text:
Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind, Volume 2
De Thomas Brown
lights and preferences,-certain objects seem to be productive, in a higher degree than others, of that pleasing emotion, which we denominate beauty, when reflected and embodied, as it were, in the objects that excite it; and as certainly this delightful emotion varies, in the course of his life, from object to object, innume. rable times, according to circumstances, which we may not always be able to detect, but which it is, generally, not very difficult to trace, at least in some of their most striking and permanent inAuences.
In the case of those theories, which would refer all beauty in the forms and colours, or other qualities of material things, to the suggestion of mental qualities, and the succession of associate trains of images in accordance with these, there is one circumstance which
have led to the illusion, if the theories are truly to be held to be illusive; and it is a circumstance common, you will perceive, to all those cases on which the theories are professedly founded. By the mere laws of suggestion, though no other laws of mind were concerned, and though beauty, as a primary direct emotion, were the exclusive invariable result of certain perceptions in all mankind alike, as immediate as the perceptions themselves, analogous objects would unquestionably suggest analogous objects; and, where the suggestions were rapid, and the pleasing emotion of beauty continued to coexist with various suggestions, it might not be very obvious, when we endeavour to review the whole series of feelings, to which set of feelings the priority should be assigned; and whether the emotion which perhaps led to the suggestions of the analogous objects, by the mere influence of this common delightful feeling, might not be itself rather the result of them. The pleasure which preceded the suggestion of an agreea. ble object, and still continued after that object was suggested, might thus seem to be the effect of the suggestion of the agreeable object itself. When, therefore, in our endeavour to explain the beauty of any corporeal form, we dwell on it for any length of time, or even when we dwell on it with that mere passive gaze of pleasure which its beauty excites, a variety of analogous objects may be suggested during the delightful contemplation ; and, among these, since the different mental affections, intellectual and moral, which we feel in ourselves, or observe in others, must present to us the most interesting of all analogies, it is not wonderful that
some analogous mental qualities should very readily arise in our mind, as any other analogous object is suggested in any other train. The pleasure attached to the contemplation of the mental quality will, of course, blend with the pleasure previously felt from the material object; and may be conceived to be itself the chief constituent of that primary pleasure, since the subsequence is too rapid to be distinguishable on reflection. There is a pleasure also, it must be remembered, in such a case, from the mere perception of the analogy of the coexisting objects of thought,-a pleasure that constitutes the whole charm of the metaphorical language of the poet and the rhetorician,--which gives, therefore, an additional delight to the mental suggestion when the kindred image is suggested, and, consequently, leads us the more to ascribe to it the whole delight which we feel. But though, when we consider any forms and colour, simple or combined, the analogy of some mental affection may be suggested, and though, when the analogous feeling is suggested, the pleasure of the beauty may be greatly increased, tbis is no proof that the material objects themselves are not pleasing, independent of the suggestion, though not, perhaps, to an equal degree. The softness of moonshine may derive no slight charm, and perhaps its chief charm, from the mild graces of the mind which it suggests, or the remembrance of many a delightful evening walk with friends whom we loved. But this certainly is far from proving that this softness of moonshine would not be delightful, in any degree, if it had not excited such analogous conceptions. The sun, bursting in all his majesty, like the sovereign of the etherial world, through the clouds, which he seems to annihilate with the very brightness of his glory, presents unquestionably many moral analogies, which add to our delight, when we gaze, above or below, on that instant change, which all nature seems to feel :
" Denso relamine nubis
Obsitus, et tetra pressus caligine Titan,
Nativo demom radiantis acumine lucis
Nubila perrumpit Victor, seque asserit orbi,
Splendidus, et toto rutilans spatiatur Olympo."
The similitude which these beautiful verses develope, is unquestionably most pleasing. But would there, indeed, be no delight in the contemplation of so magnificent an object, if some moral analVOL, II.
ogy were not excited, and if the sun itself, with the instant succes. sion of darkness and splendour, and the light diffused over every object beneath, were all of which our mind could be said to be conscious ?
Though, in this question of probabilities which we have been considering, the preponderance seems to me to be in favour of the belief of some original tendencies to the emotion of beauty, on the contemplation of certain objects, I have already said, that it is only a small part of this order of emotions, which we can ascribe to such a source; and these, as I conceive, of very humble value, in relation to other more important emotions of the order, which are truly the production of associations of various kinds. Though all objects might not have been originally indifferent, the objects of our livelier emotion at present, are certainly those which speak to us of moral analogies and happy remembrances. It will not be an uninteresting inquiry, then, in what way these associations operate, in giving birth to the emotions, or in aiding them with such powerful accessions of delight. Let us pass, then, from the ques. tion of original beauty, to this still more important investigation.
The investigation, when we first enter on it, may seem a very easy one.— It is, as we have found from our examination of the laws of mind, the nature of one object, either perceived or conceived, to suggest, by the common laws which regulate our trains of thought at all times, some other object or feeling, that has toit some one of many relations; and this again may suggest others, related to it in like manner. Each suggestion, during a long train of thought, may be the suggestion of some delightful object, and thus indirectly of the delightful emotions which such objects were of themselves capable of inducing ; and though the amount of gratification additional, in ea ch separate suggestion, may be slight, the gratification afforded by a long series of such images, all delightful in themselves, and all harmonizing with the object immediately before us, may be very considerable,-50 considerable as to be sufficient not to favour merely, but absolutely to constitute that emotion, to which we give the name of beauty. Such is the view of the origin of this emotion, which has been given, with much felicity of language, and with much happy illustration of er. ample and analysis, by my very ingenious and very eloquent friend, the author of the Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste.
The continued suggestion of trains of harmonizing images, Mr Alison considers as essential to the emotion, which consists, according to him, not more in the kindred associate feelings themselves, that are recalled to the mind, than in the peculiar delight attending, what he terms, the exercise of the imagination in recalling them,—that is to say, according to the view which I have given you of our mental functions, the delight which he supposes to attend the mere suggestion of image after image in associate and harmonizing trains of thought. This opinion, as to the delight of the mere exercise of imagination, seems to be founded on the belief of a sort of voluntary exertion of the mind, in such trains, when all which truly takes place in them, as I endeavoured, in former Lectures, to explain to you, is the operation of the common laws of suggestion, that may be pleasing or painful in their influence, precisely as the separate feelings that rise by sugges. tion, are themselves pleasing or painful. The exercise of imagination, in such a case, is nothing more than these separate states themselves. When we gaze on a beautiful object, we do not call up the analogous images that may arise, but they arise of themselves unwilled, and if the images were of an opposite kind, the process would itself be painful. Indeed, if the supposed exercise of imagination, were in itself as an exercise of the mind, necessarily pleasing, this exercise, Mr Alison should have remembered, is pot confined to objects that are beautiful, but is common to these with the objects that excite emotions opposite to those of beauty, in which, therefore, it would not be very easy for him to account for its different effect. Since, according to his theory, the same species of exercise of imagination is involved in these likewise, it is very evident, that, if necessarily pleasing, it should tend, not to increase, but to lessen the disagreeable feelings, and to convert ugliness itself into a minor sort of beauty. On the fallacy of this supposed part of the process, however, it is unnecessary for us to dwell. I allude to the supposed delight of the mere exercise at present, only to shew, how necessary it has been felt, in this theory, to account by a multitude of images, for an amount of delight, which seems too great for any single image in suggestion. Here, then, lies the great difficulty, which that theory has to overcome. To him, who reflects on the circumstances that have attended the emotion, in cases in which it has been most strongly felt, does it appear, on this review, that a series of images succeeding images, have passed through his mind ? When we turn our eye, for example, on a beautiful living form, is there no immediate, or almost immediate, feeling of delight whatever,--but do we think of many analogies-and, till these analogies have all been scanned, and the amount of enjoyment, which may have attended the different objects of them, been measured, is the countenance of smile, or the form of grace, only a mass of coloured matter to our eyes ? There are cases, surely, in which the feeling of beauty is immediately consequent on the very perception of the beautiful form,—so immediately consequent, that it would be difficult to convince the greater number of those, who have not been accustomed to reflect on such subjects, that there is any subsequence whatever, and that the delightful emotion is not itself the very glance, which gives that happy feeling in instant sequence to the soul. I have no hesitation even in saying, that the more intense the feeling of beauty may be, the less is the tendency of the mind to pass
from the delightful form, which fills the heart as it fills the eyes, to images of distant analogy,—that this transition takes place, chiefly, where the emotion is of a slight kind,-and that what is said to constitute beauty, has thus an inverse, and not a direct proportion, to that very beauty, which it is said directly to constitute. There can be no question, at least, that, in the language of every poet, and of every impassioned describer of these impassioned feelings, the total suspension of all our faculties, but of that which is fixed on the contemplation of the dazzling object itself, is stated as an essential character of excess of this emotion. There is uniformly described a sort of rapturous stupefaction, which overwhelms every other thought or feeling ;--and though this, in its full extent, may be true only in those excessive emotions, which belong rather to poetry, than to sober life,-even in sober life, there is assuredly an approach to it; and we may safely, therefore, venture to assert, that the beauty, which scarcely allows the mind to wander for a moment from itself, is not less than the beauty, which allows its happy admirer to run over the thousand kind and gentle qualities which it expresses, or to wander, still more widely, over a thousand analogies in other objects.
If we attend, then, to the whole course of our feelings, during our admiration of the objects, which we term beautiful, we are far


text:
Artlink, formerly titled Artlink: Australian contemporary art quarterly, is a themed magazine covering contemporary art and ideas from Australia and the Asia-Pacific.  It covers a diverse range of issues, including social and environmental issues as well as media arts, science and technology.

