In general, FOG supports the draft ACT pest management strategy. In particular, we are pleased to see in the strategy recognition of the negative impact of pest animals such as rabbits on grassy ecosystems and approaches to deal with them. Also we support use of a whole-of-system approach to management of pest animal damage in grassy ecosystems. The suggestion that reduction of pest animals may be most effective and efficient in areas where vulnerable or endangered native plants, animals and ecosystems occur is, in our view, very important. So little is left of our native grassy ecosystems, and some of what is left has been damaged in recent years by the combined effect of drought, weeds and over-grazing by pest animals.
FOG supports Key Principle 9 on page 4 of the Strategy, relating to native animals and the desirability of management for damage reduction. It also supports the ACT Government's current stance on kangaroo management as outlined in its ACT Kangaroo Management Plan. FOG sees this as a key part of a broader approach to conservation and management of native grassy ecosystems. Such management must be timely to address threats effectively. In the past, the build up of kangaroo numbers on some high quality native grassland sites has led, in combination with the drought, to deterioration of those sites and significant impacts on dependent animal species such as the endangered grassland earless dragon and striped legless lizard – many of which are still recovering from this impact.
"Page 41 Should the definition of animal and native animal under the NC Act, or specific uses of these terms, be amended and how?
As noted in the draft strategy, resources are limited for pest management and for other activities (e.g. weed control) essential to the conservation of our remaining natural temperate grasslands and yellow box-red gum grassy woodland. The strategy offers a way to use these limited resources more effectively. However, in FOG's view, there needs to be sufficient resources made available to allow control and, if possible, eradication of exotic pest animals avoiding any build up to unmanageable numbers which have major impacts on reserves and other conservation area of the ACT, as happened recently during and following the drought. In other words, while the strategy is very important, there needs to be some commitment from Government and land managers to provide sufficient resources over the long term to reduce the impact of pest animals on high quality conservation areas.
In finishing, FOG enthusiastically applauds the recently announced ACT government commitments to rabbit control and cat containment measures. Long term and firm budget commitments to measures like these give our organisation confidence that pest management issues are at last being effectively addressed and that the future of the natural environment in the ACT is a little bit closer to being assured.


Knowing where your brand is going is vital before any design work begins.
Let's be clear, one of my pet hates is listening to a business owner talk about the need for a new website, wanting a logo redesigned or new signage produced - with no reference to the strategy that needs to be defined first. When you stand back and think about it, being clear on what you want to achieve and how this fits with the rest of your brand strategy is obvious, but too often ignored in the haste to dive into the design and having something tangible created. Haste in branding is dangerous.
So, by now you realise that we have a different approach. Our rule is that no design starts until the thinking is done and a strategy defined. We want to explore your business ethos and values and how this is represented by your brand character, where you are positioned in the market, your offer relative to the key competitors, your look and feel, what makes you distinctive and your main proposition and core messages.
This is captured in a brand strategy document that acts both as a brief for the creative phase when we produce the brand identity and marketing communications, and to communicate internally within the business to ensure that the rest of the team understands how the brand is developing or changing.
Back to the main point: how can you design a logo, website, literature, signage or any other marketing material without knowing where you are going and what you are trying to achieve? You are in danger of doing design for design's sake and making judgments on whether you like the visual aspect of the design, not whether it fits with well defined, coherent and consistently delivered branding. Every aspect of the Apple brand fits a style, attitude and positioning that is clearly thought through and consistently delivered.
To come clean we are 'poachers turned gamekeepers' with many of the Luna team ex-corporate marketing people. Our brand training is deeply ingrained and always starts with the ideas and the thinking but the process is not just one for corporates, as it applies equally to small and mid sized companies. The time taken to do the thinking is usually less – given that the big companies often allocate months to strategic work – but that does not stop the same brand thinking process happening in one or two strategy sessions plus some time for reflection. We love logo and identity development and all the creative design stuff but despite the temptation – not until we are ready.


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Scuderi says the Penguins have to quit trying to play hockey like the Harlem Globetrotters
Saturday, January 11, 2014 / by Admin / / Inside Access, Pittsburgh Penguins / 0 comments
The Pittsburgh Penguins blew a 2-0 lead for the second game in a row and this time around they weren't so lucky to come out of Edmonton with a victory.
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins scored two goals, including the winner in overtime, and added an assist as the Edmonton Oilers came from behind to beat the Penguins 4-3 on Friday night in OT.
Sidney Crosby (25), James Neal (17) and Kris Letang (8) scored for Pittsburgh in the loss. Jeff Zatkoff made 27 saves on 31 shots, losing for the first time since October 25th.
While everything looks great for the Penguins in the standings with the fourth most points in the NHL and a seven point lead over the Boston Bruins for the Eastern Conference, the same problems the Penguins have constantly had in the post-season over the past couple years, have suddenly popped back up with the Penguins having most of their core players back.
The trend of playing pond hockey continued for the Penguins Friday night as they were plagued by sloppy play and constantly looking for the highlight reel play. Pittsburgh is giving up over 3.4 goals per game over their last nine games.
Finally a veteran other than Brooks Orpik stepped up and ripped the team. Rob Scuderi said the Penguins have to quit playing hockey like the Harlem Globetrotters.
"If you're going to try and play hockey like the Harlem Globetrotters, you're going to get burned," Scuderi said via the Tribune-Review. "We continue to make the same mistakes, go for the same highlight reel plays. That might look good on the highlight reels every now and then, but it's not a formula for winning."
The toughest part for Bylsma and the coaching staff is keeping the Penguins motivated towards playing strong defensive hockey going into the stretch run and the post-season. With 36 games left and the Penguins on their way to winning the division in a landslide, that could be difficult.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Keep your after-work Drinks Classy with $5 Cans, $6 Stubbies, $7 Carlton & Craft Beer Pints/$4 pots and $7 glasses of smooth Wine at Prince Alfred Hotel. The Bargains run from 3-6pm Monday to Thursday, and until 7pm on Fridays.
We're loving the Hanalei Island citrus IPA by Kona Brewing Co. that P.A.'s has on tap at the moment. Made with passionfruit, orange and guava – that's our daily intake of fruit achieved.
"Bring the brains trust for Tuesday Trivia at 7.30pm and get your meat sweats on each Wednesday night thanks to sturdy servings of steak, ribs, snags and chops from $20. Keep an eye on the cricket over a game of pool or Thursday night's special…" Read the rest on Melbourne Bars and Pubs' Free 2019 Smartphone App.


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Casualty@Holby City (styled as CASUAL+Y @ HOLBY CI+Y) is a series of special crossover episodes of BBC medical dramas Casualty and Holby City.  While Casualty was launched on 6 September 1986, and its spin-off Holby City was first aired on 12 January 1999, the first full crossover episode between the two programmes was not broadcast until 26 December 2004. As of 27 December 2005, four crossover specials have been aired, comprising nine episodes total. Although further crossovers of storylines and characters have since occurred, they have not been broadcast under the Casualty@Holby City title.

Production
The suggestion to produce the first Casualty and Holby City crossover originated from a member of the BBC comedy department. The station's Controller of Drama approved of the idea and had the crossover commissioned, spearheaded by Casualty executive producer Mervyn Watson, and Holby City Tony McHale. The writer and producer for the first, two-part crossover were selected from the Holby City crew. Logistical difficulties arose from the fact the two series are usually produced 120 miles apart, with Casualty based in Bristol and Holby City in Elstree. Both series are usually in continuous production 52 weeks a year, so in order to produce the first crossover, work on both shows has to be halted for two weeks to release a number of cast members to appear in the special. Once regular production began again, the availability of cast members set to appear in the crossover was limited, and both series had to rely for the most part on the remaining characters who were not in the special. Filming took six weeks to complete, and occurred for the most part at Casualty emergency department in Bristol. Additional filming took place at the Holby City set in Elstree, as well as the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, a Barratts office block in Brentford and an ex-MOD tank testing site in Chobham. A theme tune was devised, consisting of both the Casualty and Holby City theme tunes played over one another in sync. Terry Ramsey of the Evening Standard described it as "shambolic", opining: "it sounds like it was produced with The Big Boy's Box of Sound Mixing software by a seven-year-old on Christmas Day while playing his PlayStation with the other hand."

A second crossover was commissioned in 2005 as part of the BBC's DoNation season. In August 2005, the station ran a week-long campaign to raise public awareness of organ donation, aiming to help viewers make an informed decision about whether to sign up to the Organ Donation Register. An interactive episode of Casualty@Holby City was one of the headlining shows of the season, allowing viewers to vote by phone to determine the outcome of a fictional organ donation. The episode was part documentary, and a segment presented by Robert Winston both detailed the guidelines for matching organ donors with recipients, and dispelled common myths about organ donation. Viewers were then invited to vote for one of two characters to receive a heart transplant. 98,800 viewers voted, with a 65 percent majority favouring that the organ be received by Lucy, a young cystic fibrosis patient, over Tony, a widow twenty years her senior. Two different endings were filmed, to account for both possible outcomes of the public vote. The alternative ending was made available on the Casualty@Holby City DoNation Interactive website.

