text:
title: Modifier classes
---

Pivotal UI provides several CSS "modifier" classes. A modifier is a tiny CSS class that has **one** job (e.g., it sets a single CSS property). They are sometimes called utility classes or atomic classes by other front-end libraries. Modifiers help avoid writing repetitive CSS and make it easy to incorporate Pivotal UI's colors, typography, and other common patterns.

It is very often possible to achieve a desired effect just by composing modifier classes, without writing any new CSS. Prefer this approach whenever it is feasible, since it decreases the amount of CSS to maintain in your team's codebase and makes styling more consistent across codebases.

## Anatomy of a modifier

The CSS for a modifier class looks like this:

```css
.underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
```

The `underline` class does exactly one thing: gives any text with this class an underline. On its own, this is not very impressive. The real power of modifiers becomes clear when composing multiple modifiers together.

## Composing modifiers

To demonstrate how modifier classes can be composed, consider this unstyled content that displays the current year:

```jsx
//title=With no modifiers
<div>
  <span>current year:</span> <span>{new Date().getFullYear()}</span>
</div>
```

Now, let's add a bunch of modifier classes to the outer `div` and inner `span` elements to center the text and add some style:

```jsx
//title=With several modifiers
<div className="paxl bg-accent-teal type-white border border-rounded h2 txt-c">
  <span className="em-high">current year:</span> <span className="em-low">{new Date().getFullYear()}</span>
</div>
```

Without writing any CSS, the content looks completely different.

See the sidebar for a full list of available modifiers.


text:
Q: How to calculate basis knowing only coordinates? I am working on this exercise our teacher gave us:

So basically I am given nine coordinates in one base and nine in another and I should then figure out a matrix used to convert $e$ coordinates into $\tilde{e}$ coordinates? In my book there is this guide to solving problems like this I think.

Trying this, I got the change-of-basis matrix to be:
\begin{bmatrix}
13\quad & -7\quad & 37\\
-2\quad & 1\quad & -6\\
6\quad & -3\quad & 17
\end{bmatrix}
Am I thinking straight? There was another exercise similar to this that I used this exact method for, but the teacher said I was way off and I asked him why and he gave me an answer that I honestly did not understand nor didn't help me solve the problem and because of covid it would probably take at least a week, probably two weeks to get an answer to a question :( and I do not have that time. How do I solve these kind of problems and what is going on here?

A: This is straightforward.
What's going on is that an invertible matrix can always be interpreted as the change of basis between the standard basis and the basis consisting of the columns.
So, you should get $\begin{pmatrix}1&1&-1\\1&3&2\\-2&-1&3\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}-1&1&1\\0&-1&0\\-3&2&2\end{pmatrix}^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix}-1&-2&0\\8&-1&-3\\5&4&-1\end{pmatrix}$.
Your basis is the set of columns of the last matrix.
The method you referenced will work, but you need to apply it twice, with the standard basis as a point of reference, and multiply the two transition matrices as I have done.
I just remember the fact I mentioned about the columns, which saves time.  This may seem like a lot of hot air, but the method you referred to doesn't give the product in the right order, when you try to do it all at once.

A: I suggested plotting on a comment to get a "feel" for what these matrices are doing, as well as the contravariant nature of the coefficients in a change of basis (as the basis vectors lengthen, the components of a given vector expressed in the new basis shrink). The answer by Chris Custer (+1) is the answer to the question, but to dispel the remaining questions I am going to look at one of the original vectors in standard Euclidean coordinates in terms of the new basis vectors, and use the matrix in Chris' answer as my translator to make sure that the order of matrix operations does make sense.
I chose the vector $\vec v=\small\begin{bmatrix}1\\3\\-1\end{bmatrix},$ just because I like it. This vector, in standard Euclidean coordinates is $\vec v= 1 \vec e_1 + 3 \vec e_2 -1 \vec e_3=\small 1\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{bmatrix}+ 3 \begin{bmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{bmatrix}-1 \begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{bmatrix}.$ Nothing new. Here it is:

Now, this very same arrow, exactly as it is, can be looked at using the new basis vectors as calculated with the standard operation in Chris' answer:
$$\small\left\{\tilde {\vec e_1}=\begin{bmatrix}-1\\8\\5\end{bmatrix},\tilde {\vec e_2}=\begin{bmatrix}-2\\-1\\4\end{bmatrix}, \tilde {\vec e_3}=\begin{bmatrix}0\\-3\\-1\end{bmatrix} \right\}$$
The equation used in that answer is:
$$\mathbf C = \begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{old basis}\end{bmatrix}\; \begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{new basis}\end{bmatrix}^{-1}=\small\begin{bmatrix}-1&-2&0\\8&-1&-3\\5&4&-1\end{bmatrix}$$
where $\mathbf C$ is the matrix containing the new basis in its columns.
It follows that
$$\begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{old basis}\end{bmatrix} = \mathbf C  \begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{new basis}\end{bmatrix}$$
And since we are focusing on the second vector $\vec v,$ the operation will only involve the second vector in the new coordinate system, which is in the second column of the vectors expressed in the new basis: $\small \begin{bmatrix}-1&\color{red}1&1\\0&\color{red}{-1}&0\\-3&\color{red}2&2\end{bmatrix}$ as such:
$$\small \begin{bmatrix}1\\3\\-1\end{bmatrix}= \mathbf C\small \begin{bmatrix}1\\-1\\2\end{bmatrix}=\small\begin{bmatrix}-1&-2&0\\8&-1&-3\\5&4&-1\end{bmatrix}\small \begin{bmatrix}1\\-1\\2\end{bmatrix}$$
which is indeed what we get if we plot the equivalent expression:
$$\small \begin{bmatrix}1\\3\\-1\end{bmatrix}= 1\small \begin{bmatrix}-1\\8\\5\end{bmatrix} -1 \small \begin{bmatrix}-2\\-1\\4\end{bmatrix}+2 \small \begin{bmatrix}0\\-3\\-1\end{bmatrix}  =1\tilde {\vec e_1}-1\tilde {\vec e_2}+ 2 \tilde {\vec e_3}$$
as

And now closing the loop and transforming forward the coordinates from old to new, we can see why we need the inverse of the actual change of coordinates matrix $\mathbf C$:
$$ \begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{new basis}\end{bmatrix}= \mathbf C^{-1} \begin{bmatrix}\text{vectors}\\\text{in}\\ \text{old basis}\end{bmatrix}$$
So
$$\small \begin{bmatrix}1&-2&0\\8&-1&-3\\5&4&-1\end{bmatrix}^{-1}\big[\vec v\big]_\text{Std. Eucl.}=
\small \begin{bmatrix}13&-2&6\\-7&1&-3\\37&-6&17\end{bmatrix}\small \begin{bmatrix}1\\3\\-1\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1\\-1\\2\end{bmatrix}_{\text{New basis}}$$

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Genealogists were deep into research within minutes of the June 21 ribbon cutting, the beginning of a daylong celebration featuring historical re-enactors, musicians and genealogy classes.
The space allows plenty of room for resources including a circulating collection, almost completely open stacks, microfilm reader-printers, self-digitization stations, classrooms and research consultation rooms.


