text:
Electronic Government, an International Journal
Dr. June Wei
Electronic Government, a fully refereed journal, publishes articles that present current practice and research in the area of e-government.
Digital divide/social exclusion/rural applications
Efficiencies, effectiveness, transparency, security and trust
E-governance, e-democracy and e-voting
E-payments, public procurement and e-taxation
Administrative reengineering/ERP and supply chain
Human-computer interactions
Data warehousing/mining and RFID
Knowledge management systems, innovativeness in intelligent government
Infrastructure integration and interoperability
Mobile or ubiquitous cities or society
E-readiness and e-business models
Mobile/ubiquitous/smart government diffusion
Internet of Things (IoT) in government services
Cloud computing applications in governance.
Software-as-a-service (SAAS), platform-as-a-service (PAAS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IAAS)
EG is dedicated to design, development, management, implementation, technology, and application issues in e-government. EG aims to help professionals working in the field, academic educators and policy makers to contribute, to disseminate knowledge, and to learn from each others| work through cutting-edge thinking in e-government. The international dimension is emphasised in order to overcome cultural and national barriers and to meet the needs of accelerating technological change and changes in the global economy. EG is an outstanding outlet where e-government research can take a shape of its own and results can be shared across institutions, governments, researchers and students, as well as industry.
Up-to-date, leading edge research to keep readers ahead and maintain a competitive edge best practice in e-government
Practical guidance on ways to achieve great effectiveness and efficiency in e-government development and implementation.
In-depth analysis and interpretation to advance our understanding and provide a framework for further study of e-government.
International coverage that allows us to share information, knowledge and insight on a worldwide scale.
Professionals, academics, researchers, managers, policy makers, and non-profit organisations.
EG publishes original and review papers, technical reports, case studies, conference reports, management reports, book reviews, and notes, commentaries, and news. Contribution may be by submission or invitation, and suggestions for special issues and publications are welcome.
High quality papers to keep readers at the forefront of the latest thinking and research in e-government.
Case studies and practical applications to illustrate e-government design, development, management and implementation.
EG is indexed in:
EG is listed in:
Wei, June, University of West Florida, USA
(jwei uwf.edu)
Choudrie, Jyoti, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Liu, Lai C., University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, USA
Ozok, Ant, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
Lee, Sang M., University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA
Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko, University of Tampere, Finland
Anussornnitisarn, Pornthep, Kasetsart University, Thailand
As-Saber, Sharif, RMIT University, Australia
Barnes, Stuart J., King's College London, UK
Beldjehem, Mokhtar, University of Ottawa, Canada
Benlamri, Rachid, Lakehead University, Canada
Bojnec, Štefan, University of Primorska, Slovenia
Chen, Ye-Sho, Louisiana State University, USA
Chircu, Alina, Bentley College, USA
Detlor, Brian, McMaster University, Canada
Dominic, P. D. D., Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia
Dwivedi, Yogesh Kumar, Swansea University, UK
Fang, Xiaowen, DePaul University, USA
Fok, Wing M., Loyola University, USA
Golden, Willie, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
Gulledge, Thomas R., Enterprise Integration, Inc., USA
Huang, Shi-Ming, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Joia, Luiz Antonio, Getulio Vargas Foundation and Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil
Lesjak, Dušan, International School for Social and Business Studies, Slovenia
Malamis, Simos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
McMahon, Sr., Richard A., University of Houston - Downtown, USA
Mentzas, Gregoris, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Mishra, Alok, Atilim University, Turkey
Muganda, Nixon Ochara, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Reddick, Christopher G., The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Sergi, Bruno S., University of Messina, Italy
Šević, Željko, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Shams Baragh, Armin, Metro College of Management Sciences, UK
Sharif, Hossein, University of Portsmouth, UK
Tehrani, Mehdi S., Minot State University, USA
Trimi, Silvana, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA
Yang, Jiaqin, Georgia College & State University, USA
Yang, Ming-Hsien, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
Zhuo, Jun, Zhejiang University, China
Zwass, Vladimir, Fairleigh Dickinson University, USA


