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JP2005509262A - Rechargeable and refuelable metal-air electrochemical cell - Google Patents
Rechargeable and refuelable metal-air electrochemical cell Download PDF
ゼング、ジョージ、ツォング−チイ
チェン、ムグオ
ツァイ、ツェピン
モーリス、ウィリアム
エビオニクス、インク.
2002-09-26 Application filed by エビオニクス、インク. filed Critical エビオニクス、インク.
H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
H01M2/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts
H01M2/36—Arrangements for filling, topping-up or emptying cases with or of liquid, e.g. for filling with electrolytes, for washing-out
H01M2/367—Arrangements for filling, topping-up or emptying cases with or of liquid, e.g. for filling with electrolytes, for washing-out with means for preventing spilling of liquid or electrolyte, e.g. when the battery is tilted or turned over
H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M12/065—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode with plate-like electrodes or stacks of plate-like electrodes
H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
H01M10/4214—Arrangements for moving electrodes or electrolyte
H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
H01M2/14—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements
H01M2/16—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
H01M2/164—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material comprising non-fibrous material
H01M2/1653—Organic non-fibrous material
H01M2/18—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the shape
H01M4/00—Electrodes
H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of or comprising active material
H01M2004/024—Insertable electrodes
H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M4/42—Alloys based on zinc
H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
H01M4/463—Aluminium based
H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
H01M4/76—Containers for holding the active material, e.g. tubes, capsules
In one embodiment, a refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell includes a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode, an air cathode, a third electrode, and a major surface of the anode. And a separator having ion permeability. In another embodiment, the refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell includes a discharge cell and a recharge cell. The discharge cell has an air cathode structure designed to receive a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode so that when the metal fuel anode is inserted into the air cathode structure, the metal fuel is converted to a metal oxide. Electrical energy is generated during the electrochemical conversion process. The recharge cell has a charged electrode structure designed to accept a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode (typically after such an anode is discharged or before the anode is first used for discharge). Therefore, when the metal fuel anode is inserted into the charged electrode structure, the metal oxide is converted into the metal fuel when electric energy is applied. In addition, various structures are provided to assist in the reduction of the anode.
The present invention relates to a metal-air type electrochemical cell. The present invention particularly relates to a rechargeable and refuelable metal-air electrochemical cell and an anode assembly for use therewith.
An electrochemical power source is a device that can generate electrical energy by an electrochemical reaction. These devices include metal-air type electrochemical cells such as zinc-air and aluminum-air batteries. In this type of metal electrochemical cell, an anode having a metal that is converted to a metal oxide during discharge is used. For example, in certain rechargeable electrochemical cells, current can be passed through the anode to reconvert metal oxide to metal, which can be used for later discharges. Further, the refuelable metal-air electrochemical cell is configured such that the anode material can be replaced for continuous discharge. Usually, a metal-air type electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. The anode is generally formed by immersing metal particles in an electrolytic solution. The cathode generally consists of a bifunctional semipermeable membrane and a catalyst layer for reducing oxygen. The electrolyte is usually a caustic liquid that is not electrically conductive but has ion permeability.
Metal-air electrochemical cells have many advantages over conventional hydrogen-based fuel cells. In particular, since fuels such as zinc are abundant and can exist as metals or their oxides, the supply of energy provided by metal-air electrochemical cells is virtually inexhaustible. Since the fuel of the metal-air type electrochemical cell can be solid, it is safe and easy to handle and store. Compared to hydrogen-based fuel cells that use methane, natural gas or liquefied natural gas to provide a hydrogen source and emit pollutant gases, metal-air electrochemical cells do not emit any exhaust. Metal-air fuel cell cells operate at room temperature, whereas oxyhydrogen fuel cells normally operate in the temperature range of 1000 ° C to 150 ° C. Metal-air type electrochemical cells can provide higher output voltages (1-4.5 volts) than conventional fuel cells (<0.8V).
In the desired and convenient configuration of a metal-air type electrochemical cell, the metal fuel is a hard card type metal fuel that can be replaced after it is electrochemically depleted, also referred to as "mechanical recharging".
However, hitherto known mechanically rechargeable or refuelable metal air cells could not be electrically recharged in combination with mechanical recharge.
There remains a need in the art for a metal-air electrochemical cell system that can be electrically recharged and refueled.
The above and other prior art problems and deficiencies are solved or mitigated by several methods and apparatus of the present invention in which a metal-air type electrochemical cell that can be refueled and recharged is provided.
In one embodiment, a refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell comprises a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode, an air cathode, a third electrode, and at least a portion of the major surface of the anode. And an ion conducting separator.
In another embodiment, the refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell includes a discharge cell and a recharge cell. The discharge cell has an air cathode structure designed to receive a detachable and rechargeable metal fuel anode so that when the metal fuel anode is inserted into the air cathode structure, the metal fuel to metal oxide. Electrical energy is generated during the electrochemical conversion process. The recharge cell is a chargeable electrode structure designed to accept a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode (typically after such an anode is discharged or before the anode is first used for discharge) Therefore, when the metal fuel anode is inserted into the charged electrode structure, the metal oxide is converted into the metal fuel when electric energy is applied.
In addition, various structures are provided to assist in refueling the anode.
The above-described and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and drawings.
General Description of Operating Components and Cell Operation A metal-air type electrochemical cell that can be refueled and charged is provided. In general, the refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell enables a metal fuel anode, an air cathode, a third electrode, and ionic conduction between the anode and cathode, but with electrical insulation. One or more separators to maintain. In addition, a structure is provided to assist in refilling the anode.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be exemplarily described with reference to the drawings. For clarity of explanation, similar features shown in the figures will be referred to with the same reference numerals, and similar features shown in alternative embodiments will be referred to with similar reference numerals.
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of an electrochemical cell 100a. Electrochemical cell 100a may be a metal oxygen cell, where metal is supplied from metal anode structure 112 and oxygen is supplied to oxygen cathode 114. The anode 112 and the cathode 114 are electrically insulated from each other by a separator 116. The shapes of the cells and their components are not limited to squares or rectangles, and can be tubular, spherical, circular, elliptical, polygonal, or any desired shape. Further, although the cell components are shown as being substantially vertical in FIG. 1, the arrangement of the cell components (ie, vertical, horizontal, or slanted arrangement) may be changed.
During the discharge operation, air or oxygen from other sources is used as a reactant for the air cathode 114 in the metal air cell 100a. Oxygen reaches the reaction site in the cathode 114 and is converted into hydroxyl ions with water. At the same time, electrons are released and flow as electricity in the external circuit. The hydroxyl passes through the separator 116 and moves to the metal anode 112. As hydroxyl moves to the metal anode (eg, in the case of anode 112 made of zinc), zinc hydroxide is formed on the surface of the zinc. Zinc hydroxide is broken down into zinc oxide and water is released back into the alkaline solution. The reaction is thus completed.
The anodic reaction is as follows.
The cathode reaction is as follows.
Thus, the overall cell reaction is as follows:
The anode 112 is generally made of metal and / or metal oxide and a metal component such as a current collector. In the case of a rechargeable cell, it is a known technique to utilize a composition that includes a combination of metal oxide and metal components. Optionally, an ion conductive medium is provided in the anode 112. In certain embodiments, the anode 112 further comprises a binder and / or suitable additives. Preferably, the composition optimizes ionic conductivity, capacity, density, and overall discharge, while minimizing shape change between cycles.