History
Artlink was established in 1981 by Stephanie Britton as a bi-monthly newsletter, published in black and white by Art Link Incorporated. Its initial funding came from the South Australian Department for the Arts, and the magazine was run by a committee on which the following bodies were represented: the Experimental Art Foundation, the Contemporary Art Society, the South Australian School of Art Student Union, the Women's Art Movement, and the Friends of the Art Gallery of South Australia.

From 1986 it developed national coverage, with regional editors, and from 1988 began quarterly publication, with themed issues beginning in 1989. In 1994 Artlink Australia was created to replace Art Link Inc.

Since June 2011, Artlink has published regular editions of Artlink Indigenous, beginning with three-year project to produced annual issues. The first issue was guest edited by Daniel Browning and Stephanie Radok, and was also launched in London, with the assistance of the Australian High Commission. commissioned by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers, editors and artists.

In 2014, Stephanie Britton retired from the position of Executive Editor, and Eve Sullivan was appointed to the position in July 2014. Sullivan left in February 2021, and Una Rey succeeded her as editor in 2022.

Description
Artlink is listed on the Australian Research Council's Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) 2018 journal list, meaning that it meets the criteria of being academic or scholarly, and publishes original peer-reviewed research.

The National Library of Australia's catalogue entry gives Artlink: Australian contemporary art quarterly as an alternative title.

Publication and funding
Published by Artlink Australia, based in the Adelaide suburb of Glenside, Artlink receives support from the Australian Government via the Australia Council for the Arts and other funds, the South Australian Department of the Premier and Cabinet, and private sponsors.

Governance and staff
 Una Rey is editor and Megan Rainey is the CEO of Artlink. There is a board of directors comprising five members.

Distribution
 Artlink is distributed by Ovato Retail Distribution Australia  to newsagents in Australia and New Zealand, and by Artlink Australia to independent bookshops, galleries and museums.

Issues are also available as PDFs via the website, and the full text version is available via APAIS until December 2013.

References

External links

1981 establishments in Australia
Contemporary art magazines
Bi-monthly magazines published in Australia
Magazines established in 1981
Quarterly magazines published in Australia
Mass media in Adelaide
Arts magazines published in Australia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Vizio's new M-Series and E-Series 4K Ultra HD TVs are smarter and brighter than ever
By Kris Wouk	 April 19, 2016
Last month, Vizio unveiled its updated P-Series TVs, which improved on the previous models in the series in every way, but had one key feature that we couldn't wait to see come to other models: SmartCast. The new platform essentially takes the smart functionality out of the P-Series TVs themselves, and instead bakes Google Cast right in, thanks to both a downloadable app and an included 6-inch Android tablet.
Today Vizio announced its updated M-Series and E-Series TVs, which now also feature SmartCast and , for the M-Series, Dolby Vision HDR capability, making upgraded UHD performance a much more affordable option. Technically, all of Vizio's SmartCast series are displays — not TVs — as over-the-air tuners aren't included, but considering the feature set, they still have much more in common with a TV than they do a standard display.
As with the P-Series, the M-Series models come with an included 6-inch Android tablet that acts as the remote, but SmartCast is just a standard app, so it can be used on the iOS or Android device of your choice. This also happens to be necessary with E-Series models, as they don't offer the included tablet remote, which is a decent trade-off considering the lower price.
In addition to playing content as a user would with Google Cast, the SmartCast app also controls all the other main functions of the TV. This includes switching inputs, adjusting the volume, changing settings, and any other controls that would normally require a standalone remote.
Looking at the M-Series, every model not only features 4K resolution, but HDR support via Dolby Vision, with HDR10 coming as well at a later date. HDR content is still fairly limited, but continues to grow, with companies like Vudu, which is increasingly adding HDR movies to its library. Netflix currently streams its original series Marco Polo in HDR, and today announced a slate of additional content that would be available soon in HDR.
The M-Series line is available in sizes from 50-inches to 80-inches. The top of the line 80-inch M80-D3 sells for $4,000, but the next step down in size, the M70-D3, costs half that at $2,000. If you're willing to trade size for price but still want HDR, the 50-inch M50-D1 sells for a comparatively low $850.
As Vizio's E-Series is available in a much wider range of sizes, not every model is available with 4K resolution, as it wouldn't provide much of a visible improvement in smaller sizes. 4K starts with the 43-inch E43u-D2, which sells for $470 and ranges up to the 70-inch E70u-D3, which has an MSRP of $1,700. Standard HD models are available in sizes ranging from the $230 32-inch E32-D1 to the 55-inch E55-D0 for $570.
Vizio says new E-Series models are rolling out now, with the updated M-Series models coming soon. See the company's website for more information.
The best 4K TVs under $500 for 2021
Vizio M-Series 5.1 soundbar shows up as a Costco exclusive for $300
Save $500 on this beautiful OLED 4K TV at Best Buy today
This Vizio Soundbar is a must-have at just $100 at Best Buy for Black Friday
This 70-inch Vizio QLED 4K TV is a steal at just $600 for Black Friday
The best free streaming TV services right now
5 TV trends coming out of CES 2021
Everything TCL has announced so far at CES 2021
Sony CES 2021 TV lineup: Sony is back In a big way
This 75-inch LG 4K TV just got a $200 price cut at Best Buy
The best new soundbars of CES 2021
The best TVs of CES 2021: Samsung, Sony, LG, TCL
Get the perfect Super Bowl projector and projector screen for $138 at Walmart
These are the best cheap Apple TV deals and sales for January 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'use strict'

const { TransformIterator } = require('asynciterator')
const debug = require('debug')

/**
 * A FilterOperator implements a filter clause, which filter mappings based on an expression
 * @memberof module:Operators
 * @extends TransformIterator
 * @author Thomas Minier
 */
class FilterOperator extends TransformIterator {
  /**
   * Constructor
   * @param {AsyncIterator} source - The source operator
   * @param {module:Expression.Expression} expression - The expression used to filter mappings
   * @param {Object} options - Options passed to iterator
   */
  constructor (source, expression, options) {
    super(source, options)
    this._expression = expression
    this._logger = debug('FilterOperator')
  }

  /**
   * Filter mappings from the source operator based on an expression
   * @param {Object} mappings - The set of mappings to filter
   * @param {function} done - To be called when filtering is done
   * @return {void}
   */
  _transform (mappings, done) {
    if (this._expression.evaluate(mappings)) {
      this._logger('Mappings matching expression', JSON.stringify(mappings))
      this._push(mappings)
    }
    done()
  }
}

module.exports = FilterOperator

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Faces Regenerating Anti Wrinkle Rich Day Cream with organic Cranberry and organic Argan Oil is especially designed with Phyto Collagen to prevent and reduce the appearance of age spots while hydrating the skin and smoothing wrinkles, leaving the skin looking fresh and radiant.
Regenerating Day Cream especially recommended for skin 40+.
Contains: Organic Cranberry, Organic Argan Oil & Phyto Collagen.
Brightens skin and helps to reduce the appearance of pigmentation spots and wrinkles.
Result: skin is smooth, soft and supple.
Direction for use: Apply to cleansed skin. Massage into facial skin, neck and d�collet�. Tip: For best results use Lavera Regenerating Night Cream before you go to bed.


