text:
The Cornell Daily Sun (https://cornellsun.com/2002/09/05/eric-speaks-his-mind/)
"Eric" Speaks His Mind.
By wpengine | September 5, 2002
It's freshman move in day, and like any good Cornellian, I'm in collegetown enjoying the smiling (read:drinking) faces when I catch a glimpse of somebody familiar. Somebody from my freshman dorm? An old classmate? A long-lost relative? Nope. It's Eric first-name-only-for-security-reasons Jones. How do I know him? I don't, well, not really. Following in the tradition two other Cornell students — "Jaimee" and "Catherine" — Eric currently appears in one of two television programs created by what is perhaps the largest and best-known reality television production company in history, Bunum Murray. Eric recently sat down with daze to talk about his experience as the "Geeky Jock" of Road Rules 11: The Campus Crawl.
daze: So, Eric, what was it like having your life taped and now having it readily accesible to millions of people on TV and on the internet?
Eric Jones: The way I describe it is that there's nothing that my parents have never done or that anyone my age can't relate to and therefore, even though I'm a good kid, you know, I'm not a saint. Who knows, there might be some things on there I wouldn't want my parents to watch, but whatever I did, I did and I had a really good time doing it and I think anyone can relate to that.
daze: Do you get any backlash from your parents?
EJ: No, surprisingly. I watched the casting thing with my parents. They [MTV] asked me to send in a video after I'd gone to open call [auditions] and like the first half was of a frat party. The second half was of me studying and writing poetry and all of that. But, none of the studying and poetry stuff was on the show, so it was like "Oh my god, we're in for a long season." On the first episode I was kissing Kendall, one of the girls on the trip, and you know, my brother and my dad were happy. My mom was looking the other way and my grandfather even said, "Why is that girl kissing my grandson?" But, that's the worst of it. As I told my parents, I didn't have sex on the trip and I've never done drugs in my life, so whatever else happened, it wasn't too bad.
daze: So, where did that kiss come from? I saw that episode. You'd fallen off of that high-wire and then you're hanging in mid-air. Did you kiss her, or did she kiss you?
EJ: Then she kisses me. I'm a young, innocent child [laughs].
daze: She's older right?
EJ: Yeah [still laughing], she's older, more experienced. I mean, it just happened. I'm terrified of heights, so it was a good way to break the ice and all that. I mean, there's more kisses to come, so it's all good.
daze: What do you think of the way MTV portrayed you? Were there any times you were like, "What the hell are they doing?"
EJ: Right now, I'm very happy with the way they portray me. They kind of look for a villain throughout each episode to have a storyline. I hear I get a little bit bashed on at the end of the season … but so far I've looked like a really good kid and the times I will get crapped on, I'm not worried about because in 22 minutes I'll look bad but later on, I'll look good. You sign up for it, you know what you're getting into … and you just have to go with it.
daze: Do you keep in touch with your fellow cast members?
EJ: Yeah, through different things you kinda get to see them, like little reunions and things. I talk to Dyrell, Kendall, Racheldaze Shane on the phone every once in a while. I don't really keep in touch with Sarah or the replacement.
daze: Was that a tough decision, getting rid of Sarah?
EJ: Yeah, it was a tough decision because there are a lot of little things they don't put on TV. You know, every morning we're travelling a couple hundred miles and if everybody gets up at 9 in the morning and kinda pitches in and does the dishes or cleans up the RV, it helps a lot. I'm sure anybody living in a dorm room knows that if the smallest thing is out of place, it gets to be a total mess. And, while Sarah's sleeping, everyone else is doing it … I mean, it was just the little things that added up. The prizes for me were just extra, and something that was a big concern to me at the time was Kendall going to college. I wasn't going to take prizes away from my friends who'd earned them. It was a difficult decision, but everybody who'd had second thoughts is happy with the decision that was made.
daze: I remember that caused a little problem between you and Kendall.
EJ: We're just friends now, but I think she's gotten over it and is happy with the decision that was made.
daze: What was it like having those cameras in your face at moments like that?
EJ: After the first day, you don't even notice the cameras because they're there for 24 hours a day … At first, there's a bit of a wall, buy as the trip goes on, you break it down and being on Road Rules, you put your life at risk with some of the things you do. So, they're [the cameramen] are a little bit more compassionate with you and they travel with you also. But, you really don't notice it all that much.
daze: What motivated you to get into this?
EJ: It was two summers ago. I was bored so I went online and looked at reality shows. I went down to an open casting call … I went with a friend and we had a good time just n1.sng with the people and they kept on calling me back. When I came back to school, I scored a show on the WB called Lost in the USA which never aired and they gave me a call back to let me know I was in the semi-finals. Then, a week later they called to say the show was cancelled. So, I was like, 'Okay, I guess I'll just be a regular college student.' Three months later, they gave me a call out of the blue and said they'd like me to be a semi-finalist for Road Rules and since they knew I went to Cornell, I went to the Semi-finals up here and then they called me to go to LA for the finals and then it was off to North Carolina for the beginning of the trip.
daze: How has it affected your life back here on campus?
EJ: I don't know, it's cool. One thing I'm happy about is that my firends have said, 'You act the same on TV as you do around us' which is cool. Even my firends from high school are like, 'You haven't changed.' I mean, my firends are my firends. I'm not going to be all bad or anything. If anybody comes up to me on the street, I'm cool with them unless they're disrespectful. I've really enjoyed it.
daze: A lot of people have used Road Rules and The Real World as springboards for their careers. Are you hoping this is gonna help you out?
EJ: Where I take off from this? I'm back to being a college student. If somebody were to come offer me a movie or something, I'd sign in a second. But, I know that, if anything, reality television probably hurts your chances in the industry. Really, only a couple people have gone far … I'd say probably the earlier casts had a better chance. But now, how many reality shows are out there? You've got Survivor and Big Brother … but being part of the MTV life was really cool for me. I was happy to be a part of it.
daze: Apart from the people you're surrounded by now who now know you as Eric from Road Rules, what's it been like coming back here for you personally?
EJ: As soon as the cameras stopped, I flew home and I was going home for six weeks. My parents moved to South Carolina and I really didn't get a good job over the summer because I missed all the internships and everything and the economy sucks right now, so I ended up working in a warehouse. I think that was the best thing for me because it really just shot me back down saying 'Now you're in the Real World, the REAL Real World.' So, I'm glad that that happened and now I'm really determined to just be back here and get the grades and experience the other aspects of life.
Archived article by Nate Brown
Pre-Law Summer Students Witness Tyco CEO Scandal
By wpengine September 6, 2002
Students who participated in the summer pre-law program in New York City learned about the law both in the classroom and first-hand. The program, organized by Prof. Mark Belnick '68, visiting professor, intended to expose students to the legal system through top-notch internships and offering a course entitled, "Introduction to the American Legal System." Yet when Belnick committed his summer to organizing and teaching the pre-law program, he was unaware that a scandal would erupt involving Tyco, a company he formerly represented. The program was designed to be an eight-week program spanning from June 3rd to July 26th, in which the first six weeks comprised of the course and a part-time internship, while the last two weeks were to be devoted solely to full time internships. This structure, however, was interrupted two days into the program when Dennis Kolwalski, CEO of Tyco, was brought under numerous charges including tax evasion, leaving Mark Belnick, a lawyer for Tyco with much more to contend with than the pre-law program. Following the eruption of the scandal, Belnick was fired from Tyco. Students were left to speculate on the future of their program and Belnick from what they read in newspapers. "We were all a little taken back when the Tyco scandal erupted, it was kind of strange to read about our professor in the paper. Personally, I thought, as I imagine many in the program did, that Belnick would be unable to teach the rest of the course. Classes were delayed for two weeks. But to everyone's surprise he came back to teach. He was a very good professor. Classes were almost always very interesting," said Christopher Callanan '04. Some students even dropped the class anticipating its cancellation. However, Belnick was able to follow through with his commitment to the program and continued the class with minimal alterations. Once the scandal erupted the structure of the program was rearranged so that students began with the full-time internships for two weeks and the course resumed in the last six weeks. "The Tyco scandal did not seriously affect the functioning of the classroom component of the program. Prof. Belnick was able to continue teaching the class as though nothing had happened. The time change had a greater impact on the internships. A number of students told me that the internship hosts were not prepared to have them work full-time at that point in the semester," said Lauren Aronson, a TA of the pre-law program. Initially, Belnick had lined up Kolwalski to lecture during the course of the program but the scandal made him unavailable. "Kolwaski didn't speak but that was no big deal. We had some other guest lecturers come in his place," Callanan said. Belnick was able to get a number of interesting speakers such as Steve Kaufman, a criminal lawyer, Kevin Arquit, an anti-trust lawyer and David Hartman, former anchor of Good Morning America. Despite the scandal, students and faculty came away from the experience with much praise and adoration for the program and for Belnick. "The program was great because he knows so many [contacts and was able to] get undergrads great internships with top notch firms," said Jeff Selinger, a TA for the course. Getting undergraduates internships with top firms was another advantage of the program that only added to students' experiences since firms traditionally limit internships to law students. Not only were some students and TA's pleased with Belnick's ability to get great speakers, follow through with his commitment to the program, and get undergraduate students great internships to take advantage of, but they were also impressed with his ability as a professor. Archived article by Carrie Tremblatt
Student Assembly Holds First Meeting
Both routine procedural matters and issues important to all Cornellians were on the table at the first meeting of the year for the Student Assembly (S.A.) yesterday. The meeting opened with remarks from City of Ithaca Mayor Alan Cohen '81 and Common Council member Peter Mack '03 (D-4th). The city representatives greeted the new Assembly and asked that they take a greater role in ensuring the safety of party-going students in Collegetown. "The S.A. is definitely behind the spirit of this idea. Whatever makes the campus safer is what we want," said executive vice president Sai Pidatala '04. Leslie Barkemeyer '03, student-elected trustee and director of elections, announced the upcoming new student elections. "There is an eager slew of students who want to be on our Assembly," Barkemeyer said. The elections for four new student representatives, three for freshman and one for a transfer student, will be held on Sept. 24th. Petitions are due on Sept. 19th. Later, Barkemeyer gave an update on the search for a new University president. "We're ahead of schedule," she said but gave no indication as to potential candidates. "We have no idea, essentially." The committee expects to make an announcement by the end of this semester, according to Barkemeyer. Much of the debate at the meeting centered around a resolution to increase community involvement among S.A. members. The resolution would, "encourage active citizenship," said Katie Howell '04, vice president for public relations. Howell introduced the resolution that would require members to attend service activities that would be scheduled instead of regular meetings. Some members agreed with the principle of the resolution but did not want to cut out valuable meeting time. "I'm worried about productivity," said Esther Tang '04, undesignated representative. "I completely support the spirit of this resolution." Chris Hein '03, president of the Cornell Collegiate Council of the March of Dimes, espoused the virtues of more Assembly involvement in community outreach. "As setting an example for students, I know personally that in my organization that would be recognized," Hein said. Josh Bronstein '05, vice president for internal operations, agreed, "Being a role model is inextricably linked to being a leader." The majority of Cornellians are not involved in community service, according to Hein. Within the March of Dimes, however, Hein has seen a gradual increase in participation in each of the three years that Cornell has taken part in the organization's Walk for America. This increase was in part due to the past involvement of individuals from the S.A., Hein noted. Some members raised their concern that the initiative could be perceived as a way for members to hold fewer meetings. "The reason you are elected is as a legislative body. If you start cutting out meetings now, your productivity is going to be low," said Funa Maduka '04, student-elected trustee. Maduka mentioned several important and pressing issues facing the S.A. this semester, such as the proposed reorganization of the School of Art, Architecture, and Planning (AA&P) and the inclusion of ResNet in financial aid packages. Others disagreed on the need for holding a meeting every week. "As some of the most overstressed students on campus, I don't think that it is necessary to have meetings every week," said Stuti Mandala '04, vice president of finance. Finally, a compromise was reached when an amendment was proposed to require a vote the week before the planned service dates on whether to hold an official meeting that week or not. The S.A. also cast a mostly symbolic vote when a resolution to accept the student calendar failed. Many members objected to the University's scheduling of classes on certain holidays, such as Labor Day. The S.A. does not have any direct influence over the student calendar. Later in the meeting, Jennifer Davis, assistant dean of students for student activities, also had comments for the S.A. "We're looking forward to a healthy relationship with the Student Assembly this year," Davis said. Some issues that Davis hopes will be addressed by the S.A. in cooperation with the Student Activities Organization include an increased collaboration between student groups that will prevent over-distribution of funds and more performance space for various organizations. In addition, several task forces were established at the meeting. These groups are made up of a small number of S.A. members and are formed to address a particular issue. Task forces were formed this year for a plan to revitalize the programming at Willard Straight Hall, investigate stereotypes on campus and address such issues as off-campus housing. Archived article by Mackenzie Damon