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text:
Prize in Economic Sciences 1985
Franco Modigliani
The Prize in Economics 1985 - Presentation Speech
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985
The Prize in Economics 1985 - Press release
Presentation Speech by Professor Ragnar Bentzel of the Royal Academy of Sciences
Translation from the Swedish text
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen,
This year's prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded to Professor Franco Modigliani for his construction and development of the theory of household saving known as the life-cycle hypothesis and for his contributions to the formulation of the Modigliani-Miller theorems regarding capital costs and the determination of corporations' market values. These two contributions are closely inter-related. Both entail the management of household wealth and can be seen as parts of Modigliani's extensive research into the functioning of financial markets.
According to the theory presented in 1936 by the great British economist John Maynard Keynes, it is a 'psychological law' that when their incomes increase, people increase their saving to such an extent that the saved share of their incomes increases. This putative law was rooted in empirical observations of saving in various income groups, and Keynes concluded that, in a period of economic growth, the share of national income that constitutes aggregate saving steadily rises.
Keynes' theory of saving was generally accepted by his contemporaries. But, in 1942, the American economist Simon Kuznets showed that Keynes' theory was contradicted by statistical data: in the United States saving's share of national income had not undergone a long-term increase – despite an enormous increase in personal incomes. This contradiction was seen as a paradox, and it soon became the object of a number of studies. One of those studies resulted in a work, published in 1954, in which Franco Modigliani and his assistant, Richard Brumberg, presented an entirely new theory of household saving: the life-cycle hypothesis.
The life-cycle hypothesis derives from the simple idea that people save for their own retirement and that they therefore accumulate savings during their active years in order to be able to consume those savings during their retirement.
A stringent, mathematical formulation of this hypothesis led to a number of conclusions that could not be drawn from earlier theories, for example, that a person's saving is not determined only by his income, but also by his wealth, his expected future income, and his age. The hypothesis also made possible a rational explanation of the Keynes-Kuznets paradox. As Modigliani and Brumberg showed, in the life-cycle model there is no unique correspondence between the cross-section and the time-series saving-income relationships.
In its original formulation, the life-cycle hypothesis was a theory of saving behavior on the part of the individual. But Modigliani has expanded the perspective of the hypothesis and in a number of writings dealt with the issue that is far more interesting from an economic-political standpoint: the conclusions the theory provides regarding aggregate household saving. Here, he has shown that the theory implies, among other things, (1) that saving is not determined, as earlier theories have suggested, by households' income level, but rather by the rate of increase in that income level, (2) that saving is affected by population growth as well as by population age structure, (3) that saving is affected by households' aggregate wealth and hence also by the interest rate in its capacity of capitalization factor, and finally (4) that the multiplier effect of an autonomous expenditure increase approaches the inverted value of the marginal tax rate.
With the life-cycle hypothesis, Modigliani has created a wholly new theory of household saving – a theory that has proved to be of major significance to research into consumption and saving. It has constituted the basis of theoretical and empirical analyses of many different types of problems – chiefly those involving the effects of economic-political measures. Among other things, it has been used for analyses of the effects of various social-insurance systems and the consequences of budget deficits on the economic situations of various generations.
I would like to turn now to the other contribution for which Professor Modigliani has been awarded this prize: the formulation of the Modigliani-Miller theorems.
The theorems derive from an article written by Modigliani and his colleague Merton Miller in 1958. The central theorem states that a corporation's market value – defined as the sum of the market values of its equity stock and its debts – is independent of the size and structure of those debts, on condition that the financial markets are functioning perfectly and are in a state of equilibrium. In such instances, the average cost of capital is also independent of the debts. In a later work, the two authors showed that – with a given investment policy – a corporation's worth is independent of its dividend policy. These theorems are intended to provide norms for comparison, and they thus presume the absence of taxes and bankruptcy costs. The authors, however, provide a thorough discussion of the effects of taxes on the validity of the theorems.
At first glance, these theorems can seem rather odd. Aren't there always people who attach particular significance to the degree of a corporation's indebtedness – either in perceiving a large burden of debt as a risk factor or, on the contrary, viewing a high degree of debt as something favorable? After all, it is a common view, for example, that a house is worth more if it is heavily mortgaged. Yes, such evaluations are made, of course. But they lack influence in the perfect markets posited by Modigliani and Miller. Because, in such markets, stockholders can compose their investment portfolios at no cost entirely at their own discretion. And therefore, their evaluations of risk, debt burden, and so forth will be reflected in their choice of portfolios. This does not, however, invalidate the Modigliani-Miller theorems. Were these not fulfilled, it would always be possible to conduct profitable stock transactions by selling overvalued stocks and buying undervalued ones and, possibly, by borrowing. As a result, the stock prices would change, and the values of the corporations involved would tend to approach the state of equilibrium stipulated in the theorems.
Until the latter part of the 1950s, no viable theory of corporate financing of investment, debt, taxes, and so forth had been developed. It was not till Modigliani and Miller presented their theorems that more stringent theorizing began to appear in this field. By treating financing decisions within the framework of a theory of financial-marketplace equilibrium, Modigliani and Miller provided the general guidelines for continued research in this area.
The scientific value of their contributions is therefore not limited to their formulation of the theorems themselves, but also derives to perhaps a like degree from their introduction of a new analytical method in the corporate finance discipline.
From Nobel Lectures, Economics 1981-1990, Editor Karl-Göran Mäler, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992
MLA style: Award ceremony speech. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Thu. 20 Jan 2022. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1985/ceremony-speech/>

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Strategy memo: Gun reform
Home /Articles/Strategy memo: Gun reform
NYU Wagner Review
Policy and Advocacy,Policy Memo,The Latest |
TO: The law and policy director of gun reform interest groups everywhere
FROM: Ryan Newberry, Strategy Consultant
RE: Forcing Republican Senators' hand on gun policy reform
DATE: Sept. 10, 2019
Republicans in the Senate will only vote on gun reform if an impassioned and organized electorate demands it. To achieve Senate votes on reforms such as expanded background checks, red flag laws, and an assault weapons ban, you must target five vulnerable Senators up for reelection in 2020 with an escalating campaign designed to vividly illustrate the consequences of inaction, motivating a bipartisan majority of voters to tell their respective Senators that if he or she doesn't protect them, they will vote for a candidate who will.
OVERALL STRATEGY
Public outcry for gun reform is loudest in the aftermath of a mass shooting, fading as the national narrative moves on.1 Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and his Republican colleagues in the Senate exploit this phenomenon by paying lip service to policy changes while parrying calls for votes on reform measures, including a universal background check bill already passed by the House.2 McConnell, ever the cynic, recently said he would allow a vote on any gun control reform backed by President Donald Trump3 — but with a majority of Americans favoring gun control,4 your organization has the opportunity to force McConnell's hand by: [1] organizing the public in five states where a sitting GOP Senator is susceptible to a 2020 electoral challenge; [2] leading participants in a coordinated, sustained and escalating campaign to educate voters on gun control and on their leverage over the five target Senators; [3] converting passive support for gun policy reform into mounting pressure that spurs the target Senators to push McConnell for a vote.
CONSTITUENTS, COALITIONS, AND OPPONENTS
Your constituents need organizing: A bipartisan majority of voters in Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Maine and North Carolina (states where a GOP Senator is facing a contentious reelection bid in 2020) support gun reform, including up to 90% support for some initiatives, which include background checks, red flag laws and a ban on assault weapons.5-9 Thus, your campaign should center on organizing volunteers in provocative public actions intended to educate and motivate the general public by dramatizing the dire consequences of leaving politicians in power who value access to guns over human lives. These actions would take pro-gun rhetoric and policy to their most extreme conclusions: performative active shooter drills in public spaces, satirical protests advocating for the extension of 2nd Amendment rights to children and even pets, and more. Such disruptive actions would include a message about how the targeted Senator in each state can act (but hasn't) to improve the situation, how the public can pressure him or her to do so, and whom they can vote for instead if need be. The primary objective is to inspire and mobilize the bipartisan majority of voters already on your side, with a secondary aim of publicly embarrassing the target Senators.
Strategic coalitions can amplify your campaign: Partnering with national advocacy organizations such as Everytown for Gun Safety; activists such as Parkland survivors David Hogg and Emma Gonzalez; pro-reform celebrities like Cardi B10; affinity groups with a stake in the policy outcome, such as the Parent Teacher Association and conservative Catholic clergy11; and potential grassroots influencers, such as teachers and students, would help you capture public and media attention in a bipartisan or, preferably, nonpartisan way. The bigger your platform, the more participation and success your campaign will enjoy.
Your opponents know public opinion is against them: While pro-gun interest groups give them and their party considerable financial support to maintain the status quo,12 the Senators' constituents, who control their political fates, overwhelmingly support gun reform.5-9 The only way to move Martha McSally (Arizona), Cory Gardner (Colorado), David Perdue (Georgia), Susan Collins (Maine) and Thom Tillis (North Carolina) to action is by giving them reason to fear the voters in their states more than they crave the gun lobby's financial support.13 Flipping three seats would erase the GOP's Senate majority, a threat that may be sufficient motivation for McConnell if he is frequently receiving panicked phone calls from vulnerable caucus members between now and November 2020.
FRAMING AND MESSAGING
Overarching message: Mass shootings are now a part of everyday American life; protecting ourselves means preparing for the worst — and electing officials who will put your safety first.
The message to volunteers: You don't need to change minds, just inspire action.
You can keep your volunteers energized and motivated by reminding them that there is already bipartisan support for gun reform in their states; their job is simply to mobilize that support.
The message to the general public: If you're not comfortable living in a society where active shooter drills — and active shooters — are routine, then you have to hold your Senator, and your fellow voters, accountable every day until the 2020 election.
Your messaging must make the problem and its causes clear, that the solution is attainable and that inaction (from politicians and the public) is unconscionable.
The message to parents: Every time you buy a bulletproof backpack for your child, you're letting your Senator off the hook. The most effective way to protect your children is by demanding reform from your elected representatives.
The story you tell parents will transcend politics, defining the stakes as their children's lives versus the NRA's profits.
The message to potential partners: It's time to build a movement that takes gun reform from a hot-button issue to a bread-and-butter issue.
The majority of voters in the target states already support gun reform, so you have a unique opportunity to leverage your partners' platforms to change the terms of the debate.
The message to opponents: This isn't about politics; it's about the safety of our loved ones. If you won't protect us, we'll protect ourselves — nonviolently — in public spaces and at the ballot box.
Members of Congress only take actions that maximize their opportunity for reelection, so your constituents have to make it crystal clear that they will only reelect the target Senators if they honor their desire for gun reform.13
POTENTIAL THREATS AND OBSTACLES
Though Republicans and the gun lobby will fight you at every step, the biggest threat to success is simply apathy: If a majority of the electorate loses interest or buys into the myth that it is powerless, then the target Senators will not act. But if you can convince the pro-reform, bipartisan majorities in the five target states that reform is a matter of literal life and death, and that they have the power to effect change with their voices and their votes, then no amount of NRA contributions or McConnell resistance will stop the targeted Senators from acting in your favor out of self-preservation.
You have the opportunity to frame the narrative. Tactics like the ones outlined above, coupled with education on easy steps for pressuring the local Senator into action, will highlight the threat pro-gun policy poses to the public, while turning the gun lobby's rhetoric against itself. Most importantly, your efforts will shift the public mood from impotent dismay to empowered anger, imbuing a majority of the electorate with the agency that comes through the knowledge that the only person who can stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a vote.
Ryan Newberry is in his second year at NYU Wagner. He is Managing Editor for Online Publications for The Wagner Review, Vice Chair of Wagner Advocacy and Political Action, and Communications Chair for Students for Criminal Justice Reform.
Gun control: registered voters. do you favor or oppose stricter gun control laws? Civiqs. January 15, 2015 — August 27, 2019. https://civiqs.com/results/gun_control?uncertainty=true&annotations=true&zoomIn=true. Accessed Aug. 30, 2019.
Here's the House gun control legislation Mitch McConnell refuses to take up in the Senate after the mass shootings in El Paso and Dayton. Business Insider. Aug. 5, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/the-house-gun-control-legislation-mitch-mcconnell-senate-2019-8. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
Levine M. McConnell vows to bring up gun legislation — as long as Trump backs it. Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/03/mcconnell-guns-trump-senate-1479818. Sept. 3, 2019.
Americans largely support gun restrictions to "do something" about gun violence. NPR. Aug. 10, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/10/749792493/americans-largely-support-gun-restrictions-to-do-something-about-gun-violence. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
Polling. Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. https://lawcenter.giffords.org/facts/polling/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
New survey reveals Colorado voters overwhelmingly want state lawmakers to prioritize gun safety laws in 2019. Giffords.org. Jan. 3, 2019. https://giffords.org/2019/01/co_gun_safety_poll/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
In a shift, most Georgia voters call for gun control restrictions. Atlanta Journal Constitution. https://www.ajc.com/news/state–regional-govt–politics/shift-most-georgia-voters-call-for-gun-control-restrictions/hW9o8PbtCYF1xolbPJNrRI/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
New polling: 81 percent of maine voters support life-saving red flag legislation. Everytown.org. April 16, 2019. https://everytown.org/press/new-polling-81-percent-of-maine-voters-support-life-saving-red-flag-legislation/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
Exclusive poll: NC weighs in on guns, school security. Spectrum News. https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2018/05/02/north-carolina-gun-control-guns-in-schools-school-safety-ar15-poll. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
23 celebs who have spoken out publicly about gun control. Elle.com. Aug. 5, 2019. https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/g19070006/celebs-speak-out-gun-control/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
The Conservative Case for Gun Control. The Jesuit Post. Feb. 26, 2018. https://thejesuitpost.org/2018/02/the-conservative-case-for-gun-control/. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
National Rifle Association. OpenSecrets.org. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/totals.php?id=d000000082&cycle=2016. Accessed on Aug. 30, 2019.
Congress: The Electoral Connection. Mayhew D. Yale University Press. 1974.
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text:
Drew Doughty got a big helping hand from John Stevens
By Joe YerdonMay 28, 2012, 10:40 AM EDT
Drew Doughty's season got off to a slow start, partly in thanks to him missing training camp in a contract dispute with the team. As the season wore on, he got better and in the playoffs he's been, at times, the best player on the ice.
The man responsible for Doughty's awakening? Kings assistant coach, and former Flyers head man, John Stevens. Helene Elliott hears from Stevens about what he did to help Doughty elevate his game.
"I was just trying to get him really focused in on the details, the preparation and the practice habits and all that stuff that I knew could make him an even better player," Stevens said. "On top of that, Drew might be one of the most gifted, talented players ever and I was probably one of the least gifted, talented players ever, so we have two different personalities.
"I was really trying to get a marriage of his really great, God-given talent and his commitment to focus on details and fundamentals. To his credit, he's done that."
That's a good job out of both Stevens and Doughty as the Kings' defense is rather nondescript in its play. Doughty's play helps make things go from the blue line though as he's been huge all playoffs putting up two goals and eight assists and looked like the guy who was a Norris Trophy finalist two years ago. That sort of play helped make him a huge factor in helping the Kings win the Western Conference and become a Conn Smythe Trophy consideration.
Tags: Drew Doughty, John Stevens, Los Angeles Kings