The metal component is mainly from metals and metal compounds such as zinc, calcium, lithium, magnesium, iron alloys, aluminum, at least one oxide of the aforementioned metals, or at least one of the aforementioned metals. You may comprise from the combination which consists of, and an alloy. These metals include bismuth, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, indium, lead, mercury, gallium, tin, cadmium, germanium, antimony, selenium, thallium, an oxide of at least one of the aforementioned metals, It may be mixed or alloyed with a component containing a combination of at least one of them, but is not limited thereto. The metal component may be provided in the form of powder, fiber, dust, granules, flakes, needles, pellets or other particles. In certain embodiments, a particulate metal, particularly a zinc alloy metal, is provided as the metal component. During conversion by electrochemical processes, metals are generally converted to metal oxides.
The anode current collector may be any metal that can provide electrical conductivity and can optionally support the anode 112. The current collector is made of an iron alloy such as copper, brass, stainless steel, nickel, carbon, a conductive polymer, a conductive ceramic, another material that is stable in an alkaline environment and does not corrode an electrode, or the above metal. It can be made from a variety of conductive materials, including at least one combination or alloy. The current collector may be in the form of a mesh, porous plate, foam metal material, platelet, wire, plate or other suitable structure. As described herein, certain embodiments utilize a current collector wire as the power output terminal.
The ion-conducting medium generally consists of an alkaline medium and provides a route for hydroxyl to reach metals and metal compounds. The ion conductivity may be such that the liquid electrolyte is properly accommodated and the medium is in the form of a bath. In certain embodiments, an ionic conductivity electrolyte is provided at the anode 112. The electrolyte is generally an ion conductive material such as KOH, NaOH, LiOH, other materials, or a combination of at least one of the foregoing electrolyte media. In particular, the electrolyte comprises about 5% to about 55% ion conductive material, preferably about 10% to about 50% ion conductive material, more preferably about 30% to about 45% ion conductive material. Consists of a liquid electrolyte with a concentration. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, other electrolytes can be used as alternatives depending on their capabilities.
The optional binder of the anode 112 primarily maintains the anode component in a solid or, in some configurations, substantially solid form. A binder is any material that generally adheres to the anode material and current collector to form a suitable structure and is generally provided in an appropriate amount for the purpose of bonding the anode. This material is preferably chemically inert in the electrochemical environment. In certain embodiments, the binder material is soluble in water or capable of forming an emulsion, but insoluble in the electrolyte solution. Suitable binder materials include polytetrafluoroethylene (eg, Teflon® and Teflon® T-30 commercially available from EI de Pont Nemours and Company Corp., Wilmington, Del.). ), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly- (ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and similar polymers and copolymers, and derivatives, and at least one of the foregoing binder materials Includes combinations and mixtures. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that other binder materials can be used.
Optional additives may be provided to prevent corrosion. Suitable additives include indium oxide, zinc oxide, EDTA, surfactant (eg, sodium stearate, potassium lauryl sulfate, Triton® X-400) (Union Carbide Chemical & Plastics Corp., Danbury, CT). And other surfactants, analogs and derivatives, and combinations and mixtures comprising at least one of the aforementioned additives, but are not limited thereto. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that other binder materials can be used.
The oxygen supplied to the cathode 114 may be from any oxygen source, such as air, cleaned air, pure or nearly pure oxygen obtained from utility or system supplies, or from on-site oxygen production, etc. Or any combination of at least one of the aforementioned oxygen sources is possible.
Cathode 114 may be a conventional air diffusion cathode and is typically configured with a suitable connection structure such as, for example, an active component and a carbon substrate, and a current collector. Alternatively, the cathode 114 may have a bifunctional electrode that is suitable for both discharging and charging. Generally, the cathode catalyst has a current density of at least 20 milliamps per square centimeter (mA / cm 2 ) at room temperature, preferably a current density of at least 50 mA / cm 2 , and more preferably a current density of at least 100 mA / cm 2. Selected to achieve. Of course, higher current densities can be achieved with a suitable cathode catalyst and formulation. The cathode 114 may be bifunctional, for example, operable during both discharging and recharging.
The carbon used is preferably chemically inert in the electrochemical cell environment and can be of various shapes, but may include carbon flakes, graphite, other large surface area carbon materials, or the aforementioned carbon. Including, but not limited to, a combination of at least one of the features.
The cathode current collector may be any conductive material that can provide electrical conductivity, preferably chemically stable in an alkaline solution, and can optionally provide support to the cathode 114. The current collector may be in the form of a mesh, porous plate, foam metal material, platelet, wire, plate or other suitable structure. The current collector is generally porous to minimize obstructing oxygen flow. The current collector can be manufactured from a variety of conductive materials including iron, alloys such as copper, stainless steel, nickel, chromium, titanium, analogs thereof, and combinations or alloys of at least one of the above metals It is. Suitable current collectors include porous metals such as nickel foam metal. Further, in the cathode embodiment herein, the cathode substantially covers the structure configured to receive the anode, and the current collector is provided at the fold portion of the covering cathode (FIG. 9A). Etc.).
The cathode 114 generally uses a binder and may be any material that adheres to the substrate material, current collector, and catalyst to form an appropriate structure. The binder is generally provided in a suitable amount for bonding carbon, catalyst and / or current collector. This material is preferably chemically inert in the electrochemical environment. In certain embodiments, the binder material also has hydrophobic properties. Suitable binder materials include polytetrafluoroethylene (eg, Teflon® and Teflon® T-30 commercially available from EI du Pont Nemours and Company Corp., Wilmington, Del.). Polymers and copolymers based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly- (ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and the like, and derivatives, combinations of at least one of the foregoing binder materials and However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other binder materials can be used.
The active component is generally a suitable catalyst material to assist the oxygen reaction at the cathode 114. The catalyst material is generally provided in an amount effective to promote an oxygen reaction at the cathode 114. Suitable catalyst materials include, but are not limited to, manganese, lanthanum, strontium, cobalt, platinum, and combinations and oxides of at least one of the foregoing catalyst materials. An exemplary air cathode is disclosed in co-pending and commonly assigned US Pat. No. 6,636,751 entitled "Electrochemical Electrode For Fuel Cell" by Wayne Yao and Tspin Tsai, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. It shall be incorporated in the book. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, other air cathodes can alternatively be used depending on their capabilities.
A separator 116 is provided between the electrodes to electrically insulate the anode 112 from the cathode 114. To form an anode assembly, the separator 116 may be disposed in physical and ionic contact with at least a portion of at least one major surface of the anode 112 or with the entire major surface of the anode. Good. In yet another embodiment, the separator 116 is placed in physical and ionic contact with the majority of the surface of the cathode 114 adjacent to the anode 112.
Physical and ionic contact between the separator and anode may be achieved as follows. Attaching separator 116 directly on one or more major surfaces of anode 112; wrapping anode 112 in separator 116; using a frame or other structure for structural support of anode 112, where separator 116 is a frame or other The separator 116 is attached to a frame or other structure, where the anode 112 is disposed within the frame or other structure.
Separator 116 may be any commercially available separator that has the ability to electrically isolate anode 112 and cathode 114 while at the same time allowing sufficient ion permeation between anode 112 and cathode 114. Separator 116 is preferably flexible and chemically inert to the cell chemistry so as to accommodate the electrochemical expansion and contraction of the cell components. Suitable separators are provided in the form of, but not limited to, woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, porous (eg, micro- or nano-pores), multi-tufts, and polymer sheets, and the like. Absent. Materials for the separator include polyolefins (eg, Gelgard® available from Dow Chemical), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose (eg, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and the like), polyethylene, polyamide ( For example, nylon), carbon fluoride resins (eg, Nafion® series resins with sulfonic acid functionality (commercially available from Du Pont)), cellophane, filter paper, and the aforementioned materials A combination of at least one is included, but is not limited to this. Separator 116 also has additives and / or coatings (eg, acrylic compounds and the like) that improve wettability and improve electrolyte permeability.
