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This section of the website provides interested users of statistics on informal employment with information to maximize the use of available data and to begin discussions with producers of these statistics to better meet their data needs. Dialogue and collaboration between statisticians and users of statistics is key to producing timely data that informs policy. (See, for example, "Improving statistics on informal employment in India: the role of users.")
Basic Concepts & Definitions
In 1993, the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) adopted a Resolution containing an international statistical definition of the informal sectorthat later was included in the revised United National System of National Accounts (1993 SNA). This definition was based on characteristics of the production units (enterprises) in which activities take place, rather than on persons or jobs. The purpose of an enterprise-based definition was to provide for the separate identification of the contribution of the informal sector to gross domestic product in national accounts.
The informal sector captures one type of activity in informal employment – work that takes place in unincorporated enterprises that are unregistered or small. However, there are additional types of informal employment outside informal enterprises: for example, persons working in formal enterprises who are not covered by social protection through their work, as well as domestic workers, casual day labourers, and contributing family workers who are not covered by social protection through their work.
In the mid 1990s, the International Labour Office (ILO), the International Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (called the Delhi Group) and the WIEGO network together began to broaden the concept and definition to incorporate certain types of informal employment that had not been included in the earlier definition. In 2003, the ICLS adopted an international statistical definition which includes informal wage employment outside informal enterprises. The larger concept is referred to as informal employment. See the ICLS 2003 "Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment." (For more information, see The Informal Sector and Informal Employment from the United Nations Publication, The World's Women 2010: Trends and Statistics.)
In this definition of informal employment, workers are classified by their status in employment. The five employment status categories of the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE) are employers, employees, own account workers, contributing family workers, and members of producer cooperatives (see the 1993 ICLS resolution). The key dimensions underlying this classification are 1) the economic risk involved in the work and 2) the type of authority over establishments and other workers. These dimensions are basic aspects of the structure and arrangements of the labour market and are important in distinguishing formal and informal employment and informal employment both outside and inside the informal sector. (For more information, see Status in Employment: A Brief on Statistical Concepts from the United Nations Publication, The World's Women 2010: Trends and Statistics.) A two dimensional matrix based on the status in employment categories provides a framework for mapping formal and informal employment; see Conceptual Framework: Informal Economy.
To summarize, the status in employment categories comprising informal employment include both those under employment within the informal sector and those in informal employment outside the informal sector, as follows:
Persons employed within the informal sector (including those rare persons who are formally employed in the informal sector):
own-account (self-employed) workers in their own informal enterprises
employers in informal enterprises
employees of informal enterprises
contributing family workers working in informal enterprises
members of informal producers' cooperatives
Persons in informal employment outside the informal sector:
employees in formal enterprises not covered by national labour legislation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits such as paid annual or sick leave
paid domestic workers not covered by national labour legislation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits such as paid annual or sick leave
contributing family workers working in formal enterprises
In 2013 The Conference of Labour Statisticians asked the ILO to revise the Classification of Sstatus in Employment (ICSE) to better reflect the latest development in the labour market. WIEGO is a member of the ILO Expert Group with the responsibility to propose revisions to the classification. WIEGO 's background paper for this group, Considerations for Revision of the ICSE-93 co-authored with R. Negrete of INEGI, Mexico explains significant issues, conceptual challenges, and examples of ambiguous employment arrangements.
The concept of informal employment has been applied widely in developing countries where informal employment accounts for a large proportion of employment. The need to apply it also to developed countries is increasingly recognized as production and employment are being reorganized into more decentralized, flexible and specialized units. However, various concepts or definitions are used in developed countries to refer to workers whose work arrangements deviate from the so-called "standard" norm, including:
those whose employment is arranged through an employment intermediary: temporary agency workers and contract workers
those whose employment is not full-time: part-time workers
those whose employment is not long-term: contingent workers
those whose employment is not protected: precarious workers
The most common concept or term is "non-standard" workers. As commonly used, the term "non-standard" work includes a) wage employment without a contract or for only an explicitly short term, or with an insecure contract and/or without worker benefits or social protection for formal enterprises; and b) self-employment without employees. The common categories of non-standard wage work are temporary work, fixed-term work, and part-time work. Increasingly, inter-firm sub-contracted work in the service sector (such as janitorial services and home care) is also included.
In consultation with the ILO, WIEGO launched efforts to stimulate discussion and research on the definition and measurement of informal employment in developed countries in a meeting held at Harvard University in October 2008. The main document for this meeting has been revised based on these discussions and was released in 2013 as WIEGO Working Paper 26,Toward a Common Framework for Informal Employment across Developed and Developing Countries (Françoise Carré and James Heintz).
The application of the concept of informal employment to developed countries is being furthered by WIEGO's participation in the UNECE expert group on the Measurment of the Quality of Employment. (see Relating Quality of Employment to Informal Employment). Informal employment is recommended by the group as an experimental indicator to measure quality of employment.
GDP Contribution
National accountants and labour statisticians are collaborating on the use of data on informal sector and informal employment in the system of national accounts (SNA). The 1993 System of National Accountshighlighted the importance for developing countries of distinguishing between formal and informal sectors of the economy to show the sources of GDP growth and the relative susceptibility of the informal sector to various economic policies. The 2008 System of National Accounts further stresses the importance of collecting data on the informal sector and informal employment by devoting a chapter to the topic, specifically chapter 25 on "Informal Aspects of the Economy." See 2008 System of National Accounts.
National accountants and labour statisticians have also worked to dispel the view – generally attributed to transition and developed countries – of the informal sector as illegal or hidden/underground production (see, for example, Measuring the Non-Observed Economy). Any type of production unit (formal sector enterprise, informal sector enterprise, or household) can be engaged in any type of activity (legal, not underground; legal underground; or illegal). Nevertheless, in developing and transition countries most informal sector activities are not underground or illegal: rather, they represent a survival strategy for the persons and households involved in them and, therefore, can be captured in surveys of the informal sector.
Technical Guidance on Data Collection and Tabulation
The ILO, working with an international team of statisticians, prepared Measuring Informality: A Statistical Manual on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment. The manual is a technical and operational guide for national statisticians interested in developing data on employment and production in the informal sector and on informal employment outside the informal sector. It provides practical guidance on the technical issues involved with the development and administration of the surveys; on the tabulation and dissemination of the resulting statistics, and on the use of these statistics in the preparation of national accounts. The manual also gives users a better understanding of the concepts underlying the data, as well as the constraints statisticians face in supplying data to meet their needs.
The Statistical Annex of an ILO publication on Moldova provides a good example of the detailed tabulations that may be prepared relating to data on informal employment and employment in the informal sector. See Employment in the Informal Economy in the Republic of Moldova.
WIEGO has prepared guides to improve the identification of categories of informal workers – especially on domestic workers, home-based workers, street vendors and waste pickers – in survey questionnaires and in tabulations plans. For examples, see
A Guide to Obtaining Data on Types of Informal Workers in Official Statistics, WIEGO Working Paper No. 8 (Vanek et al. 2012)
Definition of Home-Based Workers
Challenges of Measuring Domestic Workers
A report reviewing the history of data collection on informal sector and informal employment, "Measuring Informal Employment 40 Years Later," provides important insights on past developments and future needs.
Labour Market Indicators
Labour economists often focus narrowly on the supply and demand of wage labour only. Self-employment is ignored and it is assumed that those who are willing to work and cannot find employment in the formal economy are seamlessly absorbed into the informal economy. WIEGO proposes a new, broader approach to the labour force to better reflect today's realities.
The WIEGO framework models the labour force as segmented into formal and informal, each of which is further segmented by the status in employment categories. Rather than the traditional indicators of wage employment, non-agricultural wage employment and unemployment, this model frames the structure of the labour market through a cross classification of formal/ informal employment and status in employment. For example, WIEGO and ILO have recommended a background indicator for monitoring Millennium Goal 3 on gender equality and the empowerment of women. (See the specific indicator Gender Differences in the Structure of Employment and the September 2005 Meeting Report of the Sub-Group on Gender Indicators of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group (IAEG) on MDG Indicators.) The Gender and Structure of Employment indicator is based on a cross classification of formal/informal employment, agricultural and non-agricultural, and status in employment for women and men.
Informal Economy Topic
Gendered inequalities in the South African informal economy
Michael Rogan, Laura Alfers
WIEGO Annual Report 2019
WIEGO
Informal Workers in Urban Thailand: A Statistical Snapshot
Wissanee Poonsab, Joann Vanek, Françoise Carré
Measuring Social Change: Performance and Accountability in a Complex World
Alnoor Ebrahim
Informal Workers in Urban South Africa: A Statistical Snapshot
Michael Rogan
City-level statistical snapshots for South Africa and Thailand available for the first time
Joann Vanek
Entender el término estadístico "contratista dependiente": Una entrevista con Firoza Mehrotra
WIEGO Blog
Comprendre le terme statistique « non-salarié dépendant » : une interview avec Firoza Mehrotra
Understanding the statistical term "Dependent Contractor": A Q&A with Firoza Mehrotra
Visit the WIEGO Blog


