text:
package com.jkovacic.ssh2;

import com.jkovacic.cli.*;
import com.jkovacic.cryptoutil.*;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * An abstract class with some common (independent of the 3rd party library)
 * SSH functionality. An actual class, based on a chosen crypto/SSH library
 * (e.g. GanymedSSH2, Jsch, etc.), must be derived from this one.
 *
 * @author Jernej Kovacic
 *
 * @see SshGanymed, SshJsch
 */

/*
 * If a need arises, other SSH functionality methods can be declared here,
 * e.g. port forwarding, SFTP file transfer, etc.
 *
 * TODO Additionally key reexchange, sending keep alive messages, etc. could be implemented for longer sessions
 */

public abstract class Ssh2
{
	protected HostId destination;
	protected UserCredentials user;
	protected EncryptionAlgorithms algs;

	// available algorithms, dependent on the used SSH library and typically to be
	// assigned by derived classes' constructors
	protected String[] availableKexAlgs = null;
	protected String[] availableHmacAlgs = null;
	protected String[] availableCipherAlgs = null;
	protected String[] availablePublickeyAlgs = null;
	protected String[] availableCompAlgs = null;

	/*
	 SSH standard (and also both supported SSH libraries) does allow different algorithms for each direction (client to server or vice versa).
	 However, this makes sense very rarely. Hence this example proposes the same set for both directions (as most SSH software does as well)
	 */
	protected String[] cipherAlgs = null;
	protected String[] hmacAlgs = null;
	protected String[] kexAlgs = null;
	protected String[] hostkeyAlgs = null;
	protected String[] compAlgs = null;

	// an internal state variable indicating whether a connection is established or not
	protected boolean isConnected = false;

	/**
	 * Establish a connection to a SSH server
	 *
	 * @throws SshException if the connection fails for any reason
	 */
	public abstract void connect() throws SshException;

	/**
	 * Terminate the SSH connection
	 *
	 * @throws SshException if it fails
	 */
	public abstract void disconnect() throws SshException;

	/*
	 * Constructor
	 *
	 * @param host - a class with SSH server data
	 * @param user - user's data needed for authentication
	 * @param algorithms - selected encryption algorithms
	 */
	protected Ssh2(HostId host, UserCredentials user, EncryptionAlgorithms algorithms)
	{
		this.destination = host;
		this.user = user;
		this.algs = algorithms;

		this.isConnected = false;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 * @param host - a class with SSH server data
	 */
	public void setHost(HostId host)
	{
		this.destination = host;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 * @param user - user's data needed for authentication
	 */
	public void setUserCredentials(UserCredentials user)
	{
		this.user = user;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 * @param algorithms - selected encryption algorithms
	 */
	public void setAlgorithms(EncryptionAlgorithms algorithms)
	{
		this.algs = algorithms;
	}

	/**
	 * Execute a command over SSH 'exec'
	 *
	 * @param processor - a class that will process the command's outputs
	 * @param command - full command to execute, given as one line
	 *
	 * @return an instance of CliOutput with results of the executed command
	 *
	 * @throws SshException when execution fails for any reason
	 */
	public abstract CliOutput exec(ICliProcessor processor, String command) throws SshException;

	/**
	 * Execute a command over SSH 'exec' and process its output via CliNonInteractive
	 *
	 * @param command - full command to execute, given as one line
	 *
	 * @return an instance of CliOutput with results of the executed command
	 *
	 * @throws SshException when execution fails for any reason
	 */
	public CliOutput exec(String command) throws SshException
	{
		return exec(new CliNonInteractive(), command);
	}

	/*
	 * Calls acceptedSupportedAlgs for each family of encryption algorithms
	 * and thoroughly checks if at least one algorithm for each family has remained.
	 *
	 *  @throws SshException if any check fails
	 */
	protected void shortlistAndCheckAlgorithms() throws SshException
	{
		if ( null == algs )
		{
			throw new SshException("Encryption algorithm settings not available");
		}

		cipherAlgs = acceptedSupportedAlgs(algs.getCipherAlgorithms(), availableCipherAlgs);
		hmacAlgs = acceptedSupportedAlgs(algs.getHmacAlgorithms(), availableHmacAlgs);
		kexAlgs = acceptedSupportedAlgs(algs.getKexAlgorithms(), availableKexAlgs);
		compAlgs = acceptedSupportedAlgs(algs.getCompressionAlgorithms(), availableCompAlgs);

		// Hostkey (i.e. public - private key) algorithms

		if ( null == destination )
		{
			throw new SshException("Destination host details not available");
		}

		if ( null == destination.hostkeys )
		{
			throw new SshException("Destination hostkeys not specified");
		}

		List<PKAlgs> pkalgs = new ArrayList<PKAlgs>();
		hkloop:
		for ( Hostkey hk : destination.hostkeys )
		{
			// check if the algorithm already is in the list
			for ( PKAlgs tempalg : pkalgs )
			{
				if ( hk.getMethod()==tempalg )
				{
					// the lagorithm already is in the list, continue with the external loop
					continue hkloop;
				}
			}

			// if reaching this point, the algorithm is not yet
			// a member of pkalgs, insert it:
			pkalgs.add(hk.getMethod());
		}
		hostkeyAlgs = acceptedSupportedAlgs(pkalgs, availablePublickeyAlgs);

		// Check if at least one algorithm among available ones was selected for each family.
		if ( null==cipherAlgs || 0==cipherAlgs.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("None of available cipher algorithms selected");
		}

		if ( null==hmacAlgs || 0==hmacAlgs.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("None of available HMAC algorithms selected");
		}

		if ( null==kexAlgs || 0==kexAlgs.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("None of available key exchange algorithms selected");
		}

		if ( null==hostkeyAlgs || 0==hostkeyAlgs.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("None of available hostkey algorithms selected");
		}

		if ( null==compAlgs || 0==compAlgs.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("None of available compression algorithms selected");
		}

	}

	/*
	 * Picks those user selected algorithms that are also supported by the SSH library.
	 * As order is important on the client side, the user defined order of algorithms is preserved.
	 *
	 * Utilizing generic programming ("templating"), this utility function is written only once and
	 * applicable for any algorithm family derived from IEncryptionAlgorithmFamily.
	 * This way the code is much easier to maintain.
	 *
	 * @param allowed - user selected encryption algorithms
	 * @param available - SSH library's supported encryption algorithms
	 *
	 * @return list of those user selected algorithms that are supported by the SSH library, user defined order is preserved
	 */
	protected <T extends ISshEncryptionAlgorithmFamily> String[] acceptedSupportedAlgs(List<T> allowed, String[] available)
	{
		List<String> proposed = new ArrayList<String>();

		/*
		 All user approved algorithms are checked for availability in the selected SSH library.
		 Those not listed among available ones are excluded. Please note that the order on a client
		 side IS important as it actually determines selected algorithms during key exchange.
		 Hence the order of the user supplied algorithms is preserved.
		*/

		// each user selected algorithm...
		for ( T alg : allowed )
		{
			String name = alg.getValue();

			// is searched among supported ones by its string name (as defined by SSH standards)
			for ( String av : available )
			{
				// if it is found it can be included among selected ones
				if ( name.equalsIgnoreCase(av) )
				{
					// for a (bit) improved robustness include the name as defined by the SSH library
					proposed.add(av);
					break; // out of for av
				}
			}  // for av
		}  // for alg

		return (String[]) proposed.toArray(new String[0]);
	}

	/*
	 * Thorough and strict check of user credential data
	 *
	 * @throws SshException if any check fails
	 */
	protected void checkUserSettings() throws SshException
	{
		if ( null == user )
		{
			throw new SshException("User settings not available");
		}

		// username must not be an empty string
		String username = user.getUsername();
		if ( null==username || 0==username.length() )
		{
			throw new SshException("Username not provided");
		}

		// secret must not be an empty string
		byte[] sec = user.getSecret();
		if ( null==sec || 0==sec.length )
		{
			throw new SshException("No secret provided");
		}

		if ( UserCredentialsPassword.class == user.getClass() )
		{
			// nothing to check further
		}
		else if ( UserCredentialsPrivateKey.class == user.getClass() )
		{
			// additionally check for PK method
			UserCredentialsPrivateKey upk = (UserCredentialsPrivateKey) user;
			if ( null == upk.getMethod() )
			{
				throw new SshException("No public key method provided");
			}

			if ( PKAlgs.DSA == upk.getMethod() )
			{
				checkDsaKey(upk.getSecret());
			}
		}
		else
		{
			// Neither a password nor a PK auth method. Currently this is unsupported.
			throw new SshException("Unsupported authentication method");
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Checks if the DSA key will produce a signature of proper size.
	 *
	 * @param dsakey - DER encoded DSA private key
	 *
	 * @throws SshException in case of inappropriate key parameters
	 */
	private void checkDsaKey(byte[] dsakey) throws SshException
	{
		// check of input parameter
		if ( null == dsakey )
		{
			throw new SshException("Could not check a DSA key");
		}

		/*
		 * For DSA signatures, SSH standard (RFC 4253) strictly requires 40 byte signature
		 * blobs. Typically this is a case for 1024-bit DSA keys. If a longer DSA key pair is properly
		 * generated, its subprime (Q) would be longer, resulting in longer signatures which is not
		 * supported by the SSH specifications. However, some key generators (e.g. Putty or OpenSSH) can generate
		 * longer DSA keys with shorter Q that can generate short enough signatures to perform authentication.
		 * In other words, it is possible to use "adapted" DSA keys longer than 1024-bit, however such keys are not
		 * stronger than 1024-bit keys. More info about this at:
		 * https://fogbugz.bitvise.com/default.asp?Tunnelier.2.5037.1
		 *
		 * This method will parse the DSA key and check if size of the Q parameter is appropriate.
		 */
		DerDecoderPrivateKey decoder = new DerDecoderPrivateKey(PKAlgs.DSA.toCU(), dsakey);
		decoder.parse();
		if ( false == decoder.ready() )
		{
			throw new SshException("Invalid DSA key");
		}

