text:
let wasm;

let cachedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { ignoreBOM: true, fatal: true });

cachedTextDecoder.decode();

let cachegetUint8Memory0 = null;
function getUint8Memory0() {
    if (cachegetUint8Memory0 === null || cachegetUint8Memory0.buffer !== wasm.memory.buffer) {
        cachegetUint8Memory0 = new Uint8Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
    }
    return cachegetUint8Memory0;
}

function getStringFromWasm0(ptr, len) {
    return cachedTextDecoder.decode(getUint8Memory0().subarray(ptr, ptr + len));
}

function isLikeNone(x) {
    return x === undefined || x === null;
}
/**
*    Creates a new Game State.
* @returns {State}
*/
export function new_game() {
    var ret = wasm.new_game();
    return State.__wrap(ret);
}

function _assertClass(instance, klass) {
    if (!(instance instanceof klass)) {
        throw new Error(`expected instance of ${klass.name}`);
    }
    return instance.ptr;
}
/**
* @param {State} state
* @param {number} index
*/
export function set_mark(state, index) {
    _assertClass(state, State);
    wasm.set_mark(state.ptr, index);
}

/**
* @param {State} state
* @param {number} step
*/
export function rewind(state, step) {
    _assertClass(state, State);
    wasm.rewind(state.ptr, step);
}

let cachegetInt32Memory0 = null;
function getInt32Memory0() {
    if (cachegetInt32Memory0 === null || cachegetInt32Memory0.buffer !== wasm.memory.buffer) {
        cachegetInt32Memory0 = new Int32Array(wasm.memory.buffer);
    }
    return cachegetInt32Memory0;
}

function getArrayU8FromWasm0(ptr, len) {
    return getUint8Memory0().subarray(ptr / 1, ptr / 1 + len);
}
/**
*    Returns the Game Board at the current step.
*    The WASM doens't support exporting the history array,
*    THis will return the current board as a Box.
* @param {State} state
* @returns {Uint8Array}
*/
export function get_board(state) {
    try {
        const retptr = wasm.__wbindgen_export_0.value - 16;
        wasm.__wbindgen_export_0.value = retptr;
        _assertClass(state, State);
        wasm.get_board(retptr, state.ptr);
        var r0 = getInt32Memory0()[retptr / 4 + 0];
        var r1 = getInt32Memory0()[retptr / 4 + 1];
        var v0 = getArrayU8FromWasm0(r0, r1).slice();
        wasm.__wbindgen_free(r0, r1 * 1);
        return v0;
    } finally {
        wasm.__wbindgen_export_0.value += 16;
    }
}

/**
*    Returns the winner u8 or None
*    Copied from the react tutorial and converted to rust.
* @param {State} state
* @returns {number | undefined}
*/
export function get_winner(state) {
    _assertClass(state, State);
    var ret = wasm.get_winner(state.ptr);
    return ret === 0xFFFFFF ? undefined : ret;
}

/**
*/
export class State {

    static __wrap(ptr) {
        const obj = Object.create(State.prototype);
        obj.ptr = ptr;

        return obj;
    }

    free() {
        const ptr = this.ptr;
        this.ptr = 0;

        wasm.__wbg_state_free(ptr);
    }
    /**
    * @returns {number}
    */
    get step_number() {
        var ret = wasm.__wbg_get_state_step_number(this.ptr);
        return ret >>> 0;
    }
    /**
    * @param {number} arg0
    */
    set step_number(arg0) {
        wasm.__wbg_set_state_step_number(this.ptr, arg0);
    }
    /**
    * @returns {boolean}
    */
    get is_x_next() {
        var ret = wasm.__wbg_get_state_is_x_next(this.ptr);
        return ret !== 0;
    }
    /**
    * @param {boolean} arg0
    */
    set is_x_next(arg0) {
        wasm.__wbg_set_state_is_x_next(this.ptr, arg0);
    }
    /**
    * @returns {number | undefined}
    */
    get winner() {
        var ret = wasm.__wbg_get_state_winner(this.ptr);
        return ret === 0xFFFFFF ? undefined : ret;
    }
    /**
    * @param {number | undefined} arg0
    */
    set winner(arg0) {
        wasm.__wbg_set_state_winner(this.ptr, isLikeNone(arg0) ? 0xFFFFFF : arg0);
    }
}

async function load(module, imports) {
    if (typeof Response === 'function' && module instanceof Response) {

        if (typeof WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming === 'function') {
            try {
                return await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(module, imports);

            } catch (e) {
                if (module.headers.get('Content-Type') != 'application/wasm') {
                    console.warn("`WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming` failed because your server does not serve wasm with `application/wasm` MIME type. Falling back to `WebAssembly.instantiate` which is slower. Original error:\n", e);

                } else {
                    throw e;
                }
            }
        }

        const bytes = await module.arrayBuffer();
        return await WebAssembly.instantiate(bytes, imports);

    } else {

        const instance = await WebAssembly.instantiate(module, imports);

        if (instance instanceof WebAssembly.Instance) {
            return { instance, module };

        } else {
            return instance;
        }
    }
}

async function init(input) {
    if (typeof input === 'undefined') {
        input = import.meta.url.replace(/\.js$/, '_bg.wasm');
    }
    const imports = {};
    imports.wbg = {};
    imports.wbg.__wbindgen_throw = function(arg0, arg1) {
        throw new Error(getStringFromWasm0(arg0, arg1));
    };

    if (typeof input === 'string' || (typeof Request === 'function' && input instanceof Request) || (typeof URL === 'function' && input instanceof URL)) {
        input = fetch(input);
    }

    const { instance, module } = await load(await input, imports);

    wasm = instance.exports;
    init.__wbindgen_wasm_module = module;

    return wasm;
}

export default init;


Our swabs and dressings disposal service is a great way to safely and hygienically dispose of your clinical waste in the correct manner. Our bins and disposal service complies with the Environmental Protection Act 1990 making it the most environmentally sustainable way to dispose of your waste. This bin has a wipe free surface and comes in bright yellow making it stand out from normal household waste bins. These bins come supplied with the correct bags to dispose of your swabs and dressings.


This Friday just gone saw the realisation of a months-long dream… we FINALLY made it to the wonder that is Dalston Street Feast. We arrived with the edgy horde in their weirdest and most wonderful attire, and were warmly ushered in by two friendly girls with too-short fringes and nose-rings. (Entry before 7pm is free, and is a huge £3 afterwards!) We made our way through the big warehouse door and were hit by an assault to the senses in the form of bright fairy lights, a contagious atmosphere of excitement, the beat of chilled music and chatter, smoke curling from the makeshift stoves and a multitude of mouthwatering aromas. Reminiscent of Singapore's hawker markets, the place seemed to be alive. We were quite literally taken aback and pulled ourselves together to make the impending decision of where on earth to start. So, obvs, we chose the Rum Shack, well, because rum. Crowded by a throng rather than a queue ('queueing isn't cool' reassures their sign) and were pretty damn pleased with our decision. Cue the most delicious, creamy piña colada this side of Mexico, perfectly frothy and better still, in a pineapple! We were also handed a refill, leading us to think we had died and gone to heaven. These cocktails (we also tried the Añejo Hiball which was a refreshing mix of lime juice, ginger beer, triple sec to compliment the serious lashings of rum) packed quite the punch - a few of these sent us on our way.
Next priority: food. We hightailed it next door to Killer Tomato, where they were serving up some incredible veggie fare. The deep-fried avocado (vampire?!) taco instantly caught our eye, and good thing it did! This was possibly the most droolworthy, melt in your mouth flavour explosion you could imagine, and was perfectly balanced and perfectly addictive. We had to drag ourselves away before we ate the entire stall, and moved on to some sticky goodness at Yum Bun: pillowy white dough encapsulating succulent pork belly with hoisin for B and fragrant coriander lime shrimp for H. Things then descended into a hunt for the ideal cocktail - contenders were the Cocktail Shed, the Gin Store and the rooftop Tequila Bar (which would've won it on the location alone). Wanting something refreshing, Billie got a Floradora gin concoction fresh with raspberries and mint, Emily tried a fragrant fizzy Brits Spritz and Hannah got a Frontier craft lager.
Then it was food's turn again. Sally was lured in by the promise of some authentic jerk chick, while the rest of us meandered towards the Chilean and Indian street food stands. Rola Wala dealt out some coriander chicken to 'tikka' Billie's fancy, and Hannah and Emily were enticed back to the crab shack we walked past on the way in. B.O.B.'s Lobster served up some exquisite lemony crab mayo on mini brioche - H was lusting after the lobster mac 'n' cheese but by this point we were all bursting at the seams. We may be going back to rectify this.
The beauty of Street Feast is that everything is palm- (portion) sized, and will only set you back around £3.50 per plate, which allowed us to completely avoid the painstaking decision-making process: we could get everything! And there really were tastes from every corner of the globe. Also, guzzle more than your fair share of scrumptious cocktails, and then head to Pizza Pilgrims in a booze-fuelled binge and burn your mouth on some garlicy portobello mushroom and truffle pizza - it is SO worth it. (And only £6, for the whole thing… madness).
Whilst this is (tragically) a seasonal affair, finishing on the 27th September (that's 2 weekends still to visit!), its winter counterpart (Hawker House) raises its head out of hibernation soon - find out more on their website.