But I just knew it was for me.
Akin to the Goddess, akin to the God.
A part of Nature's Magesties!
What was so obvious to me.
Another traveller, my own true lover!
We know that others travel there.
All our resources to employ.
To have found a Spiritual Family!


Even the report that he became the highest paid player in the league is somewhat wrong. He basically got a 6 year/127M contract while Luck got a 6 year/139M contract. There was more money added in the 5 extra years for Carr but since both contracts are spread over 6 years, Luck is making more per year over the total length of the payment.
luck's 5th year option paid him a ton, whereas Carr doest get a 5th year option as a 2nd round pick, so that's kinda misleading.
Like i said there was more money added to the previous contract in Carr's case but there's no 5 years period where Carr is making 125M so that's misleading as well. He'll get the full 125M over a 6 years period. In Luck's case, the money added was less but over 6 years he's earning more. I'm sure Carr's agent is glad to be able to brag about the biggest contract ever but in reality Carr isn't the highest paid player per year.
Maybe next year he is, at least before Stafford or any other QB re signs. Carrs #s dont look too bad after next year.
Hopefully he can win a Super Bowl for Oakland before the move to Las Vegas.
Hopefully he can win multiple for RAIDER NATION!
carr's deal is a good one for the team because the money in the 5 year extension is actually spread over 6 years, since he basically wasn't getting paid anything for 2017.
Alot of clarity on the details of the deal.
The structure confirms that the Raiders' reported reluctance to sign linebacker Khalil Mack this year due to cap issues is a canard(an unfounded rumor or story). By loading up $12.5 million in roster bonus and salary and limiting the signing bonus of $12.5 million, Carr ended up with a much larger cap number this year than he otherwise could have had. With a salary of $1 million and a signing bonus of $24 million (which would have still created $25 million in cash flow), the cap number for 2017 would have been only $5.8 million.
PFT clearly doesn't understand RM's thinking. He doesn't want to give huge signing bonus because he wants to be able to release players easily. The cap issue is they can't sign 3 players to huge deals in the same season with the way they want to structure contracts. PFT doesn't know enough to figure that out though.
They are just pointing out that fraudulent rumors that said we didn't want to or couldn't sign Mack as well this yr. That the only thing they were talking about with structure. Whether they knew or cared about how Reggie smartly signs guys is unknown.
They're saying we could have signed Mack if we structured Carr's contract differently so understanding why we structured Carr that way is a pretty big deal here. We didn't want to sign Mack this season because RM wants to be able to get rid of any contract easily and you can't do that if you give a huge prorated signing bonus to someone (which is the example they're giving).
They weren't discussing that issue. Only the rumors. That is what the whole paragraph was about. The effects of doing it differently is another issue that they could have gotten into but they weren't addressing that. I understand your point, but saying that they don't get it is off base. Someone doesn't have to layout every angle or possibility to prove they understand when making a statement about one aspect of a matter.
Flacco is qua his supporting cast performing well enough to justify his contract. Compared to other quarterbacks who are payed in the same bracket, he has just as much to show for it when it comes to results.
Yes, other quarterbacks migh have better stats, which then could be attributed to better receivers, olines, coaching staffs, offensive system etc. Thats not a knock on Flacco then, he is placed where he is because of strategic roster building.
The quarterbacks in the same bracket are Aaron Rodgers, Andrew Luck, Drew Brees, Derek Carr, Carson Palmer, Kirk Cousins, Russell Wilson, and Ben Rothelisberger.
So Rodgers, Luck, Brees, Ben, Wilson, etc. have only played better than flacco because of supporting cast and offensive schemes? Wow, I think I've heard it all now.
Carr is 22-25, no play off games, I'd take Flacco over him. Flacco has shown much more, proven much more, even in his last 4 seasons.
Luck really took the NFL by storm, has lately proven to produce a lot of yards and scores when playing from behind. 3-2 in the post season, which is more than Carr has shown. Has a bad tendency to get owned along with the rest of his team vs. the Patriots which hold the key to the Super Bowl. Advantage Flacco.
Brees is one of the best, but yet has been further away from achieving the same results as Flacco the last 4 years. Advantage Flacco.
Wilson, can't say much else than he is maybe the best young QB in the league. Got into a perfect situation with a top 3 defense and a ground game to help him. Had a few games where he nearly buried his team, but still rallied them to get back. Should I pick a QB to lead my team, Wilson would most likely be my choice.
Cousins 1 play off appearence and a lot of nice stats for the stat horny posters. Still can't prove more than Flacco. I pick Flacco. The trust or lack of it shown by the Redskins FO should tell you something.
Karsten Palmer played really will in that gung ho offense. Still haven't done more than Flacco despite 2 play off appearences which led to 1 victory. I'd pick Flacco.
To me it seems like Flacco is just where he belongs. Behind the Brady, Roethlisberger, Rivers, Rodgers, Wilson and ahead of Carr, Tannehill, Cousins, Palmer, Dalton, Luck, etc.
Mariotta and Winston can come talk when they have reached the playoffs.
I like Flacco, but honestly I'm not sure how you could elevate his rating above any of the above except Tannehill.
Realistically, moving forward Carr has to be the hottest property in town - I also like Mariota but he's a little ways behind due to inexperience and though I think Winston could potentially be a great QB, I think Carr has better intangibles and a better head on his shoulders. Luck is in a poor situation and is probably trying to do too much, but he's still in the same conversation as Carr. Rivers and Wilson are clearly just behind Carr at this stage. Tannehill is just an average QB who flashes now and then.
So many people in the "analytics" community throwing garbage shade at Carr, calling him an "average" quarterback. So many of these people picking us to regress to 8-8/7-9. What a joke. I can't wait for the season to start.
I'm very surprised at that! Carr was sublime in 2016, what really convinced me Carr is the real deal was the 'Snake like' poise and relentless way he carried the team on his back over the course of several comeback wins in the 4th. That is really impressive for a 3rd year player. The players believe in him and it was evident when he missed the last couple games what a difference that confidence can make.
I blame the Ravens for that overpay. Timing was perfect for Joe. Reading some of the above makes me think Carr is underrated.