		/*
		 * The DSA digital signature consists of two elements: r and s.
		 * As it is obvious from this article:
		 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm
		 * Q is a modulo in equations for both elements and as such it determines
		 * their size. For that reason, Q will be parsed from the private key and
		 * its size will be checked. It must not exceed 20 bytes (or additional byte
		 * determining its sign).
		 */
		byte[] q = decoder.get('q');
		if ( null == q )
		{
			throw new SshException("Could not parse the DSA Q parameter");
		}

		if ( !( 20==q.length || 21==q.length) )
		{
			throw new SshException("Unsupported DSA key size");
		}

		/*
		 * If the MSB of the actual Q is 1, the whole parameter would be negative,
		 * hence additional 0-byte is prepended to it. In this case Q must be 21
		 * bytes long, the first byte must equal 0 and the next byte must be "negative"
		 */
		if ( !( (20==q.length && q[0]<0) ||
			    (21==q.length && 0==q[0] && q[1]<0) ) )
		{
			throw new SshException("Unsupported DSA key size");
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Thorough and strict check of SSH server data
	 *
	 * @throws SshException if any check fails
	 */
	protected void checkDestHostSettings() throws SshException
	{
		if ( null == destination )
		{
			throw new SshException("Destination host details not available");
		}

		if ( null==destination.hostname || 0==destination.hostname.length() )
		{
			throw new SshException("Destination address not specified");
		}

		// Any port number will be accepted ==> no checking

		// host keys prevent possibilities of MITM attacks,
		// so at least one non empty public key must be provided
		if ( null==destination.hostkeys || 0==destination.hostkeys.size() )
		{
			throw new SshException("Destination hostkeys not specified");
		}

		for ( Hostkey key : destination.hostkeys )
		{
			if ( null == key )
			{
				throw new SshException("Undefined hostkey");
			}

			if ( null == key.getMethod() )
			{
				throw new SshException("Hostkey method not specified");
			}

			byte[] hkey = key.getHostPublicKey();
			if ( null==hkey || 0==hkey.length )
			{
				throw new SshException("Hostkey not specified");
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns information whether the SSH connection is still available.
	 *
	 * @return true/false
	 */
	public boolean isConnected()
	{
		return isConnected;
	}

	/**
	 * Supported implementations of classes with implemented SSH functionality
	 * (derived from this one).
	 *
	 * At the moment only Ganymed SSH2 and Jsch are supported.
	 */
	public static enum SshImpl
	{
		GANYMED,	// Ganymed SSH2
		JSCH;       // Jsch
	}
}