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#37 -- Taking Action to Avoid Harm, 10-May-2006
Rachel's Precaution Reporter #37
"Foresight and Precaution, in the News and in the World"
Wednesday, May 10, 2006..............Printer-friendly version
www.rachel.org -- To make a secure donation, click here.
Table of Contents...
The Precautionary Principle: A View from the Pacific Northwest
"In a world where perfection -- the weed-free farm, the blemish-
free apple, the giant strawberry -- has begun to look more scary than
beautiful, precaution is coming into its own."
The Heart of the Precautionary Principle Is Democracy
"The cornerstones of the precautionary principle -- transparency
and inclusiveness of decision-making, action in the face of
uncertainty, and accountability -- are fundamental, not only to the
practice and science of public health, but also to the success and
maintenance of democracy." -- Judith Kurland, Harvard School of Public
Human Genes in Your Food?
The biotech industry is playing a reckless game of Russian roulette
-- but they've got the gun pointed at the public's heads, not their
own. If ever there was a technology needing a precautionary approach,
"biopharming" is it.
The Supreme Court of Thailand Is Poised to Adopt Precaution
"Mr Apichart said courts may put the burden of proof on defendants
[in environmental lawsuits] rather than the plaintiffs, as in normal
law suits. If this practice is adopted, it would be the first time
Thai courts agree to follow the so-called precautionary principle long
advocated by environmentalists, who argue it is too much of a burden
for damaged parties to prove wrongdoing by powerful offenders."
From: Puget Consumer Co-op (PCC), May 1, 2006
[Printer-friendly version]
THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
The concept of taking action to avoid potential harm -- even in the
face of scientific uncertainty -- has gained considerable cachet.
By Carol Estes
May 2006 -- Imagine this: a chemical company plans to market a new
pesticide. A committee is convened of local citizens, including
farmers, consumers, healthcare practitioners, scientists, local
businesses and government representatives, to analyze the alleged
benefits and potential risks to the community.
After deliberation, the committee determines that in the absence of
scientific data ensuring the safety of the pesticide -- a compound
similar to one already banned -- the risks outweigh any potential
benefits. The pesticide is not approved by authorities who recommend
safer alternatives.
A far-fetched scenario? Perhaps not. The idea of precaution is not
new. Ancient folk wisdom tells us "A stitch in time saves nine,"
"Better safe than sorry," and "Look before you leap."
No doubt invention and taking chances always have been more popular --
and far more exciting -- than being cautious. But in an era when
technological prowess turns small mistakes into far-reaching problems,
a precautionary approach has begun to attract admirers.
In the last three decades, the concept of taking action to avoid
potential harm -- even in the face of scientific uncertainty -- has
gained considerable cachet among public health practitioners,
environmentalists, farmers, scientists and most of all, citizen-
consumers.
This idea, known as the Precautionary Principle, has been codified
around the world in ten or more protocols including the United Nations
Environment Programme, the Nordic Council's Conference, the third
North Sea Conference, the Bergen Declaration on Sustainable
Development, the second World Climate Conference, the Bamako
Convention, the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union and the Rio
Declaration on Environment and Development which the United States
signed.
A Precautionary Principle Working Group was started in Seattle in
2004, and already, it has gotten precautionary principle language
integrated into the city's Comprehensive Plan, the section on
environment. Next month, the first U.S. Conference on Precaution will
be held in Baltimore to build the movement nationwide.
(For more information, visit www.besafenet.com or call 703-237-2249,
ext. 11). A public debriefing of the national conference will be held
in Seattle on June 23 (see the May 2006 Your Community Web page and
visit).
Why this blossoming popularity? Precaution makes all kinds of sense.
Forward planning
The modern legal concept of precaution grew out of the German word,
"Vorsorge," which means "fore-caring." At the heart of the idea was
the belief that a nation should try to avoid environmental damage by
careful, forward planning, a process that would block potentially
harmful activities. The Vorsorgeprinzip became, during the 1970s, a
cornerstone of German environmental law, balanced with economic
More than 20 years later, in January 1998, a group of activists,
scholars, scientists and lawyers met in Racine, Wis., at Wingspread,
home of the Johnson Foundation, to formulate a precautionary approach
to everyday environmental and public health decision-making.
"When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the
environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some
cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established
scientifically."
This rather tame, cautious statement is nothing short of
revolutionary. It completely upends our accepted system for dealing
with potential toxins and environmentally harmful practices.
Our current system assumes that a substance or activity (such as
spraying synthetic pesticides) is innocent until proven guilty. In
other words, a company doing something that is potentially harmful to
human health or the environment has the right to continue doing it
until someone files a complaint or lawsuit and succeeds in proving the
activity harmful.
This is a nasty problem. Because it's impossible to prove harm until
there is harm, the system cannot kick in until it's too late -- after
the harm is done. Furthermore, the victim and the public bear the
burden of proof rather than the proponent of the activity -- the one
who stands to profit from it.
The "burden of proof" is aptly named -- it's a heavy load. It means
that the victims and/or the public must hire expensive attorneys to
argue the matter, along with an assortment of scientists and experts
to run tests and experiments -- a prohibitively costly process.
Precaution advocate and attorney Carolyn Raffensperger points out,
furthermore, that to satisfy scientific standards of proof, evidence
must show with 95 percent accuracy that a particular substance or
activity -- and nothing else -- was the cause of harm. In a world with
82,000 manmade substances, proving a single cause with that kind of
accuracy often is beyond the capabilities of current technology.
In the past, scientific uncertainty has meant that proponents of an
activity were free to go ahead with it. But under the Precautionary
Principle, we acknowledge that we'll never have perfect information,
and as a result, we sometimes need to act before we have all the
evidence we'd like.
The Precautionary Principle also acknowledges that deciding how to
act, or not act, in the face of incomplete scientific evidence is not
a question that science or industry can answer. It's a judgment call,
and for that reason, it belongs in the hands of the public. You and I,
along with the neighbors, all have say in the decision.
Democratizing a process in which the public previously had little say
is one of the most revolutionary changes of the Precautionary
Principle. Instead of facing the simplistic, de-contextualized choices
that industry currently offers (Which detergent would you prefer, the
one with bleach or the one with the lemon scent?), we citizen-
consumers would have a chance to consider complex priorities and
tradeoffs.
Is cosmetically perfect fruit worth the environmental cost? Shall we
devote a significant portion of our farm acreage to producing
biofuels? At the expense of acres in food? If it means introducing
genetically modified plants? Shall we require testing new industrial
chemicals before they're introduced into the environment, even if it
has a chilling effect on the introduction of new chemicals?
If citizen panels or juries are given the chance to decide questions
like these, their verdicts undoubtedly would have a precautionary
flavor. That's why the Precautionary Principle has plenty of enemies.
Opposition to precaution
Most of the opposition to precaution comes from economic interests and
scientists. Julian Morris of London's Institute of Economic Affairs,
for example, is quoted as saying that "if someone had evaluated the
risk of fire right after it was invented [sic], they may well have
decided to eat their food raw."
And Marlo Lewis Jr., a conservative public policy analyst speaking in
defense of the Bush administration's refusal to support the Kyoto
climate change protocol, expressed a similar objection: "Inflating
'Safety First!' from a mere rule of thumb into a categorical
imperative -- an absolute overriding duty -- is a recipe for paralysis
and stagnation... Do the potential risks of climate change outweigh
those of climate change policy? Or do we have more to fear from Kyoto
than from climate change itself?"
These are serious charges. Would the Precautionary Principle
discourage innovation to the point of paralysis and stagnation? A
precautionary approach demands that we consider these objections
Seattle toxicologist Steven Gilbert, author of "A Small Dose of
Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals," argues that we
needn't worry much about a precautionary approach causing economic
paralysis and stagnation because we already have proof that it works
just fine. Gilbert points to the example of the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and its precautionary testing of pharmaceuticals.
"The FDA requires that a company submit data," Gilbert says, "paid for
by the company, demonstrating the efficacy and safety of the proposed
product prior to approval." That process may sometimes slow things up
and does not always function smoothly, but it hasn't caused paralysis
or stagnation since the thriving pharmaceutical industry has been by
far the most profitable U.S. industry for more than two decades.
Furthermore, at the FDA, the precautionary approach works fairly well
at what it was designed to do: protect people from harmful
pharmaceuticals. "Thalidomide," Gilbert says, "is a classic example."
This drug was marketed widely in Europe and Australia, he says, as a
sedative and anti-nausea drug for woman before it was discovered that
it caused serious birth defects if taken at a certain time during
pregnancy.
"But the drug was not marketed in the U.S., thanks to the FDA's
precautionary approach." It seems that a woman in the FDA questioned
the drug's safety data and a great deal of harm was prevented.
Precaution in organics
Goldie Caughlan, nutrition education manager for PCC Natural Markets,
argues that the organic foods industry provides an even better example
of a successful marriage between precaution and economics.
"From the beginning, every aspect of the industry has been about
precaution," Caughlan says. "Precaution is why people wanted organic
in the first place. They were seeking to get away from the perceived
dangers of industrial agriculture. They wanted things to be natural.
The organic foods movement was a citizen definition of precaution in
action."
Lately, Caughlan says, consumers are especially worried about
genetically engineered foods. Soy, corn and canola -- what Caughlan
calls "the big three" -- are the foods most likely to be genetically
engineered. Currently, in these three cases, she says, if you are not
eating organic food, you are eating genetically modified food. That's
not OK with many consumers.
"I frequently hear concerns about genetically engineered foods," says
Caughlan. "And we're still in the dark, since the FDA does not require
labels to inform consumers if a food product includes genetically
engineered ingredients."
As consumers adopt more healthful lifestyles, Caughlan says, they
instinctively apply the precautionary approach. They look for fruits
and vegetables grown without synthetic pesticides and that are not
genetically modified. They want meats and dairy products from free-
grazing animals not injected with antibiotics or growth hormones.
"Even though the pesticides, antibiotics and genetically engineered
plants are approved by governmental agencies, health-conscious
consumers increasingly avoid those worrisome substances and practices.
They buy organic -- as a precaution. Organic is seen as a safe
harbor."
So, in a world where perfection -- the weed-free farm, the blemish-
beautiful, precaution is coming into its own. Even though it's
traditional -- even conservative -- the Precautionary Principle has a
place at the organic supper table and is attracting new devotees to
its common sense beauty.
Copyright 2001-2006 PCC Natural Markets
From: Public Health Reports, Dec. 1, 2002
[Judith Kurland is a member of the faculty of the Harvard School of
Public Health. Address correspondence to: Judith Kurland, 1272 Beacon
St., Brookline, MA 02446; e-mail judithkurland@earthlink.net.
The cornerstones of the precautionary principle -- transparency and
inclusiveness of decision-making, action in the face of uncertainty,
and accountability -- are fundamental, not only to the practice and
science of public health, but also to the success and maintenance of
democracy.
Both public health and democracy flourish when information is broadly
disseminated and understood, when principles, benefits, and costs are
publicly debated, when decision-making is shared by those affected by
the policies, and when public interest is seen as more valuable than
private gain. Both are diminished when information is withheld and
data twisted, when the terms of the argument predict its outcome, when
actions to protect and advance the health of the public are defeated
by small private interest groups, and when government gives equal
weight to corporate interests as to public well being. In the case of
the public health debate, the danger is increased with the deification
of a skewed view of science.
The precautionary principle, which says that action should be taken
when there is evidence that not to do so would cause harm, is being
used increasingly to shape policy in Europe and elsewhere. Decades --
sometimes centuries -- before the understanding of germs, bacteria,
viruses, infection, and immunology, leaders in public health improved
health by implementing policies that were later supported and
explained by an advanced understanding of basic science.
The precautionary principle is based in science, in the two branches
of science central to public health: epidemiology and bio-statistics.
It is no coincidence that so many contributors to this special topic
issue of Public Health Reports have cited the model and experience of
John Snow. The branch of science that he established has laid the
foundation for the greatest improvements in health in mankind's
history. Now, instead of developing policy to improve health and
protect the public based on these proven scientific methodologies,
proponents of an activist public health are fighting a rear-guard
action to protect the cornerstones of public health. Where opponents
of an activist public health agenda, which includes the implementation
of the precautionary principle, have succeeded is in having health
science narrowly defined in terms of laboratory science, physiology,
and biochemistry. This limited definition ignores the breakthroughs in
occupational safety, environmental science, maternal and childcare,
infection control, sanitation, and behavioral health that preceded the
advanced developments in bacteriology, immunology, and genetics.
This is not to denigrate the more recent sciences or curative methods;
it is to remind us that we have many tools, many means at our
disposal. From Hippocrates to John Grisom to Henry Bowditch,
leaders in public health and medicine admonished their followers and
the public to look at environments and behavior, to construct
healthier housing and schools, to have clean water and air, to think
more about prevention than about cure. We should use all methods that
discern patterns, cause and effect, and determinants of health. To
ignore the evidence of epidemiology and bio-statistics is to compound
error through inaction. And inaction in the face of preventable
disease is unacceptable.
Why are we at this apparent impasse and what can we do about it? We
must face several issues -- raised in these articles and elsewhere --
that appear to thwart the adoption of the precautionary principle for
public health. One is the misunderstanding about what is and what is
not science, and here public health must reclaim and reassert the
importance and worth of its basic sciences. But the other impediments
say as much about the beliefs of our society and the stage of our
democracy as they do about public health, and those battles must be
joined to others.
First is the issue of transparency, the information available to the
society as a whole, and the truth about the benefits of decisions to
act or to not act. There are many dilemmas here; often, the source of
facts and information are the very industries or interests who oppose
action. We have seen this with the tobacco, lead paint, petroleum,
pharmaceutical, and asbestos industries, whose control of information,
doctoring of studies, support for biased research, and suppression of
information have made it impossible for the public and independent
analysts to share in unbiased information. From the auto manufacturers
who, 40 years ago, knowingly and willfully produced cars that killed
to those manufacturers who, two years ago, utilized defective tires
that killed, the ability to withhold information is powerful. From
drug manufacturers who contract the right to suppress research studies
critical of their products to those who blatantly report false
findings, the ability to publish untruths and half-truths in peer-
reviewed journals is destructive of the public's capacity to make
informed judgments. But that control of information is exacerbated
when public bodies and the fourth estate abet the misinformation. The
dismissal, banishment, or even punishment of critics and whistle-
blowers within public agencies or government contractors makes it hard
for the public to gain access to dissenting views. When private
interests, such as the gun lobby, promote congressional bans on
gathering and publishing information, or when administrators "gag"
employees critical of pro-industry policies, it becomes virtually
impossible for the average citizen or even institutions to gather that
information themselves.
The lack of data and information is often an excuse for inaction in
the face of real harm. If one of the hallmarks of our democracy is
inclusiveness of decision-making, then the ability of a handful of
powerful interests to deny the existence of critical information, or
to hire apparently objective experts without revealing those