The third Casualty@Holby City crossover was aired in October 2005, two months after the interactive special. The four-part storyline tackled the issue of youth violence, following the events of a turbulent A&E demonstration at an inner-city school. The crossover was broadcast in the same week that the BBC launched a new adaptation of Charles Dickens' Bleak House starring Gillian Anderson and Charles Dance, and Phil and Grant Mitchell returned to the station's soap opera EastEnders. BBC1 controller Peter Fincham explained: "We have got three very different dramas playing this week that emphasise the breadth and depth of what we have to offer. Changing the scheduling of established favourites and the format for presenting period drama is exactly what I want BBC1 to be doing, challenging our audiences with top quality programming."

Based on the success of the 2004 Casualty@Holby City Christmas special, another crossover was ordered for Christmas 2005. Rather than dividing the episodes between the two series' crews as had previously been standard, this crossover operated as an entirely separate production, with Diana Kyle producing and Paul Harrison directing. A large proportion of the crossover was filmed in a road tunnel in Caernarfon, Wales. Watson commented: "It was the only one that we could hire for two weeks without causing huge traffic jams. The whole shoot was five weeks long. Staging stunts like car accidents is difficult and stressful at the best of times, but doing all that in a tunnel doubled it. The great advantage was that there was no problem with the weather, it was a totally controlled environment with excellent parking facilities for the unit, and a warm welcome from the locals, which is always nice."

Characters and cast

Main characters

Casualty@Holby City focuses on the medical staff at Holby General, with main roles filled by regular Casualty and Holby City cast members. The first crossover, broadcast in December 2004, features Casualty emergency medicine consultant Harry Harper (Simon MacCorkindale), consultant paediatrician Jim Brodie (Maxwell Caulfield), Clinical Nurse Manager Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer), paramedics Luke Warren (Matthew Wait) and Josh Griffiths (Ian Bleasdale) and receptionist Bex Reynolds (Sarah Manners). Holby City characters who appear are cardiothoracic consultant Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing), general surgical consultant Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie), midwife Rosie Sattar (Kim Vithana), obstetrics registrar Mubbs Hussein (Ian Aspinall), staff nurse Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs), and cardiac consultant Alistair Taylor (Dominic Jephcott).

The interactive episode again stars MacCorkindale, Bleasdale, Packer and Wait. Additional Casualty characters who appear are paramedic Comfort Jones (Martina Laird), senior staff nurse Abs Denham (James Redmond), Emergency Medical Technician Nina Farr (Rebekah Gibbs) and specialist registrar Maggie Coldwell (Susan Cookson). Holby City critical care consultant Lola Griffin (Sharon D. Clarke) and matron Lisa Fox (Luisa Bradshaw-White) also star.

The four-part October 2005 crossover again stars MacCorkindale, Bleasdale, Packer, Wait, Laird, Redmond, Gibbs, Mealing and Quarshie. It also features Casualty paramedic Paul "Woody" Joyner (Will Thorp), staff nurse Kelsey Phillips (Janine Mellor), senior staff nurse Bruno Jenkins (Mark Bonnar), neurology associate specialist Selena Donovan (Elizabeth Carling) and SHO Guppy Sandhu (Elyes Gabel). Holby City characters who appear are registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter), matron Chrissie Williams (Tina Hobley), consultant obstetrician Owen Davis (Mark Moraghan), medical student Matt Parker (Adam Best), staff nurse Tricia Williams (Sharon Maughan) and cardiothoracic consultant Ed Loftwood (Graeme Garden).

"Deny Thy Father", the two-part December 2005 crossover, stars Casualty MacCorkindale, Bleasdale, Packer, Wait, Cookson, Thorp, Mellor and Carling, as well as Clinical Nurse Specialist Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) and receptionist Sam Bateman (Luke Bailey). Mealing, Quarshie, Jacobs and Clarke of the Holby City cast also star, along with general surgical registrar Nick Jordan (Michael French) and midwife Mickie Hendrie (Kelly Adams). Thorp's character was killed off during the second episode. The actor praised the crossover, commenting: "Filming it was like filming a feature film. Massive stunts and good storylines. There was a really good buzz on set all the time... As an actor, you couldn't wish for a better exit. It was absolutely brilliant."

Guest stars

The crossover episodes include numerous guest stars, typically as patients and their friends and relatives. In the December 2004 crossover, John McArdle and Kerry Peers play husband and wife Frank and Sarah Morgan, whose daughter Danielle (Zoe Morgan) receives a heart transplant. René Zagger appears as Bob Smith, a tanker driver who crashes into the hospital, and Nicola Stapleton plays his wife Shirley. Freema Agyeman plays Kate Hindley, a patient trapped under rubble following the collision, and Keith-Lee Castle appears as isolation ward doctor Phil. Annette Badland and Hywel Bennett guest-star in "Something We Can Do" as Wendy and David Winters, whose son Matt (David Alderman) dies following a car accident. Emily Hamilton acts as his wife Sarah. Steven Pinder plays Tony Harvey, a potential recipient of Matt's donated heart, and Nina Wadia appears as his girlfriend Jean. Yvonne O'Grady plays Carol Beddows, whose daughter Lucy (Sarah Bedi) is also a potential recipient. The interactive segment of the episode is presented by Robert Winston.

In the four-part Halloween crossover, James Gaddas guest-stars as Carl O'Leary, the headmaster of a failing school. James Pearson plays Adrian Lucas, a pupil who puts acid in the water used in apple bobbing. Jason Maza appears as Kris Burrows, whose girlfriend Emma Blakely (Kate Scott) is burned by the acid, and Red Madrell plays Shania Campbell, Emma's best friend who is also burned. Ade Sapara appears as Edgar Muzenda, a poet and political refugee involved in a car accident, and Nikki Amuka-Bird plays his pregnant wife Moji. Louis Mahoney appears as their friend Raymond Opoku. The December 2005 crossover features Iain Fletcher as fire officer Iain Bain, Julia Hills as Woody's mother Caroline Joyner, Fiona Glascott as Tara Doyle, a girl trapped when a tunnel collapses, and Gary Whelan as Tara's father Bernie.

Episodes

Reception

Critical response
Casualty@Holby City episodes have received mixed reviews from critics. Terry Ramsey of the Evening Standard selected the first episode as a televisual "Pick of the Day". The inaugural crossover was named one of the "Best TV shows for Christmas & New Year" in The Mirror, receiving generally favourable reviews by Mirror writers Jane Simon and Jim Shelley—despite the former lambasting the realism of the plot: "The building collapses, there's a little girl upstairs about to have a heart transplant, the tanker's leaking fuel and there's a velociraptor loose in radiology. Sorry, I made that last one up."—and the latter commenting that "Casualty@Holby City was deeply weird, like watching Casualty on acid." Similarly, Daniel Davies of The Western Mail also selected the episodes as dramatic highlights of the Christmas season, despite going on to discuss the aptness of the BBC's press release describing the two episodes as "thrown together."

Other reviews were more openly negative, with Charlie Brooker of The Guardian describing the episodes as "two virtually identical and rubbish shitcasts for the price of one." Frances Traynor of the Daily Record commented similarly that: "It can be quite difficult to tell these medical drama twins apart. After all, they're both rubbish", while the Liverpool Echo Paddy Shennan suggested "the blood should instead be flowing in the BBC boardroom" for commissioning the crossover. Thomas Sutcliffe of The Independent called the crossover "the funniest programme on television", with a "sublimely cloth-eared script", describing it as: "A masterpiece of sustained comic timing [which] had this casual viewer of the dramas that spawned it scrabbling wildly for an explanatory hypothesis."

The interactive episode was deemed "a horrible mess" by Shelley, while Garry Bushell of The People kept his criticism brief, limiting his review to: "Casualty@Holby City? Takings up@pub." Paul Hoggart of The Times was dubious about the episode's purported "interactive" element, given the limited choices involved. He commented: "The twin hospital dramas have never been afraid of didactic storylines, but this example, constructed to illustrate the ethical dilemmas of those involved, is about as didactic as it gets. Let's hope this benevolent propaganda works."

The four crossover episodes which broadcast in November 2005 were generally well received by the press. The opening episode was a recommended "TV Choice" of The Daily Telegraph Chris Riley, a "Pick of the Day" of The Mirror Simon, and a "Pick of the Night" of the Evening Standard Ramsey. The crossover was also a "Drama Choice" of Sarah Moolla of The People, who commented that: "There's something weirdly thrilling when these two medical shows collide."

The Christmas 2005 episodes were less favourable received, described by David Chater of The Times as: "Intentionally or not [...] one of the comic highlights of Christmas." Paul English of the Daily Record deemed the crossover: "Two turkeys for the price of one", while Terry Ramsey of The Evening Standard wrote that: "even by Casualty and Holby City standards, this one is boringly formulaic. A monotoned, badly paced, cornily written, unexciting (despite its most desperate efforts), predictable, high-pitch squeal of a drama. For die-hard fans only." The Daily Post were more positive, stating that the episodes "will have Casualty and Holby City fans glued to their TV sets over the festive period."

Ratings
The December 2004 Casualty@Holby City crossover received strong ratings. The first episode averaged 8.91 million viewers, making it the third most watched terrestrial programme of the day. The second episode was watched by 8.82 million viewers, making it the second highest rated terrestrial programme of the day. The interactive donation episode, "Something We Can Do", attained 7.32 million viewers, again making it the second most watched terrestrial programme of the day, and also the BBC's second best rated programme of the week, behind only EastEnders.