text:
The Last of the Belles
Frances Jackson died on June 22, 2012.
According to her granddaughter, Claire Carpenter, "while death is never welcome, it was not unexpected by her, and she was ready."
Being ready would have pleased her; Frances liked being prepared and she had told me years before that "personally and selfishly, I would most like to die a quiet, healthy death. Of nothing very serious, just something that takes place while not much else is happening at the moment. But, having said that, I would first want to reserve a twirl around the world with the incomparable Fred Astaire, all to the tune of 'New York, New York' as belted out, nonstop, by the equally incomparable Frank Sinatra. Now that would be truly heaven!"
A great fan of this website, the beautiful Frances Hoard Glasier Jackson was born on October 4, 1916, in Charleston, South Carolina, but moved with her family to El Paso, Texas, early on. Her father was president of the Mexican-Northwestern Railway and she was one of five daughters who were regarded as the great beauties of their set.
"There was a family story," Frances recalled when I interviewed her some years ago, "that during the Mexican Revolution, my father was staying in a little village that had been overrun by Pancho Villa and his men. He was taken to Villa's headquarters by two burly bodyguards. Fortunately, my father spoke excellent Spanish and he was a born diplomat. Anyway, when he saw Villa, he started talking very rapidly in Spanish—telling all the reasons he shouldn't be killed. Villa seemed to enjoy this—he apparently regarded it as a cat and mouse game. But finally he decided to let my father go although he kept most of the others he'd rounded up and had them shot. It was reported that Villa said, 'I would have killed the little son-of-a-bitch, but he kept talking and I couldn't shut him up long enough to do it.'"
Frances delighted in talking about her childhood and particularly enjoyed describing small details and pointing out why they were special to her.
"There were so many children running around through our house—a large two-story Spanish-type home with thick walls which muted the noise and heavy carved furniture which stood up to all those children. We would spend three months of the summer out of El Paso, leaving the day after school let out and coming back the day before it opened. This was much to my father's delight—it gave him three months when he did not have to hear five girls racing up and down those tile steps!
"In the early twenties, I remember I would go with my sisters to spend the summer months in our house in Madera, Chihuahua, Mexico. One of the perks of my father's position was having a private railroad car staffed with eight or ten Chinese and we traveled that way. The bridges were dynamited on a regular basis by the friendly neighborhood bandits but no one seemed to notice until it was time to cross one. Then there were regular slowdowns as repairs were made. But the trips were always great fun and we learned a lot about Mexico's wildflowers since the train chugged along so slowly that we could leap out, pick bunches, and climb back in.
"As teenagers we spent the summers on the California coast. My mother loved to drive, so that was that. To get to California we took one of our maids with us and drove for miles across the desert, across New Mexico and Arizona. There was no air conditioning, so we put a block of ice in the window and let the air blow around it. There were no real roads for many, many miles—just wooden tracks, three or four feet wide, with sand in the middle. Your car would just straddle those tracks while you fervently prayed that there would be no flat tires.
"We must have made quite a sight driving across what looked like miles of uncharted moonscape, my very feminine mother behind the wheel of that big car with five daughters and Emma, the maid, who was dressed in a pristine white uniform complete with a scalloped headband laced with black satin ribbon. It was probably real silk back then. Emma loved wearing her headband. We thought maybe she was covering up a bald spot!"
Frances almost always spoke lovingly of her mother, even when she was gently censorious: "Our mother was something of a drill sergeant. When she did let us date we had to report in at ten o'clock. She'd be at the head of the steps, checking us."
More often her reminiscences were free of any criticism.
"My mother was an inspired cook in that she took the 'art' of cooking seriously. I remember the real reverence she showed when preparing and cutting vegetables. She would slice a carrot and call us into the kitchen, hold it up to the sunlight, and point out the radiantly beautiful patterns. Many years later, in the Rheims Cathedral, I was reminded of my mother and her carrot slices when I looked up at the exquisite stained glass windows. I remembered the thrill I had experienced the first time she showed me how to appreciate nature's configurations in vegetables—carrots, tomatoes, and glistening white onions."
And then there was this evocative snapshot of a Christmas long past.
"Each Christmas was—and still is—enchanting. Of course then there was a fresh tree and long pine boughs brought down from the mountains of Cloudcroft, New Mexico. The house was filled with wonderful fragrances, of pine and apples and proper tangerines. I still have a flash of Christmas when I peel a tangerine!
"Many weeks before, we would all start hoping for enough snow so that we could make a whole snowman. We always ran out of snow before we got to his head. You know, El Paso is not snow country. Or even rain country. But when it does either, magic happens.
"I was always self appointed to organize the gifts—for the family, for the teachers. I usually lost money because my little pals would 'forget' to pay me back, but I thought my choice would be better than anyone else's. One year I picked out this beautiful antique lace fan for our mother. It had belonged to Henry Wallace's mother. 'I never did like Henry Wallace,' she said when she opened the box, but then, after a minute, she smiled and added, 'but maybe I would have liked his mother.'"
From all our conversations, two adjectives come to mind which describe Frances. The first, "stylish," pops up when you initially picture her. Even well into her seventies, she exuded a special kind of chic that is hard to describe and indeed she may have summed it up herself: "The word style cannot be defined. It is just something that is."
In any case, one story she told, a personal favorite of mine, certainly goes a long way toward a definition of that elusive quality.
"In the forties, I could buy a pair of shoes in any shoe store. The sample size was then four, and since that was my size, I could buy almost anything I wanted. In those days all the smart labels—I. Miller, Delman, David Evins come to mind—would have trunk shows in El Paso and often they'd ask me to model their shoes.
"Later getting my size was more difficult and the salesmen would look down and then walk away from me to a more probable sale. Fortunately, when we were living in Madrid, my husband and I were often in Paris.
"I had always loved Chanel (before Lagerfield!) and I particularly loved her shoes. In the late sixties, she only had her classic color combination of black and beige and at that time they were being shown with a square toe and a block heel.
"Being in Paris, I found out where her shoemaker was: Mr. Massaro, 2, rue de la Paix.
"I raced to the tiny, almost hidden store, and told Mr. Massaro I wanted eighteen pairs of Chanel's bespoke shoes but with a slightly oval toe and a graduated, shaped heel. Since I intended to wear them forever, it seemed to me that this combination would be less likely to go out of style through the years.
"I then told him that although I wanted four or five pairs in the classic black and beige, I also wanted other color combinations.
This is when Mr. Massaro started to grow pale.
"My list included white with lavender toe, white with pink, white with yellow, and white with red. I also asked for a vinyl body with black satin toe and black satin with a rhinestone trimmed toe and a few others.
"After he took a really, really deep breath (and maybe even shuddered slightly), Mr. Massaro said he would have to clear all the color and fabric combinations with Madame Chanel.
"It took weeks of negotiation, but I got the eighteen pairs.'"
Along with "stylish," the other adjective that comes to mind when remembering Frances is "romantic," and this trait, although perhaps less initially obvious, was most apparent when she spoke of the great love of her life, Roy Jackson.
"Roy and I first met at a mutual friend's birthday party in El Paso. I think we were seniors in high school. He was quiet and shy that evening, but I rather hoped he would call and ask me out. He didn't.
"A year or so later, I'd gone to the College of Mines and Metallurgy there and was strolling on the campus. I saw him sitting alone in his car. He was writing something.
"I walked over, he looked up, opened the door, and I got in and sat down. Not a word was spoken. I'd never done anything like that in my whole life and I've thought about that moment many times. It was as if his magnetic field just drew me in. And that was that.
"We then started dating. In those days, 'dating' was such innocent fun. We would go to a small club and dance a bit and talk a lot. He was incredibly articulate and had such a keen sense of wit. He would order a rum and Coca Cola and since I couldn't stand the taste of alcohol, I'd always ask for a coke and a small dish of black olives. I've never been sure why the black olives. I guess I just liked the taste.
"Well, after dating for a while, Roy asked me to marry him. But he was going to law school the following year and the family asked me to wait because we—my sisters and I—had led such sheltered existences. They suggested I go to a university of my choice for two more years and then come home and get married if I still wanted to. Actually that idea was OK with me and, predictably, I chose the University of Texas since Roy was already working on his law degree there.
"What I hadn't anticipated, however, was the sense of freedom I felt after leaving the strict rules of family life. I decided I was suddenly the belle of the ball! At university, I was just so excited to be out of parental control.
"I joined Kappa Alpha Theta and was voted best pledge of the year, made president of the house and, finally told that the sorority wanted me to run for 'Sweetheart of the University.' Now that meant that I had to go out with the presidents of all the fraternities in the hope that they would pressure their members to vote for me. Needless to say, I saw less and less of Roy. Our paths went in different directions.
"After two years, I returned to El Paso and met William Glasier, the brother of my older sister's husband. He was blond, had green eyes, and a marvelous sense of humor. He had just started his medical practice and soon spoke of marriage. In 1947, eight years, two children and one war later, he was killed when a small plane he was piloting crashed into the Guadalupe Mountains.
"Years later, at exactly 10 AM on a Monday morning, the doorbell rang. My maid was on vacation and I opened the door myself, wondering who on earth could be ringing my bell at 10 in the morning. Roy was standing there.
"I think I went into shock. I just stared and stared and was literally speechless.
"'Well, aren't you going to invite me in?'
"Except for a brief encounter after his father died, we had not spoken for some thirty years. He had married a girl from Dallas, had four children, and, as an international lawyer, had lived most of those years in Europe. He asked me for dinner that night.
"When we arrived at the restaurant and were seated, the waiter immediately came over and brought Roy a rum and coke and me a plain coke and a dish of black olives. He'd remembered the olives after all those years! I looked at Roy and he reached over and touched my hand and this electric shock just ripped through me. It was magic.
"A year or so later, after a long illness, Roy's wife died. Six months afterwards, he called from Madrid and said 'Let's get married.'
"Almost every day of our married life, Roy would leave me a note. Some were long; others simply said 'Te' for 'te amo.'
"Later on he went to the hospital and did not come back. And I treasure beyond words one of the last notes he wrote. It was written on the night of our thirtieth wedding anniversary.
'Mi Amor:
I have never felt more inadequate. Many greeting cards, profound quotations, nostalgic photos, all fail utterly to express, or even partially reflect, my indescribable love and boundless respect for my girl. So, fortified, if not inspired, by a heavy shot of rum, I selected this one. I will always remember the numbing joy of our first visit to London, including the bunch of your favorite tulips I handed you in Hanover Square. And so, as I near the end of the trail, these other thoughts: 1) Although your Christmas extravaganza tonight will be an exceptionally elegant affair, I would prefer, once more, an informal meal—just the two of us on a balcony overlooking the Mediterranean coast. 2) I loved you profoundly when, 30 years ago, I finally accomplished what should have occurred 60+ years ago. And 3) I love you even more today.
Te, Roy.'"
And now, perhaps, Frances and Roy are together again.