relationships, is destructive to the interests of both public health
and democracy. Inclusion also means the consideration and costs of a
full range of alternatives, which must also mean a full range of the
societal, long-term, and non-direct costs of inaction. In the face of
overriding evidence, not only of global warming, but also of the
health, environmental, and ecological costs of inaction, our society
still does close to nothing while opponents of action divert us with
both fantastic consequences of action, and self-serving and unique
theories on the nature of the universe. When three petrochemical
scientists, supported by the industry, are invited to appear before a
congressional committee to argue that global warming is a myth, and
the 300 leading, award-winning scientists urging our nation to take
strong, aggressive action on the issue are ignored, the entire notion
of transparency and inclusiveness is moot.
Action in the face of uncertainty -- a third element of the
precautionary principle -- is both its most vulnerable and
intellectually most important one. The other three may be morally more
important, but to admit that we do not have, and may never have, all
the evidence we would like is to engage in an intellectual quest that
underpins public health. To the modern observer, insisting that
doctors wash their hands between patients seems not just obvious, but
also benign. But without the "evidence" that was to come much later,
this request seemed to many baseless, and the opposition came from men
of science who wanted hard proof of cause and effect, not just an
accumulation of observation and relationships. Practice changed before
bacteriology would "prove" the reason for doing so, but the better our
laboratory and diagnostic science, the harder it seems to accept the
fact that we should act in the face of uncertainty. For example, the
relationship between air pollution and pulmonary disease seems so
clear to anyone working with communities subject to inordinate
pollution. But if we don't measure certain particulates, if we don't
yet see the physiological change, then lack of transparency and lack
of certainty can lead to inaction. However, if we take to heart the
requirement of doing no harm, also quoted widely in these articles, we
are moved to make the logical decision to act.
This brings us to the fourth cornerstone of the principle,
accountability. It is here that our society has the most to overcome.
Too much of our inaction in the past and the present is because we
have implicitly decided that some risks are easier for our society to
bear because they fall disproportionately on the poor, on workers, on
people of color, on our soldiers, and on the people of other
countries. Also, our inaction is because we have implicitly decided
that the costs are too much to bear when they fall on corporations,
the wealthy, and the politically powerful.
The articles in this issue, with case studies ranging from silica
and lead to tobacco and anthrax, from Agent Orange to the blood
supply, bear this out. For years, in the face of overwhelming evidence
from neutral sources, harmful products and practices were allowed to
continue while a great many people sickened and died. We need, as a
nation, to examine what it is that allows this to happen again and
again, but we also need to incorporate the elements of the
precautionary principle, whether or not we make it a national policy.
The courts in our nation are an important part of policy-making, but
to rely on them is to obviate our ability to make decisions in the
face of uncertainty. To rely on them is to relinquish responsibility
for including the public in the more meaningful way that is the basis
for democracy. If we had true transparency and inclusiveness in
decision-making, and true accountability and responsibility, we would
have the public understand the basis for decision-making and
participate in making decisions in the face of uncertainty. The series
of surgeon generals' reports on tobacco and smoking over the last four
decades is instructive. The evidence has been mounting for centuries
on the harm done by tobacco, but certainly by the first Surgeon
General's Report, it was overwhelming. Yet, other than increasingly
serious warnings on cigarette packages, restrictions on advertising
won through a lawsuit, and some restraint on sale to minors, not much
changed in 40 years. It took leaks of information, an incorruptible
whistle-blower, and indignant attorneys general from states whose
health care budgets were ballooning, to force a major change in
policy. As welcome as this was, it is a sorry and inefficient way to
make policy. And we must admit the changes in the tobacco industry are
not half of what could and should have been made if the health of the
nation were the guiding principle in decision-making.
Instead, as one of this issue's authors so clearly states, our
guiding principles are very different: industry has the right to
produce what it will; products are assumed safe until proven otherwise
under a system that makes it almost impossible to prove; private
profit is more of a right than the right of society as a whole to have
healthy conditions; and public health is a narrow interest while
private industry represents a broader public good.
These are dangerous principles -- dangerous to our health and
dangerous to our society. It is not a sin, nor is it surprising, that
private industry puts profits before health; it should not shock us
that they go to extraordinary lengths to protect their ability to
manufacture and sell, unfettered by any interference by government. We
have been shocked when they have lied, cheated, and broken the law; we
have been surprised when they have shown a total disregard for life or
health, but we would be naive to think that their interests lie with
society's as a whole. The recent outrage at corporate greed has not
been because they put profits before people; it has been because they
did not obey even the rules of corporate finance and reporting. To
correct the latter will not address the former. It is the role of
public health and of government to seek and protect the greater good.
That is at the heart of the precautionary principle, and at the center
of our democracy.
Copyright 2002 Association of Schools of Public Health
From: Seattle Post-Intelligencer (pg. B24), Feb. 24, 2006
By Trudy Bialic
Ask the people around you if they want experimental drugs and
industrial chemicals in their food or beer -- without their knowledge
or consent. Chances are they'll say no. Then tell them experiments
that could make that happen are occurring right here in Washington
As you read this, a professor at Washington State University and a
private Canadian company, SemBioSys, have applied for permits to turn
two common food crops -- barley and safflower -- into virtual
factories for synthetic drugs or chemicals.
On its Web site, SemBioSys declares its plan to inject safflower with
human genes to produce experimental insulin and a drug for heart
attacks and strokes. WSU confirms that it plans to grow barley,
injected with human genes, to produce artificial proteins with
pharmaceutical properties. Where these fields will be is secret;
nearby farmers and residents won't be notified.
Proponents say that injecting human genes into plants (or animals)
will provide cheaper drugs -- someday. But this so-called
"biopharming" has met with considerable opposition.
In California and Missouri, farmers protested and effectively stopped
outdoor cultivation of "pharma rice," concerned that the drug-plants
would contaminate their food-grade crops and make them unmarketable.
Food companies such as Anheuser-Busch and Kraft Foods, as well as the
Grocery Manufacturers of America and the Food Products Association,
concur. The risks are more than hypothetical. Several cases of cross-
contamination from GE crops have cost farmers and the food industry
more than a billion dollars in recalls and lost export markets.
The National Academy of Sciences, a nongovernmental body of scientists
and professionals, has warned in two reports that it's virtually
impossible to keep biopharms out of the food supply if food crops are
used to grow them. Insects, birds, animals, wind, storms, trucks,
trains and human error see to that.
Pharma crops are supposed to be rigorously regulated. But the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) does not review biopharmaceutical crops
before planting, even though many of them have toxic or anti-
nutritional effects on human health or the environment.
A recent audit by the US Department of Agriculture's Inspector General
found the USDA failed to inspect field trial sites as promised and
didn't even know where some experiments were planted. The Inspector
General also found that USDA didn't follow up to find out what
happened to the biopharm harvests. Two tons of a drug-laden crop was
stored for more than a year at two sites without USDA's knowledge or
inspection.
What's the risk of cross-contamination from these experiments? State
legislators at least should order a thorough risk assessment and allow
public comment.
Washington's Barley Commission is aware that WSU is biopharming barley
and is strongly opposed. Administrator Mary Sullivan says, "Once those
genetically altered genes are out there, there'll be GMOs in the
beer."
No one's opposed to less expensive and effective drugs, but
biopharming in food crops in open fields is a bad financial risk.
Several leading biopharm companies have gone bankrupt. When Large
Scale Biology went bankrupt -- it was the first to conduct a field
trial in 1991 -- even biotech movers and shakers contemplated the
demise of the biopharming concept.
Agriculture and the food industry are the largest employers and the
greatest source of revenue in Washington state -- more than Microsoft
and Boeing combined. WSU and SemBioSys should not be mixing drugs and
food. They should cancel these risky experiments immediately.
If they want to produce plant-based drugs, they should follow the lead
of Dow AgroScience, which just announced approval of a vaccine for
chickens produced by tobacco cell cultures in a contained steel tank.
Cell cultures are a proven way to generate pharmaceuticals under
controlled laboratory conditions -- without the risk of untested drugs
in our food.
Trudy Bialic is editor of Sound Consumer, a publication of PCC Natural
Markets -- the largest, consumer-owned natural foods retailer in the
From: Bankok (Thailand) Post, May 9, 2006
SPECIAL COURT RULES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Sweeping reforms to speed up cases
By Bhanravee Tansubhapol
The Supreme Court is poised to make sweeping procedural changes to
speed up handling of environmental cases. This includes placing the
burden of proof on defendants, broadening the court ruling to cover
all damaged parties and cutting court fees for poor plaintiffs, a high
court official said yesterday.
"We would like environmental cases to be special cases because they
affect the life, health and well-being of the public. If the court
deliberation is slow or has to wait for any side-effects to emerge it
may be too late for the environment or people's lives," said Apichart
Sukhagganond, president of the environmental division of the Supreme
Court.
Mr Apichart said each case affecting the environment should take no
more than three years to resolve instead of more than five years now
in most cases.
More than 1,000 environmental cases currently await Supreme Court
judgments. Most are handled by the 10 Appeals Courts around the
country but only four of them have an environmental division attached.
The green light has now been given to the Criminal Court in each
province to set up an environmental division to help speed up
environmental cases.
"Environmental cases should be concluded as quickly as possible," he
said. To expedite the process, the court is considering moving
environmental cases only through the Criminal Court and the Supreme
Court, skipping the Appeals Court.
The court fee for poor plaintiffs could be lowered or waived to enable
poor people to file legal action against industrial offenders, said Mr
Apichart.
Normally, plaintiffs must post as much as 200,000 baht to cover court
fees if they demand large compensation. This means legal action is out
of reach of many who claim to suffer consequences from environmental
Mr Apichart said courts may put the burden of proof on defendants
rather than the plaintiffs, as in normal law suits.
If this practice is adopted, it would be the first time Thai courts
agree to follow the so-called precautionary principle long advocated
by environmentalists, who argue it is too much of a burden for damaged
parties to prove wrongdoing by powerful offenders.
Another change that will have a major impact on offenders is the
broadening of the court ruling on a single case to cover all damaged
"This will help minimise the number of cases coming to court and all
damaged parties will get the same level of compensation, as in
bankruptcy cases," said Mr Apichart. Only the plaintiffs now benefit
from court rulings in their favour, he said.
The case of damage to Maya Bay on Koh Phi Phi Lei caused by the making
of the Hollywood film The Beach would be a good case study for all
criminal court judges, most of whom have little experience in
In that case, local administrations and environmentalists in Krabi
filed suits against senior environmental officials, 20th Century Fox
Studios, which produced the film starring Leonardo DiCaprio, and the
studio's Thai agent for altering the bay's environment to fit the
movie's script.
The Supreme Court is expected to deliver a final verdict this year.
Mr Apichart said environmental law should be a compulsory subject for
all university law students.
"We still lack a lot of environmental judges. One reason we set up
the environmental division is to let all judges see the importance of
this subject and let them learn from it," said Mr Apichart.
Copyright Copyright The Post Publishing Public Co., Ltd. 2006
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Rachel's Precaution Reporter offers news, views and practical
examples of the Precautionary Principle, or Foresight Principle, in
action. The Precautionary Principle is a modern way of making
decisions, to minimize harm. Rachel's Precaution Reporter tries to
answer such questions as, Why do we need the precautionary
principle? Who is using precaution? Who is opposing precaution?
We often include attacks on the precautionary principle because we
believe it is essential for advocates of precaution to know what
their adversaries are saying, just as abolitionists in 1830 needed
to know the arguments used by slaveholders.
Rachel's Precaution Reporter is published as often as necessary to
provide readers with up-to-date coverage of the subject.
As you come across stories that illustrate the precautionary
principle -- or the need for the precautionary principle --
please Email them to us at rpr@rachel.org.
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Rachel's Precaution Reporter #37 "Foresight and Precaution, in the News and in the World" Wednesday, May 10, 2006..............Printer-friendly version www.rachel.org -- To make a secure donation, click here. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Environmental Research Foundation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sometimes the stars align and you meet the perfect person at exactly the right time. No, you haven't accidentally clicked on a dating site. We're talking about the meeting of Fran and Jo, two mums on a mission to help families live healthier and happier lives.
In 2014, Jo was out for a walk with her first baby, Matilda. She noticed another mum pushing a pram and decided to introduce herself. It was Fran, out for a walk with her first baby, Phoebe. As they waited at the traffic lights, Fran and Jo struck up a conversation and by the time the little green man appeared, a wonderful friendship had begun.
Jo was running her own naturopathy business and had also developed a range of healthy biscuits called Kooka's Natural Cookies (a homage to her dad's popular Kooka's Country Cookies). Fran was (and still is) a practising lawyer. Despite their very different careers, they soon discovered a shared passion for baked goods. Fran would pop over to Jo's place in Kingsville with a container of homemade biscuits and they'd chat about food, motherhood and everything in between.
At the time, Fran was worried that her baby Phoebe wasn't gaining enough weight and had asked Dr Google, "How do I produce more milk?" She found a recipe for lactation biscuits and after baking a few batches, they were working a treat. Fran had more milk and Phoebe was gaining weight!
From small beginnings – trialling biscuit recipes in Jo's home kitchen and testing them on local mums – Franjo's Kitchen is now an international brand with a factory in Tullamarine. What started with two flavours of breastfeeding biscuits has expanded to a delicious and functional product range that supports every stage of life – from pregnancy and breastfeeding through to toddlerhood and beyond.
Fran is now mum to Phoebe and Matilda while Jo is mum to Matilda and twins, Charles and Florence. While their kids will always be their greatest achievement, Fran and Jo are incredibly proud of the thriving business they've created. They are proof that if women work together to support other women, sensational things can happen.
For us, it not just about producing healthy and functional food. It's about helping mums navigate the beautiful yet bumpy road of motherhood.
With five kids between us, we have experienced the highest of highs and the lowest of lows – from exhilarating joy to feeling completely overwhelmed. And we want you to know that you're not alone. You have two mums cheering you on and sending you love, always.
When you eat our biscuits, crackers and muesli, we want it to feel like we're giving you a warm and delicious hug. Whether you're struggling to keep anything down while pregnant or worried about your milk supply, we hope our functional food makes mum life that little bit easier for you.
Our pregnancy range has been designed to support your health and wellbeing as you grow a beautiful new life in your belly.
Our breastfeeding range is specifically formulated to support a healthy milk supply so both you and your baby can thrive.
Our kinder range helps you nourish your growing babes with natural ingredients and none of the nasties.
And our family range means the whole family can enjoy a sweet biscuit that's actually good for you.
We believe that food should taste great and be full of natural ingredients that work with your body, not against it. That's why you'll never see any additives, preservatives or refined sugar in our products. Only the best quality ingredients to help you live your best life.
To enhance the experience of motherhood by creating natural, nourishing and functional food that supports women through pregnancy, breastfeeding and beyond.