In certain preferred embodiments, the separator 116 comprises a membrane containing an electrolyte, such as a hydroxide permeable electrolyte. The membrane may have hydroxide permeability characteristics for the following reasons. Physical properties that can support hydroxide sources such as gelatinous alkaline substances (eg, porous); molecular structures that can support hydroxide sources (eg, aqueous electrolytic solutions); anion exchange properties (eg, anion exchange membranes); Or a combination of one or more of these properties that can provide a hydroxide source.
The electrolyte (in all variations of separator 116 herein) generally comprises an ion permeable material that allows ion permeation between the metal anode and cathode. The electrolyte is generally composed of a hydroxide permeable material (eg, a combination of KOH, NaOH, LiOH, RbOH, CsOH or at least one of the aforementioned electrolyte media). In a preferred embodiment, the hydroxide permeable material comprises KOH. In particular, the electrolyte comprises about 5% to about 55% ion conductive material, preferably about 10% to about 50% ion conductive material, more preferably about 30% to about 40% ion conductive material. Consists of electrolyte solution with concentration.
A preferred embodiment of a conductive membrane suitable as separator 116 is described in more detail in the following literature: Muguo Chen, Tsepin Tsai, Wayne Yao, Yuen-Ming Chang, filed Feb. 26, 1999, Lin-Feng Li and US Patent Application No. 09/259068 by Tom Karen, title of the invention "Solid Gel Membrane"; Muguo Chen, Tsepin Tsai and Lin-Feng Li filed Jan. 11, 2000; US Pat. No. 6,358,651, entitled "Solid Gel Membrane Separator in Rechargeable Electrochemical Cells"; 2001 US patent application Ser. No. 09/943053 by Robert Callahan, Mark Stevens and Muguo Chen, filed August 30, 2001, entitled "Polymer Matrix Material"; Robert Callahan, filed August 30, 2001; US patent application Ser. No. 09/942887 by Mark Stevens and Muguo Chen, title of the invention "Electrochemical Cell Incorporating Polymer Matrix Material"; the entire specification is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Suppose that These membranes are generally polymerized products of one or more monomers selected from the group of water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated amides and acids, optionally further soluble or water-soluble polymers, or reinforcing agents such as PVA. It consists of the polymer material which consists of. Such membranes are not only desirable for high ion permeability due to the electrolyte integrated inside, but also provide structural support and resistance to dendrites, so metal-air type electrochemical A suitable separator for charging the cell.
The polymerization product may be formed on a support material or a substrate. The support material or substrate may be a woven or non-woven fabric such as polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, or polyamide such as nylon, but is not limited thereto. Furthermore, the polymerization product may be formed directly on the anode or cathode of the cell.
The electrolytic solution may be added before or after the polymerization of the monomer. For example, in one embodiment, the electrolyte may be added to a solution containing the monomer, optional polymerization initiator, and optional reinforcing element prior to polymerization so that it is contained within the polymeric material after polymerization. . Alternatively, the polymerization may be performed without an electrolyte and the electrolyte added later.
Water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated amide and acid monomers are methylene bisacrylamide, acrylamide, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-isopropylacrylamide, fumaramide, fumaric acid, N, N-dimethylacrylamide , Sodium salt of 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid, other water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated amide and acid monomers or combinations of at least one of the aforementioned monomers.
The water-soluble or water-swelling polymer that serves as a reinforcing element is polysulfone (anion), poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), carboxymethylcellulose, sodium salt of poly (styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid), It may be composed of corn starch, any other water-soluble or water-swelling polymer, or a combination of at least one of the aforementioned water-soluble or water-swelling polymers. The addition of a reinforcing element improves the mechanical strength of the polymer structure.
Optionally a cross-linking agent, such as methylene bisacrylamide, ethylene bisacrylamide, any water-soluble N, N′-alkylidene bis (ethylenically unsaturated amide), other cross-linking material, or at least one of the aforementioned cross-linking agents A combination consisting of two.
Polymerization initiators also include ammonium persulfate, alkali metal persulfates and peroxides, other initiators, or a combination of at least one of the foregoing initiators. In addition, initiators may be used in combination with free radical generation methods such as radiation including ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma rays and the like. However, if radiation alone is strong enough for initiation of polymerization, it is not necessary to add a chemical initiator.
In one method of forming the polymer matrix membrane, the selected fabric is immersed in the monomer solution (with or without the desired ionic species), the solution-coated fabric is cooled, and a polymerization initiator is optionally added. Is done. The monomer solution can also be polymerized by heating or by irradiation with ultraviolet light, gamma rays, X-rays, electron beams or combinations thereof, thereby producing the polymeric material. When the ionic species are included in the polymerized solution, hydroxide ions (or other ions) remain in solution after polymerization. Further, when the polymer material does not contain an ionic species, for example, the polymer material may be added by immersing it in an ionic solution.
The polymerization of the membrane is generally carried out in the temperature range from room temperature to about 130 ° C, preferably in the high temperature range from about 75 ° C to about 100 ° C. Optionally, the polymerization may be performed using radiation together with heating. Alternatively, depending on the intensity of the radiation, it can be carried out using only the radiation without increasing the temperature of the component. Examples of radiation types useful for the polymerization reaction include, but are not limited to, ultraviolet light, gamma rays, X-rays, electron beams, or combinations thereof.
In order to control the thickness of the film, the coated fabric may be placed in a suitable mold prior to polymerization. Or you may arrange | position the cloth coated with the said monomer solution between suitable films, such as glass and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the thickness of the film will vary based on the effect in a particular application. In certain embodiments, the membrane or separator may have a thickness of about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, for example to separate oxygen from air. Since the actual conductive medium remains in the aqueous solution in the polymer core, the permeability of the membrane is comparable to that of the liquid electrolyte and is much higher at room temperature.
As generally described above, the separator may be placed in adhesive or ionic contact with one or more surfaces of the anode and / or cathode. For example, the separator may be pressed against the anode or the cathode.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, a recharge cell 100b for a metal-air type electrochemical cell is illustrated. The cell 100b includes an anode 112 and a charged electrode 115 that are in ionic contact with and electrically isolated by a separator. During operation, a consumed anode material or a new rechargeable anode structure (ie, containing oxidized metal) that is in ionic contact with charged electrode 115 causes current to flow across said charged electrode 115 and anode 112. By flowing (eg, 2 volts or more for a metal-air system), it is converted to new anode material (ie metal) and oxygen. The charging electrode 115 may be formed of a conductive structure, and includes a mesh, a porous plate, a foam metal, a strip, a wire, a plate, or other suitable structure. In a particular embodiment, the charged electrode 115 is porous and allows ion permeation. The charged electrode can be formed of a variety of conductive materials, including copper, iron alloys such as stainless steel, nickel, chromium, titanium, and the like, combinations and alloys of at least one of the foregoing materials. Including, but not limited to. A suitable charged electrode comprises a porous metal such as a nickel foam metal.
Alternatively, the bifunctional electrode 114 may be used in the cell 100a, in which case charging is accomplished by applying a voltage across the electrodes 112 and 114. However, this configuration is generally not preferred because the discharge life and performance are usually significantly reduced when the discharge electrode is also used as a charge electrode.
One configuration including both a charged electrode 115 and a discharge air cathode 114 is illustrated in FIG. 1C, where the metal air cell 100c is capable of both discharging and recharging. The cell 100c includes an anode 112 and a cathode 114 that are in ionic contact. Further, the charged electrode 115 is in ionic contact with the anode 112, arranged to be electrically insulated from the cathode 114 by the separator 117, and electrically insulated from the anode 112 by the separator 116. Separators 116 and 117 may be the same or different. Due to the charged electrode 115, the cathode 114 may be a single function electrode, for example, it is manufactured for discharging, just as the charged electrode 115 is manufactured for charging. During operation, consumed anode material (ie, metal oxide) that is in ionic contact with charged electrode 115 causes a current (eg, 2 volts or more in a metal-air system) across charged electrode 115 and consumed anode material. By flowing, it is converted to new anode material (ie metal) and oxygen.