Ken Weatherman in 2013. File photo.
Ken Weatherman, professor of physical education, knows a thing or two about Georgia Highlands College. He has been a faculty member since 1974, making him the longest-employed staff member at Highlands.
Currently, Weatherman teaches classes like Health and Wellness and Fitness Walking and Jogging, but many students do not know that Weatherman used to be the director of student activities (now called student life coordinator) for GHC back when it was Floyd College. Weatherman took the job in 1980 to work on getting his doctorate from Georgia State University which he received in 1991.
Ken Weatherman at Tower Hour on May 12, 1987. File photo.
One of the things Weatherman did as director of student activities was plan the annual spring-fun-day called Tower Hour, which is now called Spring Fling.
"I kind of hated to see them change the name of it, because the name was unique to our campus. Everybody has a Spring Fling, but not many people have a Tower Hour," said Weatherman.
According to Weatherman, it was given the name "Tower Hour" because it was usually held outside near the unique tower, located in between the Walraven Building and the F-Wing on the Floyd campus.
Midday classes were cancelled during Tower Hour so all students could participate in the games and activities.
"I remember how dedicated he was to the students and how he created a positive environment for the students," Hershey said.
Weatherman is about to complete his 39th year at GHC and has created a legacy of great student activities.


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Home » Sports » Tickets Going on Sale for National Women's Hockey Versus U.S.
Tickets Going on Sale for National Women's Hockey Versus U.S.
October 2, 2017 9:52 AM | Sports
Canada's national women's hockey team will face the U.S. in a pre-Olympic game in Winnipeg on December 5. (HOCKEY CANADA)
Tickets to see Canada's national women's hockey team take on the United States in Winnipeg on December 5 will go on sale to the general public this Thursday.
Bell MTS Place is hosting a part of the pre-Olympic six-game series with a 28-player Canadian roster.
"Bell MTS Place has a proven track record of hosting successful hockey games at an international level and we're thrilled to welcome back Canada's National Women's Team on Dec. 5," said Mark Chipman, executive chairman, True North Sports + Entertainment.
Tickets start at $17.50 and go on sale at 10 a.m. on October 5 through Ticketmaster.
Canada's National Women's Team has won four consecutive gold medals at the Olympic Winter Games and will go after a fifth when the puck drops on February 11, 2018, in PyeongChang, South Korea.
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Tags: Bell MTS Place | Canada | Hockey | United States | Winnipeg


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Even where the term is eschewed, the core convictions of feminism are taken for granted most everywhere today.
My first reference to psychologists was from age thirteen. The mothers of two of my childhood friends were in counseling. And in both cases, after a few sympathetic sessions examining these women's discontent with their husbands, both counselors arrived at the same ultimate advice — that their patients should step out on their husbands for a one-night stand or affair. Y'know, just to determine if the grass really might be greener elsewhere.
And this under auspices of Christian counseling.
I came to the unhappy knowledge of these matters only because these women's children knew all the gritty details. Because their counselors advised them to sit down and explain their dissatisfaction with their fathers and the desperation to which traditional family structure had driven them. Which, though leveled as justification and a demand of sympathy, was only an added cruelty on both husbands and children. And the audacity of that moral inversion only further embittered all who were concerned.
Two different women, two different counselors, same resolve to destroy the family.
But even where the churches have yet held the line against the notion of female ministers, that resolve grows more tenuous by the day. Because they granted concepts like women's Bible studies and women's ministries, which, as a rule, result only in ever leftward and frankly more heretical turns of doctrine. Even in otherwise "conservative" congregations, and even if aiming at encouraging one another to good works and accountability, the dynamic of women's groups bends toward gossip, grief counseling, and psychoanalysis, which in turn bend toward every extreme of experiential interpretation of both doctrine and practice.
It is not hyperbole to say that "women's ministry" is become synonymous with the battle to overthrow the Patriarchy, which is itself the basic Christian family/social structure.
In point of fact, someone recently passed a diagrammed chart on the "types of domestic abuse" published by a Christian* "Abuse Recovery Ministry & Services" out of Hillsboro, Oregon along to my wife. But before we look at it, we note that this organization claims as fact that "90-95% of domestic violence victims are women." This is a statistic which, in this day and age, only a complete imbecile would believe. No, the CDC figures prove men, not women, are the predominant victims of domestic violence; but everyone knows even those figures underrepresent female-on-male violence because men are so much more committed to dismissing it and/or hiding it. If not seriously injured, except to file preemptively ahead of their wives' impending claims, men don't report assault by their wives.
This presumption of women-as-victims and men-as-abusers is the context for all that follows, and their use of pronouns confirms the same. Anywhere a pronoun is not neutral like 'their', they use female pronouns, never male.
At twelve o'clock on their wheel of pain they identify "mental coercion" as psychological abuse. By which I can only assume them to mean the act of proving a point. Yes, they cast a man's logical persuasion of his wife as a moral crime.
So too is "conditional affection". But wait a hot danged minute, now. Isn't this whole chart the elaborate justification of conditional affection? We know they aren't saying that women are required to be affectionate regardless of their husbands' behavior or how it makes them feel. They make that plain in the "sexual" portion. So this 'conditional affection' point clearly targets men. Men aren't allowed to withhold affection. But women very much are.
"Treating your partner like a servant" is also condemned. But doesn't that condemn traditional marriage vows which include the oath to "obey"? And therefore, also condemning the Christian concept of marriage? And when an aggrieved woman presumes to level this list of demands to her husband, isn't she, in fact, treating him as her servant?
Though the Scripture admonishes us not to lord our authority over those beneath us as the heathen do (Matthew 20:25), they yet emphasize that wives are subject to their husbands: from the creation to the appointment of the Patriarchs, to the context of the law assigning governance to fathers, to Christ's appointment of an all-male apostolate, to the pastoral epistles requiring wives' obedience to their husbands, wives are subject to their husbands' rule under God.
1) Liberal female friends do nothing but try to subvert the Christian home at every turn. They seed discontentment, urge rebellion, and recommend divorce in response to every traditional aspect of marriage. Did I mention they regard all norms of marriage 'abuse'?
2) Wives who imagine it their right to keep close male friends, including old boyfriends, are committing adultery at one level or another.
In such circumstances the husband has every right and duty to demand all such associations cease. And if the tables were turned, no one would dare question a wife's anger at her husband maintaining close female friends. Everyone would condemn it as adultery and divorce advice would flow to her free as air.
And "frequent moves" – really? Next to the death of a loved one, moving is regarded as the greatest stress event in life. And guess who has to do the bulk of the labor in it? The man. So no husband wants to move around, willy nilly. Unless it is for business, pursuit of financial betterment, or increased quality of life for the family, men don't move. Fact is, when it comes to moving for quality of life concerns, women are typically the catalyst. It's women who foremost daydream of white picket fences. And the move is only an attempt on the part of husbands to fulfill those dreams.
Either way, though, this is a bogus 'abuse' claim that acts only as garnishing to volumize grievances on paper. It's nothing but an excuse for a malcontent.
And this one's comical — "making her feel crazy". Now, I could understand if the objection were wrongly calling her crazy, or purposely gaslighting her, but making her 'feel' crazy can encompass everything a man does, and even the things he doesn't do. Completely without substance, this is frankly tantrum talk.
Under physical abuse they include "restraining". But the morality of restraining someone is always determined by context, many of which are quite moral. We certainly cannot condemn the man who finding his wife slashing her wrists and restrains her. Neither in the case of a man who restrains his wife when she attempts to harm him or their children. The permutations of this scenario are manifold. Restraining a woman is not necessarily abuse. And for all the same reasons the same applies to "making someone move or not move against their will".
They also decry "posturing to intimidate by your size". But this is just the baptized version of the secular crusade against "manspreading". For men, being larger than women or taking up more space than women is 'abuse'. Never mind that in their tally of sexual abuse they include verbal "put downs" as abuse too. So criticism of size is also reckoned 'abuse', but only if coming from a man, it seems.
Included in the sexual category are things like "requiring her to dress a certain way." So if a man insists his wife not dress like a harlot — which is to say, requiring her to be faithful to her husband — that's deemed 'abuse'. To denounce modesty in this way is a plain objection to the institution of marriage.
This one made me guffaw — "interrupting sleep" is supposedly sexual abuse? Egad, folks, there are lots of men who get off work after their wives are asleep and have to be back on the job before their wives get up in the morning. Whether by accident, or for intimacy's sake, interrupting sleep from time to time is just part of being married.
Or if granted, what then of all the sleep interruptions babies bring? They would be likewise condemned.
Again, this is an objection to the normal facets of human life as designed by God.
And "jealousy"? Come on, in context of what we've read above, we're talking about a wife who insists it is her right to keep a stable of male friends (ex-boyfriends even), dress immodestly, and keep secret correspondences from her husband, even, as we'll see, clandestine comings and goings. Any man without a twinge of jealousy in the midst of those things is following a roadmap to cuckoldry. And feminists take sadistic joy at carving this ransom letter into his very hide.
Though jealousy for the possessions of another is covetous and contra the tenth commandment, as regards one's rightful territories, jealousy is not deemed sinful in Scripture. God Himself is redundantly referred to as a "jealous God". Especially with respect to His glory in His bride. Protectiveness and territoriality — i.e., jealousy — is, in the context of family, a virtue. The man without jealousy in his heart for his wife doesn't really love her at all.
They also laughably pronounce "threatening to get rid of a family pet" as animal abuse. That's right. If his wife and kids can't seem to remember to feed, water, or clean up after the dog, and leave it up to Dad alone, ultimatums are the necessary recourse. Either take care of the dog, or he's going to someone who will. That's not domestic abuse. It's actually preventing animal abuse.
They define financial abuse, among other things, as "controlling the money [and] unilateral decisions". So a man making money decisions for his family is condemned. Who wants to break it to these ladies that there is no way to make money decisions equal? All such decisions come down to somebody making the call; either Dad is the head of house or Mom is. But without saying so, it's pretty clear which option these folks are advocating.
Nonetheless, as it pertains to daily spending, in traditional families wives are the primary stewards of the purse anyway. What this 'ministry' and movement are taking issue with here is husbands auditing their wives' use of funds. They are demanding full autonomy – which is antithetical to marriage.
Congruent with this, they add "restricting employment" as another such injury. Imagine a man daring to have his wife work for their family at home rather than abandoning the children to strangers so she can work for the shareholders in some company! If she did that, why, she'd be so invested in the marriage that she might have to keep her vow and remain with the same man her whole life! The horror.
Concerning things verbal they claim "controlling conversations, countering or discounting, criticizing and blaming" are all abuse. Which in summary means that they want men forbidden not only from overruling, correcting, or informing them, but even from disagreeing with their wives, or having any commentary apart from wives' preapproved script. 'Countering'? Seriously?
Misusing Scriptures or God to control or abuse, negatively effecting someone's image of self or of God, demanded submission and obedience, questioning her salvation, not letting her go or making her go to church.
Which, in short, is to say they condemn any reference to or interpretation of Scripture or God that doesn't affirm a woman's behavior in every way and at all times. And all Scripture is weighed against that standard. Thereby all spiritual headship of husbands is cast as abuse. And God Himself is placed in the dock.
Which tracks with women's popular Christian* writer and pastrix Rachel Held Evans's teaching on the godly woman of Proverbs 31, wherein she concludes that the description of the godly wife is not a mold to be pursued, but rather, "a celebration of womanhood, no matter what form it takes". Basically, the law of Thelema for women; women are to be glorified for doing as they wish. This is the same ethic basic to satanism and witchcraft — hedonism. In this context, blatant goddess- and self-worship. To Evans and the majority of women's ministry advocates, a 'godly woman' is a goddess. This is the reason why Lewis's White Witch appears at the final battle wearing the mane shorn from Aslan's pelt. The liberated woman usurps and claims the authority of God as her own.
Did I mention Evans credits that perspective as being taught to her by an ascendant orthodox Jew?
But aside from satanism in the name of Christianity, most ironically, this manual to identify abuse by husbands turns out to be an inverted and magnified "rule of thumb": a holistic strategy on how women should best abuse their husbands, and justify it by their own ego.
When women are let loose to do as they please, away from the influence of men, they have not come up with a cornucopia of great inventions, and discoveries. Instead, they have aborted tens of millions of infants, blamed all their problems on men, voted leftists into office, become excessively promiscuous, gotten worthless college degrees, and demanded equally worthless make-work jobs, believed that wealth falls like manna from heaven, come to believe marriage is temporary, destroyed children's lives through easy divorce and single parenthood … and rationalized every bit of it.


