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#99083: Anemia in the Elderly
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29. Ting RZ, Szeto CC, Chan MH, Ma KK, Chow KM. Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(18):1975-1979.
30. Oh R, Brown DL. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(5):979-986.
31. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Folate. Available at https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional. Last accessed January 8, 2021.
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37. Johnson CA, Levey AS, Coresh J, Levin A, Lau J, Eknoyan G. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in adults: part I. Definition, disease stages, evaluation, treatment, and risk factors. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(5):869-876.
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Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations
1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150. Available at https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf. Last accessed January 22, 2021.
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Pierre Paris (Rodez, França, 15 de gener de 1859 - Madrid, 20 d'octubre de 1931) va ser un arqueòleg, historiador i escriptor francès, membre de l'Institut de França. Va dirigir a Madrid l'Escola d'Alts Estudis Hispànics i Arqueològics –delegació de la seu central de la Universitat de Bordeus– i la Casa de Velázquez, així com, amb Henri Merimée i Alfred Morel-Fatio, el Bulletin Hispanique des de 1899, any de la seva fundació. El seu nom està unit sobretot a l'arqueologia ibèrica, perquè va escriure fonamentalment estudis sobre l'art i l'arqueologia d'Espanya, com els Promènades archéologiques a Espagne (1910).

Biografia
Va néixer a Rodez el 1859, va cursar estudis a l'Escola Normal Superior, on va arribar a exercir com a catedràtic de Lletres. Entre 1882 i 1885 va ser membre de l'Escola Francesa d'Atenes. El seu interès pel món ibèric va començar el 1887, quan va accedir a la càtedra d'Arqueologia i Història de l'Art de la Facultat de Lletres de Bordeus. Després d'un inicial enfocament cap al món grec, sengles viatges a Espanya en aquell any, i el 1895, li van inclinar a canviar la seva orientació científica.

La seva activitat com a arqueòleg a Espanya la va iniciar en el sud-est i est, realitzant excavacions a Meca, El Amarejo, Oriola, Rojales, Elx i Sagunt.Amb posterioritat va realitzar excavacions a   Ursina (1903), Almedinilla (1904), Bolonya (1917-1921) y Setefilla (1926-27). Recentment ha estat descobert i publicat un interessant àlbum inèdit de fotografies de les seves excavacions amb Arthur Engel a Osuna. El 1897 es va avançar i va aconseguir adquirir per a França l'acabada d'aparèixer i després tan cèlebre Dama d'Elx.

Després de la gran activitat desenvolupada com a arqueòleg durant els primers anys del , va passar a ser un gran professor. Així va contribuir a la creació del Bulletin Hispanique de la Universitat de Bordeus; també va participar en la fundació de l'Escola d'Alts Estudis Hispànics de l'Institut Francès de Madrid (1909) i de la Casa de Velázquez (1928), de la que va ser el seu primer director. Va ser pioner en intentar abastar totes les activitats creadores i productives dels ibers, des de l'art a la seva indústria, de forma especial amb la seva obra Essai sur l'art, el l'industrie de l'Espagne primitive (1903-1904).

Va morir prematurament a l'octubre de 1931 a Madrid, en la pròpia Casa de Velázquez, d'una greu i inesperada infecció pulmonar, al retorn d'un viatge a França, i les seves restes reposen al cementiri de L'Almudena de la pròpia ciutat.

Principals publicacions
 La Sculpture antique. Paris : Maison Quantin, 1888.
 Élatée, la ville, le temple d'Athéna Cranaia. Paris : E. Thorin, 1891.
 Polyclète. Paris : Librairie de l'art, 1895.
 Essai sur l'art et l'industrie de l'Espagne primitive. Paris : E. Leroux, 1903-1904, vol. 1 ; vol. 2.
 Une forteresse ibérique à Osuna. amb d' Arthur Engel. Extrait des Nouvelles Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires, 13. Paris : Imprimerie nationale. 1906.
 Lexique des antiquités grecques. amb. de Gabriel Roques. Paris : A. Fontemoing, 1909.
 Promenades archéologiques en Espagne. Paris : E. Leroux, 1910-1921.
 Fouilles de Belo (Bolonia, province de Cadix) (1917-1921). I. La Ville et ses dépendances. amb de George Edward Bonsor, Alfred Laumonier, Robert Ricard et Cayetano de Mergelina. Bordeaux : Feret et fils (« Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études hispaniques »), 1923.
 Fouilles de Belo (Bolonia, province de Cadix) (1917-1921). II. La Nécropole amb de George Edward Bonsor, Alfred Laumonier, Robert Ricard et Cayetano de Mergelina. Bordeaux : Feret et fils (« Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études hispaniques »), 1926.
 Fouilles dans la région d'Alcañiz (province de Teruel). I. Le Cabezo del Cuervo. II. Le Taratrato amb de Vicente Bardavíu. Bordeaux-Paris : E. de Boccard, H. Champion (« Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études hispaniques »), 1926.
 Goya. Paris : Plon (« Les Maîtres de l'art »), 1928.
 La Peinture espagnole depuis les origines jusqu'au début du XIXe siècle. Paris, Bruxelles : Ed. G. van Oest, 1928.
 Le Musée archéologique national de Madrid. Paris : Éditions d'art et d'histoire, 1936.
 L'Espagne de 1895 et 1897, journal de voyage. Bordeaux : Centre Pierre Paris, 5. Paris : De Boccard, 1979.

