text:
\section{Introduction}

Topology is a branch of mathematics which is concerned with integer-valued
quantities that are preserved under continuous deformations. Different
objects are topologically equivalent as long as they have the same
topological invariant. By describing the global structure of the wave
function in momentum space over the Brillouin zone (BZ) as a topological
invariant, the concept of topology was introduced into condensed matter
physics with the advent of topological insulators, which are insulating in
the bulk but conducting on their surfaces even in the presence of impurities
\cite{RMP82-3045,RMP83-1057}. Shortly after the discovery of topological
insulators, the photonic analogues of topological insulators based on
quantum Hall effect, namely the photonic Chern insulators were proposed and
realized \cite{PRL100-013904,PRL100-013905,nature461-772}. Later,
based on the photonic Chern insulators which are characterized by the
integer-valued Chern numbers, photonic Floquet topological insulators
\cite{nature496-196,ncommun8-13756},
photonic spin-Hall insulators \cite%
{nphoton7-1001,nmat12-233,ncommun8-16023,
ncommun5-5782,nmat15-542} and photonic
valley-Hall insulators \cite{nmat16-298,ncommun8-1304,
nphys14-140,nnano14-31,ncommun10-872,nphoton14-7}
were reported successively, and the field of topological photonics has
flourished \cite{RMP91-015006,nphoton8-821,nphoton11-763,
PQE55-52}. Among all these two-dimensional (2D) photonic
topological insulators, photonic Chern insulators are the most
reliable designs to date that provide truly unidirectional and
backscattering-immune wave transport due to the genuine breakdown of
time-reversal symmetry \cite{PRL61-2015}. They have been reported
experimentally in gyromagnetic photonic crystals at microwave frequencies
\cite{nature461-772} and active resonator networks at optical
frequencies \cite{nphys17-704}.

The investigation of photonic topological insulators has been extended into the nonlinear
regime with the inclusion of the interparticle interactions \cite%
{APR7-021306}. By combining topology with nonlinearity, a novel kind of
solitons dubbed ``bulk solitons" are found (without the linear counterpart) in the bulk
topological bandgap \cite{PRL111-243905}. Unlike the nonlinear edge states
or edge solitons \cite{science370-701,PRL117-143901,ncommun9-3991,LSA9-147,
science372-72,nelectron1-178,ncommun11-1902,PRL123-254103}, the bulk solitons
reside in the bulk of materials. Meanwhile,
these bulk solitons are also different to the conventional lattice solitons \cite{RMP83-247}.
Lattice solitons are formed as a result of the balance between coupling (commonly referred
as diffraction) and nonlinearity. Bulk solitons occur at the nonlinearity induced topological
interfaces. Until now, 1D bulk solitons have been demonstrated in Su-Schrieffer-Heeger
(SSH) chains \cite{LPR13-1900223, PRL118-023901},
and 2D bulk solitons have been demonstrated in both photonic Floquet
insulators \cite{science368-856} and photonic valley-Hall
insulators \cite{LPR13-1900223,PRA98-013827}.

In this paper, we extend the photonic Chern insulators into the nonlinear
regime and study the bulk solitons under a saturable nonlinearity. In contrast to the photonic Floquet
insulators which are driven lattice systems with time-reversal symmetry breaking
replaced by $z$-reversal symmetry breaking \cite{PRL111-243905,science368-856},
our photonic Chern insulator is a non-driven lattice and the actual time-reversal symmetry is broken.
We find that the bulk solitons bifurcate from the linear bulk band edge of the energy spectrum
(rather than the quasi-energy spectrum of a photonic Floquet topological insulator),
and terminate when their powers saturate.
The fundamental bulk solitons exhibit as semi-vortex solitons, where only one pseudospin
component has a nonzero vorticity.
Due to the topology of the photonic Chern insulator in the linear limit, the bulk solitons
are chiral: they have equal angular momentum at different valleys.
This phenomenon is direct evidence of the topology of the linear host lattice
and that the bulk solitons are nonlinearity-induced topological edge states.
The chirality of the bulk solitons is changed when the self-focusing nonlinearity is
switched to the self-defocusing nonlinearity.
Finally, we also demonstrate the stability and robustness of the bulk solitons.
Our results extend the study of Chern insulators
into the nonlinear regime and highlight the interplay between topology and nonlinearity.

\section{Model}

We study a photonic Chern insulator based on the celebrated Haldane model.
It is described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian
with a real nearest-neighbour (NN) hopping (black lines), a complex
next-nearest-neighbour (NNN) hopping (red and blue arrows) and on-site
staggering energies (white and black circles), as shown in Fig. \ref{2d_Haldane}(a).
The wave functions at sublattice sites $A$ (white circles) and $B$ (black circles)
can be treated as two pseudospins.
The length of the nearest-neighbor bonds is $a_{0}$ and the lattice period is
$a=\sqrt{3}a_{0}$. Two reciprocal lattice vectors are $\vec{b}_{1}=\left( 2\pi
/a,2\pi /\sqrt{3}a\right) $ and $\vec{b}_{2}=\left( 0,4\pi /\sqrt{3}a\right)
$, where $\vec{b}_{i}\cdot \vec{a}_{j}=2\pi \delta _{ij}$. In the Brillouin
zone (BZ) shown in Fig. \ref{2d_Haldane}(b), $K$ and $K^{\prime }$ are the
two valleys.

We define two sets of vectors $\vec{e}_{1,2,3}$ and $\vec{v}_{1,2,3}$
for the NN hopping and NNN hopping, respectively. Based on the
Hamiltonian for the Haldane lattice, we add the saturable nonlinear terms
to the on-site energies. Then the coupled equations for the two pesudospin
components $\psi_{A,B}$ are%
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial \psi _{A}\left( \vec{r},t\right) }{\partial t}
&=&\left(\omega_{A}+N_{A}\right) \psi _{A}\left( \vec{r},t\right)
+t_{1}\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{B}\left( \vec{r}+\vec{e}_{i}, t \right)  \notag \\
&+& t_{2}e^{i\phi }\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{A}\left( \vec{r}+\vec{v}_{i},t\right) \notag \\
&+&t_{2}e^{-i\phi }\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{A}\left( \vec{r}-\vec{v}_{i},t\right),  \label{eq1}\\
i\frac{\partial \psi _{B}\left( \vec{r},t\right) }{\partial t}
&=& \left( \omega_{B}+N_{B} \right)\psi _{B}\left( \vec{r},t\right)
+t_{1}\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{A}\left( \vec{r}-\vec{e}_{i},t\right)   \notag \\
&+&t_{2}e^{i\phi }\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{B}\left( \vec{r}-\vec{v}_{i},t\right)   \notag \\
&+&t_{2}e^{-i\phi }\sum_{i=1,2,3}\psi _{B}\left( \vec{r}+\vec{v}_{i},t\right),  \label{eq2}
\end{eqnarray}%
where $t_{1}$ is the real NN hopping, $t_{2}e^{\pm i\phi }$ are complex NNN hoppling,
$\omega_{A,B}$ are on-site staggering energies, and $N_{A,B} =
g\frac{\left\vert \psi _{A,B}\left( \vec{r},t\right)\right\vert ^{2}}{1+\sigma
\left\vert \psi _{A,B}\left( \vec{r},t\right)\right\vert ^{2}}$ characterizes the saturable
nonlinearity with the nonlinear parameter $g$ and saturation coefficient
$\sigma$. Eqs. (\ref{eq1})-(\ref{eq2}) are the discrete nonlinear Schr\"{o}%
dinger equations with two components. In the absence of optical losses, the normalized
power $P=\sum_{\vec{r}}\left( \left\vert \psi _{A}\left( \vec{r}\right)
\right\vert ^{2}+\left\vert \psi _{B}\left( \vec{r}\right) \right\vert
^{2}\right) $ is conserved.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig1.pdf}
\caption{(a) Schematic of the Haldane model with a real
NN hopping (black lines), a complex NNN hopping
(red and blue arrows), and on-site staggering energies (white and black
circles). The rhombus
with green lines is the unit cell. (b) BZ of the
Haldane model, where $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ are the two valleys.}
\label{2d_Haldane}
\end{figure}

For simplicity, we assume that $t_{2}>0$ and $\phi =\pi /2$, since we are focusing on
a photonic Chern insulator. In the linear limit with $g=0$, due to the time-reversal symmetry
breaking, the bulk bands split and lead to a complete
bandgap with $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ valleys \cite{PRL61-2015}.
Specifically, the bulk bands are characterized by Chern numbers, implying the presence of
chiral edge modes. In the nonlinear regime, we are interested in
the modes near the valleys, where the bands have linear
dispersions. We substitute $\psi _{A,B}\left( \vec{r},t\right) =\psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r},t%
\right) \exp \left( i\vec{K}_{\pm}\cdot \vec{r}\right) $ into Eqs. (\ref{eq1})-(%
\ref{eq2}), where $\vec{K}_{\pm }$ correspond to $K$ and $K^{\prime}$
valleys, respectively. Expanding the wave functions around $\vec{r}$
and neglecting the higher order terms, we get%
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial \psi _{1}}{\partial t}
&=&\left(d_{0}+d_{3}+N_{1}\right) \psi _{1}
\pm iv_{F}\frac{\partial\psi _{2}}{\partial x}
+v_{F}\frac{\partial \psi_{2}}{\partial y}, \label{eq3}\\
i\frac{\partial \psi _{2}}{\partial t}
&=&\left(d_{0}-d_{3}+N_{2}\right) \psi _{2}
\pm iv_{F}\frac{\partial\psi _{1} }{\partial x}
-v_{F}\frac{\partial \psi_{1}}{\partial y}, \label{eq4}
\end{eqnarray}%
where $d_{0} =\frac{\omega _{A}+\omega _{B}}{2}$ is the frequency
shift, $d_{3} =\frac{\omega _{A}-\omega _{B}}{2}\pm 3\sqrt{3}t_{2}$
is the effective mass that opens the linear bulk bandgap,
$v_{F}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}t_{1}a$ is the group velocity, and
$N_{1,2} = g\frac{\left\vert \psi _{1,2}\right\vert ^{2}}{1+\sigma
\left\vert \psi _{1,2}\right\vert ^{2}}$. These equations are valid as long as
$\left\vert \frac{\partial \psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right) }{%
\partial \vec{r}}\cdot \vec{e}_{1,2,3}\right\vert \ll \left\vert \psi
_{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right) \right\vert $ and $\left\vert \frac{\partial
\psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right) }{\partial \vec{r}}\cdot \vec{v}%
_{1,2,3}\right\vert \ll \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right)
\right\vert $, which require that $\psi_{A,B}$ should be smoothly distributed
in the lattice and the length of the nearest-neighbor bonds
should be small enough \cite{LPR13-1900223}.
Note that Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}) reduce to the
continuous linear Dirac equations when $d_{3}=g=0$ \cite{ncommun6-6272}.
Besides, unlike the 2D nonlinear Dirac equation where nonlinearity is equivalent
to a mass term \cite{PRA98-013827}, in our model
nonlinearity changes both the values of $d_{0}$ and $d_{3}$ terms.

