.896), the positive predictive value was 0.562 (95% CI, 0.476-0.647), and the negative predictive value was 0.984 (95% CI, 0.970-0.997).
Routine antenatal screening for depression is logical because no pregnant women can be considered risk free 32. For this reason, identification of the pregnant women who have perinatal depressive symptoms is considered a critical goal of the maternal care system 32-36. However, use of the screening survey is impractical in busy clinical settings in Korea because the traditional screening questionnaires require excessive time for interpretation after the pregnant women complete them.
There have already been attempts to simplify the EPDS. Pallant et al. suggested a revised eight item version of EPDS which would show high levels of agreement with the original case identification the EPDS 37. But, the simplified EPDS consisting of 8 items still needs a lot of time to complete. In this study, we determined that pre-screening with a simplified EPDS containing two items generally had good sensitivity and specificity for identifying women that would show positive screening results on the EPDS. In accordance with the ROC results, we recommend using the simplified EPDS with a cut-off score of 3 to detect pregnant women with depressive symptoms. This simple screening procedure takes less time and may be useful as a tool to rule out women who would otherwise require further time-consuming assessment for antenatal depressive symptoms. The use of a brief and general screening test that is quick and easy to administer and score could be utilized for detection of such depressive symptoms by primary health care providers. Identifying perinatal depressive symptoms is important not only for the mother but also for the fetus and newborn. The simplified EPDS may have sufficient accuracy to identify women at risk for antenatal depression. A remaining challenge is how to link the many women who screen positive to professional help.
Screening for depression is only meaningful when paired with confirmatory diagnosis and treatment. Goodman et al. reported that detection, treatment, and referral of pregnant women with perinatal depression by obstetrical providers are seriously lacking after analyzing screening results of screening for perinatal depression and anxiety in 491 pregnant women 38. Because of the negative effects of untreated perinatal depression and anxiety on mothers and infants, it is important that at-risk women are not only identified but also treated. Fortunately, effective treatments exist for perinatal depression, although there are some limitations with regard to medications during pregnancy and lactation 39-43.
There are some limitations to our study. First, we used the EPDS rather than the clinical diagnosis of depression as the criterion measure. However, the goal of this study was to reduce the burden of screening for antenatal depression, not to diagnose major depression disorders or to examine the costs and benefits of screening, which may produce many false positives. Although a variety of measures have been used to screen women for depression and anxiety in the antenatal period, including the EPDS, the Beck Depression Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire, the Pregnancy Specific Stress Scale, and the Kessler 10 Scale of Psychological Distress, the EPDS is a good instrument that avoids misinterpreting biological symptoms that may be misconstrued as normal physiological changes associated with pregnancy 44. Another limitation of this study is the possibility that some participants may have under-reported their depressive symptoms on the screening questionnaire. Despite such limitations, our study's strength is that it is the first to attempt simplification of a traditional screening instrument. In addition, we validated the usefulness of the newly developed simplified instrument. Based on the results of our study, we can propose its use to maternal health care providers who want to screen for antenatal depression but do not have enough time to use the full screening instrument.
Many women consider their obstetrical care provider to be their primary care provider during their childbearing years 45. Obstetrical care providers can be the usual—and sometimes only—health care providers for women during the perinatal period because pregnant women have frequent contact with them by way of prenatal visits, hospital delivery, and postpartum follow-up. The antenatal visit may provide the ideal setting in which to screen for depression because most pregnant women will get antenatal care at some point during pregnancy 46-48. Therefore, the importance of the obstetrical health care provider's role as a primary care provider who can detect depressive symptoms at an early stage should be emphasized. A major impediment to depression case identification is the difficulty in administration of depression screening in busy clinical settings. The simplified EPDS can be an efficient instrument for ruling out depression during pregnancy. And women who screen positive using the simplified EPDS should be followed up with a diagnostic interview.