Articles
« Buste espagnol de style gréco-asiatique trouvé à Elche (musée du Louvre) ». Monuments et Mémoires de la Fondation Piot, 1897, IV, 2, p. 137-168.
« Petit Taureau ibérique en bronze du musée provincial de Barcelone ». Bulletin hispanique, 1900, II, p. 165.
« Sculptures du Cerro de Los Santos ». Bulletin hispanique, 1901, III, 2, p. 113-13.
« Petit Cavalier ibérique (figurine de bronze au musée du Louvre) ». Bulletin hispanique, 1904, VI, 1, 1904, p. 1-2.
« Antiquités ibériques du Salobral (Albacete) ». Bulletin hispanique, 1906, VIII, 3, p. 221-224.
« Le Trésor de Javea (Espagne) ». Revue d'archéologie, 1906, p. 424-435.
« Fouilles et Recherches à Almedinilla (province de Cordoue) ». Collab. de Arthur Engel, Revue d'archéologie, 1906, 2, p. 49-92.
« Note sur la céramique ibérique ». L'Anthropologie, XVII, 1907, p. 626-632.
« Quelques vases ibériques inédits (musée municipal de Barcelone et musée du *Louvre ». Anuario de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1907, p. 76-88.
« Fouilles et Découvertes archéologiques en Espagne et au Portugal ». 1908, Bulletin hispanique, X, p. 333-352.
« L'Archéologie en Espagne et en Portugal, mai 1908-mai 1910 ». Bulletin hispanique, 1911, XIII, 2, p. 109-132.
« L'Archéologie en Espagne et en Portugal, mai 1910-mai 1912 ». Bulletin hispanique, 1913, XV, p. 1-17, 117-153.
« La Poterie peinte ibérique d'Emporion ». Revue d'archéologie, 1917, II, p. 75-94.

Referències

Bibliografia

Arqueòlegs francesos
Historiadors francesos
Persones de Rodés
Oficials de la Legió d'Honor
Morts a Madrid
Escriptors de la regió d'Occitània
Escriptors occitans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Category: RST
Much Ado about Love's Labour's Lost and Won (RST, September 2014 to March 12th 2015)
I thought that the RSC's idea to pair Love's Labour's Lost with Much Ado About Nothing was an interesting one, and provided an opportunity to explore the two plays together. The rationale behind this decision was that Much Ado About Nothing must be the lost play, Love's Labour's Won, and so the RSC called it's production of Much…
Read more Much Ado about Love's Labour's Lost and Won (RST, September 2014 to March 12th 2015)
Top Lists of 2013
Top Shakespeare 1. All's Well That Ends Well, (RSC RST and Theatre Royal Newcastle). 2. As You Like It (RSC, RST and Theatre Royal Newcastle). 3. Titus Andronicus (RSC, Swan Theatre). 4. Julius Caesar (Donmar Warehouse). 5. The Taming of the Shrew (Propeller, Newcastle Theatre Royal) 6. Macbeth (Trafalgar Studios). 7. Richard II (RSC, RST and…
Read more Top Lists of 2013
Places and Spaces and the play of two halves. The Winter's Tale (Royal Shakespeare Theatre and Grand Opera House, York)
Much has been made of the thrust stage in the new Royal Shakespeare Theatre (RST) and how it would change the way the RSC approached its productions. I was particularly fascinated by the way that a production could be developed for both a thrust stage and a proscenium arch tour. That's why I wanted to see…
Read more Places and Spaces and the play of two halves. The Winter's Tale (Royal Shakespeare Theatre and Grand Opera House, York)
The new RSC Hamlet is out of joint? (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 14th and 15th March 2013)
I saw the latest Royal Shakespeare Company Hamlet in previews and I am sure that by the Opening/Press night, the production will have changed considerably since I first saw it. What struck me was on the two nights that I was in the audience was that there were standing ovations on both nights which suggests…
Read more The new RSC Hamlet is out of joint? (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 14th and 15th March 2013)
David Tennant returns to the RSC to play Richard II
At a Press Conference in London today, the Royal Shakespeare Company announced its five-year strategy and its Winter 2013 season. The headline announcement was that David Tennant will return to the RSC to play Richard II in their 2013 Winter Season. The news, though exciting to hear officially, had been circulating for some time. Richard II will be a short six-week run in Stratford from…
Read more David Tennant returns to the RSC to play Richard II
Looking forward to Shakespeare in 2013
2013 will be another year for celebrity Shakespeare. James McAvoy will play Macbeth early in the year. The Michael Grandage season continues with David Walliams and Sheridan Smith staring in A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Jude Law in Henry V. In autumn, at the Old Vic, Vanessa Redgrave and James Earl Jones will be playing Beatrice and Bendick…
Read more Looking forward to Shakespeare in 2013
2012 was the year that I kept thinking, I will blog about that and then never got round to it. I always wanted to write some longer pieces on some of the productions, but I put it off, because I am working on a larger project that is taking up my time at the moment.…
Read more 2012
The Taming of the Shrew (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, w/c 23rd January 2012)
The set was a bed. Indeed, the set really grabbed my attention when I walked into the RST. As I sat on the front row, I had to strain my neck to see over the stage, because the bed made the stage, which is high anyway, much higher. It's was a bold move to turn…
Read more The Taming of the Shrew (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, w/c 23rd January 2012)
Heart of Robin Hood (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 6th January 2012)
The Heart of Robin Hood took a different twist on the traditional story, but this approach isn't new and so having a strong Marian and wayward Robin was not a surprise. There were some good things. For example, I really liked the way the actors presented animals using musical instruments. The problem I had with…
Read more Heart of Robin Hood (Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 6th January 2012)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