23 January 2019 | Davos. The ICTI Ethical Toy Program and Freedom Seal today announced an MoU at the World Economic Forum in Davos, making a commitment to work together to support the eradication of slavery in global supply chains.
The Freedom Seal and Ethical Toy Program partnership brings together two organizations with unrivalled expertise in complex supply chain assessment and human rights protection.


All tutors at International Music School Cardiff are hand-picked, highly trained professional musicians with an enthusiasm for teaching their instrument. Lessons take place in our city-centre venue, and it is our vision to create a place where music tuition of the highest quality is delivered alongside regular professional concerts and public performance opportunities for our students.
What should you expect from bassoon lessons?
The bassoon is a challenging instrument to play.
Similarly to the oboe, the initial steps of learning to produce a sound will take slightly longer than on a clarinet or flute. The best age to start bassoon lessons is around 9, when the attention span, lungs and hands are big enough to cope!
Since bassoons are less popular among children than flutes, saxophones and clarinets, the bassoon is a sought-after instrument in youth orchestras and ensembles. Master the bassoon, and you will stand out among the crowds of mainstream woodwind players.
So, don't shy away from a challenge and give it a go! Learning the bassoon is a unique and rewarding journey regardless of whether you are a child or an adult.
Others have described the sound of a bassoon as being like the voice of a sea-god. Prokofiev, in Peter and the Wolf, gives the bassoon the role of the grandfather.
This very special instrument is the largest and lowest woodwind instrument. Unlike some instruments in the woodwind family, the bassoon doesn't have a mouthpiece. It's double-reeded, which means that the player blows through a double reed to produce the bassoon's distinctive sound.
The bassoon is the double-bass of the woodwind family, with its stately, low voice.
We teach the entire orchestra at International Music School Cardiff!