On Labor Day, I had lunch at the Sheridan Senior Center. The building was recently renovated. The lobby contains a lounge area and café where homemade soup, salad, sandwiches, and desserts can be purchased to take home during the week.
In the dining room, the food is now served on plates instead of the plastic trays they used in the past that reminded me of school cafeteria lunches. The tables now contain silverware, napkins, pitchers of water, and glasses. Before, you had to collect your silverware, napkin, and drink when you got your tray.
During the week, besides a main entre, there's a soup and salad bar option. This wasn't available on Monday because it was a holiday, so for lunch, I had a sloppy Joe, sweet potato fries, baked beans, apple sauce, and chocolate cake, which were all delicious. I'm looking forward to returning for lunch another day.
What's the best thing that happened to you this past week? Please tell me about it in the comment field. I look forward to hearing from you and hope something good happens to you this coming week.
This past Thursday, some friends and I decided to get out of town for a while. We drove to Dayton, a little town situated about twenty miles north of Sheridan at the base of Wyoming's Bighorns. The town offers a splendid view of the mountains, but on this day, all we could see was smoke from the many forest fires raging in Montana.
We ate lunch at a restaurant called the Branding Iron. This is an ordinary café, located in the heart of downtown Dayton. It serves hamburgers and other items you usually find in such establishments. I ordered what they called a branding iron burger: two patties with bacon, cheese, tomatoes, onions, pickles, onion rings, and barbecue sauce, all on a bun of course.
The first order of business was to eat the onion rings perched on top of everything else. Once they were gone, I put the sandwich together, but it was still huge. So, to the amusement of my companions, I picked it up with both hands, held it over the plate, opened my mouth as wide as I could, and dug in. That branding iron burger soon became a part of Wyoming history.
My father, may he rest in peace, would have been proud. My scale, on the other hand, was not happy. Oh well, you only live once, right?
What's the best thing that happened to you this past week? Please tell me about it in the comment field. I hope something good happens to you this coming week.