oikos Tbilisi held informational meeting with students on December 6th at Tbilisi State University.
During the meeting students had an opportunity to get information about oikos, its vision, mission and main activities, membership benefits and responsibilities.
They also asked questions at the end of the presentation and shared their ideas about organization's activities.
Every passionate student who is interested in working in the field of Sustainability, wants to join oikos international network and get valuable experience is very welcome to join oikos Tbilisi!
We are recruiting new members and the deadline for applying is December 11 !


The architectural beauty of both civic and residential buildings throughout Sandgate makes this coastal village one of Moreton Bay's heritage showpieces.
Sandgate, located below the Redcliffe peninsula, was a popular seaside destination for Brisbane's colonial settlers in the late 1800s. Its rich historical past is a feature of the area today, with many homes and buildings reflecting the classic architectural styles of this bygone era.
Take the opportunity to walk Sangate's Historical Trail featuring Sandgate Post Office, Railway Station and Sandgate Pier and the famous clock at the Town Hall. Sunset over the the Shorncliffe Pier is a spectacular sight well worth watching, perhaps over a drink or meal at one of the seaside hotels such as the Full Moon Hotel.
Every full moon, Sangdate hosts Moonfest on the beach at Shorncliffe. Watch as fire dancers and fire stick twirlers dance with the full moon rising!
Also important in the area are the protected environmental parklands of Tinchi Tamba, Deagon and Boondall located to the west and south. Nature lovers come to Sandgate to enjoy the mangroves and marine life sanctuaries that have been set up to protect the environment. Take a walk through the Boondall Wetlands and view the incredibly diverse birdlife.
Sandgate is also renowned for its thriving artistic and cultural community with many local theatre groups, artists, and musicians living and performing in the area.
The annual Bluewater Festival held over the Easter weekend in Lower Moora Park - Shorncliffe, attracts many visitors to watch the offshore start of the Brisbane to Gladstone yacht race. Sandgate is a 35-minute drive from the centre of Brisbane.


WGS Systems, LLC is now accepting resumes in anticipation of an award of an engineering support contract out of Aberdeen Proving Grounds.
WGS Systems, a Maryland based small business, is a leading provider of ground and airborne C4ISR systems and software engineering.
WGS Systems offers competitive salaries and benefits. Please see our website at wgssystems.com/careers to learn more about our company and anticipated positions.


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El Gabinete de México es la denominación informal que recibe un conjunto de entidades de la Administración Pública Federal. Es un grupo de colaboradores que asisten, para el cumplimiento de sus atribuciones y funciones, al presidente de México, el cual lo encabeza. Los titulares y la estructura del gabinete son los responsables del diseño, aplicación, evaluación y garantía de las políticas públicas en el ámbito de sus competencias en materia de gobernabilidad, fuerzas armadas, seguridad pública, economía, relaciones exteriores, servicios públicos (educación, salud, empleo, vivienda, alimentación), infraestructura, medio ambiente, contraloría, entre otras áreas de responsabilidad del Gobierno Federal.

La Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos contempla dichas instituciones en cinco artículos del mismo apartado (Título III, Capítulo III) que definen al poder ejecutivo federal, que recae únicamente en el presidente de la República, por lo que el gabinete no es depositario de dicho poder, sino un grupo de entidades formalizada en distintos sectores para que pueda atender sus tareas gubernamentales, ya sean para funciones básicas, complementarias, coyunturales o emergentes.

La Administración Pública Federal, según la carta magna y su ley orgánica, se divide en centralizada y paraestatal. Las obligaciones, facultades, requisitos y restricciones a los distintos cargos están determinadas por la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal. El principal componente del gabinete son las secretarías de Estado, pero además existen organismos, órganos, empresas estatales y fideicomisos públicos en las que las secretarías pueden o no tener injerencia, pero que igualmente forman parte del gabinete.

El presidente está facultado para nombrar y remover libremente a los miembros del gabinete, así como para decretar la creación de nuevas entidades de la Administración Pública Centralizada. No obstante, el Congreso de la Unión como congreso general o a través de alguna de sus dos cámaras tiene entre sus funciones la ratificación de algunos funcionarios, la inspección de algunas políticas públicas y las reformas hechas a las leyes relacionadas con la Administración Pública Federal.