We are grateful to the pregnant women who took part in this study. We also thank authors who responded to requests for information regarding statistical design and analysis.
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18. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: effects on the fetus and neonate. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:140-51
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20. Zax M, Sameroff AJ, Babigian HM. Birth outcomes in the offspring of mentally disordered women. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1977;47:218-30
21. Deave T, Heron J, Evans J, Emond A. The impact of maternal depression in pregnancy on early child development. BJOG. 2008;115:1043-51
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48. Weissman MM, Feder A, Pilowsky DJ, Olfson M, Fuentes M, Blanco C, Lantigua R, Gameroff MJ, Shea S. Depressed mothers coming to primary care: maternal reports of problems with their children. J Affect Disord. 2004;78:93-100
Demographic characteristics of study population.
Depressed (n = 79)
Not depressed (n = 415)
P value*
Age (yr) 32.6 ± 4.08 32.3 ± 3.60 0.460
Pregestational BMI (kg/m2) 21.1 ± 2.95 20.7 ± 2.69 0.189
Parity 0.386
Primipara 42 (53.2) 248 (59.9)
Multipara 37 (46.8) 167 (40.2)
Gestational age (wk) 33.7 ± 3.35 33.8 ± 3.57 0.940
Education 0.271
Less than high school 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2)
High school graduate 11 (14.1) 35 (8.5)
College graduate 67 (85.9) 377 (91.3)
Occupation 0.038
Not employed 14 (17.7) 74 (17.9)
Quit after pregnancy 31 (39.2) 106 (25.6)
Employed 34 (43.0) 234 (56.5)
Alcohol 0.095
Yes 2 (2.6) 2 (0.4)
No 35 (44.9) 218 (52.8)
Smoking 0.344
Quit after pregnancy 5 (6.33) 15 (3.6)
Past medical history 0.192
Yes 18 (22.8) 67 (16.2)
Psychiatric illness 0.071
History of abortion 0.066
Yes 36 (45.6) 137 (33.0)
History of preterm delivery 1.000
Yes 3 (3.8) 20 (4.8)
Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%); BMI, body mass index.
* obtained by t-test for continuous and chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.
Distributions of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) items and differences between "depressed" and "not depressed" groups.
EPDS item
(n = 79)
Not depressed
(n = 415)
E1. I have been able to laugh and see the funny side of things 0.46 ± 0.57 0.06 ± 0.24 <0.0001
E2. I have looked forward with enjoyment to things 1.16 ± 0.79 0.39 ± 0.56 <0.0001
E3. I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things went wrong 2.32 ± 0.61 1.46 ± 0.79 <0.0001
E4. I have been anxious or worried for no good reason 2.22 ± 0.57 1.44 ± 0.71 <0.0001
E5. I have felt scared or panicky for no very good reason 1.85 ± 0.77 0.90 ± 0.74 <0.0001
E6. Things have been getting on top of me 1.54 ± 0.64 0.71 ± 0.63 <0.0001
E7. I have been so unhappy that I have had difficulty sleeping 1.53 ± 0.68 0.27 ± 0.54 <0.0001
E8. I have felt sad or miserable 1.87 ± 0.43 0.47 ± 0.68 <0.0001
E9. I have been so unhappy that I have been crying 1.33 ± 0.75 0.26 ± 0.53 <0.0001
E10. The thought of harming myself has occurred to me 0.43 ± 0.65 0.04 ± 0.19 <0.0001
Total score of EPDS 14.7 ± 12.75 5.98 ± 2.84 <0.0001
* obtained by t-test.
Degrees of explanation/discrimination of each item for depression.
Validation set
Total set
R2 AUC R2 AUC R2 AUC
E1 0.1174 0.667 0.2159 0.692 0.1660 0.680
E10 0.1878 0.629 0.2634 0.687 0.2273 0.659
E5 + E8 0.7551 0.955 0.7538 0.938 0.7553 0.947
E5 + E8 + E4 0.8192 0.948 0.7930 0.950 0.8062 0.950
R2, coefficient of determination; AUC, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve
Diagnostic abilities of the simplified Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score using cut-off value 3.
Diagnostic values
Sensitivity 35/38 (92.1)
(83.5-100) 38/41 (92.7)
(86.6-98.2)
Specificity 186/212 (87.7)
(83.3-92.2) 172/203 (84.7)
PPV 35/61 (57.4)
(45.0-69.8) 38/69 (55.1)
(43.3-66.8) 73/130 (56.2)
NPV 186/189 (98.4)
(96.6-100) 172/175 (98.3)
Total accuracy 221/250 (88.4)
Values in the second line are 95% confidence intervals.
PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predict value.
Values in parentheses are percentages, and 95% confidence intervals are presented in the
Received 2011-9-9
Accepted 2011-11-7
©2019 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use