Generalized Embodiment of Integrated Refueling and Rechargeable Metal-Air Electrochemical Cell System Referring now to FIG. 2A, a schematic diagram of a refueling and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system 200. And a related set of removable and rechargeable anode structures 212 supported by the support structure 240 are illustrated. In the system 200, multiple anode structures 212 can be charged after being discharged within the same unit (or equal unit). System 200 generally includes a plurality of receiving structures, each having a configuration and dimensions for receiving a detachable and chargeable anode structure 212, which can discharge and charge the anode structure.
Exemplary System and Structure for Integrated Refueling and Rechargeable Metal-Air Electrochemical Cell System Referring now to FIG. 2B, individual refueling and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell 210 An exploded schematic is shown. Cell 210 is generally a monopolar cell, where anode 212 is typically disposed between a pair of active cathode portions 214A and 214B. Furthermore, the third charged electrodes 215A and 215B are disposed between the cathodes 214A and 215B and the anode 212, respectively. A pair of separators 216A and 216B are arranged to conduct ions with the two major surfaces of anode 212. In a preferred embodiment, separators 216A and 216B have a membrane with an electrolyte incorporated therein, as described above. Such a film not only insulates the anode 212 from the third electrodes 215A and 215B, but also minimizes or prevents dendrite growth from the anode 212 toward the third electrodes 215A and 215B. Such dendrite formation is undesirable because it can cause a short circuit. The cell 210 further includes a pair of spacers 220A and 220B, which are commonly used to place a fixed distance between the third electrodes 215A and 215B and the cathodes 214A and 214B, respectively.
Referring now to FIG. 2C, the anode assembly 211 is illustrated. The anode assembly 211 includes a portion of the anode material 212 that is typically disposed within or on the support frame 222. In certain embodiments, a pair of separators 216 A and 216 B are disposed on opposing major surfaces of the anode material 212. In addition, there is a cap portion 224 that provides additional structural support for the anode assembly 211 and generally a passage 226 for air intake, exhausted gas, and / or electrical connections. As shown, the exemplary frame 222 includes three openings 227 for air and generated gas passages, and two openings 228 that secure passages for conductive elements for connection to the anode. A pair of spacers 220A and 220B are generally disposed on opposite sides of the anode material 212 to maintain physical separation between the anode material 212 and the cathode 214. The illustrated spacers 220A and 220B include a plurality of extensions, such as rods (shown in FIG. 2C), that extend from the top of the spacers 220A and 220B. These extensions may generally mate with corresponding openings in the top portion 224 and may be secured by fasteners (nuts or the like). In a further embodiment, a plurality of openings are provided in the bottoms of spacers 220A and 220B, and the spacers are secured together. Such an embodiment is particularly useful, for example, when separators 216A and 216B are provided. It is particularly useful when separators 216A and 216B have a membrane containing an electrolyte.
As described above, the anode assembly 211 can include an anode material and a separator (preferably a membrane containing an electrolyte). Alternatively, a third electrode may be included within each anode assembly 211 (instead of within the corresponding cell body 230, described later herein). For example, the charged electrode may be placed around a separator disposed on the anode material 212, where the anode and charged electrode are detachable together as an integrated anode assembly 211. In this arrangement, the charged electrode 215 serves not only as a charged electrode but also as a structural support, and promotes the extension of the life even when the anode assembly 211 is repeatedly attached and detached.
Referring now to FIG. 2D, an assembled refuelable and rechargeable electrochemical cell 210 that includes an anode assembly 211 inserted into the cell body 230 is illustrated. In certain embodiments where an electrolyte bath is used as the ion conductive medium, the cell body 230 is configured to include a predetermined amount of electrolyte. The third electrode may be incorporated into the body 230, generally as shown in FIG. 2B, and may be incorporated into the anode assembly 211 as described above.
The pair of cathodes 214 </ b> A and 214 </ b> B are disposed on the opposing side surfaces of the cell body 230. Preferably, the cell body 230 is configured to provide an electrolyte reservoir on each side of the cell body 230 to hold sufficient electrolyte for recharging. In order to seal the electrolyte reservoir, the cell body 230 may have a suitable sealing portion. Alternatively, for example, one or more heat absorbers may be disposed in the cell body 230 to remove heat generated in the cell 210. Further, the electrolyte may be circulated to dissipate heat during discharge.
When the anode assembly 211 includes the third electrode or a pair of third electrodes, the entire assembly can be electrically charged in another electrolyte tank after being removed from the cell body 230. Thus, the cell 210 can be fueled by another anode assembly 211 while the discharged anode assembly 211 is recharged. This system assists regeneration of the anode assembly 211 with the minimum hardware of any recharge assembly.
Generalized embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system using a separate discharge and charging module FIG. 3 is a generalized schematic diagram of a metal-air electrochemical cell system 300 And includes a cell discharge system 302 and a cell charging system 352. Both systems 302 and 352 include one or more receiving structures that are sized and configured to receive one or more anode structures 312. As shown, when the capacity of the first group of anode structures in the cell discharge system 302 decreases, the group is moved to a nearby cell charging system 352 or transferred to an off-site cell charging system 352. A new second group of anodes is then inserted into the cell discharge system 302. In this way, electricity can be generated with only a limited interruption to the time required to remove consumed metal fuel and insert new metal fuel, which means that the user can In contrast to systems that have to wait to be recharged.
This is also in contrast to that in a conventional, known system, the removed anode cannot be electrically recharged as is (after the anode has been removed and the metal fuel has been regenerated in a loose form). The material is used to make a new anode). Therefore, it is convenient for the user directly because it can be removed and electrically charged instead of requiring extensive processing to be electrically charged.
Exemplary systems and structures for refueling and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cells using a separate discharge and charge module
First Example of Discharge and Charge Module The discharge and charge module used in the refueling and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system described herein can be of various structural types. In the specific embodiment described herein, the discharge and charge module is basically a plurality of individual cell structures arranged in a row and grouped together to form an integrated discharge module. It is manufactured to form an integrated charging module.
For example, referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, one embodiment of a discharge module 302 of a metal-air type electrochemical cell is shown. FIG. 4A generally shows module 302 with metal fuel removed, and FIG. 4B generally shows module 302 with metal fuel inserted.
The metal-air electrochemical cell discharge module 302 includes a plurality of electrochemical discharge cells 310 in a columnar configuration. Each electrochemical discharge cell 310 includes an active air cathode (not shown) and an air cathode structure 314 having a cathode electrical terminal 318; a removable anode structure 320, and a metal fuel anode portion (not shown). ) And an L-shaped bus bar extending from a current collector (not shown), the L-shaped bus bar being fitted into the anode electrical terminal 328 and attached to the cathode structure 314 side, which is illustrated A possible anode structure 320; The plurality of electrochemical discharge cells 310 are assembled together and mounted on a fluid management unit 340 that generally allows for air flow and electrolyte recovery, the details of which are described below.
The anode structure 320 may be used, for example, to interrupt the discharge of an electrochemical cell or to be inserted into a corresponding charging cell 355 of a charging system 352 (shown in FIG. 4C) or to replace the anode structure with a new one. It can be removed to replace an anode structure, a charged anode structure, or a tuned anode structure (collectively referred to herein as "refueling").
Next, in FIG. 4C, a charging unit 352 is shown. The charging unit 352 includes a plurality of charging cells 355 (eg, functioning as outlined in connection with FIG. 1B) having a configuration and dimensions for receiving a removable and rechargeable anode structure 320. External current is supplied to the charged electrode through bus 358 and to the anode by bus 360, where each anode terminal 324 is an opening configured to allow electrical connection between bus 360 and anode terminal 324. Engage with 362.