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text:
St. Clair River restoration projects are paying off
The U.S. has spent about $21 million in St. Clair County since 2011 to improve and restore fish and wildlife habitat
St. Clair River restoration projects are paying off The U.S. has spent about $21 million in St. Clair County since 2011 to improve and restore fish and wildlife habitat Check out this story on Freep.com: http://on.freep.com/2fKE5uD
Bob Gross, Port Huron Times Herald Published 5:26 p.m. ET Nov. 11, 2016
Researchers found a small northern pike in an area of Cuttle Creek in Marysville that was restored using Great Lakes Restoration Initiative money.(Photo: Michigan Department of Environmental Quality)
The U.S. has spent about $21 million on 10 projects in St. Clair County since 2011 to improve and restore fish and wildlife habitat in and along the St. Clair River.
The projects are scattered along the 44 miles of the river — a strait connecting Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair — from the upper reaches in Port Huron to the world's largest freshwater delta and Harsens Island in the southern part of St. Clair County.
And the poster child for the effort might be a small female northern pike filled with eggs that was in a place where she couldn't have been before.
Barry Kreiner, director of public works in Marysville, said he was excited to see the small fish in Cuttle Creek where it flows through the Marysville Golf Course.
"It's showing the stuff we are doing is working to improve the environment and the habitat," Kreiner said.
He said that was one of the goals of the $2.75 million Cuttle Creek Restoration project funded by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.
"We didn't know it was going to happen early on (in spring 2016), which it did," he said. "We thought eventually it would happen."
Melanie Foose, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality's area of concern coordinator for the St. Clair, Detroit and Raisin rivers, said the projects represent a second level of progress in areas of concerns.
"We're not just seeing that they're done," she said. "We're seeing the value we're getting from them.
"Fish are being found in areas where fish have not been found before. When they did the post-construction monitoring (on Cuttle Creek) they found a northern pike and she was gravid — not that she was laying eggs — but she was well up from where she would have been able to get before.
"She was about 2,000 feet farther than what she was able to get before that project began."
Cleaning up the river
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative rolled out in 2010 "to accelerate efforts to protect and restore the largest system of fresh surface water in the world — to provide additional resources to make progress toward the most critical long-term goals for this important ecosystem," according to a mission statement on the initiative's website.
But efforts to clean up the St. Clair River started well before that. The river was identified under the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the U.S. and Canada as an area of concern, one of 14 in Michigan and 43 on the Great Lakes.
Paulette Duhaime, the U.S. vice chairwoman of the Binational Public Advisory Council for the St. Clair River, said the council has been in existence since 1987.
Public advisory councils are established within areas of concern — areas that have experienced significant degradation — to work with the state departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources to undertake actions that will result in the removal of what are called beneficial use impairments.
Ten beneficial use impairments were identified in the St. Clair River and six have been removed: Restriction of dredging activities, 2009; added costs to agriculture or industry, 2011; tainting of fish or wildlife flavor, 2012; degradation of aesthetics, 2012; degradation of benthos (river bottom), 2014; and beach closings, 2016.
The remaining impairments are restrictions on drinking water consumption or taste and odor; bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems; loss of fish and wildlife habitat; and restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption.
"In recent years the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative has been very helpful in getting some of the projects done and getting them off the list of impairments," Duhaime said.
She said she expects the list of remaining BUIs to decrease soon.
"The only thing that will take time will be for the mercury levels in fish to respond to the improvements that have been made and drop as it is a very persistent toxin," she said.
Patty Troy, chairwoman of the BPAC for the St. Clair River, said the number of chemical spills has decreased and notification has improved.
On the Canadian side
The elephant in the room for fish and wildlife contamination consists of the sediments at the bottom of the St. Clair River that are a legacy of Chemical Valley.
Kris Lee, Canadian chairwoman of the St. Clair River BPAC, said significant strides have been made to clean up the contamination.
"The sediment decommissioning is physically vacuuming the river, and it's right at the north end of Stag Island," she said. "The Shell docks, that's where the majority of the contaminants are.
"The engineering studies, the best options have been decided. Now it's a question of looking at funds," she said. "It's about $25 million to do it."
The Canadian government has identified three priority areas. According to information from Environment Canada, the areas range in size from 95,798 square feet to 284,167 square feet to 350,903 square feet. The smallest area contains 137,727 cubic feet of contaminated sediments followed by 363,741 cubic feet and 370,804 cubic feet.
"It's basically mercury," Lee said.
She and Troy both said the Canadian side of the river in the 1950s was considered degraded from Sarnia as far south as Port Lambton — that's nearly to Algonac State Park on the U.S. side.
"Since the 1980s, there has been a lot of cleanup," Lee said. "Industries have done a lot of work in terms of preventing spills, and the government has become more of an enforcer in terms of heavy fines.
"We have done very well, but it's taken 30 years, 35 years I would say."
She said the Canadian federal government is negotiating with one of the industries to partner in the cleanup of the three sites. One of the sites, she said, might have to be capped to encapsulate the contaminated sediments instead of removing them.
Lee did not have a timetable as to when the work will start.
U.S. habitat
On the U.S. side, however, the last of 10 habitat restoration projects was checked off in the spring with the $4 million Krispin Drain Restoration on Harsens Island in Clay Township.
"The project still goes on," said Artie Bryson, Clay Township supervisor. "They're in the process of their planting phase ...
"They will do a reassessment in the spring and the fall of next year as far as how it is with aquatic life."
The project opened up the drain, which runs through Harsens Island from the North Channel to Muscamoot Bay, with dredging and by removing invasive phragmites reeds.
"I can tell you on a personal note, yes they are catching fish," Bryson said. "The wildlife is taking advantage of the Krispin Drain.
"There is obviously an improvement," he said. "There is good flow from the North Channel all the way to the DNR (Wildlife Area) and Muscamoot Bay."
Rose Ellison, a project manager for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, said the habitat restoration projects will continue to be monitored for the next three to five years, but anecdotal evidence suggests fish and other animals are returning.
"It's amazing how fast they will come back," she said. "If it's some place they like, they'll find it. That was the theory of all these sites.
"If you build it, they will come," she said. "If you find the right places and bolster them up a little bit, the animals will come back."
Sheri Faust, president of the stewardship group Friends of the St. Clair River, said the managers of the 10 habitat projects gathered in mid-October.
"It gave them a picture of how their project fits into the bigger picture," she said.
The Friends group, she said, will serve as a guide to help manage the areas "for people, for plants and for wildlife."
Troy said she's excited about the completion of the habitat projects and about how much the river has improved since she started with BPAC 25 years ago.
"I grew up along the St. Clair River," she said. "I grew up swimming in it.
"I want future generations to enjoy a healthy, clean river."
Contact Bob Gross at (810) 989-6263 or rgross@gannett.com. Follow him on Twitter @RobertGross477.
St. Clair River Habitat Restoration
Marysville Living Shoreline: Workers removed more than 1,800 feet of failing steel seawall south of Chrysler Beach and replaced it with rock, also planting native trees and wildflowers. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative funds: $1.5 million
Blue Water River Walk: Workers improved about a mile of shoreline south of the Great Lakes Maritime Center, installing rock along the shoreline and to create in-river breakwaters. The project included planting native shrubs and wildflowers. GLRI funds: $2.25 million
St. Clair County Parks Wetlands: Just south of the Blue Water River Walk, workers cleaned up 2.75 acres of an existing upland brownfield and converted it to wetlands with habitat for reptiles, amphibians and waterfowl. GFLRI funds: $1 million
Port Huron Shoreline North: The project, one of the first funded under the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, included planting native wildflowers and installing rock along 300 feet of the St. Clair River shoreline. Cobble also was placed in the river to create a substrate for fish and insects. GLRI funds: $1.2 million
Krispin Drain Restoration: The project included strategically dredging along 3 miles of the drain, which runs through Harsens Island to Lake St. Clair. Workers also treated and removed phragmites, which is an invasive reed. The drain also is part of the Blueways of St. Clair County kayak and canoe system of water trails. GLRI funds: $4 million
Cottrellville Township Shoreline Restoration: The project included removing about 400 feet of failing steel seawall and restoring the shoreline to a natural state with cobble, woody structure and native vegetation. Rock break walls were placed in the river to create areas for fish. GLRI funds: $2.5 million
Cuttle Creek Habitat Restoration: Cuttle Creek, a tributary in Marysville to the St. Clair River, was restored. The creek has been reconnected to the floodplain and surrounding wetland and fish passage has been restored through the 3,000 feet of the project area. GLRI funds: $2.75 million
Marine City Drain Habitat Restoration: More than a quarter acre of river habitat and 63 feet of shoreline were restored at the confluence of the drain and the St. Clair River. GLRI funds: $875,000
Port Huron Shoreline North: In the upper St. Clair River, invasive species along the streambank were removed, native shrubs and trees were planted and large whole trees were anchored in the river into the streambank to provide cover for young fish. GLRI funds: $500,000
St. Clair River Reef Restoration: Three fish spawning reefs were constructed in the river. The Middle Channel reef, built in 2012, is 1 acre. The Harts Light and Pointe aux Chenes reefs were installed in 2014 and are 3.8 acres and 1.5 acres. The reefs provide spawning habitat for a variety of fish including lake sturgeon. GLRI funds: $4.39 million
Total GLRI funds: $21 million
St. Clair River Area of Concern: www.epa.gov/st-clair-river-aoc
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: www.glri.us
Michigan Great Lakes Areas of Concern Program: www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677_15430-35544--,00.html
Friends of the St. Clair River (U.S.): http://scriver.org
Friends of the St. Clair River (Canada): www.friendsofstclair.ca/www/index.html
St. Clair River Binational Public Advisory Council: www.friendsofstclair.ca/www/bpac/index.html
Read or Share this story: http://on.freep.com/2fKE5uD
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release
Benjamin A. Eaton
Cellular & Integrative Physiology
Invertebrate organisms have made important contributions to the study of aging by providing experimental evidence for the role of natural selection, genetic aging programs, and the existence of cellular circuits involved in the determination of life span. In addition, these models have made significant contributions to our understanding of the effects of age on the function of the nervous system. Although most studies have relied on complex behaviors as a proxy for neuronal function, a few studies have moved past the behavioral correlates and have applied modern electrophysiological and imaging techniques to study the effects of aging on neurotransmission at defined synapses. The synapse is the substrate on which behavior is controlled, but our understanding of how aging alters synapse function is poorly understood. In this chapter we review two invertebrate synapse models that provide important insight into how aging alters neurotransmission. These systems provide important hypotheses for how aging could directly affect synapse function resulting in the deterioration of nervous system function.
Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging
Aplysia
Neurotransmission
10.1016/B978-0-12-811353-0.00033-6
Dive into the research topics of 'Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Invertebrates Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Synapses Medicine & Life Sciences 80%
Neurotransmitter Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 76%
Synaptic Transmission Medicine & Life Sciences 32%
Nervous System Medicine & Life Sciences 28%
Genetic Selection Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
Longevity Medicine & Life Sciences 15%
Eaton, B. A. (2018). Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release. In Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging (pp. 453-460). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811353-0.00033-6
Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release. / Eaton, Benjamin A.
Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging. Elsevier, 2018. p. 453-460.
Eaton, BA 2018, Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release. in Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging. Elsevier, pp. 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811353-0.00033-6
Eaton BA. Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release. In Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging. Elsevier. 2018. p. 453-460 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811353-0.00033-6
Eaton, Benjamin A. / Invertebrate models for the study of the effects of age on neurotransmitter release. Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging. Elsevier, 2018. pp. 453-460
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text:
Are Plastic, Paper Or Reusable Bags Better For The Environment?
If you bring a tote bag to the grocery store, you're not necessarily saving the planet.
By Kate Bratskeir
When you visit the supermarket, is it better for the planet to carry home your groceries in a paper, plastic or reusable tote bag? The answer is more complicated than you might think.
Plastic bags are cheap and convenient, but they're a scourge on the planet. And it turns out that certain kinds of reusable bags have a massive environmental footprint, too. Paper is not a great choice either, especially if you're going to throw it out after a single use.
So which choice is the least bad? Well, it depends whom you ask.
In April, Quartz published an article titled "Your cotton tote is pretty much the worst replacement for a plastic bag." The story was based on a 2018 life cycle assessment of grocery bags from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, which found that single-use plastic was less detrimental than cotton totes or even paper bags when it comes to how their manufacturing affects climate change, ozone depletion, water use, air pollution and toxicity for humans.
"Cotton bags must be reused thousands of times before they meet the environmental performance of plastic bags — and, the Denmark researchers write, organic cotton is worse than conventional cotton when it comes to overall environmental impact," according to Quartz.
ediebloom via Getty Images
The truth about reusable tote bags is more complicated than you might think. That doesn't mean you should stop using them.
However, the Danish report did not factor in the harm that plastic does to the natural world after it's thrown away.
Plastic bags are recyclable, but they require special equipment for processing and cannot be mixed in with general recycling. People have to return them at designated collection centers ― many grocery stores offer this service. But just 1% of plastic bags are turned in for recycling, according to Waste Management, one of the largest garbage collection companies in the United States. Most of the 100 billion bags used per year in this country go to landfills, where they'll linger for centuries or longer.
Plastic bags are also a major source of both street and marine litter, said Eric Goldstein, senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council. "They frequently litter our sidewalks, they're hanging from tree branches, they clog storm drains and they make their way into surrounding waterways, where they ultimately break down into small pieces of microplastic that pose a variety of problems for fish, birds and other marine life," Goldstein told HuffPost.
Plastic bags kill 100,000 marine animals every year, Waste Management says. Earlier this year, a dead whale with 88 pounds of plastic garbage in its stomach washed ashore in the Philippines, and plastic shopping bags were among the items retrieved from the animal's stomach.
Concern over ocean health has been a driving force behind the explosion in anti-plastic legislation across the U.S. So far, New York and California have enacted official statewide bans on bags, Hawaii has a de facto ban in place, and dozens of cities have introduced or passed local bans of their own.
But experts worry that confusion over reusable bags' environmental impact will confuse consumers. Anne Aittomaki, the director of systematic change for the organization Plastic Change, says it's "highly unfortunate" that the assessment from Denmark's EPA has become a reference point in the plastic bag discussion, as there are many other flawed analyses within it.
"The overall conclusions drawn from the report are misleading because they are based on just one of the 14 environmental factors that the [life cycle assessment] was focusing on," she told HuffPost.
If all we do is switch from plastic to paper, we're solving one set of environmental problems and adding others. Eric Goldstein, senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council
Because the matter is so complex, the consumer must ultimately decide which factors are most important to them. If you're concerned about money, plastic bags are generally cheaper for consumers than reusable totes. But if you're more worried about the long-term health of ocean life, reusable bags seem like the better option, said Dune Ives, the executive director of Lonely Whale.
"We have to have a healthy marine system for our survival, which means, in turn, we can't have plastic go into the ocean," Ives told HuffPost. "A reusable tote hasn't found its way in the belly of a whale, at least as [far as] I have seen."
So what about paper bags?
They may be biodegradable and more easily recyclable than cloth and plastic bags, but, according to Goldstein, they're no panacea.
"If all we do is switch from plastic to paper, we're solving one set of environmental problems and adding others," he said.
The harvesting, production and manufacturing of paper bags all take a toll on the environment.
"Large amounts of water pollution and air pollution are produced in the manufacturing and transportation of paper," said Goldstein. "It's an energy-intensive process to take a piece of lumber and turn it into a smooth, flat, printable piece of paper."
The process often involves transportation for hundreds of miles — from the forest to the consumer — which has its own set of environmental implications, including air pollution and global warming by way of carbon dioxide emissions.
With these consequences in mind, New York City lawmakers recently passed a five-cent fee on paper bags, hoping to encourage people to bring reusable satchels from home. The move came in April, less than a month after the state legislature banned plastic bags.
skhoward via Getty Images
If you accept a paper or plastic bag at the grocery store, the best thing you can do is bring it home and reuse it as much as you can.
This debate over paper, plastic or reusable materials is not just about the type of bag you bring to the grocery store. It highlights a fundamental flaw in our culture of consumption, Ives notes. When most of the items we buy from the store come wrapped in their own plastic casing or film, the entire system is broken. "We really need to rethink how we receive consumables, rather than worry about bags or totes," Ives said.
Solving the problem of excessive plastic packaging will require a larger effort than local bans on certain types of bags or packages. For one thing, bans can have unintended consequences ― a recent study of California grocery stores found that, in the wake of laws aimed at shopping bags, sales of plastic garbage bags skyrocketed and the use of paper bags spiked, too.
Goldstein said that a meaningful solution will have three parts: "We need the public to be aware of the challenge and to adopt a more sustainable lifestyle. We need government to set clear, sensible rules and adopt safeguards. And we need businesses and corporations to show leadership and an understanding of their responsibilities for resource protection and sustainability."
A number of corporations are already addressing the issue of excessive packaging and making commitments to end the use of materials known to be harmful to the planet.
Trader Joe's recently announced its plan to phase out single-use plastics, and in 2018, McDonald's became the first restaurant to set an approved, science-based target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There are also new innovations like Loop, a service that offers mainstream products ― like ice cream, mouthwash and tissues ― in reusable, returnable tins that can be cleaned and refilled without waste.
For now, no matter what type of bag you choose at the grocery store, the best practice is to use it multiple times, rather than throwing it away after a single use.
This story is part of a series on plastic waste, funded by SC Johnson. All content is editorially independent, with no influence or input from the company.
INSIDIOUS: Plastic Invades Some Of The Planet's Most Remote Places
Maine Becomes First State In America To Ban Single-Use Styrofoam Containers
New York Poised To Be Second State In The Nation To Ban Plastic Bags
Kate Bratskeir
On Assignment For HuffPost
Environment Environmental Policy Ocean Pollution Plastic Bag


