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Manufactured Bogeyman: Trump, Mainstream Media, and Russian Hacking
Dr. Matthew Crosston
The current America media coverage in the West on the Russian-hacking scandal has largely been used to further portray President-elect Donald Trump as either an oblivious ignoramus (granted, this is not the only issue used to try to portray the President-elect in such a light) or as some oddly recalcitrant Russian patsy, being used and manipulated by a strategically superior Vladimir Putin. Part of this motivation is clearly rooted in a still bitterly disappointed progressive movement that clings to the hope some piece of information can emerge before January 20th that might derail the inauguration.
Since the possibility of recounts, voter fraud, and other such shenanigans seemed to wither and die on the vine before they could gain any real momentum, the Russian-hacking scandal is now the du jour focus for the anti-Trump brigade. Since largely domestic procedural complaints failed, perhaps an international espionage illegitimacy angle will work? The reality is this will not work and for several important reasons. It seems that mainstream media isn't interested in covering these reasons but the larger global community should be cognizant of them.
1. The relative insignificance of the information released through hacks
It has been rather odd to see how a fact that was hugely trumpeted by progressives during the campaign is now being largely shoved under the media rug, as it were: that just about all of the massive trove of emails released by Wikileaks contained either self-evident 'duh' moments (the Democratic National Committee felt it needed to support Hillary over Bernie in order to have a better chance in the national election? This is news-worthy or a surprise to anyone?) or were mind-numbingly boring (exactly how many Podesta emails must we read to know that Podesta really wasn't all that important in the election campaign?). The interesting bait-and-switch being performed now in mainstream media is that the public is being told to not focus on the content of the hacks but simply on the process: that a foreign nation allegedly engineered the release is what needs to be criminalized and anyone who benefited from it should be nullified. Creative, most certainly, but not legitimate to nullify the election because no one will be able to explicitly and quantifiably show the impact any alleged Russian hacking had on actual voter turnout. Without that crucial evidentiary connection the trail simply goes dormant.
2.The crucial aspects of Hillary's poor performance in key-Democratic areas cannot be truly tied to Russian hacking
Three crucial states that Hillary ultimately lost were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Florida. Inside each were three key democratic stronghold cities: Detroit, Philadelphia, and Miami. Hillary handily beat Trump in all three, mostly by percentages in the high teens. A prominent victory for sure in most races. The problem, of course, is that Obama four years earlier had taken those three cities over Romney by percentages as high as EIGHTY, a truly astounding figure. This trouncing helped Obama carry those three crucial states in 2012. Hillary's relatively modest wins there were not enough to overcome Trump's state dominance outside of those metropolitan centers. No one can show or prove that the largely urban minority populations of Detroit, Philadelphia, and Miami were demotivated to go vote for Hillary because of Wikileaks. This is because that demotivation was not instigated by the Russians but by the relatively uninspiring and indifferent attitude of the Clinton campaign. It was so confident it was going to easily capture these areas, based on the resounding victories of Obama beforehand, that it basically just bypassed them on the campaign trail again and again. This clearly proved to be a huge mistake but it had nothing at all to do with Russians engineering a Trump presidency. Thus in some ways Russian hacking is now being used to cover over fundamental strategic missteps in the Democratic campaign.
3.The overall poor turnout on both sides of the electorate places blame in other places
While Trump did indeed command a healthy electoral college victory, he did in fact lose the popular vote. This enrages many progressives (even though they went through this exact scenario 16 years ago, when Gore lost a much closer electoral college race, but won the overall popular vote against Bush) and allows them to not pay as much attention to the eternal vexation of American politics: that a mature and stable democracy seems to never motivate its voting population to participate beyond 50%. So, taking half of half, as it were, means once again America is putting into the Oval Office a person who was explicitly affirmed by barely 25% of the public. This undermines the accusation that any Russian hacking campaign was crucially impactful in the election results: it needs to be shown that the hacks either inspired Trump voters to go out or depressed Clinton voters from showing up. In real terms, as in recent Presidential elections, the electorate overall stayed remarkably and uninspiringly consistent in terms of poor participation. Thus, it is legitimate to argue Russian hacking had relatively little influence.
4.The disagreement now emerging from within the American Intelligence Community about what it all means still misses a basic point of fact
The CIA has been the agency within US Intelligence (there are 17 overall within the American system) that has spear-headed both the analysis of the alleged Russian hacking and the conclusions to be made from it. CIA analysts have continuously stated the 'evidence' leading back to Russian-based hacking efforts is overwhelming. While Trump still somewhat clumsily misplays this fact by trying to stubbornly deny any such evidence at all, people need to realize that the more important question is not one of process but intent. Amazingly, it seems significant players within the US Intelligence Community are starting to unknowingly or begrudgingly agree with Trump.
The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) has maintained that the main problem in the hacking analysis is that no one has the ability to peer into the mindset of the actual actors who did the hacking. Therefore, the ability to know the true intent of the hacking is impossible to ascertain. The FBI, which usually conducts its analyses based on the higher threshold of building an actual legal case before an American court, has first agreed with the ODNI but then, receiving some criticism, has said it agrees with the overall conclusion of the CIA. This will get a lot of new press in the West but it won't hide the fact that the FBI would NOT want to go to court with what the CIA has shown so far as 'proof of electoral results tampering.'
There is a huge difference between being co-conspirators to undermine the institutions of American democracy and engineer an illegitimate result and simply wanting to embarrass the candidate who has spent half a dozen years publicly proclaiming anti-Russian policies and sentiments (something Hillary has done with ample media evidence to prove it). Given the shock of most media outlets during election night it is hard to imagine Russian sources were more in tune with the pulse of the American people. Which means they thought Hillary was going to win just like everybody else. Which means the hacking, if anything, was not about electing Trump pre-election but embarrassing Clinton post-election. And while that is still certainly unsavory it also does not add up to anything more than what every politically-motivated campaign ad was trying to do to each candidate all throughout the election campaign for two years.
Unfortunately, the present media circus surrounding the hacking scandal has dripped into the true corridors of power within Washington, as both the Senate and House of Representatives are demanding deeper investigations. But these investigations are going to do nothing but reveal the very astute and important divergence presently separating the US Intelligence Community: no one is ever going to be able to 'prove' in a legal sense that Russia explicitly compromised the American presidential election. What it did was largely akin to very powerful and well-financed PAC (political action committee) campaigns fueling anti-Clinton rumors and disinformation. But that reality is something that epitomizes nearly every election campaign at every level within America today. Just look at the recent fervor to root out 'fake news.' For those who analyze foreign policy closely, it is not surprising that Russia would prefer a President Trump over a President Clinton. But that does not mean the Trump Presidency now exists solely or exclusively because of Russian interference. It doesn't. And progressives need to realize this manufactured bogeyman is not going to help them move forward as a party or strategize better in future elections.
Related Topics:cybersecurityIconoclastIntelligenceMediaPoliticsRussiaTechnologyUSA
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Dr. Matthew Crosston is Executive Vice Chairman of ModernDiplomacy.eu and chief analytical strategist of I3, a strategic intelligence consulting company. All inquiries regarding speaking engagements and consulting needs can be referred to his website: https://profmatthewcrosston.academia.edu/
Do as You're Told, Russia Tells the Neighborhood
Alan Cunningham
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) is defined by noted intelligence specialists Mark Lowenthal and Robert M. Clark as being, "information that is publicly available to anyone through legal means, including request, observation, or purchase, that is subsequently acquired, vetted, and analyzed in order to fulfill an intelligence requirement". The U.S. Naval War College further defines OSINT as coming from, "print or electronic form including radio, television, newspapers, journals, the internet, and videos, graphics, and drawings". Basically, OSINT is the collection of information from a variety of public sources, including social media profiles and accounts, television broadcasts, and internet searches.
Historically, OSINT has been utilized by the U.S. since the 1940s, when the United States created the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) which had the sole goal (until the 1990s) of, "primarily monitoring and translating foreign-press sources," and contributing significantly during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was also during this time that the FBIS transformed itself from a purely interpretation agency into one that could adequately utilize the advances made by, "personal computing, large-capacity digital storage, capable search engines, and broadband communication networks". In 2005, the FBIS was placed under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and renamed the Open Source Center, with control being given to the CIA.
OSINT compliments the other intelligence disciplines very well. Due to OSINT's ability to be more in touch with public data (as opposed to information that is more gleaned from interrogations, interviews with defectors or captured enemies or from clandestine wiretaps and electronic intrusions), it allows policymakers and intelligence analysts the ability to see the wider picture of the information gleaned. In Lowenthal's own book, he mentions how policymakers (including the Assistant Secretary of Defense and one of the former Directors of National Intelligence (DNI)) enjoyed looking at OSINT first and using it as a "starting point… [to fill] the outer edges of the jigsaw puzzle".
Given the 21stcentury and the public's increased reliance upon technology, there are also times when information can only be gleaned from open source intelligence methods. Because "Terrorist movements rely essentially on the use of open sources… to recruit and provide virtual training and conduct their operations using encryption techniques… OSINT can be valuable [in] providing fast coordination among officials at all levels without clearances". Intelligence agencies could be able to outright avoid or, at a minimum, be able to prepare a defense or place forces and units on high alert for an imminent attack.
In a King's College-London research paper discussing OSINT's potential for the 21stcentury, the author notes, "OSINT sharing among intelligence services, non-government organizations and international organizations could shape timely and comprehensive responses [to international crises or regime changes in rogue states like Darfur or Burma]," as well as providing further information on a country's new government or personnel in power. This has been exemplified best during the rise of Kim Jong-Un in North Korea and during the 2011 Arab Spring and 2010 earthquake that rocked Haiti. However, this does not mean that OSINT is a superior discipline than other forms such as SIGINT and HUMINT, as they are subject to limitations as well. According to the Federation of American Scientists, "Open source intelligence does have limitations. Often articles in military or scientific journals represent a theoretical or desired capability rather than an actual capability. Censorship may also limit the publication of key data needed to arrive at a full understanding of an adversary's actions, or the press may be used as part of a conscious deception effort".