After years in the making, the Arturo Fuente Gran AniverXario Destino al Siglo was master blended to commemorate the company's 100 year anniversary. Made with wrappers from Chateau de la Fuente, this line of cigars uses a Habano seed rather than the Corojo seed variety used to make the renown Fuente Fuente OpusX. The AniverXario Destino al Siglo will delight those who prefer a full-flavor, robust smoke.
This cigar so exquisite, could only be contained in the finest packaging, from the beautifully detailed cigar band to the Spanish cedar lift-out trays, the packaging is ornate and designed so that is looks like a book. A century of destiny that marks a major milestone in the Fuente Family Story.


Storage space is certainly a consideration in creating a practical kitchen. If you are limited by floor area, just look up. There is frequently a great deal of room between the counter tops as well as ceiling that simply isn't being used in a kitchen. Consider the area above the refrigerator. Is your own just gathering dust or secure food selections? If so, add a cabinet and you've got a fantastic location to save seldom utilized platters or filters you wish to keep concealed from the children.
Kitchen cabinets additionally don't need to be restricted away of the counter top. If your kitchen design has a peninsula or island, you can utilize the ends and rear end for more cabinet storage room.
Kitchen cabinetries come in even more designs and also surfaces that you could visualize. Nonetheless, if your budget is minimal then you don't need to replace them for a totally makeover. Cabinet refacing allows you pick closet patterns that depend on date as well as gorgeous.
If your budget asks for a full remodelling, then currently is the moment to actually take into consideration layouts and also maybe hiring some professional. The standard theory is that there must disappear than 2 steps in between work terminals. That means you should have the ability to go from the sink to oven in 2 steps; from the range to the refrigerator in 2 steps and so forth. Nevertheless, with today's extra big sized cooking areas that's not the instance more. You still must select layouts that consider just how much time it requires to accomplish the normal jobs of putting dishes away from the dishwashing machine or getting foods from the fridge to the oven.
The finishing touches are what make kitchen designs more welcoming compared to ever before. The home furnishings, lights or even the cabinet hardware can make kitchens right into genuine living rooms. Try to find job lights that can highlight work rooms and afterwards radiant lighting for environment. You could also turn the legs of old furniture or newel posts right into bases for centre islands to make you kitchen furnishings blend with the remainder of the house. Obtain creative and also appreciate doing much more than food preparation in your new kitchen.


The salutation from the heart.
The herald note of jubilee.
That none who love Him may be sad.
Who walk not in the narrow path.
With all His universe unite.
can't wait for Hymn 251 'He Lives' my favourite song.