Connecting great people with great architecture is what Peter Blank does. His comprehensive marketing strategy reaches brokers, agents — and most importantly, buyers — through a blend of local, national and international websites, social media, special events, print media, community engagement, professional marketing collateral, and more. And it shows: Year after year, he ranks as Denver's top producer in modern architecture.
For Peter, every home signifies the beginning of a new relationship. He puts service first, and can even connect you to his exclusive network of architects, lighting designers, landscapers, and other highly skilled craftsmen. He also offers custom design services for clients interested in a more comprehensive move-in experience. In other words: Peter has you covered.
Always at the forefront of Denver real estate, Peter and the Riverfront Denver team are helping build an honest-to-goodness community in one of our city's fastest growing neighborhoods. Day after day they connect lovers of great architecture with the most inspiring properties in town. Come see what all the fuss is about.


The library, located in the Academic and Research Building, is open 24/7 with card key access after 5 p.m. on weekdays and all day on weekends. Seating in the library's mezzanine and lower level of the collections area is not available when the library service desk is closed.
Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes-Jewish College and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis students may obtain a visitor card key at the College's Public Safety base station, located in the Children's Place Garage.
Goldfarb and School of Medicine students are required to leave an ID in exchange for a card key.


When I read that the Iranian actress Marzieh Vafamehr sentenced to one year in prison and 90 lashes after being involved in the documentary "My Tehran for Sale" is reminiscent of two films about oppression of women in the Middle East: the movie "The Stoning of Soraya" (with blah Jim Caviezel and Shohreh Aghdashloo) and the lesser known film called "The Stoning"" with Cheyenne Rushing [köpfilm]. See also the film's website.
"My Tehran for Sale" tells of how the authorities will stop her theater activities and forces her to go underground to continue expressing themselves. The film should have spread illegally in the country of receipt of the display ban.
Text translated with Google Translate thus grammatical errors.


Winning an Emmy, a Peabody, a Murrow or a duPont is the ultimate accomplishment for many news organizations and professionals, but in these ever-challenging economic times, what is the value and marketability of these distinguished accolades — and is it possible for a savvy broadcaster to monetize a win?
The marketing of an award is not something that can be done without careful consideration. In some instances there are rules about how an award can be advertised. "You need to know what those rules are first, but you can use it to point the finger at yourself and say, 'Look, we've been recognized for excellence in this field by our peers and that's why you should pay attention to us,' " said Frank J. Radice, a former promotion executive for NBC as well as a past president of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, which hands out the News and Documentary Emmys, among others.
News organizations and TV stations that win Emmys can use the image of the statuette in a variety of media, including print, on-air, online, outdoor, newsletters and magazines. Radice also mentioned a new way to announce a victory that's perhaps the most significant new development in award marketing — social networking. "It will be the most important way to use awards right now because, quite honestly, it's all about word of mouth. If you can use it in a Facebook page or in Twitter, then you're going to get more bang for your buck," said Radice.
Snagging a major award can carry clout in the short term, but if a station or news outlet isn't delivering on a consistent basis, the award designation won't matter much.
Paul Conti, assistant professor of communications at Empire State College (SUNY), was news director at Albany's NBC affiliate WNYT-TV before he joined the faculty. Under his leadership, WNYT's news operation was No. 1 in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy market (DMA rank 57) for years, and he was a regional Emmy winner.
The second step would be campaigning for the award, he said, such as through "For Your Consideration" advertising that reaches award voters.
An example of a campaign that succeeded in the kind of saturation exposure using an Emmy win to drive awareness was the promotion for Showtime's "Inside the NFL." In the on-air commercials, the different stars from the show all coveted taking the Emmy award home with them, like it was the Stanley Cup. Radice recalled that Showtime called him before filming the ads to be sure that it was all right with NATAS.
"I said absolutely, and I was blown away by the final execution. It was the most effective use of an Emmy award win by any group I've ever seen," said Radice.
For a PBS program like ITV's "Independent Lens," the marketing of award wins is essential, according to series producer Lois Vossen.
"Industry awards are important because they help establish careers and can help the producers secure funding for new projects. Winning one of the major journalism and news and documentary awards such as a Peabody, Emmy or duPont Award adds cache to the work and validates the filmmaker," Vossen said.
"When 'Independent Lens' won the Best Documentary Emmy Award our first and again our second season on the air, it validated the series and sent a clear message that we were presenting programs of the highest caliber and the additional Emmy, Peabody, duPont and other awards and nominations our films have received since then add to that message," she said.
The idea that award marketing will generate sales revenue, however, remains a specious claim.
"I don't think that the promotion guys are going to look at promoting their nominees with an eye toward having it generate revenue," said Radice. "But I do believe that you can influence sales by showing the sales community that you're the organization that is deserving of the awards, that's why you've gotten nominations and awards, and those are the people you should be putting your money behind. It's not an out and out, go get money because you won an award, but there's certainly some of that at play.


A reoccurring theme in many fields of study (such as economics, genetics, memetics, and others) is that no one will ever have enough information to centrally plan things. The book "The 10,000 Year Explosion" provides another example of this….
Or put another way, the "invisible hand" tends to perform better than any form of central planning.
UPDATE: This passage was sourced from the book: "The Camel and the Wheel", by Richard W. Bulliet.