text:
Home » Best Arts Colleges in India
Best Arts Colleges in India
List of Top 10 Arts Colleges in India
We examined the most prestigious Arts Colleges in India to find the best of the best.
1. St. Stephen's College – New Delhi
WEBSITE: www.ststephens.edu
CONTACT: 011 – 2766 7271
St. Stephen's College, New Delhi was established in 1881 is the oldest college in Delhi.
The college was first affiliated to Calcutta University, later to Punjab University and finally with the establishment of Delhi University in 1922, it is affiliated to Delhi University.
It is a religious foundation drawing inspiration from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
It aims at helping its members realize spiritual and moral as well as intellectual and aesthetic values.
The College began with just five student and three teachers in a small house in Katra Khushal Rai, near Kinari Bazar in Chandni Chowk.
From 1891 to 1941 it was housed in the building now hosted by Delhi College of Engineering, near St. James Church inside Kashmere Gate.
In 1941 it shifted to its present site in the university Enclave.
The present buildings of the College, with the exception of a few later additions, were designed by the distinguished architect Walter George.
The following degree programmes are offered by the College as prescribed by the University of Delhi:
B.Sc. Programme (Physical Science)
B.A. Programme
M.A. Economics
M.A. English
M.A. Philosophy
M.A. Sanskrit
M.A./M.Sc. Mathematics
M.A./M.Sc. Operations Research
2. Lady Shriram College for Women (LSR) New Delhi
ESTABILSHED: 1956
WEBSITE: www.lsr.edu.in
LSR is committed to nurturing and creating women who are equipped to be world citizens.
Women who take pride in their culture and heritage but also have a cosmopolitan understanding of the world today and a sensibility that celebrates diversity in all its joyous vibrancy.
LSR students understand that with the power of knowledge, comes the responsibility to translate it into creative citizenship.
They recognize challenges as opportunities.
Bachelor of Arts Honours in Economics
Bachelor of Arts Honours in English
Bachelor of Arts Honours in Hindi
Bachelor of Arts Honours in History
3. Loyola College – Chennai
LOCATION: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
WEBSITE: www.loyolacollege.edu
E-MAIL: helpdesk@loyolacollege.edu
Loyola College, Chennai was established in 1925 by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) with the primary objective of providing University Education in a Christian atmosphere for deserving Students, especially those belonging to the Catholic Community. Loyola College became autonomous in 1978.
The College, however, continues to be affiliated to the University of Madras and is autonomous, with 18 departments (Arts, Sciences and Commerce) and 9 special Institutes offering more than 111 programs to over 10,000 students.
NAAC re-accredited the college in 2006 and awarded A+ status.
Loyola College, though affiliated to University of Madras, became autonomous in July 1978.
It is autonomous, in the sense that it is empowered to frame its own course of studies and adopt innovative methods of teaching and evaluation.
The University degrees will be conferred on the students passing the examinations conducted by the college.
Student Counseling Centre
Centre for Women's studies
Sports Pavilion & Gymnasium
Bachelor of Arts in Economics
Master of Commerce
Master of Science in Chemistry
Master of Science in Mathematics
Master of Science in Physics
PHILOSOPHY:
The College aims at training young men and women of quality to be leaders in all walks of life, whom we hope will play a vital role in bringing about the desired changes for the betterment of the people of our country, more particularly of the Dalits and other poorer sections of society.
The aim of the college is to educate young men and women to serve their fellow men and women in justice, truth and love. It fosters an atmosphere of intellectual vigor and moral rectitude in which the youth of our country may find their fulfilment and achieve greatness as eminent men and women of service.
Loyola College looks at education differently. It consistently and constantly works to form the students as Competent, Committed, Creative and Compassionate men and women for and with others. This is the core of Jesuit Education. This is what has made Loyola climb to the top league of colleges in India.
MAJOR SERVICES:
Training and placement Cell
RCDA Centre for differently-abled students.
Loyola Students Support Services (LSSS)
Secretary & Correspondent
Vice – Principals
Administrative Senate
4. St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
LOCATION: Mumbai , Maharashtra
WEBSITE: www.xaviers.edu
E-MAIL: webadmin@xaviers.edu
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai was established in 1869 and accredited by NAAC with A+ grade. It is an autonomous college under the University of Mumbai.
The aim of the college is to promote human wisdom and also seek to accompany in faith, the men and women molded by the potent cultural forces inherent in the university as an institution.
The college strives to form men and women who will build a more just and humane world.
It strives for an intellectual endeavor that focuses on critical and creative thinking, with the aim of social transformation.
The college makes a preferential option for the marginalized and it seeks to give an all round formation, inculcating both human and spiritual values.
They seek to encourage competence, compassion and commitment which are the hallmarks of the human person.
The college is dedicated to research, teaching and the various forms of cultural service, as the indispensable horizon and context for a genuine preservation, renewal and communication of knowledge and human values.
Administrator's Office
Chapel Cum Prayer Hall
Counselling Centre
Fell Gymkhana
Multi-Media Room
Placement Centre
SCAVI
St. Xavier's Villa
XRCVC
College Hostel
Master of Arts in Ancient Indian Culture
Master of Arts in Islamic Studies
Ancient Indian Culture
Inter Religious Studies
Lifesciences and Biochemistry
INSTITUTE:
The Heras Institute
The Blatter Herbarium
Xavier Institute of Management and Research
Xavier Institute of Social Research
Xavier Institute of Communications
5. Miranda House University College for Women, New Delhi
WEBSITE: www.mirandahouse.ac.in
E-MAIL: mhouse@ndf.vsnl.net.in
Miranda House, residential college for women, is one of the premier Women's Institutions of Delhi University.
It was founded in 1948 by the then Vice-Chancellor Sir Maurice Gwyer; its foundation stone was laid by Lady Edwina Mountbatten on March 7 in the same year.
Located on the University campus, Miranda House is built in warm red brick with cool and spacious verandahs.
Its original design was by the renowned architect Walter George, the college shares an architectural affinity with other colonial educational institutions of the country.
In the past five decades, as the college has grown, several other buildings have been added to its original design.
It is now declared a heritage building and work is on to maintain its pristine glory.
Miranda offers liberal education in humanities and science to more than 2500 students.
The faculty is renowned for their meritorious profile, versatile talent and dedication to the cause of education.
The college has produced women who have excelled in various professions and have contributed in numerous ways to society at large.
A Mirandian is known not only for her academic excellence but also for her involvement in extracurricular activities.
Miranda House has always encouraged its students to interact and participate in diverse activities outside the classroom.
Such is the range of opportunities that throughout the year, the auditorium, the common rooms, the cafeteria and the lawns buzz with passionate and vibrant patter of budding actors, journalists, singers, writers, painters, social workers and political activists.
The various clubs and societies document the changing face of our society and that of Miranda House.
They trace the evolution of individual talent of every student as she experiments and explores her own potential.
Aiding this growth in the formative years are the faculty who relentlessly match zeal for zeal and prod the students to aim for the very best.
Bachelor of Arts in Honours Bengali
Bachelor of Arts in Honours Economics
Bachelor of Arts in Honours English
Bachelor of Arts in Honours Geography
Bachelor of Arts in Honours Hindi
Modern Indian Languages
6. Madras Christian College(MCC)- Chennai
LOCATION: Tambaram ,Chennai,Tamil Nadu
CONTACT: 044-22390675, 44-22397731
Madras Christian College has entered into the 175th year of glorious service to the Nation.
Founded as a School in 1837 in the black town of Madras, the Institution was built and its character shaped by a host of Scottish missionaries such as Anderson and Miller, Hogg and Boyd.
Leaving their legacy behind is a galaxy of illustrious alumni like President Radhakrishnan.
Such was the stature of the Institution that Mahatma Gandhi agreed to chair a student session in its premises in George Town in 1916, while Billy Graham spoke in the famous Anderson Hall in Tambaram in 1956.
The College is known as much for its academic standing and leadership building as it is for social commitment. Besides, the unseen touch of the Almighty has always been felt and spoken of by generations of students and teachers.
Bachelor of Arts in History, Archaeology & Museology
Bachelor of Science Zoology, Industrial Fish & Fisheries
Master of Social Work
The Madras Christian College with the inspiration of the love of God, offers to people of all communities education of the whole person which is congruous with God's revelation in Christ of the true nature of humanity, and is appropriate to the needs of India and the world.
Arts, Science, Commerce
7. Christ University, Bangalore
LOCATION: Bangalore, Karnataka
Christ University, Bangalore, formerly Christ College (Autonomous) affiliated to Bangalore University was established in 1969.
It has the rare distinction of being the first institution in Karnataka to be accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) UGC for quality education.
In 2004, UGC conferred Autonomy on the Institution. In 2005, it became the first College in South India to be reaccredited with A+ by NAAC.
In 2005, it became the first College in South India to be reaccredited with A+ by NAAC. UGC identified it as an Institution with Potential for Excellence in 2006.
Act, 1956, vide Notification No. F. 9-34/2007-U.3(A), declared it a Deemed to be University, in the name and style of Christ University
In 2008, the college declared it as Deemed to be University, in the name and style of Christ University.
Christ University has 2 campuses one is situated in Hosur road and the other towards Mysore road. The main campus is eco-friendly, serene and provides peaceful environment to its students.
It is deeply committed in upholding values system; it expects its students to conduct themselves in a worthy manner in their dress, demeanor and sense of discipline.
Kengeri campus is a lush green land of 75 acres situated about 25 kilometers away from the main campus, 10 kilometers away from Bangalore University and 8 kilometers away from R V College of Engineering towards Mysore road.
Master of Arts in Applied Economics
Master of Arts in Philosophy
Master of Arts in English with Communication Studies
Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, Chemistry, Botany
Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, Chemistry, Zoology
FACULTY/SCHOOLS:
8. Fergusson College (FC), Pune
LOCATION: Pune, Maharashtra
WEBSITE: www.fergusson.edu
E-MAIL: principal@fergusson.edu
Fergusson College (FC), Pune was established in 1885 by Deccan Education Society (DES).
The college is affiliated to University of Pune and accredited by NAAC with 'A' grade.
The primary aim of the DES has always been to offer education at affordable cost and spread enlightenment by self-reliant efforts with a view to realizing the highest aspirations and ideals of the people for better future of the country.
The Fergusson College imparts instruction to nearly 5500 undergraduate and post graduate students in natural sciences, Computer, Electronics, I.T. at graduate & Post graduate level, humanities and social sciences; it has very well-equipped laboratories, a library having a collection of over 3,00,000 books, rare as well as modern.
Bachelors of Science in Biotechnology
Bachelors of Arts in Economics
Bachelors of Arts in English
Bachelors of Arts in French
Bachelors of Arts in Geography
The founders of the DES and of the Fergusson College, were more than convinced, of the need for the spread of western knowledge, as an urgent need of Indian Society, to bring about social reforms and as a potent instrument for national regeneration.
The emphasis of the founders on 'knowledge', is aptly reflected in the college emblem, which bears the inscription, 'Knowledge is Power'. The 'Garuda' (the Eagle) in this emblem, symbolizes the youth, soaring with the power of knowledge, into a vast sky of challenges and opportunities.
To aspire and strive for excellence in education by developing and sharpening the intellectual and human potential of learners for the good of society and of our stakeholders.
To impart quality education through traditional and innovative learning practices.
To provide a dynamic and creative academic environment, to tap and nurture talent for the developmentof professional skills and an all round personality.
To inculcate good moral values and a sense of nationalism, in keeping with the glorious heritage of theInstitute.
Well-known Deccan Education Society (DES) manages Fergusson College. At the college the Local Managing Committee is constituted according to the Maharashtra Universities Act of 1994. All other committees are given responsibility to look into management of various parts/matters of the college. The details of this aspect are described in Management page.
The Principal of the college heads both the academic as well as the administrative sections and is overall in charge of the college.
Vice Principals are appointed to assist the Principal in smooth functioning of the administration system and to enable the smooth conduct of academic programs.
College office mainly looks into the matter related to admissions, eligibility, and examinations.
It also provides clerical support required for maintaining records and for interaction with government, university, parents and students.
Various committees in the College help in monitoring and facilitating several administrative functions and thus make administration open and transparent.
9. Hindu College – New Delhi
WEBSITE: www.hinducollege.org
E-MAIL: hinducol@del3.vsnl.net.in
Hindu College is recognized as one of the premier academic institutions in the country.
It stands tall in public esteem and also in the memories of its alumni, many of whom are now prominent figures in government, business and industry, the media and education.
Notwithstanding its name, students from all religions have grown up here and excelled in the chosen areas of their interests, be it academics, sports, or extra-curricular activities.
Hindu College was founded more than a century ago in 1899, by Late Shri Krishan Dassji Gurwale. In the backdrop of the nationalist struggle against British rule, some prominent citizens including Shri Gurwaleji of Delhi, decided to start a college that would, while being non-elitist and non-sectarian, provide nationalist education to the youth.
Originally, the College was housed in a humble building in Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk, and it was affiliated to Punjab University as there was no Delhi University at that time.
As the college grew, it faced a major crisis in 1902 due to inadequate infrastructure. But fortunately, at this point, Rai Bahadur Sultan Singh generously donated a part of his historic property, (which originally belonged to Col. Skinner) at Kashmere Gate, to the College, thereby enabling it to function there till 1953, following which, it moved to its present location in Delhi University.
Seminar Room
Hindu College is spread over 25 acres of land, the college premises are housed in one of the prime locations of the North campus of the University of Delhi and it is well connected by road and the Delhi Metro.
The college campus is well known for its well-maintained gardens and lovely trees, a vast sports ground and a men's hostel which can accommodate nearly 200 students.
Poltical Science
Bachelor of Commerce Honours
Bachelor of Arts in Economics Honours
Bachelor of Arts in English Honours
Bachelor of Arts in Hindi Honours
Bachelor of Arts in History Honours
10. Stella Maris College, Chennai
WEBSITE: www.stellamariscollege.org
CONTACT: 044-28111987/2811195
E-MAIL: smc@md3.vsnl.net.in
Stella Maris College, Chennai was established in 1947, is a Catholic minority institution of higher education for women.
The College is an autonomous institution and is affiliated to the University of Madras.
It is run by the Society of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, a religious congregation founded by Blessed Mary of the Passion (Helene de Chappotin) in Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu in 1877.
The college is committed to serving the economically and socially marginalized sections of society and provides university education in a Christian atmosphere for students, especially those belonging to the Catholic community.
The College is at the forefront of higher education in India by virtue of its commitment to academic excellence through periodic revision and updating of its curriculum based on stakeholder feedback.
The curriculum promotes national development, fosters global competencies and facilitates skills training to meet the challenges of a competitive workplace.
It offers students flexibility and a wide range of programs which includes both traditional Arts and Science courses and more contemporary ones, in emerging areas such as International Studies, Information Technology, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology.
DTP Centre
Master of Science in Biotechnology
Bachelor of Arts in History
Bachelor of Arts in Sociology
Bachelor of Arts in History of Fine Arts, Drawing and Painting