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Hand wash in lukewarm or cold water with mild detergent and lay flat to dry.


Roland J. "Ron" Glaser, age 70, of Huron, died Wednesday, January 9, 2013, as the result of a motor vehicle accident near Forestburg, South Dakota. His memorial service was at 1 PM Wednesday, January 16th, at the First Presbyterian Church with the Rev. Andrew Crandall officiating. Burial was in the Riverside Cemetery with military honors by the Huron Veterans Council.
Roland "Ron" J. Glaser was born January 18, 1942, to Gerhardt "Jerry" and Gladys (Messmer) Glaser at LaMoure, North Dakota. He graduated from the eight grade and then joined the workforce in LaMoure. In 1959, at the age of 17, Ron joined the United States Navy during peacetime and was stationed in Japan. After serving almost two years in the Navy, he was discharged after incurring a disabling injury.
Throughout his life Ron was married and divorced five times. He worked as a cook, farm laborer, over-the-road truck driver and as a general carpenter/handyman. Ron was a member of the Fraternal Order of the Eagles for more than 35 years.
Ron lived all over the United States and liked to tell stories to his grandchildren about the experiences he had being in 49 of the 50 States. He moved to Huron in 2005 and spent the last years of his life enjoying spending time with his daughter, helping his son-in-law with projects, seeing his grandchildren, tinkering on vehicles, gardening and doing handyman things. He enjoyed going to the grandchildren's school and sporting events and never missed an opportunity to brag about them.
He was preceded in death by his parents and his son Todd Glaser.
He is survived by his children, DeAnn Speicher of Dickinson, North Dakota, Juanita (Lyndon) Propst of Goodwin, Gail (Brian) Lichty of Huron, Peggy (Jerry Reis) Stuchl of Sioux Falls and Ronald Glaser of Aberdeen; grandchildren, Brandon Speicher of Dickinson, North Dakota, Megan (Cameron Hogle) Kienow of Aberdeen, Ashley (Clint Frankfurth) Kienow of Iroquois, Brianna, Jeclyn and Dylan Lichty of Huron, Melissa Propst of Volga, Shantel Propst of Goodwin, Taylor and Kaden Stuchl of Sioux Falls and Andrew, Matthew and Christopher Glaser of North Dakota; great-grandchildren, Landon Kienow, Collyn Hogle and Zoey Hogle, all of Aberdeen; and step great-grandson, Caydan Frankfurth of Huron. Ron is also survived by his brother, Richard (Hope) Glaser of St. Paul, Minnesota; sisters, Rose Grams of Stacy, Minnesota, Luci (Daryl Krous) Kresse of Sibley, North Dakota and Linda Glaser of Bismarck, North Dakota; and numerous nieces and nephews.