text:
[ January 17, 2022 ] Isn't It Time for The 'Smart People' to Talk About God?	COMMENTARY
[ January 17, 2022 ] Spain's Secret Service Alleged to Have Carried Out Barcelona Terror Attacks	Tyranny
[ January 17, 2022 ] The biggest experiment on human beings in history: what could possibly go wrong?	COMMENTARY
[ January 16, 2022 ] Trump at AZ rally: U.S. becoming 'large-scale version of Venezuela' under Biden	Analysis
[ January 16, 2022 ] Tulsi Gabbard Blasts Joe Biden: 'He Has Betrayed Us All' [Video]	Analysis
HomeAnalysisRising Chronic Illnesses In Our Children: Known Culprits
Rising Chronic Illnesses In Our Children: Known Culprits
December 16, 2018 This article was posted by TLB Staff Analysis, HEALTH 0
Information compiled by TLB Contributor: The Children's Health Defense Team
TLB Note: What follows are associated topics and a brief introduction to each. Please follow the provided links for amplifying information on all topics presented.
Known Culprits
Chronic illnesses including autism, allergies and asthma are at an all-time high, affecting 1 in 6 children across the US. Research may never uncover definitive causes, but an abundance of information about associated risks does exist. Many of these risks are controllable or modifiable and therefore require awareness by the general public in order to minimize.
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
The most common drug in America, acetaminophen, is an external analgesic that works as a pain reliever and fever reducer. Over-the-counter medicines such as Tylenol, DayQuil, Theraflu and Vicks contain acetaminophen, as well as prescription drugs including Vicodin and Oxycodone. Acetaminophen is often the drug the pediatrician's office advises for feverish, inconsolable infants and children when they experience adverse effects from vaccines. Yet studies have found the popular drug plays a role in oxidative stress and inflammation from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism, ADHD, and asthma. Many studies show the go-to drug, once thought to be benign, is actually a neurotoxin, and places pregnant women, infants, and children at risk for serious adverse side-effects.
Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust – a chemical element now recognized as a neurotoxin, especially when the human body reaches its burden, though, according to one of the foremost experts on aluminum, Bioinorganic Chemistry professor Dr. Christopher Exley, said in the Environmental Science Processes & Impacts Journal that, […]
Electromagnetic Fields / Wireless Technologies
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) come from electrical devices, including personal computers, tablets, smartphones, gaming devices, electronics, cell phone towers, and Wifi. Many children are exposed to EMFs in their high tech classrooms as well as in most public places. The World Health Organization classified EMFs as "probably carcinogenic to humans," and research has shown EMF overexposure can include symptoms such as chronic headaches, fatigue, trouble sleeping, ringing in the ears, rashes/hives, and feeling stressed or "wired." Other studies show the increase in electromagnetic fields present in the environment over the last decade is coterminous with the increase in autism rates.
Flame Retardants (PBDEs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDE, are organobromine compounds used as flame retardants. PBDEs are used in a variety of products, including clothing, furnishings, and plastics. Scientists have found sufficient evidence supporting an association between developmental flame retardant exposure and reduced IQ. Other studies have linked them to reproductive and neurological risks, as human exposure usually occurs through ingestion by food and inhalation. PBDEs accumulate in blood, breast milk, and fat tissues. For children, PBDEs are a great risk. One study conducted by the Environmental Working Group found the median blood levels of PBDEs in children were 3.2 times higher than their mothers.
Fluoride is an element that occurs naturally in the environment, however it is also produced synthetically for use in toothpaste and mouthwashes. Due to a long history of corporate incentives and cherry-picked studies that dates back to the 50s, fluoride was approved to become an additive in American drinking water "to promote strong teeth." Approximately 300 studies, as evidenced below, demonstrate fluoride is a neurotoxin, linking fluoride exposures to reduced intelligence. Studies have also found associations with arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, endocrine disruption, gastrointestinal effects, and infertility. More recent studies have found a toxic synergy between fluoride and aluminum. From 2000 to 2004, 125 communities in 36 states adopted fluoridation of their municipal water supplies, however other cities, such as College Station, Texas and Watsonville, California, have overturned fluoridation mandates. Only about 2% of people receive artificially fluoridated water in Europe, with countries like the Netherlands and Italy rejecting the additive. Fluoridation is banned in China, due to cases of increased dental fluorosis from naturally occurring fluoride in their water supply.
Common food additives such as artificial coloring, high-fructose corn syrup, aspartame, MSG, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, and trans fat are found in processed food products. Many of these additive-filled processed food products are putting children at risk for endocrine, neurodevelopmental and thyroid disruption, cancer, heart disease, immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and weight problems. Despite studies (below), including numerous studies linking artificial food colors to ADHD, and warnings from top agencies and scientists, the FDA has undergone insufficient to zero regulatory testing on the safety and long term health outcomes of more than 10,000 food additive chemicals our children are now exposed to. Meanwhile, a national survey found about 60% of the calories consumed by Americans come from "ultra-processed" foods and beverages.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States and the key ingredient in Monsanto's billion dollar product Roundup. Glyphosate is applied in agriculture and forestry, on lawns and gardens in public and private landscapes. Despite a "probably carcinogenic to humans" classification from the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2015, the National Pesticide Information Center estimates more than 750 products contain glyphosate in the U.S. Since glyphosate testing began in 2016, reports of glyphosate residues have been discovered in popular vaccines, with the most contamination found in Merck's MMR, however the FDA has confirmed trace amounts thousands of products, including cookies, crackers, cold cereals, and chips.
Lead is a dense toxic heavy metal found in pipes, batteries, coal ash, paint products, and gasoline. Its neurotoxicity was recognized in the late 19th century, as it accumulates in soft tissues and bones in humans, damaging the nervous system and interfering with enzyme function. Even though lead was supposed to fazed out, it is still found in the air, soil, and water, and traces of lead continue to be found in industrial and construction products. Populations are still affected by environmental exposure. Lead is especially toxic to children, as evidenced in the following studies and articles below, contributing to gastrointestinal problems, psychological issues, acute encephalopathy, and lower IQ, as well as contributing to neurological disorders such as autism, ADHD, and behavioral problems.
Mercury, in all its forms, is one of the most toxic metals on Earth. First used in the 1930s and 1940s to kill bacteria in antiseptic products and used inside vaccines to prevent needle puncture contamination, thimerosal was tested in rabbits and later in humans, and though the subjects died days after being given high doses of the compound, mercury was deemed safe.
Pesticides are chemicals or biological agents meant to control pests, including weeds, fungi, and insects. According to a Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment study, gestational pesticide exposure been linked to neurological disorders in children. Organochlorine pesticides such as DDT were among those pesticides studied to be potential endocrine disrupting compounds, in a systematic […]
Plasticizers are additives to other substances to increase the flexibility or decrease the viscosity of a material. They are also known as man-made pollutants. Much debate has been going on in recent years concerning plasticizer toxicity to humans, despite research finding phthalate and Bisphenol A (BPA) plasticizers easily enter the human body and metabolize, causing serious biological effects linked to developmental disorders in children, and substantial investigations found these pollutants to be of insult to various organs, including the reproductive system, pulmonary, central nervous system, immune system and liver. Toxic reactions are also reported involving inflammation, mitochondria, and carcinogenicity.
Ultrasound scans, or sonography is an imaging technique based on sound waves that allows medical personnel to view a picture of the inside of the body to detect problems in the liver, heart, kidney, or abdomen, and to evaluate fetal development. Recent studies have found increased risk of autism and poorer nonverbal IQ in vulnerable fetuses when exposed to an ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy, detailing the mechanism to which toxic birth defects occur on the central nervous system of a developing fetus.
Toxins surround us in many forms, but those found in vaccines are of increasing concern among parents, and rightfully so. As the Children's Health Defense continues to advocate for transparency and sound science in our nation's vaccine program, it's important to note that mercury, still found in some flu shots and other vaccines, isn't the only substance standing in the way of a safer vaccination schedule. Other dangerous substances abound in the vaccines that our government agencies continue to insist are safe. No one challenges parents for researching the safest car seats, cribs, or infant carriers for their children. The same should hold true when parents want to be fully informed about what makes up the vaccines intended for their children.
TLB Note: Please take the time to visit all the links presented. America is now the most chronically ill nation on this planet. We are all in need of a serious wake up call, for the sake of our children, and thus … our very future!
TLB Editors Note: This is World Mercury Project on steroids! TLB highly recommends you click on the image below, visit this new website, and do whatever you can to help see this new forum succeed … for the sake of our children !!!
Please take the time to Sign up for free news and updates from Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and the Children's Health Defense. Your donation will help to support us in our efforts.
The above presentation: Known Culprits is re-published here by contribution with special attribution to author the Children's Health Defense Team and website childrenshealthdefense.org
The Liberty Beacon Project is now expanding at a near exponential rate, and for this we are grateful and excited! But we must also be practical. For 7 years we have not asked for any donations, and have built this project with our own funds as we grew. We are now experiencing ever increasing growing pains due to the large number of websites and projects we represent. So we have just installed donation buttons on our websites and ask that you consider this when you visit them. Nothing is too small. We thank you for all your support and your considerations … TLB
Click on the image below to visit TLB Project on twitter …
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Who were the last beach volleyball team to win gold medal for the USA in the Olympics?
How much is a volleyball scholarship?
Who won the Volleyball Olympics?
What is the original name of volleyball?
What country is best at volleyball?
How much money do volleyball players make?
What does FIVB stand for?
Who is the best volleyball player in the Olympics?
Does UCLA give volleyball scholarships?
Who has the most gold medals in volleyball?
Who is the highest paid volleyball player?
Can you make a living off volleyball?
Which university has the best volleyball team?
Can you get a full scholarship for volleyball?
What is the best volleyball position?
What college is known for volleyball?
What sport is UCLA known for?
Who are two of the most successful beach volleyball nations?
Walsh Jennings and teammate Misty May-Treanor were the gold medalists in beach volleyball at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. They also won the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2007. They have been called "the greatest beach volleyball team of all time."
In the NAIA is much smaller than the NCAA, but still cover around 300 schools. Around 90% of all NAIA schools offer some sort of athletic scholarship with the average student athlete receiving $7,000 dollars.
Results summary
Gold medal match
2008 Details Beijing United States
2012 Details London Russia
2016 Details Rio de Janeiro Brazil
mintonette
Best Volleyball Countries of the World
Brazil. According to the FIVB World Rankings, Brazil men's and women's national volleyball teams totally have 755 points.
United States. According to the FIVB World Rankings, the United States men's and women's national volleyball teams totally have 747 points.
Poland.
Russia.
Japan.
Serbia.
The salaries of Professional Volleyball Players in the US range from $19,910 to $187,200 , with a median salary of $44,680 . The middle 50% of Professional Volleyball Players makes $28,400, with the top 75% making $187,200.
Fédération Internationale de Volleyball
The Greatest Volleyball Player at the Olympic Games The best all-time performing indoor volleyball player at the Olympic Games is Cuban player Ana Fernández with three gold and one bronze from 1992 to 2004. This feat is also matched by US beach volleyball player Kerri Walsh three gold and one bronze from 2004 to 2016.
These noted women's volleyball teams are fueled by educational scholarships that draw outstanding players: UCLA Women's Volleyball program ranks consistently near the top of the conference. UCLA not only rewards top athletes; academic performers earn recognition as well.
In the U.S., outside of winning, professional volleyball players also earn their salaries by placing in tournaments, receiving secondary and tertiary prize money. In Europe, players may receive professional contracts where salaries range from a few hundred dollars per month to as much as $10,000 per month.
#1 Stanford University. Stanford, California.
#2 The University of Texas at Austin. Austin, Texas.
#3 Duke University. Durham, North Carolina.
#4 University of Nebraska – Lincoln.
#5 Southern Methodist University.
#6 University of Denver.
#7 University of Florida.
#8 University of Missouri – Columbia.
Division 1 volleyball teams can offer a maximum of 12 full-ride scholarships. Because D1 volleyball is classified as a headcount sport, every scholarship the coach gives out must be a full ride. Which means all scholarship athletes on a D1 volleyball team have a full ride to that school.
Which is the most important position in volleyball?
The setter is the one who is always supposed to get the second ball and set it to the hitters, and we can say that many things depends on him.
The middle blockers are usually the tallest players.
The receivers are also very important players in volleyball.
The libero is usually the best back row player.
Berkeley, California Berkeley has established itself as one of the top choices for talented young volleyball players. Coached since 1999 by Rich Feller, the California Golden Bears have made 12 NCAA Tournament appearances since 2000, and even finished as tournament runner-up in 2010.
Especially considering the recent success, or lack thereof, by the football team, UCLA still has to be known as a basketball-first university, even if their last championship was in 1995.
The dominating nations are Brazil and the US. Americans have the most gold medals, three earned by Walsh-May.
Previous: What are the richest country in Asia?
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Debevoise's Arbitration practice in Asia reflects the firm's global strength in the area. It is one of very few law firms in the world to combine sophisticated international arbitration, general commercial dispute resolution and public international law capacity in four major international arbitration centers: New York, London, Hong Kong and Paris.
Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), in winning a complete victory in an ICC arbitration, resulting in one of the largest ICC arbitration awards ever, worth approximately U.S. $750 million.
Noted as a leading firm for Dispute Resolution: Arbitration (International Firms) in China.
Debevoise Has Successfully Represented Clients in Asia-Related Arbitrations for Decades Debevoise's Arbitration practice in Asia reflects the firm's global strength in the area. It is one of very few law firms in the world to combine sophisticated international arbitration, general commercial dispute resolution and public international law capacity in four major international arbitration centers: New York, London, Hong Kong and Paris.
The Asia team has a strong track record advising on the most complex international disputes for leading multinationals, international organizations, sovereigns and non-governmental organizations.
Clients benefit from a team of internationally renowned arbitration lawyers. The firm has a deep bench of partners, counsel and associates who focus on arbitration in the region. The senior members of the team are also heavily involved in shaping the arbitration environment in Asia, taking leadership roles on bodies such as the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre and the Singapore International Commercial Court Committee.
The team's long track record of work on arbitration in Asia, coupled with a deep level of involvement in the region's arbitration community, is incredibly powerful. It gives the team the experience and perspective needed to advise clients on their most critical arbitrations.


text:
Clattice Harbour is an abandoned community in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rt Hon Sir Robert Menzies
12th Prime Minister of Australia
26 April 1939 – 26 August 1941
Kooyong (Victoria)
(1894-12-20)20 December 1894
Jeparit, Victoria
14 May 1978(1978-05-14) (aged 83)
United Australia; Liberal
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.[1]
2 Commonwealth
Australia[change | change source]
He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.
Commonwealth[change | change source]
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."[1]
Honours[change | change source]
Knight of the Thistle, 1963[1]
Constable of Dover Castle, 1965[1]
Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965[1]
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Martin, A. W., "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)," Australian Dictionary of Biography; retrieved 2012-5-18.
Prime Ministers of Australia
Barton | Deakin | Watson | Reid | Fisher | Cook | Hughes | Bruce | Scullin | Lyons | Page | Menzies | Fadden | Curtin | Forde | Chifley | Holt | McEwen | Gorton | McMahon | Whitlam | Fraser | Hawke | Keating | Howard | Rudd | Gillard | Abbott | Turnbull | Morrison
This short article about a person or group of people can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Menzies&oldid=6182901"
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
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text:
UI to get acting VC tomorrow
Posted by News Express | 29 November 2020 | 743 times
Barring last minute change to the directive of the National Universities Commission to the Governing Council of the University of Ibadan an acting vice-chancellor (VC) of the institution will emerge tomorrow.
According to the NUC, the outgoing vice-chancellor, Professor Idowu Olayinka is to hand over to the new acting vice-chancellor on November 30 after the scheduled meeting slated for Monday afternoon to address issues surrounding the appointment of new vice-chancellor.
The executive secretary of the NUC, in a letter dated November 27, to the pro-Chancellor of the university, had explained that the appointment of the acting vice-chancellor was to avoid a vacuum in the administration of the nation's premier university.
Sunday Tribune learnt that the new acting VC, after the appointment, would be placed on not more than six months probation as stipulated in Section 3(13) and (14) of the universities (Miscellaneous Provision: Amendment) Act 2002.
"In view of the fact that the tenure of the incumbent vice-chancellor expires on Monday, November 30, 2020, it is pertinent for the Governing Council to meet in the afternoon of Monday, November 30, to consider and approve the appointment of the Senate nominee as acting vice-chancellor in order to avoid a vacuum in the administration of the university.
"Following the appointment of an acting vice-chancellor, the outgoing vice-chancellor should hand over to the acting vice-chancellor possibly on Monday, November 30 or latest by Tuesday, December 1, 2020. Sunday Tribune also learnt that the Pro-Chancellor and the Chairman of the Governing Council is also directed to attend a meeting with the Minister of Education, Alhaji Adamu Adamu, in his office on Wednesday, December 2, at 11 am for a briefing on the development following the intervention of the Federal Ministry of Education in the impasse." (Sunday Tribune)
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"Scot" and "Scotsman" redirect here. For the newspaper, see The Scotsman. For the automobile, see Studebaker Scotsman. For other uses of ″Scot″, see Scot (disambiguation).
This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. For residents or nationals of Scotland, see Demographics of Scotland.
Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Episcopalianism; other minority groups; agnostics, deists and atheists.
G Number of people born in Scotland.
Scotland has seen migration and settlement of peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons had respective origin myths, like most Middle Ages European peoples. Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse settled many regions of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some emigration from France, England and the Low Countries to Scotland. Some famous Scottish family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and Stewart came to Scotland at this time. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom and the majority of people living in Scotland are British citizens.
In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland had several ethnic or cultural groups labelled as such in contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, with the Angles settling in the southeast of the country. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, Old English, was the earliest form of the language which eventually became known as Scots. Later the Norse arrived in the north and west in quite significant numbers, recently discovered to have left about thirty percent of men in the Outer Hebrides with a distinct, Norse marker in their DNA.
Use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century, reaching a peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, but was never the language of the south-east of the country.
After the division of Northumbria between Scotland and England by King Edgar (or after the later Battle of Carham; it is uncertain, but most medieval historians now accept the earlier 'gift' by Edgar) the Scottish kingdom encompassed a great number of English people, with larger numbers quite possibly arriving after the Norman invasion of England (contemporary populations cannot be estimated so we cannot tell which population thenceforth formed the majority). South-east of the Firth of Forth then in Lothian and the Borders (OE: Loðene), a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken.
As a result of David I, King of Scots' return from exile in England in 1113, ultimately to assume the throne in 1124 with the help of Norman military force, David invited Norman families from France and England to settle in lands he granted them to spread a ruling class loyal to him. This Davidian Revolution, as many historians call it, brought a European style of feudalism to Scotland along with an influx of people of Norman descent - by invitation, unlike England where it was by conquest. To this day, many of the common family names of Scotland can trace ancestry to Normans from this period, such as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons, the Wallaces, the Melvilles, some Browns and many others.
The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking (the west of Caithness was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th Century, as were some small communities in parts of the Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500 the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line, being used by Barbour in his historical epic "The Brus" in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.
From 1500 until recent years, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" (the language formerly called Scottis by English speakers and known by many Lowlanders in the 18th century as "Irish") and the Inglis-speaking "Lowlanders" (a language later to be called Scots, often considered a dialect of English). Today, immigrants have brought other languages, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.
Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish. In addition, there are many more people with Scots ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland.
John Wayne was of Presbyterian Scots-Irish or Ulster-Scots descent.
In the 2013 American Community Survey 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as of Scots-Irish descent.
Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.
The number of Americans of Scottish descent today is estimated to be 20 to 25 million (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and Scotch-Irish, 27 to 30 million (up to 10% of the total US population), the subgroups overlapping and not always distinguishable because of their shared ancestral surnames. The majority of Scotch-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the eighteenth century.
As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970, or 15.10% of the nation's total population.
Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins. Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"). There, in Cape Breton, where both Lowland and Highland Scots settled in large numbers, Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a small number of residents. Cape Breton is the home of the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts. Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario is a historic county that was set up as a settlement for Highland Scots, where many from the Highlands settled to preserve their culture in result of the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its settlement in the 18th century although the number of speakers decreased since as a result of English migration. As of the modern 21st century, there are still a few Gaelic speakers in the community.
The Australian city of Brisbane is named after Scotsman Thomas Brisbane.
By 1830 15.11% of the colonies' total population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20-25% of the total population. The Australian Gold Rush of the 1850s provided a further impetus for Scottish migration: in the 1850s 90,000 Scots immigrated, far higher than other British or Irish populations at the time. Literacy rates of the Scottish immigrants ran at 90-95%. By 1860 Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition of Western Victoria, Adelaide, Penola and Naracoorte. Other settlements in New south Wales included New England, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.
Much settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine, Highland Clearances and the Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century. In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12 percent of the Australian population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861-1914, 13.5 percent were Scots. Just 5.3 percent of the convicts transported to Eastern Australia between 1789 and 1852 were Scots.
A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century, with substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945. From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia. A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland games, dance, Tartan day celebrations, Clan and Gaelic speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.
According to the 2011 Australian census 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland, while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.
Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in New Zealand. Approximately 20 percent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country. The South Island city of Dunedin, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to Edinburgh by the city's Scottish founders. In Australia, the Scottish population was fairly evenly distributed around the country.
Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent. However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.
The majority of Scottish immigrants settled in the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many Caledonian societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, who helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The Games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the Games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.
Large numbers of Scottish people reside in other parts of the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland, particularly Ulster where they form the Ulster-Scots community. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is impossible to quantify due to the ancient and complex pattern of migration within Great Britain. Of the present generation alone, some 800,000 people born in Scotland now reside in either England, Wales or Northern Ireland.
Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have been emigrating to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers. Many emigrated to France, Poland, Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands. Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russians may have Scottish ancestry.
Guy Scott, the 12th vice-president and acting president of Zambia from Oct 2014 - Jan 2015, is of Scottish descent.
A number of Scottish people settled in South Africa in the 1800s and were known for their road-building expertise, their farming experience, and architectural skills.
The largest population of Scots in Latin America is found in Argentina, followed by Chile, Brazil and Mexico.
It is said[by whom?] that the first people from the Low Countries to settle in Scotland came in the wake of Maud's marriage to the Scottish king, David I, during the Middle Ages. Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between the two nations: Scotland's primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade.
By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settling along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in Campvere – where they were allowed to land their goods duty-free and run their own affairs – and then Rotterdam, where Scottish and Dutch Calvinism coexisted comfortably. Besides the thousands (or the estimated over 1 million) of local descendants with Scots ancestry, both ports still show signs of these early alliances. Now a museum, 'The Scots House' in the town of Veere was the only place outwith Scotland where Scots Law was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of the Scots International Church have remained open ever since 1643.
The first Scots to be mentioned in Russia's history were the Scottish soldiers in Muscovy referred to as early as in the 14th century. Among the 'soldiers of fortune' was the ancestor to famous Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov, called George Learmonth. A number of Scots gained wealth and fame in the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. These include Patrick Gordon, Samuel Greig, Charles Baird, Charles Cameron, Adam Menelaws, William Hastie. Several doctors to the Russian court were from Scotland, the best known being James Wylie.
The next wave of migration established commercial links with Russia.
A Russian scholar, Maria Koroleva, distinguishes between 'the Russian Scots' (properly assimilated) and 'Scots in Russia', who remained thoroughly Scottish.
There are several societies in contemporary Russia to unite[clarification needed] the Scots. The Russian census lists does not distinguish Scots from other British people, so it is hard to establish reliable figures for the number of Scots living and working in modern Russia.
From as far back as the mid-16th century there were Scots trading and settling in Poland. A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by King Stephen in the Royal Grant of 1576 a district in Kraków was assigned to Scots immigrants.
Records from 1592 reveal Scots settlers, giving their employment as trader or merchant, being granted citizenship of Kraków. Payment for being granted citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.
By the 17th century, there were an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots living in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen and could be found in Polish towns on the banks of the Vistula as far south as Kraków. Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656 a number of Scottish Highlanders who were disenchanted with Oliver Cromwell's rule went to Poland in the service of the King of Sweden.