Históricamente el gabinete se ha dividido en el «gabinete legal»: compuesto por los titulares de las secretarías de Estado, la Consejería Jurídica del Ejecutivo Federal y la hoy extinta Procuraduría General de la República; y en el «gabinete ampliado»: compuesto por las empresas de participación estatal mayoritaria, organismos descentralizados, órganos administrativos desconcentrados y fideicomisos públicos. Si bien la Oficina de la Presidencia de la República formalmente está integrada a la Administración Pública Federal, comúnmente no se considera parte del gabinete legal, pues cuenta con su propia estructura y normatividad, trabajando directamente con el titular del ejecutivo.

Historia

Antecedentes
La Secretaría de la Cámara del Virreinato, instituida en 1756, fue la encargada de auxiliar al virrey de la Nueva España. Anteriormente las únicas entidades en las que se podía apoyar el virrey eran la Real Hacienda, la Real Audiencia y el Tribunal de Cuentas. La Secretaría permitió la formalización de la carrera de administración pública ejercida por funcionarios. En años siguientes, José de Gálvez y Gallardo, uno de los principales promotores de las reformas borbónicas, en su encargo como visitador general (1765-1769) se dio la tarea de darle un cuerpo jurídico a dicha secretaría.

Con el paso del tiempo se dio la especialización de los funciones que conformaban la Cámara del Virreinato, y para 1797 durante el virreinato de Juan Vicente de Güemes, se había organizado en cuatro mesas temáticas, cada una precedida por un departamento:
 El Departamento Primero atendía las obras del Palacio Virreinal, el Fondo Piadoso de Californias, los correos provenientes del extranjero y de los municipios, el desagüe de Huehuetoca y la dirección de la mitad de las intendencias.
 El Departamento Segundo atendía las finanza y rentas del virreinato, así como la dirección del Tribunal de Minería y la Academia de San Carlos.
 El Departamento Tercero atendía los tribunales y asuntos eclesiásticos, así como todo lo relacionado con la asistencia pública (hospitales, montes de Piedad y el Jardín Botánico del Palacio Virreinal).
 El Departamento Cuarto atendía cualquier asunto de tipo militar.

En el contexto de los documentos fundacionales u organizativos del movimiento insurgente acaecidos en el marco de la Guerra de Independencia se pueden mencionar algunos casos. Los Elementos Constitucionales de 1812, el primer precedente del constitucionalismo mexicano, en concordancia con la concepción de Gobierno de un Estado nación surgido del pensamiento liberal europeo —que concibe al poder ejecutivo como responsable de la seguridad y ejecución de las leyes; la defensa y ejercicio de la soberanía; y la administración de la economía—, se basó en la Secretaría de la Cámara del Virreinato para delinear tres eventuales «despachos de negocios»: Gracia y Justicia, Guerra y Hacienda.

Posteriormente el Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana de 1814 mencionaba la facultad del Supremo Gobierno (depositario del poder ejecutivo) para formar ministerios o despachos en el ejercicio de sus deberes, pero salvo el apartado que detallaba al de Hacienda, no especificó ningún otro.

Siglo XIX

Luego de consumada la guerra de independencia los Tratados de Córdoba acordaron que el nuevo país se organizaría bajo una monarquía constitucional cuya corona se ofrecería al Fernando VII de España, o en su defecto, a los sucesivos herederos del trono español.

El 8 de noviembre de 1821, la Junta Provisional Gubernativa (con facultades legislativas) promulgó el Reglamento para su Gobierno Interior y Exterior de las Secretarías de Estado, donde quedó formalmente establecido que la Regencia del Imperio (encargado del ejecutivo, hasta el nombramiento del emperador) dispusiera de cuatro «secretarías de Estado y del Despacho»: Secretaría de Estado y del Despacho de Relaciones Exteriores e Interiores, Secretaría de Estado y del Despacho de Guerra y Marina, Secretaría de Estado y del Despacho de Hacienda y Secretaría de Estado y del Despacho de Justicia y Negocios Eclesiásticos. Respectivamente encargados: de las funciones básicas del gobierno, incluyendo las relaciones con los otros los poderes centrales y gobiernos provinciales, así como de la política exterior; de la creación y organización de unas fuerzas armadas, integradas por un ejército de tierra y una armada; de la administración de los ingresos y egresos del imperio; y de la atención y vínculo de los asuntos judiciales y clericales.

Las características y obligaciones de cada uno de estos despachos quedaron ratificados en el Reglamento Provisional Político del Imperio Mexicano del 23 de febrero de 1822, que depositó sus facultades con la categoría de ministerios, ya con el reinado del emperador Agustín I. Siendo estas primordialmente:

Con la disolución del Primer Imperio y la eventual conformación de una república federal no se suscitó ningún tipo de cambio en la organización del gabinete, mas que el cambio de denominación de los ministerios de «secretaría de Estado y del Despacho» a simplemente «secretaría de Estado», que trajo consigo el acortamiento de tres secretarías.