A charged electrode may be operatively disposed within each cell 355 configured and arranged to ionically conduct with the anode assembly 320 when it is inserted. Preferably, a pair of charged electrodes is provided for each anode assembly 320 so that it can be charged from both major surfaces of the anode.
Alternatively, if charged electrodes are incorporated into the removable and rechargeable anode assembly 320, each charged electrode includes a suitable electrical connection structure, and the anode assembly 320 including such charged electrodes is connected to the charging cell 355. When inserted, current supply to the charged electrode becomes possible.
In certain embodiments, the charging operation is performed in the presence of a liquid electrolyte, so that the charging cell has a configuration and dimensions for holding the electrolyte.
Referring now to FIG. 4D, an electrochemical cell discharge module 302 is shown without the fluid management unit 340. For mechanical integrity and to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of electrolyte leakage, a plurality of cells 310 (not including the anode structure 320 therein) are assembled and integrally molded into an integrated module. Is done. Integral molding is generally coated around the entire structure, except for electrolyte management and air management openings, by integral molding, which may be injection molding, rotational molding, or other suitable manufacturing method. Is further described below.
In a preferred embodiment, the monolithic shell is polymerized in situ (as opposed to solidifying the melt). Monomers may be selected for in-situ polymerization, so that, for example, polymerization and possibly crosslinking within the pores of the cathode form a seal, and electrolysis from the edge of the originally porous cathode. Prevents liquid leakage and provides structural coupling and support for all cell components. A suitable type of material includes polyurethane (eg, TEK Plastic Polyurethane (TAN) commercially available from Tekcast Industries, Inc., New York, NY) (manufactured by Aluminumite Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan). A person skilled in the art will include a suitable plate or other shaped structure in the cell structure, providing an air path between the cells and centrally for the electrolyte and anode assembly within the cell structure. It is understood that a pocket is formed.
First Example of Individual Cathode and Anode Structure Referring now to 5A, 5B and 5C, an exploded view of the cathode structure, an exploded view of the anode structure, and an assembled cell are illustrated, respectively. Further, in FIG. 5D, a cross-sectional cell diagram of air and electrolyte management is shown.
In general, the discharge cell 310 includes a cathode structure 314 and a removable anode structure 320. The cathode structure 314 includes a support frame 370 that includes a top portion 382 having a configuration and dimensions for generally receiving the anode structure 320 for electrolyte (in systems where a liquid electrolyte is used) and / or Alternatively, it is preferable to provide a gap at one or more of the edges, or faces, of the anode structure 320 to accommodate cell expansion during the discharge operation.
As shown, a pair of air cathode portions 373 and 375 are disposed on opposite sides of the cathode structure support frame 370. The cathode portions 373 and 375 may be integrally formed with the frame by being fixed to the frame 370 by molding, bonding, or the like, for example. To generally prevent electrical contact between the anode structure 320 and the active cathode portions 373 and 375 when the anode structure 320 is inserted, a pair of separators 316a may be included. In addition, a cathode electrical terminal 318 is provided on the cathode support frame 370 that electrically connects to a cathode current collector (not shown).
Adjacent to the air cathode portion 375 is an air management structure 376. In general, the air management structure 376 allows for controlled air flow across the air cathode portion 375 and is indicated by arrow 377 in FIG. 5D. Accordingly, the air management structure 376 needs to be tightly placed or fixed to the frame 370 through the active cathode portion 375. When the cell discharge system 302 is assembled from multiple cells, an air management structure for adjacent cells (not shown) is provided adjacent to the air cathode portion 373 on the opposite side of the frame 370. Thus, the air management structure 376 includes air in both the air cathode portion 375 in the support frame 370 and the air cathode portion of an adjacent cell (corresponding to the single cell air cathode portion 373 shown). Assist the flow.
Optionally, electrolyte management may be included integrated within the air management structure 376. As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5D, the bottom portion of the air management structure 376 slopes from right to left (illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5D). Thus, as the liquid electrolyte oozes from the cathode portion adjacent to the air management structure 376, the electrolyte falls to the bottom slope due to gravity and then exits the cell using the same outlet used for air discharge.
In addition, electrolyte management is also provided within the frame 370. As shown in FIG. 5D, an opening 384 is provided near the top of the inner compartment of the frame 370 to provide access to the overflow or circulation tube 388. The inner compartment may be configured to contain a liquid electrolyte and may include a system that is pre-filled with electrolyte or that is selectively provided with an inlet 368 or the like as shown. If the electrolyte level reaches the height of the opening 384, the electrolyte is drained from the cell via the channel and outlet 388. The channel and outlet 388 may be integrally formed as part of the frame 370 or may include one or more portions of tubing or other tubing as illustrated in FIG. 5A. The channel and outlet 388 further serve as an outlet separate from the air outlet so that generated gases (eg, hydrogen that may be generated during certain types of metal-air electrochemical reactions) can be discharged. do.
FIG. 5B shows an exploded view of a typical anode structure 320. The anode structure 320 generally includes a frame 390, a pair of metal fuel support structures or grids 392, and a top sealing portion 394. Metallic fuel (which is understood to be in powder, paste, fiber, or other "rose" form supported by a grid 392, but is generally indicated by the sheet 396) Provided between grid 392 and frame 390 and typically provided with a pair of metal current collectors disposed on each side of the frame 390 (not shown). A pair of separators 316b (or a single separator that wraps around the anode structure) is provided on the anode structure 320. The separator (which may be a membrane containing an electrolyte as described above) may include an electrolyte source and may also minimize or prevent dendritic penetration.
The frame 390 may optionally be a conductive frame to enhance current collection. The frame 390 is generally configured as an open rectangle having a first surface and a second surface and extends from a portion of the rectangle in which the electrical terminals 324 are open. The illustrated top seal 394 is a wedge-shaped structure. For example, when the top seal 394 is formed of a resilient material, it is particularly useful because a hermetic seal is provided when inserted into the cathode structure 314.
Preferably, when the anode structure 320 is placed in the cathode structure 314, a gap remains between them, leaving room for an ion conducting medium, such as an electrolyte, between the anode material and the cathode, and for discharging. In the meantime, it is adapted to the expansion of the anode volume by the conversion from metal to metal oxide. The support grid 392 may mechanically support the anode material and adapt to expansion.
One method of assembling the anode is to deposit foil on both sides of the frame 390, thinly extend a desired amount of metal fuel material onto the foil (sufficiently from the air cathode when the cell is assembled). The amount is selected to provide a desired cell capacity while maintaining a good distance), pressing the grid onto the metal fuel material, and bonding a separator to the grid. In a preferred embodiment, the separator adheres to the grid interconnects to improve structural integrity and provides a tightly pressed fit to expand the metallic fuel material during an electrochemical reaction. To prevent the separation of the separator. In another method of assembling the anode, a solid plastic membrane is placed on the open portion of the frame prior to installing the current collector foil. This generally helps to prevent liquids from entering the region between the current collectors, especially when the level of the electrolyte opening 384 is higher than the level of the grid. In another method of assembling the anode, a solid plastic membrane is placed on the open portion of the frame prior to installing the current collector foil. In yet another method of assembling the anode, a compressible membrane is placed on the open portion of the conductive frame prior to attaching the current collector foil. This allows volume support when the anode material expands during the electrochemical reaction.
To facilitate assembly of the anode structure 320, a series of protrusions may extend outwardly from the conductive frame 390, which coincides with a receiving portion on the metal fuel support structure 392. These not only allow for precise assembly in a short time, but also allow for the integrity of the overall structure of the anode structure 320 and are particularly relevant when anode expansion occurs.
First Embodiment of Fluid (Air and Electrolyte) Management Structure Referring now to FIGS. 6A-6D, the fluid management unit 340 is further described. In general, the fluid management unit 340 provides a structure for facilitating air flow from the air management structure 376 of the cathode structure 314. In addition, the fluid management unit 340 optionally controls the electrolyte that exits the air management structure 376 (eg, pulls to the bottom ramp and exits the cell from the air outlet) and / or exits the channel 386 and outlet 388. May be provided for.