The October 2005 episodes received the lowest ratings of any Casualty@Holby City crossover to date. On its opening night, the show was watched by 5.56 million viewers, in contrast to the ITV soap opera Emmerdale, which were shown in the same timeslot and attained 9.1 million viewers. The remainder of the Halloween crossover received similarly low ratings, with the second episode watched by 5.96 million viewers, the third instalment by 4.57 million viewers, and the concluding episode by 5.64 million viewers. The fourth Casualty@Holby City crossover saw a ratings revival, with the third episode watched by 8 million viewers, making it the third most watched terrestrial programme of the day, and the second episode watched by 8.82 million viewers, becoming the second most watched terrestrial programme of the day.

Future
Asked about the potential for future crossover episodes, Watson stated in 2005: "We can't guarantee any crossovers for next year, but the audience likes them. And as long as the controller of BBC One wants them, then we'll be happy to oblige." In November 2007, Kyle re-iterated that the separate series' 52-week filming schedules make it logistically difficult to produce crossovers, but revealed that the production teams were trying to create more opportunities for the two shows to merge. A new set of crossover episodes written by Casualty lead writer Mark Catley were planned for February 2010. In the event, however, the episodes which saw Casualty Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) operated on by Holby City Elliot Hope (Paul Bradley) after suffering a heart attack were broadcast as regular Casualty and Holby City episodes, rather than under the Casualty@Holby City title.

Since then, characters periodically crossover typically for a single episode at a time to fit an ongoing storyline. This has proved popular among fans and is logistically more practical than previous crossover events. In more recent years, characters have attained different positions within the hospital which sees them crossover permanently. Connie Beauchamp began appearing permanently in Casualty in March 2014 following her departure from Holby City in December 2010. Fletch departed Casualty in June 2014 before appearing permanently on Holby City from August the same year. Lee Mead portrayed Lofty on Casualty from March 2014 to March 2016. Following his departure, it was announced Mead would be reprising his role in Holby City from April 2017.

Another smaller scale crossover event was broadcast in August 2016, in "Too Old for This Shift" and  "Protect and Serve" The episodes were co-written by Matthew Barry and Andy Bayliss (Casualty) and Steve Brett and Joe Ainsworth (Holby City). The episodes follow on from the cliffhanger at the end of the thirtieth series, by focusing on the events surrounding the aftermath of an accident involving Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing) and her daughter Grace (Emily Carey), including a helicopter crash outside Holby City Hospital's emergency department, during celebrations of Charlie Fairhead's (Derek Thompson) thirtieth year working at the hospital.

Another series of crossovers was implemented in late 2017, with a number of characters that swapped over for episodes.

Another crossover happened in 2019 called CasualtyXHolby this centred around Holby City Hospital experience a loss of power due to a cyberattack. Consultants Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing) and Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) also come into conflict when they learn there is only one theatre available while treating two of their colleagues.

References

External links
 Casualty@Holby City Christmas crossover 2004  at BBC Online
 Casualty@Holby City Interactive  at BBC Online
 Casualty@Holby City Christmas crossover 2005  at BBC Online

Holby
BBC television dramas
2000s British drama television series
2004 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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THE new top cop in North Wales has revealed his part in catching fraudsters who stole £107m from a merchant bank.
Chief Constable Mark Polin was a detective sergeant in the Fraud Squad of the City of London Police at the time.
The gang recruited an insider at the Hill Samuel bank and the case attracted a huge amount of publicity when it happened in 1987.
Mr Polin started his police career with The City of London Police . The force covers just the Square Mile where 300,000 people work, mostly for the 450 international banks based there. Mr Polin then quickly moved on to the Serious Fraud department.
"An organised crime group that previously carried out armed robberies concluded they were more likely to be successful in securing large sums of money if they embarked on fraud.
"They recruited someone inside the bank who inserted electronic transfer documents which transferred £107m across the world in minutes.
A few years later Mr Polin was involved in another very different high profile event, the Poll Tax Riots of 1990, as a member of the Advanced Public Order Unit.
He later went to Gwent Constabulary as a superintendent, rising to become deputy chief constable in Gloucestershire.
But his proudest achievement is being appointed Chief Constable of North Wales.


Hi, Brylee! First off, happy birthday! Now, in order for you to get your birthday gift, you have to follow some clues; and this website is the first of many. Don't worry though, our house isn't that big for 28 clues, so you got lucky on that. Haha.
A key you must find to open a room!
Hope you find it, I'll be waiting for you!


text:
CCSF
Mayor Announces Agreement to Extend Free Tuition at City College of San FranciscoMayor London Breed announced Thursday the city has reached an agreement to keep City College of San Francisco free through the next decade.
San Francisco Officials Push To Rename Phelan Avenue Over Racist HistoryOfficials in San Francisco are making moves to erase the name of another controversial figure from the city's streets.
City College Of San Francisco Officials Encourage Dream Act ApplicationsWith an important American Dream Act deadline fast approaching, a Bay Area sanctuary college wants to make sure its students are aware.
City College Of San Francisco Receives 7-Year Accreditation After Long BattleCity College of San Francisco has had its accreditation reaffirmed for the next seven years, school officials announced Friday.
To Offer Free Tuition Without Layoffs, CCSF Needs An Enrollment BumpCity College of San Francisco is set to be free, but enrollment is down and the college is bracing for layoffs.
Lawmakers Pass CCSF Free Tuition Resolution, Send Plan To Tax Rich Homebuyers To VotersSan Francisco's Board of Supervisors voted 10-1 in favor of a resolution to make CCSF free to residents and city workers.
CCSF Faculty Goes On Strike For First Time In Their Union's HistoryCity College of San Francisco faculty members went on strike Wednesday morning for the first time in their union's history to protest the administration's salary offer to teachers.
California Community Colleges' Board Approves Plans To Switch To New AccreditorThe California Community College Board of Governors Monday approved plans to revamp the state's two-year college accreditation commission and prepare to switch to a different accrediting agency altogether.
Best Adult Computer Classes In San FranciscoA look at five of the best free or low-cost adult computer classes in San Francisco...
Free City At City College Of San FranciscoCity College of San Francisco is now offering free college tuition to all San Francisco residents. Register online.
Student Reports Gun Pulled On Him During Fight At City College Of San FranciscoPolice have responded to a report of a gunman on the campus of City College of San Francisco Tuesday morning.
SF Assemblyman Ting, Education Advocates Call For Curbs On College AccreditorsLegislators and education advocates on Friday called for curbs on the powers of college accreditors, who they accused of targeting City College of San Francisco while allowing violations by the for-profit Heald College to go unchecked.
City College Of San Francisco Speech And Debate Team To Compete For National TitleHere's the truth about troubled, beleaguered, underappreciated City College of San Francisco: the speech and debate team is among the top in the country.
Accrediting Commission Gives City College Of San Francisco 2-Year Extension To Comply With StandardsCity College of San Francisco has been granted restoration status by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, giving the school at least two more years to fight for its accreditation, which remains threatened.
More Complaints Pile On About SF City College Accreditation Overseeing ProcessThe Save CCSF Coalition announced complaints by the California Federation of Teachers and a cohort of CCSF students.


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Elk Grove man pushes for street signs to honor veterans
Elk Grove councilman: 'It enhances the fabric of the community'
Updated: 11:52 PM PST Jan 19, 2015
Richard Sharp
(Jan. 19, 2015)
The city of Elk Grove is set to vote on a new ordinance that will change the way some street signs are named.An American flag can be seen on an otherwise normal-looking street sign in Elk Grove.Watch report: Elk Grove city council considers new street naming programThat flag was put there to honor veteran Col. Harlan B. Hume, whose family built the neighborhood.Harlan Hume's son, Pat Hume, is now a city councilmember and wants to see more signs named after veterans, firefighters and law enforcement officers."For me, it touches my heart on a personal level as well as what I think a community ought to be doing as far as honoring those that serve their community and served their country," Hume said.Hume has been working on a new ordinance that would require developers to name one street in each new development in memory of a uniformed first responder.With developers building hundreds of homes each month in Elk Grove, more street signs honoring those that served could be popping up.Jake Renshaw likes the idea."My dad was actually a firefighter in Ventura County for 26 years," Renshaw said. "And my brother served a tour in Afghanistan back in 2008."Elk Grove has thousands of veterans. Naming street signs after them is quite an honor, says Ralph Arreguy, a veteran who repaired B-52's in the Korean War."Makes me feel good inside," Arreguy said of the sign proposal.It's a big change to city law, but it's one that Hume feels will make people stop and think about those whose job it is to protect us."I think it absolutely enhances the fabric of the community," Hume said. "It establishes the kind of community you are, where your priorities are."Even though this is a relatively small process for a new development, it has taken Hume six years to get to this point.Anyone who wishes to have their loved ones considered for the street naming can write to the city of Elk Grove.The council takes a final vote on the proposal next week.
ELK GROVE, Calif. (KCRA) —
The city of Elk Grove is set to vote on a new ordinance that will change the way some street signs are named.
An American flag can be seen on an otherwise normal-looking street sign in Elk Grove.
Watch report: Elk Grove city council considers new street naming program
That flag was put there to honor veteran Col. Harlan B. Hume, whose family built the neighborhood.
Harlan Hume's son, Pat Hume, is now a city councilmember and wants to see more signs named after veterans, firefighters and law enforcement officers.
"For me, it touches my heart on a personal level as well as what I think a community ought to be doing as far as honoring those that serve their community and served their country," Hume said.
Hume has been working on a new ordinance that would require developers to name one street in each new development in memory of a uniformed first responder.
With developers building hundreds of homes each month in Elk Grove, more street signs honoring those that served could be popping up.
Jake Renshaw likes the idea.
"My dad was actually a firefighter in Ventura County for 26 years," Renshaw said. "And my brother served a tour in Afghanistan back in 2008."
Elk Grove has thousands of veterans. Naming street signs after them is quite an honor, says Ralph Arreguy, a veteran who repaired B-52's in the Korean War.
"Makes me feel good inside," Arreguy said of the sign proposal.
It's a big change to city law, but it's one that Hume feels will make people stop and think about those whose job it is to protect us.
"I think it absolutely enhances the fabric of the community," Hume said. "It establishes the kind of community you are, where your priorities are."
Even though this is a relatively small process for a new development, it has taken Hume six years to get to this point.
Anyone who wishes to have their loved ones considered for the street naming can write to the city of Elk Grove.
The council takes a final vote on the proposal next week.