El número de nuevas miembros en el gabinete presidencial ciertamente creció a lo largo del siglo  pero de una forma bastante lenta. La próxima vez que se perturbó la organización del gabinete fue en 1837 con las Siete Leyes con el establecimiento de la República Centralista (México), un sistema centralista, en la que se cambió de denominación de «secretaría de Estado» a «ministerio» para relejar dicho cambio, y hubo un efímero intento de dividir la Secretaría de Estado y del Despacho de Relaciones Exteriores e Interiores en dos: el Ministerio del Interior y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, encargados de la política interior y exterior, respectivamente; sin embargo, debido a la inestabilidad política de la época, el cambio se anuló en 1841 cuando se volvió a juntar en un solo ministerio: primero con la denominación de Ministerio de Relaciones Interiores y Exteriores (1841-1842) y Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Gobernación y Policía (1842-1853). Entre los cambios significativos, estuvo la ampliación de facultades del área de Justicia y Negocios Eclesiásticos, cuando en 1841 se llamó Ministerio de Justicia, Negocios Eclesiásticos, Instrucción Pública e Industria.

En 1853, durante el último gobierno de Antonio López de Santa Anna, surgió la quinta dependencia del gobierno nacional. El entonces llamado Ministerio de Fomento, Colonización e Industria y Comercio, se constituyó a partir de funciones específicas, y hasta entonces poco asistidas, del resto de los despachos, como lo era el apoyo a la industria, la inventiva y el emprendimiento de negocios particulares; es decir, su área de políticas públicas correspondían a organizar el desarrollo del país. También destaca otro intento que no se concretó de volver a separar en el Ministerio de Gobernación y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. En 1855 con el Plan de Ayutla y el exilio de Santa Anna se cambió la denominación de «ministerio» a «secretaría de Estado» nuevamente.

La Constitución de 1857 trajo consigo una serie de cambios en la administración pública. En 1858 se anularon los dos cambios efectuados por la dictadura de Santa Anna. Se volvió a reunir la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores y Gobernación. Se eliminó la Secretaría de Fomento, Colonización, Industria y Comercio, en la que todas sus atribuciones se destinaron a las que la había originado.

Durante el Imperio de Maximiliano de Habsburgo, y con la promulgación del Estatuto Provisional del Imperio Mexicano en 1865, se establecieron nueve departamentos ministeriales, siendo estos de acuerdo con su artículo 5º:

Sin embargo, en 1867 con la República Restaurada, Benito Juárez no se conservó nada de los nueve departamentos imperiales. En dicho año se concretó la división definitiva de las secretarías Gobernación y Relaciones Exteriores, nombres que actualmente tienen. Además se volvió a crear la Secretaría de Fomento, Colonización, Industria y Comercio, que había sido extinta en 1858.

A inicios del Porfiriato se dieron cambios significativos. El primero fue en 1876, la primera vez que Porfirio Díaz asumió la presidencia, en la que se simplificó la denominación a Secretaría de Fomento. La segunda ocurrió en el contexto del impulso al desarrollo económico propio de este periodo, el 13 de mayo de 1891, cuando se retiraron de la Secretaría de Fomento, las funciones de elaboración y dirección de la infraestructura pública, para originar la séptima área en el organigrama del gobierno federal: la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas.

Otro cambio significativo vino con el reacomodo de las funciones en el sistema de aranceles e impuestos vinculados al comercio, que al pasar de la secretaría de Fomento a la de Hacienda, terminó por configurar de manera definitiva la vigente estructura y nombre de esta última.

Siglo XX
El 22 de mayo de 1900 la primera dependencia de una secretaría de Estado nació: la Procuraduría General de la República. Se creó como un órgano nacido directamente de una reforma constitucional y cuyo titular, al igual que un secretario de Estado, sería nombrado y removido libremente por el presidente de la República, pero sería dependiente de la Secretaría de Justicia e Instrucción Pública.

El 18 de mayo de 1905 se creó la octava secretaría del gobierno federal. La Secretaría de Justicia e Instrucción Pública se dividió en dos: Secretaría de Justicia y Secretaría de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes.

Con los eventos de la Revolución mexicana ocurrieron una serie de cambios que fueron el reflejo de la inestabilidad política de la segunda década del siglo .

Una vez concluida la Decena Trágica, el 19 de febrero de 1913 Victoriano Huerta decretó dos reformas del gabinete presidencial en materia económica. La Secretaría de Fomento cambió su nombre a Secretaría de Industria y Comercio y creó la novena secretaría de Estado: la Secretaría de Agricultura y Colonización, encargada del desarrollo rural y la colonización de nuevos territorios con fines productivos.

Una vez que fue despuesto Huerta existieron dos gobiernos paralelos: el convencionalista (emanados de la Convención de Aguascalientes) y el constitucionalista (dirigido por Venustiano Carranza). El 26 de agosto de 1914 Carranza, el primer jefe del Ejército Constitucionalista, como «encargado del poder ejecutivo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos» fusionó la Secretaría de Industria y Comercio con la recién creada Secretaría de Agricultura y Colonización para crear una secretaría que reuniera las principales actividades económicas, bajo el nombre de Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento.