text:
Grants Awarded | Regional
Equality Now: End Female Genital Mutiliation (FGM) Fund
http://www.equalitynow.org
Equality Now was founded in 1992 to protect and promote the human rights of women around the world. Equality Now's Africa Regional Office, located in Nairobi, Kenya, documents violence and discrimination against African women; mobilizes resources and public opinion to advance their rights; and defends individual women suffering abuse. Through its Fund for Grassroots Activism to End Female Genital Mutilation (FGM Fund), it provides support to 24 partner organizations in 17 countries in Africa to take action at community and national level to end the harmful practice.
This grant enables Equality Now to provide community grants and technical assistance to two grassroots partners in Mali and Niger to improve their campaigns to eradicate FGM, promote gender equality, enhance monitoring and evaluation and document the results obtained. The grant also supports Equality Now's Malian partner, PROFESAB, in its efforts aimed at the Malian government to secure anti-FGM legal safeguards for girls.
This grant enables a staff member of Equality Now to attend a convening in Mbour, Senegal, with the purpose of strengthening and improving the quality and effectiveness of community grantmaking programs.
This grant enables Equality Now to support partners in Mali and Niger to be part of a rural women's delegation attending the 2008 AWID International Forum on Women's Rights and Development in Cape Town, South Africa, with the purpose of sharing knowledge, building connections, and informing strategies.
This grant enables Equality Now's Fund to End Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) to support West African partners in their work. This includes ensuring the introduction of a law banning FGM in Mali and promoting community-led initiatives in Niger. Equality Now plans to document and encourage effective anti-FGM work through exchange learning among its network of partners.
This grant enables representatives from four community organizations that work with Equality Now to participate in the World Social Forum 2007 in Nairobi, Kenya. Based in Kenya and Tanzania, the four organizations are active in the African grassroots movement to end female genital mutilation. Their presence at the World Social Forum enables an exchange of learning and experience that informs and enhances their work in their own communities.


text:
Q: After clustering, How do i choose the best customers (subset) from the top cluster? I ran a clustering exercise to identify my top customers based on 12 distinct features, using K-Means (on 3 PCA dimensions and 5 PCA dimensions) and GMM (using 5 PCA dimensions) methodologies. Both the outputs from the K-Means produced almost similar customers as the best set (1182 customers in each case with an overlap of 1156) while the GMM approach gave me 660 customers as my top customers. These 660 customers were present in both the K-Means approaches.
Now i want to identify who my top customers are from among this list. Could you please suggest any statistical approaches that i could use to say that these X number of customers are truly my best set and run some A/B tests on them? I do not want to go with the full identified set as it might cost me more to do what is planned to such a large set of customers.

A: Try some good old filtering! Select one or several features, create your own metric (maybe top customers are those who buy the most, or those who are more loyal/have stayedlonger with the company, or a weighted sum of those two factors), sort the 660 customers in your cluster and pick only the N first customers, N being your maximum allowed number of customers.


text:
Leipzig Coppiplatz () is a railway station located in Leipzig, Germany. The station is located on the Leipzig–Großkorbetha railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn. Since December 2013 the station is served by the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland.

Train services
S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland services currently call at the station:

References

External links

Coppiplatz
Leipzig Coppi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When you pull into the dirt parking lot of Black Mountain Cycles (some riders carry their bikes to avoid a dusting), you don't expect this humble little shop to be run by a totally over-qualified guy named Mike Varley. I met Mike when he was the shop manager (and a mechanic) at North County San Diego's most respected bike shop. It didn't surprise me when he left the shop to work for Haro Bikes and Masi as a bicycle product development manager. The guy is sharp and I believe both Haro and Masi had their strongest years (sales and product-wise) under Mike's tenure.
Inside this shop is more knowledge than at many bicycle companies!
I'm sure Point Reyes Station's beauty, kicked-back pace and independent radio station (where Mike has a show every week) is what lured Mike to leave the "industry job" and establish Black Mountain Cycles. Mike has launched his own brand of bikes and his shop's showroom is like a museum. Black Mountain Cycles' customers are being served by a guy with more experience than most bicycle company presidents! No wonder Black Mountain Cycles is considered among the finest of full-service repair shops in the country.
Mike's collection of classics is stunning.
Visiting the shop is worth the time. Just let Mike do his job and if you don't need anything for your bike, at least pick up a T-shirt to two.
Mike is more than happy to spend time on the phone to help customers with problems, but the magic starts when he is working on and designing bikes.


Bradfield Stage Lighting provided the stage structure and the lighting for this concert series, and we had a blast doing it! In keeping with the environmentally conscious theme of the series, we used some of the new LED technology–particularly the ETC Selador Paletta 11 fixtures and the Elation Opti Tri-Par LED fixtures–to produce the event with very minimal power consumption.
So if you find yourself in need of a concert rig, give us a call!
Posted in Production and tagged concert, LED, live on the green on January 21, 2010 by bradfieldcompany.