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Use the interactive map search to view all Nampa real estate listings by location.
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Spine Aid raises money to help treat disadvantaged patients in the developing world who have severe spinal problems and disabilities.
This young boy was seen in our visit to Zambia in October 2010. He had been diagnosed with spinal TB and treated with medication for 6 months. However this had not worked and the TB infection had destroyed the bone in the thoracic region of the spine.
The first video shows Cosmos walking in a hunched posture using his hands to support his spine. He is unable to stand upright and walks like an old man. If left untreated, the pressure on the delicate spinal cord can build up and cause paralysis.
The 2nd video is of Cosmos asleep and demonstrates how flexible and unstable his spine is.
Cosmos underwent a surgical procedure to take out the infected material and replace it with bone.
Normally the patient would have a second operation to put the screws into the back of the spine to hold the implanted bone in place. Unfortunately that particular kit was not available to the surgical team on this visit.
JJ had a progressive deformity of his spine, and when he was 8 he was treated with an operation to fuse the spine from behind, with the aim of preventing further progression of the deformity.
In developed countries this would be followed up every 3-6 months to ensure there are no complications. This is very important as the spine continues to grow and this growth may cause more deformity. Following up such cases in the developing world is very difficult due to costs, education, lack of information and infrastructure.
Our team saw JJ in October 2012. His deformity had progressed.He was seen by Mr Chan & Mr Davis who advised a further operation to realign the spine after breaking it in a controlled manner and then fusing it with screws and rods. This operation is referred to as a osteotomy and is one of the most challenging operations to perform.
JJ is making good progress as his spine takes on the shape of an inserted metal rod, very much like a young tree around a rigid stake.
RL is a 13 year old son of a pastor and is the only living child in the family. He was diagnosed with spinal tuberculosis which was treated with medication.
The video shows the effect of the TB on a young childs posture and gait. He is walking hunched forward and has difficultly controlling his legs. He required speacilist childrens spinal instrumentation to correct his deformity which was not available. Fundraising through Spine Aid will help secure such specialist kit.
All money donated to Spine Aid directly funds patient treatment, who are predominantly children. We provide nutrition, transport and medical equipment to help these children. All monies raised goes directly towards their care.
Thanks to many generous contributions, Spine Aid has raised over £35 000 to date. Please continue to support Spine Aid so that we can do our best to help the children of developing countries.
You can make donations online through the Just Giving website. Click on the logo to donate. Our charity fund is managed by Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Trust Charitable Fund.
"Mr. Norrish is a surgeon who trained with us at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital. After qualifying, he went to Zambia to work with the CURE foundation (cure.org) and encountered children and adults with phenomenal disabilities.
Plans are underway for Spine Aid to return to Zambia in October 2013. Click here to make a pledge.
Mr Rai led a team of Healthcare experts to visit Zambia in Autumn 2012. The team consisted of Spinal/Orthopaedic Surgeons from Addenbrooke's University Hospital Cambridge, Ipswich Hospital, Bristol Hospital and The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital.
The team were able to see 158 patients and operated on 35 of them. They were able to arrange teaching clinics, lectures and operating lists at the university and Beit Cure Hospital, Lusaka, treating and teaching on a variety of conditions from spinal fractures to tuberculosis to neglected trauma.
The team arranged two outreach visits to rural areas in Katete and Mukinge Hills. The latter involved using the services of Flyspec, which is a charitable organisation started by Professor John Jellis 20 years ago.
Mr Rai would like to thank all individuals and companies that have kindly sponsored the Spine Aid project, which has allowed this visit to occur. In particular Mr Rai would like to thank NuVasive, who have made a substantial donation towards Spine Aid through their charitable department.
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More Philosophy (3517)
Books > Philosophy > Philosophers > The Philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murty
The Philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murty
by Sibajiban Bhattacharyya & Ashok Vohra
Among philosophers in India today, Professor K. Satchidananda Murty is in a class by himself. He is a heterodox thinker as well as a critical traditionalist. Few specialists in Advaita Vedanta have been so severely critical of it as he has been in his Revelation and Reason in Advaita Vedanta (1959), and few have presented such and admiring exposition of it as he has done in his Advaitic Notion {1985}. His interdisciplinary works on Indian culture and his contribution to peace studies, as well as his pioneering work Far Eastern Philosophers {1976}, contain original ideas, critical observations and insightful comparisons. Murty's writings range across Indian and western philosophy, covering ethics, religious studies, social and political thought, culture, peace studies, philosophy of education and Indian foreign policy. This volume contains interpretative and critical essays which evaluate the implicit or explicit assumptions, starting points, beliefs, arguments, conclusions, underlying theories, undercurrents of thought normative statements, and prescriptions of Murty's works, and develop them in alternative ways. The contributors comprise an international groups of philosophers from India, Russia, the USA and Japan.
Sibajiban Bhattacharyya has taught philosophy for more than four decades in universities and institutions in India and abroad. His publications include: Gadadhara's Theory of Objectivity (in two parts) and Gangesa's Theory of Indeterminate Perception: Doubt, Belief and knowledge, Professor Bhattacharyya is at present a National Fellow of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi.
Ashok Vohra is a reader in Philosophy at the University of Delhi, South Campus. He taught philosophy at St. Stephen's College for a decade, and was for sometime Director {Planning and Research}, of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi. He is the author of Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mind {1986}, and has co-authored Radhakrishna: his Life and Ideas {1989}. He has recently translated Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations and Culture and Value into Hindi.
In a plural democracy like ours which has a national culture with multiple components, at least some who have acquired a world culture and openness of mind deserve to be identified and hon- oured. They should have the patience to listen to others, allowing the latter their say, and be prepared to enter into dialogical rela- tions with others, understanding with sympathy their points of view, and modes of life, belief and thought. There are indeed a few persons of vision who have transcended day-to-day happenings and with knowledge of the past and contemporaneity, contribute crea- tively. Professor K. Satchidananda Murty is one of those.
Apart from his important contributions to philosophy and the significant interdisciplinary work he has done in the interconnected domain of religion, culture, political thought, moral science and international relations, there are very few intellectuals in our coun- try who embody better than him our complex, yet integrated, composite national culture. It is difficult to think of another emi- nent Indian philosopher, who having specialized in classical Indian philosophy, has also studied philosophies of other cultures, such as the Islamic, Chinese and Japanese.
Professor K Satchidananda Murty, who in 1963 was regarded by Humayun Kabir as one "among the outstanding philosophers of the younger generation" and considered by Suniti Kumar Chatter- jee in 1970 as the one on whom "the mantle of Dr. Radhakrishnan had fallen worthily", has been described in 1988 by Dr. Paulos Mar Gregorios, Metropolitan of Delhi and the North, "as the leading philosopher of my country". Acharya Tulsi, the famous Jain Muni, portrayed him in 1989 as follows:
'The vision and capacity to realise it as noticed in Professor Murty is found in rare persons only. In the modern age such honesty authenticity and integrity of purpose as found in him are not commonly found.'
Those who have the privilege of knowing Murty personally know that besides being a profound scholar, a distinguished teacher and an efficient and able administrator, he has many endearing per- sonal qualities. As we consider it to be our privilege to be among his friends, we resist the temptation to use our editorial preroga- tive to discuss his personality.
So, when the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (I CPR) requested us to plan and organise a seminar and later edit a vol- ume on 'The Philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murty", we readily agreed to do so. We invited a number of scholars from India, and a few from abroad, to contribute papers to the seminar and the volume. We requested the prospective contributors to write ana- lytical and critical essays on any aspect of Murty's philosophy. They were requested to expound and discuss the interpretations, implicit or explicit assumptions, starting points, beliefs, axioms, arguments, conclusions, underlying theories, undercurrents of thought, nor- mative statements and prescriptions in Murty's works; and to evalu- ate them or bring out their implications, and develop them in alternative ways. The response was overwhelming. The scholars depending upon their expertise and liking chose to write on any topic dealt with in Murty's writings which range over Indian and Western philosophy, ethics, religious studies, social and political thought, culture, peace studies, philosophy of education and In- dian foreign policy.
The seminar on 'The Philosophy of K.Satchidananda Murty" was held on October 14 and 15, 1992. More than twentyfive papers were presented at the seminar and over one hundred scholars from India and abroad participated in it. Murty was present at the seminar to respond to these papers.
This volume consists of papers specially written,as well as the revised versions of some papers presented at the seminar. A num- ber of papers presented at the seminar by scholars of high repute could not be included in this volume, though their authors had a great deal to say on the subjects they had written on. Constraints of finance and space have prevented us from including in this volume all the papers presented at the seminar. We hope they will be published in due course.
We hope that interpretative and critical discussion of various themes of Murty's thinking published here would lead to further discussion. We would like to remind our readers of Russell's say- ing, "it is hard to imagine any arguments on either side which do not beg the question; on the fundamental issues, this is unavoid- able"; and draw their attention to what Murty himself says: "No mortal is omniscient and infallible, and there can be no policies and programmes which are perfect and immutably correct. Practi- cal wisdom is often the result of a heated and direct clash of many different viewpoints."
The work on this volume as well as the seminar could not have been undertaken, much less brought to a successful completion, without the co-operation of Professor Murty. We are grateful to him for this.
Our thanks are also due to each of the contributors who spared no efforts to come to grips with Murty's ideas. Without their active co-operation and response this volume would never have come into being.
We express our gratitude to Professor D.P.Chattopadhyaya, for- mer Chairman, Indian Council of Philosophical Research, in whose term the Council decided to have a seminar on Murty's writings and bring out a volume as a result of it. It was he who requested us to organise the seminar and edit the volume.
Professor R. Balasubramanian, the succeeding Chairman, ICPR, took a keen and sustained interest in organizing the seminar and having this volume published. We are thankful to him. Our thanks are also due to Professor Bhuvan Chandel, Member-Secretary, ICPR, for helping us to organise the seminar. We thank Professor Mrinal Miri, the present Chairman, ICPR, for his support for the publication of this volume.
We are grateful to Shri Buddhadeva Bhattacharya, Executive Editor, ICPR, for his personal care and professional help in bring- ing out this volume.
Foreword V
Classicism and Contemporaneity in Murthy's Works Xiii
1 The Ramifications of the Real in the Philosophy of Inclusiveness
R. Balasubramanian 1
2 The Philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murthy
Sibajiban Bhattacharyya 35
3 Murthy's Conception of Philosophy
J.S.R.L. Narayana Moorty 78
4 The Ideal of Philosophy as Globally Informed
Stephen H. Phillips 110
5 Murthy and Advaita Vedanta
Sengaku Mayeda 121
6 Murty's Critique of Revelation: A Pleasure –Tripper's Ovreview
Rajendra Prasad 132
7 Sitting at the Feet of Sankara
N. Isayeva 149
8 Sleep-learning or Wake-up Call? Can Vedic Sentences Make Us Aware of Brahman?
Arindam Chakrabarti 157
9 The Realms of Between: Some Reflections on Murty's The Realm of Between Daya Krishna 169
10 Two Paradigms of Religious Language
John Grimes 177
11 Murty as a Religious Thinker
N.K. Devaraja 187
12 Some Critical Remarks on the Comparative Method in Philosophy and Religion
N.S.S. Raman 197
13 Murty on Peace: a Critical Appreciation
D.P. Chattopadhyaya 212
14 Murty's Concept of the Indian Spirit
S.S. Barlingay 223
15 The Indian Spirit-An Exercise in Philosophy of Indian Culture
A. Ramamurthy 241
16 Murty's Notion of Culture: An Appraisal
Ashok Vohra 254
17 Murty on Far Eastern Philosophies
A.I. Kobzev 274
18 Iconoclastic Ideas in Murty's Writings
Bhuvan Chandel 284
19 A Survey Murty's Works in Telugu
P. Sriramachandrudu 291
Major Works of K. Satchidananda Murty 305
Contributors 309
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Our overnight passage from the port town of Golfo Arancia in northeastern Sardinia back to Livorno, Italy could hardly have gone better. We selected the slowest overnight boat available to maximize the time for sleeping, boarded about 8:30 pm, and heard the wake-up knock on our cabin door at 6 am. It wasn't a perfect night's sleep, but quite good considering the extra sensations that come with sleeping at sea. Getting out of Livorno the next morning, however, didn't go as well. We racked up an extra 5-10 miles and chewed up more than an hour just trying to get around the new freeway not shown on our map.
The still-leaning but stabilized tower.
Our BikeLine bike route book from the German publisher must have been written before the freeway extension was completed, and we wore ourselves out in the process of understanding that and in looking for an alternative route. We gave up, pedaled from the maze of dead-end streets in the vast port area, and rode back to the center of town resigning ourselves to riding on the busy highway to Pisa. But just as we approached the highway, we saw 1 more road to try.
Our elevated hopes were soon dashed as the new road quickly put us back in the familiar territory that led us onto the freeway. One thing had changed in the time we had been scrambling, which was that more cyclists were now on the road. We had noticed 1 heading towards the freeway and wondered if he ventured on to it or not. Our last ditch effort seemed a bit foolish, but it was to wait and see if another went by and to ask him about the road (recreational riders in Italy are almost always men).
The lack of cyclists going by quickly made the new plan of waiting on the curb of the expressway approach feel absurd and about when we were ready to give up, a Lycra-clad man flew by. He was headed towards the freeway but refused to stop to answer Bill's question. Bill took off after him in a flash. I couldn't keep up but Bill was hot on his heels. The sleek cyclist on a feather-weight bike must have been chagrined to see that Bill stayed on his back wheel when there was likely 100 lbs more being propelled by Bill than the guy he was following. Bill was on a last-ditch mission and stuck to his back wheel like gum on a shoe.
Bill finally dropped back to let me catch up and we paused on an overpass to track the last of the cyclist's route through the maze of freeway exits and ramps. Sure enough, after looping around like on a circus ride, he headed for the scenic coastal road that BikeLine had recommended.
As we pedaled along at a more leisurely pace, we appreciated the role experience had played in the ultimately successful strategy. Had we been in Germany, we would have looked even longer and harder for a special little bike bypass that preserved the route despite the new freeway. In Germany, it would have been a sure bet though we knew that at least in this part of Italy, there was little chance for such accommodation. Given we were in Italy, the question quickly became "should we or shouldn't we" hop on the freeway.
One trucker we asked had said "Yes" but given we couldn't see how many miles we would go before an exit, we weren't willing to risk a freeway detour. Once or twice a year we do a short stretch on freeways when the expected or promised connections just aren't there, but this heavily traveled, elevated freeway wasn't a good gamble. But all it took was the sight of 1 cyclist on it to make us willing to give it a try. And indeed, we never were really on the freeway, just the extended, multiple branching approaches. The sign had said "No Bikes" but we knew that in Italy "No" doesn't mean quite the same thing as it does in America--it's more of a yellow traffic light than a red.
We expected to arrive in nearby Pisa in the time it took us to finally leave Livorno, but fortunately it was planned as a short riding day. And the shrinking time for activities became inconsequential when we discovered that the archeology museum that surely must be in Pisa didn't exist and the maritime museum that did exist was in the middle of a many-years closure. Suddenly our Pisa sightseeing was down to revisiting the most famous architecture and our 2 night stay was reduced to 1.
The striped arches of Pisa's Duomo.
Our first visit to Pisa was in 2001 in the first months of our European cyclotouring and the famous leaning tower was being shored up with strong cables, which were now gone. We declined to pay the $18 each to tour inside the still-leaning but rescued monument and settled for the less expensive Duomo and Baptistery. Bill remembered the Duomo, or cathedral, as his favorite church in all of Europe but was disappointed once back inside. It wasn't as big or as grand as he remembered it, nor was the Baptistery.
The Duomo had been diminished by all of the other phenomenal things we'd seen in the intervening years but those experiences also gave us some new insights. Our guide book noted that this 1064 Romanesque church was the trend setter for Tuscany and Sardinia for years to come yet when we looked at it, we thought of who might have really been the tread setter.
The Duomo's great, slightly pointed outer row of arches and the distinctive horizontal banding from 2 different colors of marble looked remarkably like the Grand Mosque in Cordoba in the Andalusian region of southern Spain. A quick reference check of facts and figures eliminated any doubts as to the plausibility of the theory, as construction on the Grand Mosque began in the middle of the 700's. By the 10th century, Cordoba was the largest and most cultured city in all of Europe and was the #3 city in all of the west behind Baghdad and what is now Istanbul.
The striped arches in Cordoba's Grand Mosque.
Surely the newly prosperous and maritime Pisans had been to Cordoba, as they were rising to power late in the 9th century. It would only make sense that they would have looked to the European tread-setters for inspiration as they embarked on their own building spree to punctuate their increasing power. Of course, nothing we had available could confirm or deny our theory, though we'll be listening for tidbits on art history with this new question in mind.