La promulgación de la Constitución de 1917 marcó una brecha para crear un orden jurídico más estable. A nivel constitucional se creó la figura de «departamento administrativo», encargados de funciones esencialmente coyunturales, que no requerían de estructuras normativas o políticas más elaboradas, pero parte del gabinete presidencial, cuyos titulares se llamarían «jefes del departamento».  Además se reconoció a la Procuraduría General de la República como cabeza del Ministerio Público de la Federación (responsable de perseguir los delitos del orden federal), y con el mismo rango que una secretaría de Estado o un departamento administrativo, por lo que extinguió la Secretaría de Justicia, la primera secretaría de Estado desaparecida de la vida política nacional.

Carranza decretó una ley que organizó el gabinete el 14 de abril de 1917, que sin embargo solo sería vigente hasta que tomara posesión el presidente electo en las elecciones federales de 1917. El 31 de diciembre de 1917 Carranza ya como presidente constitucional promulgó la Ley de Secretarías de Estado y Departamentos Administrativos, que organizó el gabinete presidencial, además de la Procuraduría General de la República, en las ya tradicionales siete secretarías de Estado y cinco departamentos administrativos, sumando doce dependencias del gabinete:
 Secretaría de Gobernación
 Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores
 Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
 Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento
 Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas
 Secretaría de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo
 Secretaría de Guerra y Marina
 Departamento Universitario y Bellas Artes
 Departamento de Salubridad Pública
 Departamento de Contraloría
 Departamento de Aprovisionamientos Generales
 Departamento de Establecimientos Fabriles y Aprovisionamientos Militares.

La nueva ley trajo consigo cambios importantes. Restauró la separación de las secretarías de Agricultura y Fomento y de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo (donde además le agregó como facultad el desarrollo laboral). Reemplazó la Secretaría de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes por el Departamento Universitario y de Bellas Artes, para dar cumplimiento al artículo 3 de la Constitución Política (en materia educativa). Se crearon los departamentos de Salubridad Pública (encargado de la sanidad pública), Contraloría (en la materia homónima), de Aprovisionamientos Generales (producto de una escisión de la Secretaría de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo) y de Establecimientos Fabriles y Aprovisionamientos Militares (producto de una escisión de la Secretaría de Guerra y Marina).

En el gobierno de Álvaro Obregón, decretó el 3 de octubre de 1921 la extinción del Departamento Universitario y de Bellas Artes para subirlo de estatus y crear la Secretaría de Educación Pública, nombre que actualmente posee.

En el gobierno de Plutarco Elías Calles nació el primer organismo mexicano dedicado enteramente en la política hídrica: el 27 de enero de 1926 Calles decretó la Ley sobre Irrigación con Aguas Federales en la que se creó la Comisión Nacional de Irrigación, un organismo cuyo titular era nombrado por el presidente de la República pero dependiente de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento.

En el gobierno de Emilio Portes Gil ocurrió la reforma política del Distrito Federal de 1928. El 31 de diciembre de 1928 se creó el Departamento del Distrito Federal. Anteriormente los titulares de poder ejecutivo (denominados «gobernadores», al igual que los estados) del Distrito Federal —al igual que de los territorios federales—, pero con esta reforma pasó a formar del gabinete presidencial, y a su vez, facultaron al jefe del Departamento del Distrito Federal (comúnmente llamado regente de la Ciudad) de nombrar y remover libremente a los delegados.

El 1 de noviembre de 1937 la Secretaría de Guerra y Marina cambia de nombre a Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional y posteriormente se crea el Departamento de Marina el 30 de septiembre de 1939. En 1937 se había creado la Secretaría de Asistencia Pública, que al fusionarse en 1943 con el Departamento de Salubridad originó la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia. Mientras que en 1943 los departamentos de Trabajo y de Marina fueron elevados al rango con el nombre de Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social y Secretaría de Marina respectivamente. Finalmente en 1946 fue creada la Secretaría de Recursos Hidráulicos para sustituir a la Comisión Nacional de Irrigación.

En el marco del Desarrollo estabilizador, la estructura del gabinete fue dirigida en función de que todas las áreas colaboraran, en el ámbito de sus responsabilidades, para fomentar dicha política económica. Por ello fue creada la Secretaría de la Presidencia, una especie de Jefatura de Gabinete; pues dicho despacho era en la práctica, la responsable de organizar y coordinar de forma anual las actividades de las demás, tomando en cuenta la mayor obligación que se le entregó: administrar el presupuesto público del gobierno federal. Los cambios en el sexenio de Adolfo López Mateos (en el que se creó dicha secretaría) incluyeron que la Secretaría de Bienes Nacionales e Inspección Administrativa, pasó a ser Secretaría del Patrimonio Nacional; la Secretaría de Economía se convirtió en Secretaría de Industria y Comercio; la de Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas fue separada en dos entidades distintas (correspondientes a los nombres de las actividades mencionadas).