MAC Adelaide Lightning are very excited to announce the signing of Canadian Ruth Hamblin.
198cm (6'6″) tall Hamlin, who played last season for the Perth Lynx and averaged 11.0 points and 7.7 rebounds will be a welcome asset to the team and a great inside presence with Abby Bishop.
Head Coach Chris Lucas mentioned about Ruth, "I'm really excited to have Ruth as part of our program for the upcoming season, she is an athlete who brings terrific size and will give us a presence in the paint".
In 2016, Ruth was signed with local legend Erin Phillips for the WNBA team, Dallas Wings and was taken at number 18 in the draft.
Ruth now joins a formidable line-up comprising of Aimie Clydesdale, Nicole Seekamp, Natalie Novosel, Abby Bishop, Sarah Elsworthy and Chelsea Brook.
2017/18 Membership will go on-sale in June 2017 and will be available for $40.


ShowingFilter 1-20 of 27 listings.
Currently there are 31 Property units For Sale In Surat Thani at an average price of 49,564 per square meter. The most popular regions, that generate the greatest interest from investors and private buyers are Bangkok, Phuket, Pattaya, Hua Hin, Koh Samui and Chiang Mai, while most of the Property units In Surat Thani are off the market 145 days after they have been listed For Sale on Thaiger Property. The average Return Of Investment for Property units In Surat Thani varies between an impressive 5% - 7% for capital appreciation. In terms of Property types for sale, 1 and 2 bedroom Property units generate the highest ROI for investors.