In particular, the fluid management unit 340 generally includes an air outlet 402 and an electrolyte leak opening 404. For example, excess electrolyte arising from the air management structure 376 and / or the channel and outlet 388 described above, or electrolyte circulating in the cell may flow out of the cell and out through the channel 406 to the opening 404.
Further, for example, air normally enters the cell from an area 376 in which a fan or a fan is accommodated (from an inlet of the air management structure 376 or the like). Optionally, a gas scrubbing system may be used in the cell to remove carbon dioxide from room air. Air flowing from region 410 enters the cell through opening 412 and is diffused between the cells through channel 414. Exhaust is emitted from the system via channel 406 and opening 402. In this manner, the air management structure 376 can move exhaust and excess / leaked electrolyte to the same channel 406.
In addition to providing fluid management, the fluid management unit 340 may be configured to provide better mechanical integrity to the overall cell structure. For example, a series of rails 416 and ribs 418 may be provided, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Furthermore, the air management design allows both the air inlet and outlet to be located at the bottom of the cell, so that additional material support can be added near the top of the cell where good sealing is generally important.
In FIG. 6D, a module 302 that includes a fluid management structure 340 is shown and includes a tube 342 for each cell 310. For example, individual cells may be provided without electrolyte and, if necessary, electrolyte may be inserted into the cell from the reservoir, eg, by actuation of a pump or other fluid transport device (not shown). Good. Alternatively, the electrolyte may be circulated continuously or intermittently during discharge, for example to remove heat. Similar structures may also be included to remove solids or minimize dendrite formation during the charging operation. Optionally, a clamping structure or valve may be attached to improve control of the electrolyte flow. The length of the tube that carries the electrolyte to each cell 310 leads to an increase in resistance, thereby eliminating or reducing the possibility of a short circuit that normally occurs in the shared electrolyte source of the metal-air electrochemical cell.
Example of Gripping Structure for Removal and Insertion of Anode Structure Referring now to FIGS. 7A and 7B, a gripping structure 430 generally assisting in the removal of the anode structure 320 is illustrated. The gripping structure 430 is generally fixed to the support frame 438 or integrally formed with the support handle 438. The end portion of the support frame 438 generally has a configuration and dimensions that fit over the top portion of the system module 302. For example, the portion 440 of the support frame 438 is configured to fit over the anode terminal 324. Further, the gripping structure 430 includes a movable handle 434 that is fixed to or integrally formed with a movable frame 436 (generally, the movable handle 434 moves near the support handle 432) that moves upward. The movable handle 436 includes a pair of sliding hook assemblies that slide over a range of travel limited by a corresponding slot in the movable handle 406, as indicated by arrow 444. Each of the sliding hook assemblies includes a plurality of hooks 446 corresponding to the eyes 448 (see FIG. 5C, etc.) on the anode structure 320. Although multiple hooks 446 are shown, it is understood that a single hook may be used if the anode structures are removed one by one. Accordingly, the hook 446 is aligned with the anode 448 of the anode structure to assist in the removal of the plurality of anode structures 320. The sliding hook assembly 442 is then slid to a position where the hook 446 enters the eye 448. The movable handle 434 is then typically pulled by grasping the support handle 432 and the movable handle 434 and the connected anode structure 320 is withdrawn from the assembly. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations are possible, including integrating a gripping structure similar to structure 430 into the automatic anode refill system.
Second Embodiment of Discharge and Charge Module Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8C, another embodiment of a discharge module and a charge module of a metal-air type electrochemical cell is shown. A metal-air type electrochemical cell discharge module 502 containing fuel is shown in FIG. 8A, a system including the removed fuel structure, discharge module and charging module is shown in FIG. 8B, and a discharge module without connection / sealing housing is shown. Shown in FIG. 8C.
The metal-air electrochemical cell discharge module 502 generally includes a plurality of electrochemical discharge cells 510 arranged in a columnar configuration. Each electrochemical discharge cell 510 includes an air cathode structure 514 having an active air cathode (not shown) and a removable anode structure 520 that includes a metal fuel anode portion (not shown).
The assembly 530 (FIG. 8C) of the cathode structure 520 is generally located within a housing 532 having a cover 534. The assembly 530 is generally formed by integral molding or the like as described above. Similarly, an assembly of charging structure or support structure (eg, a charging electrode integrated with the anode structure) is provided in a housing 562 having a cover 564 to form a charging module 552. The module 502 is mounted on a fluid management unit 540 (and the module 552 may be mounted on a similar fluid management structure), as described in detail later in this specification. Electrolyte recovery is generally possible.
An important feature of the modules 502 and 552 is an integrated hermetic cover 534, 564 that provides electrical contact with the cathode or charged electrode. In general, the anode structure 520 includes a conductor 524 extending from the top of the structure. Cathode electrical terminals 518 are mounted on the inner portion of the cover 534 and access the conductor 524 when the cover 534 is closed. The terminal 518 is connected to the cathode through a flexible lead (not shown) to achieve opening and closing of the cover 534 and is supported through the opening 536 of the assembly 530, for example. Thus, discharging (or charging) is accomplished by closing the cover 534 (or 564), which serves to both seal the system to prevent electrolyte leakage and to cause electrical contact between the counter electrodes.
The anode structure 520 may be used, for example, to interrupt the discharge of an electrochemical cell or to be inserted into a corresponding charging cell 555 of a charging system 552, or to replace the anode structure with a new anode structure, charged anode. It can be removed to replace the structure, or a tuned anode structure (collectively referred to herein as "refueling").
The charging unit 552 includes a plurality of charging cells 555 (eg, functioning as outlined in connection with FIG. 1B) having a configuration and dimensions for receiving a removable and rechargeable anode structure 520. External current is supplied to the charging electrode through terminal 558 and to the anode through terminal 560, where each anode terminal 524 is engaged with a corresponding charging electrode lead in the cover 564. Note that terminals 558 and 560 can be reversed depending on the active wire connection.
First Example of Individual Cathode and Anode Structure Referring now to 9A, 9B, and 5C, exploded views of the cathode structure, the assembled air cathode structure, and the anode structure are illustrated, respectively. The cathode structure 514 includes a support frame 570 that includes a top opening 582 that is configured and dimensioned to generally receive the anode structure 520, preferably for an electrolyte (in systems where a liquid electrolyte is used), and / or Gaps are provided at one or more ends or faces of the anode structure 520 for cell expansion during the discharge operation.
As shown, the air cathode 575 covers around the facing surface of the cathode structure support frame 570. The cathode 575 is integrated with the frame by being fixed to the frame 570 by a method such as integral molding or adhesion, or by being molded in situ when the assembly 530 is formed after being covered. May be formed. In general, a pair of separators 516a may be included between the sides of the frame 570 and cathode 575 to prevent electrical contact between the anode structure 520 and the active cathode portion 575 upon insertion. In addition, a cathode electrical terminal 517 is provided on the cathode support frame 570 that electrically connects to a terminal 518 (not shown).
Adjacent to the air cathode portion 575 is an air management structure 576. In general, the air management structure 576 allows for controlled air flow across the air cathode portion 575 and is indicated by arrow 377 in FIG. 5D. Accordingly, the air management structure 576 needs to be tightly disposed or fixed to the frame 570 through the active cathode portion 575. When the cell discharge system 502 is assembled from multiple cells, an air management structure of adjacent cells (not shown) is provided adjacent to the air cathode portion 575 on the opposite side of the frame 570. In this manner, the air management structure 576 assists in air flow in both the air cathode portion 575 in the support frame 570 and the air cathode portion of an adjacent cell.