Not great news from me - I am 9dp5dt and I did poas yesterday and today and I'm afraid it's pregnyl fade at the moment. A good line yesterday but a big fade this morning with the very finest squinty, which I'm expecting to fade completely tomorrow.
@Heyside and @Phia, my thoughts are with you ladies. Seems we've had our fair share of bad luck here of late. I really hope that gets turned around really soon.
@Blossom74 - Hun know we are all here for us if you need us. Take time for yourself hun is DH home with you? Will it be a definate D&C?
So sorry ladies. @Phia that darn Pregnyl is horrible for symptom spotting. I felt so pregnant on it even with low levels. I hope you get a surprise at your BT.
@Heyside this process is so hard. You have every right to feel sad, there should be no reason we can't support everyone at their stage of cycling etc. I was just saying to DP that this time I really felt like we lost a baby, because I know it was a normal embryo and my body just failed it. Hurts a lot more for that. I think every potential transfer that doesn't go to plan has loss attached to it, especially when you re-evaluate your future. I hope you can see some hope moving forward soon.
@Blossom74, thinking of you and sending positive thoughts for the coming weeks and for your next transfer. Please universe.
I'm on CD1. Busy making plans. My DP is skeptical of the new immune treatments and is worried I will be taken advantage of because I'm so anxious to have another baby. She's going to quiz Dr S on Wednesday about the evidence for things like intralipids. Does anyone have a scientific study on them? I've seen a lot on clexane/pred/IVIG but nothing except theories on the intralipids.
@Phia im also sorry it seems this cycle hasn't worked out for you :-( I hope it does but i hate the slow pile up of 'symptoms' that add to the feeling that it has not worked.
Oh, this is all just so bloody unfair and sad.
Last edited by gorgeousgeorge; 12-11-2016 at 13:53.
Thanks ladies - really appreciate the support - it's comforting (albeit also sad) knowing that you all get it.
I think so hon. No-one from the clinic has said anything but I know how this goes from last time round. There is no way, living in the middle of nowhere, that I am going to MC at home on my own. Hubby is around but he has to work, and the nearest major hospital is a good hour away so I'd rather just bite the bullet and have a D&C done. I've booked my scan for 10.30am Friday. I have an appointment with my GP the same day at 4.30pm to arrange things. I'd be 8 weeks then so am happy that scan will be conclusive. the radiologist said it was not viable so that's good enough for me. The clinic is freaking crazy if they think I'm gonna drag it out any longer than that. I just want it over.


Leah Umansky is a poet, collage artist, and self-described Game of Thrones and Mad Men super fan. I recently read Leah's latest book, the full-length poetry collection The Barbarous Century, and was struck by the exuberant use of language—it brought me a lot of joy. In our conversation, Leah and I talked about her book, her fascination with pop culture, and the power of story. Then in the second segment, we had a very spoilery discussion about the HBO series Westworld.
Vice - "Dolores from 'Westworld' Is the New Khaleesi"


At the height of the fur trade in the mid-1800s, Washington beavers were being trapped and killed for their pelts by the thousands. Now they've rebounded into the suburbs and even golf courses, but the big rodents aren't always welcome: Nuisance beavers cause flooding and down trees with such frequency they can damage houses or take out power lines.
In response, lethal beaver-trapping resumed, but the Tulalip Tribes came up with a a plan to relocate aquatic troublemakers to rivers in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Now, these brilliant ecosystem engineers are doing more than just finding a new home: They're mitigating some of the impacts of climate change for Washington's threatened salmon. Relocated beavers dam up natural streams with such efficiency that they create the deep, cool pools salmon need to thrive.
Join us to watch how scientists trap, rehabilitate and relocate beavers from suburban pond to mountain stream — and discover the strange technique used to tell a male beaver from a female.


Stockton-on-Tees based Relph Funeral Directors are dedicated to helping the local community by providing the highest standards of funeral services and facilities. We pride ourselves on the uncompromising quality of care that we give to the families we help.
Our funeral home is equipped with premium facilities, so that we can take complete care of your loved one. You can reach us easily from Rimswell, Fairfield, Hartburn Village and the surrounding areas.
As Dignity funeral directors, we are able to provide a consistent standard of service, ensuring every aspect of your loved one's funeral is just as you want it to be. We will make the arrangements on your behalf, helping to alleviate the stress that can accompany planning a farewell.
You can reach us by telephone 24 hours a day. We are always here to offer you any advice, guidance or support you may need at this difficult time.
Car parking is available at the front of the funeral home.
Our funeral home is located in the small parade of shops on Rimswell Road, Stockton.
Our staff are available 24 hours a day on 01642 424836 if you require our services outside of these hours.
The funeral service from Relphs was excellent friendly sympathetic and professional from the funeral director to the drivers would highly recommend them.
The Service provided by Relph funeral Directors was excellent. They were extremely efficient organising a Requiem Mass at the Church & a Committal Service at the Crematorium followed by a Reception at a nearby hotel at a time to suit. The individuals involved were both sympathetic and professional and their advice on all matters was invaluable. They had previously arranged a Funeral Plan and everything was handled without fuss. Printing of the Order of Service and arranging flowers and entries in local newspapers was also handled efficiently. They went further and a Funeral Director known to the deceased came out of retirement to take the Funeral which was greatly appreciated by the family. On the day everything went smoothly. A big thank you.
The staff and directors at Relphs were kind, considerate and very understanding at a very difficult time, they offered practical advise and were always available to answer questions that mattered to the family.
They were very professional whilst keeping matters on a personal level.
Thank you for taking the time to share your thoughts with us. I am pleased that you were so well looked after by our team and that we were able to help make things easier for you and your family at such a difficult time.
Excellent service and lovely caring people who managed a sad occasion with empathy and compassion.
Thank you for sharing your views with us on your online review. I am pleased that we provided the highest level of care at this difficult time and that all of the arrangements were carried out to your satisfaction.


This hangout will be streamed live via this link with a recording available after the hangout via the same link. Sign up to the events page now (same link) to ensure you get a reminder when the hangout is starting, and remember to add 'adventuresfrom [at]gmail dot com' to your Google Circles.
Hi Y'all! I'm part of a team that is organizing an event on the 8th of March on Gender, Sexuality and Film. The context will be very Kenyan and we're looking to talk around the movies Nairobi Half Life, Dangerous Affair and Shuga. Because we see so many parallels between your work and what we'd like to have conversations around, we were interested in having a Gchat with someone from your team and Miss Mandi and Queen Gathoni who host the podcast show #VerbalIntercourse and who are presenters at the event. We were hoping to do so next Friday via a google hangout. Please do get in touch with me for more details if this is something that you would like to do or are interested in? Much appreciated. The site and event details are on theatienoproject.weebly.com thanks!


Krispy Kreme sure didn't get its dollars out of these doughnuts.
The famed doughnut company is suing the operators of its last remaining New York City store, alleging trademark violation after moving to cancel the franchise agreement over $310,000-plus in unpaid fees and debts.
"Only a very limited number of Krispy Kreme employees have access to the recipe," which is kept in a safe at the company's headquarters in Winston-Salem, NC, the Manhattan federal suit says.
In court papers, the partners denied providing doughnuts to the alleged "rogue" operation in New Jersey, but McCourt admitted sending workers to buy flour and other ingredients when Krispy Kreme temporarily cut off their supplies last month.
At a court hearing, the partners' lawyer argued that they "bought this territory for $1 when it was in the red to the tune of $2 million" and "spent hundreds of thousands of dollars of their own money" building up the business.