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What Is the United States Plotting in Kashmir and Balochistan? The Destabilization of Pakistan?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (OCS), founded in 2001 by the Shanghai Five (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) and to which Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan were later added would be the ALBA and Iran countries. Hard core of resistance to world hegemony of the United States and Great Britain, so the avowed objective of the United States would be to dynamite said organization, having Baluchistan and Kashmir as scenarios for their destabilizing operations.
Baluchistan
China would be building an extensive port network, which would include ports, bases and observation stations in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Burma and of which the strategic port in Pakistan, Gwadar, (the "gorge" of the Persian Gulf), 72 kilometers away, would be a paradigm. from the border with Iran and about 400 kilometers from the most important oil transportation corridor and very close to the strategic Strait of Hormuz. The port was built and financed by China and is operated by the state-owned company China Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC), since the region around the port of Gwadar contains two thirds of the world's oil reserves and 30 percent passes through it. of the world's oil and 80 percent of that received by China and is on the shortest route to Asia (Silk Road). However, Pakistan's rapprochement with China would have accelerated the Pentagon's doctrine of achieving the balkanization of Pakistan and its weakening as a state with Baluchistan as the insurgency's field of operations.
Thus, the US announced the suppression of military aid to Pakistan in the amount of $ 300 million while promoting the independence movement in the province of Balochistan where the strategic port of Gwadar is located with the avowed objective of making the star project unfeasible. China, the "Belt and Silk Road Initiative" and later the CIA will resort to the endemic Kashmir dispute that will be a new local episode between a Pakistan allied with China and an India supported by Russia, with the aggravating circumstance of having both nuclear ballistic missile countries.
Kashmir would be the perfect paradigm for the implementation of Brzezinski's theory of "constructive chaos" in the region, a concept that would be based on the maxim attributed to the Roman emperor Julius Caesar "divide et impera", to achieve the establishment of a field of instability and violence (balkanization) and create chaos that would spread from Lebanon, Palestine and Syria to Iraq and from Iran and Afghanistan to Pakistan, Kashmir and Anatolia (Asia Minor).
Kashmir would have become an explosive cocktail by combining ingredients as unstable as the Hindu-Muslim religious dispute, the territorial dispute and the icing on the cake of Kashmiri independence fighters supported by ex-jihadist fighters from Sudan, Pakistan and Afghanistan, traditionally oppressed by an Indian Army that it would have about 500,000 soldiers deployed in Kashmir (1 soldier for every 9 inhabitants) and the nationalist government of Modi would have revoked the special status of Kashmir, which in practice results in the sine die detention of local Kashmir politicians and the strict control of Internet service.
On the other hand, in 1962 a confrontation broke out between India and China over the Chinese disagreement with the border line established in 1914 (McMahon Line), after which China gained control of the Aksai Chin plateau in addition to the Siachen Glacier, (territories which India continues to claim as its own.) China aspires to store the water from the sources of rivers such as the Brahmaputra to supply Chinese cities in the east of the country, which would have set off alarms in the Modi government, which fears a notable reduction in the flow of available drinking water so it does not They rule out bombing Chinese hydraulic installations and the recent armed incident in which several Indian soldiers were killed would have increased tension between the two countries.
This circumstance will be used by the United States to destabilize the border shared by both countries known as the Current Control Line (LAC), since an Indo-Pakistani armed confrontation would represent the first Russia-China military pulse in the form of a restricted nuclear collision. to the Indian-Pakistani geographical area.
By Germán Gorraiz López
Source: Global Research
BaluchistanKashmirPakistanSCOUS
Dangerous Game: How the Wreckage of Russiagate Ignited a New Cold War
CIA Project MK-ULTRA


text:
Watch Out when Loading Utilities in XP
BY STANLEY ZAROWIN
Uncategorized Article
Q. I just upgraded my computer's operating system to the new Microsoft XP, and I'm delighted with the way it works—it's really stable and it's much faster than Windows 2000. However, I do have a problem, but I'm not sure I can totally blame Microsoft for it. One of my favorite fix-it, antivirus, cleanup and firewall protector utilities—a recommendation I got from this column—is Norton SystemWorks. After I got XP up and running, I learned that my current Norton won't work with it, so I bought the latest version, Norton SystemWorks 2002. I went to load it, figuring the new version would automatically replace the old one. No such luck. Early in the attempted installation, a notice popped up telling me I had to remove the old Norton.
That was easier said than done. When my efforts to remove all traces of it failed, I went to Norton's Web site and after a long, frustrating search discovered that I needed a special tool for the job. Why Norton didn't warn me ahead of time is beyond me. In any case, the tool seemed to work—that is, it did apparently remove the old Norton. But that did not solve my problem—it left hidden files that can't be removed in my operating system and that stops me from installing the new version. Norton tech support couldn't help except to say I'll probably have to do a clean install of XP. I'd like to avoid doing that. Any ideas?
A. I appreciate your problem; I went through a similarly frustrating exercise. When I called Norton's tech support people, they blamed Microsoft; and, of course, Microsoft blames Norton. It's a shame Norton, which has been aware of the problem, doesn't warn buyers of their 2002 version for XP that they must uninstall the old version BEFORE they even load XP.
Norton's tech support people told me they are working on a solution. Until that happens, sad to say, if you want Norton on your computer, in all likelihood you probably will have to completely reformat your hard disk and go through the agony of a clean install of XP.


Have you been quarrelling with your husband recently? What did both of you fight about? Finances, household chores, parents, affairs, kids....? It seems like both of you are fighting over almost everything and the bond is not as close as before.
When quarrels become a perpetual thing, it brings resentment, sadness and hurt to the relationship. When things get worse, divorce will come into the picture. How can you stop fighting with your husband in order to avoid divorce?
Couples fight when their opinions and values conflict. This usually will happen when either one party start to feel disconnected or neglected. Start to think why you have been fighting with your husband. Did the argument start after you have children or the extra burden such as paying off for the mortgage, etc?
One party has to start the move to give in first. It is usually when both parties do not want to give in, they will continue to fight non-stop. Hence, if you want to stop fighting with your husband successfully, you have to control your temper as well. If you find it difficult to control your temper because of your bad feelings towards him, you should give yourself some space and time to cool down. Instead of thinking the bad things, start to bring out old photographs and reminisce the time when you first got together with your husband.
Learn to believe that living and maintaining a home together can be very pressurising. See this obstacle as a challenge that you have to overcome and be patient to rekindle back the lost love in the marriage. A marriage does not stay the same forever, but you can make it lovely and lively throughout by learning the good techniques to maintain it. When you know the good techniques to maintain a marriage, you will understand and care.
Do it in a reverse way from now onwards. Have some change in your attitude first. When you start to use the good techniques, you will see a change in your partner's behaviour too. Even if your husband is not willing to work on the marriage, you should still apply the good techniques patiently because your husband will somehow calm down and talk to you nicely eventually. It is only when both of you are feeling calm, then things can work on further.
This relationship advice for women is something that you would not come across in any of the popular women's magazines, purely because they typically write from a female point of view. I am a married man always looking to improve the relationship with my wife. My passion is in helping other women out there who are suffering in silence help bring their marriage back from the brink of extinction. A lot of women tend to be quite warm and compassionate. This isn't actually the best trait to have if you want to have a strong marriage. In fact, it has made men divorce their wives before (in extreme cases). I'll tell you how to be compassionate while still loved by your man.
Compassion in itself is a fantastic trait to have. To have a big heart that can accommodate many people, views and other things you have a passion shows that you are very forgiving and tolerant.
It is for this reason however that your compassion may be destroying your marriage. If you are to tolerant and forgiving of your husband, he may inadvertently seek to manipulate and take advantage of this. This is of course an extreme case. He will at least feel too relaxed as a husband.
This is where you have to basically be aware of the law of supply and demand. See, if you're too compassionate, your man will find it impossible to respect you. If I seem very sure of myself, that's because I am.
Who can respect a servant? A servant is someone who takes a lot of rubbish from their master. They have to accommodate his/her master's needs if they still want a salary. If you have too much room in your heart, your supply of compassion is too high.
You basically have to ween your man off your compassion. If he drinks of it too frequently, he won't find any nourishment from it anymore.
Be strict with him once in a while. Say no. Tell him off. Make it clear to him that you are displeased with him and really be displeased. If you're faking it, he will know. We men need boundaries to respect you as our wives.
This relationship advice for women is applicable to many aspects of life but is particularly relevant to your relationship with your man. Compassion is a good thing, but if your heart is too accommodating, don't be too surprised if your man disappears one day.
In an article released by the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, customers of marriage and family counselors from over a dozen states reported on their experience with family therapy.
The findings suggested that marriage and relationship counselors treated a large range of concerns in relatively short-term fashion. It said that couples therapy and marriage coaching are briefer than specific treatment, which customer satisfaction and practical improvement are rather high.
[NOTE] Excerpted from "Clinical Practice Patterns of Marriage and Family Therapists: A National Survey of Therapists and Their Clients", Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.
While the above research study supplies raw information that supports the efficiency of marital relationship and household counseling, a very interesting conversation on the question, "Does Marriage Counseling Work" from a public forum devoted to this subject offers a less medical, but still positive view.
I found that what seems to be an extremely sincere and frank conversation among couples, "who've been there," the response to the question of whether marriage counseling works is a favorable one.
Will Marital Therapy Work for You?
Regardless of the studies and viewpoints which seem to support the question of, 'Does couples therapy work,' there are those who question its effectiveness.
This got the subject going on the science of marital therapy is being studied in excellent detail these days. Research is showing that it is not as reliable as individuals believe that ladies seem to get more from it than men.
Surely there are times when it may not have a long-lasting result on the couple's marital relationship.
What type of couple gets the most from couples therapy? The response is young, non-sexist, still in love, open couples.
Which couples get the least after finding what seems to the best marriage advice?
Some factors that can make couples therapy not successful consist of couples who wait too long before seeking assistance. I mean that typically one or the other is set on getting a divorce and is closed to any suggestions that may save the marriage.
It appears that couples who seek relationship healing or marriage coaching due to the fact that they want their relationship to work are more likely to prosper with marriage therapy.
Yes, they will benefit more than those who enter into couples counseling with the (maybe hidden) reality that they really more deeply want out of the relationship.
Again as the Course in Miracles further states, "It is still up to you to choose with truth or with illusion. Remember that to choose one is to let the other go."
When thinking about best marriage advice, it's hard not to wonder whether seeing a marital relationship counselor will actually work.
An honest marriage psychologist would agree that the inspiration of a couple might be the single most crucial aspect in identifying the success of marital therapy.
It's not likely that even a fantastic counselor would be able to conserve a marital relationship where one spouse really doesn't want to put in the effort for relationship healing.
The best marriage advice you find from a marriage therapist can most likely help a couple who are utterly devoted to making their marital relationship work.
For me and my wife, Hawaii is an old friend. We went to Honolulu on our honeymoon and came back there three years later. We had experienced a very tough year in 1972 and we desperately needed time to heal and recover. December had also been very cold so the warm tropical sun also became a nurturing ally.
Two days after arriving, we were walking on the sand of Waikiki. Slowly walking, hand in hand, we were enjoying the sunshine and the sight of happy swimmers and surfers. The chopping sound of a helicopter began to intrude itself. We heard people shouting and we saw them running toward the landing aircraft. Security guards kept them from getting too close, but when the chopper blades stopped, out jumped ELVIS in a white jumpsuit and the crowd went crazy!
We had read in the local news that he was flying in to perform at a benefit concert, a concert that was focused on fighting cancer, but we had no idea we might see him there at the beach. He started signing autographs but we were to numb to get one, although we got a Polaroid photo we still treasure to this day. My wife almost got a kiss on the cheek from the king, but she got scared and ran off to the side. That was funny.
A day or two later we went to see the concert. We got in for a ten dollar donation each, and we would have paid more but we were kinda broke. There was a huge buildup to the arrival of Elvis onstage. I still love watching the DVD, but I can't pick us out in the crowd.
I could not believe the energy that Elvis put into his performance! He was sheer dynamite from start to finish, moving from song to song. keeping his audience enthralled. I think my favorite was "This Time You gave me a Mountain" which was filled with pathos and sadness. "Hunk of Burning Love" was a barnstormer for the many women in the crowd. He interchanged slow songs with fast songs and always kept the momentum and the enthusiasm building. It was GREAT!
I think that magic moment was a pivotal event in our marriage. We have taken our children and grandchildren there and have pointed out where Elvis landed on the beach so many years ago. We all have our landmarks in time and this truly was a gamechanger for me and my wife. I still thank Elvis very much.