The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, the Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.
Many Royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. "Bonnie Prince Charlie" was half Polish, being the son of James Stuart, the "Old Pretender", and Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. In 1691, the City of Warsaw elected the Scottish immigrant Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.
By 1592, the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi (English: St Andrew of the Scots). It was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who fled their country because of religious persecution. In 1615 Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. The church and facilities became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender set his residence in Rome in 1717, but were abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, although religious activity was resumed, it was no longer led by the Jesuits. Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated into a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November.
Gurro in Italy is said to be populated by the descendants of Scottish soldiers. According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the Battle of Pavia who arrived in the area were stopped by severe blizzards that forced many, if not all, to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day, the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links. Many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames. The town also has a Scottish museum.
Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by forebears of Scottish people. However, none of these are in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, Lowland Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina.
The Norn language was spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period – the current dialects of Shetlandic and Orcadian are heavily influenced by it, to this day.
There is still debate whether Scots is a dialect or a language in its own right, as there is no clear line to define the two. Scots is usually regarded as a mid way between the two, as it is highly mutually intelligible with English, particularly the dialects spoken in the North of England as well as those spoken in Scotland, but is treated as a language in some laws.
After the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with James VI & I to London and English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes. With the introduction of the printing press, spellings became standardised. Scottish English, a Scottish variation of southern English English, began to replace the Scots language. Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots Language had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form. While Scots remained a common spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day. Today most Scottish people speak Scottish English, which has some distinctive vocabulary and may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots language.
Lowland Scots, also known as Lallans or Doric, is a language of Germanic origin. It has its roots in Northern Middle English. After the wars of independence, the English used by Lowland Scots speakers evolved in a different direction from that of Modern English. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as Inglis, was used by the Scottish Parliament in its statutes. By the middle of the 15th century, the language's name had changed from Inglis to Scottis. The reformation, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of Scots forms. With the establishment of the Protestant Presbyterian religion, and lacking a Scots translation of the Bible, they used the Geneva Edition. From that point on, God spoke English, not Scots. Scots continued to be used in official legal and court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and the Education system the use of written Scots declined. Lowland Scots is still a popular spoken language with over 1.5 million Scots speakers in Scotland. The Scots language is used by about 30,000 Ulster Scots and is known in official circles as Ullans. In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages.
Scottish English and Scottish Gaelic are used on bilingual road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of Mallaig.
Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish. Scottish Gaelic comes from Old Irish. It was originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Rhinns of Galloway, later being adopted by the Pictish people of central and eastern Scotland. Gaelic (lingua Scottica, Scottis) became the de facto language of the whole Kingdom of Alba, giving its name to the country (Scotia, "Scotland"). Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread from Galloway into Dumfriesshire (it is unclear if the Gaelic of 12th century Clydesdale and Selkirkshire came from Galloway or Scotland-proper). The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The Highland clearances actively discouraged the use of Gaelic, caused the numbers of Gaelic speakers to fall. Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to countries such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Communities where the language is still spoken natively are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; and especially the Hebrides. However, large proportions of Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. A report in 2005 by the Registrar General for Scotland based on the 2001 UK Census showed about 92,400 people or 1.9% of the population can speak Gaelic while the number of people able to read and write rose by 7.5% and 10% respectively. Outwith Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is recognised as a Minority Language by the European Union. The Scottish parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some Schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland. It is recognised as an official language of Scotland with "equal respect" to English.
The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions. The Protestant and Catholic divisions still remain in the society. In Scotland the main Protestant body is the Church of Scotland which is Presbyterian. The high kirk for Presbyterians is St Giles' Cathedral. In the United States, people of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent are chiefly Protestant, with many belonging to the Baptist or Methodist churches, or various Presbyterian denominations.
John Logie Baird FRSE (14 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish scientist, engineer, innovator and inventor of the world's first television; the first publicly demonstrated colour television system; and the first purely electronic colour television picture tube. Baird's early technological successes and his role in the practical introduction of broadcast television for home entertainment have earned him a prominent place in television's history.
The modern games of curling and golf originated in Scotland. Both sports are governed by bodies headquartered in Scotland, the World Curling Federation and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews respectively. Scots helped to popularise and spread the sport of association football; the first official international match was played in Glasgow between Scotland and England in 1872.
Campbell of Argyle. A romanticised Victorian-era illustration of a Clansman by R. R. McIan from The Clans of the Scottish Highlands published in 1845.
Many Scottish surnames have become anglicised over the centuries. This reflected the gradual spread of English, also known as Early Scots, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. It also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns under King James VI of Scotland and I of England in 1603, and then the Act of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions.
However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". MacDonald, MacAulay, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, Macintosh, MacKenzie, MacNeill, MacPherson, MacLear, MacAra, Craig, Lauder, Menzies, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots. The most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown, which come from several origins each – e.g. Smith can be a translation of Mac a' Ghobhainn (thence also e.g. MacGowan), and Brown can refer to the colour, or be akin to MacBrayne.
Anglicisation is not restricted to language. In his Socialism: critical and constructive, published in 1921, future Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wrote: "The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past."
The word Scotia was used by the Romans, as early as the 1st century CE, as the name of one of the tribes in what is now Scotland. The Romans also used Scotia to refer to the Gaels living in Ireland. The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or 673 – 27 May, 735) uses the word Scottorum for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: "Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit." This we can infer to mean the arrival of the people, also known as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word natio (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word gens (race). In the 10th century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The word Scottorum was again used by an Irish king in 1005: Imperator Scottorum was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh. This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107). Alexander I (c. 1078–1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James VI.
In modern times the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as Ulster Scots, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th and 18th century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.
In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people. The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".
↑ The 2006 Canadian Census gives a total of 4,719,850 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Scottish. Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins.
↑ John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as Scotch. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.
↑ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
↑ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.
↑ 2011 Census data shows more than 300 ancestries reported in Australia.
↑ David McCrone, Professor of Sociology, University of Edinburgh. "Scottish Affairs, No. 24, Summer 1998; Opinion Polls in Scotland: July 1997 – June 1998". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> During 1997–1998 two polls were undertaken. During the first when asked about their national identity 59 percent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 28 percent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 10 percent stated they were British or more British than Scottish. In the second poll 59 percent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 26 percent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 12 percent stated they were British or more British than Scottish.
↑ The Scottish Government. "One Scotland Many Cultures 2005/06 – Waves 6 and 7 Campaign Evaluation". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>When asked what ethnic group they belonged over five surveys, in the 2005/2006 period, people reporting that they were Scottish rose from 75 percent to 84 percent, while those reporting that they were British dropped from 39 percent to 22 percent. "a number of respondents selected more than one option, usually both Scottish and British, hence percentages adding to more than 100% ... This indicates a continued erosion of perceived Britishness among respondents..."
↑ James McCarthy and Euan Hague, 'Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of "Celtic" Identification in the American West', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Volume 94 Issue 2 (5 Nov 2004), p. 392, citing J. Hewitson, Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1993).
↑ Tartan Day 2007, scotlandnow, Issue 7 (March 2007). Accessed 7 September 2008.
↑ James Webb, Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote, Wall Street Journal (23 October 2004). Accessed 7 September 2008.
↑ The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. (2001) James Jupp p650 Cambridge University Press.
↑ The Scots in Australia (2008) M. Prentis UNSW Press.
↑ M.V. Koroleva, A.L. Sinitsa. Gelskoe naselenie Shotlandii, ot istokov k sovremennosti, in Demographic studies, Moscow, 2010, pp. 163–191.
↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Scotch usage note, Encarta Dictionary usage note.
Spence, Rhoda, ed. The Scottish Companion: a Bedside Book of Delights. Edinburgh: R. Paterson, 1955. vi, 138 p. N.B.: Primarily concerns Scottish customs, character, and folkways.
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text:
Home ▶ Vol 40, No 1 (2010) ▶	Sieben
Floristic composition of wetlands of the South African section of the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Park
E. J. J. Sieben, D. C. Kotze, C. D. Morris
Bothalia | Vol 40, No 1 | a201 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v40i1.201	| © 2010 E. J. J. Sieben, D. C. Kotze, C. D. Morris | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 22 July 2010 | Published: 22 July 2010
E. J. J. Sieben, Corresponding author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, South Africa
D. C. Kotze, Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
C. D. Morris, Agricultural Research Council, Range & Forage Unit (ARC -RFU) c/o University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
A survey was conducted on the wetlands in the South African section of the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Park (MDTP), along altitudinal gradients from the foothills to the summit plateau in six different catchments. Environmental indices of soil wetness, texture and organic contents of the soil were determined to relate wetland community types to their environment. Thirty-six plant communities were recognized with a total of 56 subcommunities. These communities fall into five different categories: I, the high-altitude fens and seepages are a loose grouping of distinct vegetation types from the summit plateau and just below; 2, hygrophilous grasslands are the marginal areas of the wetlands that are temporarily wet and dominated by grasses, most of which are common outside wetlands; 3, shrubby wetlands are in most cases hygrophilous grasslands that have been invaded by shrubby species due to disturbance; 4, mixed sedgelands are the largest grouping and are dominated by sedges or grass species that are specifically adapted to wet conditions; 5, low-altitude sedge and reedlands are vegetation types that occur only marginally in the Maloti-Drakensberg area and are dominated by Carex acutiformis and Phragmites australis.The most important variables that explain the variation in wetland egetation are altitude and soil wetness.
altitude; Drakensberg; grasslands; mires; soil wetness; wetlands
1. The herbaceous vegetation of subtropical freshwater wetlands in South Africa: Classification, description and explanatory environmental factors
E.J.J. Sieben, T. Nyambeni, H. Mtshali, F.T.J. Corry, C.E. Venter, D.R. MacKenzie, T.E. Matela, L. Pretorius, D.C. Kotze
South African Journal of Botany vol: 104 first page: 158 year: 2016
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.11.005