Pushed back into February by the government shutdown, President Trump's State of the Union speech arrived Tuesday night early in a ratings "sweeps" period.
All of the Big Four broadcast networks carried it (cable news network ratings were not immediately available), with CBS in particular paying a steep price for losing its potent regular Tuesday prime-time lineup of NCIS, FBI and NCIS: New Orleans.
Trump's elongated speech, which ran from 8:07 to 9:29 p.m., nosedived on CBS with 112,469 D-FW viewers. That put the network fourth behind Fox (210,879), NBC (140,586) and ABC (133,557).
Fox's SOU coverage also led among advertiser-prized 18-to-49-year-olds with 72,4651 viewers in that realm. ABC, CBS and NBC tied for a distant second place with 27,173 viewers apiece.
The Democratic response, from Stacey Abrams, aired from 9:39 to 9:50 p.m. Since Nielsen measures in 15-minute increments (starting at the top of each hour), the audience for her speech can't be gauged precisely. But from 9:30 to 10 p.m., in which coverage mostly was a mix of analysis/interviews and Adams' rebuttal, Fox led with 147,615 total viewers, followed by ABC (91,381), NBC (84,352) and CBS (just 28,117). Note: Fox4 cut to its local newscast immediately after Adams had finished while ABC, CBS and NBC finished out the hour with more post-game coverage.
Finally, here are Tuesday's local news derby results for the fourth weekday of the sweeps.
WFAA8 topped the 10 p.m. field in total viewers while Fox4 drew the most 25-to-54-year-olds (main advertiser target audience for news programming).
Fox4 swept the 6 a.m. races and added first place finishes with 25-to-54-year-olds at both 5 and 6 p.m.
WFAA8 had the most total viewers at 6 p.m. and shared first place in that measurement at 5 p.m. with NBC5 and CBS11.


These are some of the most common terms used in our Wing Chun system of self-defense. Some terms and translations were extracted from "The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Traditions" by Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie and Y. Wu.
Depending on the dialect, pronunciations may differ among various schools. Please consult with your instructor and lineage for proper pronunciation and translation.


Experience Ireland's old world charm with a cosmopolitan flair in the seaside town of Wexford. Acclaimed for it's devotion to equestrian prowess, bountiful fishing waters, and rugged sand-fringed coastline, Wexford is the perfect place to plan your self catering holiday.
Doyle's Cottage .. between Waterford, Wexford and Kilkenny.. with lots to see and do !
Granary Cottage .. Lots of character, peace and quiet and all the mod cons !
Coach House Cottage..the perfect place to do nothing !


Rosewater Energy Group has expanded its product line to four models.
Rosewater Energy Group has expanded its product line to four models. The 10kW and 20kW hubs with nano-carbon battery technology are currently available. The 10kW and 20kW lithium-ion battery hub models will be available later this year.
The system is easily configured through an iPad-based Energy Router that is included with the hub (located in the cabinet), allowing the simple integration of on-board UPS monitoring functions.
The Residential Energy Management Hubs serve as the central management and integration point for renewable, grid-produced and stored energy. Through its zero-transfer-time UPS, the hub can easily transition from one energy source to the other. The hub also conditions all power inputs, assuring that the output of the hub is pure, clean, uninterrupted power in any situation.
The system is easily configured through an iPad-based Energy Router that is included with the hub (located in the cabinet), allowing the simple integration of on-board UPS monitoring functions: solar energy production and usage, utility smart grid interface requirements, and other features.


text:
Q: Mocking Delegate.Invoke() using Moq throws InvalidCast exception in LINQ Let's say that I have IService interface:
public interface IService
{
    string Name { get; set; }
}

And a delegate Func<IService> that returns this interface.
In my unit test I want to mock the delegate's Invoke() method using Moq like this:
[TestMethod]
public void UnitTest()
{
    var mockService = new Mock<IService>();

    var mockDelegate = new Mock<Func<IService>>();
    mockDelegate.Setup(x => x.Invoke()).Returns(mockService.Object);

    // The rest of the test
}

Unfortunately mockDelegate.Setup(...) throws System.InvalidCastException:

Test method
  UnitTest threw exception:
System.InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type 'System.Linq.Expressions.InstanceMethodCallExpressionN' to
  type 'System.Linq.Expressions.InvocationExpression'.
at Moq.ExpressionExtensions.GetCallInfo(LambdaExpression expression, Mock mock)
at Moq.Mock.<>c_DisplayClass1c`2.b_1b()
at Moq.PexProtector.Invoke(Func`1 function)
at Moq.Mock.Setup(Mock1 mock, Expression1 expression, Condition condition)
at Moq.Mock1.Setup(Expression1 expression)
at UnitTest() in UnitTests.cs: line 38

Line 38 is mockDelegate.Setup(x => x.Invoke()).Returns(mockService.Object);
Am I missing something? Or mocking delegate invocation is generally not a good idea?
Thank you.

A: It is 100% possible to do this in Moq, here is how:
var mockService = new Mock<IService>();

var mockDelegate = new Mock<Func<IService>>();
mockDelegate.Setup(x => x()).Returns(mockService.Object);

The reason you were getting the InvalidCastException was because you are creating a Mock<T> of a delegate type. Thus it is expecting the Expression to be of type InvocationExpression (x()) rather than InstanceMethodCallExpressionN (x.Invoke()).
This also allows you to verify invocations of your Mock delegate, e.g.
mockDelegate.Verify(x => x(), Times.Once);

I have posted this as an answer because while it may not be necessary for this situation, it can certainly be useful to know.

A: This answer is a summary of SLaks and nemesv comments.
There is no reason to mock Func<IService> delegate in the first place. Instead one can write:
[TestMethod]
public void UnitTest()
{
    var mockService = new Mock<IService>();

    Func<IService> mockDelegate = () => mockService.Object;

    // The rest of the test
}

The exception is there because because this scenario is not supported by Moq. But instead of throwing a NotSupportException you get not so nice InvalidCastException.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Haberdashers, beginning with Trials of Artemis, is a series of twelve historical romance books linked together by three young women who formed a "boys club" when they were young, because they thought boys had more fun. They grew up learning how to fight, climb, and race horses. Now they are an archer, a swordswoman, and a spy. Who will marry such deadly misses? There are twelve books because by the time the girls find the loves of their lives they are deeply embroiled in a mystery that will affect the fate of the United Kingdom and need help from their friends and allies to defeat an evil cabal. There are associated novellas, too!
Sue also writes speculative fiction, with the urban fairytale An American Werechaun in Dublin coming out this year with co-author Andy Cllick.
First time! I'm a n00b.
Not on any panels and expect that I will be running around like an overexcited puppy.
I grew up outside New Orleans and it is my favorite city in the world. Of course, I'll be eating my weight in beignets and drinking a river of cafe au lait. You can't get a bad meal in New Orleans. Or hear bad music. I love everything about her.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <meta name="description" content="AC Note App">
    <meta name="author" content="Alva Chien">

    <link href="..\node_modules\bootstrap\dist\css\bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="..\node_modules\bootstrap\dist\css\bootstrap-theme.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <title>AC Todo App, by Alva Chien</title>

Copyright © 2014 - 2016 Alva Chien

An open source project on GitHub: Node API | Report an issue Click

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

namespace Elastica\Test\Query;

use Elastica\Document;
use Elastica\Query\MatchNone;
use Elastica\Search;
use Elastica\Test\Base as BaseTest;

/**
 * @internal
 */
class MatchNoneTest extends BaseTest
{
    /**
     * @group unit
     */
    public function testToArray(): void
    {
        $query = new MatchNone();

        $expectedArray = ['match_none' => new \stdClass()];

        $this->assertEquals($expectedArray, $query->toArray());
    }

    /**
     * @group functional
     */
    public function testMatchNone(): void
    {
        $index = $this->_createIndex();
        $client = $index->getClient();

        $doc = new Document(1, ['name' => 'ruflin']);
        $index->addDocument($doc);

        $index->refresh();

        $search = new Search($client);
        $resultSet = $search->search(new MatchNone());

        $this->assertEquals(0, $resultSet->getTotalHits());
    }
}


There are a couple of walls beginning seamstresses run into when they're trying to advance their sewing skills, and one of them is buttonholes. Eventually, they want to make something that doesn't rely on stretch to be able to get a garment on and off. Or their daughters would prefer a prom gown that isn't closed with Kam snaps. (Sandya was sent home last week on Project Runway for using snaps. I feel exonerated. lol) Whether she's competing on Project Runway or not, the day will come for every seamstress when it's time to attack the dreaded buttonhole. Sooner for some, later for others, but the day of reckoning will come.
Most home sewing machines manufactured in my lifetime will make buttonholes without elaborate attachments. As I've said in previous posts, my mom made beautiful hand sewn buttonholes, but her machine in 1960 made very nice ones. Mechanical sewing machines might have a manual four step buttonhole or a template buttonhole attachment. Older machines with a cam system will have at least one for a buttonhole. Computerized machines either have a program where you tell the machine how big you want the buttonhole to be or a buttonhole foot/sensor combo that measures your button and picks the right size for you.
You can make a buttonhole manually with any machine that has a zigzag stitch, will sew backwards, and lets you choose multiple stitch widths. It takes practice, but you can do it.
If you have a computerized machine or one with a gazillion cams, you probably have several different style buttonholes to choose from. But let's start with the basic buttonhole that most sewing machines can do easily.
A 4-step buttonhole is called that because it sews in four steps whether you do it manually or the sewing machine's computer does it for you. Step one, the machine sews one side of the buttonhole. Step two, the machine makes a bar tack the width of the buttonhole. A bar tack is a wide zigzag stitch with the fabric stationary. Step three, the machine sews the other side of the buttonhole. Step four, the machine completes the buttonhole with a second bar tack. How much of this you have to control yourself, and how much the machine does for you is a function of your machine. If you have a manual machine, there's a buttonhole foot that will help you measure your buttonhole more easily. It probably came with your machine. This simple buttonhole can be used for most button applications.
Some machines have the option for a buttonhole that is rounded on one end or both. This buttonhole looks more delicate, and it's suitable for light weight fabrics used for dresses, shirts, and blouses. When it's only rounded on one end, the opposite end is a bar tack like in the 4-step buttonhole.
A keyhole buttonhole is called that because it's what it looks like. One end of the buttonhole has a small circle of stitches. This kind of buttonholes is used when the fabric is heavy or the button has a large shank. It lets the buttonhole opening expand more without increasing its length. Keyhole buttonholes are mostly found on jackets and coats made from heavy fabric. They can have a bar tack at the other end, be rounded, or come to a point.
A corded buttonhole is one where the stitches are made over a length of heavy thread like carpet thread or buttonhole twist. While a lot of machines give you the option of choosing a stretch version of other styles of buttonholes, a corded buttonhole will give a knit buttonhole exceptional stability. Corded buttonholes are also raised up from the surface of the fabric more and can be a decorative touch to a garment.
A bound buttonhole has its edges encased in fabric instead of stitches. It's a tailored buttonhole, often found in couture sewing. It's not hard to do. Just lots of steps. It starts with stitching a rectangle. If you have a buttonhole setting on your machine that looks like a rectangle, you have a head start, but bound buttonholes can be sewn with any machine. It's the only kind of buttonhole that you can't leave until the end of your project. I'll do a whole lesson on how they're made. .
Buttons come in all shapes and sizes. They've been found in archaeological digs from thousands of years BCE. Buttons can be made from natural things like wood, fabric and shells or more modern products like plastic. There are two major classifications no matter what the fabrication. One is a button with a shank, and the other is a flat button. When choosing a button for a garment, size and shape are important to the garment's aesthetics, but the kind of care a button needs is also important. If the garment will be machine washed, then the button needs to be machine washable, too. If the garment will be dry cleaned, then you don't want to have to pay them to remove the buttons and sew them back on every time you spill ketchup. Comfort is also important, too. You don't want a little girl to have the shank of a button sticking in her back every time she leans against the back of her chair in school. A pattern will usually tell you what size button the designer has planned for. You can change that, but you may need to alter the pattern to adjust for more overlap or less at the garment's opening.
Next time we'll talk about how to make the perfect buttonhole.
This entry was posted in Buttons and Buttonholes, Uncategorized and tagged buttonholes, Buttons. Bookmark the permalink.
Thank you for a great post. Could I kindly request that you write a post or two on how to add lining to a dress or skirt. I can add a simple lining to a gathered skirt, but if there's a placket on the skirt or something to that effect, my brain just freezes. Thank you.
I put it on the list!
Thank you! This post is timely, as I dread doing the button holes. I have been thinking that I need to take the time to practice and do dozens of them until I get more proficient. I am looking forward to reading more…..


Oh yeah, like I have time to read books! Despite being on Neatorama 24/7, this is not my only job.
My Lady, mayhaps you should consider reading the books.
I don't subscribe to HBO -it costs extra. And I don't really have time for TV.
You haven't seen GoT!?!?! omg go watch it right this second!
"Game of Thrones on Facebook"


United boss Mark Robins has urged his team to keep working ahead of Tuesday evening's meeting with Port Vale at Vale Park.
Having overseen a 1-1 home draw with Colchester United in his first game in charge on Saturday, the 44-year-old's relationship with the squad is still very much in its infancy.
Despite that, Robins is already starting to become acclimatised to his new role, and told The Iron Player: "I learned a lot from the game, and it's going to take a little bit of time to get things how we want.
"As I said on Saturday, we could have won or lost, and we're looking for a bit more from them in terms of their output. They're working hard, and giving everything they've got, and that's all I can ask for at this stage.
The Iron head into the match just one place below their Staffordshire counterparts, with both teams currently occupying unwelcome places in League One's relegation positions.
That situation makes the game at Vale Park potentially a crucial one in terms of the wider season, and Robins admitted: "They are similar to ourselves, having not picked up the points they would have preferred.
"Anyone who's seen a Micky Adams team play – I know Micky's gone now – knows they play with enthusiasm, desire and a certain style. The caretaker manager has taken over and had a couple of decent results to start with before a 2-0 defeat at Preston.
"Obviously they'll still be trying to pick up points, as we are. They have some decent players in their squad, and have a way of playing which makes them competitive.
United will be looking for their second away win in succession following an impressive 3-0 dismantling of Gillingham at Priestfield 10 days ago, but Robins stressed the importance of taking things one step at a time, as he added: "Every game is different, whether it's home or away.
"We've just got to go out and perform the way that I know we can. I know the players have got good qualities; it's just trying to harness those.
"We need time, and the players are going to need a little bit of time to adjust to what I'm asking them to do – although I won't be asking them to do anything I know they're not capable of doing. It will be a matter of time, but for me it's exciting.
See much more from Mark Robins and Jennison Myrie-Williams on The Iron Player.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent results at the LHC indicate a Higgs mass of roughly 126 GeV \cite{lhch}
which is near the upper end of the range allowed in simple and commonly
studied models such as the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model (CMSSM) \cite{cmssm} and indeed has put pressure on these models pushing the mass scales
associated with supersymmetry breaking parameters to higher values \cite{125-other}.
Furthermore, the  absence
of supersymmetric particles at the LHC~\cite{lhc} also point to higher mass scales \cite{postlhc}.
While successful phenomenologies can still be constructed for the CMSSM \cite{eo6},
the data seems to point beyond the CMSSM \cite{elos}.

Recently, we have shown \cite{eioy} that models based on pure gravity mediation (PGM)
\cite{pgm,pgm2,ArkaniHamed:2012gw} with full scalar mass universality are consistent
with existing experimental constraints.  These models contain only two free continuous parameters:
the gravitino mass $m_{3/2}$ and the ratio of the two Higgs vevs, $\tan \beta$
(the sign of the Higgs mixing mass, $\mu$ must also be specified).
Scalar masses are universal and equal to the gravitino mass at some high energy input scale,
usually assumed to be the GUT scale
(the renormalization scale where the electroweak gauge couplings are equal).
The two additional parameters that define the CMSSM, a universal gaugino mass and a
universal tri-linear coupling are generated through anomalies \cite{anom} in PGM.
As a consequence, $m_{1/2}, A_0 \ll m_0$ in these models -- a common characteristic of
models of split supersymmetry \cite{split}.  Similar models have been shown to arise
when moduli (volume moduli and those associated with supersymmetry breaking)
are strongly stabilized \cite{klor,dlmmo,Dudas:2006gr}.

Because gaugino masses are loop suppressed, the LEP limit on the chargino mass
\cite{LEPsusy} pushes the gravitino mass to at least 30 TeV and at low $\tan \beta$,
the Higgs mass generally pushes $m_{3/2}$ even higher.
With such high values of the universal scalar mass, it is not obvious that
one can construct a viable theory and maintain one of the most desirable features
of CMSSM-like models, namely radiative electroweak symmetry breaking \cite{ewsb}.
It is indeed possible to construct such models \cite{eioy}
if $\tan \beta$ is restricted to the relatively narrow range between $1.7$--$2.5$.
For $m_{3/2} \simeq 300$--$1500$ TeV, one can obtain $m_h \simeq 126 \pm 2$ GeV.
At such large mass scales, the only supersymmetric observable may
be a relatively long lived chargino which is nearly degenerate with the neutral
SU(2) gaugino \cite{pgm,pgm2,ggw,Feng:1999fu,ctchar,dlmmo}. Furthermore, it was shown that for $\mu < 0$, thermal (wino)
dark matter with a relic density equal to the WMAP/Planck \cite{wmap} determined value
is expected when $m_{3/2} = 460$--$500$\,TeV. For lower $m_{3/2}$,
either the dark matter comes from a source other than supersymmetry,
or winos are produced non-thermally through moduli or gravitino
decay \cite{ggw,hep-ph/9906527,Ibe:2004tg,Acharya:2008bk,dlmmo}.

In \cite{eioy}, we considered only models with full scalar mass universality.
Here we generalize these PGM models to allow for Higgs mass non-universality
as in the non-universal Higgs mass (NUHM) models \cite{nonu,nuhm2,nuhm1}.
Non-universality in the Higgs sector is well-motivated and is expected in Grand Unified
Theories (GUTs) where the Higgs multiplets live in separate representations from matter fields.
This may result in one additional soft mass parameter (NUHM1 \cite{nuhm1}) if
the two electroweak doublets originate in a common GUT multiplet as in the case
of an SO(10) GUT or two additional parameters (NUHM2 \cite{nuhm2}) if the
electroweak doublets originate in separate multiplets.

Special cases of interest are cases where one or both of the Higgs multiplets
can be associated with pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons \cite{Kugo:1983ai}, where
the soft masses of the Higgs doublets are quite suppressed compared to $m_{3/2}$.
This hypothesis not only provides non-universality to the Higgs soft masses
but may also shed some light on the fundamental question:
why are the Yukawa and Gauge couplings perturbatively  small
at the GUT or the Planck scale.
In this paper, we discuss some examples of the models in which the Higgs doublets
are fully or partially realized as pseudo Nambu-Goldstone supermultiplets.
As we will show the highly suppressed Higgs soft masses are consistent with
electroweak symmetry breaking, and hence, the Nambu-Goldstone hypothesis
is viable.

Allowing some non-universality has two direct consequences on
low energy phenomenology: 1) the range of allowed values of $\tan \beta$
is greatly relaxed; 2) the lower limit of $\sim 300$ TeV on the gravitino
mass is relaxed allowing values which drop to the LEP imposed bound of 30 TeV.
At larger $\tan \beta$, the importance of
radiative corrections to neutralino and chargino masses \cite{piercepapa} is greatly diminished
leading to larger (smaller) gaugino/chargino masses when $\mu > 0$ ($< 0$)
reducing the sensitivity to the sign of $\mu$.
The ability to define models with lower $m_{3/2}$
allows for the possibility that viable models can be constructed with
a reasonably light gluino, potentially detectable at the LHC.

In section 2, we define our PGM model which allows for
non-universality in the Higgs sector. In section 3, we concentrate on
NUHM1 like models where the two Higgs soft masses are equal.
In section 4, PGM models are further generalized to the NUHM2 where
both Higgs soft masses are taken as free parameters. In section 5,
we consider the special cases where one or both of the
Higgs doublets originate as Nambu-Goldstone bosons.
Our conclusions are given in section 6.

\section{PGM and Non-Universality\label{PGMnU}}

The construction of universal PGM models was described in
detail in \cite{eioy}. Here, we will generalize the model to allow
for non-universal soft masses in the Higgs sector.

Our starting point is a flat K\"ahler manifold for all Standard Model
fields except the Higgs doublets.
Let us define the following fields:
$H_{1,2}$ the MSSM Higgs doublets (sometimes referred to as $H_{d,u}$ respectively);
$Z$ a supersymmetry breaking field,
and $y$ a generic MSSM scalar field other than the Higgs doublets.
The K\"ahler potential can be written in the form:
\begin{equation}
K =   y y^*  + K^{(H)} +  K^{(Z)}  +  \log |W|^2\ ,
\label{K1}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
K^{(Z)} = Z Z^* \left(1-\frac{Z Z^*}{\Lambda^2}\right) \ ,
\label{kz}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
K^{(H)} = \left(1 + a \frac{Z Z^*}{M_P^2}\right) H_1 H_1^*
+ \left(1 + b \frac{Z Z^*}{M_P^2}\right) H_2 H_2^* + (c_H H_1 H_2 + h.c.) \, .
\label{kh}
\end{equation}
Here, $M_P$ denotes the Planck scale, while $\Lambda$ is the typical scale of dynamical SUSY breaking
in which $Z$ takes part.
We assume $\Lambda \ll M_P$ so that the  $Z$ is strongly stabilized \cite{dine,dlmmo}.
Our results here are not sensitive to the particular assumptions on $K^{(Z)}$ or the
value of $\Lambda$.
In Eq.\,(\ref{kh}), we have introduced two new parameters.
The couplings $a,b$ to specify the degree of non-universality in the Higgs sector.
For universal models, we have $ a = b = 0$.
The third coupling, $c_H$ was already present in the universal PGM model of \cite{eioy}
and is a generalized Giudice-Masiero (GM) term \cite{gm,Inoue:1991rk}
needed to be able to simultaneously
choose $\tan \beta$ as a free parameter and still obtain consistent
electroweak symmetry breaking conditions and satisfy all supergravity boundary conditions \cite{dmmo,eioy}.

If we choose a superpotential
\begin{equation}
W = M^2 Z + \Delta + W_{MSSM}
\label{W}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta$ is a constant and $W_{MSSM}$ is the MSSM superpotential which
includes the $\mu$-term, $\mu H_1 H_2$, we arrive at the following
\begin{itemize}
\item A Minkowski vacuum implies $M^4 = 3\displaystyle{\frac{ \Delta^2}{M_P^2}}$.
\item $\langle Z \rangle \simeq \displaystyle{\frac{\sqrt{3} \Lambda^2}{6M_P}}$.
\item $m_Z^2 \simeq  \displaystyle{\frac{12 M_P^2 m_{3/2}^2}{ \Lambda^2}}  \gg m_{3/2}^2$.
\item $m_{3/2} =\displaystyle{ \frac{\Delta}{M_P^2}}$,
and $m_y^2 = m_{3/2}^2$ for all MSSM fields other than Higgs doublets
\item $m_1^2 = (1-3a)m_{3/2}^2$ and $m_2^2 = (1-3b)m_{3/2}^2$.
Here the slight effect due to the non-canonical kinetic term of order ${\cal O}( \Lambda^4/M_P^4)$
is neglected.
\end{itemize}
By choosing $a,b \ne 0$, we generate non-Universal soft masses for
$H_1$ and $H_2$.
For  the special case of $a,b = 1/3$, we have $m_{1,2}^2 = 0$ which we will consider later in
section 5.
In addition, $A$-terms are small, $A_0 \sim (\Lambda^2/M_P^2) m_{3/2} \ll m_{3/2}$,
and thus the dominant contribution to the $A$-terms are generated through anomalies.
If $Z$ carriers an $R$-charge, gaugino masses are also suppressed and the dominant
contributions also come from anomalies \cite{anom}
\begin{eqnarray}
    M_{1} &=&
    \frac{33}{5} \frac{g_{1}^{2}}{16 \pi^{2}}
    m_{3/2}\ ,
    \label{eq:M1} \\
    M_{2} &=&
    \frac{g_{2}^{2}}{16 \pi^{2}} m_{3/2}  \ ,
        \label{eq:M2}     \\
    M_{3} &=&  -3 \frac{g_3^2}{16\pi^2} m_{3/2}\ .
    \label{eq:M3}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, the subscripts of $M_a$, $(a=1,2,3)$, correspond to the gauge groups of the Standard Model,
U(1)$_Y$, SU(2) and SU(3), respectively.

Alternatively, we can envision a (partial) no-scale structure \cite{Cremmer:1983bf} in the
Higgs K\"ahler manifold. Suppose instead of (\ref{K1}), we choose
\begin{equation}
K =   y y^* - 3 \log \left( 1 - \frac{1}{3}(H_1 H_1^* + H_2 H_2^*+ K^{(Z)}) \right)
 +  (c_H H_1 H_2 + h.c.)  +  \log |W|^2
\label{K2}
\end{equation}
with $K^{(Z)} $ and $W$ as in Eqs.\,(\ref{kz}) and (\ref{W}), respectively.
The resulting soft masses for the Higgs doublets in this case is  $m_1^2 = m_2^2 = 0$.
One could also consider
only one of the two Higgs doublets having the no-scale structure.
Of particular interest is the resulting $B$-term. In pure no-scale models,
we expect both $A_0 = 0$ and $B_0 = 0$. Due to the presence of the Higgs bi-linear term,
the no-scale structure is broken and we are able to generate $B(M_{in})  \ne 0$\footnote{Because of the structure of the hidden sector contribution to the K\"ahler potential, the $F$-term of the conformal compensator is non-zero and so we have an anomaly mediated contribution to the soft masses.}.
For a detailed discussion of the Higgs soft mass terms and the $\mu$ and $B\mu$ term
see the appendix \ref{Append}.
The take away lesson is that if the Higgs term $|H_i|^2$ is inside the logarithm,
it has a vanishing soft mass otherwise it is $m_{3/2}$, while
$\mu$ and $B\mu$ are unaffected by the no-scale structure of the Higgs K\"ahler potential.
They are affected by the no-scale structure of the GM term.
However, since we only care about the low scale values of $B\mu$ and $\mu$,
their exact forms are unimportant.
For the K\"ahler potential in Eq.\,(\ref{K2}), the relations are\footnote{In the case of strong moduli stabilization, the $\mu_0$ listed here is really $\mu'$ and is related to the value of  $\mu_0$ in the superpotential by $\mu_0=(\rho+\bar\rho)^{3/2}\mu'$ where $\rho$ is a volume modulus field
(see appendix).}
\begin{eqnarray}
&&B\mu= 2m_{3/2}^2c_H -m_{3/2}\mu_0,\\
&&\mu=c_H m_{3/2} +\mu_0,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mu_0$ is the bilinear mass term in the superpotential and the Higgs soft masses are zero.

In summary, while the minimal model of PGM  has
only two fundamental parameters: $m_{3/2}$, and the generalized Giudice-Masiero term, $c_H$.
A straightforward generalization of this model adds one or two new parameters
characterizing the non-universality of the Higgs masses.
At the level of the K\"ahler potential, these may be chosen to be the couplings
 $a$ and $b$ in Eq.\,(\ref{kh}).
Relating these to the Higgs soft masses, $m_{1,2}$ and relating $c_H$ to $\tan \beta$
through the electroweak symmetry breaking boundary conditions, our
non-universal PGM model is described by
\begin{eqnarray}
 m_{3/2}\ , \quad m_1\ , \quad m_2\ , \quad \tan\beta \ ,
\end{eqnarray}
or equivalently
\begin{eqnarray}
 m_{3/2}\ , \quad \mu\ , \quad m_A\ , \quad \tan\beta \ .
\end{eqnarray}
Note that in the above lists, we treat $m_1$ and $m_2$ as GUT scale parameters and
$\mu$ and $m_A$ as weak scale parameters.
We will use both parameterization below.
\section{NUHM1 models}

We begin our probe of non-universal PGM models with
the three parameter version of the NUHM with $m_1 = m_2$.

In Fig.\,\ref{fig:nuhm1}, we show two examples of ($\tan \beta$, $m_1=m_2$) planes
for fixed $m_{3/2}$.  In the left (right) panel, we fix $m_{3/2} = 60$ $(200)$\,TeV.
Shown are the contours of $m_h$ (red, nearly horizontal) and the wino mass, $m_{\chi}$,
for $\mu > 0$ (solid blue) and $\mu < 0$ (dashed blue).
The sign on the abscissa refers to the sign of $m_{1,2}^2$.
It should be noted that neither a gravitino mass of $60$\,TeV or $200$\,TeV
is consistent with $m_h \simeq 126\pm2$\,GeV in the universal case, i.e. $m_{1,2}=m_{3/2}$.
Higher gravitino masses are also possible with non-universal Higgs masses, but the results in that
case, do not differ significantly from results in the universal case.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=tbim12_0_60000.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=tbim12_0_200000.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The $\tan \beta$--$m_{1,2}$ plane for a) $m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV and b)   $m_{3/2} = 200$\,TeV.
The Higgs mass is shown by the nearly horizontal thin red contours in $1$\,GeV intervals.
The wino/chargino mass is shown by the thick solid ($\mu > 0$) and dashed
($\mu < 0$) contours.
}}
\label{fig:nuhm1}
\end{figure}

For $m_{3/2}$ = 60 TeV, we see that the allowed range in $\tan \beta$ now extends from
$3.7$--$6.1$ due to the non-universality, which allows $m_h \simeq 126 \pm 2$ GeV for
this gravitino mass.
The range of $m_1 = m_2$ in the curves is limited by the electroweak symmetry breaking minimization conditions.
On the left, for large negative $m_{1,2}^2$, the Higgs pseudo-scalar mass-squared becomes negative
($m_A^2 < 0$).
On the right, at large positive $m_{1,2}^2$, $\mu^2 < 0$.
In either case, the model is inconsistent.
The figure shows that
$m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV is not viable in universal PGM as emphasized above.
That is, $m_1 = m_2 = m_{3/2}$ is only possible for very low $\tan \beta < 2.7$,
where $m_h$ is too small.
As indicated on the plot, the contribution to the lightest neutralino from anomaly mediation is $170$\,GeV and is found using Eq. (\ref{eq:M2}).
At low $\tan \beta$, the threshold corrections from the Heavy Higgs bosons
and the Higgsinos increase the mass for $\mu < 0$ and decrease the mass for $\mu > 0$.
The effect is less pronounced at higher $\tan \beta$ and (although not shown in the left panel)
the radiative corrections are positive for both signs of $\mu$ at sufficiently large $\tan\beta$. The gluino mass in this case is $1.7$\,TeV, and would
be within the LHC reach.

The right panel of Fig.\,\ref{fig:nuhm1} shows the same plane when $m_{3/2} = 200$\,TeV
(a value still too low for universal PGM for $m_h \simeq 126\pm2$\,GeV).
In this case, the range in $\tan \beta$ is becoming compressed
(as in the universal model) and must lie in the range $2.7$--$3.6$ for $m_h \simeq 126 \pm 2$ GeV.
At large negative $m_{1,2}^2$, $m_A^2<0$, but this occurs for values beyond those displayed.
Again, we see that the universal case is realized at low $\tan \beta$ where the Higgs
mass contours extend to $m_1=m_2 = m_{3/2}$. For $m_{3/2}$ = 200\,TeV, the tree level
neutralino mass is $565$\,GeV, unfortunately the gluino mass is now $4.9$\,TeV, outside the
LHC reach. Here, we see that the threshold corrections for $m_\chi$ when $\mu > 0$ are positive when $\tan \beta$ is large.
For larger values of $m_{3/2}$, we are forced to a still tighter range in $\tan \beta$ until we eventually arrive at the universal case.

\section{NUHM2 models}
One can further generalize the PGM model by allowing both Higgs soft masses
$m_1$ and $m_2$ to be independent of the gravitino mass.
Doing so, however, does not substantially expand the parameter space beyond the
NUHM1-type models of the previous section.
In Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2}, we show two examples of $(m_1, m_2)$ planes for fixed
$m_{3/2}$ and $\tan \beta$ with $\mu > 0$.
In the left panel, we show the plane for $m_{3/2} = 200$\,TeV and $\tan \beta = 3$.
Shown are contours of the lightest neutralino mass from $200$--$600$\,GeV.
Over much of the plane, the Higgs mass is close to $126$\,GeV.
The shaded region is excluded as radiative electroweak symmetry breaking conditions
can not be solved consistently there.
When $m_2^2$ is large and positive, $\mu^2 <0$,
and when $m_1^2$ is large and negative, $m_A^2 < 0$.
Near the shaded region, one sees a contour of $m_h = 125$\,GeV.

The green solid line corresponds to the ${\rm det}(m_H^2)=0$, where $m_H^2$
is the GUT scale Higgs squared mass matrix and is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
m_H^2=\left(\begin{array}{cc} m_2^2+|\mu|^2 & -B\mu \\
-B\mu & m_1^2 +  |\mu|^2
\end{array}\right).
\end{eqnarray}
These contours correspond to regions where a linear combination of the Higgs bosons is a Nambu-Goldstone boson as was considered in \cite{Inoue:1985cw}.
This will be relevant for our later discussion about the Higgs bosons as a Nambu-Goldstone bosons.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=m1m2a_3_200000.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=m1m2a_5_60000.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The $(m_1,m_2)$ plane for fixed $(m_{3/2},\tan \beta)$ = $(200$\,TeV, $3)$ (left) and $(60$\,TeV, $5)$ (right) for $\mu > 0$.
Shown are contours for the light Higgs mass, $m_h$, the lightest neutralino mass, $m_\chi$, and ${\det}(m_H^2)=0$.
The pink shaded region is excluded as either $\mu^2 < 0$ (horizontal region at large $m_2$)
or because $m_A^2< 0$ (vertical region at large negative $m_1$).
In the right panel, there is a specific combination
of $m_1$ and $m_2$ where $c_H = 0$ as seen by the black contour near the upper right corner of the figure.
}}
\label{nuhm2}
\end{figure}

In the right panel,  $m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV and $\tan \beta = 5$.
As we have seen in the NUHM1-like models, larger $\tan \beta$ requires smaller $m_{3/2}$
and hence smaller neutralino masses.
In this case, $m_h$ is close to $127$\,GeV throughout the plane.
Again, the solid green line correspond to ${\det}(m_H^2)=0$.

For this choice of inputs, there is also the possibility of satisfying the
electroweak boundary conditions without the Higgs bi-linear term
in the K\"ahler potential.
The black solid line is where $c_H=0$ and hence the generalized GM term is not needed.
These points with $c_H=0$ are suggestive of a Peccei-Quinn symmetry.
In a theory symmetric under the PQ symmetry, both $c_H$ and $\mu$ are vanishing.
If the PQ symmetry is broken by the vev of some field $\langle \phi \rangle$ with vev of order $10^{12}$\,GeV, the axion could be the dark matter of the universe.
This field can also, through Planck suppressed operators
\begin{eqnarray}
W\supset \frac{\phi^2}{M_P}H_1H_2,
\end{eqnarray}
explain the origin of a $\mu$ parameter of order ${\cal O}(100)$\,TeV \cite{fy}.

An alternative way of viewing the NUHM2 parameter space is through a ($\mu, m_A$) plane.
One can equally well choose the parameters of the NUHM PGM model as
$m_{3/2}, \tan \beta, \mu$, and $m_A$, the latter two replacing the Higgs soft masses
which are now determined at the weak scale by the electroweak boundary conditions and then
run back up to the GUT input scale.  We show the same two examples from Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2}, but now in the ($\mu, m_A$) plane in
Fig.\,\ref{mumA}. As in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2}, we show contours of the lightest neutralino mass (solid blue)
and of the Higgs mass (red dot-dashed) in the upper two panels. The Higgs mass again changes relatively slowly across these planes due its relative insensitivity to $\mu$ and $m_A$ once $m_{3/2}$ and $\tan \beta$ are fixed.
The green lines show where ${\det} (m_H^2)=0$.
In the lower two panels, we also show the contours of $m_1^2/m_{3/2}^2$ (orange)
and  $m_2^2/m_{3/2}^2$ (blue) for $m_i^2/m_{3/2}^2$ = $1$ (medium), $0$ (thick) and $0.5$, $-0.5$
and $-1$ (thin).
A universal
PGM model would require that the contours for $m_1^2/m_{3/2}^2 = m_2^2/m_{3/2}^2 = 1$
intersect at some point.  Comparing the two panels, we see that an intersection is almost found
for $\tan \beta = 3$.  In fact, from our previous study of the universal PGM model, we
expect that such an intersection would occur around $\tan \beta = 2.5$ for $m_{3/2} = 200$\,TeV.
The black line shows the relation between $\mu$ and $m_A$ where $c_H=0$.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=mumAai_3_200000.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=mumAai_5_60000.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=mumAai_3_200000mi.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=mumAai_5_60000mi.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}

\caption{
{\it
The $(\mu, m_A)$ plane for fixed $(m_{3/2},\tan \beta)$ = $(200$\,TeV$, 3)$ (left)
and $(60$\,TeV$, 5)$ (right).
Shown in the upper panels are contours for the light Higgs mass, $m_h$ (red, dot dashed)and the lightest neutralino mass, $m_\chi$ (solid blue). The contour where the determinant of the Higgs squared  mass matrix is  $0$ at the GUT scale is shown by the solid green curve as labeled.
Shown in the lower panels are contours for $m_1^2/m_{3/2}^2$ (orange) and  $m_2^2/m_{3/2}^2$ (blue)
for $m_i^2/m_{3/2}^2 = 1$ (medium), $0$ (thick) and $0.5$, $-0.5$ and $-1$ (thin).
The contour where the Higgs coupling $c_H = 0$ is shown by the solid black curves as labeled.
}}
\label{mumA}
\end{figure}

\section{Higgs doublets as Nambu-Goldstone Bosons}
It is very interesting that results in the previous section show
that the SUSY breaking soft masses for $H_2$ and/or $H_1$ can vanish at the GUT scale. As was discussed in Section \ref{PGMnU}, this could be due to a no-scale like K\"ahler manifold for the Higgs bosons. However, another intriguing possibility is that one or both of the Higgs multiplets are
pseudo Nambu-Goldstone (NG) fields arising from some unknown physics at the GUT scale.%
\footnote{
The idea of the Higgs as a pseudo-Goldstone boson was established long
ago\,\cite{Kugo:1983ai}.
The minimal non-linear sigma model with one of the Higgs doublets as a pseudo
Nambu-Goldstone multiplet was discussed in Ref.\,\cite{GY},
where the non-linear sigma model couples to supergravity without spoiling the symmetry.
Non-linear sigma models where not only the Higgs doublets
but also other matter multiplets are pseudo Nambu-Goldstone multiplets were discussed in Ref.\,\cite{Buchmuller:1983na}.
}
 If this is indeed the case, the NG hypothesis provides a natural answer to two fundamental questions. One is their small Yukawa couplings to quarks and leptons at the GUT scale
and the other is their vanishing $R$ charges.
The small Yukawa couplings are easily understood because of the celebrated low energy theorem
for NG fields.
The vanishing $R$ charges is also inevitable for the NG fields
since they transform non-linearly under the broken symmetry.

It is known that the coset space for the NG fields must be a K\"ahler manifold in SUSY theories.
Thus, let us discuss possible K\"ahler manifolds which accommodate one or two Higgs multiplets as NG fields.
First, we consider the K\"ahler manifold, $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ which is the minimal coset space for two Higgs doublets, $H_2$ and $H_1$.
The coset space, $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$, has a broken generator, $X(2,2)_{+1}$ and its complex conjugate and hence we have corresponding NG chiral multiplets $\Phi$
which transform as the broken generator $X(2,2)_{+1}$ under the unbroken symmetry.
 Now we identify the first $SU(2)$ with the electroweak gauge symmetry $SU(2)_L$ and the $U(1)$ subgroup in the second $SU(2)$ with the hypercharge gauge symmetry $U(1)_Y$ in the standard model. Then, it is clear that the NG multiplets $\Phi$
 are nothing but the Higgs doublets, $H_2$ and $H_1$. The last $U(1)$ symmetry in the unbroken group must be a global symmetry since it is anomalous. Notice that both of the Higgs multiplets carry +1 charge of this global symmetry and hence it may be identified with the Peccei-Quinn $U(1)$.

Now we couple the above non-linear sigma model to supergravity. It was pointed out that any compact
K\"ahler manifold cannot be coupled to supergravity \cite{KS, KY}. There have been two solutions proposed so far to solve this problem. One is to introduce a new massless modulus field \cite{KS} and the other is to break the PQ $U(1)$ subgroup in the unbroken, $SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ \cite{KY}.%
\footnote{
In no-scale supergravity\,\cite{Cremmer:1983bf},
the SUSY breaking and matter fields are the coset space variables
of a non-compact K\"ahler manifold $SU(n,1)/SU(n)\times U(1)$.
The $SU(n,1)$ symmetry is, however, explicitly broken in supergravity. In spite of this, the
soft masses of the matter fields are still vanishing due to the sequestered structure
of the K\"ahler potential.
In this paper, we do not pursue no-scale models since they predict vanishing
anomaly mediated SUSY breaking effects (see e.g. \cite{Izawa:2010ym}).
Nevertheless, sequestering only the Higgs fields as in Eq.\,(\ref{K2}) and in the appendix
can account for the vanishing of the Higgs soft masses alone.
}
In the former case, we need some extra mechanism to break the PQ $U(1)$ subgroup.
In the latter case, the coset space is $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)$ and we have one additional NG multiplet $\phi$. The imaginary part of the complex boson in $\phi$ is nothing but the axion and the real part is identified with the
so-called saxion. The decay constant $F_a$ may be at the GUT or Planck scale.

The K\"ahler potential for the $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)$ non-linear sigma model is written as \cite{KUY}
\begin{eqnarray}
 K = - M_{\rm *}^2 F( \det \xi^{\dagger i}_{a} \xi^a_j ) \ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $F$ is an arbitrary function, $M_* \simeq M_{\rm GUT}$ or $M_{\rm PL}$,
while $\xi$ is the dimensionless variable parametrizing the coset space
related to $\Phi$ and $\phi$ via
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \label{eq:rep}
 \xi^a_i  =
 \left(
\begin{array}{c}
e^{\phi}\mathsf{1}_{2\times2}\\
 \Phi
\end{array}
\right)\ .
\end{eqnarray}
The index $i$ corresponds to the first unbroken $SU(2)$, $i = 1$--$2$ while $a$  runs from $1$--$4$.
As we mentioned above,  $\phi$ and $\Phi$ transform under the $U(1)(\subset SU(4))$ PQ
symmetry,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \phi \to \phi' =  \phi  - i \alpha\ , \quad \Phi \to \Phi' = e^{i\alpha} \Phi\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
and hence, $\phi$ plays the role of the  axion multiplet with the decay constant $F_a = {\cal O}(M_{\rm GUT})$.

It should be noted that  $\det \xi^{\dagger i}_{a} \xi^a_j$ is invariant
under the non-linear $SU(4)$ transformation,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \xi \to \xi' = g\, \xi h^{-1}(g, \xi)\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $g\in SU(4)$ and $h(g,\xi)$ is a local $SU(2)$ matrix superfield \cite{KY}.
Thus, since K\"ahler potential itself is invariant under the $SU(4)$ symmetry, the non-linear sigma-model
can be safely coupled to the supergravity without spoiling the symmetry\,\cite{KY}.
In particular, all the scalars in the Higgs doublets in $\Phi$ are Goldstone bosons of
$SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$, and hence,
they remain massless even after supersymmetry breaking.
The axion multiplet $\phi$, on the other hand, contains the so-called the quasi-Goldstone boson (saxion)
which is not truly associated with the PQ-symmetry.
As a result, it  obtains a soft mass $m_{\rm saxion}^2=m_{3/2}^2$ (see \cite{GY} for details).

By remembering that the K\"ahler manifold $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$
is equivalent to $U(4)/U(2)\times U(2)$, one may also take the coset variables of  $U(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ instead of those of $SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)$,
which can also be coupled to supergravity without spoiling the symmetry.
There, $\phi$ corresponds to a Goldstone mode of the non-linearly realized
$U(1)$ symmetry, while the remaining $U(1)$ symmetry (under which $\Phi$ rotates)
is the PQ-symmetry which is assumed to be broken spontaneously at low energies
at around $10^{12}$\.GeV and leads to the axion.

As an interesting possibility for the model of  $U(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$,
the true goldstone boson in $\phi$ can play the role of quintessence
and explain the observed dark energy\,\cite{Nomura:2000yk}. This occurs when the non-linearly realized
$U(1)$ shift of $\phi$ is nearly exact, being  broken only by its anomalous couplings to the gauge kinetic terms as for the string axion.
In this case, a linear combination of the axion and the true Goldstone boson of $\phi$
are free from the QCD anomaly and obtains a mass only from the $SU(2)_L$ instantons.
Therefore, the mass of the corresponding mode is extremely small and can play
the role of quintessence in explaining dark energy.

Once we realize the Higgs doublets (and the axion) supermultiplets as the NG modes of
$SU(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)$ (or $U(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)_{PQ}$),
 we introduce the MSSM gauge interactions,  the Yukawa interactions,
and the bi-linear term of the Higgs doublets discussed in the previous section
as perturbative explicit breaking to the $SU(4)$ symmetry.
Therefore, the NG hypothesis of the Higgs doublets consistently works with the pure gravity mediation model.

So far, we have considered that both of the Higgs doublets appear as NG fields in the above realization
so that $m_{1}^2 = m_{2}^2 = 0$.
One may also take a relaxed NG Higgs hypothesis where only one of the Higgs doublets appear
as a NG multiplet by considering a smaller coset space.
For example, a smaller coset space $U(3)/SU(2)\times U(1)$
accommodates only one of the Higgs doublets as a NG field.
Here, the unbroken group is identified with the electroweak
gauge group, $SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$.
We also have an axion-like NG multiplet $\phi$ as in the case of $U(4)/SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$.
In this case, either $H_2$ or $H_1$ can be identified as the NG mode and has vanishing soft masses
while the other Higgs doublet obtains a mass of $O(m_{3/2}^2)$ once we couple it to supergravity.

As another realization of this less constraining NG Higgs hypothesis,
it is also possible to identify the two Higgs doublets as the coset space variables of
 $U(3)/SU(2)\times U(1)$ in the so-called doubling realization \cite{bando,kugo}.
In the doubling realization of  $U(3)/SU(2)\times U(1)$,
we introduce a pair of representative coset space variables
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi =
\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1\\
H_1
\end{array}
\right)\ , \quad
\bar{\xi} = (1, H_2)\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
instead of the one in Eq.\,(\ref{eq:rep}). Here, $H_1$ and $H_2$ are implicitly normalized by $M_*$ so that they are dimensionless.
Under the non-linearly realized $U(3)$ symmetry, they transform as
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi\to \xi' = g \xi v^{-1}\ , \quad
\bar\xi\to \bar\xi' = \bar{v}^{-1}\xi g^\dagger\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $g\in U(3)$ and $v\, (\bar{v})$ are chiral superfields representing a local $U(1)$ transformation.
By using these, we can construct a $U(3)$ invariant K\"ahler potential \cite{Goto:1992hh},
\begin{eqnarray}
K = M_*^2F(x)\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $x$ is the $U(3)$ invariant combination,
\begin{eqnarray}
x = \xi^\dagger \xi (\bar\xi\xi)^{-1}\bar\xi^\dagger \bar\xi (\bar\xi^\dagger\xi^\dagger)^{-1}
  = \frac{(1+H_1^\dagger H_1)(1+H_2^\dagger H_2)}
   {(1+H_1 H_2)(1+H_1^\dagger H_2^\dagger)}\ .
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, we can couple the non-linear sigma model of $U(3)/SU(2)\times U(1)$ to supergravity
without spoiling the symmetry.

In this example, although both Higgs doublets appear as NG multiplets,
only one linear combination is a true NG mode while the other
is a quasi NG mode.
Thus, again, we have only one massless Higgs doublet after supersymmetry breaking.
It should be noted, however, that in this realization, the Higgs bi-linear term appears
in the K\"ahler potential without spoiling the symmetry.
Therefore, the vanishing scalar mass of the true NG mode means neither $m_{1}^2  = 0$
nor $m_2^2 = 0$. Instead, the model predicts $\det m_H^2 = 0$.

In what follows we examine some of the phenomenological aspects of the NG
hypothesis with one or both of the Higgs as NG states.

\subsection{One Higgs NG state}
In this section, we show our results for the case where one of the Higgs bosons is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson.
As before, $\tan\beta$ is free to vary as long as $m_2$ is slightly smaller than $m_{3/2}$. Our results, when either $m_2 = 0$ or $m_1 = 0$, are shown in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m1} and \ref{nuhm2m2} respectively.
These figures also show the behavior of the lightest Higgs boson mass which is again predominantly determined by $m_{3/2}$ and $\tan\beta$.
As one can see, for the relatively low value of
$m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV, $\tan \beta$ must lie in the range $3.5$--$6.2$ to obtain $m_h \simeq 126 \pm 2$\,GeV.
At the higher value of $m_{3/2} = 200$\,TeV, as we have seen before, $\tan \beta$ is constrained
to lower values, $2.4$--$3.6$.
Contours terminate on left, in each panel, at large negative $m_1^2$ when
$m_A^2 < 0$.

Fig.~\ref{nuhm2m1} also shows a contour in both panels where $c_H=0$ (black). For this line,
we do not need the Higgs bilinear term
in the K\"ahler potential. As was previously discussed this can be motivated by dark matter and the generation of a $\mu$ term of order $100$ TeV. However, for the NG hypothesis there is an additional motivation.
To get a phenomenologically viable model for the NG hypothesis, we needed to introduce explicit breaking of the $SU(4)$ symmetry in the form of: gauge interactions, the Yukawa couplings for the MSSM fields, and a bilinear term for the Higgs.  In the parameter space for which $c_H\ne 0$, we have also added an additional explicit breaking in the form of the generalized GM term.
For the contours with $c_H=0$, the tree-level K\"ahler potential is invariant under the $SU(4)$ symmetry. This contour is not seen in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m2} for the range of parameters considered.

The behavior of the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) mass, is more involved.
In this case, the wino is the LSP.
The dominant threshold correction to the LSP mass, comes from integrating out Higgsinos, which gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta M_2 \simeq -\mu\frac{g^2}{16\pi^2}\sin2\beta\frac{m_A^2}{m_A^2-\mu^2}\ln\frac{m_A^2}{\mu^2}.\label{M2Thresh}
\end{eqnarray}
The $\tan\beta$ dependence can be seen in both Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m1} and Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m2}.
As $\tan\beta$ becomes larger, the deviation in $m_{\chi}$ from its anomaly mediated value,
$170$\,GeV for $m_{3/2}=60$\,TeV and $565$\,GeV for $m_{3/2}=200$\,TeV, is diminished.
To understand the $\mu$ dependence of the LSP mass, we look at the minimization condition for the Higgs potential.  As long as $\tan\beta$ is not too small, we have roughly $\mu^2\simeq -m_2^2$ at the weak scale.  Because the GUT scale value of $m_2=0$ is not varied, $\mu$ will be roughly constant in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m1} and so changes to $\mu$ will only have a minor affect on the mass of the LSP.
The pseudo scalar mass, $m_A$, on the other hand,  depends on $m_1$,
\begin{eqnarray}
m_A^2 \simeq m_1^2+m_2^2+2\mu^2,
\end{eqnarray}
and so will vary across the parameter space found in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m1}.
This variation in $m_A$ accounts for the dependence of the LSP mass on $m_1$.

In Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2m2}, we have taken $m_1=0$ and varied $m_2$.
The $\tan\beta$ dependence can be seen by comparing the wino masses with the anomaly mediated contribution.
It again roughly follows from Eq.\,(\ref{M2Thresh}).
The $m_A$ and $\mu$ dependence is now more complicated since they both vary.
However, as would be expected by examining Eq.\,(\ref{M2Thresh}), the $\mu$ dependence wins out.
Since $\mu$ becomes larger as $|m_2|$ becomes large, the deviation of the wino masses from the anomaly mediation value increases as $m_2$ becomes more negative.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=tbim120_0_60000.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=tbim120_0_200000.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The $(m_1,\tan \beta)$ plane with $m_2 = 0$ for fixed $m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV (left) and $200$\,TeV (right).
Shown are contours for the light Higgs mass, $m_h$ and the lightest neutralino mass, $m_\chi$.
The contour for $c_H = 0$ is shown by the solid black curve.
}}
\label{nuhm2m1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=tbim210_0_60000.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=tbim210_0_200000.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The $(m_2,\tan \beta)$ plane with $m_1 = 0$ for fixed $m_{3/2} = 60$\,TeV (left) and $200$\,TeV (right).
Shown are contours for the light Higgs mass, $m_h$ and the lightest neutralino mass, $m_\chi$.
}}
\label{nuhm2m2}
\end{figure}

As was depicted in Fig.\,\ref{nuhm2}, there are regions of parameter space for which some linear combination of the Higgs bosons is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson at the GUT scale, i.e. ${\rm det}(m^2_H)=0$,
without any explicit breaking from the $\mu_0$ term.
The most interesting case occurs for large negative values of $m_1$. In this region, $m_A$ is quite small.  In fact, for specific values of $\tan\beta$ and $m_1^2$, $m_A$ can be within the reach of the LHC as can be seen in Fig.\,\ref{fig:DetMmA}. As we see in this figure, for larger negative values of $m_2$, $m_A$ is larger.  This can be attributed to the fact that $\mu^2\simeq -m_2^2$. Since $m_A$ is more sensitive to $\mu$ than $m_2^2$, $m_A$ becomes larger as $m_2^2$ becomes more negative.  The $\tan\beta$ effect can be traced back to the $m_2^2$ mass as well.  As $\tan\beta$ becomes larger, the top Yukawa coupling, $y_t$ becomes smaller.  For smaller values of $y_t$ $m_2$ is not driven as negative and so $m_A$ decreases.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=DetMzero.eps,height=3.1in}
\end{center}
\caption{\it The mass of the pseudo-scalar as a function of $\tan\beta$ for ${\rm det}(m_H^2)=0$ at the
GUT scale with the given values of $m_2^2(M_{GUT})$ and $m_{3/2}=30$\,TeV.}\label{fig:DetMmA}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Two Higgs NG states}
In the case of both Higgs doublets arising as Nambu-Goldstone boson states,
we are reduced once more to an effective two-parameter theory
with $m_{3/2}$ and $\tan \beta$ as free parameters as in the universal model.

The resulting Higgs masses as a function of $\tan \beta$ and $m_{3/2}$ are
shown in the left and right panels of Fig.\,\ref{fig:nuhm2} respectively.
In the left panel, we show the Higgs mass for specific choices of the gravitino mass
varying from $30$--$1000$\,TeV.  At large values of $\tan \beta$, the gravitino mass
must lie near its lower bound of 30 TeV imposed by the LEP limit on the chargino mass \cite{LEPsusy}.
At this value of $m_{3/2}$, the gluino mass is 1\,TeV, near its current LHC bound \cite{lhc}.
Such low values of $m_{3/2}$ are not possible in universal PGM models and
are realized here only because of the non-universality in the Higgs sector, which
facilitates the electroweak minimization conditions. In fact, in this scenario the only constraint on $\tan\beta$ comes from requiring that the Yukawa couplings remain perturbative.
At large $m_{3/2}$, we are forced to small $\tan \beta$ as in the universal model.
The same tendencies are seen in the right panel which shows
the Higgs mass as a function of $m_{3/2}$ for four fixed values of $\tan \beta = 2, 5, 10,$ and $20$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=tbim1mh.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=m32im1h.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The light Higgs mass as a function of $\tan \beta$ (left) and $m_{3/2}$ (right) assuming
$m_1 = m_2 = 0$.
In the left panel, values of $m_h$ are shown for specific choices of $m_{3/2}$
from $30$--$1000$\,TeV as labeled.  In the right panel, $m_h$ is shown for $\tan \beta = 2, 5, 10$, and $20$.
For large values of $\tan \beta$,
we are restricted to relatively low values of $m_{3/2}$, near the lower bound of 30 TeV
imposed by the LEP limit on the chargino mass.
For low values of $\tan \beta$, the opposite is true and we are pushed to relatively
large $m_{3/2}$ as in the universal PGM model.
The LHC range (including an estimate of uncertainties) of $m_h \simeq 126 \pm 2$ GeV
is shown as the pale green horizontal band.
}}
\label{fig:nuhm2}
\end{figure}

For the specific case of $m_1 = m_2 = 0$, we also show the behavior of the neutralino
mass as a function of $\tan \beta$ and $m_{3/2}$  in the left and right panels of Fig.\,\ref{fig:nuhm2mchi} respectively. In the left panel, we see the $\tan\beta$ dependence which is predominantly driven by the corrections found in
Eq.\,(\ref{M2Thresh}). As $\tan\beta$ increases, the correction decreases and $m_\chi$ moves closer to its anomaly mediated contribution. In the right panel, we see that the neutralino mass is offset from the anomaly mediated contribution. This is due to threshold corrections of the sfermions. Since these corrections are not proportional to $\mu$, they are sub-leading to those found in Eq.\,(\ref{M2Thresh}) for small $\tan\beta$. However, in the large $\tan\beta$ limit they begin to dominate and give the offset seen in the right panel of Fig.\,\ref{fig:nuhm2mchi}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{minipage}{8in}
\epsfig{file=tbm1mchi.eps,height=3.1in}
\epsfig{file=m32m1mchi.eps,height=3.1in}
\hfill
\end{minipage}
\caption{
{\it
The wino mass as a function of $\tan \beta$ (left) and $m_{3/2}$ (right) for both
$\mu > 0$ (solid) and $\mu < 0$ (dashed).
For large values of $\tan \beta$, the differences between the wino mass at for $\mu > 0$ and $\mu < 0$
are less pronounced.
In the left panel, the LEP bound of $104$\,GeV on the chargino mass is shown as the horizontal red line.The different curves correspond to different values of $m_{3/2}$. Only the curves with $\mu < 0$
are labelled for clarity.
 In the right panel, the diagonal red line shows the wino mass when one-loop radiative corrections
 are ignored. Here the curves correspond to five values of $\tan \beta = 2, 5, 10, 20$, and $40$.
 }}
\label{fig:nuhm2mchi}
\end{figure}

Finally, we show the behavior of the relic density in the case where $m_1 = m_2 = 0$. The variation in the relic density seen in Fig.\,\ref{fig:mgohsq} is due to variations in the mass of the wino.  As $m_{3/2}$ increases the wino mass increases and so does the relic density.  As $\tan\beta$ increases the wino mass increases (decreases) for $\mu < 0$ ($\mu > 0$) and so the relic density increases (decreases).  From this figure we see that only smaller values of $\tan\beta$ with $\mu<0$ will be able to give the correct thermal relic abundance and simultaneously predict a Higgs mass of $126.2 \pm 2$.
At lower $m_{3/2}$ or higher $\tan \beta$, we require either an alternative dark matter candidate
or rely on non-thermal mechanisms for neutralino production  \cite{ggw,hep-ph/9906527,Ibe:2004tg,Acharya:2008bk,dlmmo}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\vskip 0.5in
\vspace*{-0.45in}
\centering
\epsfig{file=m32m1oh2.eps,height=3.1in}
\caption{
{\it
The relic density, $\Omega_\chi h^2$
as a function of $m_{3/2}$ for both
$\mu > 0$ (solid) and $\mu < 0$ (negative).
 The WMAP range for the relic density is shown by the pale green horizontal band.
 The relic density crosses this band for $\mu <0$ when $m_{3/2} \simeq 460$--$500$\,TeV.
 At these gravitino masses the Higgs mass is in excess is about $125$\,GeV as seen in Fig.\,\protect{\ref{fig:nuhm2}}. This is reminiscent of the result in the universal PGM model.
}}
\label{fig:mgohsq}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary}
Pure gravity mediation, with large tree level scalar masses and light anomaly mediated gauginos masses,
is one approach to getting a $126$ GeV lightest Higgs boson.
A particularly simple two parameter version of this model can be made consistent with all experimental constraints. The two free parameters can be chosen as $m_{3/2}$ and $c_H$, the coefficient of the generalized GM term.  The  coupling, $c_H$, can be traded for $\tan\beta$ making the phenomenology more transparent.
However, in these models, successful EWSB requires $\tan\beta \simeq 1.7$--$2.5$.
To get $m_h\simeq126\pm 2$, the gravitino mass then needs to be in the range $m_{3/2}\simeq 300$--$1500$ TeV. These large values for $m_{3/2}$ are the major drawback to this very simple model. If $m_{3/2}$ is this large, detection will be rather difficult because the gluino mass will be larger than about $6$\,TeV.
Though difficult to detect, these models are not without hope. Because the charged and neutral wino are nearly degenerate, the charginos will exhibit long lived charged tracks. Detection may be possible if the winos are light enough.

The heavy gluino of the universal case can be remedied if we take non-universal Higgs masses. With non-universal Higgs masses, the model can have up to $4$ parameters. Since the Higgs soft masses are now free parameters, we are allowed to take $m_2(M_{GUT})<m_{3/2}$. Since the boundary mass of $m_2^2$ is smaller than the stop squared masses, the top Yukawa coupling does not need to be so large in order to drive $m_2^2$ negative. This removes EWSB constraints on $\tan\beta$. The remaining constraints on $\tan\beta$ are from perturbativity of the Yukawa couplings. Larger values of $\tan\beta$ have two major effects. The tree level contribution to the lightest Higgs mass will be drastically increased. Because the tree level contribution is much larger, the loop corrections need to be smaller, leading to smaller stop masses.  Smaller stop masses require smaller $m_{3/2}$. In fact, in this scenario the most stringent constraint on $m_{3/2}$ is not from the lightest Higgs boson mass, as in the universal case, but is instead comes from the LEP bounds on the lightest chargino. The LEP bound on the lightest chargino gives $m_{3/2}>30$\,TeV, and the gluino mass can be of order a TeV and within reach of the LHC. The other important effect is to reduce the size of the threshold corrections to the wino mass. Since the the largest threshold correction is proportional to $-\mu$, this means the wino mass will increase (decrease) for $\mu >0$ ($\mu < 0$).  For very large values of $\tan\beta$, the wino mass approaches the value expected in anomaly mediation.