Ladies and gents, I have my first goal race of 2014!
Last Thursday, I learned that I'd gotten into the NYC Half Marathon via the lottery! Shortly after the holidays end, I'll start training again. I'm looking forward to that added motivation. I'm also hoping race day won't be as cold as it was last year!
I'll be working with Coach Jess again. I not only had a magical marathon day on October 13, I loved working with her and thought she had a great attitude toward training. We're hoping to accommodate any potential work craziness in my training plan.
I'll have ten weeks to focus on speed and my goal is to PR. I'm not sure how much I'm aiming to PR by yet since I haven't run more than 8 miles since the marathon. Once I start training again I'll be better able to assess my goals. But obviously, I want to go sub-2 (which I'd have to do to PR, since my NYC Half time from this year was 2:00:00 on the dot).
Last year, I over-trained by running every run too fast and it left me feeling weak on race day. This year will be different, and I'm so excited to see what I'm capable of!
Remember this gem of a crossing the finish line pic?
I can't wait to start training for a race again. As much as I dislike running in the cold, I've missed the daily plans and mini goals that come with having a training plan. It's nice to have something to work toward outside of the actual workplace!
Are you in for the NYC Half? What's your first goal race of the new year?
You've totally got sub 2 in the bag! Cheerleader status for NYC Half. I have a couple races planned for 2014 but as of now I haven't decided how much I want to train for PR's this spring vs training to get stronger and for consistency (and if PR's come yay!) and not put total pressure on myself.
I think I'm going to focus on speed and strength in 2014 and maybe put future marathons on hold until 2015, but I haven't made any concrete decisions yet. It's kind of nice to take the pressure off those big distances!
Cherry Blossom was a great race. You should have so much fun running it!
Exciting!! I freaking love that picture of you. My due date is the same day as the half so I will be cheering from afar!! I hope to run the following year though, I loved that race.
Congrats on getting into the lotto for NYC half!
I am seriously contemplating doing the Rock n' Roll full in Raleigh as kind of a redemption race since I BARFED in the middle of my last full. I also got into the lotto for the Nike Women's Half marathon, so I will be totally doing that one at the end of April. I am looking at trying a new training method, the Hansen method for this full, so I will have to let you know how it goes.
I'm running the Nike Women's Half in DC in late April and feeling very similar...looking forward to getting back into the running groove after a fall marathon!
I ran that race this year and it was a great race! Well organized and a fun course. I'm sure you'll have a great time!
That's awesome you got in! I will be there in full force and cheering very loudly. ;) I've enjoyed having some down time, but like you said, I am ready to start training again.
Yay can't wait to see you and the JackRabbit crew!