The solutions for bulk solitons can be found by solving Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4})
using Newton-conjugate-gradient method \cite{CSF137-109783}.
With the harmonic time dependence $e^{-i \omega t}$, we have
\begin{equation}
L_{0}\Psi =0,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
L_{0} =\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
d_{0}+d_{3}-\omega +N_{1}
& v_{F}\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right) \\
v_{F}\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial x}-\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)
& d_{0}-d_{3}-\omega +N_{2}
\end{array}%
\right),
\end{equation}
and $\Psi =\left( \psi _{1},\psi _{2}\right) ^{T}$.
We iteratively update the solution as $\Psi _{n+1}=\Psi _{n}+\Delta \Psi _{n}$,
and the updated amount $\Delta \Psi _{n}$ is computed from the linear Newton-correction
equation%
\begin{equation}
L_{1}^{\dagger }L_{1}\Delta \Psi _{n}=-L_{1}^{\dagger }L_{0}\Psi _{n},
\end{equation}%
where%
\begin{equation}
L_{1}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
d_{0}+d_{3}-\omega +gN^{\prime}_{1}
& v_{F}\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right) \\
v_{F}\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial x}-\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)
&d_{0}-d_{3}-\omega +gN^{\prime}_{2}
\end{array}%
\right),
\end{equation}%
$N^{\prime}_{1,2}
=\frac{2\left\vert \psi _{1,2}\right\vert^{2}+\psi _{1,2}^{2}C}
{1+\sigma \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\right\vert ^{2}}%
-\sigma \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\right\vert ^{2}\psi _{1,2}\frac{\psi
_{1,2}^{\ast }+\psi _{1,2}C}{\left( 1+\sigma \left\vert \psi
_{1,2}\right\vert ^{2}\right) ^{2}}$, and $C$ is the complex conjugate operator.

\section{Bulk solitons}

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{Bulk solitons under the self-focusing nonlinearity with $g = 1$.
(a)-(b) The amplitudes of the two pseudospin components $\psi_{1,2}$
of the bulk solitton at $K$ valley.
(c)-(d) The amplitudes of the two pseudospin components of the bulk solitton
at $K^{\prime}$ valley. The insets in (a)-(d) are the phases.
The parameters are $a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, $\protect%
\sigma =1$, and $\omega =9.1$.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{Bulk solitons under the self-defocusing nonlinearity with $g = -1$.
(a)-(b) The amplitudes of the two pseudospin components $\psi_{1,2}$
of the bulk solitton at $K$ valley.
(c)-(d) The amplitudes of the two pseudospin components of the bulk solitton
at $K^{\prime}$ valley. The insets in (a)-(d) are the phases.
The parameters are $a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, $\protect%
\sigma =1$, and $\omega =10.9$.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

For simplicity, we let $\omega _{1}=\omega _{2}=10$, and thus we have
$d_{3}=\pm 3\sqrt{3}t_{2}$ for $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ valleys, respectively.
The other parameters are $a=1$, $t_{1}=2/\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\sqrt{3}$, and $\sigma =1$.
In the linear limit, the bulk bands create a bandgap where the central frequency is
$\omega=d_{0}=10$ and the bandgap half-width is $|d_{3}|=1$.
In the nonlinear case, we only study the fundamental modes because the higher-order
solitons are usually unstable \cite{PRL116-214101}.
Fig. \ref{fig2} shows the bulk solitons for the self-focusing nonlinearity with
$g=1$ and the frequency is $\omega = 9.1$.
For the bulk soliton at $K$ valley [Figs. \ref{fig2}(a)-(b)], the pseudospin component
$\psi_{2}$ decreases monotonously
from a finite value to zero along the radial direction, but the amplitude of
$\psi_{1}$ features a hump at a nonzero radius. This single hump behavior with a
ring shape is different with the soliton profile for a nonlinear Dirac equation \cite{PRA98-013827}.
From the phase distributions shown in the insets, the phase of
the pseudospin component $\psi_{1}$ increases clockwise by $2\pi $ and thus has a
vorticity with $l_{1}=-1$ around $r=0$. The component $\psi_{2}$
has a zero vorticity with $l_{2}=0$.
The vorticity is defined as $l_{1,2}=\frac{1}{2\pi }\oint_{L}\nabla %
\left[ \arg \left( \psi _{1,2}\right) \right] \cdot d\vec{l}$ with the time
dependence dropped \cite{PRB96-020202}. Since only one component
has a nonzero vorticity, the bulk soliton at $K$ valley is a semi-vortex soliton.
Similarly, from Figs. \ref{fig2}(c)-(d), the bulk soliton at $K^{\prime}$ is also a semi-vortex
soliton. The difference is that, the pseudospin component $\psi_{1}$ has a
zero vorticity with $l_{1}=0$ and the component $\psi_{2}$ has a nonzero
vorticity with $l_{2}=-1$. Such behavior is related to the topology
of the linear host lattice. In the linear Haldane model, time-reversal symmetry is
broken but inversion symmetry is preserved. Since $d_{3}$ has opposite signs
at the $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ valleys, we have equal Berry curvatures
with $\mathbf{\Omega}(K) = \mathbf{\Omega}(K^{\prime})$ and non-zero Chern numbers
for the bulk bands \cite{PRL61-2015}. Due to the same underlying topology,
according to Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}), if we make
transformations $\psi_{1} \rightarrow -\psi_{2}$ and
$\psi_{2} \rightarrow \psi_{1}$ to the equations at
$K$ valley, we can get the equations at $K^{\prime}$ valley. Thus, the bulk solitons
at $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ valleys both rotate clockwise with a phase difference
of $\pi$. In other words, the bulk solitons at different valleys have equal angular momentum.
This chiral behavior of angular momentum is similar to the chiral propagation
of linear edge states in a photonic Chern insulator.
Note that for a photonic valley-Hall insulator, the bulk
solitons at $K$ and $K^{\prime}$ valleys rotate in opposite directions,
and do not show chiral angular momentum (See Supplementary Information).
Fig. \ref{fig3} shows the bulk solitons for the self-defocusing nonlinearity with
$g=-1$ and the frequency is $\omega = 10.9$.
The bulk solitons at $K$ and $K^{\prime} $valleys are also semi-vortex solitons
and they rotate counterclockwise with a phase difference of $\pi$.
Compared with the bulk solitons in Fig. \ref{fig2}, the rotating
direction, namely the chirality of the bulk solitons
is switched by the sign of nonlinearity. This implies that
self-defocusing nonlinearity can also be used to induce the topological
interface and create bulk solitons in photonic topological insulators.

To give more insights into the bulk solitons, we transform Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4})
into polar coordinate system and get
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial \psi_{1} }{\partial t} &=&v_{F}e^{\mp
i\varphi }\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial r}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial
}{\partial \varphi }\right) \psi _{2}
+(d_{3}+N_{1})\psi _{1} , \label{eq9}\\
i\frac{\partial \psi_{2} }{\partial t} &=&v_{F}e^{\pm
i\varphi }\left( \pm i\frac{\partial }{\partial r}-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial
}{\partial \varphi }\right) \psi _{1}
-(d_{3}-N_{2})\psi _{2} . \label{eq10}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the term $d_{0}$ is dropped by a gauge transformation
$\psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r},t\right) =\psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r},t%
\right) \exp \left( -i d_{0} t\right) $.
We seek for 2D bulk solitons with harmonic time dependence and
radial symmetry. First, we study the equations at $K$ valley.
If $d_{3}>0$, we substitute
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\psi _{1}\\
\psi _{2}
\end{array}%
\right) =\left(
\begin{array}{c}
iue^{-i\left( m+1\right) \varphi } \\
ve^{-im\varphi }%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-i\omega t} \label{eq11}
\end{equation}%
into Eqs. (\ref{eq9})-(\ref{eq10}) and
get the following equations%
\begin{eqnarray}
v_{F}\left( \frac{d}{dr}+\frac{m+1}{r}\right) u+\left( d_{3}+\omega -N\left(
v\right) \right) v &=&0, \label{eq12} \\
v_{F}\left( \frac{d}{dr}-\frac{m}{r}\right) v+\left( d_{3}-\omega +N\left(
u\right) \right) u &=&0, \label{eq13}
\end{eqnarray}%
where $N(u,v) = g\frac{\left\vert u,v\right\vert ^{2}}{1+\sigma
\left\vert u,v\right\vert ^{2}}$.
These equations can be numerically solved and admit the existence
of solutions for semi-vortex solitons \cite{LPR13-1900223}.
If $d_{3}<0$, we substitute
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\psi _{1}\\
\psi _{2}
\end{array}%
\right) =\left(
\begin{array}{c}
ue^{im \varphi } \\
ive^{i(m+1)\varphi }%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-i\omega t}
\end{equation}%
into Eqs. (\ref{eq9})-(\ref{eq10}) and
get the following equations%
\begin{eqnarray}
v_{F}\left( \frac{d}{dr}-\frac{m}{r}\right) u+\left( -d_{3}-\omega +N\left(
v\right) \right) v &=&0, \label{eq15}\\
v_{F}\left( \frac{d}{dr}+\frac{m+1}{r}\right) v+\left( -d_{3}+\omega -N\left(
u\right) \right) u &=&0. \label{eq16}
\end{eqnarray}%
These equations are equivalent to Eqs. (\ref{eq12})-(\ref{eq13}) and also
have semi-voretex soliton solutions.
Then we study the equations at $K^{\prime}$ valley.
If $d_{3}>0$, we substitute
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\psi _{1}\\
\psi _{2}
\end{array}%
\right) =\left(
\begin{array}{c}
-iue^{i\left( m+1\right) \varphi } \\
ve^{im\varphi }%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-i\omega t} \label{eq17}
\end{equation}%
and get the same equations as Eqs. (\ref{eq12})-(\ref{eq13}).
If $d_{3}<0$, we substitute
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\psi _{1}\\
\psi _{2}
\end{array}%
\right) =\left(
\begin{array}{c}
ue^{-im \varphi } \\
-ive^{-i(m+1)\varphi }%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-i\omega t} \label{eq18}
\end{equation}%
and get the same equations as Eqs. (\ref{eq15})-(\ref{eq16}).