Lucca was next on our must-see list for our revisiting of this region of western Italy. In 2001 we were overnight guests of Portland friends Cheryl and Terry that had rented a rural villa outside of Lucca, but we never actually made it into the famous city itself. Less known Lucca (probably because it lacked a fleet) was one of the great Italian powerhouses along with others like Venice, Genoa, Milan and Florence. Lucca commanded respect in commerce as did the other important cities, but held its position through diplomacy rather than the use of artillery.
Lucca's rise as a commercial center was boosted by controlling a part of the pilgrims route between Rome and France, the via Francigena, and more curiously, by absorbing fleeing weavers. The Arab conquest of Sicily in the 800's had resulted in the development of workshops producing sumptuous fabrics on the island in the following years. When the French invaded Sicily 4 centuries later, the weavers fled to Tuscany, with many settling in Lucca. Lucca rapidly became famous for its silk fabrics--so famous that the Florentines later stole some of Lucca's weavers. Lucca established trading centers around Europe to support its industries and its merchant families became fabulously wealthy and financed lavish building projects.
Lucca's wealthy patrons financed their own stripes & columns.
Diplomacy was Lucca's strong-suit for defense, though as a back-up, it constructed a thick, 2 mile perimeter of defensive walls around it during the Renaissance. It is the combination of these still-intact defense walls and the old stone city contained within it that makes it a draw for many tourists. In its center it has a huge ellipsoid town square, the shape of which reflects the perimeter of the ancient Roman theatre that once stood there. We had learned elsewhere that such arenas were often used in the Dark Ages as a back wall for many urban dwellings and gradually became filled-in with small buildings.
"Carrara" sounds familiar doesn't it? It's because of the phrase "Carrara marble" which comes from the vast quarries between Pisa and Genoa. In 2001 we looked up at the huge gashes in the mountains from the quarrying and stopped to stare at the single, massive blocks of marble hauled on 18 wheeled trucks. Scrap marble was used everywhere in the area: as rip-rap at the harbors, as roadside barriers, and for outdoor sinks in our campground. This year we vowed to get closer and hoped to visit the quarry itself.
The trip into Carrara was one of our more difficult quests, though it had seemed simple enough. We'd ridden for miles on the perfectly flat seashore lined with private sunbathing beaches with their vacant bars and cabanas. It was clearly a holiday strip that would be overflowing in a few months but it made for peaceful riding on our damp, off season days. Visiting Carrara only required making a 90° turn to the right and heading inland a couple of miles.
But the world changed with that simple turn, as now we were on a road that was a conveyor belt of mammoth trucks hauling chunks of the marble mountain down to the port one piece at a time. The deafening roar on the 4 lane truck route through the middle of town made it hard to think. One gleaming new 'marble on marble' public square offered a lovely visual relief from the intensity of the road, but it wasn't enough of an antidote for us. As we pedaled along, terribly outsized by the truck traffic, I decided that the 'color of money' in Carrara was white, as the fine white marble dust from the thundering trucks coated everything, including us.
Like in too many other towns in Italy this year, the tourist information office was permanently closed in Carrara though the directional signs were still up. Our guide book offered scant information about lodging and the marble museum, so we had been counting on the tourism office to make our anticipated visit to Carrara become a reality. We wanted a quick trip to tourist info to direct us to a conveniently placed hotel so we could leisurely visit the museum the next morning. We also expected them to tell us how to take a tour of the quarries by bus and perhaps suggesting other quarry-related gems that we hadn't imagined.
But my big Carrara visit was nearly a bust. There was no tourist info office and the only hotel we found was too pricey. With difficulty, we located the museum, and opted for a rushed visit before they closed for the day. In doing so we missed the opportunity to see 3 of their 4 videos and had to scoot through the exhibits too quickly. Their table of info brochures indicated that quarry tours were only available for tour groups with their own bus, and only for a few weeks in high season. We reluctantly decided to cut our losses with the short museum visit and then rode back down to the sea for more lodging choices. Pushing harder on this one didn't look like it would get us the marble quarry experience we'd hoped for.
What we did learn at the Museo del Marmo was that the marble, which is re-crystallized limestone, had its beginning about 200 million years ago as ocean sediment. 60 million years ago when the land masses on the planet were colliding and the ocean floors were lifting, the process of compression and folding the sediment really got rolling. And it wasn't until 27 million years ago that the changes in the crystalline structure that made the sediment into marble occurred.
And who else but the Romans started exploiting the fine shades of marble because of its high quality and its proximity to a seaport which allowed for easier transport. Once again we learned that the quarrying technologies used at Carrara and many other places didn't change much from the time of the Romans until about the 20th century. The Romans cut through the stone not with a serrated saw but a dull iron blade that did its cutting by forcing the flinty sand underneath it into the marble, a technique still used until about 1900. The Romans brought the massive blocks of stone down from the quarries on wooden sledges, a technique used late into the 20th century.
A view of the steep, terraced Cinque Terra slopes from the top.
The most interesting modern innovation in quarrying was in the late 1880's with the use of elaborate pulley systems with mile-long heliocollidal wires that replaced grit and dull blades to cut the stone. The constantly moving wire had to be incredibly long to allow it sufficient time to cool. This system using 3 intertwined wires was the preferred cutting technique until a similarly long wire with diamonds imbedded in it recently became the new cutting edge.
The next day we rode in light, intermittent rain past Lerici, a very beautiful little harbor town we'd camped near in 2001. I'd looked forward to revisiting it, but I knew that it had no hope of matching my sunny-day memories by visiting it in the rain. We opted for stopping on the high road to admire it from afar rather than taking the steep roads down to it and then back up. This little stretch of revisiting the Italian coast had been a disappointment, but like at Carrara, we decided to continue on with our journey rather than push on something that wasn't likely to live up to our expectations.
Trying out a farmer's monorail used on the steep terraces.
We headed on to Cinque Terre, a wildly popular stretch of western Italian coastline, especially with Americans, and with good reason. It is long on charm and the opportunity for an all-day walk the length of it allows you to immerse yourself rather than just view it like a museum piece. And being located between Pisa and Genoa makes it easy to include in many itineraries. Luckily for us, the drizzly rain and wind were moving beyond us, improving our prospects for a satisfying visit.
"Cinque Terre" or "5 Lands" refers to the 5 villages perched on incredibly steep slopes, most of which are at the water's edge. Over 4,000 miles of dry stone walls prop up these towering slopes and provide winding strips of flat land on which to grow grapes and olives. Walking within the villages themselves is fun, with many of them being crisscrossed with steeply graded, narrow stone passageways between the homes. One quickly feels like a rat in a maze in some as you have no idea where you will emerge when you finally pop out into a break in the high walls. And walking the steep paths between the villages is even more challenging and scenic. On a hot and humid day in July 2001we made a day trip to the area and walked the open portion of Cinque Terre trail between the villages.
But Bill crafted a different visit for us in May of 2006: we spent 1 night in 1 of the villages and then biked the much higher secondary road above the area. It was a treat to over-night in the celebrated village but the next day was astonishingly difficult. The best we could do was push our bikes up the steep, cobbled pedestrian zone of our overnight seaside village of Manarola and then began pedaling once the grade dropped into the lower teens. Even once out of the village, it was sooo steep for so long that I stopped frequently to pace myself as neither of us knew if the fierce grades were going to be dished-out for minutes or hours that day.
Manarola, our overnight village in Cinque Terra.
Many things we've done during our cyclotouring adventures fall into the "once is enough" category and biking through the urban sprawl of the Genoa area was one of them. Few cities are pleasant to bike through (though some are delightful for biking within) and the heavy truck traffic on the approach to Genoa made it very unpleasant in 2005. By chance, the timing fell into place perfectly and we were positioned for a Sunday morning dart through the worst of Genoa. We learned that lesson in Greece--that early Sunday morning is a great time to skirt through a difficult urban traffic area. But still, we'd been on the peripheral roads before and were dreading them.
A late night change of plans had Map Man's head spinning, but it would have us skirting north of Genoa through the hills instead of pedaling for miles through the city itself. The route through the hills would be easier on our nerves but more athletically demanding. And there was an additional problem of scant lodging. Map Man wrung every bit of information out of our resources and came up with enough lodging prospects to barely make the alternate route a "Go." The first day would be quite short to maximize the few lodging prospects and to shorten the next riding day that would end with a serious climb.
During Day 1 on the alternate route we congratulated ourselves repeatedly for the success of the last minute itinerary as after the intense traffic out of Genoa, conditions improved dramatically. We were riding through green valleys and pleasant villages instead of mixing it up with the trucks. We arrived calm and fresh at our destination village around 3:30 on Saturday afternoon despite our late start and stopping to stock-up on food before the markets closed until Monday morning. We had 3 prospects for lodging and headed out to the first one, an 'agrotourism' place, which usually means it is a little more remote and more expensive.
After struggling up 15% grades, we finally parked and I opted to walk what looked like a short distance to the door. Our potential hosts weren't at the top of the hill as we thought, but down the other side on a gravel road. Their 15% grade private gravel road was no way to begin our long day the next morning and so we decided to check out the other options. Just in case we needed it, Bill jotted down their phone number from one of the signs and we headed back down the steep hill. The #2 choice back in town looked like a dive and was closed on Saturdays anyway so it wasn't even an option. Choice #3 was back a few miles down the gentle grade, which would lengthen the riding day Bill had tried so hard to shortened.
We headed up another steep hill off the main road and then stopped for brief talk with the neighbors as no hotel was insight even though we'd been following their signs. The neighborhood women indicated that the little establishment was about a 5 minute walk through fields on a foot path. Bill reported back that despite the unusual lack of a road, it looked like a very nice place but that no one was home. We were urged to wait an hour or 2 but we needed to be off the road before dark. It was 5:30 now, time for dinner and showers, but we had no place for the night.
Now it was back down this steep little hill to the main road to find a pay phone. After a dozen attempts at dialing, a man finally answered at the agrotourism place and too quickly said that they were full. Even in Italian it made me wonder if perhaps it was too late in the day to bother with us, perhaps as their only guests. But my attempts to solicit help from him in finding another place made him impatient and that was the end of the call.
Our agrotourism room was up past the last buildings on this hill.
Bill noticed a second agrotoursim establishment advertising on a road sign that we had passed by several times, though their signs pointed up another valley. One sign indicated that the village it was in was only 3 km away (just under 2 miles), so despite it likely being up an unwelcome hill, we decided to try it rather than retreat many miles back on our route. Another phone call in Italian established the price, which was more than we wanted to pay, and that they had a room available. I tried unsuccessfully to explain where we were on the road to determine just how far away they were and finally said we'd be there in about 20 minutes. My estimate was generous for 3 km as under the worst of conditions we'd usually do that distance in about 30 minutes.
We pedaled and pedaled and the road got steeper and steeper. At the 3 kilometer point, an inquiry with a resident suggested that our place was still another 2 km away. What we finally understood after an hour on the road was that 3 km was the distance to the perimeter of the 'commune' and the village by the same name was another 4.5 km up the challenging mountain road. That revelation was exasperating and it didn't help that the shadows on our side of the mountain were getting disturbingly long.
Huffing and puffing up stretches of 10-15% grades when we normally would have been washing dinner dishes and wringing out clothes was deeply depleting. We had to stop often to let our legs recover. But frequent stops lengthens the whole process and so then we had to stop to snack. Our intentionally easy day with just under 800' in elevation gain to leave us fresh for a big following day just had another 1000'+ in gain tacked on to it, with 2/3's of it in just over 2 miles.
When we finally arrived it was unbelievable--this little, overpriced agrotoursim place was like all the other houses perched on the steep, steep slope at what looked like the end of the road. We quickly chilled unloading the bikes as the fog rolled in between the peaks. Instead of the cheery lady of the house who had answered the phone, we were greeted by a man of few words that we weren't sure was going to invite us in.
A small roadside fountain and shrine for cyclists in the hills.
Once we got our foot in the door the first order of business was to close the windows in our unheated room. It was 8pm by the time we had our gear in but at least the water for showers was hot. About once a year we have a close call with finding accommodations and we hoped that this was it for 2006.
But aside from the worse-than-expected scenario for securing lodging one night, the Genoa-bypass was great. Our route selection was otherwise a gem, as was confirmed by the many riders from our starting point on the coast of Sestri Levante and riders from Genoa itself. We again enjoyed the lush backdrop, the hills, and the mostly quiet roads as we rode more of the route the following day. It was Sunday and you know you are on the right route in Italy on Sunday if there are swarms of other riders, and there were. The passion for cycling was evident for each of several days as we passed by commemorative monuments, sculptures and fountains dedicated to cycling and cyclists.
As we had in prior years in parts of France and Italy, we were bumping into spring festival weekends in this region of Italy. If we weren't actually rolling through the area on the big weekend, the many posters and signs announcing the events would alert us to the upcoming schedule.
The reasons for the events would cover the gamut: displays of new cars, flea markets, flower shows, and multi-day events with free music and fireworks. It reminded me that many of the Christian holidays were crafted to weave in long-standing pagan events and these outdoor events made it look like the Christian calendar hadn't fully met the yearnings for an fresh-air spring fest to celebrate the season.
The spring street festival swamped this road junction for 2 days.
Even after seeing a number of events, we were blown away by a really big one north of Genoa that totally consumed a major 3-way junction. Parked cars narrowed the already too-narrow road for a mile or so and the throngs walking back to their cars added to the commotion as we approached the epicenter. We could translate enough of the Italian to determine that the week-end long event that was totally disrupting traffic was in honor of animals. In walking around the crossroads street fair I did finally spot the animals off in one corner, that included a range of horses, rabbits and sheep. But budget-priced slippers, roto-tillers, local sausage, and imported household gadgets were more prominent. Like the other events we'd seen, it was an infectious atmosphere that pulled us off our bikes to absorb some of the lively energy on a beautiful spring day.
Despite the many joys, we've learned that for us one of the downsides of biking north to the Alps in the early summer is the high pollen count. Bill suffers much more than I do and when we look around, we know we aren't alone. Other people were walking with hankies in their hands or held to their faces and we heard still others ringing out their sneezing fits like we did on the worst days. Even some of the other cyclists were mopping up as they rode.
As expected, as we pedaled north our allergies were getting worse and we were stopping more frequently to deal with itchy, runny eyes. We could blow our noses, pop another antihistamine, or dab streaming eyes while pedaling, but the serious eye maintenance required increasingly frequent stops.
As our rituals evolved, the first step was rinsing the eye area and eye brow with either a stream of water from a bottle or patting the area clean with a soggy tissue to remove the invisible grit and pollen. Then the eye drops, either the antihistamine ones to interrupt the raging allergic reaction or the newer technology ones that prevent the histamine release from happening. Next we waited for the stinging and clouding of vision to pass. After the 5 minutes process, it was back on the bikes until the tearing and itching was too much to endure.
And as allergy sufferers know, once your system is triggered, then everything out there is more noxious. For me, its cigarette smoke and some laundry product perfumes that become super-powered at offending my nose. Bill becomes especially sensitive to sunlight and has to pop the darkest lenses in his interchangeable-lens sport glasses until after his season peaks.
What we learned some days later was that my unexpected bout of asthma wasn't likely caused by pollution at all but a cold--which is my other trigger. The tip-off was when Bill developed a doozy of a respiratory infection. The drippy nose part of it was minimal but the sore throat and over week-long cough made him miserable. We took 4 rest days over the course of about 10 days because of his distress. We wouldn't have believed it but this is the second time that my only symptoms of having a cold was a bout of asthma and yet Bill got nailed--the other time we were in Vienna and he was in bed for days.
Unlike at home, traveling gives a reason to hope that ones allergies will be better tomorrow. At home I could look at the calendar and know how many weeks of hay fever were in my future, but when traveling there is also the possibility that the pollen count of whatever is bothering us will be lower in the next valley or from the next hill top.
Despite the allergies, the draw of biking the stunning mountains is irresistible and late spring is the time to be there. Bill is always watching carefully to determine when the mountain passes are free of snow so we can complete our treks over the passes before the soaring prices of the summer high season set in. So we continued on, dabbing our eyes and blowing our noses as we headed into the western Alps.
We are back in Italy or still in Italy, depending on your perspective. We are in the regional city of Trento having just completed our tour of the small Brenta Dolomites to the west of the main mass of Dolomites. Next it is on to the main region of the Dolomiti Alps, which we've seen before and love. Bill has been busy looking for new sites and passes for us there.
It's been sizzling hot--in the 90's--which makes for challenging cycling. We keep thinking it should be cool in the mountains but the only relief is the lower humidity and night time cooling that the lower regions don't enjoy.


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TodayAgo
Comedian Bill Cosby turns 83 in 359 days
July 12 is the day we celebrate the birthday of Comedian Bill Cosby. Bill Cosby was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. in 1937. Bill Cosby is 82 years old today and celebrates the next birthday in 359 days. Watch the video and save the date!
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Bill Cosby's Birth Sign
The zodiac sign of Bill Cosby is Cancer. People with birthdays ranging from June 21 till July 22 are all Cancer.
Astrologists describe Cancer as emotional and imaginative people. They commonly have trouble with keeping up with their emotions, often resulting in mood swings. For Cancer, and for the people close to Cancer, this can be a challenge. However, Cancer are considered truly loyal and sympathetic people. You really want someone like that in your life! Do you think these characteristics apply for Bill Cosby?
"The World Affairs Council and Girard College present Bill Cosby" by The World Affairs Council is licensed under CC BY 2.0 [cropped]
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When power voltage fluctuates electrical equipment suffers. The HLVD is designed to automatically detect a problem then offer shutdown protection until the danger subsides. Once the voltage returns to a safe level then the HLVD automatically re-actives power to the circuit. The protection is against both high and low voltage incidents.The HLVD has an inbuilt factory delay of 3 minutes this is primarily because it is designed to protect electric motors, refrigeration and air-conditioning compressors from burning out or blowing up. If a compressor is under load and the power is turned on/off quickly this action can cause a compressor irreparable damage. If an electric motor is supplied low voltage for a period of time this type of supply can cause the motor to burn out.


Sea Containers will launch its $30 million Superseacat Four fast ferry ser- vice operating between Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland beginning April 2000. Measuring 328 ft. (100 m), with a capacity for 752 passengers, the Italianflagged vessel will provide three sailings a day (four during peak season) until year-end.
Sea Containers is currently establishing a company in Estonia who will manage the vessel, while Silja Line of Helsinki will serve as general sales and marketing agents.
The service will boast the Silja brand name. The technologically driven ferry will operate between Tallinn and Helsinki in 90 minutes at an average speed of 37.8 knots, about 42-rpm. Already operating on the Irish Sea and English Channel are Superseacat's trio of sisterships, offering a smooth ride resulting from an underwater wing called a T-foil, which acts as a stabilizer for the vessel, and working like an aerofoil, improves the ride by 60 percent. Facilities onboard Superseacat include guaranteed seating for all 752 passengers on two decks and a 50-seat business class lounge.


How Do You Fight The World's 'Largest Environmental Health Problem'? Harness The Sun.
More than 4 million people die prematurely every year from household air pollution -- largely a result of cooking with smoky stoves.
We should all be immensely grateful for and supportive of the organizations who look after the women in the Sudanese refugee camps. At the same time, it can be too easy to overlook the fact that the person who needs your humanitarian heart may also be right under your nose.
Nine years ago, in a calculated effort to ethnically cleanse the Darfur region of Sudan of its non-Arab population, the Sudanese government incentivized the Janjaweed militia to carry out a genocide.
The part of our trip that was most important had nothing to do with words or translators or statistics or dollars; rather, what was important was that we sat on the mat listening, touching, and being present with the women.
There's dust everywhere: on the ground, on our clothes, in our eyes and even in our rooms. It is desolate here. It feels like, if not God, then certainly the world has forgotten this place.
When humanitarian organizations provide aid to refugee or survivor populations, there must be thought given as to the impact of those services on the surrounding communities.
With the summer heat wave season in full effect, cooking meals the old school way can transform your once tranquil prep space into a Hell's Kitchen.


Keep your seating area clutter-free. The Saluda Chairside Chest has a door, a drawer, and magazine storage . It features a slightly distressed warm-oak finish on rubberwood solids and oak veneers, gunmetal finished metal accents, and pewter hardware.


I made a proposal to my mom --- If I get straight A's in grade 11 (in a couple months) that I should get Icarus a little friend.
Any name suggestions? I know that this won't be until next year if it happens, but I'm already thinking about it lol. I hope that I don't excite myself and then be dissapointed if my mom says no.. :( The names I'm considering so far are Harry and Havoc II. (I love the name Harry for a hairless lol).


WWU enrolls about 15,000 students (undergraduate and master's level) and has a faculty of approximately 500 members (please visit the WWU website for more information: www.wwu.edu). The university is located on scenic Bellingham Bay and is approximately 45 miles south of Vancouver, British Columbia, and 90 miles north of Seattle. The region is rich is cultural events, and attractions as well as many recreational activities.
The mission of the Communication Department at WWU is to teach communication that nurtures inclusive civil discourse and encourages cooperative solutions in a diverse world. The Department currently has 7 full-time and additional part-time faculty serving approximately 150 undergraduate majors. We seek a critical scholar of Media Studies who combines a focus on digital media with an inter-sectional approach to Latina/Latino/Latinx studies. Applicants must also be qualified to teach at least one of the following required classes: our introductory survey of Communication Theory, our Research Methods in Communication course, or our capstone Communication Ethics seminar.
The successful candidate will teach existing courses at the undergraduate level, including some combination of Advocacy through Media, Introduction to Media Studies, Issues in Media Studies, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Communication Theory, Research Methods, and/or Communication Ethics, as well as other classes as needed. The teaching load is six courses per academic year. Members of the Communication Department actively engage in research that enhances effective instruction and expands the knowledge base and creative vitality of the discipline. In addition, active service to the department, the College, the University, the profession, and the community is an important component of a faculty member's role at WWU.
Candidates should upload a letter of application specifically addressing the qualifications, along with a CV, a diversity statement, evidence of successful teaching, and graduate transcripts.
Letters of recommendation are required, and will be requested of your referees via the PageUp system.
Finalists may be asked for student course evaluations. For questions regarding the position, application process, or department, contact Ms. Michelle Reed Oppenheimer at 360-650-2294.