text:
Balter Beerworks
Drink Specials - $1.50 Tacos & Sliders - July, 12 at Balter Beerworks
Fri 07/12/19 3:00 PM - 6:30 PM EDT
Happy Hour from 3pm to 6:30pm: - $1.5 street tacos - $1.50 sliders - $3 Chips & Queso - $4 Pimento Cheese & Hummus - $2 off Balter beers - $1 off wines - $1 off wells
View Website View Menu
Type of Place Brewery/Taproom
Dress Code Casual
Address 100 S Broadway, Knoxville, TN 37902
Parking Parking Nearby
Monday 11 a.m. - midnight
Tuesday 11 a.m. - midnight
Wednesday 11 a.m. - midnight
Thursday 11 a.m. - midnight
Friday 11 a.m. - midnight
Saturday midnight - 1 a.m.
Saturday 10 a.m. - midnight
Sunday midnight - 1 a.m.
Sunday 10 a.m. - 11 p.m.
Lofty taproom with a spacious backyard doles out Mexican & Southern-inspired eats & draft beers.
Report A Problem With This Event's Data
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text:
Philip J. Lange
114th Base Unit
Entered the Service from: New Jersey
Buried at: Lakeview Memorial Park
Cinnaminson, New Jersey
CORPORAL PHILIP J. LANGE born in 1925, the son of Philip J. and Catherine Tryon Lange. His father was a World War I veteran, and worked as a carpenter and building contractor to support his family. When the census was taken in 1930, the Lange family, which included twin brother George and younger sister Elizabeth, lived at 28 Yale Road in Audubon NJ.
Philip J. Lange had graduated high school when he enlisted in the United States Army at Camden NJ on April 12, 1944. He qualified for flight duty and was training as an aerial gunner aboard B-24J
Liberator #42-50992 when it crashed due to engine fires and/or engine failures, four miles south of Hardeeville, South Carolina (across the river and across the state line from Chatham Army Airfield).
Seven other Army airmen also perished: the pilot, Second Lieutenant Francis W Johnson, Second Lieutenant David F. Bheam, Jr., Second Lieutenant Charles E. Downing, Flight Officer Alfred Alegria, Corporal William D. Brookey Jr., Corporal Barney B. Purdon, and Corporal William G. Specht. Philip J. Lange was survived by his parents and siblings.
Corporal Lange is memorialized on the monument at the American Legion Post in the center of Audubon.
AUDUBON'S TRIBUTE TO THOSE WHO SERVED IN WWII
RETURN TO CAMDEN COUNTY WAR DEAD INDEX
RETURN TO AUDUBON NJ WAR MEMORIAL