First Congregational Church, Rochester was established in 1827 as the first Congregational church in the state of Michigan. We are a local church of the United Church of Christ, established in 1957 upon the union of the Evangelical and Reformed Church, and the Congregational and Christian Church. Serving the Rochester area for more than 187 years, First's voice mirrors its name – First.
See upper right on website home page for Google map directions.


Have your say on the strategic regeneration vision for Macclesfield.
Councillor Ainsley Arnold, Cheshire East Council cabinet member for housing, planning and regeneration said: "The aim of this strategic regeneration framework is to set out a fresh vision for the town centre, focused on its key role in underpinning and driving an exciting and prosperous future for the whole town. We won't, however, lose sight of the area's important heritage, sense of place and its individual character, which are held in high regard by local people and visitors alike.


THE assumption of " action at a distance " has notoriously tended to check experimental inquiry in relation to the mechanical cause of gravitation, as it has hindered investigation in other branches of physics. At one time, for instance, on the basis of this theory of " action at a distance," electric action was supposed to propagate itself in some mysterious way across space without the intervention of matter ; so that all substances were assumed to play a perfectly neutral part in the passage of the electric action — until Faraday, rising above the prejudices of his time, put this question under the test of experiment, and by his discovery of a " specific inductive capacity," demonstrated the supposition thus formed to be false. Yet so great was the strength of preconceived opinion, that notoriously Faraday's discovery was not fully accepted until years afterwards, when its practical application to telegraph-cables forced it on the attention of electricians.
So now in the present day, in spite of the continual demolition of spiritualistic views (i. e. views of action without the intervention of matter) by advancing science, the modus operandi of gravitation remains the one outstanding subject for doubt ; and it appears to be assumed by many (much in analogy with the former question of "specific inductive capacity ") that experiments with the view to decide whether any minute specific differences might exist in the effects of gravity, dependent on structure, form, &c. of substances, would be out of place — gravity being rather considered as something not physical at all (although admitted, as it were, by courtesy into " physical " science).
May not analogous considerations apply to gravity (still regarded by some as the result of a mystic " action at a distance"), and which, as an actual fact, now remains as the last remnant of spiritualism to be expelled from physics. In relation to this subject, Sir William Thomson, in an important development of Le Sage's theory of gravitation, published in the Philosophical Magazine for May 1873, makes the following suggestive remark, viz. that, assuming certain possible conditions to exist, " crystals would generally have different permeabilities in different directions, and would therefore have different weights according to the direction of their axes relatively to the direction of gravity. No such difference has been discovered ; and it is certain that, if there is any, it is extremely small. Hence the constituent atoms, if ælotropic as to permeability, must be so but to an exceedingly small degree " (page 331).
Might not this point be worthy of experiment ? Although the discovery of some such minute specific differences would not, in point of principle, be necessary to the establishment of the truth of the existence of an explanation for gravitation, yet a discovery of this kind would be highly interesting as a confirmation of the truth of the particular explanation afforded by the kinetic theory of gases (which depends on the permeability of gross matter by a gaseous aether, whose minute component particles have an extremely long mean path). The groundwork of this explanation (i. e. the one first started in very crude form by Le Sage, of Geneva) is now, it may be observed, generally regarded by competent judges as the only conceivable rough basis on which an intelligible mechanical theory of gravitation admits of being built.
The main object of this paper is to call more particular attention to the desirability of an experimental search in relation to the mechanical theory of gravitation, or to the expediency of a more precise and exact observation of gravific effects under diverse conditions of form, structure, &c. of bodies, with a view to determine if certain small specific variations may not have escaped notice, owing to their not having been searched for, on account of the bias of preconceived ideas, and the lethargy produced by the influence of preformed theories. Crystalline bodies of birefracting properties &c. which, in relation to the luminiferous aether, are permeable to light with different velocities in different directions, may specially suggest themselves for experiment.
Since the successful pursuit of a research of this kind, where specific differences of a very minute character are in question, would no doubt entail considerable experimental resources, with refined and delicate apparatus, which might not be at the disposal of every one, the more therefore does it become desirable to attract general attention to the subject. The comparative dearth of discovery of any great physical principle (of a fundamental character at least) within the last few years would seem, if any thing, to call for additional zeal in experimental enterprise. Although a negative result to the investigations would not be decisive one way or the other in regard to the validity of the explanation of gravity afforded by the kinetic theory (for, of course, it is well conceivable that such specific variations in gravific effect, if they exist, might be too minute for detection with the appliances at our command), yet a positive result would be so highly interesting and important, that even a small prospect of success would amply repay the labour of a careful trial, and enlist usefully the skill and ingenuity of experimenters.
Heatherfield, Bournemouth, March 2, 1881.
↑ It should be kept in view, that one of the essential conditions of Le Sage's theory is that cross matter should be permeable by the minute particles of a finer material, or aether.
↑ Sir William Thomson remarks further as follows in relation to this point, viz.: — "A body having different permeabilities in different directions would, if of manageable dimensions, give us a means for drawing energy from the inexhaustible stores laid up in the ultramundane corpuscles — thus : first, turn the body into a position of maximum weight ; secondly, lift it through any height ; thirdly, turn it into a position of maximum weight; fourthly, let it down to its primitive level. It is easily seen that the first and third of those operations are per formed without the expenditure of work ; and, on the whole, work is done by gravity in operations 2 and 4 " (page 331).


text:
Q: Organizing a secure channel between a Web app and a Native app This question is kinda complimentary to "Share credentials between native app and web site", as we aim to share secrets in the opposite direction.
TL;TR: how can we securely share the user's authentication/authorization state from a Web Browser app to a Native Desktop app, so the same user doesn't have to authenticate additionally in the Native app?
TS;WM: We are working on the following architecture: a Web Application (with some HTML front-end UI running inside a Web Browser of user's choice), a Native Desktop Application (implementing a custom protocol handler), a Web API and an OAuth2 service, as on the picture.

Initially, the user is authenticated/authorized in the Web Browser app against the OAuth2 service, using the Authorization Code Grant flow.
Then, the Web Browser content can do one-way talking to the Native app, when the user clicks on our custom protocol-based hyperlinks. Basically, it's done to establish a secure bidirectional back-end communication channel between the two, conducted via the Web API.
We believe that, before acting upon any requests received via a custom protocol link from the Web Browser app, the Native app should first authenticate the user (who is supposed to be the same person using this particular desktop session). We think the Native app should as well use the Authorization Code flow (with PKCE) to obtain an access token for the Web API. Then it should be able to securely verify the origin and integrity of the custom protocol data, using the same Web API.
However, it can be a hindering experience for the user to have to authenticate twice, first in the Web Browser and second in the Native app, both running side-by-side.
Thus, the question: is there a way to pass an OAuth2 access token (or any other authorization bearer) from the Web Browser app to the Native app securely, without compromising the client-side security of this architecture? I.e., so the Native app could call the Web API using the identity from the Web Browser, without having to authenticate the same user first?
Personally, I can't see how we can safely avoid that additional authentication flow. Communication via a custom app protocol is insecure by default, as typically it's just a command line argument the Native app is invoked with. Unlike a TLS channel, it can be intercepted, impersonated etc. We could possibly encrypt the custom protocol data. Still, whatever calls the Native app would have to make to decrypt it (either to a client OS API or some unprotected calls to the Web API), a bad actor/malware might be able to replicate those, too.
Am I missing something? Is there a secure platform-specific solution? The Native Desktop app is an Electron app and is designed to be cross-platform. Most of our users will run this on Windows using any supported browser (including even IE11), but ActiveX or hacking into a running web browser instance is out of question.

A: The best solution : Single Sign On (SSO) using Custom URL Scheme
When I was checking your question, I remembered the Zoom app that I am using in my office. How it works ?
I have my Gmail account linked to a Zoom account (this is account linkage, which is outside the scope of implementation). When I open Zoom app, I can choose the option to login with Gmail. This opens my browser and take me to Gmail. If I am logged in to Gmail, I am redirected back to a page that asking me to launch Zoom app. How this app launch happen ? The application register a custom URL scheme when app get installed and the final redirect in browser targets this URL. And this URL passes a temporary secret, which Zoom application uses to obtain OAuth tokens. And token obtaining is done independent of the browser, a direct call with SSL to token endpoint of OAuth server.
Well this is Authorization code flow for native applications. And this is how Mobile applications use OAuth. Your main issue, not allowing user to re-login is solved. This is SSO in action.
There is a specification which define best practices around this mechanism. I welcome you to go through RFC8252 - OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps.
Challenge
You need to implement OS specific native code for each application distribution. Windows, Mac and Linux have different implementation support for custom URL scheme.
Advice
PKCE is mandatory (in IETF words SHOULD) for all OAuth grant types. There is this ongoing draft which talks about this. So include PKCE for your implementation too.