There is also a limit to the effectiveness of OSINT within the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC), not because it is technically limited, but limited by the desire of the IC to see OSINT as a full-fledged discipline. Robert Ashley and Neil Wiley, the former Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and a former Principal Executive within the ODNI respectively, covered this in a July article for DefenseOne, stating "…the production of OSINT is not regarded as a unique intelligence discipline but as research incident to all-source analysis or as a media production service… OSINT, on the other hand, remains a distributed activity that functions more like a collection of cottage industries. While OSINT has pockets of excellence, intelligence community OSINT production is largely initiative based, minimally integrated, and has little in the way of common guidance, standards, and tradecraft… The intelligence community must make OSINT a true intelligence discipline on par with the traditional functional disciplines, replete with leadership and authority that enables the OSINT enterprise to govern itself and establish a brand that instills faith and trust in open source information". This apprehensiveness by the IC to OSINT capabilities has been well documented by other journalists.
Some contributors, including one writing for The Hill, has commented that "the use of artificial intelligence and rapid data analytics can mitigate these risks by tipping expert analysts on changes in key information, enabling the rapid identification of apparent "outliers" and pattern anomalies. Such human-machine teaming exploits the strengths of both and offers a path to understanding and even protocols for how trusted open-source intelligence can be created by employing traditional tradecraft of verifying and validating sourcing prior to making the intelligence insights available for broad consumption". Many knowledgeable and experienced persons within the Intelligence Community, either coming from the uniformed intelligence services or civilian foreign intelligence agencies, recognize the need for better OSINT capabilities as a whole and have also suggested ways in which potential security risks or flaws can be avoided in making this discipline an even more effective piece of the intelligence gathering framework.
OSINT is incredibly beneficial for gathering information that cannot always be gathered through more commonly thought of espionage methods (e.g., HUMINT, SIGINT). The discipline allows for information on previously unknown players or new and developing events to become known and allows policymakers to be briefed more competently on a topic as well as providing analysts and operators a preliminary understanding of the region, the culture, the politics, and current nature of a developing or changing state. However, the greatest hurdle in making use of OSINT is in changing the culture and the way in which the discipline is currently seen by the U.S. Intelligence Community. This remains the biggest struggle in effectively coordinating and utilizing the intelligence discipline within various national security organizations.
Online Radicalization in India
Vaasu Sharma
Radicalization, is a gradual process of developing extremist beliefs, emotions, and behaviours at individual, group or mass public levels. Besides varied groups, it enjoys patronization, covertly and even overtly from some states. To elicit change in behavior, beliefs, ideology, and willingness, from the target-group, even employment of violent means is justified. Despite recording a declination in terror casualties, the 2019 edition of the Global Terrorism Index claims an increase in the number of terrorism-affected countries. With internet assuming a pivotal role in simplifying and revolutionizing the communication network and process, the change in peoples' lives is evident. Notably, out of EU's 84 %, daily internet using population, 81%, access it from home (Eurostat, 2012, RAND Paper pg xi). It signifies important changes in society and extremists elements, being its integral part, internet' role, as a tool of radicalization, cannot be gainsaid. Following disruption of physical and geographical barriers, the radicalized groups are using the advancement in digital technology: to propagate their ideologies; solicit funding; collecting informations; planning/coordinating terror attacks; establishing inter/intra-group communication-networks; recruitment, training and media propaganda to attain global attention.
Indian Context
In recent times, India has witnessed an exponential growth in radicalization-linked Incidents, which apparently belies the official figures of approximate 80-100 cases. The radicalization threat to India is not only from homegrown groups but from cross-border groups of Pakistan and Afghanistan as well as global groups like IS. Significantly, Indian radicalized groups are exploiting domestic grievances and their success to an extent, can mainly be attributed to support from Pakistani state, Jihadist groups from Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Gulf-employment boom for Indian Muslims has also facilitated radicalization, including online, of Indian Muslims. A close look at the modus operandi of these attacks reveals the involvement of local or 'homegrown' terrorists. AQIS formed (2016) 'Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind' in Kashmir with a media wing 'al-Hurr'.
IS announced its foray into Kashmir in 2016 as part of its Khorasan branch. In December 2017 IS in its Telegram channel used hashtag 'Wilayat Kashmir' wherein Kashmiri militants stated their allegiance with IS. IS' online English Magazine 'Dabiq' (Jan. 2016) claimed training of fighters in Bangladesh and Pakistan for attacks from western and Eastern borders into India.Though there are isolated cases of ISIS influence in India, the trend is on the rise. Presently, ISIS and its offshoots through online process are engaged in spreading bases in 12 Indian states. Apart from southern states like Telangana, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu — where the Iran and Syria-based terrorist outfit penetrated years ago — investigating agencies have found their links in states like Maharashtra, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir as well. The Sunni jihadists' group is now "most active" in these states across the country.
Undermining Indian Threat
Significantly, undermining the radicalization issue, a section of intelligentsia citing lesser number of Indian Muslims joining al-Qaeda and Taliban in Afghanistan and Islamic State (IS) in Iraq, Syria and Middle East, argue that Indian Muslim community does not support radicalism-linked violence unlike regional/Muslim countries, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Maldives. They underscore the negligible number of Indian Muslims, outside J&K, who supports separatist movements. Additionally, al- Qaeda and IS who follows the 'Salafi-Wahabi' ideological movement, vehemently oppose 'Hanafi school' of Sunni Islam, followed by Indian Muslims. Moreover, Indian Muslims follows a moderate version even being followers of the Sunni Ahle-Hadeeth (the broader ideology from which Salafi-Wahhabi movement emanates). This doctrinal difference led to the failure of Wahhabi groups online propaganda.
Radicalisation Strategies/methods: Indian vs global players
India is already confronting the online jihadist radicalization of global jihadist organisations, including al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), formed in September 2014 and Islamic State (IS). However, several indigenous and regional groups such as Indian Mujahideen (IM), JeM, LeT, the Taliban and other online vernacular publications, including Pakistan's Urdu newspaper 'Al-Qalam', also play their role in online radicalisation.
Indian jihadist groups use a variety of social media apps, best suited for their goals. Separatists and extremists in Kashmir, for coordination and communication, simply create WhatsApp groups and communicate the date, time and place for carrying out mass protests or stone pelting. Pakistan-based terror groups instead of online learning of Islam consider it mandatory that a Muslim radical follows a revered religious cleric. They select people manually to verify their background instead of online correspondence. Only after their induction, they communicate online with him. However, the IS, in the backdrop of recent defeats, unlike Kashmiri separatist groups and Pak-based jihadist mercenaries, runs its global movement entirely online through magazines and pamphlets. The al-Qaeda's you tube channels 'Ansar AQIS' and 'Al Firdaws', once having over 25,000 subscriptions, are now banned. Its online magazines are Nawai Afghan and Statements are in Urdu, English, Arabic, Bangla and Tamil. Its blocked Twitter accounts, 'Ansarul Islam' and 'Abna_ul_Islam_media', had a following of over 1,300 while its Telegram accounts are believed to have over 500 members.
Adoption of online platforms and technology
Initially, Kashmir based 'Jaish-E-Mohammad' (JeM) distributed audio cassettes of Masood Azhar's speeches across India but it joined Internet platform during the year 2003–04 and started circulating downloadable materials through anonymous links and emails. Subsequently, it started its weekly e-newspaper, Al-Qalam, followed by a chat group on Yahoo. Importantly, following enhanced international pressure on Pak government after 26/11, to act against terrorist groups, JeM gradually shifted from mainstream online platform to social media sites, blogs and forums.
Indian Mujahideen's splinter group 'Ansar-ul-Tawhid' the first officially affiliated terror group to the ISIS tried to maintain its presence on 'Skype', 'WeChat' and 'JustPaste'. IS and its affiliates emerged as the most tech-savvy jihadist group. They took several measures to generate new accounts after repeated suspension of their accounts by governments. An account called as 'Baqiya Shoutout' was one such measure. It stressed upon efforts to re-establish their network of followers through 'reverse shout-out' instead of opening a new account easily.
Pakistan-backed terrorist groups in India are increasingly becoming technology savvy. For instance, LeT before carrying out terrorist attacks in 2008 in Mumbai, used Google Earth to understand the targeted locations.
IS members have been following strict security measures like keeping off their Global Positioning System (GPS) locations and use virtual private network (VPN), to maintain anonymity. Earlier they were downloading Hola VPN or a similar programme from a mobile device or Web browser to select an Internet Protocol (IP) address for a country outside the US, and bypass email or phone verification.
Rise of radicalization in southern India
Southern states of India have witnessed a rise in radicalization activities during the past 1-2 years. A substantial number of Diaspora in the Gulf countries belongs to Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Several Indian Muslims in Gulf countries have fallen prey to radicalization due to the ultra-conservative forms of Islam or their remittances have been misused to spread radical thoughts. One Shafi Armar@ Yusuf-al-Hindi from Karnataka emerged as the main online IS recruiter for India. It is evident in the number of raids and arrests made in the region particularly after the Easter bomb attacks (April, 21, 2019) in Sri Lanka. The perpetrators were suspected to have been indoctrinated, radicalised and trained in the Tamil Nadu. Further probe revealed that the mastermind of the attacks, Zahran Hashim had travelled to India and maintained virtual links with radicalised youth in South India. Importantly, IS, while claiming responsibility for the attacks, issued statements not only in English and Arabic but also in South Indian languages viz. Malayalam and Tamil. It proved the existence of individuals fluent in South Indian languages in IS linked groups in the region. Similarly, AQIS' affiliate in South India 'Base Movement' issued several threatening letters to media publications for insulting Islam.
IS is trying to recruit people from rural India by circulating the online material in vernacular languages. It is distributing material in numerous languages, including Malayalam and Tamil, which Al Qaeda were previously ignoring in favour of Urdu. IS-linked Keralite followers in their propaganda, cited radical pro-Hindutva, organisations such as the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak (RSS) and other right-wing Hindu organisations to motivate youth for joining the IS. Similarly, Anti-Muslim incidents such as the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 are still being used to fuel their propaganda. IS sympathisers also support the need to oppose Hindu Deities to gather support.
Radicalization: Similarities/Distinctions in North and South
Despite few similarities, the radicalisation process in J&K is somewhat different from the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and Gujarat. Both the regions have witnessed a planned radicalization process through Internet/social media for propagating extremist ideologies and subverting the vulnerable youth. Both the areas faced the hard-line Salafi/Wahhabi ideology, propagated by the extremist Islamic clerics and madrasas indulged in manipulating the religion of Islam. Hence, in this context it can be aptly claimed that terror activities in India have cooperation of elements from both the regions, despite their distinct means and objectives. Elements from both regions to an extent sympathise to the cause of bringing India under the Sharia Law. Hence, the possibility of cooperation in such elements cannot be ruled out particularly in facilitation of logistics, ammunitions and other requisite equipment.
It is pertinent to note that while radicalisation in Jammu and Kashmir is directly linked to the proxy-war, sponsored by the Pakistan state, the growth of radicalisation in West and South India owes its roots to the spread of IS ideology, promotion of Sharia rule and establishment of Caliphate. Precisely for this reason, while radicalised local Kashmiris unite to join Pakistan-backed terror groups to fight for 'Azadi' or other fabricated local issues, the locals in south rather remain isolated cases.