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International and Comparative SOGIESC Law – Professor Andreas R Ziegler
This is a blog is related to my academic work in the International Academic Forum on SOGIESC Law but meant to serve anyone who wants to contribute to improve the protection of human rights worldwide. It is intended to keep interested readers informed about legal developments relating to sexual orientation, gender expression and identity and sex characteristics (SOGIESC). Hopefully, it will make it easier to find correct legal information about the developments in all regions of the world and, in particular, with regard to international law.
Author Archives: Andreas R. Ziegler
Interesting Articles on "Queering International Law"
AJIL Unbound has posted a symposium on "Queering International Law". The symposium includes an introduction by Gráinne de Búrca and contributions by Damian A. Gonzalez-Salzberg, Odette Mazel, Bérénice K. Schramm, Juliana Santos de Carvalho, Lena Holzer, & Manon Beury, Dianne Otto, Giovanna Gilleri, and Claerwen O'Hara.
This entry was posted in Allgemein on 20. Jan 2022 by Andreas R. Ziegler.
Hungary – Ombudsman's decision concerning a case of a trans employee
More: https://www.equalitylaw.eu/downloads/5556-hungary-ombudsman-s-decision-concerning-a-case-of-a-trans-employee-113-kb
Germany: Tax court in Münster has ruled that a gay couple has no right to deduct the costs of surrogacy from their taxes
More: https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=40915
Register now for the Summer School on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in International Law (The Hague and Amsterdam, 27 July – 5 August 2022)
More information here: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/study-programmes/summer-schools/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-in-international-law-human-rights-and-beyond
Lauch of the Leiden Overview on SOGIESC in International Law – free and online, Wednesday 26 January, 17:15 to 18:45 hrs
You are all invited to the official online launch on 26 January of the new online resource developed by Kees Waaldijk (professor of comparative sexual orientation law at Leiden University's Grotius Centre) and Waruguru Gaitho (human rights lawyer and academic, currently working at Leiden University's Van Vollenhoven Institute): the Leiden Overview on SOGIESC in International Law.
Subtitle: A list of online introductory video/audio/reading materials for anyone interested in the international legal aspects of sexual orientation, gender identity/expression or sex characteristics – and in particular for anyone (considering) taking part in Leiden University's Summer School on SOGI in International Law,
see: www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/study-programmes/summer-schools/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-in-international-law-human-rights-and-beyond/leiden-overview-on-sogiesc-in-international-law.
On Wednesday 26 January, 17:15 to 18:45 hrs, this Leiden Overview will be presented to two key players in this field of law: Flávia Piovesan (Rapporteur on the Rights of LGBTI Persons, member of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and professor of Constitutional Law and Humans Rights in São Paulo) & Gurchaten Sandhu (who works on non-discrimination at the ILO, and is President of UN-GLOBE, the organization advocating for the equality of LGBTIQ+ personnel and dependents in the UN system). For more information about the four speakers mentioned, and for registration for this online launch,
see https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2021/12/online-launch-of-the-leiden-overview-on-sogiesc-in-international-law.
Twitter: https://twitter.com/LeidenLaw/status/1479067881816137731?s=20
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LeidenLawSchool/posts/10159857791041392
Please spread the word about this event – and about the Summer School on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in International Law (The Hague and Amsterdam, 27 July – 5 August 2022).
France removes restrictions on gay blood donors
France is to allow LGBT citizens to donate blood without "discriminatory" conditions, the country's health ministry has announced.
From 16 March, blood donation will be open to all French citizens regardless of their sexual orientation, health minister Olivier Véran said.
Read: https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/12/france-removes-restrictions-on-gay-blood-donors
New article: LGBT Rights as Mega-Politics: Litigating Before the ECTHR
The latest issue of Law and Contemporary Problems (Vol 84, no. 4, 2021) is a special issue on "The International Adjudication of Mega-Politics." Contents include:
Laurence R. Helfer & Clare Ryan, LGBT Rights as Mega-Politics: Litigating Before the ECTHR
The "gay cake" case – guest post on (ECHR Sexual Orientation Blog) Lee v the UK (Posted: 07 Jan 2022 09:01 AM PST by Dr. Silvia Falcetta
The "gay cake" case – guest post on Lee v the UK Posted: 07 Jan 2022 09:01 AM PST Lee v the United Kingdom – guest post by Dr. Silvia Falcetta, University of YorkThe Fourth Section of the European Court of Human Rights has published its decision in the case of Lee v the United Kingdom.This case concerns the refusal of a bakery, the Ashers Baking Company Limited, and its Christian owners to provide the applicant with a cake with the words 'Support Gay Marriage' iced on it.The Court declared the application inadmissible by a majority on the grounds of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies.Facts of the case In May 2014, the applicant, Mr Gareth Lee, decided to order a cake from a bakery, Ashers Baking Company Limited ('Ashers'), with a picture of two popular characters from a children's television show, the logo of 'QueerSpace' (an LGBTIQ organisation the applicant is associated with) and the words 'Support Gay Marriage'. Mr Lee's order was received without comment, he paid for and received a receipt for his purchase. However, a few days later he received a telephone call from Ashers in which they explained that they were a Christian business and that they should not have taken the order.With the support of the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, Mr Lee brought an action in the County Court for breach of statutory duty in and about the provision of goods, facilities and services against Ashers, as a limited company, and its owners, Mr and Mrs McArthur ('the McArthurs'). Mr Lee claimed that he had been discriminated against contrary to the provisions of The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006 ('the 2006 Regulations') and/or The Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 ('the 1998 Order'), which prohibit direct or indirect discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, political opinion or religious beliefs.The County Court proceedingsThe County Court considered whether Mr Lee had been discriminated against on grounds of sexual orientation and/or political opinion. It concluded that the McArthurs had directly discriminated against Mr Lee on the grounds of 'his sexual orientation' (para 13) and on the grounds of his 'religious belief or political opinion' (para 14).In respect of the sexual orientation claim, the County Court accepted that the McArthurs' deeply held religious beliefs were genuine, but it noted that Ashers was not a religious organisation, rather a commercial business run for profit. Whilst the 2006 Regulations provide some exceptions for religious organisations, Christian-owned businesses are excluded from such exceptions. As a consequence, the County Court concluded that the actions of the McArthurs could not be justified under the 2006 Regulations.In respect of the political beliefs claim, the County Court held that, in the context of the ongoing debate on same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, Mr Lee's support for same-sex marriage amounted to a political opinion. Thus, in refusing to fulfil Mr Lee's order the McArthurs had directly discriminated against him in a way that was incompatible with the 1998 Order.The McArthurs invited the County Court to 'read down the provisions of the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order in a manner which was compatible with their Convention rights' under section 3 of the Human Rights Act or, if that was not possible, 'to disapply the relevant provisions of the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order' (para 15). In this respect, the County Court accepted that Article 9 of the Convention was engaged in this case, but it ultimately concluded that whilst the McArthurs 'were entitled to hold their genuine and deeply held religious beliefs and to manifest them, they could not do so in the commercial sphere if this would be contrary to the rights of others' which included Mr Lee's right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of his sexual orientation (para 16). The County Court further held that the McArthurs had not been required to 'support, promote or endorse' Mr Lee's views and it therefore concluded that Article 10 was not engaged in this case (para 18).The Court of Appeal proceedingsThe Court of Appeal confirmed the findings of the County Court and found that there had been associative direct discrimination against the applicant on the ground of sexual orientation (that is, the applicant had been discriminated against on the basis of his association with the gay and bisexual community). Moreover, the Court of Appeal agreed with the County Court that the McArthurs had not been in any way required to promote or support same-sex marriage by fulfilling Mr Lee's order (para 22).The Supreme Court proceedingsThe UK Supreme Court (UKSC) disagreed with the lower courts, and it unanimously held that the defendants' refusal to fulfil Mr Lee's order did not constitute unlawful discrimination.In respect of the sexual orientation claim, the UKSC disagreed with the County Court, and it held that Ashers had cancelled the order not on the basis of Mr Lee's actual or presumed sexual orientation, but because they oppose same-sex marriage. The UKSC further disputed the Court of Appeal's finding that Ashers had cancelled the order because the applicant was likely to associate with the gay and bisexual community, of which the McArthurs disapproved. Indeed, the UKSC established that '[i]n a nutshell, [the McArthurs'] objection was to the message and not to any particular person or persons' (para 27).The UKSC further determined that the McArthurs' objection was to 'being required to promote the message on the cake' and 'the less favourable treatment was afforded to the message not to the man'. Thus, it concluded that Ashers had not discriminated against Mr Lee because of the owners' religious beliefs (para 30).In respect of the political beliefs claim, the UKSC did not exclude that Mr Lee may have been discriminated against on the basis of his political opinions. However, the UKSC went on to consider the McArthurs' rights under Article 9 and Article 10 of the Convention upon the effect of the 1998 Order, and it found that the 1998 Order 'should not be read or given effect in such a way as to compel providers of goods, facilities and services to express a message with which they disagree unless justification is shown for doing so' (para 34). Since no justification had been shown for justifying the compelled speech, the UKSC held that there had been no unlawful discrimination and dismissed Mr Lee's claim for breach of statutory duty.In conclusion, the UKSC allowed the defendants' appeal and set aside the declarations and order for damages made by the County Court.Complaints to the CourtThe applicant claimed that the decision of the UKSC to dismiss his claim for breach of statutory duty violated his rights under Article 8, Article 9, and Article 10, alone and taken in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention.The Court's assessmentThe Court started by considering whether the applicant had exhausted all domestic remedies before lodging his application under the Convention.The Court noted that the applicant had formulated his claim with reference to the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order, without expressly invoking any of his Convention rights at any point in the domestic proceedings. In this respect, the Court reiterated the subsidiary nature of the Convention machinery and the general principle that any complaint presented before it 'must have been aired, either explicitly or in substance, before the national courts' (para 68). The Court took note of the applicant's argument that a) he had raised his Convention arguments 'in substance' in domestic proceedings, since the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order had been enacted to protect his rights under Articles 8, 9, 10 and 14 of the Convention; and b) that the violations complained of before the Court had 'only crystallised with the handing down of the judgment of the Supreme Court' (para 69). Nevertheless, the Court was not persuaded by these arguments for two key reasons.First, the Court held that the relevant provisions in the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order cannot be said to 'protect consumers' substantive rights under Articles 8, 9 or 10 of the Convention' (para 70). The Court acknowledged that the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order had been enacted in order to protect the Convention rights of consumers, but it also noted that those provisions, unlike the Convention, protect consumers in a 'very limited way' and concern only discrimination in access to goods and services (para 70). On this basis, the Court denied that the applicant has raised his rights protected under Article 8, Article 9 and Article 10 in substance during the domestic proceedings.In respect of whether the applicant had invoked Article 8, Article 9 and Article 10 taken together with Article 14, the Court acknowledged that the applicant had raised the issue of whether he had been discriminated against on the basis of his sexual orientation and/or political beliefs in the domestic proceedings. However, the Court reiterated the ancillary nature of Article 14 and recalled that 'there can be no room for its application unless the facts at issue fall within the ambit of one or more substantive Convention rights' (para 72). The Court did not exclude that the facts of the case could fall within the ambit of Convention rights, but it ultimately held that by relying solely on domestic law the applicant had 'deprived' the domestic courts of the opportunity to consider themselves whether the facts of the case engaged his rights under Article 8, Article 9 and Article 10 before lodging his application with the Court (para 74).Second, the Court noted that domestic courts had been tasked with balancing the applicant's rights under the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order against the McArthurs' rights under Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention, but at no point had the domestic courts been tasked with balancing the applicant's Convention rights against the McArthurs' Convention rights. Notably, the Court compared the approach followed by the applicant throughout the domestic proceedings with that followed by the McArthurs and concluded that the applicant had not provided a 'satisfactory explanation' for not advancing his Convention rights before domestic courts (para 77). Unlike the applicant, the McArthurs had effectively relied on their Convention rights throughout the domestic proceedings and had asked the courts to either read down the provisions of the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order in a manner which was compatible with their Convention rights or, if that was not possible, to disapply the relevant provisions of the 2006 Regulations and the 1998 Order.On this basis the Court held that in cases where 'the applicant is complaining that the domestic courts failed properly to balance his Convention rights against those of another private individual, who had expressly advanced his or her Convention rights throughout the domestic proceedings, it is axiomatic that the applicant's Convention rights should also have been invoked expressly before the domestic courts' and it concluded that '[i]n choosing not to rely on his Convention rights, the applicant deprived the domestic courts of the opportunity to consider both the applicability of Article 14 to his case and the substantive merits of the Convention complaints on which he now relies' and he invited the Court to 'usurp the role of the domestic courts by addressing these issues itself' (para 77).In conclusion, the Court considered that the applicant has failed to exhaust domestic remedies in respect of his complaints under Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the Convention, read alone and in conjunction with Article 14.Two brief considerationsA peculiar interpretation of the relationship between the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ConventionThis decision hands down a peculiar interpretation of the relationship between the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Convention, that no doubt will draw criticism and raise debate.According to the Court's reasoning, when reading and giving effect to primary and subordinate legislation domestic courts seem required to take into account the Convention rights of the litigants only if the litigants themselves invoke those rights. When reading the Court's decision, one may reasonably get the impression that under the Human Rights Act 1998 domestic courts are not allowed to consider litigants' Convention rights motu proprio. However, section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 does not mention any such constraint and simply states '[s]o far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights'. Nothing in this provision indicates that considerations of the relationship between domestic legislation and the Convention are conditional on the arguments made by litigants. On the contrary, a plain reading of this provision suggests that, whenever it is possible to do so, domestic courts should read and give effect to primary and secondary legislation in a way that is compatible with the Convention of their own accord.As a consequence, it remains unclear why the Court assumed that the UKSC could not assess motu proprio whether domestic legislation had been interpreted in a way that adequately protected Mr Lee's Convention rights.A cautious approach?This decision arguably signals the Court's intention to maintain a cautious approach on complaints concerning a 'clash' between the right of individuals to freedom of religion and the right of LGBTIQ individuals to not be discriminated against in accessing goods, facilities, and services.Whilst not examining the merits of the applicant's complaint, the Court acknowledged that a balancing exercise of the applicant's Convention rights against the McArthurs' Convention rights would be 'a matter of great import and sensitivity to both LGBTIQ communities and to faith communities', especially in the context of Norther Ireland where 'there is a large and strong faith community, where the LGBTIQ community has endured a history of considerable discrimination and intimidation, and where conflict between the rights of these two communities has long been a feature of public debate' (para 75). As a general principle, the Court held that similar disputes must be resolved 'with tolerance, without undue disrespect to sincere religious beliefs, and without subjecting gay persons to indignities when they seek goods and services in an open market' (para 75). However, the Court also reiterated that in the light of the 'heightened sensitivity of the balancing exercise in the particular national context' the domestic courts would be better placed than the international judge to strike the balance between Mr Lee's competing Convention rights and the McArthurs' Convention rights (para 76).On this basis, it seems likely that, even if Mr Lee's complaint had been declared admissible, the Court would have deferred to the margin of appreciation available to domestic authorities and confirmed the findings of the UKSC.
Interesting New Journal Article: Legal Violence and (In)Visible Families: How Law Shapes and Erases Family Life in SOGI Asylum in Europe
Carmelo Danisi, Nuno FerreiraHuman Rights Law Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2022, ngab020, https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngab020
Abstract Studies on the Refugee Convention have paid very limited attention to the notion of family and family rights of asylum claimants in connection with asylum claims based on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). Drawing on the notion of 'legal violence', this article demonstrates the injurious cumulative effect that a heteronormative, homonormative and Western-centered formulation and implementation of asylum and refugee law has on SOGI claimants when it comes to intimate and family relationships. By relying on a solid body of primary and secondary data, it explores the invisibility of SOGI claimants and refugees' families and how that invisibility is normalized by European legal frameworks, such as the Dublin (III) Regulation and Family Reunification Directive. To end this 'legal violence' and reconnect asylum systems with the lived experiences of SOGI claimants, a principled approach based on human rights and specifically the right to respect for family life is suggested.
Natalie Alkiviadou: A Missed Opportunity for LGBTQ Rights (on Verfassungsblog)
Source: https://verfassungsblog.de/a-missed-opportunity-for-lgbtq-rights/
A few days ago, the British activist Gareth Lee failed with his complaint before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The Court declared the application inadmissible as Lee had not claimed the violation of rights under the European Convention on Human Rights in any of the national court proceedings and thus had not exhausted all national remedies. Lee v. the United Kingdom really was a missed opportunity for Europe's regional human rights court to address the issue of homophobia in the context of access to goods and services.
Lee v. the United Kingdom
In 2014, a Northern Irish bakery had refused to deliver a cake ordered by Lee with the words "Support Gay Marriage" and the QueerSpace logo on it. The applicant was told by the bakery that his cake could not be made because the bakery was a Christian business. The case reached the Supreme Court, which found no discrimination against the applicant on grounds of sexual orientation. It held that the bakery's objection related to the cake's message and not to the applicant's sexual orientation. Lee complained to the ECtHR arguing that his rights under Article 8 (private life), Article 9 (freedom of religion) and Article 10 (freedom of expression), alone and in conjunction with Article 14, had been violated.
Now, the ECtHR declared the case inadmissible. Relying on cases such as Azinas v. Cyprus, the Court referred to the Convention's subsidiary character. In Azinas, for example, the Grand Chamber had found that 'It would be contrary to the subsidiary character of the Convention system if an applicant, ignoring a possible Convention argument, could rely on some other ground before the national authorities for challenging an impugned measure, but then lodge an application before the Court on the basis of the Convention argument.'
In Lee, the Court also underlined that 'it is not immediately apparent how the findings of the Supreme Court and the consequences of those findings for the applicant either constitute one of the modalities of or are linked to the exercise of a right guaranteed by any of those Articles.'
The Court noted that Lee did not invoke his Convention rights expressly at any point in the domestic proceedings and stressed that it was not convinced by his arguments, namely that the domestic law provisions on which he relied existed to protect his aforementioned rights and that the violations complained about only crystallized with the judgement of the Supreme Court, after which there were no further available remedies on a national level.
It appears to me that through the above reasoning, the Court puts all its energy into avoiding answering important questions, offering no analysis of any of the articles cited by the applicant, and thus leaving key legal questions unanswered. The deputy director of the Committee on the Administration of Justice (a third party intervener in the case) described this as a 'missed opportunity' for the ECtHR to 'clarify its case law on sexual orientation and discrimination in the private sector.'
The US Cake Case
A brief discussion of the US Supreme Court jurisprudence is merited, since, in Lee, both the Supreme Court and the ECtHR referred to the 2018 case of Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. This case involved a baker's refusal to make a cake for the marriage celebrations of a same-sex couple due to his religious beliefs. The lower courts had all found in favour of the clients because the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (2015) prohibits businesses from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation. However, the strong First Amendment tradition of the country meant that the direction changed at the Supreme Court. The First Amendment provides that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.'
As such, free speech holds a particularly strong position in the US legal order. As a result, in Masterpiece, with two dissenting opinions, the Supreme Court found that the Commission's position violated the State's prohibition under the First Amendment to pass laws which are founded on hostility to a religion or religious viewpoint. The Court underlined that the baker, Philips, was 'entitled to a neutral and respectful consideration of his claims' which was 'compromised' due to the Commission's demonstration of 'impermissible hostility' towards his religious beliefs. In citing this case, the ECtHR in Lee referred to the US Supreme Court's position that such disputes 'must be resolved with tolerance, without undue disrespect to sincere religious beliefs and without subjecting gay persons to indignities when they seek goods and services.' How the ECtHR actually implemented this is unclear, given the stringency it applied to the admissibility requirements.
Interestingly, at the time of the US 'cake case', another judgement was passed, Arlene's Flowers v. State of Washington. This case dealt with a florist who refused to arrange the flowers for a same-sex marriage. The US Supreme Court was asked to take up the case in 2017. It sent it back down to the Washington Supreme Court, with instructions to reconsider it given the Masterpiece judgement. In 2019, the Washington Supreme Court ruled against the florist for a second time. She asked the US Supreme Court to hear her case, but it rejected her request. A significant element in this case (had it been heard by the Supreme Court) and other future cases, would have been the court's legal analysis of 'the nexus between the First Amendment and anti-discrimination laws in the absence of (alleged) hostility on the part of lower courts or bodies'. This is because the Masterpiece case dealt extensively with the alleged hostility the Commission had shown towards the baker and his beliefs. This took up much of the Court's reasoning. The emphasis on the alleged hostility may have stood in the way of a more extensive assessment of the rights of the LGBTQ community to access goods and services.
Goods, Services and Homophobia
In 2010, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution entitled 'Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.' This calls on States Parties to, inter alia, protect the LGBTQ community from discrimination (making specific reference to the facilitation of access to goods and services by transgender persons) and to ensure effective judicial involvement where discrimination cases arise. The 2010 Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers on 'Measures to Combat Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity' looks at issues such as free speech, hate crime and hate speech, whilst the area of 'goods and services' is restricted to health, housing and education. On a European Union (EU) level, things are relatively bleak in terms of protection against discrimination of LGBTQ communities when it comes to goods and services. The Racial Equality Directive encompasses equal treatment in relation to employment, vocational training, social protection and social advantages, education and access to and supply of goods and services. In contrast, the General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of other characteristics, such as sexual orientation, is limited to the workplace. This distinction has led to the 2000 directives carrying 'an aura of unfinished business,' with no convincing explanation for this difference having been put forth yet. In 2014, the European Parliament passed the 'Roadmap against Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.' In it, the Parliament highlights its belief that the EU 'currently lacks a comprehensive policy to protect the fundamental rights of LGBTQ people.' For this reason, it called on the Commission, Member States and the relevant agencies to work jointly on a comprehensive multiannual policy to protect the fundamental rights of LGBTQ persons.
Undoubtedly, then, the differences between the directives' applicability and purpose affect the quality and efficacy of any national law that transposes the directives as they stand. In brief, EU non-discrimination protection on the basis of sexual orientation 'demonstrates a hierarchy of what the EU considers as significant enough to be actionable.'
A Missed Opportunity
Lee really was a missed opportunity for Europe's regional human rights court to address the issue of homophobia in the context of access to goods and services, particularly in the absence of an EU framework. The ruling could have been a guiding light not only for a post-EU United Kingdom but also for the other members of the Council of Europe. Moreover, it is another thorn in the side of the current framework in which the rights of the LGBTQ community are less protected than those of other communities.
On the Project
On our site Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC) Law Project, you find more tools relating to SOGIESC LAW i.e. legal issues affecting sexual minorities, in particular LGBTI individuals. This field includes fields such as criminal law, human rights law, anti-discrimination law, and family law.
These United Nations factsheets break down the problems and the solutions.
International and Comparative SOGIESC Law - Professor Andreas R Ziegler