With PKCE, the redirect/callback response is protected from stealing. Even some other application intercept the callback, the token request cannot be recreated as the PKCE code_verifer is there.
Also, do not use a custom solution like passing secret through another channel. This will make things complicated when it comes to maintenance. Since this flow already exists in OAuth, you can benefit with libraries and guidance.
-----------------------------------------------------
Update : Protecting Token Request
While the custom URL scheme solves the problem of launching the native application, protecting token request can be challenging. There are several options to consider.
- Bind native application launch with a secret shared from browser
When browser based client launch the native client, it can invoke a custom API to generate a secret. This secret acts like a one time password (OTP). User has to enter this value in native app before it obtain tokens. This is a customization on top of Authorization code flow.
- Dynamic client registration & Dynamic client authentication
Embedding secrets into public clients is discouraged by OAuth specification. But as question owner points out, some malicious app may register itself to receive custom URL response and obtain tokens. In such occasion, PKCE can provide an added layer of security.
But still in an extreme case, if malicious app registers the URL plus use PKCE as the original application, then there can be potential threats.
One option is to allow dynamic client registration at the first time of application launch. Here, installer/distribution can include a secret that used along with DCR.
Also, it is possible to use dynamic client authentication through a dedicated service. Here, the application's token request contains a temporary token issued by a custom service. Custom service obtain a challenge from native application. This may be done through totp or a cryptographic binding based on an embedded secret. Also it is possible to utilize OTP (as mentioned in first note) issued through browser, which needs to be copy pasted manually by end user. Once validated, this service issue a token which correlate to the secret. In the token request, native client sends this token along with call back values. This way we reduce threat vectors even though we increase implementation complexity.
Summary

*

*Use custom URL scheme to launch the native application

*Browser app generate a temporary secret shared with a custom service

*At native app launch, user should copy the secret to native app UI

*Native app exchange this secret with custom service to obtain a token

*This second token combined with call back authorization code (issued through custom url scheme) is used to authenticate to token endpoint

*Above can be considered as a dynamic client authentication

*Value exposed to user can be a hashed secret, hence original value is never exposed to end user or another client

*DCR is also an option but embedded secrets are discouraged in OAuth world

A: As you mentioned, using a custom protocol handler is not a safe way to pass secrets, since another app may handle your protocol and intercept that secret.
If you are imposing a strict constraint that the communication channel between the native app and the web app is initiated from the web app, and that the native app has not previously established a secure channel (e.g. shared secret which could encrypt other secrets), then it is not possible to safely transmit a secret to the native app.
Imagine if this were possible, then PKCE would be redundant in an OAuth 2.0 Code Flow, since the server could have safely transmitted the access token in response to the authorization request, instead of requiring the code_verifier to be provided with the grant when obtaining the access token.

A: Just got the following idea. It's simple and while it doesn't allow to fully automate the setup of a secure channel between Web Browser app and the Native app, it may significantly improve the user experience.
We can use Time-based One-Time Password algorithm (TOTP). In a way, it's similar to how we pair a Bluetooth keyboard to a computer or a phone.
The Web Browser app (where the user is already authenticated) could display a time-based code to the user, and the Native app should ask the user to enter that code as a confirmation. It would then use the code to authenticate against the Web API. That should be enough to establish a back-end channel between the two. The life time of the channel should be limited to that of the session within the Web Browser app. This approach might even eliminate the need for a custom protocol communication in the first place.
Still open to other ideas.

A: You could try driving the synchronization the other way:

*

*Once the user is authenticated into the web app, launch the native app from the web app via the custom URL scheme.

*If the native app is not authenticated, connect securely to the backend over HTTPS, create a record for the native app, retrieve a one time token associated with that record and then launch the web app in the user's browser with the token as a URL parameter.

*Since the user is authenticated in the browser, when the server sees the token it can bind the native app's record with the user account.

*Have the native app poll (or use some other realtime channel like push notifications or a TCP connection) the server to see if the token has been bound to a user account: once that happens you can pass a persistent auth token that the native app can store.

A: Did you think about using LDAP or Active Directory?
Also OAuth2 could be combined, here are a related question:
 - Oauth service for LDAP authentication
 - Oauth 2 token for Active Directory accounts
SSO should be easier then too, furthermore access-rights could be managed centralized.
Concerning general security considerations you could work with two servers and redirect form the one for the web-application to the other one after successful access check. That 2nd server can be protected so far that a redirect is required from the 1st server and an access check could be made independent again but without need to login another time, might be important to mention here the proposed usage of Oracle Access Manager in one linked answer for perimeter authentication.
This scenario with two servers could be also hidden by using a proxy-server in the frontend and making the redirects hidden, like that data-transfer between servers would be easier and secure too.
The important point about my proposition is that access to the 2nd server is just not granted if anything is wrong and the data are still protected.
I read here some comments concerning 2FA and some other ideas like tokens, surely those things increase security and it would be good to implement them.
If you like the general idea, I'm willing to spend still some time on the details. Some questions might be helpful for me ;-)
EDIT:
Technically the design in detail might depend on the used external authentication provider like Oracle Access Manager or something else. So if the solution in general sounds reasonable for you it would be useful to elaborate some parameters for the choice of a external authentication provider, i.e. price, open-source, features, etc.
Nevertheless the general procedure then is that the provider issues a token and this token serves for authentication. The token is for unique one-time usage, the second link I posted above has some answers that explain token-usage very well related to security and OAuth.
EDIT2
The Difference between an own OAuth2 / OIDC server and a LDAP/AD server is that you need to program everything by yourself and can't use ready solutions. Nevertheless you're independent and if everything is programmed well perhaps even a bit more secure as your solution is not public available and therefore harder to hack - potential vulnerabilities just can't be known by others. Also you're more independent, never have to wait for updates and are free to change whatever you want at any time. Considering that several software-servers are involved and perhaps even hardware-servers the own solution might be limited scale-able, but that can't be know from outside and depends on your company / team. Your code base probably is slimmer than full-blown solutions as you've only to consider your own solution and requirements.
The weak point in your solution might be that you have to program interfaces to several things that exist ready for business-frameworks. Also it might be hard to consider every single point in a small team, large companies could have more overview and capacity to tackle every potential issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Review: "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends"
Nicole Perlroth's riveting new book tells how we became embroiled in a cyberwar
Halfway through Nicole Perlroth's gripping new book, "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapons Arms Race," I unplugged and put into recycling the one and only IoT device in our home.
You might have heard about this book, as Perlroth's been making the rounds promoting it. As a top reporter, she's covered cybersecurity for the New York Times for years, and she knows her stuff.
Her interviews promoting the book have been compelling, but when I approached her decent-sized tome, I thought I was in for a typical non-fiction read — an author with an academic touch, a story told with a step of remove, and a text that would fall back on passages of analysis.
What I got instead was a sizzling, gripping story of espionage and cyberwarfare from 1945 to today, written in prose that charged across a panorama of incidents — from New Zealand to Holland to Africa to Argentina to Mexico to Silicon Valley to China to DC. Throughout, Perlroth knits it all together with excellent reporting, enviable writing, and jaw-clenched pacing.
What surprised me the most is how hard it was to put the book down. It's so well-done. About halfway through, I thought I'd skip a page or two — it seemed there couldn't be any more shocking, surprising plot twists. Wrong. I had to backtrack because I'd missed something important. And, boy, was I glad I did, because like much else in the book, the part I'd skipped was revelatory, too.
In short, the book is quite a read, and is one of the most absorbing books I've encountered in a long time. It is superbly organized, written, and edited — my main critique is that the index is mediocre.
But what a story Perlroth has to tell.
From IBM typewriters hacked by Russians in an almost undetectable way after World War II to the surge in ransomware attacks during Covid-19, the way cyberwar germinated, blossomed, and spread is documented clearly, with human failings like pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, and sloth bringing us to where we are today — in the midst of an active cyberwar with nation-states, private groups, and criminal rings all pursuing zero-day exploits that can leave adversaries vulnerable to ransom demands, infrastructure disruption, and even deadly strikes.
Zero-day exploits — flaws in software or hardware the victim has zero days to fix — are a major focus of the book. These are the keys to the digital kingdom, and those who hold them can come and go undetected for months or years. There are thousands of these, and it's hard to know how many are created every time there's an upgrade or new app.
Another theme involves the arrogance of coders, who again and again claim their software is secure, or feel they can detect intrusions or malware easily, only to be proven wrong time after time. Microsoft, Google, Square, Twitter, and hundreds of other companies have learned lessons the hard way. The resulting maxim — stated in various ways — is that there are two types of entities in the world today: those who have been hacked, and those who don't know they've been hacked.
The book is structured roughly chronologically, with some smoothly executed exceptions so that we can see how one thing presaged another. In this way, we move through a dizzying array of attacks showing that our computers, phones, networks, and databases are basically porous and ill-defended.
How ill-defended? Check out this passage:
Back in 2011, a whistleblower tipped off the Pentagon that its security software was riddled with Russian backdoors. The Pentagon had paid Computer Sciences Corporation . . . $613 million to secure its systems. CSC, in turn, subcontracted the actual coding to a Massachusetts outfit called NetCracker Technology, which farmed it out to programmers in Moscow. Why? Greed. The Russians were willing to work for a third of the cost that US programmers had quoted.
As a result of cyberwars and cybercrime, a massive amount of commercial, personal, and governmental data has been exfiltrated by hundreds of actors over the past 20-30 years, and cyberattacks are becoming far more common. As Perlroth writes toward the end of the book:
More than six hundred American towns, cities, and counties were held hostage by ransomware attacks between 2019 and 2020. Cybercriminal weren't just hitting big cities like Albany and New Orleans, but smaller counties in swing states like Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. In Texas, a new battleground, twenty-three towns were hit simultaneously. In Georgia, the tally of victims was stunning: The city of Atlanta. The state's Department of Public Safety. State and local court systems. A major hospital. A county government. A police department for a city of thirty thousand people. In each case, networks crashed; public records disappeared; email went down; laptops had to be forensically examined, reconfigured, and tossed out; police departments were relegated to pen and paper.
As the book progresses, cyberwar forces grow in scale and capabilities, fueled by an uncontrolled marketplace for hacks and zero-day exploits that developed over the years, with some zero-day vulnerabilities fetching six- or seven-figure bounties. The market itself is murky and mixed, with some participants acting as amoral arms dealers. Most problematically, with coding tools, there's no guarantee exploits will only be used once, or that the buyer won't resell them. Or that they won't escape into the wild, to be found and used in more nefarious ways later.
It's quite a story, and Perlroth tells it well and compellingly.
Perlroth's coverage of Stuxnet is particularly interesting, as it portrays the tradeoffs of using cyberweapons — they can save lives, but they also show others how to make similar weapons, and they can boomerang on the creators. This happens more than once over the decades covered, especially as networks become faster and more pervasive, and adversaries become more capable.
Written just before the December 2020 SolarWinds attack, "This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends" makes it clear that any such attack is not a surprise now, but a logical progression decades in the making. The big concern is that a cyber Chernobyl is around the corner — a hacking accident that leads to mass casualties.
The way authoritarian regimes have used these tools to hurt dissidents and attack others is a related theme.
Reading this made me want to go back to 2014 or 2015 and shout more loudly and stridently, "If you think Sci-Hub is about OA, you're being exploited by a cybercriminal or nation-state predator," with this passage early on jumping out at me:
. . . the sophisticated cyberweapons they were building were useless without a way to deploy them. Access to a target's computer system was critical. "You could be the best jewelry thief in the world, but unless you know how to bypass the Bulgari store alarm system, it doesn't get you anywhere," [one hacker] told me. "Access," he said, "is king."
When some librarians voluntarily turned over passwords to Sci-Hub, they were handing over keys to their institutions. It turns out that dropping a worm or virus into the computer system — even a system that seems peripheral and insignificant — can wreak havoc, steal information, or damage infrastructure. There are even attacks on smartphones that don't require the user to do anything — they just find their way in over the air.
Everything imaginable has been hacked, and Perlroth takes you through example after example — PDFs, MP3s, routers, smartphones (Android, iOS), music apps, VPNs, password managers, cars, televisions, and more. It's eye-opening.
As a result, stories of real-world harm caused by cyberwar are becoming more common — water systems, refineries, dams, traffic systems, trains, hospitals, banks. The list is long and worrisome. Perlroth reminds us that the 2016 US Presidential election outcome was probably changed as a result of a basic and successful phishing attack.
Perlroth's impassioned epilogue — in which she offers clear guidance for how to tamp down the threats of cyberwar upon us all — notes that unlike Pearl Harbor, which was a surprise attack, we know the next attack is coming, and that it will be more severe than the previous one. And we're not going to be able to do much to stop it without making radical upgrades to our defenses, code bases, coding habits, and security systems.
If you own a computer or a smartphone and connect to a router in your workplace or home, read this book. If you are responsible in any way for IT decisions for your employer or clients, read this book. And if you want to enjoy a cracking good tale about espionage, spies, and the safecrackers of the modern age, read this book.


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Job done…just
Posted By admin on Mar 23, 2013 | 0 comments
So. That's the second step out of the way. After the horror that was the OFC Nations Cup in Honiara, nothing less than winning the Oceania qualifying group was acceptable. Job done. But last night's game was hard going…as a fan and, clearly, as an All White.
The 2-1 injury time win against New Caledonia was a really important result. The performance by New Zealand's finest wasn't all that fine, though. At times it was downright ugly. I guess, to a certain extent, that was to be expected. This was a team that hadn't played together for months and had players travelling in from all over the world. Jet lag, it seems is a great leveller.
Those are the cards we're dealt, however, so it's important to find a better way to prepare for the play-offs. A performance is usually all about the preparation and it's important Ricki Herbert and NZF get this 100% right before the play-offs.
Herbert could also think about getting his selection right. That would help. If he's going to stick with a back three then Killen in midfield and Brockie wide left won't work. It didn't last night and it most definitely won't against a good team. Having said that, I'm not sure a back three is the best way to go. That's a discussion for another time.
The bottom line, however, is that in World Cup Qualifying the result is the only thing that counts. I'm sure we all would have like to see a 4-0 thrashing but I guess, given all the challenges, that was never really going to happen. No one's gonna remember the performance in this match if we end up qualifying for Brazil.
I'm normally one to comment on (well, actually, go off about) the refereeing but I won't this time. Anyone who was was watching can see for them self how average it was. The foul on Wood was a stonewall red card and what about the kick to Smeltzy's head? Strebre will be relieved the result turned out as it did.
So we move on to the last game in Honiara. It would probably be wise to pack the big names off home, put out a young side and just get the game out of the way. Just as the result mattered so much in the New Caledonia game, it matters so little against the Solomons.
The real thing to look forward to, however, is another one of those nights in Wellington. I was there in November 2009 and in South Africa. I plan on being there in November 2013. And maybe Brazil, too…?
One final thing. I've already seen a number of trolls bagging this result, using the argument that we should be thrashing countries like New Caledonia. My response to that is: Why? Using the same logic, and in a language most kiwi sports fans can understand, China, Brazil, India, the USA, in fact just about any country, should beat New Zealand at rugby. But they don't. It's sport and it's far more complext than that. Time to get out more.


This copy shows the entry on 26-Apr-2019 at 16:41:31.
House. C18. Colourwashed render on brick front. Wing at right witchert, colourwashed and rendered. Old tile roofs. 4 bays and 2 storeys. 2 bay, one storey right wing. 8 panel door in bay 3 from left deeply recessed with early C19 side and top glazing in surround, approached through plain, arched C19 porch with cornice and pediment on scroll brackets. Sash windows. Parapet band. Panelled parapet with stone copings. Flanking stacks. Right hand wing has angular slate roofed bay window to left and carriage way at right, segmental arch. Panelled doors. Formerly a Maltster's house. Service buildings in wing at rear are remains of maltings.


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Rebellion Developments Limited ist ein britischer Computerspiel-Entwickler mit Sitz in Oxford. Im Jahr 2000 erwarb das Unternehmen außerdem die britische Comicserie 2000 AD, die es seitdem verlegt.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen wurde 1991 von den Brüdern Jason und Chris Kingsley gegründet. Die erfolgreichsten Titel in den ersten Jahren waren das 1994 für die Konsole Atari Jaguar veröffentlichte Spiel Alien vs Predator und Aliens versus Predator für Windows-PCs im Jahr 1999.

Im Juni 2000 kaufte das Unternehmen die Rechte an der britischen Comicserie 2000 AD und allen dazugehörigen Figuren, darunter auch Judge Dredd. Seitdem entwickelte Rebellion jedoch nur wenige Spiele auf Basis der 2000-AD-Lizenz. Kingsley begründet dies in einem Interview vor allem mit fehlenden Entwickler-Kapazitäten.

Im Jahr 2001 war das Unternehmen eines der Gründungsmitglieder der Organisation TIGA, einer Vereinigung der unabhängigen Spieleentwickler Großbritanniens. Jason Kingsley ist heute stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Vereinigung.

Im Mai 2004 lizenzierte das Unternehmen die Veröffentlichungsrechte an Material aus 2000 AD und dem Judge Dredd Megazine für Nordamerika an den amerikanischen Comicverlag DC Comics. Im Sommer 2006 gründete man mit Abaddon Books einen eigenen Buch-Imprint, der vor allem Science-Fiction- und Fantasy-Romane verlegt.

In den Jahren 2006 bis 2008 expandierte das Unternehmen und übernahm mehrere andere Entwickler. Zuerst erwarb man Strangelite, ein internes Entwicklungsstudio von Empire Interactive. Im Juni 2006 übernahm Rebellion das Personal und Einrichtungen des bekannten Entwicklungsstudios Core Design (bekannt als Entwickler der Tomb-Raider-Spielereihe) vom Besitzer SCi Entertainment. Der Name Core Design und das geistige Eigentum an den Core-Design-Spielen verblieb beim Publisher Eidos. Das Studio wurde in Rebellion Derby umbenannt. Ende 2007 folgte mit dem Entwicklerstudio Awesome Developments des Entwicklers Ignition Entertainment der nächste Zukauf, wodurch das Unternehmen auf etwa 280 Mitarbeiter anwuchs. Das in Banbury ansässige Studio hatte zuvor mehrere Spiele für die tragbare Spielkonsole PlayStation Portable entwickelt.

Im Juli 2008 übernahm das Unternehmen mit dem englischen Entwickler Razorworks ein weiteres internes Entwicklerstudio von Empire Interactive, nachdem das Studio akut von der Schließung bedroht war. Die 30 Mitarbeiter des Studios wurden in das Oxford-Studio eingegliedert.