Over the last few years, the level of cartel enforcement against antitrust conspiracies across the European Union has increased significantly. While the number of cross-border cartel investigations undertaken by the European Commission has slightly declined,1 national authorities' activity across Europe has increased considerably, in terms of the volume of domestic investigations and the levels of fines. This is particularly true for the competition authorities of the largest EU Member States. Some of these authorities' cartel enforcement activities have been operating at a consistently high level for some years; others recently have taken steps to strengthen their antitrust enforcement policies. A short overview of the national competition authorities' most recent activities is provided below.
Germany. The 2015 enforcement activity of the German Competition Authority, which is the Bundeskartellamt or Federal Cartel Office ("FCO"), largely continued the trend of the previous few years. In 2015, the number of investigations closed by the FCO grew to 11 (nine in the previous year), with total fines of approximately �208 million (compared to �1.12 billion in 2014)5. The fines were imposed on 45 companies and 24 individuals. The investigations involved various products and sectors, such as automotive part manufacturers, mattress manufacturers, providers of container transport services, and manufacturers of prefabricated garages.
The first half of 2016 confirms the same trend, with the FCO imposing fines of approximately �99 million on a conspiracy involving wholesalers active in the sanitary, heating, and air conditioning sector. In one of his last speeches, the FCO's president confirmed that cartel prosecution remains the authority's core competence.
Italy. Over the last two years, the Italian Competition Authority ("ICA") has significantly increased its antitrust enforcement activity.
In 2015, the ICA closed 14 antitrust cases, more or less in line with the number of investigations in the previous year. Total fines imposed under the antitrust rules amounted to a total of almost �238 million, up 63 percent compared to the total fines imposed in the previous year. Remarkably, the average duration of each investigation was 18 months, significantly less than at EU level.
Spain. In Spain also, the antitrust fight has recently intensified, becoming a priority of the Comicion Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia ("CNMC"). In 2015, the CNMC issued 14 cartel decisions against more than 250 undertakings and imposed record fines exceeding �500 million, as opposed to only four investigations and total fines of approximately �14 million in the previous year. In 2016, the CNMC declared that its program of action against cartels will become even more intense and prioritized.
As in Italy, the CNMC has also taken up the fight against cartels in public procurement bid rigging in Spain. For this purpose, the CNMC set up a working group to scrutinize suspicious activities using a special screening system.
United Kingdom. The UK's new Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") 8 had a relatively slow start, as reflected in the level of cartel fines imposed in the last few years, but recently has increased its enforcement activity by opening some high-profile civil cartel investigations in a variety of sectors, including modeling, supply of products to the furniture industry, cleaning services, estate and letting agency advertising, ophthalmology services, and pharmaceuticals.
A key feature of the UK cartel enforcement regime is a renewed focus on criminal enforcement. The first criminal cartel trial in more than six years (in the galvanized steel tanks sector) took place in 2015; two individuals were acquitted by the jury, one other already had pleaded guilty and received a six-month suspended sentence. The CMA has one further ongoing criminal cartel investigation in relation to precast concrete drainage pipes. However, significantly, the law has been changed to make it easier for the CMA to bring criminal prosecutions with the removal of the requirement for the CMA to prove that the individuals acted dishonestly. This is expected to result in an increase in the number of successful prosecutions in the future.
The CMA's last annual report underscores that cartel enforcement remains a "major priority" and that it intends to open or conclude at least one criminal cartel case and four civil investigation cases between 2015 and 2016.
Together with the increased experience and confidence of the national authorities, the level of overall exposure to antitrust investigations for engaging in cartel activities in the EU is likely to remain high, if not increase, in the future, notwithstanding any apparent decline in EU-wide investigations. In addition, the Commission appears to have a particular focus on international cartels, involving significant cooperation with the United States and other international agencies.
Jones Day has compiled best-practice guidance on how to handle dawn raids for each of the jurisdictions mentioned above, which can be found here.
1 Since 2014, the European Commission's enforcement activity has dropped in terms of numbers and amount of fines: while in 2014 the Commission concluded 10 cases and imposed a total of �1,689.49 million in fines, in 2015 it only closed five investigations with total fines of �364.53 billion.
2 French Competition Authority, decision 15-D-19.
3 French Competition Authority, decision 15-D-03.
4 Global Competition Review, "An Interview with Bruno Lasserre" (July 2016).
5 However, as the FCO has also pointed out in its Annual Report, 2014 was an extraordinary year given that the Authority concluded three very complex proceedings (in the beer, sausage, and sugar markets).
6 In particular, see cases I785�Gara Consip Servizi di Pulizia nelle Scuole, December 22, 2015; I782�Gare per Servizi di Bonifica e Smaltimento di Materiali Inquinanti e/o Pericolosi presso gli Arsenali di Taranto, La Spezia ed Augusta, November 18, 2015.
7 See cases I701�Vendita al Dettaglio di Prodotti Cosmetici, December 15, 2010; I791 Mercato del Noleggio Autoveicoli a Lungo Termine, ongoing.
8 The Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission were replaced by a single competition authority, the CMA, on April 1, 2014.
9 See Communication on the application of Reg. 1/2003.