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Obama's Iran Deal Has the Makings of a Catastrophe
by Daniel Pipes
https://www.meforum.org/5379/iran-nuclear-agreement
Originally published under the title, "Could the Iran Deal Be the Worst International Accord of All Time?"
Iran's negotiators (second and third from left) have good reason to be happier than their Western counterparts.
Barack Obama has repeatedly signaled during the past six and a half years that that his No. 1 priority in foreign affairs is not China, not Russia, not Mexico, but Iran. He wants to bring Iran in from the cold, to transform the Islamic Republic into just another normal member of the so-called international community, ending decades of its aggression and hostility.
In itself, this is a worthy goal; it's always good policy to reduce the number of enemies. (It brings to mind Nixon going to China.) The problem lies, of course, in the execution.
Obama's conduct of the Iran nuclear negotiations has been inconsistent, capitulating, and deceitful to the American public.
The conduct of the Iran nuclear negotiations has been wretched, with the Obama administration inconsistent, capitulating, exaggerating, and even deceitful. It forcefully demanded certain terms, then soon after conceded these same terms.
Secretary of State John Kerry implausibly announced that we have "absolutely knowledge" of what the Iranians have done until now in their nuclear program and therefore have no need for inspections to form a baseline. How can any adult, much less a high official, make such a statement?
The administration misled Americans about its own concessions: After the November 2013 Joint Plan of Action, it came out with a factsheet which Tehran said was inaccurate. Guess who was right? The Iranians. In brief, the U.S. government has shown itself deeply untrustworthy.
The agreement signed today ends the economic sanctions regime, permits the Iranians to hide much of their nuclear activities, lacks enforcement in case of Iranian deceit, and expires in slightly more than a decade. Two problems particularly stand out: The Iranian path to nuclear weapons has been eased and legitimated; Tehran will receive a "signing bonus" of some US$150 billion that greatly increases its abilities to aggress in the Middle East and beyond.
Of all the administration's foreign policy mistakes, none have been this potentially catastrophic.
The United States alone, not to speak of the P5+1 countries as a whole, have vastly greater economic and military power than the Islamic Republic of Iran, making this one-sided concession ultimately a bafflement.
Of the administration's accumulated foreign-policy mistakes in the last six years, none have been catastrophic for the United States: Not the Chinese building islands, the Russians taking Crimea, or the collapse into civil wars of Libya, Yemen, Syria, and Iraq. But the Iran deal has the makings of a catastrophe.
Attention now shifts to the U.S. Congress to review today's accord, arguably the worst treaty not just in American history or modern history, but ever. Congress must reject this deal. Republican senators and representatives have shown themselves firm on this topic; will the Democrats rise to the occasion and provide the votes for a veto override? They need to feel the pressure.
Daniel Pipes (DanielPipes.org, @DanielPipes) is president of the Middle East Forum.
Related Topics: Iran, US policy | Daniel Pipes receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free mef mailing list This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about its author, date, place of publication, and original URL.
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