En 1974 los departamentos administrativos de Turismo y Reforma Agraria fueron elevados al rango de secretarías. En el gobierno de José López Portillo se suscitaron como cambios: la creación del Departamento de Pesca; la fusión de las Secretarías de Agricultura y la de Recursos Hidráulicos; y la ampliación de facultades de la secretaría de la Presidencia, que la transformó en Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto. Durante el periodo de Miguel de la Madrid, y en el escenario de su plataforma de campaña denominada Renovación moral, se creó la Secretaría de la Contraloría General de la Federación, como encargada del correcto funcionamiento de la Administración Pública Federal, en un intento de combatir la corrupción. Además las secretarías de Asentamientos Humanos y
Obras Públicas, y Salubridad y Asistencia, se convirtieron en Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología, y Secretaría de Salud respectivamente.

Durante el gobierno de Carlos Salinas de Gortari en 1992, se devuelve la responsabilidad de administrar el presupuesto a la Hacienda y Crédito Público, con lo que desapareció el despacho de Programación y Presupuesto. Ese mismo año, cambiaron las atribuciones del área de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología para crear la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social; el cambio fue a la par del fuerte impulso que recibió el eje de la política social del gobierno, el programa Solidaridad; quedando este cargo de esta secretaría.

En el inicio del sexenio de Ernesto Zedillo en 1994, la Secretaría de Pesca recibió facultades del área de Ecología, para convertirse en Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca; con ello la de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos se convirtió en Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Desarrollo Rural. Además, las áreas de energía, minas e industria paraestatal, fueron ascendidas al rango de secretaría de estado con el nombre de Secretaría de Energía.

El 5 de diciembre de 1997 desapareció el Departamento del Distrito Federal, el último que conservaba dicha categoría, cuando asumió como Jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas y, según lo establecido en una reforma constitucional en 1995, le pudo otorgar una autonomía limitada a los poderes locales de la capital.

Siglo XXI
Durante el gobierno de Vicente Fox, el cambio más importante fue el de dirigir las facultades en materia de seguridad, de la secretaría de Gobernación a la nueva Secretaría de Seguridad Pública. El despacho de Comercio y Fomento Industrial se renombró Secretaría de Economía. Distintos cambios en las facultades trajeron la modificación en los nombres de algunas secretarías.

En el gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto se presentaron como modificaciones, la desaparición de la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública para reintegrarla a Gobernación; la creación de la Secretaría de Cultura y la transformación de la Secretaría de la Reforma Agraria en Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano; y la más importante, fue la reforma constitucional que separó del gabinete a la Procuraduría General de la República para crear la Fiscalía General de la República, cuyo titular ahora sería nombrado por el Senado de la República por nominación del presidente.

Finalmente, y antes de tomar posesión de la presidencia de la república, Andrés Manuel López Obrador impulsó reformas a la ley orgánica de la administración pública federal, para ampliar facultades o modificar los nombres y estrategias de algunas secretarías. Siendo los cambios más relevantes la creación de la Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana, que entre sus nuevas funciones se encuentra administrar todo lo relativo al servicio de inteligencia del Estado mexicano; el cambio de denominación de las secretarías de Desarrollo Social y la de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación, la primera para llamarse Secretaría de Bienestar, y la segunda para simplificarse como Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, cambios que entraron en vigencia el 1 de diciembre de 2018. El 20 de octubre de 2021 la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes se renombró como Secretaría de Infraestructura, Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Características
Las características generales que deberán guardar las distintas secretarías, esta establecidas en los artículos del 10 al 17 de la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal

Gabinete presidencial

Gabinete legal
El artículo 26 de la Ley de la Administración Pública Federal establece la existencia y numera en el siguiente orden los nombres oficiales de las veinte dependencias del presidente de la República para el despacho de sus asuntos administrativos:

Gabinete ampliado
El gabinete ampliado está conformada por todas entidades dependientes del ejecutivo federal que no están integradas en el gabinete legal que en suma son un total de 299 dependencias y organismos descentralizados:
 Empresas productivas del Estado. Son las empresas estatales en las que el Estado es el propietario de la totalidad de su producción, y que constitucionalmente tienen permitido ejercer el monopolio en sus funciones. Existen dos: Petróleos Mexicanos —petróleo y gas natural— y la Comisión Federal de Electricidad —energía eléctrica—. Sus titulares son el principal director de la empresa y el presidente de las mismas es el secretario de Energía en turno. Forman parte de la Administración Pública Paraestatal.
 Organismos descentralizados. Es el principal y más común tipo de entidad dentro de la Administración Pública Paraestatal. Sus nombres suelen iniciar por instituto o comisión. En la mayoría de los casos están sectorizados a una secretaría, y son inmediatamente inferiores al secretario de Estado dentro de los organigramas; pero también pueden no estar sectorizadas y depender directamente del presidente sin ningún secretario de por medio.
 Empresas de participación estatal mayoritaria. Son aquellas empresas en las que el Estado es dueño de, por lo menos, el 50 % del capital. Su finalidad es satisfacer las necesidades de bienes o servicios que las leyes establezcan, a la par de asegurar la continuidad de la estructura productivo-comercial así como sus necesarias inversiones. Históricamente el estado mexicano era activo participante y propietario de una gran cantidad de empresas, en el marco del Estatismo, propio del régimen priista del siglo XX; pero a partir del sexenio de Miguel de la Madrid, se inició un periodo de privatización que disminuyó casi en su totalidad estas empresas, no obstante, se conservan algunas todavía en la actualidad, como Telecomm-Telégrafos, Correos de México, Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, Notimex y la Lotería Nacional. Forman parte de la Administración Pública Paraestatal.
 Fideicomisos públicos. Son fideicomisos creados para ahorrar dinero y satisfacer en un ámbito en específico (especialmente alguno en el que se requiera una fuerte inversión, ya sea para resolver carencias de la población o para promover un mercado emergente. Son dependientes a las secretarías de Estado a las que estén sectorizados, no obstante, en todos los casos el fideicomisario es la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público. Forman parte de la Administración Pública Paraestatal.<center>