In our model, we have $d_{3}>0$ and $d_{3}<0$ at $K$ and $K^{\prime}$
valleys, respectively. For the bulk solitons at $K$ valley, the solutions
with $m=0$ and $m=-1$ in Eq. (\ref{eq11}) are the fundamental modes
for self-focusing nonlinearity with $g>0$ and self-defocusing nonlinearity
with $g<0$, respectively. The solution for the bulk soliton in Figs. \ref{fig2}(a)-(b)
is $(\psi_{1},\psi_{2})^{T}=(iue^{-i\varphi},v)^{T}$, and the
bulk soliton in Figs. \ref{fig3}(a)-(b) can be written as
$(\psi_{1},\psi_{2})^{T}=(u,-ive^{i\varphi})^{T}$.
Similarly, for the bulk solitons at $K^{\prime}$ valley, the solutions
with $m=0$ and $m=-1$ in Eq. (\ref{eq18}) are the fundamental modes
for self-focusing nonlinearity with $g>0$ and self-defocusing nonlinearity
with $g<0$, respectively. The solution for the bulk soliton in Figs. \ref{fig2}(c)-(d)
is $(\psi_{1},\psi_{2})^{T}=(u,-ive^{-i\varphi})^{T}$, and the
bulk soliton in Figs. \ref{fig3}(c)-(d) can be written as
$(\psi_{1},\psi_{2})^{T}=(iue^{i\varphi},v)^{T}$.
Thus, we validate the fact that the bulk solitons at different valleys
have the equal angular momentum and the rotating
direction can be changed by the sign of nonlinearity.
Similar discussion can also be carried out for the bulk solitons
in a photonic valley Hall insulator (See Supplementary Information).

We discuss the mode distributions of the bulk solitons.
As an example, we consider the bulk solitions at $K$ valley under the
self-focusing nonlinearity [Figs. \ref{fig2}(a)-(b)] and Eqs. (\ref{eq12})-(\ref{eq13})
with $m=0$ are their governing equations. In the limit of $r \rightarrow 0$,
we have $u (r=0)=0$ and $v^{\prime }\left( r=0\right) =0$.
In the limit of $r=\infty $, mode localization requires that $u\left( r=\infty \right)
=v\left( r=\infty \right) =0$. The contribution from the nonlinear terms
is small and Eqs. (\ref{eq12})-(\ref{eq13}) are
reduced to the linear differential equations. Since the bulk solitons reside
in the bulk bandgap with $\left\vert \omega \right\vert <\left\vert d_{3}\right\vert
$ \cite{JPA50-495207}, the solutions are%
\begin{eqnarray}
u\left( r\right) &=&CK_{m+1}\left( \frac{\sqrt{d_{3}^{2}-\omega ^{2}}}{v_{F}}%
r\right) , \\
v\left( r\right) &=&C\sqrt{\frac{d_{3}-\omega }{d_{3}+\omega }}K_{m}\left(
\frac{\sqrt{d_{3}^{2}-\omega ^{2}}}{v_{F}}r\right) ,
\end{eqnarray}%
with $m=0$. Considering these limiting values, the pseudospin component
$\psi_{1}$ exhibits a hump at a nonzero radius and the component $\psi_{2}$
decreases monotonously from a finite value to zero along the radial direction.
These results agree well with the soliton distribution in Figs. \ref{fig2}(a)-(b).

\section{Existence}

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig4.pdf}
\caption{(a)-(b) The radial distributions of the bulk solitons under the self-focusing
nonlinearity with $g = 1$. (c)-(d) Power [(c)] and IPR [(d)] of the bulk soliton
under the self-focusing nonlinearity with $g = 1$.
(e)-(f) Power [(e)] and IPR [(f)] of the bulk soliton
under the self-defocusing nonlinearity with $g = -1$.
The dashed lines in (b)-(f) denote the lower and upper band edges.
The other parameters in (a)-(f) are $a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, and $\protect%
\sigma =1$. }
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

In this section, we study the existence of the bulk solitons.
We only show the results for the bulk solitons at $K$ valley since
the results at $K^{\prime}$ valley can be obtained from the
transformations $\psi_{1} \rightarrow -\psi_{2}$ and $\psi_{2} \rightarrow \psi_{1}$.
Figs. \ref{fig4}(a)-(b) show the radial distributions of the bulk solitons,
where the parameters are $a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, $g = 1$, and $\protect%
\sigma =1$. Under the self-focusing nonlinearity, the maximum amplitudes
of both the two components increase when the frequency $\omega$ approaches the central
frequency of the bandgap. We define $P_{1,2} =\int \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right)
\right\vert ^{2}d^{2}r$ as the optical powers for the pseudospin components $\psi_{1,2}$.
From Fig. \ref{fig4}(c),
both the curves for $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$ are nonmonotonic. The bulk solitons
bifurcate from the lower band edge at $\omega = 9$ and reside in the topological
bandgap. When the optical powers are large enough, the bulk
soliton terminates and its frequency saturates near $\omega =10$,
which corresponds to the center of the bandgap.
To quantify the degree of localization of the bulk solitons as a function of
frequency, we plot the inverse participation ratios (IPRs) which are
defined as $\text{IPR}_{1,2}=\frac{\int \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}\right)
\right\vert ^{4}d^{2}r}{\left( \int \left\vert \psi _{1,2}\left( \vec{r}%
\right) \right\vert ^{2}d^{2}r\right) ^{2}}$
as a measure of the localizations of the bulk solitons. From Fig. \ref{fig4}(d),
the size (i.e. spatial extent) of the bulk solitons decreases to a minimum
near the center of the existence range. In other words, bulk solitons closer
to the linear band edge and bandgap center have larger spatial extents.
This quantitative result agrees with the amplitude distributions in Figs. \ref{fig4}(a)-(b).
We also show the power and IPR of the bulk solitons under the self-defocusing
nonlinearity with $g=-1$ in Figs. \ref{fig4}(e) and (f), respectively.
In contrast to the bulk solitons under the self-focusing nonlinearity,
the bulk solitons under the self-defocusing nonlinearity
bifurcate from the upper band edge at $\omega = 11$. Thus,
the sign of nonlinearity can also change the bifurcation and existence range
of the bulk solitons.

\section{Stability}

In this section, we study the stability of the bulk solitons.
As an example, we only show the results for the bulk solitions at $K$
valley under the self-focusing nonlinearity,
where the parameters are $a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, $g = 1$, and $\protect%
\sigma =1$.
First, we perform the linear stability analysis by following a
standard linearization procedure. The solution is sought at
the frequency $\delta $ in the form of
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi _{1} &=&e^{-i\omega t}\left( \phi _{1}+\varepsilon _{1}e^{-i\delta
t}+\mu _{1}^{\ast }e^{i\delta ^{\ast }t}\right) , \\
\psi _{2} &=&e^{-i\omega t}\left( \phi _{2}+\varepsilon _{2}e^{-i\delta
t}+\mu _{2}^{\ast }e^{i\delta ^{\ast }t}\right) ,
\end{eqnarray}%
where $\phi _{1,2}e^{-i\omega t}$ are the unperturbed soliton solution, $%
\varepsilon _{1,2}$ and $\mu _{1,2}$ are the infinitesimal amplitudes of the
perturbation. Obviously, the bulk solitons are linearly stable if $\delta $ is
real. They are linearly unstable if the imaginary part of $\delta $, namely the
growth rate, is positive.
Substituting the perturbed solutions into Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}), we get
the linearized equations regarding to $\epsilon_{1}$, $\mu_{1}$, $\epsilon_{2}$,
and $\mu_{2}$. The linearized equations can then be numerically solved
using Fourier collocation method combined with Newton-conjugate-gradient
method \cite{CSF137-109783}.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{fig5.pdf}
\caption{(a) Growth rates $\text{Im}(\delta) $ for bulk solitons at different frequencies.
The dashed line denotes the lower band edge. (b)-(c) The perturbation
eigenmodes $\varepsilon_{1,2}$ with $\omega = 9.35$, which correspond to the
red dot in (a).}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

Fig. \ref{fig5}(a) shows the growth rates $\text{Im}(\delta) $ for
bulk solitons at different frequencies.
Note that the perturbations may come from both the amplitudes and phases. For the
perturbation eigenmode with a certain vorticity $q$, the solution can be written as%
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\psi _{1} \\
\psi _{2}%
\end{array}%
\right) &=&\left[ \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\tilde{\phi}_{1} \\
\tilde{\phi}_{2}%
\end{array}%
\right) +\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\tilde{\varepsilon}_{1} \\
\tilde{\varepsilon}_{2}%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-iq\varphi }e^{-i\delta t}+\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\tilde{\mu}_{1}^{\ast } \\
\tilde{\mu}_{2}^{\ast }%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{iq\varphi }e^{i\delta ^{\ast }t}\right]  \notag \\
&&\left(
\begin{array}{c}
e^{-i\varphi } \\
1%
\end{array}%
\right) e^{-i\omega t}.  \label{eq23}
\end{eqnarray}
We show the perturbation eigenmodes $\varepsilon_{1,2}$ with $\omega=9.35$
in Figs. \ref{fig5}(b)-(c), since the growth rate is largest at this frequency [the red
dot in Fig. \ref{fig5}(a)]. From the figures, the growth rates shown
in Fig. \ref{fig5}(a) correspond to the perturbation eigenmodes with $q=0$.
The contributions from higher-oder perturbations with $q \ne 0$ are negligible.
Since the growth rates are in the order of $10^{-6}$, we can conclude that
the bulk solitons are linearly stable within the
whole spectrum range. Our result agrees with that predicted by
Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion \cite{RQE16-783, PR142-103}. From Fig. \ref{fig4}(c),
the power $P_{2}$ dominates the total power and we have $dP_{2}/d\omega >0$
within the whole spectrum range. Since the pseudospin component $\psi_{2}$
has a zero vorticity, the contributions from the azimuthal perturbations
with $q \ne 0$ (namely
the perturbations from phases) are small \cite{book-soliton}.
Thus, Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion
is valid in our model and correctly predict the stability of the bulk solitons
in a nonlinear photonic Chern insulator.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8.3cm]{fig6.pdf}
\caption{Isosurfaces for the temporal evolutions of the bulk solitons
without [(a)-(b)] and with [(c)-(d)] noises added to the initial input. The
frequency is $\omega = 9.35$.}
\label{fig6}
\end{figure}

Next, we further confirm the stability of the bulk solitons by directly simulating
Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}) based on Runge-Kutta method in the spectrum domain.
The evolution time is $t = 10000$, which is long enough to observe the soliton
dynamics.
When the initial input is selected as the soliton solution with $\omega = 9.35$,
we observe the stationary evolution of the bulk soliton, as shown in
Figs. \ref{fig6}(a)-(b). When $\pm 5 \%$ noises with uniform distributions
are added to the initial input, although the bulk soliton experiences a transverse
displacement, the bulk soliton still exibits as a semi-vortex soliton and
the radii of the isosurfaces are invariant during temporal evolution [Figs. \ref{fig6}(c)-(d)].
Although the pseudospin component $\psi_{1}$ has a nonzero vorticity,
the bulk solitons are only disturbed by the radially symmetric perturbations with $q = 0$
and radial symmetry breaking is not observed. This behavior agrees with the
result from the linear stability analysis.