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Home » AL » Planting Grass Seed in Mc Intosh
Planting Grass Seed in Mc Intosh, AL
planting grass seed in Mc Intosh, AL in the fall is the best time to plant cool-season grasses or over-seed warm-season grass with perennial rye grass. planting grass seed in Mc Intosh, AL. If north of the transitional zone of the U.S., the best time to plant grass seed will be between August 25th and October 5th. If located in the warmer south and over-seeding, grass seed is best established when planted between September 20th and October 25th.
For a new lawn, you then want to level the soil as best as possible. The new soil needs to settle naturally, or you can speed up the process by adding more water. If water is added, wait for the soil to dry and then pull out any weeds that germinate. Then rake the soil so it has small groves in it. At this point you soil is now ready for planting grass seed in Mc Intosh, AL.
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Publisher: Audible Original
Posted January 12, 2022 by Holly in Reviews | 1 Comment
Getting Real by Emma Chase
Narrator: Andi Arndt, Zachary Webber
Series: Getting Some #3
Also in this series: Getting Schooled (Getting Some, #1), Getting Schooled (Getting Some, #1), Getting Played , Getting Played, Getting Schooled
Publication Date: January 24, 2022
Format: Audiobook
Source: Audible Plus
Point-of-View: Alternating First
Content Warning: View Spoiler » Injured child, Medical Conditions, « Hide Spoiler
A sexy, hilarious, emotional, new romance from New York Times bestselling author Emma Chase.
Connor Daniels never thought he'd be starting over at dating square one. His career as a successful doctor, and his three boys, are everything to him. It's not exactly a set-up conducive to a scorching love life—but he's giving it a shot.
ER nurse Violet Robinson never intended for Connor to find out she's had a crush on him forever. It was a dirty little secret only meant for her dirty dreams. Her heart trips every time he's around—and so do her feet.
When Connor sees Violet coasting across the grocery store parking lot—and she falls on her face—he starts falling for the gorgeous, young nurse right back.
Dating can be tricky. And life can be beautiful and crazy and unpredictable. But when it gets real, you discover what matters most . . . and the one person you want loving you through it all.
Getting Real (Getting Some #3) by Emma Chase is an Audible Original (meaning it's available in Audio First) and features Connor Daniels, an ER doctor. I really enjoyed the first two books in this series, but I wasn't super excited for this book. I didn't love Connor in the other books and I wasn't sure how I'd feel about him as the main character. I'm glad I listened to it, however. He was wonderful, and I really enjoyed him as a doctor, father and love interest. I loved how open and honest he was (with a few exceptions) and how quick he was to reassure Violet when she needed it. He was an adult and he acted like it, which was very refreshing.
I also enjoyed Violet. She was down-to-earth and had a great sense of humor. She was also steady as they come and a great fit for Connor and his family.
The narrators were both wonderful and really brought the story to life.
This was just a feel good story. I was all warm and fuzzy when I finished, and I didn't want to say goodbye to these characters.
Getting Some
Tagged: 4.5 Reviews, Andi Arndt, Audible Original, Audible Plus, Audiobook, Contemporary, Emma Chase, Getting Some, Holly's Reviews, Reviews, Zachary Webber
Review: Pause by Kylie Scott
Posted July 5, 2021 by Holly in Reviews | 0 Comments
Pause by Kylie Scott
Narrator: Andi Arndt
Publisher: Audible Originals
Publication Date: April 13, 2021
Point-of-View: First Person
Content Warning: View Spoiler » Cheating, Betrayal, Trauma « Hide Spoiler
Reading Challenges: Holly's 2021 Goodreads Challenge
An unpauseable new romance from New York Times bestselling, Audie Award winning author Kylie Scott!
When Anna wakes up from a coma after a car crash, she discovers life has gone on without her. Her husband has been unfaithful—with her best friend—and she's been long since replaced at work. While her old life is a distant memory, her new life feels like an empty shell. Then she meets the stranger who saved her life during the crash, and he changes everything.
Leif Larsen—tattooist, joker, and player—has his own scars thanks to the crash that put Anna in a coma. Helping her move on from her failed marriage, and create a new life, sounds like a perfect distraction. So when he needs a new roommate, he invites Anna to begin her new life with him.
Although their lives may have been put on pause, together they just might find a way to heal.
Pause, an Audible first release, follows Kylie Scott's hit novel, Repeat. This is the story of Leif, Ed's brother. He was an engaging character in Repeat and I'm so glad we got a story for him. I was a little disappointed that this is told strictly in first person from Anna's POV. I would have loved to see more of Leif and explored more of his trauma from the previous book. As it was, he felt like a totally different character than the one we met in Repeat. I was pretty bummed about that. That's not to say I didn't like him, because I did. He was funny and real. He didn't hide from hard truths, or try to shy away from his friendship with Anna. He was also dealing with some trauma from
I was immediately pulled into the story. Anna's issues and the betrayal she suffered had me all in, but as the story went on I became less enamored of her and her struggles. Especially since the focus of the story was her attraction to – and relationship with – Leif. I'd have liked to see her focus more on figuring herself out after all the major changes that came about in her life. I wanted to see her focus on dealing with being in a coma for 7 months and the demise of her marriage as a result more than I wanted to read about her waffling over her attraction to Leif.
Still, I loved their friendship and how open they were with each other. I also enjoyed the story as a whole. It's just hard not to compare it to Repeat (a very rare 5 star read for me) and find it wanting.
Tagged: 3.75 Reviews, Audible Originals, Contemporary, Holly's Reviews, Kylie Scott, Romance
Review: One Fine Fae by Molly Harper
Posted March 31, 2021 by Holly in Reviews | 1 Comment
One Fine Fae by Molly Harper
Narrator: Jonathan Davis, Amanda Ronconi
Series: Mystic Bayou #4.5
Also in this series: How to Date Your Dragon (Mystic Bayou, #1), Even Tree Nymphs Get the Blues, How to Date Your Dragon, How to Date Your Dragon, Selkies are a Girl's Best Friend, Shifters in the Night
Publication Date: December 8, 2020
Point-of-View: Alternating Third Person
Genres: Paranormal Romance, Urban Fantasy
Length: 3 hours, 10 minutes
Take a trip to the beloved supernatural town of Mystic Bayou in this brilliantly funny new stand-alone novella - written for audio-first!
Charlotte McBee knows she's in for a challenge when she accepts a job as midwife for a dragon and a phoenix shifter. Being a fairy herself, it isn't the supernatural world that scares her. It's the thought of delivering a giant metal dragon's egg, which has her gritting her teeth in pain for poor Jillian, the anxious mother-to-be.
While preparing for the big event, a handsome town resident catches her eye. Leonard is kind, charming, and a little bit mysterious. He's also suffering from a highly unusual condition brought on by an ancient fairy curse, and he's too wary of Charlotte to allow her to get close.
Will love overcome fear before the end of her assignment?