We believe that communications technology supports human rights by enabling the exchange of ideas and access to information, which in turn supports economic and social opportunity, fosters development, advances knowledge and increases openness and transparency. See Transformational solutions for more on how our products and services are improving lives.
We recognise that Vodafone has a responsibility to respect human rights, as articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and align our approach with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. This responsibility is embodied in our Business Principles and our Code of Conduct (pdf, 1.79 MB).
The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights provide a clear framework to guide companies and other stakeholders. The 'Protect, Respect, Remedy' framework assigns responsibility to corporations to respect human rights, to avoid infringing on the rights of others and to address adverse human rights impacts they are involved with.
We worked with the sustainability organisation Business for Social Responsibility to conduct a gap analysis of our Group-level approach to human rights against the UN Guiding Principles. This identified the categories of human rights most relevant to Vodafone's business as: labour rights; civil and political rights; rights of the child; economic, social and cultural rights; land and property acquisition; and the environment.
Each of these categories is managed through well established policies and programmes, described in detail in the relevant sections of this report (indicated below).
In addition, human rights issues are integrated in the due diligence process we conduct before entering new markets (either as an operator ourselves or through partnerships with other operators). This process uses internationally recognised indexes and evaluations of particular issues such as corruption, political affiliations, respect for privacy, internet freedom, freedom of expression and workers' rights to assess and highlight the potential impacts or risks associated with entering new markets. In 2013/14, we further strengthened our human rights impact assessment process for potential new markets identified as high risk. The findings are considered in the decision-making process before entering a new market.
We are committed to respecting the human rights of everyone working for Vodafone either directly as an employee, or indirectly as someone employed by one of our suppliers.
Our Code of Conduct (pdf, 1.79 MB) clearly states that we will base relationships with and between employees on respect for individuals and their human rights. We will not tolerate any form of discrimination. Our Group employment policies are consistent with the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization's Core Conventions. These policies require consistent standards across the Company. For more details on issues including health and safety, the right to join trade unions, equal opportunities and diversity, see Our people.
With an extensive global supply chain, there is a risk that some suppliers or sub-contractors might not meet acceptable standards of working conditions and human rights. Our Code of Ethical Purchasing sets out the labour, health and safety, ethical and environmental standards we expect our suppliers to meet. The Code is based on Vodafone's values and international standards, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization's Conventions on Labour Standards. For more on how we monitor suppliers' compliance and tackle issues such as conflict minerals, see Responsible supply chain.
Vodafone does not tolerate forced, compulsory or child labour.
We believe that access to communications technology can support greater freedom of expression, which in turn depends upon the right to privacy if it is to be exercised effectively. However, the rights to freedom of expression and privacy must be balanced with the protection of vulnerable groups, such as children, and the protection of public safety or security in certain exceptional circumstances.
In every country where Vodafone operates, governments retain law enforcement powers that impact rights to privacy and freedom of expression. These include legal powers that require telecommunications operators to provide information about customers or users, or to put in place the technical means to enable information to be obtained for law enforcement purposes, such as lawful interception. Governments also retain powers to limit network access, block access to certain sites and resources, or even switch off entire networks or services.
These powers have many legitimate purposes, including fighting crime and terrorism, or protecting public safety. However, these powers must be balanced with respect for civil liberties and freedoms, including individuals' rights to privacy and freedom of expression. We closely manage and monitor compliance with these legal obligations and our relationships with law enforcement authorities to ensure human rights are respected.
Vodafone's Global Policy Standard on Law Enforcement Assistance sets out our principles and standards on assisting law enforcement, including processes to ensure our actions are accountable at the most senior level. See our Law Enforcement Disclosure Report for more on our approach to responding to government demands, along with a breakdown of the legal powers governments hold. We also publish statistics on the number of law enforcement demands we received on a country-by-country basis, where it is legal to do so and the government does not already publish statistics.
Vodafone is a founding member of the Telecommunications Industry Dialogue on Freedom of Expression and Privacy, a group of global telecoms companies working in collaboration with the Global Network Initiative to address issues of privacy and freedom of expression. Vodafone is a signatory to the Industry Dialogue's Guiding Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy (pdf, 736 KB), which define a common approach to dealing with demands from governments that may affect privacy and freedom of expression in a principled, coherent and systematic way across the industry.
See our Law Enforcement Disclosure report and Privacy and security for more details on how we manage privacy and freedom of expression.
We support a common industry approach to child safety online. Vodafone helped develop, and has signed up to guiding principles of the ICT Coalition for a Safer Internet for Children and Young People. The principles set out a common code of conduct for the development of products and services that promote child safety online. We submitted a self-declaration report (pdf, 874 KB) of our status in September 2013, and an independent assessment of all the companies' declarations was published in May 2014. Download the report.
Vodafone is a signatory to the European Commission's CEO Coalition on Child Safety Online, which commits us to: make it easier for users to report harmful content; ensure that privacy settings are age-appropriate; and offer parental controls.
Vodafone is a founding member of the Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content, which aims to obstruct the use of mobile networks and services by individuals or organisations wishing to view or profit from child sexual abuse content. We are committed to doing all we can to remove such content from the internet.
We have Notice and Takedown procedures in place to ensure this illegal content is removed or dealt with appropriately, should it be found on our servers, and to coordinate with law enforcement agencies on any subsequent investigation. As a member of the Internet Watch Foundation, we maintain filters on our own networks which block access to web pages known to host child sexual abuse content using a blacklist provided by the Internet Watch Foundation. We use these filters in the majority of our markets in the EU, with the exception of the Netherlands and Germany, where it is not legal to use such a block list.
In addition, our industry-leading initiatives such as the Digital Parenting Magazine and Web Super Skills cards for children provide advice for parents and tools to help young people use mobile phones and internet services safely.
We are increasing access to telecommunications by extending our network access across emerging markets and offering solutions tailored to low-income markets, including those that can help to increase access to healthcare, education and finance. See Transformational solutions.
Vodafone has a zero tolerance approach to any form of bribery. This is embedded across the Group through our robust global anti-bribery programme. This programme targets bribery and corruption that, if used to influence public officials for example, could threaten the rule of law and realisation of economic rights. See Ethics.
Our approach to managing radio frequency safety is based on all available scientific evidence to ensure we safeguard our customers, employees and the public. Mobile devices, and the masts that enable them to communicate calls and data, operate well within guideline safety limits. See Mobiles, masts and health.
We consult communities in the selection of our sites, as part of the applicable planning permissions in each market for installing antennas or other equipment. See Network deployment.
We have strong processes in place to manage the environmental impacts of our operations including our carbon footprint and disposal of electronic waste. See Environment.
Our Low carbon solutions are also helping to reduce carbon emissions in other sectors.
Selected statements in this section were reviewed as part of EY's assurance of Vodafone's Sustainability Report.


Teens scale gum trees at..
There's a protest underway this morning to save two lemon-scented gums at Alphington.
Two 18-year-old boys are clambering up the trees to stop them getting chainsawed down.
Ross and John spoke with one of them this morning.


You forgot the fennel! Super yum Lind. Can't wait for Sunday!
I love love the calendar! Thanks!!
Your eggs in a nest look delicious, as I am sure they were!
This looks delish. I just love any recipe that has an egg on top.
Hi Lindsay! I loved this book. Devoured it while on a trip to Costa Rica last year. The entire idea of their life and farm was almost a romance novel to me (I'm sure I romanticized it in my head!). It was really life shaping to me and spurred my personal locavore challenge in Colorado over last winter to see if it could be done.
Did you see Food Inc? The section about the family on a limited, minimum wage income who could not afford a head of lettuce but would eat off the $1 menu (and spend money on diabetes medicine) speaks to so many 'big food' issues. I find though I eat less when the quality of food is better. Hopefully making the costs work out.
Oh,, that egg in nest looks tasty!
Congratulations! We wanted to inform you that this post has been selected as a Featured Archive Post on our site for the first two weeks of May 2013.
I appreciate your decision to stop having fast food. My children are also totally addicted to fast food and I am trying hard to get them stop it. This recipe looks so good and easy. Whenever I prepare rice, I prepare more so that we can store it. This recipe would be something perfect to try on such occasions.