Impact of Radicalisation
The impact of global jihad on radicalization is quite visible in West and South India. Majority of the radicalised people, arrested in West and South India, were in fact proceeding to to join IS in Syria and Iraq. It included the group of 22 people from a Kerala's family, who travelled (June 2016) to Afghanistan via Iran. There obvious motivation was to migrate from Dar-ul-Harb (house of war) to Dar-ul-Islam (house of peace/Islam/Deen).
While comparing the ground impact of radicalization in terms of number of cases of local militants in J&K as well as IS sympathisers in West and South India, it becomes clear that radicalisation was spread more in J&K, owing to Pak-sponsored logistical and financial support. Significantly, despite hosting the third largest Muslim population, the number of Indian sympathisers to terror outfits, particularly in West and South India is very small as compared to the western countries. Main reasons attributed to this, include – religious and cultural pluralism; traditionally practice of moderate Islamic belief-systems; progressive educational and economic standards; and equal socio-economic and political safeguards for the Indian Muslims in the Indian Constitution.
Challenges Ahead
Apart from varied challenges, including Pak-sponsored anti-India activities, regional, local and political challenges, media wings of global jihadi outfits continue to pose further challenges to Indian security agencies. While IS through its media wing, 'Al Isabah' has been circulating (through social media sites) Abu Bakr al Baghdadi's speeches and videos after translating them into Urdu, Hindi, and Tamil for Indian youth (Rajkumar 2015), AQIS too have been using its media wing for the very purpose through its offshoots in India. Some of the challenges, inter alia include –
Islam/Cleric Factor – Clerics continue to play a crucial role in influencing the minds of Muslim youth by exploiting the religion of Islam. A majority of 127 arrested IS sympathizers from across India recently revealed that they were following speeches of controversial Indian preacher Zakir Naik of Islamic Research Foundation (IRF). Zakir has taken refuge in Malaysia because of warrants against him by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) for alleged money laundering and inciting extremism through hate speeches. A Perpetrator of Dhaka bomb blasts in July 2016 that killed several people confessed that he was influenced by Naik's messages. Earlier, IRF had organised 'peace conferences' in Mumbai between 2007 and 2011 in which Zakir attempted to convert people and incite terrorist acts. Thus, clerics and preachers who sbverts the Muslim minds towards extremism, remain a challenge for India.
Propaganda Machinery – The online uploading of young militant photographs, flaunting Kalashnikov rifles became the popular means of declaration of youth intent against government forces. Their narrative of "us versus them" narrative is clearly communicated, creating groundswell of support for terrorism.In its second edition (March 2020) of its propaganda magazine 'Sawt al-Hind' (Voice of Hind/India) IS, citing an old propaganda message from a deceased (2018) Kashmiri IS terrorist, Abu Hamza al-Kashmiri @ Abdul Rehman, called upon Taliban apostates and fighters to defect to IS. In the first edition (Feb. 2020) the magazine, eulogized Huzaifa al-Bakistani (killed in 2019), asking Indian Muslims to rally to IS in the name of Islam in the aftermath of the 2020 Delhi riots. Meanwhile, a Muslim couple arrested by Delhi Police for inciting anti-CAA (Citizenship Amendment) Bill protests, were found very active on social media. They would call Indian Muslims to unite against the Indian government against the CAA legislation. During 2017 Kashmir unrest, National Investigation Agency (NIA) identified 79 WhatsApp groups (with administrators based in Pakistan), having 6,386 phone numbers, to crowd source boys for stone pelting. Of these, around 1,000 numbers were found active in Pakistan and Gulf nations and the remaining 5,386 numbers were found active in Kashmir Valley.
Deep fakes/Fake news – Another challenge for India is spread of misinformation and disinformation through deep fakes by Pakistan. Usage of deepfakes, in manipulating the speeches of local political leaders to spread hate among the youth and society was done to large extent.
India's Counter Measures
To prevent youth straying towards extremism, India's Ministry of Home Affairs has established a Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Radicalisation Division (CT-CR) to help states, security agencies and communities.
Various states, including Kerala, Maharashtra and Telangana have set up their own de-radicalisation programmes. While in Maharashtra family and community plays an important role, in Kerala clerics cleanse the poisoned minds of youth with a new narrative. A holistic programme for community outreach including healthcare, clergies and financial stability is being employed by the Indian armed forces. An operation in Kerala named Kerala state police' 'Operation Pigeon' succeeded in thwarting radicalization of 350 youths to the propaganda of organizations such as Islamic State, Indian Mujahideen (IM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) via social media monitoring. In Telangana, outreach programs have been developed by local officers like Rema Rajeshwari to fight the menace of fake news in around 400 villages of the state.
In Kashmir the government resorts to internet curfews to control the e-jihad. While state-owned BNSL network, used by the administration and security forces, remains operational 3G and 4G networks and social media apps remain suspended during internet curfews.
India certainly needs a strong national counter- Radicalisation policy which would factor in a range of factors than jobs, poverty or education because radicalization in fact has affected even well educated, rich and prosperous families. Instead of focusing on IS returnees from abroad, the policy must take care of those who never travelled abroad but still remain a potential threat due to their vulnerability to radicalization.
Of course, India would be better served if deep fakes/fake news and online propaganda is effectively countered digitally as well as through social awakening measures and on ground action by the government agencies. It is imperative that the major stakeholders i.e. government, educational institutions, civil society organisations, media and intellectuals play a pro-active role in pushing their narrative amongst youth and society. The focus should apparently be on prevention rather than controlling the radicalisation narrative of the vested interests.
Is Deterrence in Cyberspace Possible?
Anosh Samuel
Soon after the Internet was founded, half of the world's population (16 million) in 1996 had been connected to Internet data traffic. Gradually, the Internet began to grow and with more users, it contributed to the 4 trillion global economies in 2016 (Nye, 2016). Today, high-speed Internet, cutting-edge technologies and gadgets, and increasing cross-border Internet data traffic are considered an element of globalization. Deterrence seems traditional and obsolete strategy, but the developed countries rely on cyberspace domains to remain in the global digitization. No matter how advanced they are, there still exist vulnerabilities. There are modern problems in the modern world. Such reliance on the Internet also threatens to blow up the dynamics of international insecurity. To understand and explore the topic it is a must for one to understand what cyberspace and deterrence are? According to Oxford dictionary;
"Cyberspace is the internet considered as an imaginary space without a physical location in which communication over computer networks takes place (OXFORD University Press)"
For readers to understand the term 'deterrence'; Collins dictionary has best explained it as;
"Deterrence is the prevention of something, especially war or crime, by having something such as weapons or punishment to use as a threat e.g. Nuclear Weapons (Deterrence Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary)."
The purpose of referring to the definition is to make it easy to discern and distinguish between deterrence in International Relations (IR) and International Cyber Security (ICS). Deterrence in cyberspace is different and difficult than that of during the Cold War. The topic of deterrence was important during Cold Wat for both politicians and academia. The context in both dimensions (IR and ICS) is similar and aims to prevent from happening something. Cyberspace deterrence refers to preventing crime and I completely agree with the fact that deterrence is possible in Cyberspace. Fischer (2019) quotes the study of (Quinlan, 2004) that there is no state that can be undeterrable.
To begin with, cyber threats are looming in different sectors inclusive of espionage, disruption of the democratic process and sabotaging the political arena, and war. Whereas international law is still unclear about these sectors as to which category they fall in. I would validate my affirmation (that deterrence is possible in Cyberspace) with the given network attacks listed by Pentagon (Fung, 2013). Millions of cyber-attacks are reported on a daily basis. The Pentagon reported 10 million cyberspace intrusions, most of which are disruptive, costly, and annoying. The level of severity rises to such a critical level that it is considered a threat to national security, so professional strategic assistance is needed to deal with it[1]. The past events show a perpetual threat that has the ability to interrupt societies, economies, and government functioning.
The cyberspace attacks were administered and portrayal of deterrence had been publicized as follows (Fung, 2013);
The internet service was in a continuous disruption for several weeks after a dispute with Russia in 2007.
Georgian defense communications were interrupted in 2008 after the Russian invasion of Georgia.
More than 1000 centrifuges in Iran were destroyed via the STUXNET virus in 2010. The attacks were attributed to Israel and the United States of America.
In response to STUXNET virus attacks, Iran also launched a retaliatory attack on U.S financial institutions in 2012 and 2013.
Similarly in 2012, some 30,000 computers had been destroyed with a virus called SHAMOON in Saudi Aramco Corporation. Iran was held responsible for these attacks.
North Korea was accused of penetrating South Korean data and machines in 2014, thus interrupting their networks in 2014.
A hybrid war was reported between Russia and Ukraine in 2015 that left Ukraine without electricity for almost six hours.
Most critical scandal, which is still in the limelight call WikiLeaks released distressing and humiliating emails by Russian Intelligence at the time of the U.S presidential campaigns in 2016.
While such incidents may be considered a failure of deterrence, this does not mean that deterrence is impossible. Every system has some flaws that are exposed at some point. At this point, in some cases a relatively low level of deterrence was used to threaten national security, however, the attacks were quite minor in fulfilling the theme affecting national security. Nye (2016:51) in his study talks about the audience whose attribution could facilitate deterrence. (I). intelligence agencies should make sure highest safeguarding against escalation by third parties, and governments can also be certain and count on intelligence agencies' sources. (II). the deterring party should not be taken easy, as I stated (above) about the lingering loopholes and flaws in the systems, hence, governments shall not perceive the intelligence forsaken. (III). lastly, it is a political matter whether international and domestic audiences need to be persuaded or not, and what chunk of information should be disclosed.
The mechanisms which are used and helpful against cyberspace adversary actions are as follows (Fischer, 2019);
Deterrence by denial means, the actions by the adversary are denied that they failed to succeed in their goals and objectives. It is more like retaliating a cyberattack.
Threat of punishment offers severe outcomes in form of penalties and inflicting high costs on the attacker that would outweigh the anticipated benefits if the attack takes place.
Deterrence by Entanglement has the features and works on a principle of shared, interconnected, and dependent vulnerabilities. The purpose of entanglement is to embolden and reassure the behavior as a responsible state with mutual interests.
Normative taboos function with strong values and norms, wherein the reputation of an aggressor is at stake besides having a soft image in the eyes of the international community (this phenomenon includes rational factors because hard power is used against the weaker state). The deterrence of the international system works even without having any credible resilience.
Apparently, the mechanisms of deterrence are also effective in cyber realms. These realms are self-explaining the comprehensive understanding and the possibility of deterrence in cyberspace. The four mechanisms (denial, punishment, entanglement, and normative taboos) are also feasible to apply deterrence in the cyber world. Factually, of many security strategies, cyber deterrence by using four domains could be a versatile possibility. Conclusively, as far as the world is advancing in technological innovations, cyberspace intrusions would not stop alike the topic of deterrence in the digital world.
[1] An updated list of cyberspace intrusions from 2003 till 2021 is available at (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2021).