\section{Robustness}

Since the bulk solitons are nonlinearity induced topological edge states,
it is crucial to study their robustness against lattice disorders.
In this section, we study the robustness of the bulk solitons by adding
disorders to the parameters in Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}) and
observing the temporal evolution of the bulk solitons under a noiseless
input. As an example, we only show the robustness of the bulk soliton with $\omega = 9.35$
at $K$ valley under the self-focusing nonlinearity. The parameters are
$a=1$, $\protect\omega _{1}=\protect\omega _{2}=10$,
$t_{1}=2/\protect\sqrt{3}$, $t_{2}=1/3\protect\sqrt{3}$, $g = 1$, and $\protect%
\sigma =1$. The evolution time is also set as $t = 10000$.
The parameters $\omega_{A,B}$, $t_{1}$, $t_{2}$, $g$,
and $\sigma$ can be treated as two kinds: $\omega_{A,B}$, $g$,
and $\sigma$ are the (equivalent) on-site energies; and
$t_{1}$ and $t_{2}$ are the hopping amplitudes.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig7.pdf}
\caption{Robustness of the bulk soliton with $\omega = 9.35$
at $K$ valley under the self-focusing nonlinearity when ±5\% disorders
are added to $g$ and $\sigma$ [(a)-(b)], $\omega_{A,B}$ [(c)-(d)],
$t_{1}$ [(e)-(f)], and $t_{2}$ [(g)-(h)], respectively.
The left column shows the trajectories of the soliton centers under
the temporal evolution, and the right column shows the amplitudes
of the pseudospin component $\psi_{1}$ at the output with $t = 10000$. }
\label{fig7}
\end{figure}

First, we add ±5\% disorders with uniform distributions
to both $g$ and $\sigma$, and the result is shown
in Figs. \ref{fig7}(a)-(b). Since the nonlinearity is a perturbation to
the on-site energies, disorders from the nonlinear parameter $g$
and saturation coefficient $\sigma$ only induce a small
drift of the soliton center in $xy$ plane [see the soliton trajectory in Fig. \ref{fig7}(a)]
and the soliton profile has no deformation [Fig. \ref{fig7}(b)].
Here we only demonstrate the amplitude of the pseudospin component $\psi_{1}$ at the output
with $t = 10000$ because $\psi_{1}$ has a small optical power [Fig. \ref{fig4}(c)]
and it should be more sensitive to the disorders.

Second, we add ±5\% disorders to both $\omega_{A}$ and $\omega_{B}$.
In contrast to the first case, the bulk soliton shows a considerable
random drift [Fig. \ref{fig7}(c)]. Since periodic boundary conditions are
imposed in the numerical simulations of Eqs. (\ref{eq3})-(\ref{eq4}),
the bulk soliton can move out the simulation domain from one boundary
and reenter from the opposite boundary. Besides, from the amplitude of $\psi_{2}$
shown in Fig. \ref{fig7}(d), there is a deformation of the solition profile.
Considering the structure disorders, we find that the upper and lower band edges are
governed by $\omega_{0} \mp \delta\omega \pm \sqrt{(-\delta\omega+1)^2}$,
where $\omega_{A}=\omega_{B}=\omega_{0}$ and $\delta\omega$ is the strength
of the disorders. Since the robustness of a topological edge state is guaranteed
only when the disorders do not close the bulk bandgap, the disorder strength $\delta\omega$
should be smaller than 0.5. Thus, the robustness of bulk soliton
is degraded due to the large disorders from on-site energies.

Third, we add ±5\% disorders to $t_{1}$. Since the change of the NN hopping
amplitude does not affect the central frequency and bandgap width of the linear bulk
band structure, the bulk soliton in this case has no deformation [Fig. \ref{fig4}(f)].
During temporal evolution, the bulk soliton exhibits a random transverse drift
because of the breakdown of the periodicity of the lattice [Fig. \ref{fig4}(e)].

Finally, we add ±5\% disorders to $t_{2}$. Although the NNN hopping
controls the bandgap width, the bandgap exists as long as we have
$t_{2}\pm \delta t_{2} \ne 0$. This is condition is satisfied obviously.
The bulk soliton does not deform during temporal evolution [Fig. \ref{fig4}(h)],
although it also experiences a transverse drift [Fig. \ref{fig4}(g)].

Regarding to the lattice disorders, our bulk solitons are robust to
the disorders from $g$, $\sigma$, $t_{1}$, and $t_{2}$; and only
weakly perturbed by the disorders from the on-site energies $\omega_{A,B}$.
Experimentally it is possible to reduce the on-site disorders to less than $\pm 5\%$ or
observe the bulk solitons within a short period \cite{science368-856}.
Thus, the bulk solitons are robust against the lattice disorders both
from on-site energies and hopping amplitudes within the whole spectrum range.

\section{Discussion}

From the above results, the bulk solitons reside in a
complete topological bandgap, and they are stable and robust within the
whole spectrum range. Because of these features, it is feasible to
observe the bulk solitons experimentally in a photonic Chern insulator.
In the microwave frequency, a linear photonic Chern insulator has been
realized in gyromagnetic photonic crystals \cite{nature461-772}. Nonlinearity can be introduced
into the photonic crystals using nonlinear elements such as varactors \cite{RMP86-1093}.
In the optical frequency, a linear photonic Chern insulator is also
realized using active resonator networks \cite{nphys17-704}.
Nonlinearity can be easily incorporated by using nonlinear materials and high input power.
Besides, electrical circuit lattices have been proposed recently as the low-frequency
counterparts of the photonic topological insulators\cite{nphys14-875}.
Since both Chern circuits and nonlinear
topological circuits have been demonstrated \cite{PRL122-247702,nelectron1-178},
it is feasible to implement a nonlinear Chern circuit and observe the bulk solitons.

In conclusion, our work predicts the existence of bulk solitons in a nonlinear
photonic Chern insulator and we find that the bulk solitons exhibit as semi-vortex solitons.
Similar to the chiral propagation of the linear edge states, our bulk solitons
are also chiral: the bulk solitons at different valleys have the equal angular momentum.
The chirality of the bulk solitons can be switched by the sign of the nonlinearity.
Moreover, the bulk solitons are stable and robust within the whole spectrum range.
Our work can be extended to study bulk solitons in other photonic topological insulators,
such as the photonic spin-Hall insulators \cite%
{nphoton7-1001,nmat12-233,ncommun8-16023,
ncommun5-5782,nmat15-542}. And our results may be extended to
other platforms, such as ultracold atomic systems \cite{nature515-237,science372-271} and
exciton-polariton systems \cite{nature562-552}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
R.L. was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 12104353.
D.H., G.L., and H.H are supported by the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities. P.L.
was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (NSFC) (11805141), the Applied Basic Research Program
of Shanxi Province (201901D211424), and the Scientific
and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education
Institutions in Shanxi (STIP) (2021L401). Y.L. was sponsored
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) under Grant No. 61871309 and the 111 Project. The
numerical calculations in this paper were supported by
High-Performance Computing Platform of Xidian University.
The authors also acknowledge the Beijing Super Cloud Computing Center (BSCC)
for providing HPC resources that have contributed to part of the research results
reported within this paper. URL: http://www.blsc.cn/.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I do a lot of webcasting and webinars and am trying to build an Auto-Cue / HUD so I can effectively mount my camera "behind" my screen.
The hardware part is relatively easy, but I need to be able to reverse my monitor, since I will actually be viewing a reflection of it.
I can see that UltraMon can do this, but only when mirroring an existing monitor. I don't need the "right-way-round" view and don't want to waste an output from my video card.
Is there a way to do this without a second monitor. How about some kind of "fake" monitor?
(BTW, I know there is AutoCue software out there that can do this, but that is just for a script / text. I want to actually see the desktop and / or the application I am viewing!
Does your monitor have two inputs? If yes you could connect two outputs from the video card to the same monitor, then switch to the main input when you want to boot the system/log in (as UltraMon mirroring isn't active at that time), and switch to the other input when you want to see the flipped display.
I would also recommend checking if performance is sufficient for your needs, UltraMon mirroring won't be as fast as a hardware mirroring solution.
Is it possible to invert a screen in hardware?
I guess a video card driver should be able to do this, but I'm not aware of any which have support for flipping the display.
I did wonder if there are any "fake" drivers out there that would work? Something that makes Windoze think there is a card / monitor there but that basically sends to output to /dev/null.
Are there any that are known to work?
I'm not aware of anything like that, but would also think that this should be possible.


text:
import { Mockgoose } from 'mockgoose';
import mongoose from 'mongoose';

import Book from '../../book/book.model';
import Trade from '../trade.model';
import initTrade from '../init-trade';
import { testBook } from '../../test-util';

describe('Init trade controller', () => {
  const requester = '58dcf48bfa60ba9503dd567d';

  beforeAll(done => {
    mongoose.Promise = Promise;

    return (new Mockgoose(mongoose))
      .prepareStorage()
      .then(() => mongoose.connect(''))
      .then(done, done.fail);
  }, 120000);

  beforeEach(done => {
    return Promise.all([Trade.remove({}), Book.remove({})])
      .then(() => Book.create(testBook))
      .then(done, done.fail);
  });

  afterAll(done => {
    return mongoose
      .disconnect()
      .then(done, done.fail);
  });

  it('initializes a trade and set requestDate', done => {
    const now = Date.now();

    return initTrade({ requester, book: testBook._id, comment: 'abc' })
      .then(trade => {
        expect(trade.requestDate).not.toBeLessThan(now);
        expect(trade.requestDate).not.toBeGreaterThan(Date.now());
      })
      .then(done, done.fail);
  });

  it('does not create new trade for same book/requester', done => {
    const book = testBook._id;
    const query = { requester, book };

    return Trade
      .find(query)
      .exec()
      .then(trades => {
        expect(trades.length).toEqual(0);

        return initTrade({ ...query, comment: '1' });
      })
      .then(() => Trade.find(query).exec())
      .then(trades => {
        expect(trades.length).toEqual(1);

        return initTrade({ ...query, comment: '2' });
      })
      .then(() => Trade.find(query).exec())
      .then(trades => {
        expect(trades.length).toEqual(1);
      })
      .then(done, done.fail);
  });

  it('reject if requesting to trade for one\'s own book', done => {
    return initTrade({
      requester: testBook.user,
      book: testBook._id,
      comment: 'some comments',
    })
      .then(done.fail, done);
  });

  it('reject if no comment (leading/trailing spaces excluded)', done => {
    return initTrade({ requester: testBook.user, book: testBook._id })
      .then(done.fail, done);
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to create an extruded geometry using Helix toolkit MeshBuilder in WPF? I try to make a custom shape by a list of points so you can view this in WPF and the use of the HelixToolKit. To make a start I try to make a simple cube, see code below. But nothing is shown in the WPF form. What is wrong about the code?
MeshBuilder builder = new MeshBuilder();
// points
IList<Point> points = new List<Point>();
points.Add(new Point(0, 0));
points.Add(new Point(0, 100));
points.Add(new Point(100, 100));
points.Add(new Point(100, 0));

Vector3D extrusionVector = new Vector3D(0, 0, 1);
Point3D p0 = new Point3D(0, 0, 0);
Point3D p1 = new Point3D(0, 0, 1);

builder.AddExtrudedGeometry(points, extrusionVector, p0, p1);

GeometryModel3D geomModel = new GeometryModel3D { Geometry = builder.ToMesh(), Material = Materials.Red, BackMaterial = Materials.Gray };
ModelVisual3D cube = new ModelVisual3D();
cube.Content = geomModel;
viewPort3d.Children.Add(cube);