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Filter by: All Collections Conan CFR US Code Constitution Federal Rules FRAP FRBP FRCP FRCMP FRE Supct UCC States World Uniform Wex Supreme Court Women And Justice LII Supreme Court Bulletin Wiki
Title 10. ARMED FORCES
Subtitle A. General Military Law
Part I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS
Chapter 13. INSURRECTION
Section 254. Proclamation to disperse
10 U.S. Code § 254 - Proclamation to disperse
Whenever the President considers it necessary to use the militia or the armed forces under this chapter, he shall, by proclamation, immediately order the insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to their abodes within a limited time.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 16, § 334; Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, § 1076(a)(2), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2405; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, § 1068(a)(2), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 325; renumbered § 254, Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1241(a)(2), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2497.)
The words "militia or the armed forces" are substituted for the words "military forces" for clarity and to conform to sections 331, 332, and 333 of this title.
Act July 29, 1861, ch. 25, § 2, 12 Stat. 282.
Another section 254 was renumbered section 240d of this title.
2008—Pub. L. 110–181 struck out "or those obstructing the enforcement of the laws" after "insurgents".
2006—Pub. L. 109–364 inserted "or those obstructing the enforcement of the laws" after "insurgents".
Proc. No. 3204. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Arkansas
Proc. No. 3204, Sept. 23, 1957, 22 F.R. 7628, commanded all persons in the State of Arkansas who were obstructing the enforcement of orders of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas relating to enrollment and attendance at public schools, particularly Central High School at Little Rock, Arkansas, to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
Proc. No. 3497. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Mississippi
Proc. No. 3497, Sept. 30, 1962, 27 F.R. 9681, commanded all persons in the State of Mississippi who were obstructing the enforcement of orders entered by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith.
Proc. No. 3542. Unlawful Obstruction of Justice and Combinations in the State of Alabama
Proc. No. 3542, June 11, 1963, 28 F.R. 5707, commanded the Governor of the State of Alabama and all other persons who were obstructing the orders of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama relating to the enrollment and attendance of Negro students at the University of Alabama to cease and desist therefrom.
Proc. No. 3554. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Alabama
Proc. No. 3554, Sept. 10, 1963, 28 F.R. 9861, commanded all persons obstructing the enforcement of orders entered by the United States District Courts in the State of Alabama relating to the enrollment and attendance of students in public schools in that State to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith.
Proc. No. 3645, Mar. 23, 1965, 30 F.R. 3739, commanded all persons engaged or who may engage in domestic violence obstructing the enforcement of the laws and the judicial order approving the right to march along U.S. Highway 80 from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama commencing during the period from Mar. 19, 1965 to Mar. 22, 1965 and terminating within 5 days of the commencement to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
Proc. No. 3795. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Michigan
Proc. No. 3795, July 26, 1967, 32 F.R. 10905, commanded all persons engaged in domestic violence and disorder in Detroit, Michigan, and obstructing the enforcement of the laws to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
Proc. No. 3840. Obstruction of Justice in the Washington Metropolitan Area
Proc. No. 3840, Apr. 9, 1968, 33 F.R. 5495, commanded all persons engaged in acts of violence threatening the Washington Metropolitan Area and obstructing the execution of the laws to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
Proc. No. 3841. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Illinois
Proc. No. 3841, Apr. 9, 1968, 33 F.R. 5497, commanded all persons engaged in violence in and about the City of Chicago and obstructing the enforcement of the laws to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
Proc. No. 3842. Obstruction of Justice in the State of Maryland
Proc. No. 3842, Apr. 9, 1968, 33 F.R. 5499, commanded all persons engaged in acts of violence and obstructing the enforcement of the laws in and about the City of Baltimore to cease and desist therefrom and to disperse forthwith.
U.S. Code Toolbox
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1. E-mail info@hattonandharding.com within 14 days of delivery and include your sales order number and the reason for your return.
3. Put your parcel back in the post wrapped as securely as possible. We recommend a recorded mail service that's happy to handle packages of all sizes.
Once received, we'll refund you in full. Please note we do not cover the cost of posting back the item unless your item is damaged.
2. We'll arrange collection and refund you for your order. Please note that we ask for a contribution of £50 towards the cost of collection and delivery charges are not refunded, unless your item is damaged.
I have received my item, but it has arrived damaged, what should I do?
Please email info@hattonandharding.com as soon as you have received your order and include images of any damage. We'll then arrange for a replacement to be sent out to you.


text:
Franken proposal protects gay students from bullying
Perry Finelli
May 20, 2010 5:47 p.m.
ListenMPR's Cathy Wurzer talks to Franken about the bill
U.S. Sen. Al Franken is introducing a bill Thursday designed to protect gay students from discrimination and harassment. The measure would prohibit discrimination based on actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.
Franken, DFL-Minn., says he and others are still working on how the law would actually define discrimination against gay and lesbian students. But he says people will know it when they see it.
"I think that once we raise awareness about this and have a law, that it'll bring down the incidence of this and make life a lot better for these kids," said Franken.
Under the bill, public schools that violate the statute could lose federal funding or be sued by victims. Franken says 22 of his Senate colleagues have signed on as co-sponsors of the bill.


Whether you act in an official capacity as a company secretary or you just keep on top of your company's secretarial requirements, there are a number of legislative changes coming into force this year of which you need to be aware.
31st March: First slavery and human trafficking statements to be produced – Those companies with financial year end dates of the 31st March, and later, will have to produce their slavery and human trafficking statements. Not all companies are caught by this legislation and if you are unsure as to your position you can read more in our e-brief; The Modern Slavery Act 2015: A quick guide to what it is and how to stay compliant.
Exercise or right to exercise significant influence or control over activities of a trust or firm which itself meets one or more of the first four conditions.
Further information can be found on the government's website here.
6th April: New process for challenging inaccurate registered office address – It is currently extremely difficult to have your address removed as a company's registered office, especially if you have no connection to the company purporting to be based at your address. A new procedure will allow for a company's registered office to be reassigned to a Companies House address if that company is unable to prove a connection between itself and the address at which it is registered. Furthermore, to prevent a company registering another fraudulent address, it will be required to provide evidence that it's authorised to use a new address when filing future changes.
6th April: New process for challenging falsely appointed directors – As with disputing an incorrect registered office, where there is a dispute over a directorship, the relevant company will be required to provide evidence that a director consented to act; otherwise the appointment will be removed. This flows from the recent changes which no longer require a director to sign a Consent to Act before being registered as a director.
30th June: Changes to the statement of capital – The requirement to include the paid up amount per share is to be removed with just the aggregate unpaid amount required on future statements of capital (whether this be on SH01s, SH02s or any other Companies House forms).
30th June: Option for private companies to keep a public register rather than private statutory books – Although Companies House has stated that it is unlikely there will be much uptake; companies will have the option to keep their statutory books at Companies House; i.e. your register of members, directors, secretaries etc. If you opt to do this, you must bear in mind that private details, such as full date of birth and residential address, will be fully available online, to the public and at all times.
30th June: Requirement to file an annual return abolished. Confirmation statement to be introduced – The current requirement to complete an annual return will be replaced with a 'check, notify changes if necessary, and confirm' statement to be produced at least once every 12 months. If you choose to file it early there will be no requirement to do it again for 12 months. At the same time, those companies wishing to continue to use a fixed date will still be able to do so. There will still be an annual fee, to be paid with the first confirmation statement you make, but any further confirmation statements you make over the next 12 months will be free. The statement will be used to update information on SIC codes, Capital, Shareholders and PSC (non-elected companies) and it will be useful for showing when share transfers have taken place; currently you have to wait until the next annual return is due.
30th June: Obligation to file PSC register at Companies House – In the same way that directors' details are currently filed at Companies House, the same obligation will apply for PSCs. If the company registers are held privately, then date of birth and residential address will not be shown at Companies House; however a new tab on the Companies House Beta service will display all the other information that has been provided.
October: Phasing out of corporate directors begins – Section 87 of the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 inserts a new section 156A of the Companies Act 2006 which requires all directors to be natural persons and prohibits the appointment of corporate directors. Although this will not affect LLPs, secondary legislation is likely to be introduced to include them as well.
October: Providing additional information – Companies will be able to add specific additional information to their Companies House profile. This is likely to include trading address, number of employees and may also include email and website addresses.
October: Gender pay gap reporting regulations come into force – Although the implications of this won't be felt until April 2017, the regulations come into force. This will be a good time to start gathering the required information in preparation for the first date on which you need to provide it. You can read more about this in our separate e-brief; Gender pay gap reporting – An update.