©2020 Molly Harper (P)2020 Audible Originals, LLC.
Charlotte is a midwife to magical creatures. Mystic Bayou has been home to magi for years, but thanks to a rift that opened due to a magical artifact, humans and magi alike have been gaining strong magical powers. Charlotte is hired to help the residents with their pregnancies, a prospect she's pretty thrilled with. Leonard is Fairy-Cursed. Any time he gets stressed, he turns clumsy, which causes all kinds of calamites to happen in his presence. Charlotte and Leo are attracted to each other, but her magic makes him nervous, which means his curse kicks in even more when she's around than normal.
This was a cute short story. I don't believe it stands alone well, since it heavily features characters from previous books. The new romance was sweet and I liked seeing some of my favorite characters pop up again. I don't love the male narrator, Jonathan Davis, but the female narrator, Amanda Ronconni, is a favorite. I definitely recommend this for fans of Molly Harper and Mystic Bayou.
Mystic Bayou
Tagged: 3.75 Reviews, Audible Original, Holly's Reviews, Molly Harper, Mystic Bayou, Paranormal, Romance, Urban Fantasy
Review: Make Mine Magic by Shanna Swendson
Make Mine Magic by Shanna Swendson
Narrator: Karissa Vacker
Content Warning: View Spoiler » Magical Enslavement « Hide Spoiler
Genres: Urban Fantasy, Paranormal Romance
Reading Challenges: Holly's 2021 Goodreads Challenge, Holly's 2021 New to Me Challenge
Jilted at the altar, small-town librarian Claire is forced to go on her romantic honeymoon in New York City alone. After enduring one too many meals for two as one, Claire invites a seemingly harmless little old lady to join her for afternoon tea at the Plaza. Unbeknownst to Claire, said little old lady is actually a grand wizard, who bestows Claire with a magical amulet that makes her the sitting queen of the magical community. Claire is swept into the gilded world of New York City wizards - and a bitter power struggle for the throne. With the help of a cursed former prince, Claire must untangle this web of deception and find the magical community's rightful leader before her "honeymoon" is over.
Claire's fiancé dumped her right before their wedding. Instead of getting a refund on their New York honeymoon, she decides to go on the trip herself. Sadly, by the second day of her trip she's already tired of doing things alone. This is why she invites an old woman she saves from robbers to have tea with her. She walks the old woman home afterward and then strange things start happening to her. It turns out the woman bestowed a magical artifact on Claire, which now makes her the leader of the magical community in New York. A magical community Claire didn't even know existed. When different factions start trying to butter her up, Claire realizes there's more going on than she's aware.
I found this while browsing Audible Plus and decided to give it a try based on the reviews. It was a cute story. There were times I thought the MC made some questionable choices (running off to a party with a guy she just met in a hotel bar, in a city she's never visited before, without getting the address so she can tell a friend?), but I was interested in how things would play out and I enjoyed the story and characters as a whole. I also really liked the narrator. I will definitely look for other books by Swendson in the future.
Tagged: 3.5 Reviews, Audible Original, Audible Plus, Audiobooks, Holly's Reviews, Paranormal, Romance, Shanna Swendson, Urban Fantasy
Review: The Traitor Queen by Danielle L. Jensen
Posted July 15, 2020 by Holly in Reviews | 0 Comments
The Traitor Queen by Danielle L. Jensen
Narrator: Lauren Fortgang, James Patrick Cronin
Series: The Bridge Kingdom #2
Also in this series: The Bridge Kingdom, The Traitor Queen, The Bridge Kingdom , The Bridge Kingdom, The Traitor Queen
Publisher: Self-Published, Audible Original
Source: Audible Escape
Cliffhanger: View Spoiler » Continuing Story-Arc, No, Has HFN « Hide Spoiler
Content Warning: View Spoiler » Gore, Death, Murder, Violence, Betrayal « Hide Spoiler
Genres: Fantasy
Length: 10 hours and 13 minutes
Reading Challenges: Goodreads Challenge, Holly's 2020 Goodreads Challenge
Lara has only one thought when her husband is taken prisoner: I will do whatever it takes to set you free.
A queen now in exile as a traitor, Lara has watched Ithicana be conquered by her own father, helpless to do anything to stop the destruction. But when she learns her husband, Aren, has been captured in battle, Lara knows there is only one reason her father is keeping him alive: as bait for his traitorous daughter.
And it is bait she fully intends to take.
Risking her life to the Tempest Seas, Lara returns to Ithicana with a plan not only to free its king, but for liberating the Bridge Kingdom from her father's clutches using his own weapons: the sisters whose lives she spared.
But as Lara and her companions formulate a plan to free Aren from her father's palace, they soon discover that while it is easy to get in, it will be quite another thing to get Aren, and themselves, back out. Not only is the palace inescapable, there are more players in the game than Lara ever realized, enemies and allies switching sides in the fight for crowns, kingdoms, and bridges. But her greatest adversary of all might be the very man she's trying to free - the husband she betrayed.
With everything she loves in jeopardy, Lara must decide who - and what - she is fighting for: her kingdom, her husband, or for herself.
The Traitor Queen is the second book in Danielle L. Jensen's The Bridge Kingdom series. It picks up shortly after where The Bridge Kingdom, book 1, ends. While I am not a stickler for reading in order, I do believe you need to read The Bridge Kingdom before picking this up.
Lara is a trained assassin who was raised for one purpose..to infiltrate and bring down Ithicana, The Bridge Kingdom, from the inside. Though she came to realize she'd been fed nothing but lies by her father over the course of her life, she still betrays Ithicana and her father is able to take the Bridge. Now she's an outcast, living on the run and trying to overcome her guilt for the part she played in Ithicana's downfall…until she learns Aren has been captured by her father. She knows it's a trap to draw her out, but she knows she's their best chance of saving him…so long as she can convince the rest of the country.
This book was all action. I love how fast-paced it was. I was on the edge of my seat waiting to see how the conflict between Aren and Lara would be resolved. Hers was not a simple mistake, and I wondered how Aren would overcome it, and more importantly, how their people – who had suffered so much because of her actions – would be able to accept her again. Though I was satisfied that she and Aren would be able to come together, I do wish we'd had more resolution with the Ithicanians themselves. That's really my only complaint with this book. From page one there was non-stop action. I truly believed in Lara by the end, and I appreciated Aren's emotional roller coaster. He loved Lara, but she betrayed him and his people. It was so easy to understand the choices they both made, and how they had to suffer the consequences. I would have liked to see another chapter or two in the aftermath, but I understand there may be more book set in this world, so I'll try to be patient.
The Traitor Queen is an action-packed tale full of heartbreak and loss….and hope. Jensen delivered.
The Bridge Kingdom
Tagged: 4.5 Reviews, Audible Original, Audiobook, Danielle L. Jensen, Fantasy, Holly's Reviews, Reviews, Self-Published, The Bridge Kingdom