text:
October 1998 - Volume 27 - Issue 4
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.
Medical Position Paper: Position Statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Aluminum in Large and Small Volume Parenterals Used in Total Parenteral Nutrition: Response to the Food and Drug Administration Notice of Proposed Rule by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Klein, Gordon L.; Leichtner, Alan M.; Heyman, Melvin B.The Patient Care Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Patient Care Committee, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (NASPGN)
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Melvin B. Heyman, Chair, Patient Care Committee, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (NASPGN) c/o Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 500 Parnassus, MU 4-East, Box 0136, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0136, U.S.A.
This is a position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (NASPGN) and was approved by the Executive Council of NASPGN.
Received May 26, 1998; accepted May 27, 1998.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition: October 1998 - Volume 27 - Issue 4 - p 457-460
Aluminum was first recognized as a cause of low-turnover osteomalacic bone disease and encephalopathy in patients with uremia approximately a quarter century ago (1). By the late 1970s, low-turnover osteomalacia and bone pain, but not encephalopathy, were identified in adult patients with normal renal function who were receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (2). By 1982, aluminum contamination of TPN solutions was identified, notably in the casein hydrolysate, which was the protein source at the time; aluminum was found in urine, blood, and bones of patients receiving these solutions (3).
In histochemical stains of bone from TPN patients, aluminum was found to be deposited at the mineralization front, where new bone forms (4), a site identical to that seen in patients with uremia (5). The dynamic histomorphometric analyses of bone biopsy specimens from adult patients with uremia and those receiving long-term TPN treatment produced the identical finding: The quantitative aluminum concentration at the mineralization front of bone was inversely correlated with the rate of bone formation (4). Substitution of deionized water for dialysis and the use of non-aluminum-containing phosphate-binding gels in patients with uremia and crystalline amino acids for casein hydrolysate in adult patients receiving TPN led to gradual resolution of the bone pain and improved bone formation (6).
In 1985, Sedman et al. (7) published the first report of aluminum loading in the serum, urine, and bones of preterm infants supported for 3 weeks by TPN (7). Sources of aluminum contamination were reported to be the calcium and phosphate salts, albumin and heparin. Moreover, this group first described aluminum contamination of infant formulas (7), although the significance of this latter finding is still controversial. Koo et al. (8-10) found that aluminum accumulated at the mineralization front in the bones of premature infants (8). Additional sources were identified, such as multivitamin infusates and trace element solutions (9), both used regularly in TPN therapy. Because of the inability to apply standard histomorphometric techniques to the bones of preterm infants, the actual toxicity of aluminum to the bones could only be inferred, although a case report in 1989 identified the occurrence of hypocalcemia when aluminum was chelated out of bone by use of deferoxamine (11). The presumed but not documented sequence of events was that the aluminum at the mineralization front interfered with bone uptake of calcium, and that once the aluminum was chelated from bone, the osteopenic bone took up calcium at the expense of serum calcium concentration in a situation analogous to the "hungry bone syndrome" of primary hyperparathyroidism (12). However, aside from that case report, no further evidence of aluminum toxicity to preterm infants was identified until 1997 when Bishop et al. (13) showed that preterm infants randomized to receive standard TPN containing 45 µg aluminum/kg per day had a lower score on the Bayley Mental Development Index at age 18 months than did age-matched infants who received a TPN solution that contained 4 to 5 µg aluminum/kg per day for a comparable period, 92 ± 20 (standard deviation) compared with 102 ± 17, respectively. In all 157 preterm infants without neuromotor impairment, exposure to aluminum for longer than 10 days resulted in a higher fraction of those who received the standard (high-aluminum) solution having mental development index values below 85 points, 38% compared with 17% (p = 0.03). Thus, although the encephalopathy documented in uremic adults and older children did not develop in the preterm infants, neurologic impairment occurred that could cause difficulties later in life.
Preterm infants are more likely to retain aluminum because aluminum administered intravenously bypasses the normal gastrointestinal barrier to absorption of this element and is 95% bound to circulating plasma proteins, chiefly transferrin (14,15). As a result, only 5% of circulating aluminum is ultrafilterable by the kidneys (14). Additionally, renal function is developmentally impaired in preterm infants and does not reach maturity until approximately 34 weeks of gestation (7). Therefore, preterm infants have an additional burden of the inability to excrete the aluminum load that can be filtered. Furthermore, aluminum loading may be difficult to detect in preterm infants because of several factors, including inadequate intake of calcium and phosphate that could produce osteopenia and hypoxic or hemorrhagic insults to the brain that could cause neurologic dysfunction and mask aluminum-associated problems.
The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been investigating this problem since 1986. In 1990 it published an intent to propose and request for information (24). The American Society for Clinical Nutrition and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition responded with a combined statement (16). The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, independently of the FDA and the requests for public comment, issued its first policy statement on aluminum toxicity in pediatrics in 1986 (17) and updated this policy again in 1996 (18). In both instances rigorous control by the FDA of aluminum contamination of parenteral solutions and infant formulas was recommended.
The following constitutes our official response to the FDA's current notice of proposed rule, published in the Federal Register of January 5, 1998 (19).
CURRENT STATUS OF ALUMINUM CONTAMINATION OF PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS
The most recent development has been the confirmation of aluminum contamination outside of the United States. A two-part series has identified aluminum loading as a problem in parenteral nutrition solutions in Germany (20,21). The concentration of aluminum in TPN solutions continues to be highly variable. In preliminary studies in 1991, aluminum in the TPN solutions delivered to the neonatal intensive care nursery at the University of Texas Medical Branch contained 327 ± 130 µg/l, which would deliver approximately 30 µg/kg per day to a preterm infant (22). However, in 1994, infants in the intensive care nursery at that same institution were receiving approximately 5 µg aluminum/kg per day (23). At present, there is no method for determining whether large- or small-volume parenterals are manufactured with lower aluminum content. Therefore, the need to ensure some consistency in the aluminum content of TPN solutions is clear.
SUMMARY OF THE FDA PROPOSAL
The FDA is proposing to amend its regulations to add certain labeling requirements concerning aluminum in large- and small-volume parenterals used in TPN (19). The FDA is also proposing to specify an upper limit of aluminum permitted in large-volume parenterals and to require applicants to develop and submit for approval to the FDA validated assay methods for determining aluminum content in parenteral drug products. The FDA is proposing these requirements because of evidence linking the use of parenteral drug products containing aluminum to morbidity and mortality among patients on TPN therapy, especially premature infants and patients with impaired kidney function.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS ON THE FDA PROPOSAL
We agree with the FDA's view of the problem posed by aluminum contamination of solutions used for parenteral nutrition therapy and concur with the need to impose controls over the process. The FDA proposes to restrict the aluminum contamination of large-volume parenteral solutions (such as crystalline amino acid solution or dextrose and water) to a maximum of 25 µg/l. We support this proposal and believe that this should be readily achievable for all manufacturers of large-volume parenteral solutions, because most currently meet the standard. The FDA has data that most large-volume parenterals tested are already in compliance with this rule. If this requirement is not enforced, large-volume parenterals can continue to be made that could impose intermittent large aluminum loads in patients, with concomitant toxicity. We support the proposal that the package insert state that the drug product contain no more than 25 µg/l.
For small-volume parenterals (including calcium and phosphate salts, the chief sources of contamination with aluminum in TPN solutions, multivitamins, heparin, and trace element solutions), we emphatically support the FDA proposal to require that the product's maximum level of aluminum at expiry (the date of expiration) be stated on the immediate container label of the small-volume parenteral and pharmacy bulk packages. The statement on the label is proposed to read: "Contains no more than XX µg/liter." The maximum level of aluminum at expiry would be expressed as the highest level of batches produced during the past 3 years, the highest level for the most recent five batches, or the maximum historical level, but only until completion of production of the first five batches after the rule takes effect. The FDA would also require a warning statement in the package insert that states that aluminum toxicity may occur in premature neonates (who have developmentally impaired renal function but who also require large amounts of calcium and phosphate infusions that contain aluminum) and in older patients with impaired renal function.
In our opinion it is highly desirable for the FDA to implement these regulations as a first step toward limiting aluminum content of small-volume parenterals. In its response to the FDA notice of intent in 1990 (24), the combined working group of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition and the American Society for Parenteral in small-volume parenterals be initially restricted to the lowest published levels. The FDA has chosen not to require this, because a safe lower limit had not been established. Although we acknowledge the lack of a documented safe lower limit of aluminum in parenteral solutions, the reduction of aluminum levels would be hastened by such a requirement, pending revision as newer information becomes available.
The FDA is also concerned about the daily amount of aluminum received by patients with impaired kidney function. The FDA cites the study by Bishop et al. (13) and lists 4 to 5 µg/kg as a possible safe upper limit for aluminum intake from TPN solutions.
In their response to the 1990 FDA notice of intent, the American Society for Clinical Nutrition/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Working Group (16) proposed three working definitions of aluminum intake: safe, unsafe, and toxic. Safe was defined as the amount of aluminum taken in per patient per day that did not result in aluminum accumulation in tissues or fluids and was associated with no toxic effects. Thus the study of Heyman et al. (25) in 1986 put the safe limit of intake at 1 to 2 µg/kg per day for adults and adolescents. Unsafe was defined as the amount of aluminum intake per patient per day that resulted in tissue loading but no documented toxicity. The studies of Sedman et al. (7) and Koo et al. (8-10) were the references for the 15 to 30 µg/kg per day taken in by premature infants in the mid 1980s. Finally, toxic was defined as the amount of aluminum taken in per patient per day that resulted in tissue loading and symptoms of toxicity. Data from studies of TPN patients at the University of California Los Angeles defined the toxic effects of aluminum on bone formation; in these patients, TPN-associated bone disease developed after they received 60 µg aluminum/kg per day (3).
Although we support the FDA proposal to include a warning label in the small-volume parenterals package insert that states that aluminum may be toxic, we think that health care professionals should have our best estimate of a toxic aluminum load. Eliminating these definitions from the rule does not constitute a best estimate. However, the newer information should modify the previous definitions of safe, unsafe, and toxic. Thus, the recent work of Bishop et al. (13) which demonstrated developmental delay in preterm infants receiving TPN therapy providing 45 µg aluminum/kg per day suggests that the lower limit for toxic effects in infants is at least at the aforementioned amount, and the previously published loads of 15 to 30 µg/kg per day reported in standard TPN solutions given to premature infants begin to approximate toxic levels. Bishop et al. (13) and Klein et al. (23) found no evidence for impaired neurologic development or impaired bone formation at parenteral aluminum intakes below 6 µg/kg per day. However, urinary aluminum content in the preterm infants receiving 2 to 6 µg aluminum/kg per day in their TPN solutions is comparable to that found by Sedman et al. in 1985 (7) (unpublished data), suggesting that aluminum continues to accumulate in tissues. If the FDA chooses to discuss this topic in the final rule, we suggest wording the statement as follows: "No aluminum toxicity to the brain or bone of preterm infants has been documented with intakes below 5 µg/kg per day; however, tissue loading may still occur at that rate of administration to preterm infants."
We also support the FDA proposal that manufacturers develop validated assay methods that are reviewed and approved by the FDA. We emphasize that these methods should be those that are in general use, such as flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with a graphite furnace (26), and that the methods should be sufficiently sensitive to detect aluminum at the microgram (parts per billion) and not the milligram (parts per million) level, in that the biologic effects of aluminum appear at the microgram level.
The actions of the FDA should be expanded to include biologicals that are used for parenteral administration and could be used in TPN therapy. Specifically, albumin, plasminate, and any other colloidal volume expanders should be so regulated. Albumin is probably the most commonly used of these substances and was reported 13 years ago to be contaminated with variable quantities of aluminum (7,27). In preterm infants, burn victims (28,29), and perhaps other patient groups who may receive large quantities, albumin may be a source of aluminum contamination. The industry literature has in fact identified several sources of aluminum contamination of albumin during processing (30), and removal of aluminum, or at least substantial reductions, has already been achieved by one company (29).
In conclusion, we strongly endorse the current FDA proposal as one that is in the best interest of the public health and safety. We strongly encourage the FDA to expand this activity to biological products that are similarly used. Finally, we advocate that the FDA be more specific in the definition of aluminum toxicity by load. Thus, the FDA could more closely guide the health care professionals who compound and administer TPN solutions.
1. Kerr DMS, Ward MK, Arze RS, et al. Aluminum-induced dialysis osteodystrophy: The demise of "Newcastle bone disease"? Kidney Int 1986;29(suppl 18):S58-S64.
Cited Here |
2. Klein GL, Targoff CM, Ament ME, et al. Bone disease associated with parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1980;2(8203):1041-4.
PubMed | CrossRef
3. Klein GL, Alfrey AC, Miller NL, et al. Aluminum loading during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:1425-9.
4. Ott SM, Maloney NA, Klein GL, et al. Aluminum is associated with low bone formation in patients receiving chronic parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:910-4.
5. Ott SM, Maloney NA, Coburn JW, Alfrey AC, Sherrard DJ. The prevalence of bone aluminum deposition in renal osteodystrophy and its relation to the response to calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med 1982;307:709-13.
6. Vargas JH, Klein GL, Ament ME, et al. Metabolic bone disease of total parenteral nutrition: Course after changing from casein to amino acids in parenteral solutions with reduced aluminum content. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1070-8.
7. Sedman AB, Klein GL, Merritt RJ, et al. Evidence of aluminum loading in infants receiving intravenous therapy. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1337-43.
8. Koo WWK, Kaplan LA, Bendon R, et al. Response to aluminum in parenteral nutrition during infancy. J Pediatr 1986;109:883-7.
Cited Here
9. Koo WWK, Kaplan LA, Horn J, Tsang RC, Steichen JJ. Aluminum in parenteral solutions: Sources and possible alternatives. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1986;10:591-5.
10. Koo WWK, Kaplan LA, Krug-Wispe SK. Aluminum contamination of infant formulas. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988;12:170-3.
11. Klein GL, Snodgrass WR, Griffin MP, Miller NL, Alfrey AC. Hypocalcemia complicating deferoxamine therapy in an infant with parenteral nutrition-associated aluminum overload: Evidence for a role of aluminum in the bone disease of infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989;9:400-3.
View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
12. Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism. In: Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:181-6.
13. Bishop NJ, Morley R, Day JP, Lucas A. Aluminum neurotoxicity in preterm infants receiving intravenous-feeding solutions. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1557-61.
14. Klein GL, Ott SM, Alfrey AC, et al. Aluminum as a factor in the bone disease of long-term parenteral nutrition. Trans Assoc Am Phys 1982;95:155-64.
15. Trapp GA. Interactions of aluminum with cofactors, enzymes, and other proteins. Kidney Int 1986;29(suppl 18):S12-6.
16. The American Society for Clinical Nutrition/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Working Group on Standards for Aluminum Content of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: Response to Food and Drug Administration notice of intent and request for information. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:399-402.
17. Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 1986;78:1150-4.
18. Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 1996;97:413-6.
19. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Aluminum in large and small volume parenterals used in total parenteral nutrition: Proposed rule. Federal Register 1998;63:176-85.
20. Recknagel S, Bratter P, Chrissafidou A, Gramm H-J, Kotwas J, Rosick U. Parenteral aluminum loading in critical care medicine, I: Solutions and solution for parenteral nutrition. Infusionsther Transfusionmed 1994;21:266-73.
21. Gramm H-J, Bratter P, Rosick U, Kopf A, Bohge P, Recknagel S. Parenteral aluminum loading in critical care medicine, II: Response to aluminum load from long-term parenteral nutrition. Infusionsther Transfusionmed 1994;21:298-303.
22. Klein GL, Campbell GA, Hodsman AB, et al. Histochemical detection of aluminum in bone but not in brain of infants on parenteral nutrition (abstract). Pediatr Res 1991;29:105A.
23. Klein GL, Naylor KE, Eastell R, Alfrey AC, Russell RGG. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in premature infants: Relation to serum calcium and aluminum intake (abstract). Clin Res 1993;41:755A.
24. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: Notice of intent and request for information. Federal Register 1990;55:20799-802.
25. Heyman MB, Klein GL. Wong A, et al. Aluminum does not accumulate in teenagers and adults on prolonged parenteral nutrition containing free amino acids. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1986;10:86-7.
26. LeGendre GR, Alfrey AC. Measuring picogram amounts of aluminum in biological tissue by flameless atomic absorption analysis of a chelate. Clin Chem 1976;22:53-6.
27. Milliner DS, Shinaberger JH, Shuman P, Coburn JW. Inadvertent aluminum administration during plasma exchange due to aluminum contamination of albumin-replacement solutions. N Engl J Med 1985;312:165-7.
28. Klein GL, Herndon DN, Rutan TC, et al. Bone disease in burn patients. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:337-45.
29. Klein GL, Herndon DN, Rutan TC, Barnett JR, Miller NL, Alfrey AC. Risk of aluminum accumulation in patients with burns and ways to reduce it. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994;15:354-8.
30. Quagliaro DA, Geraci VA, Dwan RE, Kent RS, Olson WP. Aluminum in albumin for injection. J Parenter Sci Technol 1988;42:187-90.
© 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Aluminum in Large and Small Volume Parenterals Used in Total Parenteral Nutrition: Response to the Food and Drug Administration Notice of Proposed Rule by the North American Society for...
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition27(4):457-460, October 1998.
Articles in PubMed by Gordon L. Klein
Articles in Google Scholar by Gordon L. Klein
Other articles in this journal by Gordon L. Klein
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by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition


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Interpretive Summary: Gall forming insects are often problematic in agricultural systems or as invasive species and their control can cost millions of dollars per year. Understanding the biology of the gall former and its associates provides information useful in the determination of the method of control that may be required. We provide the description of the immature of moth associated will galls formed by a fly and the parasitic wasps that attack it. This information will be useful to agriculturalists, entomologists and biocontrol workers.
Technical Abstract: Chaetotaxal maps and scanning electron micrographs supplement a descriptive text of the larva and pupa of Scrobipalpula patagonica Povolný (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini). Scrobipalpula patagonica is a gall inquiline of Suaeda divaricata Moq. (Amaranthaceae) in the 'Monte' region of Argentina. The habitus of S. patagonica is provided along with images of the semiarid habitat for it's host plant and associated gall. The parasitoids known to attack S. patagonica are summarized.


text:
Q: Flyback smps or floating buck converter? I want to drive a 180V/1A string leds from 220VAC.
Which topology should I use:

*

*flyback smps (with transformer) or,

*floating buck step down converter?

I know that buck converter will be not isolated from the 220V but it's not an issue for the project.
If you also know some circuit, please share.

A: You may want to consider a AC-DC converter off-the-shelf. The reason why is that 220 VAC converted to DC is 311 VDC, quite a shock hazard. Switching power supplies need expert design engineering. We have helped many with LED supplies, but not at such a high voltage (180 VDC). Most DIY stuff for LED's is limited to 100 volts.
Yes, that first link (MP4001) would be a good choice. The limit would be the voltage and max current of the MOSFET that drives the LED's, which can be any color by the way. Just remember that this is NOT isolated from the main AC supply so even touching an LED could be a shock hazard.
The second link (AL9910_A) seems like a mirror image of the first, but it has a much more complete datasheet with warnings for this-and-that. Buy a 500 volt MOSFET rated no more than 5 amps. The reason is that 'beefy' MOSFET's tend to need a lot of drive current, which these tiny IC's cannot do.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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It's been a hectic school holidays so far with stacks of awesome families coming to visit me in the studio and a handful of fun location shoots too. I'll be sharing some of their stories here in the next few weeks.
Poppy has a big day tomorrow... It's unbelievable to think she is turning 6! I remember the day she was born like it was yesterday. I'll cherish the tears of joy and laughter we have shared since then or the rest of my life.
She is gorgeous, funny, crazy, a complete dork, a sook and a sweet-heart; and that's what makes her my Daughter.


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One girl's fight for mobility could use reinforcements (18 Photos)
In: Chive Charities, Chive Nation
It's cold in Chicago, the coldest winter in its history since records began in 1872. On the radio the weatherman warns against about going outside at all as 24-year-old Pearl hoists herself from her wheelchair into her SUV. She begins the tedious process of breaking down the chair herself. It takes 15 long minutes. She has to move quickly as her shaky fingers disassemble the chair's freezing frame. Pearl finally completes the task, and hurls the chair behind her into the back seat of her tired SUV. Pearl's fingers are numb. The day begins.
Sixteen years before Pearl was a perfectly healthy 8-year-old girl racing her little sister around the backyard on a balmy summer day when she fell down. Her left foot took the worst of it, but over the next several days the swelling quickly graduated up her leg. Tylenol wasn't helping. The doctors said give it time. Time was exactly what Pearl got. From that day forward it would take 18 years for Pearl to get a correct diagnosis.
The doctors were mystified at first. Some thought Pearls pain was psychosomatic, a cry for attention. Her parents even bought into it. Pearl told me over the phone, "What 8-year-old could hatch such at elaborate ruse and then stick with it for the next 18 years?"
Others thought it was a neurological disorder. But you eventually want to throw a name at something so they did, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome, now known as CRPS. What Pearl actually had was a disorder called Charcot-Marie-Tooth, CMT. There is no known cure.
Pearl's strain of CMT is one of the more aggressive. The disease affects both motor and sensory nerves, atrophying muscles in her legs therefore compromising motor skills and coordination. If there were drugs that could delay the muscular atrophy, Pearl wasn't getting any of them. In fact, she was unknowingly taking drugs that accelerated the process.
Pearl also has bi-polar disorder. She joked, "It's strange, people think you can't have mental health and physical health issues. Many people can't digest the idea, like, 'you can't be blind and depressed!' Sadly, I explain to people that even though I have CMT, I'm also still human."
One of the many medications she was prescribed for CRPS were mood stabilizers, a common side effect of which can be shaking and nervousness. So when Pearl noticed she could no longer hold a Coke can, everybody thought it was a common side effect. What the doctors didn't know, because she had been misdiagnosed, was that the cocktail of bi-polar drugs she was taking was causing nerve death, hastening the effects of the neurological disorder.
Pearl told me,
"If we would have known what we were looking at further down the line we could have sustained my muscle ability. But I was passing these points over the years, should I call them points? What's the opposite of a milestone? Anyway, whatever they were I passed them and it cost me physically and mentally, and personally."
This is where things go from bad to worse.
Pearl is almost completely deaf in her right ear. Within the next 10 years, she will be completely deaf in both ears. Around the age of 10 Pearl started learning sign language, an insurance policy against her hearing loss. She became quite proficient in sign language, even getting certified in ASL.
By the age of 20, Pearl's legs had almost completely failed her. Pearl was confined to a wheelchair, although she could stand with the aid of crutches.
"At this point in my life, I had no support, I was more or less estranged from my parents. I was basically an orphan. I moved to Tampa and was working at a Montessori school, I was the "voicer," specializing in the deaf and hard of hearing children or helping hearing children with deaf parents. I found sign language to be beautiful and comforting. Even better, I loved connecting with the children and helping them, in turn, connect with their parents. Something I had been unable to do."
Then one day, Pearl was interpreting for a class at a special ski outing. There were a group of ski instructors teaching the kids to use adapted skis, the language they were using was highly technical and nuanced, which was fine with Pearl, "I was always fast with my hands, but suddenly I found myself not being able to keep up with what was being said. I knew in that exact moment the CMT had reached my arms and hands."
With the inevitable loss of her hearing, her hands would be the only means of communicating with the world. She must not lose this ability.
But the reality of the situation has begun to set in. As time goes by, she will lose hearing function, then slowly her ability to use sign language efficiently, "I've started teaching myself to read lips. I'll always have the ability to talk more or less, but I have to keep trying. What choice do I have? Communication is freedom."
You'll read in the photos below that Chive Charities has purchased Pearl a brand new ADA van with an automatic ramp, a walker, and also a new wheelchair attachment. And that was supposed to be that. We were to publish a short recap post about the van and the wheelchair last Thursday and that would be that. Prior to publishing the story I held off, I had missed something. Where is Pearl living now? How does she make money? Can we do more to help her? I couldn't close the book on this one…
Donate RIGHT HERE!
UPDATE #1: Just refreshed and already blew through the halfway mark at $6,000
UPDATE #2: Just crushed that goal, $12,000 and counting. Cannot wait to see what happens next. We're all gathered around our computers at theCHIVE HQ watching our Chivers do their thing! Amazing!
UPDATE #3: $15,000!! Let's double this goal. Pearl is getting back from her doctor's appointment shortly and I can't wait to talk to her. I'll fill y'all in as soon as I do!
UPDATE #4: We doubled the goal, $20,000! We also talked to Pearl who just got home from the doctor:
"Neither of us had any idea that any of this would happen so quickly… I checked on the GoFundMe page at the doctors office and the goal had been hit? It hadn't even been 2 hours!"
We're definitely going to bust out some chocolate martinis tonight. Thank you, Chivers!"