FIG. 9C shows an exploded view of an exemplary anode structure 520. The anode structure 520 generally includes a frame containing a metal fuel and a pair of separators (or a single separator covering the anode structure) on the major surface of the anode structure 520 (not shown). The separator may be a membrane containing an electrolyte as described above and includes an electrolyte source and minimizes or prevents dendritic penetration.
The anode structure 520 may also include an extension terminal 524 for mating with a cathode terminal in the housing cover on a majority of the anode structure top. Preferably, when the anode structure 520 is placed in the cathode structure 514, a gap remains between them, leaving room for an ion conducting medium such as an electrolyte between the anode material and the cathode, and discharging. During this time, the expansion of the anode volume due to the conversion from metal to metal oxide is accommodated.
Second Embodiment of Fluid (Air and Electrolyte) Management Structure Referring now to FIGS. 10A-10C, the fluid management unit 540 is further described. In general, the fluid management unit 540 provides a structure for assisting air flow from the air management structure 576 of the cathode structure 514. Further, the fluid management system is optionally provided for management of excess electrolyte from the air management structure 576 and / or electrolyte circulation management.
Referring to FIG. 11A, air management is illustrated, but air is entrained (eg, using a fan or blower, and optionally a scrubber if carbon dioxide is removed) through the flow path indicated by arrow 577. . In addition, a control valve 579 is provided to generally increase or decrease electrolyte flow.
Further, referring to FIG. 11B, electrolyte management similar to that described above with respect to frame 370 is also provided within frame 570 itself. An electrolyte inlet 568 is installed at the bottom of each cell, and the electrolyte flows through tube 569 to the main area of the cell including the anode. The length of the tube 569 increases electrical resistance between fluids and eliminates the short circuit that normally occurs when a common electrolyte reservoir is used. An opening 586 is provided near the top of the inner compartment of the frame to allow access to the overflow or circulation tube 588. In addition, a control valve 589 is generally provided for increasing or decreasing electrolyte flow.
A variety of materials may be used for cell frame components, spacers, and other support structures described herein, and are preferably inert to the chemicals in the system. Such materials include thermosetting resins, thermoplastics, and rubber materials (eg, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyetherimide, polysulfonate, polyethersulfonate, polyaryletherketone, Viton® (Wilmington). Such as, but not limited to, commercially available from El DuPont de Nemours & Co., Delaware, USA), ethylene propylene diene monomer, ethylene propylene rubber and a mixture of at least one of the foregoing materials) is not.
While the preferred embodiment has been illustrated and described, various modifications and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is illustrative and not restrictive.
1A-1C show the normal discharging and charging process of a metal air cell. 1A-1C show the normal discharging and charging process of a metal air cell. 1A-1C show the normal discharging and charging process of a metal air cell. FIG. 2A shows a typical embodiment of a refuelable and rechargeable module. 2B-2D show exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable module. FIG. 2A shows a typical embodiment of a refuelable and rechargeable module. 2B-2D show exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable module. FIG. 2A shows a typical embodiment of a refuelable and rechargeable module. 2B-2D show exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable module. FIG. 2A shows a typical embodiment of a refuelable and rechargeable module. 2B-2D show exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable module. FIG. 3 illustrates a general embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 4A-4D illustrate a first embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 4A-4D illustrate a first embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 4A-4D illustrate a first embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 4A-4D illustrate a first embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 5A-5D illustrate a general embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 5A-5D illustrate a general embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 5A-5D illustrate a general embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 5A-5D illustrate a general embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 6A-6D show a fluid management system including electrolyte management and air management. 6A-6D show a fluid management system including electrolyte management and air management. 6A-6D show a fluid management system including electrolyte management and air management. 6A-6D show a fluid management system including electrolyte management and air management. 7A-7B illustrate a gripping structure for removing one or more anode structures. 7A-7B illustrate a gripping structure for removing one or more anode structures. 8A-8C illustrate a second embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 8A-8C illustrate a second embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 8A-8C illustrate a second embodiment of a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 9A-9C illustrate exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 9A-9C illustrate exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 9A-9C illustrate exemplary components used in a refueling and rechargeable system that includes a refuelable module and a rechargeable module. 10A-10C, 11A, and 11B illustrate a fluid management system that includes electrolyte management and air management. 10A-10C, 11A, and 11B illustrate a fluid management system that includes electrolyte management and air management. 10A-10C, 11A, and 11B illustrate a fluid management system that includes electrolyte management and air management. 10A-10C, 11A, and 11B illustrate a fluid management system that includes electrolyte management and air management. 10A-10C, 11A, and 11B illustrate a fluid management system that includes electrolyte management and air management.
A metal-air electrochemical cell that can be refueled and charged,
A metal fuel anode;
An air cathode structure having a configuration and dimensions for receiving the metal fuel anode; a third electrode;
A separator arranged to be ion permeable to at least a portion of the major surface of the anode;
including.
2. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell according to claim 1, further comprising a spacer between the fuel anode and the air cathode.
The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 2, wherein the spacer has a first side and a second side, and the anode is on the first side of the spacer, and The air cathode is disposed on the second side of the spacer, and a third electrode is disposed between the anode and the first side of the spacer.
The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 2, wherein the spacer has a first side and a second side, and the anode is on the first side of the spacer, and The air cathode is disposed on the second side surface of the spacer, and the third electrode is disposed between the air cathode anode and the second side surface of the spacer.
3. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 2, wherein the fuel anode frame can be in fluid communication with at least one opening on the frame and through an electrical connection. The top portion is further configured to be attached to the spacer.
6. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 5, wherein the spacer has at least one extension for attachment to the top portion.
A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 1, wherein the fuel anode frame and fluid connections are made to allow fluid flow through at least one opening on the frame. The top portion is further configured to be threaded, and the top portion is further configured to be attached to the spacer.
An air cathode structure having a configuration and dimensions for receiving the metal fuel anode and having first and second air cathodes on opposite sides of the anode;
First and second third electrodes;
First and second separators each disposed in ionic contact with the first and second major surfaces of the anode;
9. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 8, wherein a first spacer is provided between the first major surface of the fuel anode and the first air cathode, and the fuel anode. A second spacer is further provided between the second major surface and the second air cathode.
10. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell according to claim 9, wherein the first spacer has a first side and a second side, and the anode is the first spacer. Disposed on a first side, the air cathode is disposed on a second side of the first spacer, and the third electrode is between the anode and the first side of the first spacer. The second spacer has a first side and a second side; the anode is disposed on the first side of the second spacer; and the air cathode is a second side of the second spacer. And the third electrode is between the anode and the first side of the second spacer.
10. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 9, wherein the first spacer has a first side and a second side, and the anode is a first side of the first spacer. Disposed on one side, the air cathode is disposed on a second side of the first spacer, and the third electrode is between the air cathode and the second side of the first spacer. The second spacer has a first side and a second side; the anode is disposed on the first side of the second spacer; and the air cathode is on a second side of the second spacer. And the third electrode is on a second side of the air cathode and the second spacer.
10. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 9, wherein the fuel anode frame and fluid connections are provided to allow fluid flow through at least one opening on the frame. The top portion is further configured to be threaded, and the top portion is further configured to attach to the first and second spacers.
13. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 12, wherein the first and second spacers each have at least one extension for attachment to the top portion.
9. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the anode includes a metal material and a metal oxide material.
9. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the anode includes a metal material, a metal oxide material, and a material having ion permeability.
9. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the separator has a membrane containing an electrolyte.
9. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the separator is made of one or more monomers selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids. Has a polymerized product.
9. The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the separator is made of one or more monomers selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids. It has a polymerization product and a water-soluble or water-swelling polymer.
9. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 1 or 8, wherein the separator is selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids formed on a support material. Having a polymerization product of one or more monomers.