Interestingly, these non-universal models allow for a parameter space that is suggestive of the GUT or Planck scale theory. One interesting possibility, which we discussed here, is vanishing Higgs masses at the GUT scale.  Vanishing soft masses for the Higgs bosons can be realized in three different ways.
One possibility is a non-universal coupling to the supersymmetry-breaking field, $Z$, and
choosing the couplings $a,b$ appropriately.
A second possibility is a partial no-scale like structure where only the Higgs soft masses are zero.
This partial no-scale structure for the Higgs bosons can be broken by {a generalized GM term},
giving a linearly independent $\mu$ and $B\mu$ term which are necessary for EWSB, while still keeping the Higgs soft masses zero. The third possibility is that one or both of the Higgs bosons are Nambu-Goldstones of a broken symmetry. The gauge interactions of the MSSM, as well as the Yukawa and bilinear interactions of the superpotential, act as explicit breaking of this symmetry. This scenario is insightful as it may help explain why the Yukawa and gauge couplings are so small at the GUT or Planck scale. The phenomenology at the weak scale for these models is quite similar to more general non-universal Higgs models since $\tan\beta$ can still vary over the entire range allowed by perturbative Yukawa couplings.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Women and Social Movements, International » Search: *
Theme: Women and Education
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113 results for your search
all of Women and Social Movements, International
From Beijing to Brussels an Unfinished Journey: The European Women's Lobby Beijing + 15 Report on the Activities of the European Union
written by European Women's Lobby (Brussels, Bruxelles Region: European Women's Lobby, 2010), 137 page(s)
Women and Social Movements, International
European Women's Lobby
Political and Human Rights, Equal Rights for Women
Copyright © 2011. Used by permission of the European Women's Lobby.
L: THE GIRL-CHILD
The Unfinished Story of Women and the United Nations
written by Hilkka Pietilä, 1931-, United Nations. Non-Governmental Liaison Service (New York, NY: United Nations. Non-Governmental Liaison Service, 2007), 171 page(s)
Hilkka Pietilä, 1931-, United Nations. Non-Governmental Liaison Service
United Nations. Non-Governmental Liaison Service
http://www.un-ngls.org/spip.php?page=sommaire
Chapter 3: HUMAN RIGHTS ARE WOMEN'S RIGHTS
First Hundred Years
written by Socialist International Women (Berlin, Berlin State: Vorwärts Buch, 2007), 163 page(s)
Socialist International Women
Vorwärts Buch
Frauen in der Politik
Report on the 44th Session, New York, 28 February-2 March 2000
written by United Nations. Commission on the Status of Women (New York, NY: United Nations, 2000), 35 page(s)
United Nations. Commission on the Status of Women
Proceedings of United Nations. Commission on the Status of Women
Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Political and Human Rights, Resolutions, Equal Rights for Women
The UN Commission on the Status of Women has permitted the online reproduction and dissemination of this document.
Draft resolution II: Situation of and assistance to Palestinian women
Clearing a Path for Girls: NGOs Report from the Field on Progress Since the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, Prepared for t...
written by NGO Working Group on Girls, in Virginia Gildersleeve International Fund Records, 1969-2002, of Sophia Smith Collection. Women's History Archive (Box 38, Folder 2, 24pp.) (Northampton, MA) (New York, NY: Working Group on Girls, 1998, originally published 1998, first release 1998), 24 page(s)
NGO Working Group on Girls
Working Group on Girls
Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Political and Human Rights, United Nations, Equal Rights for Women, Girls' Rights
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: CLEARING THE PATH FOR GIRLS
"Women in the United States of America"
written by Minna Schelle Cauer, 1841-1922, in Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents 1885-1933, Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schuler, and Susan Strasser, eds. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998). p. 160-167 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 14 page(s)
Minna Schelle Cauer, 1841-1922
Political and Human Rights, Work and Class Identity, Equal Rights for Women, Equal Pay for Equal Work, Suffrage
Reprinted from Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933, edited by Kathryn Kish Sklar; Anja Schuler; and Susan Strasser. Copyright © 1998 by Cornell University. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press.
Women in the United States of America by Minna Cauer
More and Better Jobs for Women
written by Lin Lean Lim, fl. 1996 (Geneva, Geneva Canton: International Labor Organization, 1996), 210 page(s)
Lin Lean Lim, fl. 1996
Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Labor Standards, Rights to Work, Economic Development
Copyright © International Labour Organization 1996. The ILO shall accept no responsibility for any inaccuracy, errors or omissions or for the consequences arising from the use of the Texts.
4. ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF FEMALE LABOUR SUPPLY: Introduction
Improving education for girls and women
Training and retraining women
Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995
written by United Nations. Commission on the Status of Women (New York, NY: United Nations, 1996), 223 page(s)
Proceedings of United Nations. Decade for Women
Political and Human Rights, Human Rights, Equal Rights for Women
Copyright © 2011. Used by permission of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women.
Annex II: PLATFORM FOR ACTION
The Status of Women in Turkey: The Turkish National Report to the Fourth World Conference on Women
written by Turkey. Ministry for Women's Affairs and Social Services (Le Mans, Pays de la Loire: Turkey. Ministry for Women's Affairs and Social Services, 1994), 77 page(s)
Turkey. Ministry for Women's Affairs and Social Services
Copyright owner is unknown. Alexander Street Press is eager to hear from any rights owners who are not properly identified so that appropriate information may be provided in the future. Any information concerning rights to this work can be sent to the editor at the address below.
I: REVIEW AND APPRAISAL AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
The Women's Watch, Vol. 6, no. 2, October 1992
written by International Women's Rights Action Watch (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, 1992), 8 page(s)
Periodical issue
International Women's Rights Action Watch
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs
WOMEN, EDUCATION AND WORK
Copyright © 2021 by Thomas Dublin, Kathryn Kish Sklar and Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company
Women and Social Movements, InternationalAll of Alexander Street

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Schlitterbahn New Braunfels Waterpark is the #1 Waterpark in the World for 20 Consecutive Years. Not only is Schlitterbahn New Braunfels Waterpark the most popular summertime waterpark in the United States, but it is also ranked as the #1 Kid-Friendly destination in the state of Texas. The park is located on the banks of the spring-fed Comal River in New Braunfels, between San Antonio and Austin, in south central Texas.
Schlitterbahn Waterpark and Resort on South Padre Island is ranked the #1 Kid-Friendly attraction by Texas Family Magazine. South Padre is Texas' favorite beach and Schlitterbahn's Waterpark and Resort is a jewel on the island. Schlitterbahn Waterpark and Resort is the perfect combination of family adventures and state-of-the-art attractions, right on Texas' favorite beach. Experience the tropical beach atmosphere, a unique mix of attractions and the award-winning Transportainment® – the never-ending river system that replaces standing in lines for rides with a floating queue!
Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark is a 26-acre oasis of thrilling waterpark adventures. Located just outside Houston on historic Galveston Island, the park features more than 33 attractions. The waterpark is home to the award-winning World's Tallest Water Coaster, MASSIV, and the next generation, award-winning Transportainment® river system that combines three unique rivers into one endless floating adventure. The Blastenhoff, Surfenburg, and Wasserfest areas incorporate state-of-the-art water adventures including; two racing uphill water coasters, the World's Tallest Water Coaster, a wave pool, water slides, kids' activity areas, whitewater rapids, heated pools, and the Boogie Bahn surf ride.
Schlitterbahn Riverpark in Corpus Christi is the latest addition to the Schlitterbahn family of parks! Part Riverpark, part resort, and part membership club, Schlitterbahn Corpus Christi offers a wide range of fun including the most extensive river system ever devised! The unique Padre Plunge opened summer of 2017 and the Bahn Bay Blasters deliver all kinds of splashing uphill blasting fun! Combined with the award-winning Boogie Bahn and over a mile of five different types of river rides, Schlitterbahn Corpus Christi has fun for all ages.


C&B Equipment, INC.BLOGDIP SystemA million here, a million there…Soon we'll be talking about real money!
A million here, a million there…Soon we'll be talking about real money!
that the toilets are used for disposable of other than human waste and toilet paper. The cost of labor and equipment to clean the pumps or remove trash from the wet wells is not cheap. Some lift stations require daily attention just to remove and haul trash away. If a pump has to be pulled up to remove the clog it typically costs a city a minimum of $400 in personnel time and use of equipment. There are some lift stations that this is done weekly!
Years ago, when cities grew and running water use was increasing, sewer lines were installed to remove the wastewater. The common practice, then and still today, was a sloped gravity line from a building or buildings to drain into a wet well that held a predetermined volume of the raw sewage waste. These wet wells have been used since the 1930's. Pumps were installed in dry pits or above the wet wells to move the retained sewage to a treatment plant. In the early 1950's submersible pumps were developed and became the norm. Submersible pumps were placed down in the wet wells with the sewage. Float switches determined when the level reached the set point to turn on the pumps to batch pump it to the treatment plant. Here it is, almost 70 years later and the same system is being used…Submersible pumps in wet wells.
Wet wells are usually found in neighborhoods or areas of high density where the water usage is greater and the sewage generated is a higher volume. They are usually 8 to 10 feet in diameter and 20 to 25 feet deep. The sewage is drained into the wet wells and held there until pumped. This sewage waste produces hydrogen sulfide, a noxious gas with the unpleasant odors associated with it. Now, with the advent of wipes and other "flushable" items, these wet wells now serve to collect the added trash. Wet wells are pumped out by use of a "Vac Truck" at least once a year for cleaning. Float switches require cleaning to perform as necessary. As long as wet wells are used, these expenses never go away. Dependent upon the topography and population, cities have many wet wells. As I said, it's 70 years later and you would think by now there would be a better way!
The submersible pump manufacturers are "trying" to address the wipes issues.
They have made changes to their impellers, suggested a redesign of the shape of the bottom of the wet well, added "flushing valves," changed the way they pump by a momentary reversal to hopefully dislodge a clog, and made claims that they have eliminated the problem. All of these pumps are still in use and still must use the 70-year-old wet well with all of the associated costs and odors.
But all of this is not a new issue. The Europeans began using wipes many years ago and the costly issues that we are now facing were and are being solved for many cities there. This innovation in wastewater pumping was developed and implemented in France many years ago. It's time for the United States to catch up!
While the submersible pump manufacturers and others who require a wet well to retain and move wastewater make misleading statements that they're "the first to offer" or that they "significantly advance" or that their impellers do this or that, they all need the sewage waste retained in a wet well. They will not tell you that as you have a wet well you will have the continuing cost of ownership for as long as you own it.
How do you save the cost of maintenance that all of the submersible or wet well users require? You can start by eliminating the 70-year-old "technology" and embracing the innovation that began in France 14 years ago.
There is an innovative pumping system that eliminates the wet well, eliminates the float switches, eliminates the valve vault, eliminates the odors, and ends the wet well maintenance forever. This system is of stainless steel and ends the corrosion maintenance forever. It is designed and provided with soft start and soft stopping that ends the water hammer shock to valves and aging piping. It is managed remotely, (not just monitored) using a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop or a desktop from anywhere at any time. And, the best part is the self-cleaning pumps…No human intervention needed. You could be "on call" and manage your lift stations from home while watching the game. Did I mention that there is no longer the need for the 70-year-old wet well?
In fact, this system is designed to be installed into an existing wet well that will become a clean, dry machine room that is safe for employees to enter if need be. With the lack of maintenance required, think of the cost savings from now on. What if you need to change an impeller? It can be done in as little as 15 minutes using common hand tools. This is impossible with submersible pumps. The pumps in this system can run dry for 150 hours with no problem. They can start and stop up to 150 times an hour with no problems. Again, this is impossible with submersible pumps. Why continue to use the 70-year-old "technology" and continue to spend needlessly.
The innovative technology the will reduce your total cost of ownership is the DIP System®. You can learn how easy the installation is and how quick it will pay for itself with just an email or a phone call.