<Window x:Class="HelixWpfAppOne.MainWindow"
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
    xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
    xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
    xmlns:helix="http://helix-toolkit.org/wpf"
    xmlns:local="clr-namespace:HelixWpfAppOne"
    mc:Ignorable="d"
    Title="MainWindow" Height="450" Width="800">
<Grid>
    <helix:HelixViewport3D x:Name="viewPort3d" ZoomExtentsWhenLoaded="true" Grid.RowSpan="2" >
        <!-- Remember to add light to the scene -->
        <helix:DefaultLights/>
        <helix:GridLinesVisual3D Width="200" Length="200" Thickness="0.1" MinorDistance="5" MajorDistance="10" Fill="#FFB2B2B2"/>
    </helix:HelixViewport3D>

</Grid>

A: pls check the definition of AddExtrudedGeometry, I changed the parameters then it can show the 3d model. I find there are something wired when I change the parameters. If you want to build an extrued model, pls see ExtrudedVisual3D(). that works fine.
        var render = new ExtrudedVisual3D();
        render.Section = contour;
        render.Path.Add(new Point3D(0, 0, 0));
        render.Path.Add(new Point3D(0, 0, bimWall.Thickness));
        render.SectionXAxis = axis;
        render.Fill = Brushes.WhiteSmoke;
        render.IsPathClosed = true;
        render.IsSectionClosed = true;
        var wallModel = new ModelVisual3D();
        wallModel.Children.Add(render);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Grounding of Boeing Plane Hovers Over Big Air Show in Paris
Uncertainty over a Boeing jet and apprehension about the global economy hover over the aircraft industry as it prepares for next week's Paris Air Show.
David Koenig, AP Airlines Writer
That show and its alternating-years companion, the Farnborough International Airshow near London, are usually upbeat celebrations of the latest and greatest in aviation technology. In recent boom years, they have become a stage for huge aircraft orders.
This year, however, the mood could be different.
The Boeing 737 Max has been grounded worldwide for three months after new flight software played a role in two deadly plane crashes. There is no clear date for when it might fly again.
There are other troubling signs for the industry. After several years of surging growth, passenger traffic in March grew at the weakest rate in nine years, although April was slightly better. The chief of the International Air Transport Association, a global airline trade group, blamed a slowing global economy and damage from tariffs and trade fights.
Air cargo shipments — considered a leading economic indicator — fell 4.7% in April, continuing a slump that began in January and could dent demand for air freighters.
And airlines have committed to buy so many planes that Boeing now has a backlog of 5,500 orders and Airbus has 7,200 — far higher than usual. Airlines might not have much appetite for more.
"There is a lot to be concerned about," said Richard Aboulafia, an aerospace analyst with Teal Group. "It might make for kind of a grim Paris."
Heading into the show, Boeing and Airbus have reported much weaker orders this year. Boeing received no orders in May after getting just one in April. Deliveries of completed jets tumbled 56% last month as it stopped shipping new Max jets. Airbus saw an increase in deliveries, but it reported just one new order last month.
Airlines have placed so many orders for the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 family already that analysts expect few new sales for those so-called narrowbody planes during the air show.
Credit Suisse analysts predicted that no airline will order any more Max jets until the grounding is lifted.
"I do believe that that aircraft will get back in the air and commercially minded airlines will buy it, but just not next week," said Samuel Engel, a senior executive at the airline and aircraft-finance consultant ICF. He said public doubt and fear about flying on the plane is too great right now but — and this is a view widely shared in the industry — will diminish over time.
With so many of its airline customers and suppliers at the air show, Boeing will be under pressure to provide an update on the Max's expected return to flying, and how quickly after that Boeing can increase production. The company cut Max production in mid-April from a rate of 52 planes a month to 42.
The Max, the newest version of Boeing's best-selling plane, is critical to the company's future. The Max was a direct response to Airbus' fuel-efficient A320neo. Airbus has taken 6,500 orders for various neo models, outpacing the Max with its nearly 5,000 orders.
Boeing has struggled to get a handle on the Max controversy. Its fix for software implicated in crashes that killed 346 people has taken months longer than expected, and it is unclear how long it will take the Federal Aviation Administration and other regulators to approve Boeing's work.
The acting head of the FAA has faulted the company for not telling regulators for more than year that a safety indicator in the Max cockpit didn't work. Pilots were furious that the company didn't tell them about the new software on the plane.
Boeing's public-relations strategy has been "measured and passed through lawyers," said Engel, who believes its leaders need to be more forthcoming. "Information that seemed to be important to the discussion came from outside Boeing. The company should be putting that information out there ahead of bloggers."
The company plans to hold briefings on the Max and its business strategy during the air show. "The air show is an important event for us to meet with customers, partners and suppliers and engage with them on our path forward on the 737 MAX and reinforce our unrelenting commitment to safety," Boeing spokesman Peter Pedraza said in a statement.
Press coverage of the air shows often boils down to who logs the most sales, Boeing or Airbus.
"Airbus tends to stockpile or hold on to orders to announce at the air show, so I would certainly expect more activity out of Airbus than Boeing" in Paris, said Ken Herbert, an aerospace analyst for Canaccord Genuity. "I don't think that will surprise anybody, considering the Max and everything else."
Herbert said if Boeing can just make "a decent to good showing" in orders for its bigger "widebody" planes, the 777 and 787, the event will be deemed a success for the Chicago-based company.
There is widespread expectation in aviation circles that Airbus will use the air show to officially launch a new plane, the A321XLR, a long-range version of its popular A320 family, which could set off several plot twists in the competition between Boeing and Airbus.
American Airlines is considering the plane as a replacement for its fleet of aging Boeing 757 jets, according to Bloomberg. A spokeswoman for American declined to comment.
If a U.S. airline like American — the biggest carrier in the world — steps forward as an early buyer of a plane from Boeing's European rival, it will make a big splash.
The ripples could extend to the board room at Boeing headquarters. Boeing is considering whether to build a new jet — the concept is dubbed New Midsize Airplane, or NMA — that would be close in size to the A321XLR. It would fill a gap in the Boeing lineup between the smaller 737 and the larger 777 and 787.
Some analysts believe that if American orders the A321XLR, it will give Boeing more incentive to push ahead with the NMA rather than surrender a portion of the market to Airbus.
The long boom for aircraft manufacturers has already lasted longer than expected. The Paris show could tell whether airlines are optimistic enough about the economy and travel demand to keep buying, even though new orders so far in 2019 have been anemic.
"If people are going to trot out orders, it's here," Aboulafia said. But, he added, "We are in year 15 of a seven-year cycle."
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The search has yielded plane parts but no sign of survivors.
NTSB: Flight Instructor Oversight Needed
11 died in a 2019 crash piloted by a man who was not competently trained.
Boeing Owes $2.5B Over Max Jet Claims
The settlement with the Justice Department includes money for crash victims.
Boeing Max Returns to US Skies
American Airlines flight 718 carried 87 passengers from Miami to New York.
FAA Outlines New Drone Rules
The rules bring the nation closer to more routine drone operations, including for package delivery.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Explore today's home through the prism of yesterday's imagination. Are we living in the way that pioneering architects and designers throughout the 20th century predicted, or has our idea of home proved resistant to real change? The "Home of the future" has long intrigued designers and popular culture alike. Immerse yourself in a series of dreamlike passages and rooms designed by New York-based architects SO-IL and explore yesterday's visions of the future – as avant-garde speculations are displayed alongside contemporary objects and new commissions.
Discover more than 200 objects and experiences to trace the key social and technological aspirations that have driven change in the home. Historical notions of the mechanised home and the compact home are displayed alongside contemporary phenomena such as connected devices and the sharing economy. To mark the Home Futures exhibition, guest authors take stock of some of the changes that the contemporary domestic interior has endured in the last two decades. What happened to the TV, the telephone, the bed?
In partnership with IKEA Museum.


AF Interiors draws inspiration from a wide range of styles and design eras, resulting in a uniquely eclectic décor. Click an image to view it larger.
*Interiors depicted on this site are not necessarily client work of AF Interiors but are representative of the style of designs of AF Interiors.


text:
Elizabeth A. Crowley (born October 22, 1951) is an American politician and former Democratic member of the Rhode Island Senate representing District 16 from 2009 to 2021.

Education
Crowley graduated from Salve Regina University.

Elections
2012 Crowley was challenged by former state Representative Joseph Moran in the September 11, 2012 Democratic Primary; Crowley won with 1,189 votes (67.8%), and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 4,616 votes (89.7%) against Moderate candidate Nicholas Gelfuso.
2008 Crowley challenged District 16 incumbent Senator Daniel Issa in the September 9, 2008 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,162 votes (62.4%), and won the November 4, 2008 General election with 4,575 votes (86.7%) against Republican nominee Albert Larivee.
2010 Crowley was challenged by former Senator Issa in the September 23, 2010 Democratic Primary; Crowley won with 1,084 votes (55.1%), and won the November 2, 2010 General election with 2,521 votes (75.2%) against Republican nominee Ernest Cabral, who had run for House seats in 2002 and 2004.

References

External links
Official page at the Rhode Island General Assembly

Elizabeth Crowley at Ballotpedia
Elizabeth A. Crowley at the National Institute on Money in State Politics

Place of birth missing (living people)
1951 births
Living people
People from Central Falls, Rhode Island
Democratic Party Rhode Island state senators
Salve Regina University alumni
Women state legislators in Rhode Island
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home / Gov. Whitmer Signs New Executive Order in the Fight Against the Coronavirus
Gov. Whitmer Signs New Executive Order in the Fight Against the Coronavirus
Megan Kirk
Governor Gretchen Whitmer and Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Chief Medical Executive Dr. Joneigh Khaldun held a press conference to update Michiganders on the COVID-19 crisis and control the spread with the introduction of a new executive order.
Today, Gov. Whitmer signed Executive Order 2020-193 enacting the bipartisan Protect Michigan Commission with the Department of Health and Human Services to educate Michigan residents on the safety and efficacy of an approved COVID-19 vaccine and protect the health of the citizens.
"Right now, we are on the brink of great breakthroughs when it comes to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, and we must begin to educate Michiganders about how important it is that we all get vaccinated so we can eradicate this virus once and for all. That's what the Protect Michigan commission is all about," Governor Whitmer says. "This bipartisan group of leaders is uniquely equipped to help reinforce the importance of everyone getting vaccinated. Until we eliminate COVID-19 once and for all, we must continue to wear masks, practice safe social distancing, and wash hands frequently. Let's all continue to do our part."
Chaired by several community leaders such as Lieutenant Governor Garlin Gilchrist II; Former Lieutenant Governor Brian Calley; Chief Medical Executive and DHHS Chief Deputy for Health Dr. Joneigh Khaldun; Detroit Pistons player Blake Griffin; Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, MD, MPH, FAAP, Associate Professor of Pediatrics and C.S. Mott Endowed Professor of Public Health; SER Metro CEO Eva Dewaelsche; Soumit Pendharkar, MHA, FACHE, Health Administrator for the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; Spectrum Health President & CEO Tina Freese-Decker; and Jamie Brown, Registered Nurse and President of the Michigan Nurses Association, the commission will consist of at least 50 members to help reflect Michigan's diversity.
"This year, we have confronted some of the greatest challenges of our generation, and, in every moment, Michiganders have risen to meet these challenges head-on," Lt. Governor Gilchrist says. "With a safe and effective vaccine on the horizon, the Protect Michigan commission is bringing our state together once again to ensure that every Michigander has the information and resources they need to get vaccinated at the appropriate time. Our clearest path to healthy communities, a growing economy, and kids learning in their classrooms is through this vaccine."
As the federal government gets closer to a vaccine's approval, both Pfizer and Moderna have submitted official requests for emergency use authorization through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Both companies are looking to release their vaccines as early as this month. The two-dose vaccination will be made available, first, to frontline workers and employees of health agencies. Vaccinations for the general public are expected to de distributed in early spring 2021. Still, residents are urged to begin consulting with their healthcare provider and to continue doing their part in stopping the spread.
"One of the most important things every adult should be doing now is planning for how they will get the vaccine when it becomes available to them. The Protect Michigan Commission will make sure all Michiganders have the information they need to make those plans," says Chief Medical Executive and MDHHS Chief Deputy for Health Dr. Joneigh Khaldun. "As we get closer to distributing a safe and effective vaccine, think about how you can play a role in ending this pandemic. Wear your mask now so you can prevent the spread and avoid indoor gatherings. 2021 will be the year when Michigan beats back this pandemic, we just have to stay the course."


text:
Dr. Hatem El Haj
Dr. Hatem Al-Haj has a PhD in Comparative Fiqh from al-Jinan University. He is a pediatrician, former Dean of the College of Islamic Studies at Mishkah University, and a member of the permanent Fatwa Committee of the Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America (AMJA).
Stories By Dr. Hatem El Haj
Zakat Eligibility of Islamic Organizations
All Praise Be to Allah, and May His Blessings and Peace Be on His Final Messenger In response to a question about the zakat (zakât, zakâh)...
Raising a Child between Ages 7-12
From a cognitive-development standpoint, this is called a concrete operational period, according to Jean Piaget. (N.B: Some adults never progress beyond this phase, while 15% of...
Raising A Child Between Ages 2-7 | Dr Hatem Al Haj
This is called a pre-operational period by Jean Piaget who was focused on cognitive development. Children this age have difficulty reconciling between different dimensions or seemingly...
Parenting: Raising a Child from Age 0 to 2 | Dr. Hatem Al Haj
In this age group, infants were thought by Jean Piaget to develop skills and experience through sensations and movements; that is why he called it the...
Sharia and Reform | Dr Hatem Al-Haj
Many 'conservative' Muslims feel instantly uncomfortable when they hear someone talk about tajdeed (renewal) of the religion. Some of us do this out of fear of...
An Issue with Slavery | Dr Hatem Al Haj
By Dr Hatem Al Haj The issue of slavery may be of the hardest issues to discuss. Our collective conscience as a global community is extremely...
Reflections on Terrorism | Dr Hatem al-Haj
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful I am sure most of you have reflected on the terrorist attacks that took place in...
Reviving the Role of the Masjid | Part 2 | Dr Hatem Al Haj
| Part 1 | Written by Dr. Hatem AlHaj II. We need to build them correctly By building them correctly, I don't mean making them fancy and...
Written by Dr. Hatem AlHaj As the primary religious institution, the masjid has the greatest role in community building, and its success in performing this role...


HDFC bank is one of the country's top private sector banks that has constantly served the people and helped them realize their dreams. It is one of the largest banks in India in terms of market capitalisation. The bank has ensured a strong presence in the country with 12,087 ATMs and 4,555 branches available in 2,597 towns and cities. It was incorporated in the August of 1994, when RBI gave the principal approval to Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, so that it could set up a private sector bank. The bank has made a special place for itself in the banking world. HDFC Bank merged with Times Bank Limited in 2000 and this was the first instance when two private sector banks amalgamated with each other.
HDFC bank has been able to enjoy market leadership because it has been successful in providing effective financial products and services to its customers. The bank has been using state of the art technology to bring innovation in its offering and has maintained a healthy financial growth. The bank was ranked as number one in the category of best domestic provider of FX services in Asiamoney FX Poll 2016. Lucknow is one of the cities listed in the Smart cities mission and is an important centre of chikan industry and education in Uttar Pradesh. HDFC bank has set up more than 20 branches in the city so that the financial needs are met on time without any sort of failure.
HDFC Bank has a package full of financial products that are capable enough to fulfill the needs of the target customer. Residents of the city of Nawabs, Lucknow can obtain finance for any of their needs. The different loan products offered to the customers are an education loan, car loan, business loan, gold loan, personal loan, home loan, loan against property and fixed deposit. We have accumulated important information for you in the form of tables. Don't forget to have a look at them.


text:
Q: Questionwith AngularJS ng-repeat and json data Being new to AngularJS it seems certain things should be simple but I reaching out for support on the correct way to retrieve json data using ng-repeat. I've searched through other posts but still cannot solve the problem. What am I doing wrong here?
html:

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <title>Configuration Admin</title>

{{programs.title}}

json data:
{
    "programs": [{
        "title": "MA History"
    }, {
        "title": "MA  Biology"
    }, {
        "title": "MA Chemistry"
    }, {
        "title": "MA Classical Studies"
    }, {
        "title": "MA Liberal Arts"
    }]
}

A: You code needs a couple of changes but you're almost there:
$scope.programs = data.programs;

and (singular program for title

{{program.title}}

Working reference version here:
http://plnkr.co/edit/JwmmA5?p=preview

A: In your ng-repeat you are assign the current iterator item to a variable called program however in your html to are referencing {{programs.title}} (programs with an 's')
Change it to this and it should work {{program.title}}


text:
A kék szajkó  (Cyanocitta cristata) a madarak osztályának verébalakúak (Passeriformes) rendjébe és a varjúfélék (Corvidae) családjába tartozó faj.

Rendszerezése
A fajt Johann Friedrich Gmelin német természettudós írta le 1788-ban, a Corvus nembe Corvus cristatus néven.

Alfajai
 partvidéki kék szajkó Cyanocitta cristata cristata – az Amerikai Egyesült Államok atlanti-óceáni partvidékén honos, Észak-Karolina államtól egészen Texasig, kivéve Florida legdélebbi részét. Középméretű, nagyon kék alfaj.
 északi kék szajkó Cyanocitta cristata bromia – Kanada és az USA északi része. A legnagyobb alfaj. Világoskék színű.
 belföldi kék szajkó Cyanocitta cristata cyanotephra – Az Egyesült Államok középső területein honos, északon a Cyanocitta cristata bromia alfajjal határos az elterjedési területe. Középméretű, a hátán sötétkék, alul fehér hasú.
 floridai kék szajkó Cyanocitta cristata semplei – Florida déli részén él. Ez a legkisebb alfaj.

Előfordulása
Észak-Amerika keleti részén széles körben elterjedt faj, Kanada déli részétől egészen a Mexikói-öbölig fordul elő. Általában egész évben egy helyben él, csak az északi területeken élők vonulnak télre délebbi területekre.

Eredetileg erdőlakó faj volt, mára azonban, főleg télire, gyakran felkeresi az emberi településeket, külvárosokat, parkokat is. Az észak-amerikai kontinens nyugati részén közeli rokona, a bóbitás szajkó (Cyanocitta stelleri) váltja fel, mely Alaszkától délre egészen Nicaraguáig előfordul.

Megjelenése
Testhossza 30 centiméter, szárnyfesztávolsága 34-43 centiméter, súlya 70-100 gramm.  Háta kék, torkán egy fekete örv látható. Arca és hasa fehér. Szárnya kék-fekete-fehér mintázatú, farka fekete-fehéren csíkozott. Jellegzetes bélyege rövid felmereszthető bóbitája.

Életmódja
Párosával vagy kisebb csapatban él, a táplálékban különösen bőségesen ellátott helyeken olykor nagyobb csapat is összeverődhet.
Elég hangos faj.

Magvakat, bogyókat, gyümölcsöket, rovarokat gyűjt a talajon és az aljnövényzetben. Közismert fészekrabló madár, előszeretettel rabolja ki a kisebb madarak fészkeit.

Annak ellenére, hogy a többségük vonuló, nagy mennyiségű makkot, diót halmoz fel föld alatti üregekben, faodvakban. Vonuláskor nagy, lármás csapatokat alkot.

Szaporodása
Monogám faj, a párok életük végéig együtt maradnak.
Fészkét fákra, bokrokra gallyakból, fűből építi. Előszeretettel rak fészket tűlevelű fákra. 3-6 zöldes, barnásan mintázott tojást rak. A tojásokon csak a tojó kotlik 17 napig. A fiatal madarak 17-21 nap múlva hagyják el a fészket.

Természetvédelmi helyzete
Az elterjedési területe rendkívül nagy, egyedszáma pedig pedig stabil. A Természetvédelmi Világszövetség Vörös listáján nem fenyegetett fajként szerepel.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Források

 A világ madarai, Budapest, Panem Kft, 1994-,  - magyar neve

További információk
 Képek az interneten a fajról
 Ibc.lynxeds.com - videó a fajról

Kék szajkó, a mátyásmadár amerikai rokona

Cyanocitta
Madárfajok
Kanada madarai
Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok madarai
Mexikó madarai


Seattle-based Modumetal, an advanced materials startup, is closing a new round of equity funding worth between $1.5 million and $2 million, according to co-founder and CEO Christina Lomasney. The round includes existing Seattle-area investors Alliance of Angels and Second Avenue Partners, as well as new investor WRF Capital.
Modumetal "grows" what are called nanolaminated structures in vats using a patented process. These nanomaterials are essentially new kinds of metals that are stronger and lighter than steel. The original idea behind the company was to make better armor and structural components for the military and other applications, and the company has been supported in part by U.S. government grants. But Modumetal is now seizing some new opportunities, both short-term and long-term.
In particular, the new funding will be used to expand Modumetal's effort in creating new kinds of coatings that resist corrosion in manufacturing lines, and withstand high temperatures in engines and turbines so they'll run more efficiently. All while replacing toxic metals like chromium and cadmium, which are used in most anti-corrosion materials. It's not the sexiest sounding application, but Lomasney says anti-corrosion and thermal barriers add up to a staggering $500 billion market. She says Modumetal's first large-scale products will hit the market this year, targeted at aerospace manufacturers and the maritime industry, as well as transportation, military, and oil and gas sectors.
Modumetal has grown (in a vat?) to 15 employees. I first reported on the company last summer, and will have more on its technology and strategy soon.


text:
Frassenara ima više značenja:
 Frassenara, Padova
 Frassenara, Vicenza


text:
#ifndef MediaStreamCenter_h
#define MediaStreamCenter_h

#include "platform/PlatformExport.h"
#include "platform/heap/Handle.h"
#include "public/platform/WebMediaStreamCenterClient.h"
#include "wtf/OwnPtr.h"
#include "wtf/PassRefPtr.h"
#include "wtf/text/WTFString.h"

namespace blink {

class AudioSourceProvider;
class MediaStreamComponent;
class MediaStreamDescriptor;
class WebMediaStream;
class WebMediaStreamCenter;
class WebMediaStreamTrack;

class PLATFORM_EXPORT MediaStreamCenter final : public WebMediaStreamCenterClient {
    WTF_MAKE_NONCOPYABLE(MediaStreamCenter);
public:
    virtual ~MediaStreamCenter();

    static MediaStreamCenter& instance();

    void didCreateMediaStreamTrack(MediaStreamComponent*);
    void didSetMediaStreamTrackEnabled(MediaStreamComponent*);
    bool didStopMediaStreamTrack(MediaStreamComponent*);
    PassOwnPtr<AudioSourceProvider> createWebAudioSourceFromMediaStreamTrack(MediaStreamComponent*);

    void didCreateMediaStream(MediaStreamDescriptor*);
    void didCreateMediaStreamAndTracks(MediaStreamDescriptor*);
    bool didAddMediaStreamTrack(MediaStreamDescriptor*, MediaStreamComponent*);
    bool didRemoveMediaStreamTrack(MediaStreamDescriptor*, MediaStreamComponent*);
    void didStopLocalMediaStream(MediaStreamDescriptor*);

    // blink::WebMediaStreamCenterClient
    virtual void stopLocalMediaStream(const WebMediaStream&) override;

private:
    MediaStreamCenter();

    OwnPtr<WebMediaStreamCenter> m_private;
};

} // namespace blink

#endif // MediaStreamCenter_h


text:
Dr Imelda Drumm is a Lecturer in Vocal Studies in the RIAM. As a mezzo soprano, and (Principal Soloist) her most recent role is with Irish National Opera, as Amneris in Verdi's Aida, Bord Gais Energy Theatre, 2018. She teaches classical vocal technique to singers of all ages and abilities, male and female. She has over ten years teaching experience and has mentored singers learning as children, those both in part-time and in full-time study to doctorate level, including post-graduate young professionals.
Imelda studied with Dr Veronica Dunne at the RIAM and Anne-Marie O'Sullivan at the Conservatory of Music TU previously known as the DIT. She is a graduate of the National Opera Studio, London, having received sponsorship from Glyndebourne Opera who awarded her both the ESSO Touring Award and Richard Lewis/Jean Shanks Festival Awards.
Imelda enjoys a very successful international singing career as a soloist. For over 30 years she has forged strong relationships with Glyndebourne Opera and Welsh National Opera and here in Ireland with Opera Ireland, Opera Theatre Company, Wide Open Opera, Lyric Opera, Irish National Opera and both national orchestras, the RTE Concert and National Symphony Orchestra.
Although a specialist in opera, Imelda has collaborated with leading Irish composers including John Buckley and Seoirse Bodley. She premiered a new work by Seoirse Bodley Reservoir Voices with soprano Silvia O'Brien at the RIAM in 2018.
Imelda's research focuses on hormonal vocal influence and she assists singers who are experiencing age related vocal concerns.


text:
Major League Baseball presents a variety of annual awards and trophies to recognize both its teams and its players. Three team trophies are awarded annually: one each to the National League and American League champions, and one of the champion of the World Series. Additionally, various organizations—such as the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) and the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball—present awards for such accomplishments as excellence in batting, pitching performance, fielding prowess, and community service.

The Most Valuable Player Award, commonly known as the "MVP", is the oldest individual award, given in its current format since 1931. MVP awards are also presented for performances in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the League Championship Series, and the World Series.  Offensive awards include the Silver Slugger Award and the Hank Aaron Award, while the Cy Young Award and Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award recognize pitching; the Rawlings Gold Glove Award is given for fielding. The newest award is the All-MLB Team, introduced in 2019 to honor the best players at each position across all of MLB. Before that time, the most recently established awards were the Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award and Major League Baseball Comeback Player of the Year Award, both established in 2005. Additionally, the Commissioner, at his discretion, can present an Historic Achievement Award for any great contribution to the sport that he deems worthy.

Team awards

Commissioner's Trophy

The Commissioner's Trophy is presented each year by the Commissioner of Baseball to the Major League Baseball team that wins the World Series. The World Series is played between the champion clubs of the American League and the National League. The "modern" World Series has been played every year since 1903 with the exception of 1904, which was cancelled when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans, and 1994, which was cancelled due to the players' strike.

Baseball has employed various championship formulas since the 1860s. When the term "World Series" is used by itself, it is usually understood to refer to the "modern" World Series exclusively. The World Series championship is determined through a best-of-seven playoff. Best-of-seven has been the format of nearly all of the modern World Series, except 1903 and 1919–1921 which were best-of-nine. In addition to the Commissioner's Trophy, each player on the winning team receives an individual World Series ring. The Commissioner's Trophy has been awarded to the Series winner since 1967.

Recent trophy designs contain flags representing each team in each league. It is the only championship trophy of the four major sports in the United States that is not named after a particular person (contrasting with the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup, the National Football League's Vince Lombardi Trophy, and the National Basketball Association's Larry O'Brien Trophy). The current  holders of the trophy are the Houston Astros of the American League, who won the 2022 World Series.

Warren C. Giles Trophy

The Warren C. Giles Trophy is presented annually to the champion of the National League. The award is named for Warren Giles, who was league president from 1951 to 1969. Until 2017 the award was passed from champion to champion (like the NHL's Stanley Cup, but unlike the American League) as opposed a new trophy being created each season. Starting in 2017, an identical trophy as the American League trophy was made, and a new trophy is now made each season. Warren's son Bill Giles, the honorary league president and former part-owner of the Philadelphia Phillies, presents the trophy to the National League champion at the conclusion of each National League Championship Series. The Philadelphia Phillies are the current holders of the Giles Trophy after beating the San Diego Padres in the 2022 National League Championship Series.

William Harridge Trophy

The William Harridge Trophy is the American League's counterpart to the Giles Trophy, and is presented each year to the American League champion. Prior to 2017, the trophy featured a golden eagle, the league's emblem, sitting atop a silver baseball and clutching the American League banner. Since 2017, the trophy is all silver with a pennant on top. The trophy is named for Will Harridge, who was league president from 1931 to 1958. The Houston Astros are the current holders of the Harridge Trophy in honor of their 2022 American League Championship Series win over the New York Yankees. A new trophy is awarded each season.

Individual awards

Most Valuable Player

The Most Valuable Player Award (commonly known as the MVP) is an annual award given to one outstanding player in each league of Major League Baseball. The MVP originated in 1910 as the Chalmers Award, sponsored by the Chalmers Automobile Company. Chalmers presented the award until 1914. The National and American Leagues presented their own "League Awards" from 1922 to 1929, after which the BBWAA began to present an unofficial award. Since 1931, it has been officially presented by the BBWAA. It was officially called the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award until 2020, following complaints from past MVP winners about Landis's role in stonewalling racial integration. The most recent award winners are Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees in the American League and Paul Goldschmidt of the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League.

Lou Gehrig Memorial Award

The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award is given annually to a Major League Baseball (MLB) player who best exhibits the character and integrity of Lou Gehrig, both on the field and off it. The award was created by the Phi Delta Theta fraternity in honor of Gehrig, who was a member of the fraternity at Columbia University. It was first presented in , fourteen years after Gehrig's death. The award's purpose is to recognize a player's exemplary contributions in "both his community and philanthropy."  The bestowal of the award is overseen by the headquarters of the Phi Delta Theta in Oxford, Ohio, and the name of each winner is inscribed onto the Lou Gehrig Award plaque in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. It is the only MLB award conferred by a fraternity.
copied content from [[Lou Gehrig Memorial Award]]; see that page's history for attribution

Cy Young Award

The Cy Young Award is an honor given annually in baseball to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball, one each for the American and National Leagues. The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but after Frick's retirement in 1967, the award was given to one pitcher in each league. Each league's award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, with two representatives from each team. The most recent award winners are Justin Verlander of the Houston Astros in the American League and Sandy Alcantara of the Miami Marlins in the National League.

Rookie of the Year

The Rookie of the Year Award is given annually to one player from each league, as voted upon by the BBWAA. The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA who alone selected a rookie of the year. Starting in , all members of the national BBWAA organization voted. Jackie Robinson was awarded the first official Rookie of the Year award. The award was originally known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s. In 1987, it was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award, in honor of the 40th year since Robinson broke the baseball color line. Only two players, both in the American League, have been named Rookie of the Year and MVP in the same year: Fred Lynn in 1975 and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001. The only Rookie of the Year to win the Cy Young Award in the same year was Fernando Valenzuela in 1981. In 1947 and 1948, only one award was given to a single player. Since 1949, the honor has been given to one player in each league. The most recent award winners are Julio Rodriguez of the Seattle Mariners in the American League and Michael Harris II of the Atlanta Braves in the National League.

Manager of the Year

The Manager of the Year Award is an honor given annually since 1983 to the best managers in the American and National Leagues. The winner is voted on by 28 members of the BBWAA. Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the managers of each league. The manager with the highest score in each league wins the award. In 1991, Bobby Cox became the first manager to win the award in both leagues, winning with the Atlanta Braves and having previously won with the Toronto Blue Jays in 1985. Tony La Russa, Lou Piniella, and Jim Leyland have since won the award in both leagues. Joe Girardi is the only manager to win the award with a fourth-place team (2006 Florida Marlins); he is also the only manager to win the award after fielding a team with a losing record. The 2022 award winners are Terry Francona of the Cleveland Guardians in the American League and Buck Showalter of the New York Mets in the National League.

All-MLB Team

The All-MLB Team, introduced following the , honors the best players at each position across all of MLB. A panel consisting of media members, former players, and baseball officials selects the honorees; fan voting is also incorporated into the selection process, with the collective fan vote having the same weight as a single panel member. First and second teams are named, each consisting of one catcher, one player at each infield position, three outfielders regardless of position, five starting pitchers, two relievers, and one designated hitter. The All-MLB Team is announced during the Winter Meetings.

Gold Glove

The Rawlings Gold Glove Award, usually referred to as the Gold Glove, is the award given annually to the players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National and American Leagues, as voted by the managers and coaches in each league. Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players. Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year (with the exception of 1957, 1985 and 2007), one at each of the nine positions in each league.

Silver Slugger

The Silver Slugger Award is awarded annually to the best offensive player at each position in both the American League and the National League, as determined by Major League Baseball's coaches and managers. These voters consider several offensive categories in selecting the winners, including batting average, slugging percentage, and on-base percentage, in addition to "coaches' and managers' general impressions of a player's overall offensive value". As with the Gold Glove, the prize is presented to outfielders irrespective of their specific position. Additionally, pitchers do not receive a Silver Slugger Award; lineups include a designated hitter, who replaces the pitcher in the batting order, so the designated hitter receives the award instead.
Prior to the institution of Designated hitter in both leagues  starting 2022, Pitchers for the National League received the Award, but have not since, and The Designated hitter receives the award instead.