A metal-air type electrochemical cell system that can be refueled and charged,
A discharge cell system including an air cathode structure having a configuration and dimensions for receiving a removable, rechargeable metal fuel anode having a capacitance;
A charging cell system including a charged electrode structure configured to receive a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode that requires electrical conversion to generate or replenish electrical capacity;
A discharge cell system comprising an air cathode structure having a capacity and receiving a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode having a capacitance, wherein the discharge cell system is housed in a container having a lid, The discharge cell system comprising a cathode electrical contact in electrical connection with the air cathode, the lid having a configuration and dimensions such that the cathode electrical contact engages an electrical contact on the anode;
A charging cell system configured to accept a removable and rechargeable metal fuel anode that requires electrical conversion to generate or replenish electrical capacity;
The charging cell system is housed in a container having a lid, the lid including a charged electrode electrical contact that is electrically connected to the charged electrode, the lid engaging the charged electrode electrical contact with an electrical contact on the anode. Has configuration and dimensions.
A discharge cell system comprising an air cathode structure having a capacity and receiving a detachable and rechargeable metal fuel anode, wherein the discharge cell system is housed in a container having a lid, the lid being electrically connected to the air cathode. A discharge cell system comprising a cathode electrical contact that is connected in general, and wherein the lid has a configuration and dimensions such that the cathode electrical contact engages an electrical contact on the anode;
The charging cell system is housed in a container having a lid, the lid includes a charged electrode electrical contact that is electrically connected to the charged electrode, and the lid is configured such that the charged electrode electrical contact engages with an electrical contact on the anode And dimensions.
Refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, 8, 20, 21, 22, or 23.
The anode structure is a conductive frame structure generally configured as a rectangle having an opening having a first surface and a second surface, and a conductive frame structure having electrical terminals extending from a portion of the frame structure;
At least one current collector having a first surface portion on the first surface of the frame and a second surface portion on the second surface;
At least one metal fuel support structure adjacent to the current collector first and second surface portions;
A predetermined amount of metal fuel disposed on the metal fuel support structure;
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system according to claim 21, 22 or 23, wherein the cathode structure comprises:
A support frame having a first side and a second side;
At least one air cathode having a first air cathode portion on the first side and a second air cathode portion on the second side;
An air management portion on at least the first side;
24. Refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system according to claim 21, 22 or 23, wherein the charged electrode structure comprises:
At least one charged electrode having a first charged electrode portion on the first side and a second charged electrode portion on the second side;
The refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, 8, or 20, wherein the cathode structure comprises:
A cathode electrical terminal electrically connected to the air cathode;
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein liquid electrolyte is supplied to the discharge cell system from an inlet opening in the air cathode structure, and further comprising the air The cathode structure includes an overflow opening in fluid communication with a channel integral with the air cathode structure, the channel in fluid communication with an outlet opening.
Refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23,
A plurality of air cathode structures for forming a plurality of discharge cells, wherein the liquid electrolyte is fed from a common reservoir via an elongated channel associated with each discharge cell and through the inlet opening of the air cathode structure; The air cathode structure further includes an overflow opening in fluid communication with a channel integral with the air cathode structure, wherein the channel is in fluid communication with the outlet opening to return to the electrolyte reservoir.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein a liquid electrolyte is supplied to the charge cell system through an inlet opening of the charged electrode structure, and further the charge The electrode structure includes an overflow opening in fluid communication with a channel integral with the charged electrode structure, the channel in fluid communication with an outlet opening.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, comprising a plurality of charged electrode structures for forming a plurality of discharge cells, wherein the liquid electrolyte Is supplied from a common reservoir through an elongated channel associated with each charging cell and through an inlet opening in the charged electrode structure, and the charged electrode structure is in fluid communication with a channel integral with the charged electrode structure. The channel is in fluid communication with the outlet opening to include an overflow opening and return to the electrolyte reservoir.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the anode structure is encased by a separator.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air type electrochemical cell system according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the anode structure is encased by a separator having a membrane containing an electrolyte.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the anode structure is selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids. Wrapped by a separator having a polymerization product of one or more monomers.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the anode structure is selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids. Wrapped by a separator having a polymerization product of one or more monomers and a water-soluble or water-swelling polymer.
24. A refuelable and rechargeable metal-air electrochemical cell according to claim 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the anode structure is selected from the group of water soluble ethylenically unsaturated unsaturated amides and acids. A polymerized product of one or more monomers encased in a separator formed on a support material.
A method for operating a metal-air type electrochemical cell, wherein the first removable and rechargeable metal fuel structure reduces the electrochemical capacity of the removable metal fuel structure in a discharge cell including an air cathode structure. A step of discharging until
Removing the first removable and rechargeable metal fuel structure;
Inserting a second removable and rechargeable metal fuel structure into the discharge cell;
Charging the first removable and rechargeable metal fuel structure in a charging cell;
37. The method of claim 37, further comprising moving the first removable and rechargeable metal fuel structure to the charge cell at a location different from the location of the discharge cell.
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text:
TrustPower asked to look again at project
Posted By National Wind Watch On July 29, 2008 @ 3:32 pm In New Zealand | Comments Disabled
The Environment Court wants TrustPower to look again at its $400 million Mahinerangi wind farm project, saying it is not confident 100 turbines can be accommodated on the 1723ha site.
In its interim decision released yesterday, the court rejected the appeal against the project by the Upland Landscape Protection Society but asked TrustPower to do more homework on how many turbines it needs and where they should go.
However, the court said it accepted the wind farm would benefit the district, the region and also the nation.
A significant advantage, it said in its 73-page decision, is that wind generation does not produce any greenhouse gases, while the court also accepted the prospects of work for local people, both during and after construction.
It has yet to decide on how costs should be awarded.
TrustPower now has 40 working days to review its site plan and consider whether it wants to stick to its plan of erecting 100 145m turbines on the site.
In a brief statement, it said it welcomed the decision.
"This is a positive step towards increasing New Zealand's renewable electricity supply and for continued growth of TrustPower's renewable asset base.
"We are still reviewing the details of the decision and will look to progress any actions required to secure a final decision over the coming weeks."
But the court has told TrustPower to have a re-think on exactly where the turbines should go.
A revamped design would need to avoid rows of turbines or give the visual appearance of a "wall" from certain angles.
"We are confident the site can accommodate more than 66 turbines but are not so confident that the 100 turbines envisaged can be accommodated.
"However, we consider that if significant cuts, fills and batters can be avoided, the site may be able to accommodate up to 100 turbines if placed and sited appropriately."
Because of this view, the court said it was giving TrustPower the opportunity to reconsider both the number and location of turbines "and to provide modified conditions to meet the concerns of the court."
Its revised plan must be given to the Clutha District Council, Otago Regional Council and society for comment and, if possible, signed agreement.
But there were several key positive benefits to be gained from the development, the court said.
These were the creation of jobs during and after construction, the provision of a renewable energy power source to meet New Zealand's energy needs, and a new energy source in the southern South Island which could enable community and business activities.
Society spokesman Richard Reeve said he and other members had yet to read the decision and could not comment yet.
A statement may be issued later today.
Major benefits
• Minimum irreversible long-term modification of
landformMajor visual effect of the activity will stop, if the activity
stops, with turbines removed..
• Existing farming can continue
• Improvement to ecological values of Scrappy Pines area.
Source: Environment Court
Key conditions
• TrustPower must prepare a site plan showing the number and
position of turbines, areas to be excluded from works, access roads,
cut and fill batters, surplus soil disposal areas and cut and fill
calculations in each area.
• Site plan to be prepared and circulated within 40 working days and talks with other parties within 30 working days thereafter.
• If all parties cannot agree, a further pre-hearing conference and hearing may be needed.
By Glenn Conway
Otago Daily Times
URL to article: https://www.wind-watch.org/news/2008/07/29/trustpower-asked-to-look-again-at-project/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl