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Home Nutrients
In addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils, research has shown that a number of other important substances play vital roles in maintaining and enhancing human health. These nutrients can range from unique forms of amino acids to hormones and other compounds not easily categorized in more traditional forms (ie. amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc.).
ALC, also known as Acetyl L-Carnitine, is a naturally occuring substance normally found in small amounts in milk and the human body. As a nutrional supplement ALC has recently become popular based upon compelling evidence of its ability to slow the degredation of mental functions suffered by Alzheimer's patients. ALC has also grown in popularity as a nutrient taken by healthy people looking to increase mental functions while slowing the loss of memory normally associated with the aging process.
Much of the excitement surrounding ALC has been generated by scientific tests on human patients conducted in Italy, where Alberto Spagnoli, M.D., of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan reported that the drug slowed cognitive decline in 63 patients with Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these patients had significantly better results than untreated Alzheimer's patients in 13 of 14 measures of mental functioning, including memory, attention, verbal capacity and daily-living activities.
Alzheimers researchers working in the United States and Europe have conducted scores of human studies with ALC, with doses ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 milligrams per day. The results of several double-blind, placebo-controlled studies indicate that ALC is effective in slowing the deterioration of cognitive functions of patients with Alzheimers disease. In several studies the progression of the disease was markedly reduced, and researchers noted increases in memory, attention span, and alertness. Scientists also found that ALC often improved moods and seemed to aleviate depression
Researchers have reported that ALC seems to work by preventing normal age-dependent cell changes in the brain, as well as slowing the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Scientists have also found that ALC is able to increase levels of NGF, also known as nerve growth factor. NGF levels normally decline with increased aging, and their loss has been associated with a subsequent loss of brain functions. Evidence also points to ALC's ability to increase levels of choline acetyltransferase, a vital brain enzyme that plays an important role in learning and memory.
Scientists have also found that ALC can aid in the repair of damaged DNA strands in white blood cells, suggesting that this nutrient can help to prevent age-related decline of immune system functions. Effective DNA repair is at the very heart of all life functions and it is theorized that with increasing age, diminished DNA repair capacity may play an important role in determining one's risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
While regarded as a relatively safe substance, ALC should not be taken by pregnant or lactating women. ALC should be taken with food to prevent stomach upset. Other than slightly increased agitation, no major adverse side effects were reported in the Italian study.
Choline, while closely related to the B complex family of vitamins, is not truely considered a vitamin since researchers cannot agree on any common definitions of deficiency symptoms. Choline is found in all living cells, and is known to play a vital role in maintaining the central nervous system and in numerous metabolic functions.
Choline is a component of lecithin and is used in the manufacture of cell membranes. It is also required for the production and metabolization of fats and cholesterol, and helps to protect the liver from the accumulation of excess fatty deposits. Choline's most vital role may lie in its activity in the brain and central nervous system. Choline is a precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical used in the transmission of brain impulses between nerves, muscles and organs. In this role it is involved directly with cognition, long and short term memory, stimulus response, and mental energy. Since acetylcholine levels increase rapidly after consuming choline, researchers have employed choline supplements in the treatment of various disorders marked by lowered levels of acetylcholine in the brain, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and tardive dyskinesia.
There is no recommended daily intake for choline. A deficiency of choline can result in increased fatty deposits in the liver, memory loss, and poor muscle coordination. While not toxic, excess consumption of choline can lead to over-stimulation of muscles, leading to tightening of the shoulders and neck, resulting in a tension headache.
Foods highest in choline include egg yolks, liver, meats, brewers yeast, milk, legumes and whole grain cereals. Choline can be manufactured in the human body with the help of vitamin Bl2, folic acid, and the amino acid called methionine, although not necessarily in optimal amounts. Choline is also available as a dietary supplement, in such forms as phosphatydil choline, choline chloride, or choline bitartrate. Choline supplements should be avoided by persons who suffer from manic depression, as they may deepen the depressive phase of this disorder.
Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10)
Coenzyme Q-10, also called ubiquinone, is a natural fat-soluble substance produced in the body and found in throughout nature in plants and animals. Similar to vitamin K, CoQ10 is classified as a non-vitamin nutrient that acts as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes from free radical activity. While long overlooked by the medical community, recent research has just begun to outline the role coenzyme Q-10 plays in maintaining life.
Early in the 60's scientists had already found that CoQ10 played an essential role in cell respiration and electron transfer. Then researchers began to notice that they only found coenzyme Q-10 deficiencies in patients suffering cardiovascular disease. They soon discovered that when coenzyme Q-10 levels fell below 25 percent of normal they began to notice major symptoms of disease. When coenzyme Q-10 fell to 75 percent below normal levels, all life activity stopped and death was inevitable. New research has also discovered coenzyme Q-10 depletion in those suffering from diabetes mellitus, periodontal disease, and muscular dystrophy.
A recent study published in The Journal of Optimal Nutrition documented the life-enhancing effects of co-enzyme Q-10 as a treatment for patients suffering from heart failure so severe that no further conventional therapy was available, except possibly heart transplants. The study compared the blood levels of 154 patients for levels of co-enzyme Q-10, and several other nutrients. At the beginning of the study almost 50% of the patients were close to dying, yet after only 12 months of treatment with coenzyme Q-10, 97% of the patients were alive.
Monitoring the patients evidenced high long-term survival rates of 96% of all patients still alive after 24 months, and 95% alive after 36 months. This survival data on co-enzyme Q-10 must be compared to traditional data that report survival rates of 35-65% after 12 months of treatment with conventional drugs. This extraordinary survival rate for patients taking coenzyme Q-10 is clearly superior to conventional drug treatments and provides evidence of coenzyme Q-10's indispensable role as a mandatory energy cofactor of myocardial function and contractility.
Patients with less severe heart disease were treated with 100-150 mg. a day of CoQ10, while dying patients were given 150-225 mg. a day. Dosages for patients increased whenever blood levels failed to reach 2 micrograms per milliliter and whenever new medications were added. All patients were followed for up to 58 months. These 154 cases included coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatic cardiomyopathy, chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathy, and congenital cardiomyopathy.
94% of these patients improved by one class when treated with dosages of Co-Q-10 ranging from 100 to 255 mg. a day. In studies published in the major medical journals, FDA approved cardiac drugs produce only 50% improvements after 12 months and these studies are the basis for which cardiologists prescribe these medications. Yet none of these FDA approved drugs addresses the underlying cause of these various forms of heart disease, and none of these FDA approved drugs compares to the 97% success rate using high doses of Co-Q-10.
There are no known contraindications for use of Coenzyme Q-10 is available as a supplement. Foods highest in coenzyme Q-10 include beef, spinach, sardines, albacore tuna, and peanuts. Coenzyme Q-10 is also available as a supplement, generally in capsules ranging in size from 10 to 60 milligrams.
DMAE, (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a nutritional supplement that supports the old wives' tale that fish is a great brain food. DMAE is normally present in small amounts in our brains, and is known for its mental stimulation and enhancement.
Because fish is naturally abundant in DMAE, a diet high in sardines and anchovies will provide higher than average levels of DMAE and choline to the brain, which serve as raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain, and by accelerating the brain's synthesis of this important neurotransmitter, DMAE may aid in improving memory and learning, as well as preventing loss of memory in adults.
DMAE helps elevate mood, improve memory and learning, increase intelligence and physical energy, and extends the life span of laboratory animals1. It is used by many people for its mild, safe stimulant effect, yet DMAE also makes it easier for most people to get to sleep. Many people report less fatigue in the day and sounder sleep at night, as well as needing less sleep when taking DMAE.
The stimulant effect of DMAE is significantly different from the stimulation produced by coffee, amphetamines, or other stimulant drugs. DMAE does not have a drug-like quick up and down. People who take DMAE have reported that they feel a mild stimulation continually, without side effects. Many athletes using DMAE report an improved energy output in addition to better concentration on form and technique. Also, when DMAE use is discontinued, no depression or let-down occurs. SMART Basics DMAE includes 150 mg B-5, along with other B vitamins to support the activity of DMAE.
Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs)
Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs) are fatty acids that researchers now regard to be as vital to human health as vitamins and minerals. Reflecting this new perspective, many nutritionists now refer to this class of polyunsaturates as Vitamin K, and commonly recommend EFAs for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. EFAs may also play an important role in reducing the risks of heart disease and strokes.
EFAs are major components of all cell membranes, and without adequate levels of EFAs, cellular membranes become stiff and loss their ability for function properly. EFAs are found in particularly high concentrations in the brain where they support the transmissions of nerve impulses. Researchers have documented the importance of EFAs in brain functions, and have found that a deficiency of essential fatty acids rapidly leads to an impairment in ones ability to learn and recall information.
One of the most important functions of essential fatty acids can be found in a process called the Prostaglandin Cascade. Prostaglandins (PGE1 & PGE2) are vital biochemicals that regulate a number of important body processes such as blood pressure and heart and muscle contractions. Prostaglandin production begins when a gland secretes a chemical message in the form of hormones that are released into the bloodstream. After traveling through the body and arriving at the intended cells, these hormones then attach themselves to the outer cellular membranes of the target cells.
Rather than entering the intended cell directly, once attached to a cell, hormones initiate the formation of prostaglandins from fatty acids extracted from the outer cellular membrane. It is these prostaglandins that then enter the cell to begin to direct intracellular activity. In this manner prostaglandins affect cells by directing them to carry out the instructions of the gland releasing the original hormone messenger molecules. This process occurs in a fraction of a second, and immediatly after the prostaglandins have delivered the message they are destroyed. The continual extraction and destruction of fatty acids from the outer cell membranes puts a demand on the body to constantly replenish its supplies of the essential fatty acids. If this process is blocked by a shortage of essential fatty acids, prostaglandin production is impaired, leading to health problems.
LINOLEIC ACID: The most important Essential Fatty Acid is Linoleic Acid which is used in the synthesis of other essential fatty acids such as Gamma Linolenic Acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturate which can be obtained from dietary sources such as seeds, oils, vegetables and grains. Unfortunately many dietary and lifestyle factors can seriously reduce the body's ability to properly utilize linoleic acid for the synthesis into other EFAs. A deficiency of linoleic acid can produce a form of dermatitis characterized by red, dry, scaly skin that resembles eczema. The blotchy areas appear first on the face, clustered near the oil-secreting glands, and in the folds of the nose, lips, forehead, eyes and cheeks. Dry, rough areas also appear on the forearms, thighs and buttocks.
GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID: Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) is part of the Omega 6 series of essential fatty acids and is a precursor to Series 1 prostaglandins (PGE1) and other hormones in the body. GLA is a key regulator of T-lymphocyte function in the immune system and is involved in cell metabolism and growth. GLA can also help relieve the symptoms of PMS.
Although a healthy body can make GLA from dietary Linoleic Acid (the most common fatty acid found in foods), its production can be blocked by a variety of factors. Conversion of linoleic acid to GLA can be impaired if the body is deficient in zinc, magnesium and vitamins C, B-6, B-3 and A. Conversion can also be blocked if ones diet is high in fats and hydrogenated vegetable oils and margarine. GLA is frequently deficient in people with Eczema, Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Mellitus.
Good sources of pre-formed GLA include Black Current Oil, Borage Oil and Evening Primrose Oil.
Glucosamine is a natural compound normally formed in the human body from glucose. Glucosamine is required by the body for the synthesis of an important family of macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These long chains of modified sugars (mucopolysaccharides) make up many body tissues, including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, synovial fluid, mucus membranes in the digestive and respiratory tracts, and structures in the eyes, blood vessels, and heart valves.
Researchers have found that glucosamine is the key precursor for all the various sugars found in GAGs, and further, that glucosamine occupies the pivotal position in connective tissue synthesis, acting to stimulate collagen production, and connective tissue.
As humans age the amount of glucosamine normally synthesized by the body declines, leading to a deficiency in the production of these important biological chemicals that form the major cushioning ingredients of the joint fluids and surrounding tissues. This further leads to specific tissue weakness as tissues in the joints become damaged and the lubricating synovial fluids in the joint spaces become thin and watery. The normal cushioning is lost leaving the bones and the cartilage to scrape against each other inside the joint space.
These problems also occur in the spinal column where the individual vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, separated only by the cushioning disc. The space between the vertebrae is where many nerves leave the spinal cord. Any injury to this part of the back can cause the gelatinous cartilage to soften, putting pressure on the nerves, causing damage and loss of nerve function. Glucosamine Sulfate has been shown to help increase the thickness of the gelatinous material, creating more support for the joints and vertebrae.
Inositol is a water soluble nutrient often associated with B vitamins. While its role in human nutrition is a source of ongoing debate, it was finally recognized as a vitamin in 1940. Chemically inositol is a sugar which is metabolized slowly and without the involvment of insulin. Inositol is found in cell membranes throughout the brain and central nervous system, the muscles, heart tissues, reproductive organs, and bones. It is also involved in the transportation and metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol, and is a component of lecithin and several enzymes. This nutrient is also a hydroxyl free-radical scavenger that may aid in treating arthritis.
Animals fed a diet deficient in inositol evidence symptoms such as fatty liver deposits, intestinal disorders, and nerve damage similar to diabetes. Though such symptoms have never been observed in humans, researchers are studying this nutrient as a possible treatment for diabetes related nerve disorders.
There is no recommended daily intake, nor are there any recognized toxicity symptoms for inositol. Found in a wide range of foods, those highest in inositol include fruits, whole grains, vegetables, meats, and dairy products.
Melatonin is an important neurohormone that plays a role in regulating the neuroendocrine system, controlling such essential functions as metabolism, sex drive, reproduction, appetite, sleep, balance, and muscular coordination. Melatonin also helps control the immune system in fighting off diseases triggered by bacteria, viruses, chemical pollutants, and excessive free radical activity.
Melatonin is normally released by the pituitary gland in response to environmental changes in light levels. The amount of melatonin circulating in the blood has been shown to rise and fall, being relatively low during daylight hours and rising substantially during darkness. Melatonin levels normally reach their peak sometime after midnight. One of the keys to maintaining good health is to maintain normal, youthful patterns of melatonin secretion and activity within the body. Unfortunately, the body's supply of melatonin declines progressively with advancing age, which renders us increasingly vulnerable to physiological malfunctions such as sleep disorders and lethal diseases.
Studies at MIT have shown that melatonin can quickly and safely hasten slumber, and that it may also be effective in treating jet lag. Taking melatonin at appropriate sleep times allows the body to naturally adapt to altered day and night patterns. Another important function of melatonin appears to be to protect women against breast cancer. There is a correlation between the decline in the synthesis of melatonin with advancing age, and the progressive increase in the risk of breast cancer in women. Moreover, research studies have demonstrated that melatonin can prevent chemically induced mammary tumors in laboratory rats and can also inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in tissue culture.
Among the health benefits of taking low doses of melatonin on a nightly basis, which have been reported both by physicians and by those taking the hormone, have been improved sleep, increased sex drive, better resistance to viral infections, increased energy levels, and prevention of the side effects of jet lag and other types of time disorientation. Because of melatonin's regulatory timing effects on the neuroendocrine and immune systems, which control virtually all our life functions, it is clearly associated with the aging process.
Deficiencies of melatonin have been implicated in such diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, Kline-felter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and haemochromatosis, as well as the potentially dangerous side effects of excessive exposure to microwave radiation and electro-magnetic fields.
Evidence suggests that taking daily doses of supplemental melatonin, in the range of 3 to 9 milligrams per day, taken just before bedtime, can serve as a means of protection against breast cancer, other diseases, and the ravages of aging. Melatonin has been taken by thousands of people without any evidence of harmful side effects.
There are people who should not take melatonin. These include women seeking to become pregnant or who are already pregnant and people suffering from immune system cancers such as leukemia, Iymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, etc. Melatonin's antineoplastic effect does not seem to effect prostate cancer, so we advise prostate cancer patients to avoid taking any more than 3 mg a night. For those suffering from metastasized prostate cancer which has become hormone refractory, melatonin/lnterleukin-2 could be beneficial, but there are no studies to rely on yet.
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is the pre-acetylized form of the simple amino acid Cysteine. N-Acetyl Cysteine is a powerful antioxidant and a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which are produced by normal metabolic activity. When free radicals are left unchecked they cause damage to cells and DNA and are considered by scientists to be a major factor in the aging process.
N-Acetyl Cysteine has been shown to provide protection against free radicals as well as a broad range of toxic hazards such as: acrolein (found in barbecue and cigarette smoke and auto exhaust), bromobenzene, paraquat (a toxic herbicide), overdoses of acetaminophen, and the side-effects of cyclophosphamide and adrimycin (anti-cancer drugs).
The key to this protection may be the sulfur and sulfhydryl groups contained in N-Acetyl Cysteine and its derivative, Glutathione. Both Cysteine and Methionine are good precursors of glutathione, but N-Acetyl Cysteine is better. L-cysteine loses approximately 85% of its sulfur group (which becomes the active part of glutathione) in the digestion process, while N-Acetyl Cysteine, a more stable compound, loses only 15%. This means that N-Acetyl Cysteine has almost six times more effective sulfur groups left after digestion.
N-Acetyl Cysteine is also a better source of glutathione than taking glutathione itself, because less than half of supplementalt glutathione gets out of the digestive system and into the body. This greater efficiency is important since cellular glutathione levels tend to drop 30% to 35% with age. Supplemental N-Acetyl Cysteine may have an anti-aging effect by increasing glutathione levels in the liver, lungs, kidneys and bone marrow.
NAC is currently the dietary supplement of choice for building up or conserving the body's stores of glutathion, cysteine, and other sulfhydryl antioxidant resources. NAC is well tolerated, is well absorbed, resists enzymatic breakdown, and has been proven to raise internal GSH and cysteine levels when taken orally.
PABA
PABA (para-amiobenzoic acid) is another nutrient that is often classified with the B-complex family of vitamins due to its similarity in functions. PABA is an integral component of folic acid, and works to support the body's use of pantothenic acid. PABA is a potent antioxidant and cell stabilizer that contributes to keep red blood cells intact. PABA also absorbs ultraviolet rays, and is often included in sunscreen products to protect the skin against the damages of sunburn and help protect against skin cancer. PABA is also a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of proteins, and is required in the production of red blood cells.
There is no recommended daily intake for PABA, nor are there any known toxic symptoms. Supplemental PABA should not be taken by those taking sulfa drugs.
Foods containing PABA include liver, whole grains, and molasses.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a compound that could become a key weapon in the battle against mental aging, perhaps helping to restore memory and learning capacity in older people. Phosphatidylserine is found on the surface of membranes in brain cells and synapses (the connections between nerve cells). Among the most important of its many effects is activation of protein-kinase C, an important enzyme whose brain levels are known to decline with age. It also stimulates the production of acetylcholine, a brain messenger chemical that helps regulate memory.
Scientists have been conducting animal experiments with phosphatidylserine since the mid-1970s. These tests show that the substance increased the availability of glucose in the brain, stimulated the production of a number of important brain chemicals (including protein-kinase C, acetylcholine and dopamine). More recent tests show that phosphatidylserine protected against stress-induced behavioral changes and improved learning and memory in old rats.
Perhaps the most eye-opening evidence regarding phosphatidylserine comes from studies of human patients with Alzheimer's disease. In a 1988 Italian trial in which scientists gave phosphatidylserine to 70 Alzheimer's patients for three months, the researchers found that memory improved in all patients, and the improvement was maintained three months after the drug was withdrawn. In a more recent American test at the National Institute of Mental Health, 150 otherwise healthy people who suffered from age-related memory impairment showed memory improvement of 15 to 20 percent, perhaps indicating that even healthy people can reap the restorative benefits of this drug. As further evidence, a previously unreported 1991 study by an international team of researchers showed that people who took the drug scored better on memory and concentration tests than people who didn't. "The results," concluded the study's authors, "suggest that phosphatidylserine may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss later in life."
No serious side effects have been noted. Phosphyatidylserine is often prescribed in Europe for patients with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of cognitive impairment.
Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring metabolite of cholesterol that acts as a precursor to DHEA and other steroid hormones. Animal research indicates that pregnenolone possesses memory enhancing activity approximately 100 times higher than that of other compounds with similar effects. Used in the 1940's for the treatment of arthritis, pregnenolone has a long history of use in humans without toxic side effects.
Quercetin, a cousin of Rutin, is a unique bioflavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers around the world. Bioflavonoids are found as the pigments in leaves, barks, rinds, seeds, and flowers, usually in close association with Vitamin C. Together the two compounds seem to provide antioxidant protection to plants, helping them withstand exposure to climatic variations in wind, rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Bioflavonoids are also important for human health, but unfortunately cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied either from supplements or foods.
Bioflavonoids were first discovered by Nobel Prize Laureate Albert Szent-Gyorgy in the 1930's. Bioflavonoids act to protect and preserve the structure of capillary blood vessels, promote circulation, stimulate bile production and lower cholesterol levels.
Since his groundbreaking work researchers have been able to isolate Quercetin from blue-green algae. Quercetin has been the subject of dozens of scientific reports over the past 30 years. Quercetin has a unique synergistic relationship with Vitamin C, and taken together both improve the efficacy of the other.
Trimethylglycine
Trimethylglycine (TMG) is identical to DMG (B15), except that it contains three methyl groups instead of two. After ingestion TMG is rapidly converted into DMG by the liver, providing the body with all the benefits of DMG, as well as detoxifying homocysteine, a by product of methionine metabolism that is a powerful pro-oxidant and free-radical generator known to be a leading cause of heart disease.
If one gets adequate amounts of B6, either from foods or supplements, much of the bodys homocysteine is converted into cystathione, an antioxidant and free-radical deactivator.
About half of our homocysteine is detoxified by this process. The other half is detoxified by a process called transmethylation. One way this happens is that 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which we make from folic acid, donates its methyl group to the homocysteine and thereby converts it to the essential amino acid methionine. Homocysteine is nothing more than methionine deprived of its methyl group.
Another way that homocysteine is converted to methionine is through transfer of the methyl group from trimethlglycine (TMG). We get an additional benefit from this because TMG, in losing its methyl group, becomes DMG. In brief, this simple action detoxifies homocysteine, recycles methionine and supplies B15.
TMG is also called betaine. We avoid this name because betaine is commonly sold in health food stores in it's hydrochloride form as a hydrochloric acid supplement for people with weak digestive acids. This is not the desired form for the purposes described above. It is very acidic, must be taken only with meals and can otherwise cause severe gastric irritation. The desired material is free-base betaine, which tastes mildly sweet and causes no untoward side effects. In order to make a clear distincion and avoid confusion, we call the acid supplement betaine HCI and the detoxifying nutrient TMG.


Dr Phil Shane takes us through a rock core – a sample of rock going back tens of thousands of years that details events such as volcanic eruptions.
Here we've got a section of core taken from Onepoto Basin. This is just a metre and a half section taken from about 65 metres below the surface. It's obviously just one section but it gives a nice example of what lake sediments are like and at least some of the tephra layers or ash layers – we refer to ash layers as tephra layers.
Here at the top of the core in this core section, this is the youngest part, and as we move down the core, it gets older. At the top, we can see this brown laminated – that's those fine lines like little layers of laminated sediment. You could imagine them almost like, I guess as geologists, we almost imagine them as like pages in a book. They are sort of a continuous record of what is deposited either every year or every decade over time.
As we come down the core, we see this thick black layer here – it's a little bit coarser grained. And this is basaltic ash from a local Auckland eruption. And then we come down again, we move deeper, we move back into this laminated embedded lake sediment. You see there's even some fine layers like that. That's a volcanic ash layer from Mt Taranaki.
Further down now towards the base of this core, we are about 65 metres down now, we see all this white material, and this is rhyolite ash from Okataina. Okataina is a large rhyolite volcano near Rotorua. This was a particularly big eruption. It produced a large crater or caldera – that's a large collapsed structure – down at Okataina. It's referred to as the Rotoiti eruption. It happened between about 50 and 60 thousand years ago.
Because we can geochemically fingerprint these sorts of ash layers, they also become marker beds for us to be able to work out the age of this core. So we know at this depth, we are back about 50,000 years ago. You can see from the thickness of the ash here – it could be something like 50 centimetres thick – it must have been a very big eruption. And in fact, we are 60 metres below the ground here, so the sediment would have compacted this ash down, so the original thickness of ash would have even been greater.
So if we are up in Auckland and we are getting 10–50 centimetres of ash around the landscape 60,000 years ago, that means it was a very big eruption. This sort of eruption would have resulted in blocking out of sunlight through the day. Even in the middle of the day, it would be like walking around in darkness. There would be fallout of ash – it's not just fine material falling out – it sort of cakes together like snowflakes. It would be coming out of the sky, fluffy snowflakes of ash, mantling the landscape. It would be very difficult to breathe, it would be dark, it could be warm and humid. You wouldn't be able to drive, vehicles wouldn't be able to operate with this amount of material in the atmosphere and, of course, aircraft. It would be a major hazard to aircraft – you wouldn't be able to fly in and out.


szufla, double click on a unit name, then click on the unit settings button and delete a unit by yourself.
Thank you for your reply. First of all, by clicking on the units name - no setting button appears. But any way, this button is available and I have checked everywhere - I cannot see delete unit functionality in this menus. I would not bother to write for help I i have not checked in first way.
After that i make delete the unit and i try from beggin.
Can you help me with that issue?
onelife, ignore the error and leave the phone number field empty.
you mean to ignore the field of IMEI?
onelife, id 357671031315515 is used in the account "giannis"
The last activity was on 2017-04-03.
You need to recover a password if that is the matter and delete a unit by yourself.
Many thanks my friend.Really help me!
So if i delete the unit ID from this account can i put it again in my account<<onelife>?
Error: 'There is already an object with the same configuration (telephone, name or ID)'.
0:20:13: Error: 'Ya existe un objeto con la misma configuración (teléfono, nombre o ID)'.
Van 75 Mundo, a unit with the ID 868683029750100 is already in your account.
The phone number is not required for monitoring it does not affect position detection as well as data sending.
Just leave the field empty.
The error will be discussed in the following thread.


Where will Beta-Cell Replacement be in 10 Years Time?
Which tissue will we be transplanting?
- Which tissue will we be transplanting?
Where will we be transplanting the tissue?
- Where will we be transplanting the tissue?
Which recipients will ultimately benefit from our treatment?
- Which recipients will ultimately benefit from our treatment?


Last Sunday, the 9th, our GOYA year started off with bubble soccer, team building and gyros! This event was our biggest turn out yet, over 60 kids were present along with about 8 staff members! From jr. high, to high school, college kids, to parents, to priests. This was an awesome day filled with fun and fellowship!
our students understand our role as leaders, cocreatorrs, and priests of Creation! After the lesson, our students went out and Gardening club led them to plant their very own flowers into the beautiful landscape of Saints Peter & Paul! After this beautiful day, our kids can see the flower they planted every week, and they can lead, create and offer our world back to God.


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Star Talk
Image source: Sony Pictures Networks
Simran Dhiman / May 31, 2018, 1:17 PM 0
The Story Of Sandeep Singh- The Inspiration Behind Diljit Dosanjh's Soorma
Diljit Dosanjh's Soorma movie is making enough waves among his fans. Everyone is extremely excited to watch him once again on the big screen (especially after his spectacular performance in the war drama Sajjan Singh Rangroot). While there are many reasons to look forward to Soorma movie, the most interesting one is the inspiring story of the real Soorma- Sandeep Singh. Regarded as one of the most dangerous drag-flickers in his heyday, Sandeep Singh is the former captain of the Indian national hockey team. The real story behind this hockey legend is as interesting as his flickers. Let's take a look at it:
The Dream Debut
Image source: Twitter
Hailing from Haryana, Sandeep made his international debut in January 2004 during the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup in Malaysia. The same year he played a key role in making India win the Asia Cup. It was nothing short of a miraculous year for Sandeep. His exceptional drag flickers made him popular as "Flicker Singh."
The Tragic Phase That Followed
Sandeep became an instant sensation. He was looked upon with great expectations for the future of Indian hockey. While he was stepping towards success with each new day, life had different plans for him. In 2006, while travelling to Delhi for a national camp, Singh was accidentally shot by an RPF jawan inside the Delhi-Kalka Shatabdi Express. The life-threatening incident took a major toll on his health as well as career. Sandeep was paralyzed and wheelchair-bound for the next two years. This phase not just shook him and his family but also disheartened his fans all over the country.
The Stunning Comeback
Sandeep was determined that all he wanted was to go back to the field and play for his country. His hard work and the support of his family didn't go futile. In 2008, he made a remarkable comeback. Sandeep was lauded for his game wherever he played. His performance on the field helped India finish second in the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup that year.
Also Read: Propose Day Special: 7 Most Romantic Movie Proposals!
The Glory of Becoming the Real Soorma
After a successful comeback, Sandeep consistently rose in the international rankings too. He was appointed the captain of the Indian national team in January 2009. The same year, India won the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup under his leadership and Sandeep was the highest goal scorer. He was awarded the Man of the Tournament. Sandeep played an instrumental role in helping India qualify for the 2012 London Olympics. He was also the highest goal scorer in the qualifiers that year.
From Soorma Sandeep to Soorma Diljit
The miraculous journey of Sandeep Singh deserved to be told. Who better than the extremely talented Diljit Dosanjh could have been chosen. Looking at the the first posters of Soorma movie, there's no doubt people are calling Diljit Dosanjh as "Soorma Diljit." Diljit is looking the exact replica of Sandeep Singh. Sandeep Singh's story should reach millions. With Soorma movie, Diljit Dosanjh is carrying a huge responsibility on his shoulders and going by his track record, we're sure he will do justice to the role.
Soorma chronicles all the important events in Sandeep Singh's life. Focusing on the gritty attitude of this legendary athlete, the story reinstates the message that a strong will power is the key to achieving even the most seemingly impossible goals. The move also features Tapsee Pannu as the leading lady Harpreet. Soorma movie is set to release on July 13 this year. Don't let this story pass!
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Home > Celebrity > Breaking News
NYPD Cannibal Cop Found Guilty Of Sick Plot To 'Kidnap, Cook And Eat' Women, Including His Own Wife
By:Jessika Walsten
Mar. 12 2013, Published 3:24 p.m. ET
The infamous NYPD cannibal cop will have to get accustomed to prison food after being found guilty Tuesday on all charges - including plotting to kidnap, cook and eat several women including his own wife.
It took the Manhattan federal court jury just 26 hours to find Gilberto Valle guilty of the fiendish flesh-eating plan after hearing of the slew of Internet evidence obtained by computer spyware his suspicious spouse installed to document his disturbing online chats, the New York Post reports.
The 28-year-old former police officer is currently being held in solitary confinement and facing a possible life sentence for the sick scheme that nearly led to a string of grisly murders by the aspiring "professional kidnapper."
"Today, a unanimous jury found that Gilberto Valle's detailed and specific plans to abduct women for the purpose of committing grotesque crimes were very real, and that he was guilty as charged," Manhattan U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara said in a statement after the verdict was reached.
Johnny Depp's Longtime Pal, Legendary Rock N' Roll Guitarist Jeff Beck Dead At 78
Prince Harry & Meghan Markle's Tell-All Netflix Series Delayed To 2023 After Attacks On 'The Crown'
Dianne Feinstein Refuses To Retire Before Her Senate Term Ends In 2024 Despite Colleagues Arguing She Is 'Mentally Unfit To Serve'
"The Internet is a forum for the free exchange of ideas, but it does not confer immunity for plotting crimes and taking steps to carry out those crimes."
Valle did not testify in his defense and hung his head in despair when the jury's decision was read out in court.
Some of the most disturbing testimony heard during the trial was from the defendant's estranged wife, Kathleen Mangan Valle, who described her horror upon discovering thousands of e-mails he had been funneling through a secret account.
"All of a sudden, I'm seeing pictures of me, pictures of our friends," revealed the sickened spouse, who met the suspect in 2009 and wed him last year. "I was supposed to be tied by my feet, my throat slit, and they were going to watch the blood rush from my body."
Most Notorious American Murder Trials
Celebs Involved In Murder
Most Shocking 'Not Guilty' Verdicts


It's a dark December night, and a fierce Caribbean storm forces the Empress of the Seas cruise ship to reroute from Cuba to Jamaica. Then, out of the blackness, the crew spot a light shimmering in the middle of the ocean. And when the ship's employees investigate the unexpected beacon, what they discover leaves them in amazement.
It's fair to say that Earth's oceans are pretty expansive. These watery environments cover over 65 percent of our planet's surface, in fact, and contain millions of different species. In addition, they provide vital sustenance for people in every corner of the Earth. But despite their life-giving qualities, the oceans can certainly be extremely scary places in which to end up.
Of course, at one stage the big blue was completely uncharted. And in the early days of ocean exploration, becoming lost was almost guaranteed. Thanks to unreliable methods of navigation and inexact maps, you see, sailors could easily drift from their intended paths. Hurricanes and storms often blew old ships off course, too, or caused vessels to become stranded in some instances.


Almost 700 survivors of crime are expected to converge on Sacramento for a two-day event starting inside the Sheraton Grand hotel and ending with a march on the California state Capitol.
The event titled, "Survivors Speak: Healing Through Action," will be hosted by Crime Survivors for Safety and Justice, a national movement of more than 10,000 survivors, according to a news release.
One of those scheduled to speak is Samantha Fuentes, a survivor of the Parkland, Florida school shooting. She recently spoke about those who have criticized victims for speaking in the wake of that shooting.
"You don't know the pain until it happens to you. You don't know the fear and the sorrow and the disappointment and the complete and utter rage until it happens to you," Fuentes said.
The founder of the #MeToo Movement, Tarana Burke, is also scheduled for Monday morning's opening event.


Today is the 92nd birthday of the actress Angela Lansbury. She has entertained audiences for decades on stage and screen, including her 12-year stint as Jessica Fletcher on the 1984 series 'Murder, She Wrote.' The actress was born on October 16, 1925, in East London, eventually immigrating to the U.S. with her family. Known for taking on various roles in film, television and on stage, Lansbury was nominated for an Academy Award after appearing in her first movie, "Gaslight" (1944). She continued her film work during the '60s and '70s while also starring in television projects. In 1984, she debuted as Jessica Fletcher in the popular series "Murder, She Wrote", which would run into the next decade. Lansbury has also won several Tony Awards for her work in projects like "Mame", "Gypsy", and "Sweeney Todd". She has voiced several animated characters as well for films including "Beauty and the Beast" (1991), in which she voiced Mrs. Potts and sang the title track "Beauty and the Beast" and "Be Our Guest" with Jerry Orbach, and "Anastasia" (1997). In February 2017, it was revealed that Lansbury had joined the cast of the upcoming movie "Mary Poppins Returns". It is a sequel to the Academy Award-winning 1964 film, the film is due for release on December 25, 2018.


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Adam Ant ist der Künstlername des britischen Sängers und Musikers Stuart Leslie Goddard (* 3. November 1954 in London). Er war zwischen 1977 und 1982 Frontmann der Punk- und New-Wave-Band Adam & the Ants und begann danach eine Solokarriere.

Biografie
Die Band formierte sich 1977 und bestand neben Goddard aus Lester Square (Gitarre), Andy Warren (Bass) und Paul Flanagan (Schlagzeug). Die Besetzung wechselte jedoch bis zur Aufnahme des ersten Albums 1979 mehrfach. Der frühere Manager der Sex Pistols, Malcolm McLaren, stieß im Oktober 1979 auf die Band, die bis dahin nur mäßig erfolgreich war. McLaren verpflichtete die damaligen Ants-Mitglieder Matthew Ashman (Gitarre), Leigh Gorman (Bass) und David Barbarossa (Schlagzeug) für die neue Band Bow Wow Wow. Goddard formierte danach abermals neue Ants, nun bestehend aus Marco Pirroni (Gitarre), Kevin Mooney (Bass) und den beiden Schlagzeugern Terry Lee Miall und Merrick, bürgerlich Chris Hughes. Für das Album Prince Charming stieg dann noch Gary Tibbs von Roxy Music mit ein.

Seit 1982 erschienen die Platten nur noch unter dem Namen Adam Ant (ein Klang-Wortspiel mit dem englischen 'adamant' = steinhart, felsenfest), wobei auf der LP Strip Phil Collins für die Singleauskopplungen Strip und Puss'n Boots sowohl Schlagzeug spielte als auch die Lieder produzierte.

1985 trat Adam Ant mit dem Lied Vive le Rock bei Live Aid auf, unterbrach jedoch anschließend für mehrere Jahre seine musikalische Karriere. Erst seit 1990 folgen in längeren Abständen wieder neue Veröffentlichungen.

Seine größten Hits hatte er in der ersten Hälfte der 1980er Jahre mit Antmusic, Stand and Deliver, Dog Eat Dog, Prince Charming, Ant Rap und Goody Two Shoes.

Seit Mitte der 1980er versuchte er sich verstärkt als Schauspieler, sowohl in Spielfilmen (unter anderem Nomads, Cold Steel, Trust Me) und Fernsehserien (darunter Sledge Hammer, Ausgerechnet Alaska, Nikita) als auch auf der Bühne (Funeral Games, Entertaining Mr. Sloane), seine einzige Hauptrolle hatte er in der Vampir-Komödie Love Bites.

Pläne für eine 1980er-Tribute-Tour mussten 2002 aufgegeben werden, da Adam Ant unter einer bipolaren Störung litt. 2003 nahm er eine neue Version seines Hits Stand and Deliver auf, mit geändertem Text, unter dem Titel Save the Gorilla. Dieser und einige weitere Songs, die zugunsten des Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund auf einer Maxi-CD erscheinen sollten, wurden (nach Einspruch des Mitkomponisten Marco Pirroni sowie der Plattenfirma) nie offiziell veröffentlicht.

Am 24. September 2007 stand Adam im Rahmen der Präsentation seiner Autobiografie Stand and Deliver in Bloomsbury (England) das erste Mal seit fast 12 Jahren wieder auf einer Bühne. Begleitet von seinem langjährigen Freund Dave Pash, einem klassischen Gitarristen, spielte er akustische Versionen eigener Stücke sowie Coverversionen und las Teile aus seiner Biografie. Adam verließ die Bühne nach mehreren Zugaben mit dem Versprechen, es werde "mehr von Adam Ant" geben. Von diesem Auftritt erschien Ende 2008 unter dem Titel Live at the Bloomsbury ein Mitschnitt auf CD, der nur online erhältlich ist.

Viele Musiker nennen Adam Ant als Einfluss, z. B. Elastica, Gene, Nine Inch Nails, Client, Robbie Williams, Kaiser Chiefs und Marilyn Manson.

Diskografie

Studioalben

Livealben
 1994: Live
 2008: Live at The Bloomsbury
 2016: Kings of the Wild Frontier Disc Two

Kompilationen

Weitere Kompilationen
 1986: Hits (UK: )
 1990: Antics in the Forbidden Zone
 1990: Peel Sessions
 1994: B-Side Babies
 1998: Super Hits
 2000: Antbox (Box mit 3 CDs)
 2001: The Complete Radio 1 Sessions
 2003: The Essential Adam Ant
 2005: Redux
 2005: Adam Ant Remastered (Box mit 4 CDs)
 2007: Dandy Highwaymen: The Best of
 2011: Original Album Classics (Box mit 3 CDs)
 2012: Playlist: The Very Best of Adam Ant
 2016: Kings of the Wild Frontier Super Deluxe Edition

EPs

Weitere EPs
 1988: Four Play Volume Twelve
 2003: Save the Gorilla

Singles

Weitere Singles
 1986: Out of Bounds (mit Stewart Copeland)
 1990: Rough Stuff
 1995: Beautiful Dreams
 2012: Cool Zombie

Videoalben
 1981: King of the Wild Frontier - Live in Japan
 1982: The Prince Charming Revue
 1986: Hits
 1990: Antics in the Forbidden Zone
 1993: Antmusic: The Very Best of Adam Ant
 2000: Antvideo
 2006: Stand and Deliver: The Very Best of Adam & the Ants
 2014: The Blueblack Hussar
 2015: Dirk Live at the Apollo

Beteiligungen an Soundtracks
 1978: Deutscher Girls / Plastic Surgery (Film: Jubilee)
 1985: What's Going On (Film: Metropolis)
 1986: Out of Bounds (Film: Out of Bounds)
 2006: Kings of the Wild Frontier (Film: Marie Antoinette)
 2008: Strip (Film: Leg dich nicht mit Zohan an)

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Künstlerauszeichnungen und Nominierungen

TV- und Film-Rollen
 Jubilee (1977)
 Cannon and Ball Show (1982), TV-Episode
 Der Equalizer (1985), TV-Episode
 Nomads – Tod aus dem Nichts (1986)
 Amazing Stories Staffel 2 (1986)
 Honda Advert (1986), mit Grace Jones
 Cold Steel (1987)
 Sledge Hammer! (1987), TV-Episode
 Slam Dance (1987)
 Unglaubliche Geschichten (1987), TV-Episode
 Out of Time (1988)
 Lost World – Die letzte Kolonie (World Gone Wild) (1988), als Derek Abernathy
 Trust Me (1989)
 Heiße Nächte in L.A. (1991)
 Ausgerechnet Alaska (1992), TV-Episode (Folge Heroes – als "Brad Bonner")
 Spellcaster (1992)
 Geschichten aus der Gruft (1992), TV-Episode
 Acting on Impulse (1993)
 Love Bites (1993)
 Batman (1995), TV-Episode
 Cyber Bandits (1995)
 Desert Winds (1995)
 Drop Dead Rock (1995)
 Face Down (1996)
 Lover's Knot (1996)
 Junk (1997), britischer Kurzfilm
 Nikita (1999), TV Episode
 Sweetwater (1999), Fernsehfilm basierend auf der amerikanischen Rock-Band.

Theaterengagements
 Seid nett zu Mr. Sloane (1985)
 West (1993)
 Be Bop a Lula (1993)
 Funeral Games (1996)

Literatur
 Adam Ant: Stand and Deliver: The Autobiography. Sidgwick & Jackson, London 2006.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Popmusiker
New-Wave-Musiker
Punk-Musiker
Musiker (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Filmschauspieler
Pseudonym
Brite
Geboren 1954
Mann
Träger des Ivor Novello Award

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Download What Happens If The U.S. Can't Pay Its Debt?
Published on 02 November 2021 by CNBC
What Happens If The U.S. Can't Pay Its Debt?
The recent debt ceiling standoff gave a glimpse into how catastrophic a federal default would be for the U.S. economy. While a bipartisan agreement is the easiest solution to the crisis, there are other possible solutions to breaking the standoff, including a $1 trillion coin that has gained traction in recent years. So what exactly would happen if the U.S. government fails to raise the debt ceiling, and can a $1 trillion coin really put a stop to the crisis?Despite the short-term deal struck between the Republicans and the Democrats in early October, the debt ceiling crisis is far from over.Congress needs to decide by Dec. 3 if the U.S. government will raise the debt ceiling or default on its loans. But there are other possible solutions besides bipartisan agreement.The debt ceiling can also be raised by a process known as budget reconciliation. First introduced in 1974, this process can expedite the passage of certain tax, spending and debt-limit legislation. What would otherwise require a 60-vote majority in the Senate to pass would only require 51 votes or 50 votes plus the vice president as the tie-breaker."The reason they're hesitant to do that is that it forces them to specify a dollar amount raised to the debt limit," American Enterprise Institute senior fellow Phillip Wallach said. "If Democrats move through reconciliation, they'll have to stick a number into that law and that number is likely to be over $30 trillion now. So they're worried about the way that looks and the way voters will judge them for that."Other solutions are more radical. The president can raise the debt ceiling using the 14th Amendment, which states that "the validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law … shall not be questioned."But other experts warn that using the 14th Amendment could potentially lead to a constitutional crisis."Congress has made it really clear through their actions over the past years that they consider it in their purview to raise the debt ceiling," Brookings Institute senior fellow in economic studies said. "If the president were to say 'no, no, no, it's under my purview to raise the debt ceiling', you create a crisis about powers of the executive branch versus powers in Congress."Then there is the idea of minting a trillion-dollar coin which was first introduced during a similar crisis in 2011. The Federal Reserve generally determines when and how much money the Treasury Department can print. But some scholars have identified a law from 1997 that allows the Treasury secretary to mint and issue platinum coins in any denomination and quantity.The effectiveness of implementing such a coin is up for debate."It's not a way to assure the governments of the world and the world economy that. we are in fact as risk-free as we're supposed to be," Vanderbilt University law professor Yesha Yadav said. "But in the absence of other solutions, it's certainly a plausible way forward."However, AEI's Wallach warned that, "the fact that it strikes people as so outlandish is not just a small flaw. It's a real problem because the Treasury Department depends on the confidence of global investors and of the American people. And if it seems to be playing strange games, it could seriously erode that confidence."» Subscribe to CNBC: https://cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBC» Subscribe to CNBC TV: https://cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBCtelevision» Subscribe to CNBC Classic: https://cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBCclassicAbout CNBC: From 'Wall Street' to 'Main Street' to award winning original documentaries and Reality TV series, CNBC has you covered. Experience special sneak peeks of your favorite shows, exclusive video and more.Connect with CNBC News OnlineGet the latest news: https://www.cnbc.com/Follow CNBC on LinkedIn: https://cnb.cx/LinkedInCNBCFollow CNBC News on Facebook: https://cnb.cx/LikeCNBCFollow CNBC News on Twitter: https://cnb.cx/FollowCNBCFollow CNBC News on Instagram: https://cnb.cx/InstagramCNBCSubscribe to CNBC PRO: https://cnb.cx/2NLi9AN#CNBCWhat Happens If The U.S. Can't Pay Its Debt?
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text:
Crime, punishment and paying restitution to victims
This article was published in the Chicago Daily Law Bulletin on May 20, 2015.
Mark D. DeBofsky is a name partner of DeBofsky Sherman Casciari Reynolds P.C.. He handles civil and appellate litigation involving employee benefits, disability insurance and other insurance claims and coverage . He can be reached at [email protected].
A recent ruling by the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals addressed the interesting question of whether private disability benefits are exempt from garnishment sought to provide restitution to the victims of crimes committed by the insured.
The case of U.S. v. France, 782 F.3d 820 (7th Cir. April 7, 2015), involved Gary France, a dentist, who was convicted in 2002 of setting up a lucrative false billing scheme to bilk insurers of city of Chicago and Chicago Transit Authority employees. As part of his sentence, France was ordered to pay $800,000 in restitution to the victims of his scheme.
However, by 2014, he had repaid only $11,000 toward that amount. Consequently, the government sought to garnish a portion of private disability insurance payments that France was receiving as a result of injuries he sustained in a car accident. The government's request was based on the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVDA), 18 U.S.C. Section 3613(a).
France challenged the garnishment request, claiming at least a partial exemption. And France's ex-wife also intervened to exempt the portion of the disability payments that she was receiving for child support. The district court rejected both challenges, and the appeals court affirmed.
The recitation of the underlying facts revealed that as France's scheme unraveled, he filed for bankruptcy but failed to disclose his disability payments in his petition.
In a later proceeding in California, the court resolved competing claims to the disability benefits between France, his ex-wife, sister and the bankruptcy trustee. However, it appeared from the record that the bankruptcy trustee was never notified of the restitution order, and the California court made no mention of it in its ruling.
Although the MVRA does not permit enforcement of a restitution judgment against all assets, the court rejected claims by France and his ex-wife that the disability payments were exempt, despite an exemption of such payments under state garnishment laws.
The court also rejected a recent 8th Circuit ruling that payments from private disability insurance constituted "earnings" under the federal Consumer Credit Protection Act and were thus exempt. U.S. v. Ashcraft, 732 F.3d 860 (8th Cir.2013).
The court examined the text of the MVRA and agreed with France that the law permits garnishment only as to disposable earnings. "Disposable earnings" is defined in the statute as "that part of the earnings of any individual remaining after the deduction from those earnings of any amounts required by law to be withheld." 15 U.S.C. Section 1672(b). And "earnings" is defined as "compensation paid or payable for personal services, whether denominated as wages, salary, commission, bonus or otherwise and includes periodic payments pursuant to a pension or retirement program." 15 U.S.C. Section 1672(a).
Those terms were interpreted in prior rulings to permit garnishment of no more than 25 percent of retirement benefits. But the court had not previously examined whether private disability payments fall within the "earnings" definition.
While the 8th Circuit ruled in Ashcraft that disability payments were earnings, the 7th Circuit deemed that court's analysis flawed and further noted that Ashcraft did not specifically address the MVRA.
The court reasoned that since the MVRA incorporated provisions from the Internal Revenue Code that exempted workers' compensation and veteran benefits but did not list other types of disability payments such as Social Security, which was explicitly omitted, the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, justified "the inference that items not mentioned were excluded by deliberate choice, not inadvertence."
"Where Congress explicitly enumerates certain exceptions to a general prohibition," the court held, "additional exceptions are not to be implied, in the absence of evidence of a contrary legislative intent." (Citation omitted.)
The court also quickly disposed of an alternative argument that state garnishment exemption laws precluded enforcement of the judgment. The court found the MVRA did not permit application of state exemptions and distinguished a 9th Circuit case involving disability benefits on the ground that this matter involved a federal criminal restitution order and a garnishment under federal law.
The court also rejected the ex-wife's claim because the order that had granted her a share of the insurance proceeds was procured without the bankruptcy trustee's knowledge of the restitution order. A contrary result could have permitted the debtor to use such a mechanism to shield assets from restitution. The claim was also barred by the MVRA text, which supersedes other laws without bankruptcy exemption.
While the result reached here may appear harsh, France's failure to make any meaningful effort to pay restitution to the victims of his crimes is why the MVRA was written with such Draconian terms. France was clearly not destitute and had the means to repay his victims, yet even after his conviction, he engaged in ongoing fraudulent conduct by failing to disclose the restitution order to the bankruptcy trustee when the disability payments were allocated.
The potential for depriving an innocent child of support is raised in this ruling, but the court questioned the ex-wife's standing since France's children were no longer minors. And as the court noted, since the allocation of benefits was made without disclosure of the restitution order, the court's concern about shielding of assets was well-warranted.


text:
Q: react-router - dynamic routing with async component in ssr ( the first screen rendering ) I used react-router to build a spa application successfully with async component months ago.
But it is too slow when i first open the page( because of the size of resource , even though code splitting and async load )
Now that it is important to make it ssr to approve the speed for its first render.
Something wrong after i finish the server side render work according to the api document.
When i open my page ,warnning like this:
 (client) " data-reactid="1"><!-- react-empty: 2 -
 (server) " data-reactid="1"><div class="Detail_mo

and a flash occurs between the true renders.
Thought that it is caused by the async component(which is finished after react-router's first render) .
Now i remove the async loader for component and then everything comes true without any warnnings!
Routes.js

module.exports = {
path: '/',
getChildRoutes:(location,callback)=>{
    callback(null,[
        {
            path: 'item.html',
            getComponent: (nextState, cb)=>{
                console.log('Detail start')
                const Detail = require('react-router-proxy?name=item!../detail/dev/js/detail/container/RootContainer')
                cb(null,Detail)
            }
        },
        {
            path: 'home',
            getComponent: (nextState, cb)=>{
                const Home = require('react-router-proxy?name=home!../home/dev/js/container/RootContainer');
                cb(null,Home)
            }
        },
        {
            path: 'user',
            component: require('react-router-proxy?name=user!../home/dev/js/container/RootContainer')
        },
    ]);
}
};

If it is possible to set an async and dynamic component to the initComponent , or make react-router to  start render after the async component callback ( it is all about the first screen rendering ),can both resolve this question i thought.

Thank you!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


QCD Seattle's Associate Campaign Kickoff!! Click on image to see more Associate Campaign event photos on the GSF Foundation's Facebook page.
All month long, our GSF Foundation Committees nationwide are hosting their Associate Campaign kickoff meetings! All of the Foundation's programs are made possible through the financial contributions of our own GSF Associates. This year, our theme is "Join The Party!" and it's meant to celebrate all of the Associates past and present who helped us get this far!
CID (Chair: Griselda Hernandez) held their first meeting on Tuesday, September 6, and beneficiaries attended and shared about the impact the Foundation has made on their organizations.
Garner (Chair: Scott VanLue) held their kickoff meetings on Wednesday, September 7. Various beneficiary speakers came to three different meetings where the Associates got involved in check presentations.
QCD Seattle (Chair: Vera Hunter) had several meetings and focused on the party theme with festive decorations. Gift bags with a pledge form, pen, GSFF pin, beads, and candy were handed out. Anna Lisa Lukes, Executive Director of the GSF Foundation and Steve Becker, Senior Corporate Vice President, Human Resources, came and spoke at the meetings.
St. Louis (Chair: Brian Chapman) offered goody bags and even had a delicious, custom cake with the "Join the Party!" logo.
Every year, an individual chairs our Associate Campaign, and this year it's headed by Steve Becker of our Irvine Corporate Office. Thank you, Steve, for your leadership and commitment. Thank you to our Committee Chairs for leading the planning of parties and most importantly, thank you to all our Associates for their support of our Foundation. It is through them that we are able to fulfill our mission of helping children and families in need in the areas where GSF Associates live and work.
Every party needs party favors! Click on photo to see more Associate Campaign highlights.


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Indian Airports Lag In Comparison With Their Global Counterparts On Non-Aeronautical Revenue: ICRA
The revenue streams for an Indian airport operator are primarily divided into aeronautical, non-aeronautical and real estate revenues.
Indian Airports Lag In Comparison With Their Global Counterparts On Non-Aeronautical Revenue: ICRA	-
Updated: 22 Oct 2021 1:03 pm
Non-aeronautical yields for major private Indian airports significantly lag their global counterparts as the second wave of covid-19 pandemic delayed recovery in passenger traffic, said rating agency Icra Ltd.
Aeronautical and non-aeronautical income contributes to the majority of the revenues as real-estate income currently contributes to less than 5 per cent of total revenues for major private airport operators, the ICRA said in a press release.
On the non-aeronautical revenues, the major private airports in India have witnessed growth at a CAGR of 12 per cent during FY2017-FY2020. Along with this, a reduction in aeronautical revenue share due to a decline in tariffs has resulted in a change in aeronautical to non-aeronautical mix at major private airports from 67:33 in FY2017 to 49:51 in FY2020.
The non-aeronautical revenue share further increased to 57 per cent in FY2021 due to the higher impact of a pandemic on aeronautical revenues. As against this, the revenue mix at Airport Authority of India (AAI) operated airports is dominated by aeronautical revenues which constitute 78 per cent of revenue mix as the focus is less on non-aero yield due to low passenger throughput at the majority of tier II and tier III airports, lower international traffic and relatively low spend by the travellers.
Rajeshwar Burla, Vice President and Group Head, Corporate Ratings, ICRA, said the nonaeronautical yield per passenger at major private airports is low as compared to major private airports in the world. The average non-aero yield per pax for major private airports in India stood at $3.8 (even lower at $2.9 if AAI operated airports are included) during FY2018 – FY2020 (FY2021 not considered due to Covid impact) compared to yield per pax ranging between $ 5.7 to $16.4 for major airports across the world.
"Given the evolving consumer spending behaviour, Indian airports still have significant room for improvement. The aeronautical revenues are regulated in nature, where returns are capped; therefore, to maximise the return on capital employed, airport operators need to improve their non-aero yields.," he said.
The hit on passenger traffic due to Covid-19 has severely impacted the revenues of non-aero concessionaires, which has consequently impacted the non-aero revenues for the airport operators. The airport operators provided relaxations in lease terms for majority of the non-aeronautical concessionaires on a temporary basis by shifting to pure revenue share basis from minimum monthly or annual guarantee.
While the airline and other office space rentals have been least impacted, duty free, retail outlets and the advertisement revenues were severely impacted in FY2021. Some of the concessions given for FY2021 are expected to continue in FY2022 and as traffic and non-aeronautical revenues ramp-up, airport operators are expected to return to original lease terms.
Business Indian Aiports ICRA Non-Aeronautical Revenue Non-Aeronautical Yields
Cabinet Sanctions Rs 973 Crore To SBI For Ex-gratia Payment To Borrowers
Orient Green Power Co Reports Rs 6.28 Crore Net Profit In Q3 Of FY22
CIL's Supplies Under E-Auction Surges 31% During April To December Period
Sterlite Technologies Reports Rs 137 Crore Loss For October To December Period
Cabinet Approves Rs 1,500 Crore Infusion In IREDA, Increases Lending Capacity To Rs 12000 Crore


The 6th sense is an inappropriate term for an additional human sense other than the five conventional senses; the sense of sight, sense of touch, sense of smell, sense of taste and sense of hearing. Another term for the sixth sense is the Extrasensory Perception. This involves the gathering of information without the use of the traditional senses mentioned above.
This ability allows the humans to perceive knowledge from the unseen world such as the spiritual realm, demons, ghosts, angels, heaven and a lot more. It allows us to understand the relationship abaft different events and situations that are beyond the intellectual capacity of the humans. An example would be when a blind person, with the sixth sense, can still 'see' and describe events and people despite being physically blind. This means that the blind person can feel and harvest information through a realm that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
There are five additional senses that a human can possess, apart from the traditional senses that we have. Read through the list for more information.
This is known to be the response of the sensory nervous system which allows us to know when a situation or something is harmful for a person. Nociception allows nociceptors; extreme chemical, mechanical and thermal stimulation, to create a signal that journeys down a chain of nerves through the spinal cord and to the brain. This precipitates different various behavioral responses and emotional experiences of pain. Things such as getting cut or crushed, the heat and the cold or when soap gets in your eyes may trigger the use of nociception.
This is known to help the humans maintain their balance and keep us from falling oven when we are on the move or even just standing.
This is the sense of actually putting the body parts in use by putting strength and effort to move. Proprioception is derived from the Latin word Proprius meaning individual or one's own; and Capio meaning to grasp or to take.
This is known to be the sense of perceiving temperature. This is when thermoceptors go through the spinal cord and on to the brain and precipitates a variety of responses throughout the body such as chills and shivering.
This is known to be the sense that allows us to determine magnetic fields to become aware of altitudes, directions and locations. This is related to a person's ability to orient and navigate.
Can you develop a sixth sense?
Yes, as another realm exists around us, it is just a matter of believing in it and actually spending time to know more about it. Our sixth sense can be used and developed but it is required to be evoked or awakened by spiritual practicing and concentrating our minds. You may hear about some people actually having psychic abilities at a young age, this may be because they have been using and practicing such abilities during their past lives. Another explanation could be that they have been possessed since childhood.
While practicing and as the spiritual level arises, you will be able to gain access at a greater extent in another realm and that allows you to hone and master your sixth sense or your extrasensory perception. Although you must remember that another factor may cause it to happen, like maybe a ghost or a demon wanted to play games with you and caused you to see shadows on the aisle or the staircase just to frighten or scare you, then this does not mean that your spiritual level is increasing. It just means that whatever it is that makes you feel this phenomenon is using their own spiritual energy and is in no way related to your spiritual degree.
Does gender matter in the development of the sixth sense?
Not necessarily but women tend to be more inclined to develop their extrasensory perception than men mostly because they are naturally more intuitive and empathetic than man. They use their feelings more, thus tending to unfold and manifest their sixth sense better. One fact is that men are often more inclined to be on the intellectual side which leads them to be very rational.
A vision or a dream that allows you to see such catastrophic events or good-bearing news.
Develop your own sixth sense and psychic ability. Do researches, read books about spiritualism, meditate and practice.
Ask a renowned psychic to contact an entity for you. This will save you more time as distinguishes psychics have already established their careers and their psychic abilities and skills would most probably be exemplary.
When do we consider the misuse of the sixth sense?
It is believed that the sixth sense should be used only for spiritual growth purposes and nothing more. It means that psychics are misusing their abilities and skills when they use is for other matters like telling a person when they are settling down or what job they are going to get.


Seven NOs and Three YESes!
•Restrict intake of insulinogenic, IGF1-rich or IGF1-stimulatory and Toll-stimulatory foods, such as refined carbohydrates: cereals, bread, sweets, cookies, rice, pasta, cooked tubers, including potatoes—these are foods which are absorbed high up in the small intestine and are of minimal benefit to microbiota.
•Restrict daily intake of fructose to below 25 grams a day.
•Restrict intake of dairy products, especially butter, cheese and milk powder, rich in saturated fats, hormones and growth factors such as IGF1, and also meat intake, especially inflammation-inducing, processed and cured meat such as bacon and sausages.
•Restrict/eliminate intake of foods heated above 100 °C, known to be rich in the inflammation-inducing molecules AGEs and ALEs, and particularly foods heated above 130 °C, as foods with increased temperature become increasingly rich in pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic substances such as acrylamide and heterocyclic amines, e.g., fried and grilled foods, and toasted and high-temperature baked breads.
•Restrict exposure to microbe-derived high inflammation-inducing endotoxins, especially found in meat hung for several days, hard cheeses, pork and ice creams.
•Restrict, eventually eliminate, intake of foods rich in proteotoxins such as casein, gluten and zein.
•Restrict intake of chemicals, including pharmaceutical drugs, to only what is absolutely necessary, as most chemicals are likely to be detrimental to microbiota.
•Increase/favor intake of ancient antioxidant-rich, high-fiber, low-calorie-containing grains (be sure to count Carbs!) such as buckwheat, amaranth, chia, lupin, millet, quinoa, sorghum, taro, teff, etc., and also the intake of beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, nuts and almonds.
•Supplement large doses of vitamin D and omega fatty acids, both of special importance for control of inflammation and for function of microbiota. If ill—also supplement pro-/synbiotics, but only brands with documented clinical effects.


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text:
<?php
namespace Net\TomasKadlec\Test\TestCase;

use Doctrine\Common\Persistence\ObjectManager;
use Symfony\Bridge\Doctrine\RegistryInterface;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface;

/**
 * Class ObjectManagerAwareTrait
 * @package Net\TomasKadlec\Test\TestCase
 */
trait ObjectManagerAwareTrait
{

    /** @var  ObjectManager */
    protected $objectManager;

    /**
     * @return string name of a connection to use
     */
    protected function getManagerName()
    {
        return 'default';
    }

    /**
     * Initializes objectManager with an instance of
     *
     * Method will be called automatically from ApplicationTestCase and
     * WebTestCase from this bundle and their children
     */
    protected function setUpObjectManager()
    {
        if (empty($this->container) || !$this->container instanceof ContainerInterface)
            throw new  \RuntimeException("Use the trait with a class that has an access to the container (ContainerInterface).");

        /** @var RegistryInterface $orm */
        $orm = $this->container->get('doctrine');
        $this->objectManager = $orm->getManager($this->getManagerName());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: (mac) dockers , commit changes in mongo doesn't work new to dockers. running using boot2docker on a mac.

*

*running a container with no data in it docker run --name mongodb -p 27017:27017 -d mongo.

*importing data onto it mongorestore --host 192.168.59.104 -d dest source The import works and I see the data in the container.

*committing (without pushing) the container to the image docker commit mongdb mongo

*when stopping, removing and restarting , the data is not saved. docker stop mongodb; docker rm mongdb; docker run --name mongodb -p 27017:27017 -d mongo
Notes:
docker commit after the import doesn't show any diff in the data:
docker diff mongodb                                                                                ✱
C /root
C /root/.bash_history
C /root/.dbshell
C /tmp
C /tmp/mongodb-27017.sock

A: Looks like the issue is mongo's Dockerfile contains
VOLUME /data/db

Therefore, the data is not being stored in the image, but in boot2docker. One solution would be to build your own image using the mongo Dockerfile as a example, but exclude the VOLUME option.


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Learn more about Larry Grandia
Mr. Grandia has served on Health Catalyst's board of directors since fall 2011. He is an accomplished CIO veteran of the healthcare IT industry with more than 40 years of business and technology leadership experience. Until his retirement in 2007, Mr. Grandia was executive vice president and chief technology officer of Premier, Inc. Before joining Premier in 2000, Mr. Grandia was president and chief executive officer of DAOU Systems, Inc. Prior to DAOU, Mr. Grandia led IT functions for Intermountain Healthcare, Inc. for more than two decades. In addition to his executive positions, Mr. Grandia has served on the boards of PatientSafe Solutions, DAOU Systems, Inc., IDX Corporation and on advisory boards for 3M Healthcare Information Systems and the Center for Clinical Integration. He served as a founding board member of the following organizations: Microsoft Healthcare User Group (MSHUG), the National Alliance for Healthcare Information Technology (NAHIT), and the College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME), of which he is a fellow. Grandia is also a fellow, life member, and past board member of the Healthcare Information & Management Systems Society (HIMSS), past president of Electronic Computing Health Oriented (ECHO), which served as IBM's healthcare users group, and a past member of the Healthcare Information Systems Executive Association (HISEA).
Read articles by Larry Grandia
Larry Grandia
Healthcare Information Systems: A Look at the Past, Present, and Future
Healthcare information systems are integral to hospital operations and clinical care for patients. In the 1960s healthcare was driven by Medicare and Medicaid and HIT developed shared hospital accounting systems. In the 1970s communication between departments and individual transactional systems became important. DRGs drove healthcare in the 1980s and HIT needed to find ways to pull both clinical and financial data in order for reimbursements. The 1990s saw competition and consolidation drive technology to create IDN-like integration. In the 2000s outcomes-based reimbursement became the drive behind developing real-time clinical decision support. For the future, ACOs and value-based purchasing means that CIOs will need to implement data warehouses and analytics application to provide the insights to drive performance improvement necessary for hospital survival.
My Folder
The CHIMES Foundation Leadership Award and the Monkey Rope: A Thank You from Larry Grandia
Larry Grandia, Health Catalyst Board Member, received the CHIME Foundation Industry Leader Award at the 2013 Fall Forum. In this blog post, he thanks those who have held the monkey rope along the way.
My Thanks to Healthcare IT Professionals ... Along with a Look Back and Forward
Healthcare automation isn't a new concept … and for that author Larry Grandia, who's been in the business for more than four decades, is grateful. "The industry has been on a breathtakingly expensive and time consuming sprint for the past decade or so automating essential operational information systems. Capping this technology effort with a foundation-based data strategy — an enterprise data warehouse, robust analytics and a sound data governance plan — holds the promise of a rich harvest from decades of significant IT investment and untold professional effort. My personal thanks to the many IT professionals and healthcare vendors and suppliers that have gotten the industry to this pivotal base camp. I firmly believe the peak is in sight!


Travis Couch joined PLACES as senior accounting manager in October 2017. Formerly financial manager of the Housing Authority for the city of Richmond, Indiana, Travis earned his bachelor's degree in accounting from Rasmussen College in Florida.
Originally from Eaton, Travis now lives in New Madison, Ohio, in Darke County northwest of Dayton. During his career, Travis has had various accounting roles at Swihart Industries, Accountemps, New Paris Oil Company, and Economy Linen & Towel Company, Inc.
PLACES is proud of its clients, tenants and residents who have worked hard to achieve their goals in education, vocational training, community service and recovery. Here are some honorees who received awards at the Client Recognition event on February 16.
The PLACES Board of Trustees welcomed Steven D. Mueller, Ed.D., PCC, as a new member in January. For many years Mueller served as Director of UD's Counseling Center and later took on additional responsibilities for campus recreation, alcohol and drug abuse intervention, the health center and wellness programs as Assistant V.P. of Health and Wellness.
Originally from Cincinnati, Mueller graduated from Moeller High School and earned his doctorate at the University of Cincinnati. He was honored in 2007 with the Lackner Award for his significant contribution to the Catholic and Marianist heritage at UD.
Terminology in the world of social services can be confusing. For example, what's the difference between the various types of supportive housing that PLACES offers?
We offer assistance in the form of both residential or site-based programs and community-based programs. PLACES' Supportive Living and Opening Doors programs integrate people diagnosed with mental illness into the community at large by placing them in a variety of different living situations. PLACES staff visits them to provide case management services and life skills training. Neighbors may not have similar behavioral health issues.
After six years of study, policy making and training, the redesign of Medicaid behavioral health services in Ohio is finally here.
PLACES has been preparing many months for Behavioral Healthcare Redesign, which was implemented in January. The staff has been training on new billing procedures and documentation methods, preparing for certification to bill Medicaid in the next few months. At that time, PLACES will have an opportunity to offer more services to its residents, since some individual case management activities can be billed to Medicaid if properly documented. More change is coming later this year, as behavioral health benefits will be fully integrated into Medicaid managed care plans. The chart below provides a synopsis of the progress made so far and what is still to come.
How Will the Success of Behavioral Health Redesign be Measured?
Continuity of care for consumers is a main goal of Ohio's behavioral health redesign initiative, along with access to services, appropriate utilization, getting providers to participate, and paying them promptly and accurately. With so much change happening, how do state legislators plan to measure the success of this initiative?
It might seem unusual for a mother and daughter to share the same employer. But it's familiar territory for Betty and Stacey Coleman.
Betty and Stacey Coleman have dedicated their lives to helping others through a variety of social service roles, from court advocate and probation officer to outreach ministry. Stacey joined PLACES in 2013 as manager of Imperial Court, the newest Permanent Supportive Housing facility to be opened by PLACES to that point. A year later, her mother, Betty, joined the PLACES team as a case manager in the Supportive Living Program. Today, Stacey is manager of PLACES' North Main adult care facility.
"When Stacey told me about PLACES, I knew it was where I wanted to work," said Betty. "At the time it sounded like a good fit for me. Four years later, I still believe it's a good fit. I'm proud to be part of an agency that is committed to helping and empowering people to improve their daily living." This was the second time the pair has shared the same employer. They both worked at Eastway Behavioral Healthcare a few years before, Stacey as a community support specialist after moving back home from South Carolina in 2010 and Betty as a nurse in a teenage residential facility.
Betty Coleman agrees. "PLACES is not a sit-down agency," she explained. "We're always striving for better ways, seeking out other resources to accomplish our mission." Betty, who is a case manager in the Supportive Living Program, has been a nurse for more than 50 years and worked as a health nutrition specialist for Head Start.
Betty, the third of 10 children, spent her adolescent years in the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home in Xenia after her mother passed away. "It was not a David Copperfield kind of experience," said Betty, who speaks fondly of the home as a "city within a city," with its own trades, gardens and training classes. Betty's father chose the home as a way to keep his large family together so they could see each other, rather than splitting them up among relatives.
Nanci McGuire has been promoted to lead PLACES' Supportive Living Program. Formerly the manager of two Permanent Supportive Housing sites, Nanci supervises a team of case managers who provide ongoing supportive services and life skills training to clients in the community.
SLP clients live at scattered sites owned by other agencies or private landlords. In general, they are chronically homeless and may be coming out of shelters, so need help setting up their new home.
SLP case managers help clients with their other needs, as well. Some lack the education needed to find employment and want to get their GED, then a job. Others may need medical attention. One client hadn't seen a doctor in 17 years, Nanci said.


Boston Bruins center Patrice Bergeron won the 2014 Frank J. Selke Trophy on Tuesday, his second such victory in the last three seasons.
The two-way forward continues to distinguish himself as one of the top defensive pivots in the game after gaining mainstream recognition as the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup in 2011. Bergeron, 28, also came in second place in Selke voting to Jonathan Toews in 2013.
Speaking of Toews, the Chicago Blackhawks star joined Los Angeles Kings center Anze Kopitar as the other Selke nominees.


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Watch: Eric Schmidt & Paul Gigot on AIThe Real Cost of Biden SpendingManchin's Inflation VindicationA Tax the Rich DebateRefunding the San Francisco Police
Socialism Fails Every Time
The best outcome is a reversion to capitalism. The worst? Hundreds of millions dead.
Senator Bernie Sanders, who started pulling the Democratic Party towards a socialist agenda in 2016, kicked off his second presidential campaign in March, predicting he would win in 2020. Image: AFP
By Joshua Muravchik
April 9, 2019 7:16 pm ET
Self-described socialist Bernie Sanders has become a favorite of young voters by posing as an apostle of daring new ideas. Socialism, however, is anything but new. It's hard to think of another idea that has been tried and failed as many times in as many ways or at a steeper price in human suffering.
The term "socialism" was coined by followers of Robert Owen (1771-1858), whom Karl Marx would label a "utopian socialist." In 1825 Owen founded New Harmony, an Indiana commune, to demonstrate the superiority of what was first called the "social system." The same year, Owen explained his experiment to a joint session of Congress attended by Supreme Court justices, President James Monroe and President-elect John Quincy Adams. Although Owen poured his fortune into it, New Harmony collapsed in disarray and recrimination within two years.