Die vom Spieleindustrie-Magazin Develop veröffentlichte Develop-100-Liste der umsatzstärksten Entwickler führte Rebellion 2008 mit einem Umsatz von 20,13 Millionen Pfund als erfolgreichstes unabhängiges Entwicklerstudio und insgesamt 16. erfolgreichstes Studio der Welt auf. Die von Chart-Track und ELSPA gesammelten Daten für diese Liste basieren dabei nur auf den Umsätzen im Vereinigten Königreich.

Im Jahr 2009 erwarb das Unternehmen von Vivendi Universal die Rechte an den Spielereihen Ground Control, Evil Genius, Empire Earth und Lords of Magic und gab bekannt, Fortsetzungen dieser Reihen entwickeln zu wollen. Das seit der Übernahme von Core Design bestehende Entwicklungsstudio in Derby wurde 2010 geschlossen. Wegen Outsourcing-Maßnahmen wurden zugleich auch am Hauptsitz in Oxford weitere Mitarbeiter entlassen.

Anfang August 2013 kündigte das Unternehmen das neue Spiel Evil Genius Online offiziell an. Der Titel erscheint für Facebook und Zynga.com.

Im Juli 2017 kündigte Rebellion Evil Genius 2 als Nachfolger zu Evil Genius an.

Entwicklungsstudios
Das Unternehmen besteht heute aus der Unternehmenszentrale in Oxford und drei weiteren, zugekauften Entwicklungsstudios. Software und Technologien, die in den einzelnen Studios entwickelt werden, können von allen Entwickler-Teams des Unternehmens genutzt werden.

Die Studios sind:
 Rebellion Banbury (seit 2007, ehemals Awesome Developments)
 Rebellion Liverpool (seit 2006, ehemals Strangelite)
 Razorworks (seit 2008, eingegliedert in die Zentrale in Oxford)

Spiele

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (englisch)

 Interview mit Gründer Jason Kingsley (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1992
Spielesoftwareunternehmen (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Unternehmen (Oxford)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Investigator's Shock 9/11 Claim: Gold 'Vault Contents Emptied Before Attack…They Knew It Was Going To Happen'
Unknown to most people at the time, $650 million in gold and silver was being kept in a special vault four floors beneath Four World Trade Center…
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Submitted by Mac Slavo, SHTFPlan:
The attacks of September 11th, 2001 will forever be mired in doubt and suspicion by millions of people who saw the events live on their televisions. Almost immediately following the attacks theories began to emerge.
Were the hijackers operatives for a Western intelligence service? How did a passport from one of the terrorists survive completely unscathed, only to be found later amidst the rubble of the Trade Centers? How did WTC Building 7 collapse even though it was never struck by an airplane? Why was President George H.W. Bush meeting with members of the Bin Laden family at the very moment of the attacks? Were the planes that hit the buildings actually commercial airliners or were they remotely operated drones? Why was the entirety of Ground Zero quickly sanitized and shipped to China for recycling before any investigation ever took place? And, what are the odds that on the very day terrorists used planes to attack the Pentagon and World Trade Centers, the U.S. military was holding exercises simulating hijackers crashing planes into buildings, a circumstance that led to total confusion across the United States and a complete failure of national defense?
These questions and thousands more have been the subject of fervent debate for over a decade, and like the Kennedy assassination, may never have an official answer.
But just as has been the case with the investigation of JFK's murder, new details and evidence continue to emerge surrounding the events of that day.
In a shocking report published by The Sun, former Federal Emergency Management Agency employee Kurt Sonnenfeld says he has evidence proving that certain insiders were privy to the attacks, perhaps even including President George W. Bush.
Kurt Sonnenfeld was working for the US Federal Emergency Management Agency, an organisation tied to the US Department of Homeland Security, when the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center took place.
After the planes crashed into the building, Kurt was given unrestricted access to ground zero – the site where the buildings once stood.
Armed with camera gear, the 39-year-old was asked to film everything he saw.
His documented evidence was supposed to form part of a report about what happened – but he never handed back the footage.
He says they want to silence him over what he saw beneath World Trade Center 6, evidence he is convinced paints the Bush Administration as big players in the deadliest attack on American soil.
Sporting bleached blond hair, Kurt wove his way through the rubble of Manhattan's downtown financial district.
He shot hours of footage but never handed it in.
Of particular interest was what he found beneath World Trade Center 6.
He says inside the building he came across a vault that had been cleared of its contents before the planes struck.
In a documentary filmed in Argentina, Kurt said the discovery is proof that America knew the attacks were coming, at the very least.
"One thing I'm certain of is that agencies of intelligence of the United States of America knew what was going to happen and at least let it happen," he said.
"Not only did they know it was going to happen, but they in fact collaborated."
It is given weight by a similar discovery on a basement door below World Trade Center 4.
According to a New York Times article, the door to a vault was still intact but it appeared as if somebody had tried to gain entry.
Behind the vault door were nearly a thousand tonnes of silver and gold.
According to 911 Research, the vault under WTC 4 was reportedly owned by COMEX:
Reports describing the contents of the vaults before the attack suggest that nearly $1 billion in precious metals was stored in the vaults. A figure of $650 million in aNational Real Estate Investor article published after the attack is apparently based on pre-attack reports.
Unknown to most people at the time, $650 million in gold and silver was being kept in a special vault four floors beneath Four World Trade Center.
An article in the TimesOnline gives the following rundown of precious metals that were being stored in the WTC vault belonging to Comex.
Comex metals trading – 3,800 gold bars weighing 12 tonnes and worth more than $100 million
Comex clients – 800,000 ounces of gold with a value of about $220 million
Comex clients – 102 million ounces of silver, worth $430 million
Bank of Nova Scotia – $200 million of gold
It is of note to mention that Sonnenfeld's wife died under mysterious circumstances shortly after he carried out his investigation. The cause of death? A bullet to the back of the head.
Sonnenfeld was charged with the murder but those charges were eventually dropped, at which point he fled to Argentina. He has since remarried and had two children.
The U.S. Department of Justice is now attempting to extradite Sonnenfeld back to the United States where he is once again being charged with his wife's murder.
But Sonnenfeld says that the reasons behind the U.S. government's push to bring him back to America are more nefarious than they are letting on, alluding to his intimate knowledge of the 9-11 Ground Zero crime scene as a potential reason for taking him into custody.
We know for a fact that gold was being stored under Trade Center 4. Perhaps similar riches were being stored under WTC 6.
That the vault was completely empty when Sonnenfeld carried out his investigation certainly suggests foreknowledge by highly placed insiders.
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Tags: 9/11, gold vault


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Home » Arts & Culture » Port-au-Prince courthouse proceedings still pending after gang invasion
Posted inArts & Culture, Haiti
Port-au-Prince courthouse proceedings still pending after gang invasion
by Juhakenson Blaise Jun. 23, 2022 Jul. 10, 2022
Screen capture of a music video showing members of the "Five Seconds" gang on the leader's YouTube channel. Witnesses said the gang stormed into and invaded Haiti's main courthouse, Palais de Justice, in Port-au-Prince in June 10, 2022. Judicial authorities have yet to resume normal proceedings.
PORT-AU-PRINCE — The Haitian National Police have not regained control of Haiti's main courthouse two weeks after armed bandits invaded the building in a brazen confrontation with security. Following the attack, the government prosecutor had requested a police escort for the legal proceedings and to reclaim the building.
"I am still waiting for the National Police response to decide," Jacques Lafontant, chief prosecutor told The Haitian Times.
In a letter dated June 15, Lafontant addressed a letter, dated June 15, to Serge Allen Jolicoeur, Director of the West Police Division, DDO, requiring two armed tanks and police escort to access the premises and report the exactions of the bandits.
No response or attemps from the DDO yet to arrest the bandits and secure the court's building, for more than a week now.
During a June 10 invasion, members of the "Five Segonn" gang shot a security guard as they rushed the property, broke open its windows, vandalized the judges' courtrooms and seized court files, eyewitnesses said. The gang, based in Village-de-Dieu and led by a man who goes by Izo, also made off with several commissioner's vehicles. Judges, lawyers, litigants and prisoners narrowly escaped injury or death. This is the fourth attack on the courthouse since May.
"It's a shame, the hihgest court house in the country is taken hostage by gangs," Martin Ainé, president of the National Association of Haitian Registrars, ANAGH told The Haitian Times.
Ainé reported that the bandits have burned files and stolen a large safe used to keep important files, weapons seized and other potential evidence.
ANAGH believes losing the main judicial safe further complicates trials files' processing and that will bring the judicial system to total chaos if authorities do not act quickly.
Secretary of Interior and Defense, Liszt Quitel confirms that bandits do not occupy the court of first instance, there is police surveillance in the area.
"We will strengthen security in the area so citizens can resume their activity." Quitel said.
The Human rights organization Je Klere Foundation (FJKL), had reported in an assessment that during the armed attack a person was shot and wounded, seven vehicles were stolen as well as computers, desks and chairs.
Judicial activities have not resumed in the country's highest courthouse. Court services such as legalization of documents, complaints, authorization of the public prosecutor, receipt of requests and correspondence have been temporarily transferred to the court of the southern section of Port-au-Prince, Lafontant said in a June 15 statement.
"Even if we can revive the files, it remains critical to proceed with several ongoing trials in the court because bandits took away many pieces of evidence," Ainé said.
Tagged: 5 segond, Haiti courthouse, Izo Vilaj de Dye, Palais de Justice de Port-au-Prince
Juhakenson Blaise
juhakenson@haitiantimes.com
I am Juhakenson Blaise, a journalist based in the city of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. I cover the news that develops in this city and deals with other subjects related to the experience of Haitians for the Haitian Times newspaper. I am also a lover of poetry.
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