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Yet Another Company Promises to Revolutionize U.S. Airline Wi-Fi
Thales is a late-comer to the U.S. market, and it's not clear that its technology is any better than what is already on the market or is planned by other companies.
U.S. airlines seeking faster, more reliable Wi-Fi soon will have a new option, after France's Thales, which has long focused on created embedded in-flight entertainment systems for passenger cabins, said Monday it will sell its own Internet platform in the Americas.
Thales is working with Luxembourg-based satellite operator SES to produce the new system, and it will be operational next summer. At first, the platform will rely on two Ka-Band satellites already in orbit, but the companies plan to launch a third satellite in 2020 that they claim will be optimized for the aviation market. Once the third satellite called SES-17 is operational, the system will work best over North and South America, as well as above the Atlantic Ocean, and the Thales and SES say the technology will provide plenty of bandwidth even on high-traffic routes.
The CEOs of Etihad, Expedia, Routehappy, and More Are Speaking at Skift Global Forum 2016. Join Us.
Thales and SES will be entering a crowded market with several established players, including Gogo, Immersat and ViaSat, and it's not clear how much better the new offer will be than what is already available or planned from competitors. Thales and SES gave few details about speeds airlines can expect, though they promised the system will offer "ultra-high speeds" and it support video streaming, games, social media and live television. Thales CEO Patrice Caine also said in a press briefing that he knows passengers expect the experience to be at least as good as at their homes or offices.
"You don't want a degraded service compared to what you experience on a day-to-day basis on the ground," he said.
Most U.S. airlines already have preferred Wi-Fi providers, but some have shown a willingness to switch if a new competitor offers a materially better service. American Airlines, which had exclusively used Gogo for its domestic fleet, recently decided to install ViaSat's system on some new deliveries. Caine said Thales has been discussing its offer with "leading airlines" in the United States, though he declined to name them.
In the briefing, SES CEO Karim Michel Sabbagh appeared to obliquely criticize ViaSat, which uses the same satellites for its home broadband service as for the service it offers to airlines, including JetBlue Airways and United Airlines. Any firm that does that, Sabbagh said, is automatically forced to make "trade-offs" to satisfy both groups.
"It's true that there are a number of satellites over the Americas that are labeled as high-throughput satellites that are either up there or about to be launched," he said. "But here is how you can think about it: None of these was designed with aeronautical as the core or heart or the DNA of the satellite."
Thales' Caine was asked why the companies had not chosen to focus on Asia, considering few of the continent's major airlines have Wi-Fi. He replied that the United States, even with its many competitors, is likely an easier market to enter, because it is one single market, with relatively little government regulation.
Had Thales tried to enter Asia, he said, the company would have had to navigate regulations of several countries to provide access. Or, if it had tried to focus on China, it would have had to work with the country's tricky bureaucracy.
Caine said he is confident here's room for Thales in the United States.
"The U.S. market is a very important,' he said.
Tags: inflight Wi-Fi, thales
Photo Credit: French firm Thales will offer an in-flight WiFi product for airlines in the Americas. It hopes to win U.S. customers. Thales
Delta Makes a Big Commitment to Gogo's Next-Gen In-Flight Wi-Fi
Houston First Corporation + Skift
How Houston Turned Diversity Into Its Biggest Selling Point
Gogo Seeks Growth Outside of U.S. Where Demand for In-Flight Wi-Fi Is Strong
American Airlines Suit Against Gogo Is Latest Development in Race to Offer Fastest Wi-Fi
Crystal Cabin Award Shortlist Reveals Top 7 Airline Trends


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bims-reprim Biomed News
on Reproductive immunology
four papers selected by
Iva Filipovic
RANK links thymic regulatory T cells to fetal loss and gestational diabetes in pregnancy.
Developmental programming of the female reproductive system-a review.
Investigating Pregnancy and Its Complications Using Circulating Cell-Free RNA in Women's Blood During Gestation.
A Protocol for Evaluating Vital Signs and Maternal-Fetal Parameters Using High-Resolution Ultrasound in Pregnant Mice.
Nature. 2020 Dec 23.
Paolino M, Koglgruber R, Cronin SJF, Uribesalgo I, Rauscher E, Harreiter J, Schuster M, Bancher-Todesca D, Pranjic B, Novatchkova M, Fededa JP, White AJ, Sigl V, Dekan S, Penz T, Bock C, Kenner L, Holländer GA, Anderson G, Kautzky-Willer A, Penninger JM.
Successful pregnancies rely on adaptations within the mother1, including marked changes within the immune system2. It has long been known that the thymus, the central lymphoid organ, changes markedly during pregnancy3. However, the molecular basis and importance of this process remain largely obscure. Here we show that the osteoclast differentiation receptor RANK4,5 couples female sex hormones to the rewiring of the thymus during pregnancy. Genetic deletion of Rank (also known as Tnfrsf11a) in thymic epithelial cells results in impaired thymic involution and blunted expansion of natural regulatory T (Treg) cells in pregnant female mice. Sex hormones, in particular progesterone, drive the development of thymic Treg cells through RANK in a manner that depends on AIRE+ medullary thymic epithelial cells. The depletion of Rank in the mouse thymic epithelium results in reduced accumulation of natural Treg cells in the placenta, and an increase in the number of miscarriages. Thymic deletion of Rank also results in impaired accumulation of Treg cells in visceral adipose tissue, and is associated with enlarged adipocyte size, tissue inflammation, enhanced maternal glucose intolerance, fetal macrosomia, and a long-lasting transgenerational alteration in glucose homeostasis, which are all key hallmarks of gestational diabetes. Transplantation of Treg cells rescued fetal loss, maternal glucose intolerance and fetal macrosomia. In human pregnancies, we found that gestational diabetes also correlates with a reduced number of Treg cells in the placenta. Our findings show that RANK promotes the hormone-mediated development of thymic Treg cells during pregnancy, and expand the functional role of maternal Treg cells to the development of gestational diabetes and the transgenerational metabolic rewiring of glucose homeostasis.
Biol Reprod. 2020 Dec 22. pii: ioaa232. [Epub ahead of print]
Yao S, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN.
Exposures to adverse conditions in utero can lead to permanent changes in the structure and function of key physiological systems in the developing fetus, increasing the risk of disease and premature aging in later postnatal life. When considering the systems that could be affected by an adverse gestational environment, the reproductive system of developing female offspring may be particularly important, as changes have the potential to alter both reproductive capacity of the first generation, as well as health of the second generation through changes in the oocyte. The aim of this review is to examine the impact of different adverse intrauterine conditions on the reproductive system of the female offspring. It focuses on the effects of exposure to maternal undernutrition, overnutrition/obesity, hypoxia, smoking, steroid excess, endocrine disrupting chemicals and pollutants during gestation and draws on data from human and animal studies to illuminate underlying mechanisms. The available data indeed indicate that adverse gestational environments alter the reproductive physiology of female offspring with consequences for future reproductive capacity. These alterations are mediated via programmed changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis and the structure and function of reproductive tissues, particularly the ovaries. Reproductive programming may be observed as a change in the timing of puberty onset and menopause/reproductive decline, altered menstrual/estrous cycles, polycystic ovaries and elevated risk of reproductive tissue cancers. These reproductive outcomes can affect the fertility and fecundity of the female offspring, however, further work is needed to better define the possible impact of these programmed changes on subsequent generations.
Keywords: DOHAD; HPG; Programming; fertility; fetal; offspring; ovary; reproduction
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa232
Front Pediatr. 2020 ;8 605219
Moufarrej MN, Wong RJ, Shaw GM, Stevenson DK, Quake SR.
In recent years, there have been major advances in the application of non-invasive techniques to predict pregnancy-related complications, for example by measuring cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in maternal blood. In contrast to cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which is already in clinical use to diagnose fetal aneuploidy, circulating RNA levels can correspond with tissue-specific gene expression and provide a snapshot of prenatal health across gestation. Here, we review the physiologic origins of cfRNA and its novel applications and corresponding challenges to monitor fetal and maternal health and predict pregnancy-related complications.
Keywords: IUGR; cell-free RNA; prediction; preeclampsia; preterm birth; transcriptome
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.605219
STAR Protoc. 2020 Dec 18. 1(3): 100134
Galaz J, Romero R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Panaitescu B, Garcia-Flores V, Gomez-Lopez N.
Pregnancy is a unique physiological state in which two individuals coexist: the mother and the fetus. Disruption of maternal-fetal crosstalk leads to pregnancy and neonatal pathologies. Therefore, assessing maternal-fetal well-being is essential for understanding the physiological and pathological processes occurring during pregnancy. Herein, we provide a protocol that allows for the determination of body temperature, blood pressure, and the evaluation of uterine and umbilical arteries as well as maternal and fetal heart rate using high-resolution ultrasound in pregnant mice. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gomez-Lopez et al. (2020).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100134