President Donald Trump's 2019 budget proposal has come under much scrutiny. A portion of the budget requests $20 million to go towards Trump's golf buddy Jack Nicklaus's mobile children's hospital project.
The money will go towards expanding Miami's Nicklaus Children's Hospital to offer mobile services, which Nicklaus has long lobbied for.
"The $20 million increase will continue support for the pediatric disaster care pilot initiative which aims to improve pediatric care during emergencies," the budget proposal reads.
"Nicklaus had lobbied Trump on the golf course in Florida, and he met with HHS Secretary Alex Azar and then-OMB Director Mick Mulvaney in Washington, D.C., to request funds. Trump personally directed HHS to earmark the funds to help Nicklaus develop mobile children's hospitals, one individual said," Politico reported.
Trump and Nicklaus have constantly golfed together since November the report said.
Nicklaus Children's Hospital and HHS did not respond to Politico's requests for comment.
President Trump reportedly passed along a handwritten policy pitch from a member of his Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Fla., to then-Veterans Affairs (VA) Secretary David Shulkin, according to a ProPublica report Wednesday.
The note was penned by Trump's friend Albert Hazzouri, a cosmetic dentist in Scranton, Penn., on Mar-a-Lago stationery after the two saw each other in late 2017.
The letter, which was obtained by ProPublica, is addressed "Dear King" and appears to propose the government pay for more dental care for veterans.
It reportedly was sent on behalf of the American Dental Association (ADA), though ProPublica noted that details of the pitch were murky.
Scrawled at the top of Hazzouri's note is a message from the president, written in black marker, ProPublica reported.
It says "Send to David S at the V.A.," referring to Shulkin.
A Trump aide stamped "The president has seen" on the note as well.
The White House and the ADA did not immediately reply to a request for comment from The Hill.
The proposal did not advance, according to ProPublica. Shulkin, who was fired in March 2018, told the publication that he does not recall receiving the message. Hazzouri said neither he nor the ADA ever met with the agency.
Hazzouri told the outlet that he had only a vague idea of the proposal he was vouching for on behalf of the ADA, noting that he passed along the note as a favor to the organization.
A spokeswoman for the ADA declined to elaborate on the reported pitch to the president by Hazzouri, according to ProPublica.
Michael Graham, who leads the ADA's lobbying arm in Washington, told ProPublica that one of his staffers had raised the topic with Hazzouri.
Hazzouri received a shoutout from Trump during a campaign event in 2016, according to ProPublica.
"Stand up, Albert. Where the hell are you, Albert? Stand up, Albert. He's a good golfer, but I'm actually a better golfer than him. Right?" Trump said.
Addressing the president as "King" was an inside joke with Trump from before the New York business mogul became president, Hazzouri said.
This is not the first time a Mar-a-Lago club member has appeared to influence the Trump administration, according to ProPublica.
Democrats on the House Veterans' Affairs Committee last month reportedly opened an investigation into whether three associates of Trump, including a Mar-a-Lago club member, influenced hiring decisions at the VA.
A new batch of emails obtained by Pro Publica show that three members of President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort are influencing contract and budget decisions at the Department of Veterans Affairs — despite being completely unqualified to do so.
The emails show that the three Mar-a-Lago members — Marvel Entertainment chairman Ike Perlmutter, West Palm Beach physician Bruce Moskowitz and lawyer Marc Sherman — were involved in "some of the agency's most consequential matters, most notably a multibillion-dollar effort to overhaul electronic health records for millions of veterans," Pro Publica writes.
Additionally, the emails show that Moskowitz used his position as an adviser to get the VA to adopt his mobile medical app, even though IT officials at the VA said that the app had serious functionality problems. In fact, one email shows that a VA IT official believed that "some of the code needs to be refactored and even rebuilt" for the app to work properly.
Moskowitz even recruited his son, Aaron Moskowitz, to pitch the benefits of the app during a conference between the VA and Apple CEO Tim Cook. Apple experts similarly pushed back on Moskowitz's mobile app and said that "the national databases needed to make the app accurate didn't exist," Pro Publica writes.
President Donald Trump's daughter and adviser Ivanka Trump made $3.9 million in profit last year off her stake in the Trump International Hotel, while taking in at least $5 million from businesses connected to her personal brand, a newly released financial disclosure shows.
Ivanka Trump also reported taking in about $2 million in 2017 pay and severance from an entity called the Trump Payroll Corp., the disclosure said.
She received $289,000 in an advance for her book published last year, "Women Who Work," and donated those funds to a charitable trust she oversees that "will make grants to organizations that empower and educate women and girls." There was no indication that she received royalties in connection with the book in 2017.
The figures come from forms that high-ranking and highly paid federal employees are required to file every year in May.
Ivanka Trump and her husband, Jared Kushner, are serving as senior advisers to the president without pay, but they have agreed to abide by ethics requirements for senior White House staff.
On Monday, as President Trump was in Singapore for the high-profile summit with North Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un, the White House began releasing the forms covering last year.
Ivanka Trump's reported income from the hotel in calendar year 2017 was up substantially from a report she filed last spring showing about $2.4 million in income from the hotel since it opened in September 2016.
The forms provide only limited insight into the finances of individuals as wealthy as Ivanka Trump and Kushner. Amounts are typically reported in broad ranges. Also complicating comparisons is the fact that last year's filings for new government staffers covered a 16-month period.
Disclosure forms filed earlier this year appeared to show an uptick in the couple's debts as they entered the White House last year. It's unclear whether that trend continued through the end of the year.
The president's son-in-law's filing no longer lists under assets or income his role with Observer Media, the New York-based online news organization he founded in 2007. Kushner reported earning $4.5 million from advertising revenue at the company in 2017 but stepped down last January when he joined the Trump White House.
In this year's form, Kushner said he divested his ownership in Observer Media, though he also reported making between $100,001 and $1 million in capital gains. Kushner's form says he does still own between $5,000,001 and $25,000,000 in stock shares for Source Media Holdings, a digital media company owned by Observer Capital that serves business professionals working in the financial, technology and health care sectors.
President Trump's new national security adviser, John Bolton, reported taking in $569,423 in salary from Fox News from the beginning of last year until he joined the White House in April.
Bolton also earned nearly $750,000 in speaking fees during the same period — $115,000 for speaking to conferences sponsored by the Ukrainian steel mogul Victor Pinchuk.
Pinchuk's donations of more than $13 million to the Clinton Foundation drew criticism and, during the 2016 campaign, were painted by many Clinton critics as evidence of corruption.
In September 2015, then-candidate Trump spoke to a Pinchuk conference in Kiev in exchange for a $150,000 donation to the Donald J. Trump foundation.
Bolton's highest reported fee for a single speech, $100,000, came in May 2017 while receiving a Guardian of Zion award from the Rennert Center in Jerusalem. The next highest was a speech earlier that month to Deutsche Bank for $72,000, after a commission paid to his agent, the Washington Speakers Bureau.
President Donald Trump has nominated handbag designer Lana Marks to be the next US ambassador to South Africa.
Marks, a Florida resident and member of Trump's exclusive Mar-a-Lago resort, according to a source familiar with the club, was born and raised in South Africa, where she attended the University of the Witwatersrand and the Institute of Personnel Management in Johannesburg, the White House said in a statement.
Described by the Palm Beach Daily as "like Trump, a relentless self-promoter," Marks speaks Afrikaans and Xhosa, two of South Africa's languages, according to the White House.
Her website chronicles an upbringing that included studying at the Royal Academy of Ballet. The concept for starting an exotic leather handbag line came, the site says, when Marks couldn't find a bag to match the suit she planned to wear to a birthday celebration for Queen Elizabeth. According to her Instagram accountshe attempted to qualify for the French Open tennis tournament in 1978.
Board members provide a minimum annual gift of $10,000 per individual member, $20,000 per Leadership Circle member and $25,000 per corporation.
Campaigns and PACs spent at least $3.2 million at Trump-owned and branded properties throughout the two-year midterm election cycle, a CNN analysis of Federal Election Commission filings shows. And the total could rise after post-election financial reports are published by the commission.
No single group spent more than the Republican National Committee, which spent at least $1.2 million at the properties since the start of 2017.
About half of the RNC spending came in two installments — $367,000 for travel expenses at Trump National Doral Miami in mid-June, after the group's spring meetings at the Florida club, and $222,000 for "venue rental and catering" at Mar-A-Lago in March connected to fundraising events at the resort.
Trump's own presidential reelection campaign was also among the groups spending the most at Trump properties throughout 2017 and 2018, despite not being on the ballot. The campaign has spent more than $950,000 at Trump properties since the start of 2017.
And America First Action — a pro-Trump super PAC founded early in 2017 and funded primarily by GOP megadonor Sheldon Adelson — was another top patron of Trump properties, dropping at least $360,000 throughout the cycle.
Overall, the $3.2 million in spending at Trump properties during the midterms was down slightly from the 2016 presidential cycle. Between 2015 and 2016, Trump properties raked in at least $3.7 million from campaigns and PACs, with the Trump campaign itself accounting for north of $2 million of the spending during that cycle. That included rent paid from the campaign to the Trump Organization for its headquarters space in Trump Tower, floors below Trump's office and penthouse apartment.
In 2018, the spending has gone to a mix of venue rental, catering, and travel expenses across multiple properties. Trump Tower in New York has drawn nearly $740,000; the Trump International Hotel in Washington, DC, has drawn $1.4 million; and a pair of Trump's Florida properties, Mar-A-Lago and Trump National Doral, have drawn nearly $1 million combined.
In response to a request for comment on RNC spending at the properties, an RNC official said donors enjoy visiting Trump properties, and also pointed to security, convenience and price as factors in the committee's decision-making.
The official added that Trump properties are often cheaper to rent than other venues, noting that the FEC demands the RNC receive market rates.
A Trump Organization spokeswoman did not respond to calls or emails seeking comment.
After Trump was elected President, he placed his business into a trust controlled by his adult sons, Don Jr. and Eric, but did not liquidate his holdings or let an independent manager handle the trust without his knowledge — the approach favored by past presidents and by ethics experts, because it separates the President's personal profit motive from his decisions on behalf of the government.
The setup has drawn criticism from ethics watchdogs, who say it allows for the appearance of a conflict of interest. The Trump administration has consistently defended the legality of the arrangement.
House Democrats, newly in control of the chamber, have vowed to bring investigations into Trump's businesses in the coming congressional session.
President Trump on Monday downplayed the possibility that Democrats could demand his tax returns if they retake control of the House in Tuesday's elections.
"I don't care. They can do whatever they want and I can do whatever I want," Trump said when asked if he was concerned Democrats may go after his tax returns if they win the majority.
Democrats and critics of the president have suggested that Trump's tax returns could reveal potential conflicts of interest, and liberal groups have urged Democratic lawmakers to demand the president's filings should they regain control of the House.
House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said last month that compelling Trump to turn over his tax returns would be "one of the first things we'd do" if Democrats win back the House majority.
Under federal tax law, the chairmen of congressional tax committees can request tax returns from the Treasury Department and review them in a closed session before voting to make all or parts of the returns public.
While Trump may protest such a request, the decision would ultimately fall to Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.
Mnuchin told The New York Times earlier this month that he would work with the department's general counsel and the general counsel for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to address any requests should Democrats win the House.
The president broke with decades of precedent when he opted not to release his tax returns during the 2016 presidential campaign.
The White House has repeatedly brushed off questions about releasing Trump's taxes after the election, claiming the documents were under audit and therefore could not be made public. Financial experts, reporters and lawmakers have noted that the president could still request that they be released.
Calls for Trump to release his returns intensified following a New York Times report that cited records and interviews indicating the president engaged in "dubious" tax practices to shield income from his father's real estate empire from taxes. Trump and the White House blasted the story, though they did not refute specific claims.