Hank Aaron Award

The Hank Aaron Award is given annually to the Major League Baseball players selected as the top hitter in each league, as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media. It was introduced in 1999 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Hank Aaron surpassing Babe Ruth's 714 career home runs. The award was the first major award to be introduced by Major League Baseball in more than 25 years. Each team's radio and television play-by-play broadcasters and color analysts vote for three players in each league. Their first place vote receives five points, the second place vote receives three points, and the third place vote receives one point. Beginning in 2003, fans were given the opportunity to vote via Major League Baseball's website. Fans' votes account for 30% of the points, while broadcasters' and analysts' votes account for the other 70%. The 2022 winners of the Hank Aaron Award are Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees in the American League and Paul Goldschmidt of the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League.

Comeback Player of the Year

The Comeback Player of the Year Award is presented by MLB to the player who is judged to have "re-emerged on the baseball field during a given season." The award was developed in 2005, as part of a sponsorship agreement between MLB and Viagra. In 2005 and 2006 representatives from MLB and MLB.com selected six candidates each from the AL and NL and one winner for each league was selected via an online poll on MLB.com. Since then, the winners have been selected by a panel of MLB beat reporters. Under the current voting structure, first-place votes are worth five points, second-place votes worth three, and third-place votes worth one, with the award going to the player with the most overall points. The 2022 award winners are Justin Verlander of the Houston Astros in the American League and Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League.

World Series MVP

The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player Award is given to the player who most contributes to his team's success in the final round of the Major League Baseball post-season. The award was originally given by the editors of Sport magazine, but is now decided by a combination of media members and Major League Baseball officials. On September 29, 2017, it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch. Mays never won the award himself. The 2022 award winner was Jeremy Peña, shortstop for the Houston Astros.

League Championship Series MVP

The League Championship Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is given annually to the players deemed to have the most impact on their teams' performances in each of the two respective League Championship Series that comprise the penultimate round of the MLB postseason. This series has a best-of-seven playoff format, and currently follows the Division Series, in which the three division champions and one wild card team from each league play against each other based on their regular-season records. The winners of the National League Championship Series and the American League Championship Series advance to the World Series. The 2022 award winners were Bryce Harper of the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League and Jeremy Peña of the Houston Astros in the American League.

All-Star Game MVP

The Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to the most outstanding player in each year's MLB All-Star Game. Awarded each season since , it was originally called the "Arch Ward Memorial Award" in honor of Arch Ward, the man who conceived the All-Star Game. The award's name was changed to the "Commissioner's Trophy" in 1970, but this name change was reversed in 1985 when the World Series Trophy was renamed the Commissioner's Trophy. Finally, the trophy was renamed the "Ted Williams Most Valuable Player Award" in 2002, in honor of former Boston Red Sox player Ted Williams, who had died earlier that year. No award was presented for the 2002 All-Star Game, which ended in a tie. In 2003, Garret Anderson of the Anaheim Angels was the first recipient of the newly named Ted Williams Award. The award was not given in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic postponing the 2020 MLB regular season for over three months, resulting in the 2020 All-Star Game's cancellation. The 2022 award winner was Giancarlo Stanton of the New York Yankees.

Roberto Clemente

The Roberto Clemente Award is given annually to the player in Major League Baseball who "best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team", as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media. It is named for Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente. Originally known as the Commissioner's Award, it has been presented by Major League Baseball since 1971. In 1973, the award was renamed after Clemente following his death in a plane crash while delivering supplies to victims of the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake. Each year, a panel of baseball dignitaries selects 1 player from 30 nominees, one from each club. Teams choose their nominee during the regular season, and the winner is announced at the World Series. The player who receives the most votes online via MLB's official website, MLB.com, gets one vote in addition to the votes cast by the panel. Justin Turner of the Los Angeles Dodgers is the 2022 winner and current holder of the award.

Reliever of the Year

Major League Baseball has awarded a Reliever of the Year Award, for one pitcher in each league, since 2014. The 2022 recipients were Emmanuel Clase of the Cleveland Guardians in the American League and Edwin Díaz of the New York Mets in the National League.

Previously, MLB awarded a single Delivery Man of the Year Award, for one pitcher in all of MLB, from 2005 through 2013. The Delivery Man award was developed as part of a sponsorship agreement between MLB and package delivery company DHL Express. There was also a Delivery Man of the Month Award issued for each month of the regular season from 2005 from 2013. In 2017, MLB began a Reliever of the Month Award, for one pitcher in each league, issued for each month of the regular season.

Edgar Martínez Award

The Edgar Martínez Outstanding Designated Hitter Award, commonly referred to as the Edgar Martínez Award and originally known as the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award, has been presented annually to the most outstanding designated hitter (DH) in the American League (AL) in Major League Baseball (MLB) since 1973. It is named for Hall of Fame designated hitter Edgar Martinez. The award is voted on by club beat reporters, broadcasters and AL public relations departments. All players with a minimum of 100 at bats at DH are eligible. It was given annually by members of the Associated Press who are beat writers, broadcasters, and public relations directors. The Associated Press discontinued the award in 2000, but it was picked up by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, which has administered it since. In 2020 and since 2022, the designated hitter was allowed in the National League (NL) in addition to the AL, expanding eligibility for the award to DHs in either league. Marcell Ozuna of the Atlanta Braves subsequently became the first-ever winner of the award from the NL. The 2022 recipient of the annual award was Shohei Ohtani of the Los Angeles Angels.

Other awards

Commissioner's Historic Achievement

The Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award is presented by the Commissioner of Major League Baseball to a group or individual who has made a "major impact on the sport" of baseball. The award consists of a trophy: a gold baseball sitting atop a silver trophy base. The award has been presented thirteen times by Commissioner Bud Selig: eleven times to players, once to a team, and once to a non-player. The award is most often presented for breaking a Major League Baseball record; it has been presented three times to players who broke the single-season home run record (Sammy Sosa, Mark McGwire, and Barry Bonds). Other record-breakers to receive the award include Ichiro Suzuki (hits in a single season), Cal Ripken Jr. (consecutive games played), Rickey Henderson (career stolen bases and career runs scored) and Mariano Rivera (career saves, both regular season and postseason; postseason ERA). The most recent recipient is Shohei Ohtani in 2021.

MLB Lifetime Pass
The Major League Baseball Lifetime Pass is a pass gifted to players, managers, coaches, umpires, and league executives, and various other people of special interest which grants them lifetime attendance to any regular season game for the remainder of their life. It also allows one guest per entry and is non-transferable. Generally, the pass is given when a player or coach spends a minimum 8 years in the league or an when an executive spends at least 25 years. In addition, some people not involved with the MLB have been given passes based on their merits in other areas. Most notably of which was President Theodore Roosevelt, who was the first to ever receive such as pass in 1907. Modern passes are a gold-colored alloy card with the recipients name pressed at the bottom.

See also

Baseball awards
Bob Feller Act of Valor Award
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
List of Major League Baseball retired numbers

References
Inline citations

Bibliography

External links
Baseball Awards and Hall of Fame Index – Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
2010 Awards. Major League Baseball official website

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text:
Hitlist - Titles w/subject : Fluorine mineral deposits New Keyword search Help
Hitlist - Titles w/subject : Fluorine mineral deposits
There are 18 hits.
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1. Carboniferous shale basins as sources of Pennine ore fluids : implications for MVT ore deposit formation
Plant, J.A.; Jones, D.G; Smith, N.G.; Shepherd, T.J. Plant, J.A. (Jane A. (BGS 1977-2005) (Author) 553.3/.4
2. Fluorine distribution : Lancet, April 17, 1943, p490-491
Bromehead, C.E.N.; Murray, M.M.; Wilson, D.C.
ISBN: X780663003
Copies: 1 Bromehead, C.E.N. (Cyril Edward Nowill (BGS), 1885- (Author) BGS Staff Paper X0341
3. Fluorosis in England : the geological aspect as a guide to prevention
Bromehead, C.E.N. Bromehead, C.E.N. (Cyril Edward Nowill (BGS), 1885- (Author) BGS Staff Paper X0342
4. Fluorspar : Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Special Report on Mineral Resources of GB no.4, 1952 - 143p (4th ed)
Dunham, K.C.; Dines, H.G.; Earp, J.R.; Harvey, C.O.; Stephens, J.V.; Whitehead, T.H.; Wilson, H.E.
Copies: 5 Dunham, K.C. (Kingsley Charles (BGS 1935-1975), Sir, 1910-2001 (Author) 90102
5. Fluorspar : Mineral Resources Consultative Committee, MIneral Dossier no.1, 1971 - 31p
Notholt, A.J.G.; Highley, D.E.; Mineral Resources Consultative Committee; Institute of Geological Sciences
Copies: 3 Notholt, A.J.G. (Arthur John George (BGS 1956-1984), 1929-1995 (Author) 90202
6. Fluorspar (with contributions by DA Wray, H Dewey and CEN Bromehead) (3rd edition) (1922)
Carruthers, R.G.; Pocock, R.W.; Bromehead, C.E.N.; Dewey, H.; Wray, D.A.
Copies: 6 Carruthers, R.G. (Robert G. (BGS), 1880-1965 (Author) 90102
7. Fluorspar (with contributions by H Dewey and CEN Bromehead) (2nd edition) (1917)
Carruthers, R.G.; Pocock, R.W.; Wray, D.A.; Bromehead, C.E.N.; Dewey, H.
8. Fluorspar (with contributions by H Dewey and CEN Bromehead) (1916)
9. Fluorspar deposits and production in Newfoundland (1944)
Copies: 1 00075
10. Fluorspar in South and South-West Africa (1944)
11. Fluorspar mining in Derbyshire : Mining Magazine 163(5) 1990 p.328-333
Bramley, J.V.
Copies: 1 Bramley, J.V. (Author) 00341
12. Geology and health
Bromehead, C.E.N. Bromehead, C.E.N. (Cyril Edward Nowill (BGS), 1885- (Author) 00851
13. Karstic residual fluorite-baryte deposits at two localities in Derbyshire
Shaw, R.P.
In: Special Publication of the Geological Society 11 1983 p.245-249 Shaw, R.P. (Richard Peter (BGS 1991-2016) (Author) 00865
14. The mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries, statistics, 1919-1921: fluorspar (1923)
16. The mineral industry of the British Empire and foreign countries, war period: fluorspar (1913-1919) (1921)
Copies: 1 Catalogued
17. Potash-feldspar - phosphate of lime - alum shales - plumbago or graphite - molybdenite - chromite - talc and steatite (soapstone, soap-rock and potstone) - diatomite (with contributions by CT Clough, T Eastwood and AF Hallimond) (2nd edition) (1917)
Strahan, A.; Flett, J.S.; Dinham, C.H.; Clough, C.T.; Eastwood, T.; Hallimond, A.F.
ISBN: X78001529X
Copies: 5 Strahan, A. (Aubrey (BGS), 1852-1928 (Author) 90102
18. Potash-feldspar - phosphate of lime - alum shales - plumbago or graphite - molybdenite - chromite - talc and steatite (soapstone, soap-rock and potstone) - diatomite (1916)