Recognized by many as the world's leading visual workplace expert, Gwendolyn Galsworth has been implementing visuality for over 30 years in some of the world's best and most complex companies. As a hands-on implementer, coach, and author, she has focused on codifying the visual workplace—its concepts, principles, and technologies—into a single, coherent sustainable framework of knowledge and know-how.
Dr. Galsworth leads full-company visual conversions, trains trainers, conducts visual site assessments, and teaches companies how to grow leaders. She also frequently leads live coaching clinics and public and on-site seminars, in addition to supporting a network of licensed visual workplace affiliates. She is a sought-after keynote presenter and panelist, able to speak to all sides of the knowledge and know-how equation in the field of operational excellence.
As head of training and development at Productivity Inc. (Cambridge) in the 1980s, Dr. Galsworth worked closely with Dr. Shigeo Shingo and Dr. Ryuji Fukuda in bringing their methodologies to the West. In 1991, Gwendolyn founded Visual Thinking Inc. (originally Quality Methods International) to support her visual conversion work with clients.
In 2005, she launched The Visual-Lean® Institute where inhouse trainers and external consultants are trained and certified in the Institute's nine core visual workplace methods—so they can train and implement visuality in their own companies or with their own clients.
A former Baldrige Examiner and six-term Shingo Prize Examiner, Dr. Galsworth is author of seven books, including five on visuality, two of which have won the coveted Shingo Research Prize.
In 2014, Galsworth and her developmental team began to convert knowledge base into an affordable series of highimpact/on-demand training systems so that companies like yours can become self-sufficient in teaching and supporting the visual workplace.
A Fellow on the Shingo Institute Faculty, Dr. Galsworth holds a Ph.D. from Indiana University, and has led study missions to some of the world's finest companies, including in Japan. She is a frequent keynote speaker. When not on-site with clients or teaching at the Institute, she can be found hiking or working on her next book.
You can read more about Gwendolyn Galsworth's credential, background, and contributions on Wikipedia.


Each Kitchen Garden is unique and the mushrooms come in all shapes and sizes – that's part of the excitement of growing your own!
Here are some of the fantastic mushrooms you've been growing at home!
@Kate_Kinsella big mushroom harvest forecast!
Jan – we are trying out our first box, it's alive!
Samantha – Mushrooms are coming!!
@The_Tim_ Are these guys ready yet?
@Adamelkin – laid back mushrooms!
@davidblack second round of mushrooms!
@Kimcherryduck I swear i can see them grow!
@alan_john_ward this Christmas present it looking great!
@only1rara LAnd so it begins!
@LukaShimada Love seeing my Hot Pink oyster mushrooms grow! This is only day 5!
@josieseedbombs Now to cook and enjoy!
@josieseedbombs 1 week old- growing a treat!
Tessa- We soaked them on Sunday night so they have been going since Monday. Such a great product!
@TheBeardedLlama Ready to harvest- beauty!
Patsy- what a lovely starting bloom!
Kate's Hot Pink oyster mushrooms in full bloom- looking gorgeous and perfectly formed!
Pink Oyster mushrooms > Helen- Hot Pink's just before harvesting.
@knityoghurt These things are supercharged! First day after soaking and you can already notice the pink!
@BartIngredients growing before our eyes!


SARASOTA, Fla. — A Sarasota man has been charged with killing his wife after her daughter found her dead in her home, according to police.
Spencer Sanders, 39, was arrested and charged with murder in connection to the death of his wife, 46-year-old Blanka Sanders, on Thursday evening.
Sarasota police say the homicide took place at a home on 42nd Street. They responded to the scene just after 6 p.m. The victim's daughter says she went to her mother's home to check on her after she couldn't get in touch with her during the day. She found her mother dead in the home with stab wounds.
Detectives located Sanders and brought him in to the Sarasota Police Department Headquarters to interview him. After the interview, Sanders was arrested and charged with his wife's murder.
Sanders was previously arrested in May of 2018 for the charge of domestic battery by strangulation.
According to police documents Sanders and his wife were arguing on Tuesday, the day of the murder and they say Sanders admitted to drinking that day.
Documents went on to say that Sanders said he last saw his wife alive Tuesday evening, and after seeing her he was in a car accident and hospitalized until Wednesday.
According to the probable cause affidavit, police wrote that Sanders was in a crash at 4:41 on Tuesday, shortly after surveillance video from a nearby store captured video of him leaving the victim's home at 4:25 p.m.
Sanders is currently being held in the Sarasota County Jail.


text:
In safety engineering, a Guillotine Test simulates an arc fault condition between parallel conductors or a cut wire, replicating the conditions that result from arc faults and which can lead to fires in adjacent material and wires, for example during accidents. Based upon a dry arc test method used for testing wire insulation material, this test was originally developed for arc-fault circuit interrupters. Here is a sample test schematic, showing the logic flow of one guillotine test. It shows the guidelines on whether to retest or if the test was passed or failed.

Testing of this type plays an important role in helping researchers who are looking into wiring faults in aircraft, submarine communication cables, etc. This can lead to products that are able to quickly identify and locate these wiring faults for easier and less costly repairs and an overall safer environment.

See also
 Arc fault
 Arc-fault circuit interrupter

References

Safety engineering

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join us the Wednesday before Thanksgiving for your "Friendsgiving," and bring along a non-perishable/canned food item to benefit St. Jude's Food Pantry. And while you're here, enjoy our Fall Flight for $7 for a taste of our Ramber, Pumpkin Ramber, Scottish Ale and Brown Ale. You can also buy our beer to go to take to your Thanksgiving meal (our Pumpkin Ramber pairs quite well with a pumpkin pie).
Cheers and Happy Thanksgiving from all of us at Common Bond Brewers!


Another CD found in the bargain bins. Like so many of her contemporaries, she no longer seems to command the respect of the multinational marketing machines. She will always, however, have the respect of my turntable, CD player, mp3 player, SACD etc.
The music is a fine laid back groove with a big fat horn section underpinning the arrangements. This is the kind of album that fits well into a Friday night playlist. It's raining hard so you don't want to go out. So stay in, pour yourself a drink, dim the lights and play this. Etta is in fine voice throughout with rather fine versions of Marvin's "Inner City Blues" and Willie Dixon's "Spoonful".
Produced by the lady herself, this is worth seeking out even if the only place you are likely to find it is in the bargain bins.