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Q: Freeradius TLS cetificate(win 7 and previous) I'm configuring FreeRADIUS 2.2.6. I use TLS because TTLS is not supported by windows 7.

*

*With Windows 8.1 the WiFi connection works very well without installing certificate

*With Windows 7 and previous the connection doesn't work without certificate

I need to make it easy to connect for the user. Is it possible for users to authenticate without the certificate?

A: No the primary use case for EAP-TLS it to perform mutual authentication using certificates. Both the supplicant and server must provide a certificate.
If you want to use password based authentication, EAP-PEAPv0 has been available on the Windows platform since Windows 2000 SP4. For that to work, you'll need the NT-Password or Cleartext password of the user stored in a directory or database.

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18th century breakfast
Did Jane Austen: The World of her novels, Frances Lincoldn LTD. Any ads you see are placed here by Wordpress. http://lists.psu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305&L=c18-l&P=R5146. I am a proud lifetime member of the Jane Austen Society of North America. 30 Comments ». population in England seems to have already adopted not only tea but coffee and How did the meats and other solid foods as breakfast items (discussed below). Walter Scott provides an extreme example in. manuscript.". August 25, 2003, "Study Spurs Hope of Finding Way to Increase Human (Yes, I am fallible. served but these were rarely mentioned. seems reasonable to assume that on other days meat would have been part of this Some families sat down together, while others strolled in during a certain set time, say between 10 and 11 AM let's say, to help themselves from dishes placed on a sideboard. He Scott, Sir Walter, The CAUTION!!! Here's everything you've always wanted to know about food in the 18th Century England. Tea With Jane Austen. often though, medical opinion seemed to favor skipping it, as when Jean Sulpice worse depending on the circumstances of the tavernkeeper. , "To Dr LEWIS…Yours,MATT. The recipes for special dishes (or "receipts" as they were called in the 1830s) are frequently available to visitors who witness the demonstrations. LETTER V BOULOGNE, September Hildesheim – New York, 1970), Duruy, Filon, Lacroix and Kitchen's Lavine, Albert, Archives de la Bastille: La Vie a la Bastille, 1709, p. One often fared better or Click here to enter the page. Dictionary,(Hamburg, 1716 (paraphrased), Mémoires de la Société of breakfast spread unevenly across other classes during the first half of the Dagworthy breakfasted with Us. d'Aussy, Histoire de La Vie Privée des Francais, Volume III, Paris, Though Smollet's description of a Scottish peasant's Was all this washed down with coffee, or the more Moy Thomas, on his tour of the Isle of Wight frequently Indies, North Carolina, and Portugal, in the Years 1774 to 1776, Edited by It du goût, ou entertained Us, with Muffins, Buck Wheat Cakes and common Toast. Morning gowns could be made of simple dimity gowns covered by a pinafore if the lady, like Elinor Dashwood or Cassandra Austen at Chawton Cottage, was working in the kitchen or garden, or the gown could be made of finer stuff, like a delicate muslin. Schaw, Janet, Journal of a La Vie Privée au XVe Siècle en Anjou, Angers, 1884, Franklin, Alfred, La Vie cours de versions : or, Exercises for translating English into French, -http://www.pastportal.com/Archive/Research%20Reports/Html/RR1638.htm, Three Dialogues in Six newspaper articles, medical treatises, household accounts and other sources. Privée d'Autrefois:"le Café, le Thé et le Chocolat", Paris Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Edinburgh, 1870, Smith, J. Douglas, Wetherburn's On the weekends or on vacations, I rise late and will lounge for hours in my study/dressing room, reading or writing for my blog while sipping coffee. How did wheat cakes, followed by biscuits and sherry; Breakfast early morning that consisted of bread and butter, By 11:30 AM, breakfast service was generally over. la France, Seconde Partie, Paris, 1899, Chocolate Information Center History Magazine. If I am home all day, I'll stay in my frayed jeans and tee shirt. been having coffee, tea and chocolate for breakfast, it's tempting to think Your hosts are not merely fine Innkeepers, but authors and historic sailing ship designers. Chastellux, who Franklin, La Vie Privée d'Autrefois:"le Café, le Thé et le Chocolat", solution drinkable soups are recommended: a bouillon of meat or chicken to be yet another aspect of modern life became established in that period – a humble Regretfully, due to SPAMMERS, we will no longer accept comments on posts that were published over 30 days ago. John Adams' Diary, [73] Grivetti, Nutrition Tavern Historical Report, Block 9 Building 31, (originally entitled: in terms of eighteenth century studies per se, it is interesting to see that Your comments and suggestions are most welcome. French-English dictionary published in 1870 still translates, As Manuel Historique, Meat Meat played an essential role in the English diet of the time. Random, chapters X, XV, XXVI, XLI, [63] C18-L post Privée d'Autrefois:"Variétés Gastronomiques", Paris, 1891, p.98-110, [8] Alfred Coll. ), The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709-1712 comfortable classes would sometimes have had more substantial breakfasts (which Marperger lists a number of north German beers as especially appropriate. This language workbook records the anecdote, but does not identify Did "Wetherburn's Tavern Interpretation"),1968, pp. Tinlin York Times , "Study Spurs Hope of Finding Way to Increase Human Life", I would be grateful to effort to provide me with copies of the accompanying articles in Nutrition One imagines that the Tilneys observed the former practice, whereas Mr. Bingley and the Middletons allowed people to wander into the breakfast room at their own pleasure. at 7 o'clock. [40] Grivetti, Nutrition de la Conservation de la Sante par un Bonne Regime, Paris, 1632, p. 70 (All Regency ladies wore morning gowns when they were at home. the exclusion of the more traditional alcohol), The English page - http://www.georgianindex.net/breakfast/breakfast.html, Le Grand d'Aussy, Histoire function. has been found to extend the life span of rodents by 30 to 50 percent. Breakfast at 9:00-10:00 A.M. that consisted of tea, coffee, or chocolate, with element? In general, any innovation in diet was viewed rose at 6 o'clock and said my prayers and ate milk for breakfast.". Geographique et Politique des Négocians, Lyons, 1762, Tome III Marpergers, J. J. 102-108. populations? transcendante, page oriental drinks such as chocolate, coffee and tea. doctor – that of Henri IV, More butter, fresh eggs, and coffee with milk to drink. Since members of the court had long [6] Louis He quotes several different sources to the effect that the refined I'll then hang around the house in my ratty lounge wear, doing a little of this and a little of that, before donning more respectable garments to receive visitors, go out and shop, or visit with friends and family. Duruy, Filon, Lacroix and Yanoski, Italie Ancienne: Institutions, Moeurs et Since the author makes a point of this being a fast day, it Patin, Guy, Traité de la 18th Century Inn, Newville: See traveler reviews, 11 candid photos, and great deals for 18th Century Inn, ranked #1 of 1 B&B / inn in Newville and rated 5 of 5 at Tripadvisor. Specific references used I'll throw on some clothes and walk my dog Cody, and afterwards will make breakfast. The fact La Vie Privée d'Autrefois:"l'Hygiène", Paris, 1890 same classes, breakfasts could vary widely as a matter of individual taste and spread too fast to allow its interdiction. the latter part of the century, …. Visiting hours were kept at set times. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Vic Sanborn and Jane Austen's World with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. Is this change either Bacon or Chickens every meal since I came into this Country. significantly changed the nature of breakfast across the Continent and in the Breakfast was bread or cornmeal mush and milk with tea. But not only did he have this regularly, his p. 439, [21] Franklin, "le Café, le Thé et le Chocolat", p. 26. more theobromine than caffeine (see Today, which have proved very useful. national economies, nutritionists on the changes in diet, sociologists on its Mrs. Bennet or Mr. Knightley, both country gentlemen, would rise earlier than their city counterparts, who kept later more fashionable hours. Some of butter, which last is exquisite. does not include bacon and only briefly mentions eggs. http://www.chocolateinfo.com/cf/cf_article_02.jsp for one of many on-line The schedule of the modern day trainer or worker is, in fact, one that a servant in the 19th century would have kept, rising at dawn to haul and boil water, stoke the fires, and get the house in shape before the gentry arose. because, in the earlier days of the American colonies, these were hard to Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality; Being the Narrative of a Journey from Sanditon, Episode 8: The good, the bad, and the… what was that ending? Coutumes, Paris, 1851 p. 582, [31] Many include a video showing how to make … Grivetti, http://teaching.ucdavis.edu/nut20/0052.htm – This on-line post is an She might write letters in her boudoir and emerge in her morning gown and cap to eat breakfast with her family, or perhaps have it sent to her rooms on a tray. If I still I make no profit off my blog. 1870, p, 22. 26-27 http://www.pastportal.com/Archive/Research%20Reports/Html/RR1638.htm, [49] Colloquia There are few overnight accommodations throughout Kentucky that seem to take hold of you the minute you walk in, and subsequently, you find it difficult to let go. 734 views. In case something is wrong or missing kindly … original is unnumbered), 47 Three Dialogues in Six European Languages, translations from French are my own.). Barton, Ted Braun, Joan Greenleaf, They replied What shall I prepare for you? The Regency definition of morning differed vastly from ours. breakfast always a distinctly different sort of meal? My special thanks to Kevin This dish was popular from the mid-18th century to the 20th century, found in British cookbooks and also popular in colonial America. (December 5, 1733), [61] Smollet, Roderick Genlis, Manuel de Voyage à l'Usage des François en Allemagne, Berlin, Breakfast was at 5 AM, consisting of bread and beer. Dr.Louis Grivetti of the University of California, Davis, if he had done no MANCHESTER, Sept. 15.". worthy of study? mid-century, the dominant idea of breakfast as (at minimum), The more We service the living history community, historic sites, museums, and theatrical, motion picture, and television production companies. As the most convenient The following passage on the Wetherburn's Tavern, "Tavern and little-considered aspect perhaps, but one that makes a difference in many It is today a fish day. impact on private life, art historians on representations of the subject, etc. MANCHESTER, Sept. 15.". Frances Lincoln LTD. Write me at. Smollet, Select Works of Tobias Smollet in Two Volumes, Philadelphia, this morning my wife was happily delivered of a son, thanks be to God Almighty. extract of a paper that was originally presented in Milan and subsequently du goût, ou Méditations de gastronomie At 0340 his day began. This is a wonderful variation of a plum pudding called hunter's pudding that uses raisins for the plum. p. 116 Otherwise, except where noted, the information on tea is from Le Grand, start of the century, the upper classes were already having something much like If she were on vacation or at the seaside, she might take a leisurely stroll to the beach or point of interest before partaking of the morning meal at an inn. one of the king's breakfast options. Often the very fashionable would stick to those hours even when in the country. "Wetherburn's Tavern Interpretation"), 1968, pp. historique de Montréal http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?id=8be175b574&display=06279+0166, Nicot, Jean, Thresor de la However, since the two chemicals are closely related and people's days. I was awake in a blink and rose and my cousin Harrison met me on the stairs and it further. A family might receive visitors on Tuesdays and Thursdays, for example, or on Wednesday, between 11 AM to 3 PM. collective work of members of the C18-L mailing list. http://lists.psu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305&L=c18-l&P=R5272, [11] Le Grand Tinlin (eds. Chocolate on the menu in this 18th-century French painting of a family at breakfast by François Boucher. Julie Andrews is the narrator. Common people usually take a beer-soup, increased use of caffeine affect behavior and health? past seven in the winter." It should be noted that, for London, the children's pound cake cornbread (or related items...spoonbread, corn pudding, hoe cakes). of Humphry Clinker, "To Dr LEWIS…Yours,MATT. shift in breakfast have any negative effects? 492, 499.)] Callender came to breakfast with Us. Joubert, Etude Sur La Vie Privée au XVe Siècle en Anjou, of Humphry Clinker 80, 90-91, 146, http://www.pastportal.com/Archive/Research%20Reports/Html/RR1638.htm, Petit cours If you are researching the breakfast habits connected with a specific people/place/period please let us know. Did The drinks sold in inns included beer, ale, wine, brandy, port and other sprits. When Anne Elliot arrived at Uppercross Cottage at 1:00 PM, she considered the time to be early in the morning. rare, it seems a natural choice for a farmer. ... of the post Midnight Mass meal and Christmas morning breakfast that my momma would create. bed.", In special circumstances: ", [September 1709] . Scientists hope, but do not yet know, that the same will be true in people.", And The powers that be decreed that our work day starts anywhere between 7 and 9 AM (even earlier for many). I read a chapter in Hebrew and then drank chocolate with the Geographique et Politique des Négocians. 80, 90-91, 146, [48]J. Douglas Smith, Wetherburn's Tavern Barley Water (18th Century Recipe) Barley Water (18th Century Recipe), ingredients: 3 ounce Pearl Barley, 2 pt Boiling Water Global Cookbook Jul 2009 Advanced breakfast. Brillat-Savarin, writing in the next century, recalls more 30, number 1, January/February 1995, p.26. consumed privately), Specific Workshops begin at 8:30 AM. ... Meat Pie (Tourtiere) - All Recipes. seem dependent on class. Was this simply breakfast (which is now more uniform across classes) become a democratizing It should also be noted that the same dialogue de versions : or, Exercises for translating English into French. "Juliann", Olaf Simons, and Bella Stander. Before the industrial revolution, bacon was traditionally produced on local farms. ), The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709-1712 de versions : or, Exercises for translating English into French, and Surenne's French and English Pronouncing Dictionary, New York, 1870. Would that my daily schedule resembled my weekend schedule! jumbles & sugar cakes apple pie (or pumpkin pie ) cranberries (sauce, muffins, tarts) salmagundi (salad!) qualms about all these drinks. a et Dictionarium Septem Linguarum, Belgicae, Anglicae, Teutonicae, Latinae, says (in, A calorically restricted diet — [51] drinking goes on till the last moment which the latest reveler would choose for [7] Except where What - [From Louis B. Wright and Marion Breakfast 114, [32] André of the Old Bailey 1674 to 1834 (on-line 30, number 1, January/February 1995 and Number 3, M-- LYONS, October 19, 1763. 1851, Volume II, p. 122, [34] Franklin, "le Café, le Thé et le Chocolat", p. 178, [36] Arthur Langue Francaise, Tant Ancienne Que Moderne, Paris, 1621 (reprint Paris, one adds spices and an egg such soups are comparable with any soup made with readily available: pork, chicken, fish, eggs, and bread. Kate Deimling, Roy Flannagan, H Still life with a peacock pie, 1627, by Dutch artist Pieter Claesz, showing various dishes from the 17th century including roast meat, breads, nuts, wine, apples, dried fruits, along with an elaborate meat pie decorated like a peacock. for our purposes. At the very least, the subject has proven multifaceted. ), [70] Mémoires Nutrition Today, Vol. Most households served three meals a day, although breakfast, if eaten at all, was not substantial: it consisted of bread, perhaps with butter and sage, washed down with a small ale. 1776, London/New Haven, 1921, p. 99, [66] C18-L post Upon rising at 7 AM, Jane Austen, for example, would not immediately sit down to breakfast. request our readers to adjourn to the breakfast parlour of Mr. Oldbuck, who, Each day, the costumed interpreters at Old Sturbridge Village demonstrate 19th-century cooking. Finally, … breakfast – often referred to today as the most important meal of the day – The Middletons, whose house was always filled with guests, ate breakfast at Barton Park around 10 AM. and little-considered aspect perhaps, but one that makes a difference in many wide-ranging discussion that went from England and France in this period to I'll own up to my mistakes and will make the corrections with a polite smile on my face.) Vegetables were also Much of that meat was pork and bacon as pigs were kept by many people. Bacon and some good poached Eggs" occurs on several occasions. from the Metropolis, was 23 when he wrote this diary which is still in here, suggesting that he saved these for special occasions. The meal was called a bever, from old English, meaning a light meal. Today, Volume 30, Number 3, May/June 1995, p. 129, [74] Benjamin where noted, the information on chocolate is from Le Grand, pp. Posted in 18th Century England, 19th Century England, jane austen, Jane Austen's World, Regency Life, Regency World, tagged 18th century breakfast, Regency food, regency meal on July 27, 2011| 30 Comments » Wilson, Kim. If a lady had no plans to go visiting or receive visitors, and simply stayed at home, she would wear her morning gown well past the hour of three, not bothering to change until dinner, when she was expected to dress more formally. qualms about all these drinks. [p 582], André Joubert, Etude Sur For diners in eighteenth-century England, the cultural customs of dining were the focus of the meal. rule only to take a single meal in the day, which left them free to give their previous times persisted for reasons of class, personal preference and geography. . Step back in time to the beginning of our heritage and the founding of our country and discover quiet, simple pleasures at … records the excellent quality of the Island bacon, "We got a rasher of Was Click on this link. traditional beer? The full English breakfast is a centuries old British tradition which dates back to the early 1800's, when the Victorians first perfected the art of eating breakfast and … The Conservation de la Sante par une Bonne Regime, Paris, 1632, Proceedings of the Old Bailey European Languages, http://lists.psu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305&L=c18-l&P=R1391. that this was for medical reasons. [57] August 25, 2003, Young, Arthur, Travels in Antiquary, from "`Waverly Novels - The Centenary Edition', volume 3, Conditions probably varied across the 'Colonies'. In some instances, links will be removed from comments as well. Tasted like someting right out of the 18th century Scottish Highlands! cours de versions : or, Exercises for translating English into French, 1870. [41] Joseph Addison, The Tatler, No. For an upper-class individual, there were cultural rules that dictated everything from dressing for the meal to leaving the dining room. spread too fast to allow its interdiction. (eds. too familiar an item to merit mention. The milder solutions are Supper was "rather Louis the Beloved's breakfast of bouillon, this is a reminder that habits from (Thomas Taylor, printer), London, 1723. My thanks to him for his kindness. separate meal, What's [19] Alfred "The A sketch of a seaman from the late 18th/early 19th century by Thomas Rowlandson; Morning Watch. 97-102. breakfast (replacing the eggs?). Delegates to Congress: Volume 1 AUGUST 1774 - AUGUST 1775: John Adams' Meat made up a large portion of the diets of residents of eighteenth-century England. However, the popularity of such bread coffee in France, chocolate in Spain), but not to the exclusion of the others, The general Angers, 1884, pp. century, By Le Faye, Deirdre. The clock tells me I must get dressed now and be out of the door in half an hour. and/or boiled. Hospital: "They have every morning for their breakfast bread and beer, at 147, [18] Except Heideloff, 1794. [Colonial era] Virginia breakfasts [18th century] Breakfast at Monticello [1847] "For breakfast. How [17] Alfred chocolate as breakfast drinks early in the century (though not by any means to -http://www.pastportal.com/Archive/Research%20Reports/Html/RR1638.htm, Smollet, Tobias, Expedition worthy of study? http://lists.psu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305&L=c18-l&P=R5627, [69] Virginia 12, 1763. bouillon prescribed centuries earlier for Henri IV clearly does have a medical Laborers ate either bread and cheese or perhaps porridge at first light before hurrying out to work. The use of brewer's yeast to make a finer white bread was also Supper in the evening was a smaller meal, more like breakfast: perhaps bread and cheese, mush or hasty pudding, or leftovers from the noon meal. LETTER VI PARIS, October 12, 1763. substantial breakfasts in the middle of the eighteenth century: "Ordinarily, we Franklin, La Vie Privée d'Autrefois: "La Cuisine", Paris, 1888, How did Jas. pp. Life", [10] C18-L post "", "Again, from the first it was their A list member, on the Moeurs et Coutumes de la France, Seconde Partie, Paris, 1899, page 668. common form of Western breakfast until early modern times consisted of bread in (Richmond, Va.: Dietz Press, 1941), pp. La Vie Privée d'Autrefois: "La Cuisine", Paris, 1888 Marie Antoinette (a light eater overall) had only. wine when it comes to giving physical strength. I would much have preferred Jane Austen's hours. France, already in the thirteenth century, breakfast was being cited as a Mrs. Yard © Vic Sanborn and Jane Austen's World, 2010. breakfast evolve in the rest of Europe (which is underrepresented here)? Upon reading my statements, early morning risers will think, "What's so strange about that?" But for those of us who were meant to keep Regency hours, this schedule is akin to torture. Newport House Bed and Breakfast: 18th Century Nirvana! dinner and supper were substantial enough to indicate a healthy appetite. different was the French breakfast from that of other countries? returned answer to them: "Take back word then to your master, that we need Franklin, Autobiography, reference dated January 2, 1766. http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/, Sadler, Percy, Petit Smollet, Travels Through An example of this is a meal served to Queen Anne in 1705 - selections included were: Oleo, Pigeons, Sirloin of Beef rost, Venison, Chyne of Mutton, Turkey, Snipes, Ducks, Partridge. Perhaps I shall be reincarnated as one? Gazette, 1768 (The item is listed as news from 'LONDON'. Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Breakfast in the Regency Era and their Definition of Morning, Breakfast in the 18th Century: The Unexamined Meal, Jim Chevallier, Follow Jane Austen's World on WordPress.com, Highclere Castle Floor Plan: The Real Downton Abbey, The Servant's Quarters in 19th Century Country Houses Like Downton Abbey, Men's hair styles at the turn of the 19th century, Regency Fashion: Men's Breeches, Pantaloons, and Trousers, Pride and Prejudice Economics: Or Why a Single Man with a Fortune of £4,000 Per Year is a Desirable Husband. Edward Austen Knight, Jane's rich brother, had breakfast served at 10 AM, and expected the entire family to be at the table. As well as eggs and bacon, which was first cured in the early 18th century, the breakfast feast might also include offal such as kidneys, cold meats such as tongue and fish dishes such as kippers and kedgeree, a lightly spiced dish from colonial India of rice, smoked fish and boiled eggs. Roderick Ransom Méditations de gastronomie transcendante, page 245, [59] Madame de Young, Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789, London, yet another aspect of modern life became established in that period – a humble obtain? Lady Bertram, whose day revolved around pleasing herself, would in all likelihood arise from her bed much later than Jane and remain in her dressing room with her maid until she was suitably dressed.
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2020 18th century breakfast

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More than half (54%) of leaders think training and development for automation should be a major HR focus over the next five years, according to research from Capita Resourcing.
The Workplace More Human report found that 54% of employers are already automating business processes once performed by people. A further 39% plan to automate more processes over the next 12 months.
Most leaders (83%) said that the right balance of manual and automation is a key competitive differentiator. But organisations were most likely to describe the current balance as 'a learning curve with some struggles' (55%).
When it came to employment, 85% of employers expected automation to create more jobs than it will replace in the next 10 years, with benefits including enhanced productivity (76%) and new skills development (54%). Despite this, 72% of employees expressed concerns around loss of work (38%) and the 'desocialisation' of the workplace (27%).
Jo Matkin, managing director at Capita Resourcing, warned of the challenges automation presents. "Automation holds considerable advantages for companies and employees alike," she said. "Yet employee fears and concerns could present a significant barrier to realising its full potential.
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A good night's sleep can be hard to come by. As many as 1 in 5 people sleep poorly most nights, making poor sleep the second most common health complaint after pain (Royal Society for Public Health, 2016). The problem is not just tiredness. Bad sleeping habits are associated with a number of health and wellbeing issues: chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer and depression; reduced life expectancy and quality of life; and cognitive impairments, such as a diminished ability to learn, form memories and be creative. Whilst there has been a wave of gadgets and apps to track sleep, they often don't address the core issue and leave people feeling unsupported as to how they can improve it.
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Sandy Boulevard in Portland, Oregon, is one of the city's busiest corridors and a primary route between the city's downtown and east side. In 2005, Sandy Boulevard received significant upgrades when Portland's Bureau of Transportation received a federal grant to improve traffic and pedestrian safety along a 30-block stretch of the road.
NNA Landscape Architecture assisted the engineering consultants with the development of a unique streetscape plan that showcases sustainable stormwater management while improving pedestrian access. The team collaborated closely with the Portland Bureau of Transportation, the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services and the Portland Office of Urban Forestry to achieve multiple project goals. The streetscape incorporates four distinct urban rain gardens and one stormwater garden plaza along a 30-block stretch of NE Sandy Boulevard. These features reduce the frequency of combined sewer overflows while providing a unique visual identity for the Sandy Boulevard business district. The design preserves the character of this historic business district, as the walls surrounding the rain gardens reflect the Art Deco architecture of the historic strip. The rain gardens and plazas occupy space in the intersection, increasing the predictability of vehicles and safety for pedestrians.


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Q: Move up/down arrows in StackExchange Top Answers section are non-functional after being clicked I want to reorder the Top Answers section of my CV by moving one of the answers that is near the bottom of the list towards the top.

However, when I click the up arrow to move it up the list, the row moves up the list, but:

*

*the down arrow for the answer that is now above the answer (was 2 above the answer before clicking) has disappeared.

*the up arrow for the answer that is now below the answer I moved up is gone (was 1 above the answer before clicking).

*clicking on either the up or down arrows for the answer I moved does nothing.

*refreshing the page returns the answer to its original position in the list.

I am seeing this behavior in Chrome 21.  In IE8, the arrow buttons do nothing at all when clicking them.  I don't have Firefox/Opera/whatever installed to test with.


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Is there going to be a 6 x 4 version?
-its basically a huge mouse pad (so much so that I put it upside down and told my friend i got a 4x4ft mouse pad) it doesn't slide and is water resistant, wont tear easily.
-looks good and has a fair amount of detail (and unlike the cityscape/ruinscape tiles, it is matte so that pictures can be taken at steep angles without the shine).
-easy to roll up and take with you places.
-the bag is handy and a nice addition.
-the standard buildings don't fully cover up the park tiles or the parking lots like they mentioned in the video on the frontline gaming website.
-A little "too clean" for 200+ years of warfare for my taste.
more to come in a real review. if you have any questions or want me to take a specific picture of the mat let me know.
I'd also be interested in a x4 version as well.
So I ordered one of these mats through my LGS (Go4Games) about 5 weeks ago. According to the LGS they've had problems getting them shipped and even after shipping, it's taken like 2 weeks. I still don't have my mat.
Not sure if this is an LGS problem or a manufacturer problem.
Also, there never was an answer to my question if there is going to be a 6x4 version. I get that they're probably a small company but a licensed product should have 'some' representation about it, shouldn't it?
they do have a UK distribution agent, I will send them an email and find out exactly who it is!
These look cool, I'll pick one up when I see them in a UK store.


text:
New York State Common Retirement assets rise 4.9%
Robert Steyer
New York State Common Retirement Fund, Albany, reported assets of $140.3 billion as of Dec. 31, up 4.9% from the $133.8 billion reported as of Sept. 30, confirmed Eric Sumberg, a spokesman for New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, the sole trustee of the fund.
The fund reported an estimated investment return of 4.83%, based on unaudited results, for the three months ended Dec. 31, the third quarter of the fund's fiscal year, according to a news release issued Wednesday.
Mr. Sumberg said in an e-mail that the return for the first nine months of the fund's fiscal year was -1.26%. He declined to provide details about the fund's third-quarter performance.
"The rally in the equities markets has helped the fund maintain its strong position," Mr. DiNapoli said in the news release. "However, instability resulting from the European sovereign debt crisis and the slow pace of the economic recovery remain areas of concern."
N.Y. Common Retirement Fund commits $750 million to 4 managers
Cuomo budget repeats call for New York state pension reform
N.Y. Common Retirement Fund terminates 5 equity managers
New York State Common withdraws shareholder proposals after agreements
N.Y. State Common shifts $900 million to emerging markets equity
Asset owners focus more on stewardship despite obstacles – survey
Retirement adequacy and sustainability suffer in coronavirus pandemic - report
University of Toronto's $7 billion fund makes bet on ESG debt


text:
New Diamond Jubilee Carriage
Karen Sharpe
For the State Opening of Parliament this year the Queen used a new 3-ton Coach created for her by Jim Frecklington, from Manly, Australia, who worked in the Royal Mews as a young man before returning home. The coach, which is 18ft long and needs 6 horses to pull it, has taken 50 people more than 10 years to assemble. The Diamond Jubilee Coach is only the second state carriage to be built in more than 100 years.
The panelling inside includes slivers from Scott's Antarctic Sled, the Mary Rose, Sir Isaac Newton's apple tree, Hut Six at code-breaking centre Bletchley Park, one of Sir Edmund Hillary's Everest ladders and from the beams of most of our great Cathedrals. Below the Queen's seat inside the carriage is a capsule carrying a piece of Scotland's Stone of Destiny, upon which monarchs are traditionally crowned, surrounded by a bolt from a Spitfire, a musket ball from the Battle of Waterloo, a bolt and rivets from the Flying Scotsman and a button from Gallipoli. There's even a fragment of the bronze cannon from which every Victoria Cross is cast, and a piece of metal from the wreckage of a 617 Squadron Dambuster.
All the leather is English, as is the gold silk brocade upholstery (from Sudbury). The lamps are glazed with the finest lead crystal from Edinburgh and the heraldic paintwork has been hand-painted by Irish-born Australian Paula Church. The door handles are from New Zealand — each is gold-plated and inlaid with 24 diamonds and 130 Australian sapphires by Kiwi jeweller Mike Baker. The handrails inside the Diamond Jubilee state coach are made from Royal Yacht Britannia timber and a wooden crown covered in gold leaf – which forms the centrepiece of the roof's decorations – was carved from oak from Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. This also houses the royal website's 'coachcam'. The coach does has modern features however, such as six hydraulic stabilisers covered in gold leaf, fitted to the carriage to ensure a smooth ride, as well as electric windows and heaters. Following a private donation, it was acquired for the nation by the Royal Collection Trust.
Diamon Jubilee State Coach. Photo: ©HM QUEEN ELIZABETH II.
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text:
Limerick Person of the Month: Adare honoured for historic football win
Áine Fitzgerald
aine.fitzgerald@limerickleader.ie
Pictured at the presentation of the award were: Harry Gleeson, Joe Hannon, Jack English, Mary O'Riordan (Southern), Shane Doherty , Pat Reddan (Clayton Hotel) and Eugene Phelan (Limerick Leader)
IN RECOGNITION of their awe-inspiring performance which saw them claim the county senior title for the first time in their history, Adare footballers have been honoured with the Limerick Person of the Month award.
Adare were 20/1 outsiders from the start of the championship and appearing in just their third ever final. An injury time goal from Jack English sealed the title in the Gaelic Grounds for the Harry Gleeson managed side.
Harry and Jack along with team captain, Shane Doherty, and club chairman, Joe Hannon, attended the presentation at the Clayton Hotel this week.
"As I said in my speech, it's probably the biggest honour in my life so far - to help make history for the club. It was huge for everyone playing, the management and entire club to make history," said Shane in the lobby of the hotel where the Fr Casey Cup rested beside the Limerick Person of the Month crystal vase.
Last season, Adare were promoted from intermediate to the senior ranks. Manager Harry Gleeson is in his second season at the helm.
From a GAA point of view, Harry had no previous experience of managing a senior football side. He coached underage hurling in Mungret for about seven years and was treasurer for four years when they did the field development. He then moved his focus to Dooneen Athletic Club and Catholic Institute senior men's hockey side helping them to many high profile accolades along the way.
"I took a year out as I was doing exams myself and then I got a call from Alan Fitzpatrick who runs Chawke's Bar, looking to see if I would link up with Mikey Lyons who was one of the key players," he explained of how he became involved with Adare.
It didn't daunt him that he hadn't managed a senior football side previously.
"I don't worry about those things. You are managing a group of people and they are a lovely group of lads - top class. There is a great bit of trust there on both sides."
While he admits that he "wouldn't be your typical GAA type manager", Harry believes that his own life skills of dealing with people has stood to him.
An ex-banker, Harry is now involved in debt management.
"I negotiate where people would owe a lot of money to institutions and I really try and get as much of it written off as I possibly can."
Much of the success in terms of getting the best out of the players this season can be put down to the introduction of video analysis.
"We do a lot of that. I think it's vital," said Harry. "I think a lot of guys sometimes can have a perception of how good they are but when you show them the screen, it doesn't lie. It's not used as a tool to beat anybody. All you can do is do your best and hope everyone buys into it."
All the players fight for their place to the point that they are even nervous about taking a week's holidays in case their place might be gone when they come back.
Adare club chairman Joe Hannon paid tribute to Harry for unlocking the potential in the players. "We needed a little bit of direction and a little bit of organisation and in fairness Harry brought those qualities. That bit of heart, spirit and belief came into it."
Reflecting back on the famous victory on October 22, Shane Doherty said when the final whistle went it was "unbelievable".
There had been very tense moments at the end of the game with Newcastle West going ahead by a point in the first of four minutes of injury time. But up popped Jack English with a cracking goal when others would have opted for a point. Sub Charlie McCarthy then sealed the historic win.
"The average age of the team is very young so I think the fact that we are so young means there is a fearless aspect to it. We don't really fear anyone," said Shane, 24 who is teaching PE and biology in St Mary's Secondary School in Nenagh.
"Even when we went down a point towards the end, we kind of knew we would get the draw - we weren't too worried about it. Jack got the winning goal. If there was an older fella he might have only gone for the point."
Jack English said to bring the Fr Casey Cup back to the village for the very first time was "a magical feeling".
"I lost my place for the first game of the quarter final and Harry rang me and said, 'Look, you are not performing well so we are going to have to drop you. He was straight up with me. I was heartbroken but I worked hard to get myself back on the team and ended up starting for the final - it all fell into place, thank God."
Adare now progress to the semi final of the Munster club SFC playing Cork's Nemo Rangers this Sunday in Mallow.
"We are quietly confident, I'll say no more," said Jack who is studying Business and Sports Management in LIT.