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The Sevastopol flag (Russian: Флаг Севастополя) is a red flag with a shield-shaped coat of arms centered on it. The height-to-width ratio in the flag is 2:3, and the current version of the flag was adopted on April 21, 2000. Sevastopol, traditionally known as Sebastopol, is the largest city on the Crimean Peninsula and a major Black Seaport. Since 2014, the city has been governed as the federal city of the Russian Federation. Its population is approximately 547,820 (2021), and its area is 864 km².
Keywords: GIF (Russian: гиф)
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text:
Importance of indian ocean in international politics degree
International degree importance
Add: wegaxymo36 - Date: 2020-12-29 14:10:44 - Views: 7376 - Clicks: 7649
This means Chinas navy has as much right to ply the Indian Ocean as any other nation, even though it might make countries like India feel a creeping sense of dread. Likewise, it is a well-established fact the Peoples Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has been sailing in the Indian Ocean far more frequently in recent years. he noted that they should obtain new ships and air crafts as the Indian Ocean would become an important location in. · Ocean → Indian Ocean Bay → Bay of Bengal. · Indian leadership will also be necessary if international coordination and cooperation is to improve, whether on sustainable resource extraction, humanitarian measures, or Indian Ocean governance. There is a high probability of finding valuable sea bed resources which are still undiscovered.
So, this indicates the important presence of India in this zone. importance of indian ocean in international politics degree Indian Ocean is an important location for international politics: PM Written. India imports about 70 percent of its oil through the Indian Ocean Region to its various ports.
Time and again, Sri Lanka has been displayed as an example of the. According to Harsh V. Examples of such politically active diaspora communities are the Jewish-, Greek-, Cuban- and Armenian-American associations that represent some of the strongest lobbies in Washington, DC. It claimed that piracy near the Horn of Africa requires it to have this strong naval base, which it named as the 'String of Pearls'. · The Indian Ocean covers at least one fifth of the world's total ocean area and is bounded by Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (known as the western Indian Ocean), India's coastal waters (the. China's increased presence can mean a great harm to this position.
Any nation can arrest pirates on the high seas and put them on trial. The third part investigates the strengthening of Indo-African ties on the Indian Ocean routes of communication. Current political and economic issues succinctly explained. ADVERTISEMENTS: Here is an essay on the 'Indian Ocean' for class. Pirate attacks can prevent delivery of humanitarian assistance, raise the costs of traded goods, and endanger ship crews. Four critically important access waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia).
Within the short term it is assessed that geo-politics and conflict overspill will continue to be the principle drivers of activity throughout key risk areas of the Indian Ocean. Density and diplomas importance of indian ocean in international politics degree form the most important divide in American politics. More Importance Of Indian Ocean In International Politics Degree images. And the economic and political might of the region is growing. The second part of the course concentrates on India's efforts to control the Indian Ocean, on the importance of securing sea lanes and of acquiring facilities along the critical choke points, via its naval and maritime strategy. No, it isn't. Its objective is to protect its trade in the Suez Canal and the Strait of Malacca. The strategic location of the Indian Ocean island, nations highlight their centrality in a regional security construct and give them an importance that belies their size.
In this report we will learn about factors that makes Indian Ocean Region significant. What is the importance of the Indian Ocean? Its fish are of great and importance of indian ocean in international politics degree growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export.
What are the current political issues in the Indian Ocean? · Sitting at the center of the Indian Ocean, halfway between China and the key energy resources in the Middle East, Beijing has sought to influence politics on the island. It can also develop submarine projects and in ASW surface ships or engage deeply with the littoral countries through the Indian Ocean Association of Rim Cooperation and engage with the Non Aligned Movement countries. There are three research and survey vessels in.
India&39;s diplomacy has been heavily focused on East and South East Asia for 20 years now. Most of its trade through sea-route occurs through this Ocean and some of the islands belonging to the Indian territory lie in this Ocean, whose safety is also a primary responsibility of India. Another important theme in Indian Ocean geopolitics in has been the emergence of Russia and Saudi Arabia as important players.
· In the last few days, two news reports with a significant strategic import have emerged from the Western Indian Ocean, a region that spans the area from the Suez Canal to the Seychelles. While there is no doubt that Beijing has increased its engagements with Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros, the increasing role of Russia and Saudi Arabia in the Western Indian Ocean has gone fairly. To varying degrees, depending on location, all ocean waters are international. However, the current geopolitical position in the Indian Ocean is changing considerably. The recent years have been witnessing an increased Chinese presence in the region, with China making a surprising shift from the Western Pacific and North Sea to the Indian Ocean. The formation of regional trade blocs led to an increase in sea trade and the development of new products. · Today it is legally indisputable that the high seas belong to all. There are several reasons for this area being accepted as geopolitically significant.
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world&39;s five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Most Indian Ocean states have continued to export raw materials and import. See full list on gktoday. Strategic relevance The Indian Ocean gained strategic relevance in November 1994 after the United Nations Convention on Laws of Sea came into effect and nation states started to identify their. But even in the territorial sea, all vessels (including military vessels) have the right of innocent passage — they may expeditiously transit territorial waters as long as they do not engage in certain specified activities deemed to disrupt the peace, good order or security of the coa. It is a region of several unexploited lands. Some of the initiatives taken that indicate its presence are: 1. For roughly 700 years, the Indian Ocean was the center of the greatest international trade network the world had ever seen.
Over the past 25 years, diasporas have increasingly become significant players in the international political arena. · For the past several years, a small island nation in the Indian Ocean has become a regular feature in international headlines. The Indian Ocean is the only ocean which has been named after one of the countries.
The object of the simulation is to make as much profit as you can by traveling back and forth across the Indian Ocean and conducting trade between Asian and African kingdoms. " But sometimes the term "international waters" is used as an informal shorthand to refer to waters beyond the territorial sea of any state. In these waters, all states enjoy "high seas freedoms" (like the freedoms of navigation and overfligh. Pant, a professor of international relations at King&39;s College London, New Delhi is gearing up "a more robust security posture and its presence in the Indian Ocean is being.
· Around 80% of the world&39;s maritime oil trade passes through the Indian Ocean. How does India import oil into the ocean? It is in the process of creating a quasi-naval base covering the whole of northern Indian Ocean on the lands of the countries like Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Horn of Africa. In the last few days, two news reports with a significant strategic import have emerged from the Western Indian Ocean, a region that spans the area from the Suez Canal to the Seychelles. Using evidence from Cassius Dio, the Periplus Maris Erythraei, and several Chinese sources, Gregoratti considers the points of contact across the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf (55–59), noting that the most important trading posts in the region were Apologos, due to its connection to Charax Spasinou (the capital of the Parthian client.
80% of the oil trade through the sea route occurs through this ocean. International studies is a multidisciplinary field that includes theology, psychology, economy, sociology, and more. · It connects major players of International economy in Asia Pacific and Northern Atlantic and unimpeded 'sea lines of indian communication' (SLOCs) or maritime highways in the Indian Ocean are critical for.
It carries importance of indian ocean in international politics degree a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfield of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. The Indian Ocean is the world's third-largest body of water and has become a growing area of competition between China and India. Indeed, for the rest of the Ocean's littoral states. Law of the Sea Convention reflects, all states have an obligation to cooperate to stop piracy. Assess the significance of the central location of India in the Indian Ocean. A growing international relations and security studies literature proceeds along three lines: (a) the geo-political risks that threaten the Indian Ocean's security and its economic prosperity (Cordesman & Toukan, ; Cordner, ), (b) the concept of the 'blue economy' and the sustainability of natural resources (Mohanty, Dash, Gupta, & Gaur, ), and (c) the role of regional. Historically, countries made all sorts of claims about the waters along their coastlines and how far out into the ocean they had full sovereignty — in other words, where they could exercise jurisdiction and control in ocean waters much as they did on land. The merchants working for the company are from East Africa and Asia.
The geo-political significance of the Indian Ocean stems from the fact that it is a centre piece in the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Essay on the Indian Ocean Essay Contents: हिन्द महासागर: भौगोलिक स्थिति एवं महत्व (The Indian Ocean: Geographical. · Another important theme in Indian Ocean geopolitics in has been the emergence of Russia and Saudi Arabia as important players. See full list on share.
International studies holds a diverse amount of history of foreign affairs, political and economic influence, as well as societal beliefs that play a large importance of indian ocean in international politics degree role in cultures across the globe. Question 12. Having already signaled the importance of indian ocean in international politics degree renewed prominence of India "Look East" policy, India&39;s Look East policy aims to improve economic and political ties with the region and attempts to carve out a place for India in the larger Asia-Pacific dynamic. Also, all countries can lay underwater pipes and cables in international waters. Ocean → Indian Ocean Bay → Bay of Bengal.
Is India in the ocean? The Indian Ocean, considered the backyard of the Indian Navy, is critical for India&39;s strategic interests. It connects major players of International economy in Asia Pacific and Northern Atlantic and unimpeded 'sea lines of communication' (SLOCs) or maritime highways in the Indian Ocean are critical for. · The strategic location of the Indian Ocean island, nations highlight their centrality in a regional security construct and give them an importance that belies their size. This means China&39;s navy has as much right to ply the Indian Ocean as any other nation, even though. Economic Importance to India The Indian peninsula juts 1,980 km into the Indian Ocean with 50% of the Indian Ocean basin lying within a 1500 km radius of India, a reality that has strategic implications. · Master's in International Relations Program Highlights. Sri Lanka is located at a very strategic location in the Indian Ocean, where SLOC passes just miles away from its southernmost tip.
· What this misses—apart from the historical relevance and contemporary economic and political significance of the Indian Ocean region generously defined—is the importance of the ocean itself. About 7000 km of India's coastal land borders around the Indian Ocean. Piracy in international waters can cause great harm to people and international commerce. The IOR carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia.
5 billion people, which is one-third of the world's population. The Indian Ocean Trade Instructions: Your group is a trading company in the year 1324. The region reaches heights over 4,000 meters above sea level, and temperatures plunge as low as minus 40 degrees. The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth&39;s oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. It has started developin. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. It can involve itself in a large number of quadrilateral maritime exercises with countries like Australia, US importance of indian ocean in international politics degree and Japan. The countries bordering the Indian Ocean are home to 2.
Or "India has an important position on the globe. The Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. The two regional powers' moves to exert influence in the ocean include deep-water port development in littoral states and military patrols. · India&39;s diplomacy has been heavily focused on East and South East Asia for 20 years now. For India, the Indian Ocean is very important for projection of its power in world's politics. " Justify by giving three arguments. These are: 1. · India's partnership with France now has a strong regional importance of indian ocean in international politics degree anchor — the Indo-Pacific.
Due to its strategic location, its ports can be easily used to control the Indian Ocean. · The Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. The Indian Ocean is also a locus of important International Sea Lanes (ISL's). First truly rising around 800 CE and maintaining its dominance until the. The Indian Ocean region has two major countries possessing nuclear capability which are India and Pakistan. Indeed, for the rest of the Ocean's littoral states, and even importance of indian ocean in international politics degree those outside the region, India's leadership role will be important in determining the strategic future. The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world&39;s oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km 2 (27,240,000 sq mi) or 19. The sea route is a vital link between the Eastern and the Western part of the world.
For example, in a country's territorial sea, ships of all states enjoy the right of "innocent passage. Indian Ocean - Indian Ocean - Trade and transportation: The economic development of the littoral countries since the mid-20th century has been uneven, following attainment of independence by most states. As a consequence, it has been enhancing its strategic influence through the use of soft power, by becoming a major foreign investor in regional mining, oil, gas,and infrastructure projects. · The geo-political significance of the Indian Ocean stems from the fact that it is a centre piece in the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR). After much debate, the rule emerged that coastal countries could have sovereignty control only i. India's diplomacy in the IOR could define its position in the.
'In the long-term the Indian Ocean is going to be massively more significant in global politics than it has ever been before, and that is the function largely of the fact that the Asia-Pacific. Answer: Central location of India is of great significance because: India has a central location between the East and. The African and Asian countries that are in direct access to the ocean are very rich in resources, which lie unexplored. The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa and East Asia with Europe and the Americas.
The Indian Ocean covers at least one fifth of the world's total ocean area and is bounded by Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (known as the western Indian Ocean), India's coastal waters (the. Politically, the Indian Ocean is becoming a pivotal zone of strategic competition. 8% of the water on Earth&39;s surface. This is the most important entry to/from the Pacific Ocean and provides the shortest and most convenient link between Pacific and Indian Ocean. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on the 'Indian Ocean' especially written for school and college students in Hindi language. "International waters" isn't actually a defined term in international law.
This longstanding principle of international law importance of indian ocean in international politics degree is a rare example where states enjoy "universal jurisdiction. · Strategic relevance The Indian Ocean gained strategic relevance in November 1994 after the United Nations Convention on Laws of Sea came into effect and nation states started to identify their. Continue Reading Show full articles without "Continue Reading" button for 0 hours. Fisheries in EEZs and on the high seas are also important.
France, with its territories in the Western Indian Ocean and the South Pacific as well as a historic naval presence, was quick to see the challenges arising from China's maritime expansion and the emergence of the Indo-Pacific as a new political geography. We will also focus on its geography, natural resources, trade and its. The Indian Ocean holds particular importance for India, as the littoral's most populous country. A well-defined body of international importance of indian ocean in international politics degree law provides a framework for all claims and activities at sea, and the rules vary by location.
Today it is legally indisputable that the high seas belong to all. India is geographically located at the Ocean's centre, and has over 7,500 kilometres of coastline. The geo-political significance of the Indian Ocean stems from the fact that it is a centre piece in the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR). These activities have a serious potential of harming India's presence in the Ocean. India has also concentrated most importance of indian ocean in international politics degree of its efforts in the strategically important Indian Ocean Region, which has given it leverage. China is investing hundreds of billions of dollars in infrastructure projects across the region as part of its. This vast international web of routes linked all of those areas as well as East Asia (particularly China). Some international initiatives have been taken which can favour India like a declaration by t.
It has also extracted gold from this sea bed recently. India&39;s military is setting up "smart camps," according to Indian media. Sitting at the center of the Indian Ocean, halfway between China and the key energy resources in the Middle East, Beijing has sought to influence politics on the island.
Hong Kong, December 23 (ANI): Today it is legally indisputable that the high seas belong to all. However, the word "sea" can also be used for many importance of indian ocean in international politics degree specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea. Liberty is ranked in the top 1% of more than 2,100 online colleges and universities for academic quality, affordability, and accessibility. India's Importance in the Indian Ocean. The general area of deployment has been observed in 90 degree east ridge and south-west Indian ridge," one official said on condition of anonymity. Due to an unstable political relation amongst the countries of the Indian subcontinent, the US and its allies have forced their presence in the Ocean with the claim of mediating the tensions. China has been making concerted efforts to increase its presence in the region.
At least for now. It is developing a maritime silk trade route and is also conducting research on the polymetallic nodules that are found in the sea bed of the Indian Ocean.
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War Supplies in Assassin's Creed Odyssey can be spotted from above by Ikaros. Once marked on your map, find them in the fort and approach them. Here's how to burn war supplies in Assassin's Creed Odyssey.
Once you get close enough, the map marker will disappear from your screen, but you will be able to loot the pile of stuff. Then, equip your torch by holding the right button on the d-pad. This should equip your torch. Press an attack button to light the supplies on fire.
Alternatively, you can also use fire arrows, which can be gained by using the Fire Attack Ability, or by lighting the arrow on a brazier.