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Editor's note: These are excerpts from Marvin Scott's "Civility in America" at Ferguson Library in Stamford on Feb. 22, which was co-sponsored by the Dilenschneider Group and Hearst Connecticut Media.
KETCHIKAN, Alaska (AP) — Searchers have recovered the body of an Alaska snowboarder who was buried by an avalanche.
Bad weather had hampered the search for 39-year-old Marvin Scott of Ketchikan.
Alaska State Troopers say Scott was caught in an avalanche Sunday while snowboarding on Dude Mountain outside Ketchikan in southeast Alaska.
KETCHIKAN, Alaska (AP) — Bad weather is hampering the search Monday for a 39-year-old Alaska snowboarder buried by an avalanche.
Alaska State Troopers say Marvin Scott of Ketchikan was caught in an avalanche reported to be 100 yards (91 meters) wide by 1,500 yards (1,371meters) long while snowboarding Sunday.
STAMFORD — Marvin Scott, news anchor for New York's Channel 11, will speak on Civility in TV News at 6 p.m. Thursday at the Ferguson Library.


text:
Crave on Main Announces Closure
by Nikki Bayley Sep 4, 2013, 4:19am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Crave on Main Announces Closure
Crave On Main announced that it will be closing its doors on September 29 after seven and a half years in business. Sadly it seems it's not a lack of popularity but development work that's bringing the shutters down:
"The site where the restaurant sits will be redeveloped in the near future and we are no longer able to secure a lease. ??The staff and owners would like to thank all of our loyal customers. The neighbourhood embraced us early on and kept us going through a recession, HST, changes to the drinking and driving laws, a small fire and everything else that happened over the years. THANK YOU!"
· All Shutter Coverage [~EVAN~]
· Crave On Main [Official Site]
[Photo via Instagram/Litteroddity]


text:
Parablepisanis rufa är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Stefan von Breuning 1956. Parablepisanis rufa ingår i släktet Parablepisanis och familjen långhorningar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Gabon. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långhorningar
rufa


text:
AMMA Urges World Trade Organization to Take Action Over China's Anti-Competitive Practices on PPE
Flood of ultra-cheap face masks threatens U.S. PPE manufacturing; reinforces dangerous reliance on China.
WASHINGTON, D.C., May 10, 2021—The American Mask Manufacturers Association (AMMA) today is seeking action from the World Trade Organization against China for anti-competitive business practices undercutting U.S. mask manufacturers. By subsidizing the price of face masks at a fraction of the cost to produce, the Chinese government is freezing out foreign competitors and creating a dangerous reliance on its industry to supply the world with vital PPE.
"Early in the pandemic we saw how an over-reliance on China to supply America and other nations with PPE led to shortages that cost countless lives.These were preventable deaths," said AMMA Chairman Brent Dillie. "Now, the Chinese government is manipulating the market to once again assert itself as the dominant supplier of PPE and face masks, which could threaten the well-being of nations all over the world."
The American Mask Manufacturer's Association represents the 26 small business Mask Manufacturers that answered America's call for emergency PPE during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In less than a year, AMMA members created the manufacturing capacity for 3.69 billion surgical masks and 1.06 billion N95 masks, while also creating 7,823 jobs. And, these masks were produced and tested using established quality standards, as required by law -- all of which increases costs to ensure safety.
"We are urging, pleading, the WTO to take action against China's behavior," Dillie said. "The flood of cheap, inferior face masks on the market threaten global efforts to curb community spread of the virus -- both with PPE that offers inadequate protection as well as a lack of confidence by governments to purchase masks that could be faulty."
AMMA members are encouraged by the strong leadership and expeditious action of President Biden and his administration to ensure a strong domestic PPE manufacturing industry as well as efforts to curb the pandemic. However, it will take a global effort, prompted by the WTO, to address anti-competitive behavior by China and prevent a greater number of deaths both now and in the future.
About AMMA
The American Mask Manufacturers Association (AMMAunited.org) is dedicated to bringing strategic mask manufacturing back to America. The association represents 26 manufacturers who answered the country's call for critical PPE during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic when global supply chains failed


Authors: Korstjens, A.H. and Hillyer, A.P.
Editors: Wich, S.A. and Marshall, A.J.
Climate change is affecting primate environments in all primate habitat countries. Based on climate predictions, Malagasy, most Asian, and Neotropical primates are facing an increased frequency of extreme precipitation events and cyclones that can decimate whole communities. West and South African primates are facing a reduction in precipitation whilst East African primates will experience increased rainfall. Increased rainfall and CO2 levels can benefit fruit eaters as it tends to increase fruit production but it also increases parasite and disease risk. Increased temperatures, as predicted across the tropics, can disproportionally affect folivores as it reduces leaf quality. As relatively long-lived species with short dispersal distances and limited ranges, primates are unlikely to keep up with the pace at which climate change is occurring. It is, however, very difficult to predict how individual populations or species will adapt to climate change because of the complexity of the expected changes and the interaction between climate change and human habitat disturbance. Species' responses will depend on species-specific traits, socio-ecology, and phenotypic and genetic plasticity, and ultimately on how humans mitigate climate change through policy, population management and forest management. A lot more research is needed on the role that climate plays in shaping primate distributions and on successful mitigation strategies that incorporate the interactive effects of human disturbance of the environment in combination with climate change effects. While climate change research is moving extremely fast, our understanding of the relationship between primates and varying climatic conditions is lacking behind.