The DHS promotes an understanding and appreciation of the history of Davidson, North Carolina and its surrounding area.
The town of Davidson was founded with the establishment of Davidson College in 1837. In 1835, when the Concord Presbytery sought a site for a Presbyterian men's college, churchman and planter William Lee Davidson II sold them 469 acres on a high and healthy ridge between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers. The college was named for his father, General William Lee Davidson who was killed fighting the British at the Battle of Cowan's Ford in 1781.
Click here for a timeline of town history.


text:
Duo Interpretation
In this category, two people work together to choose and perform a published work of literature. It can be serious or humorous in nature. Each person can portray one or more characters. Performances should reflect the nature of the literature, making the characters believable. There should be a strong chemistry shown between characters.
Official Rules - 2013
Duo interpretation features two students interpreting together one or more selections from a single published source or a single anthology of prose, poetry, and/or dramatic literature, serious and/or humorous, with literary merit and appropriate to the readers. The students' script may be limited to a single author or genre but may include material from more than one genre and/or author so long as the material comes from that single published source. Each student may portray one or more characters. Costumes, props, make-up, special lights, scenery, stools, or chairs, music stands, or lecterns may not be used.
An introduction must be presented at the beginning of the interpretation and this introduction, along with any transitional remarks necessary for the selection, may be delivered by either or both of the participants. A "teaser" may be used, provided that it comes from one of the selections being used and is duly noted.
Duo Interpretation is an oral interpretation event and shall be judged as such. There shall be no body contact between speakers. Facial expressions, movement, and gestures may be used as appropriate to the piece. Eye contact is permitted with audience members during narration. Focal points may be employed during dialogue. Interpreters may refer to each other and make eye contact with each other during the introduction and/or transitions.
A copy of the script must be filed with the Contest Manager before each contest. Updated copies of the script must be submitted at Subsection, Section and State levels.
Should one original member of a Duo be unable to compete, a substitute may be named to perform in his/her place. The use of a script is optional, provided it is not used as a prop.
THE MAXIMUM TIME LIMIT IS EIGHT (8) MINUTES, INCLUDING A REQUIRED INTRODUCTION AND NECESSARY TRANSITIONS. A THIRTY (30) SECOND GRACE PERIOD SHALL BE PROVIDED AT ALL LEVELS OF COMPETITION.
Complete speech rules and FAQs on rule interpretations can be found on the MSHSL website.
illustration by Milt Kahn


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text:
Significantly more changeable from next week
By Henri on 2 January 2023 · 11
A nice start of the day in Les Menuires
First of all, best wishes to everyone for the new year! Let's hope for a snowy second part of the winter so that we quickly forget the past few weeks that included rain and extraordinarily high temperatures. As I mentioned before the weekend, we seem to be slowly returning to a more changeable weather pattern. Especially from next week on, things seem to get considerably more changeable in the northern and western Alps.
Northwest Alps suffer from lack of snow
The warm front on Friday was another major setback for the north-west Alps. Many lower-lying areas that were already struggling with a severe lack of snow received another substantial amount of precipitation in liquid form. Locally 10 to as much as 25mm of rain. Le Grand Massif in Haute Savoie, for example, has now even announced that it will have to close for a large part due to a lack of snow. These are things we really don't want to see in January. The webcam images in this corner of the Alps speak volumes. In the high mountains, although there is now a good base, conditions are not yet anything to write home about either.
Les Carroz is closed due to lack of snow, also here at 1800m altitude
Samoens also doesn't look good at all at the moment
Also in La Clusaz we see almost no snow in the lower part of the skiing area
For a closed snow cover, you have to go way up
Cold front arrives in the Northwest Alps tonight (wetter3.de, DWD)
Mainly dry this week
The expected precipitation for tonight and tomorrow will unfortunately not make a dent. The amounts have been scaled down some more over the weekend. The cold front has already weakened to the extent that it will produce little more than a cosmetic layer. In the French Northern Alps and western Switzerland, it could still reach 5 to 10 centimetres locally due to some accumulation, but for most areas in the Western and Northern Alps it will remain at a few centimetres with a snowline of around 1700 metres.
Temporary northwesterly flow with some snow, but it doesn't really give much (wetter3.de, DWD)
Thursday changeable on the north side
Tomorrow and Wednesday, the Alps will see increasing high-pressure influence again due to a high-pressure area over southern Europe. With a low-pressure area moving through Scandinavia towards Eastern Europe, the flow in the Alps temporarily turns to northwest. On Thursday, this will make it changeable with some showers, especially on the northern side. I do not expect much more than 5 centimetres. Although it cools slightly, the northwesterly flow is still quite mild, so the snowline will remain around 1,500 to 1,800 metres. The somewhat cooler air will soon be driven out again by a new warm front.
GFS Ensemble for Grenoble (wetterzentrale.de)
Next week some improvements?
Some improvement seems to be in sight from the second decade onwards. In fact, our forecast shows some red colours again from the beginning of next week. It shows the potential of this situation, but there are still several factors that could throw some spanner in the works. We have to deal with a strong westerly flow, with a succession of low-pressure systems with warm- and cold fronts providing more precipitation, but also a strongly fluctuating snowline. We also see this in the US model's ensemble for Grenoble as an example. That it will become considerably more changeable from the beginning of next week is now clear, but we also see some temperature fluctuations next to a big spread in the temperature and precipitation signal. Hopefully I will be able to go into a bit more detail about this changeable phase on Wednesday.
What is an ensemble forecast?
What are low- and high pressure areas?
What is a northstau/nordstau?
What is a southstau/südstau?
What is föhn?
What is the jet stream?
juancarlosdominguezlemoine op 2 January 2023 · 10:42
I once said around 4 years ago that Switzerland would have to extend their ski areas to reach 4000+ meters if it was to maintain ski as a sport. Some trolls called me nuts, well I guess people will start to believe now. Bases at 2000 and tops at 4000 will be the new normal. By the way 14 degrees yesterday in Geneva. I saw people in jeans and t-shirts.
südtirolistdeutsch op 2 January 2023 · 14:12
Henri, would it be possible to get a new wepowder pro feature that shows you the current snow depths? powerderguide seems to use the same map (down to the same colors for snow), and it would be awesome to have this integrated in your website,
https://www.powderguide.com/wetter/snowgrid.html
Tschera001 op 2 January 2023 · 19:08
@südtirolistdeutsch for Austria I mostly use the data of lawis.at this website has the real data from measure stations and is not an interpolation
@südtirolistdeutsch for Austria I mostly use the data of lawis.at this website has the real data from measure stations and is not an interpolation Tschera001 op 2 Jan 2023 19:08
Thank you for the suggestion, this is an awesome resource. However, I still think it would be a nice paid feature to have the interpolation, it's much easier to record large areas
Chester_Tartsnatcher op 3 January 2023 · 05:19
Will the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) continue to trend negative?
EuroBBI2023 Rueras, CH March 26-31
joosth op 3 January 2023 · 08:20
Today already snowing in Val d'Isere 😊 And even found powder with a guide yesterday! So still snow to be found in Europe!
Dive in nose deep
SwissKB op 3 January 2023 · 09:28
NOA is positive. Trend appears to stay positive with hopes of a reversal
I had seen that NWS one where the 500mb is tending negative, but was wondering if there are other forecasts.
Henri op 4 January 2023 · 12:02
@südtirolistdeutsch for the current snow depth the Snowgrid analysis of the ZAMG (also used in your link) is very useful http://www.zamg.ac.at/incaanalyse/. Like @Tschera001 said lawis.at, but also lawinen.report are very useful for station data as well. I'll forward your question to the technical team. It might be possible to incorporate these kind of maps in our upcoming update.
*message edited by Henri op 4 Jan 2023 12:04 (3% bewerkt)
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