Well Lambing has come to an end for this season at Double V. Trudy has again done all the work now I get to have some of the fun. You got it; Lamb pictures. Here are a few to start you off.
A little variety this year with colored and white Katahdin rams, Kerry Hill and Clun rams.
They grow fast and a few days difference in age make a big difference in size.
I think The Clun lambs are some of the most photogenic.
The Kerry Hills cross is interesting.
One of Trudy's favorite new Katahdin ewes.
I"ll get back to blogging about dogs in a bit. Sometimes we are so involved in a subject we miss what is right there. I think that is what is happening right now. I start to write then think, no one is interested in that… that is too much/simple… or stare blankly.
Till next time, get out and enjoy your dogs.


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January is vision time for Tahoe
Gregory Crofton
Do you have a vision for how the Lake Tahoe Basin should look 20 years from now?
Pathway 2007, a multi-agency effort to create 20-year land and resource management plans for the basin, will conduct five workshops in January to gather public thoughts and suggestions in an effort to create a vision for Lake Tahoe. Two of the workshops will be inside the basin, the other three will be at Las Vegas, San Francisco and Los Angeles.
"We're embarking on an unprecedented program of public outreach," said Julie Regan, Pathway 2007 spokeswoman. "We're asking for public participation at workshops from Lake Tahoe community members and visitors who want to play a role in the future of Lake Tahoe."
The workshops will last three hours, and complimentary food and beverages will be served. The agencies involved in the planning effort include: U.S. Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection.
"These visioning workshops are the vital first step to creating collaborative vision for Tahoe," said Rex Norman, Pathway 2007 spokesman. "Eighty percent of the Tahoe basin is national forest public land, and the public locally, regionally and nationally has a tremendous interest in the future of its resources, land uses and the recreational opportunities the Tahoe basin affords."
Pathway 2007 visioning workshops:
When: Jan. 8, from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
Where: North Shore at Incline Village, at The Chateau, 955 Fairway Blvd.
When: Jan. 12, from 6:30 to 9:30 p.m.
Where: South Shore at Embassy Suites Hotel, 4130 Highway 50, South Lake Tahoe.
When: Jan. 15, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Where: Los Angeles, Olympic Collection, 11301 Olympic Boulevard, West Los Angles.
Where: Las Vegas, University of Nevada, 4505 Maryland Parkway.
Where: San Francisco, Commmonwealth Club, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., 595 Market St., second floor.
— For more information about the workshops, call (775) 588-4547 ext. 235 or go to http://www.pathway2007.org.


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Tag Archives: budgie smugglers
It's a niqab not a burqa ban
As an Australian Muslim woman, I have a few issues regarding the idea of "banning the burqa" in parliament house.
Firstly, why are we not using the correct terminology? It's called a niqab not a burqa. A burqa is worn in Afghanistan.
It's incredibly irresponsible to reignite this debate at a time when community tensions are already heightened all over this country. Australian Muslim women, are it seems once again being used as political pawns to further the Abbott Government's political agenda.
The hysteria is not based on any evidence – Tony Abbott himself has admitted that no one in a full face covering has sought entry into Parliament House. It's very disappointing to see he has given credibility to the likes of Senator Jacqui Lambie and Senator Cory Bernardi instead of showing leadership on this issue; but perhaps he sees that there are some extra votes to be gained in that.
I personally find the sight of Tony Abbott in budgie smugglers "confronting" but I would defend his right to wear them. Given he admits there is no record of the burqa ever being worn into the building, he cautioned against making a "mountain over a molehill". Yet the government is doing precisely that, conflating the issue by choosing to echo John Howard's sentiments at a time where the social cohesion of this country is already at serious risk of being irreparably damaged.
In a free and open democracy, people are entitled to their opinions, however unsavoury they may be, but our leaders who occupy positions of power and responsibility must rise above divisive rhetoric. Instead Abbott seems content to peddle xenophobic views rather than challenge them. He has failed in this regard on numerous occasions – the infamous "Team Australia" rhetoric is one such recent example. In a free and open society, women should be entitled to dress as they please.
There's a distinct irony in the suggestion that women who are allegedly forced to wear a face covering should be forced not to wear it. If the issue is in fact about identification, then women could be asked to remove the face covering momentarily for identification purposes. But equating the face covering to extremism and violence in the discourse of national security is disingenuous and suggests that it is not about identification.
A ban is potentially unconstitutional and possibly in breach of section 116 of the constitution which states "The Commonwealth shall not make any law …for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion".
A ban of the face covering in Parliament will no doubt lead to it being banned in public – what kind of a secular democracy dictates to women what they should and shouldn't wear? Given the current climate, Australian Muslim women are already bearing the brunt of Islamophobia. There has been an escalation of both the frequency of incidents of racism against Muslims and the level of violence with a 26-year-old Australian Muslim woman being bashed and pushed from a train, in a vicious and cowardly attack in Melbourne last week.
Everyone in Australian society has an important part to play in ensuring that we do not cause irreparable damage to social cohesion by engaging in divisive rhetoric and inciting hysteria. That includes parliamentarians.
Mariam Veiszadeh is a lawyer, Welcome to Australia ambassador and founder of Islamophobia Register Australia.
Originally published: October 1 2014, Sydney Morning Herald
Posted in Uncategorized	Tagged ban, budgie smugglers, burqa, islamophobia, niqab, parliament
RT @NStottDespoja: Thank you for this difficult & heartbreaking work that you do. We remember these women. We should all remember that the… 9 hours ago


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Back You are here: Home History John Wilkes Booth letter to be auctioned
John Wilkes Booth letter to be auctioned
Published on Thursday, 17 November 2016 15:35
Written by PRNewswire
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A chilling letter by John Wilkes Booth that waspenned just months before his assassination of President Lincoln will be auctioned in New York on Tuesday, Nov. 22. Estimated to sell for between $50,000-80,000, the letter is a highlight of the Rare Books & Autographs sale at Doyle.
In the two-page letter written to the son of a southern Maryland innkeeper, Booth requests information regarding a missing item left with a stagecoach driver that was to be returned later. This stashed item, long considered to be a gun, may reference Booth's treasured derringer with which he may have killed Lincoln.
Booth's cryptic letter is filled with tantalizing clues. He states that the item had "saved his life two or three times" and that "it's not worth more than $15, but I'd pay him $20 rather than lose it." The letter closes by instructing the young man to contact Booth at a house in Baltimore, the home of convicted assassination conspirator Samuel Arnold.
The letter was reportedly hidden behind a brick in the hearth of the innkeeper's family home for decades and is a rare survival. Most recipients of Booth's late letters destroyed them to avoid the repercussions of association with his dastardly plot.
Other Americana highlights in the sale include a rare July 10, 1776 printing of the Declaration of Independence in a Pennsylvania newspaper. It is one of the earliest obtainable printings of our country's foundational document (est. $125,000-$175,000). A manuscript known as The Hillsborough Colonial Returns describes the American colonies in 1775 from the British perspective on the eve of the Revolutionary War (est. $100,000-$150,000). Also of note are the first four editions of The Book of Mormon, the printings of which mirror the early westward journey of the Mormons. The Dr. Julius Dintenfass Collection of Presidential Autographs includes fine examples of Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Lincoln.
Material with international appeal includes an important collection of letters, books and documents relating to El Libertador Simón Bolívar and his contemporaries in the South American independence movement, the most substantial such collection to come to auction in decades.
The public is invited to the exhibition on view at Doyle on November 19 through 21. Doyle is located at 175 East 87th Street in Manhattan. Sale information and the auction catalogue may be viewed at www.Doyle.com.
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