Butter one side of each slice of bread. On 4 slices of bread, buttered side down, arrange slices of Swiss cheese, corned beef, sauerkraut and dressing. Cover with the remaining slices of bread buttered side up.
In a large non-stick skillet over medium high heat, place the sandwiches butter side down and brown on each side until cheese starts to melt.


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Gets the aggregation information for the given object.
Returns the aggregation information as an associative array of arrays of methods and properties. The key for the main array is the name of the aggregated class.


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blackout 2003: how ontario went dark - solar powered traffic lights
by:Litel Technology 2019-08-24
Ten years after the fact, Kim Warren can still tell you when Ontario lights go out. It was 4:11 p. m.
Thursday, 8 August
In April 2003, Warren was the manager of Ontario Power Grid Master Control Center.
He was in the corridor outside the control room, chatting with a colleague. -
Workers, when the lights flicker.
"It looks strange," he said in an interview.
He hid in the control room and came to a place he would never forget.
Warren, now chief operating officer of an independent power system operator, said: "Looking back at the blackouts of 2003, people"don't believe it. "
"I see a lot of things go wrong.
But when I first entered the control room, all the signs of failure were abnormal. " How far off?
Indicators show that Ontario has less than 8,000 MW of electricity.
Almost one-
In hot summer, one third of the supply is needed.
"Usually any power over 500 MW indicates a problem," Warren said.
"I don't think I've ever seen a child in his 1200s.
"This is the collapse of the whole power system.
Our wallboard is shining like a Christmas tree.
There are six controllers in the center. Warren asks the senior controllers, "Is this true?
"Give me a minute," he said calmly, just as someone called to report that the Bruce B nuclear power plant was disconnected from the grid.
The old man looked at me and said, "Yes.
That's what he said.
"I said to him: Let's carry out the restoration plan.
I'll help you.
"I turned to remind myself not to run.
Walking is important because we have to keep calm.
We are the helmsman of these things.
I remember walking to the door.
The people I've been talking to are still there.
"I said: Give me all the control room operators here and take them to the control room.
I said: Don't let anyone leave the building.
Because we don't know who we need next and how long it will last. " (
As a result, Warren slipped home for an hour at 2 a. m. m.
That night - Friday morning - took a bath and changed clothes.
He did not return home until late Saturday, ending his shift that began Thursday morning. )
Around lakes in Toronto and other major cities, chaos of civilization began to emerge.
The blackout damaged Toronto's traffic lights and subway.
There are four at every intersection. -way stop.
Metro passengers walk home from the blocked traffic to their feeble homes.
In many neighbourhoods, spontaneous barbecues erupt when homeowners come out of their houses at dusk.
Fifty million people lost power in Ontario and eight Americans. S. states.
Although most households resume power supply within a day, businesses across the province face mandatory or voluntary power restrictions within a week, forcing them to cut and close power. A Canada-U. S.
The Task Force investigating blackouts estimated that Ontario lost 18 workers.
Nine million hours of employment, while manufacturing shipments fell by $2. 3 billion.
But that afternoon, Warren had something more pressing in mind - especially when the blackout quickly turned into a political blackout.
Blackouts have surrounded much of northeastern North America.
New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki almost immediately declared publicly that they believed the blackout started in Canada.
The charges quickly reached Warren in the control room, who was already too busy to deal with.
"So the biggest challenge I've ever had, in terms of operating systems," he recalls.
"At the same time, I tried to convince others that we did not create this situation.
A detailed report elaborated by the United States Government. S. -
The Canadian contingent confirmed what Warren already knew: it wasn't Ontario's fault. The blackouts can be traced back to a series of events in Ohio - some natural events, some human events.
Trees and hot weather are natural factors.
Heat promotes demand for energy.
Power generation capacity is tight, transmission line load increases, transmission lines begin to heat up, and begin to tilt toward trees allowed to grow underground.
Then it's a unit in Donghu Coal Mine. -
The thermal power station near Cleveland broke down at 1:31 p. m. m.
That means some transmission lines have to work harder to deliver electricity from outside the region. At 2:02 p. m.
In Dayton, contact between a transmission line and a tree destroys the line.
It also weakens the ability of miso institutions that control the power grid in the region to properly evaluate the system in the next three and a half hours.
System operators can't see that other lines overload when the generator shuts down and the main transmission line disconnects, causing problems for the local power company First Energy. First Edison (FE)
It is blind in itself.
Its alarm and control systems have failed, but "for more than an hour, no one in the FE's control room has realized that their computer systems are not functioning properly," the team concluded.
Since then, blackouts have worsened.
Between 3:03 and 3:42, three other major transmission lines fell into trees and burned.
But the system operators did not realize the development of the crisis until they received emergency calls from power plants and line workers in the region.
Finally, another transmission line failed at 4:05 and most of Cleveland was blacked out. -Akron area.
A local event broke out suddenly in northeastern North America.
When some circuits fail, the power supply impacts other circuits, overloads them and trips the circuit breaker.
Overloaded lines and circuit trips in Western Cleveland.
As the Task Force put it, "As roads were cut off from the west, a huge surge of electricity poured into a counter in New York and Ontario. -
Flow clockwise along Lake Erie.
"More circuit trips.
The whole northeastern United States. S.
Then Eastern Ontario became a huge power island, "the working group wrote.
On that island, electricity demand exceeds supply.
But because there was no way to get more electricity, the whole system became unstable and collapsed.
This is what Kim Warren saw when he was four years old. 11 p. m.
"It took me about 90 seconds to implode. " By 4:13 p. m.
Most states in Ontario and the Great Lakes region do not have electricity.
Blackout is not just an inconvenience.
It highlights some of the vulnerabilities in Ontario's power grid operations.
The power system needs electricity to run -- and it needs to be backed up urgently. -
It was later found that supplies were insufficient.
At a hydroelectric control center in Toronto, a standby diesel generator failed to start, and when workers tried to assess the problem and repair the transmission system, they were plunged into darkness at the outset.
At the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission in Ottawa, the agency's emergency operations centre could not operate because its building had no electricity or backup. -up supply.
Another problem surfaced at Ontario's Pickering B nuclear power plant.
With the closure of the power grid, there is not enough auxiliary power to maintain the pumps in the emergency cooling system.
The pump stopped for five and a half hours.
Even where auxiliary power is not a problem, nuclear power plants are in trouble because the grid is in a state of collapse and they have no place to generate electricity.
The obvious answer is to turn them off -- but that's not what nuclear reactors like to do.
Bruce Electric's factories operate best.
Three quarters of people can control their output without shutting down completely and then reconnect to the grid within five hours.
It took nine days to repair the fourth time.
But many of Ontario's power plants have had to shut down completely.
It's a serious process and it takes several days for them to recover.
One of Darlington's four reactors could be online in a few hours, but the other three took three to four days.
In Pickering, the final reactor did not resume operation until August.
29 - Two weeks after the initial power failure.
The reduction in nuclear power plants has crippled Ontario, and calls on industry and consumers to reduce electricity use more than a week after the accident.
In the meantime, Warren and his operating team continue to face the daunting task of reconnecting thousands of kilometres of transmission lines with Hydro One.
It must be done correctly.
Unbalanced systems, everything could crash again.
Grid operators have received training, but have never faced such a scale of tasks.
Ten years later, Warren is still proud of Ontario's way of recovering from a catastrophic blackout.
But he still wondered how the system had made such a serious mistake elsewhere: "I think we were disappointed by the failure of our neighbours and caused countless grief in Ontario," he said.
"Enterprises have suffered serious injuries as a result.
"Will it happen again?
This is not the question that Bruce Campbell, the current CEO of IESO, likes to answer.
In 2002, a senior IESO executive also vividly recalled that night when he was driving home to help with the crisis, he turned his car back to work.
"Never say no," Campbell said when asking questions.
But he did point out that changes caused by blackouts made similar crises unlikely.
Campbell said part of the problem with the 2003 blackout was that reliability standards for power systems were not clearly defined and enforced.
Ontario already has enforceable standards - if utilities or power companies fail to meet them, they will be fined.
But in 2003, Ontario was the only jurisdiction in North America.
He said the blackout changed the situation - probably the most important outcome of an autopsy. U. S.
He said that jurisdictions have now adopted stricter and enforceable standards: "Since then, many actions have been taken to clarify reliability standards and their applications.
This led to the United States. S.
Follow our steps to make the rules mandatory and enforceable.
Campbell added: "Ontario is not static.
IESO is installing a new simulator where operators can practice on a variety of typical and non-typical models-typical events.
Other grid operators are also acquiring simulators.
Does the new standards and stricter training mean that this will not happen again?
Campbell will not retreat to that corner: "Law enforcement and compliance mechanisms are more robust than they were then, so I think the possibilities will certainly diminish," he said.
But as the long blackouts in parts of the city showed after the July floods, it's still worthwhile to be prepared.
More about the 2003 Northeast Blackout Correction-
August 14, 2013: This article was edited on the basis of a previous version, incorrectly stating that New York City survived the blackout in 2003.
In addition, the article misstated the name of First Energy, an Ohio-based power company that was the source of the blackout.
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