Las entidades más importantes del gabinete ampliado debido a su relevancia en la vida política y diaria nacional son las siguientes:

Antiguas dependencias del gabinete presidencial

Lista de gabinetes

Gabinetes de la Primera República Federal

 Consejo de ministros de la 1.ª regencia imperial (1821-1822)
 Consejo de ministros de la 2.ª regencia imperial (1821-1822)
 Consejo de ministros de Agustín I (1822-1823)
 Gabinete del gobierno provisional (1823-1824)
 Gabinete de Guadalupe Victoria (1824-1829)
 Gabinete de Vicente Guerrero (1829)
 Gabinete de José María Bocanegra (1829)
 Gabinete del triunvirato (1829-1830)
  gabinete de Anastasio Bustamante (1830-1832)
 Gabinete de Melchor Múzquiz (1832)

 Gabinete de Manuel Gómez Pedraza (1832-1833)
  gabinete de Valentín Gómez Farías (1833)
  gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1833)
 2.º gabinete de Valentín Gómez Farías (1833)
 2.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1833)
  gabinete de Valentín Gómez Farías (1833)
  gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1833)
 4.º gabinete de Valentín Gómez Farías (1833-1834)
 4.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1834-1835)
 Gabinete de Miguel Barragán (1835-1836)

Gabinetes de la República Centralista

 Gabinete de José Justo Corro (1836-1837)
 2.º gabinete de Anastasio Bustamente (1837-1839)
 5.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1839)
  gabinete de Nicolás Bravo (1839)
 3.º gabinete de Anastasio Bustamante (1839-1841)
 Gabinete de Francisco Javier Echeverría (1841)

 6.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1841-1842)
 2.º gabinete de Nicolás Bravo (1842-1843)
 7.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1843)

Gabinetes de la Segunda República Federal

  gabinete de José Mariano Salas (1846)
 5.º gabinete de Valentín Gómez Farías (1846-1847)
 9.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1847)
  gabinete de Pedro María Anaya (1847)
 10.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1847)
  gabinete de Manuel de la Peña y Peña (1847)
 2.º gabinete de Pedro María Anaya (1847-1848)
 2.º gabinete de Manuel de la Peña y Peña (1848)
  gabinete de José Joaquín Herrera (1848-1851)
 Gabinete de Mariano Arista (1851-1853)
 Gabinete de Juan Bautista Ceballos (1853)
 Gabinete de Manuel María Lombardini (1853)

 11.º gabinete de Antonio López de Santa Anna (1853-1855)
 Gabinete de Martín Carrera (1855)
 Gabinete de Rómulo Díaz de la Vega (1855)
 Gabinete de Juan Álvarez (1855)
 Gabinete de Ignacio Comonfort (1855-1858)
  gabinete de Benito Juárez (1858-1861)
 Gabinete de Félix María Zuloaga (1858)
 Gabinete de Manuel Robles Pezuela (1858-1859)
 2.º gabinete de José Mariano Salas (1859)
  gabinete de José Miramón (1859-1860)
 Gabinete de José Ignacio Pavón (1860)
 2.º gabinete de José Miramón (1860)

Gabinetes del Segundo Imperio y la República Restaurada

 2.º gabinete de Benito Juárez (1861-1867)
 Gabinete de Maximiliano de Habsburgo (1864-1867)
 Ministerio de Maximiliano de Habsburgo (1864-1867)
  gabinete de Benito Juárez (1867-1871)

 4.º gabinete de Benito Juárez (1871-1872)
  gabinete de Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1872)
 2.º gabinete de Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1872-1876)

Gabinetes del Porfiriato

  gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1876)
 Gabinete de Juan N. Méndez (1876-1877)
 2.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1877-1880)
 Gabinete de Manuel González Flores (1880-1884)
  gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1884-1888)
 4.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1888-1892)

 5.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1892-1896)
 6.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1896-1900)
 7.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1900-1904)
 8.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1904-1910)
 9.º gabinete de Porfirio Díaz (1910-1911)

Gabinetes de la Revolución y Posrevolución

 Gabinete de Francisco León de la Barra (1911)
 Gabinete de Francisco I. Madero (1911-1913)
 Gabinete de Pedro Lascuráin Paredes (1913)
 Gabinete de Victoriano Huerta (1913-1914)
 Gabinete de Francisco Carvajal (1914)
  gabinete de Venustiano Carranza (1914-1917)
 Gabinete de Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz (1914-1915)
 Gabinete de Roque González Garza (1915)

 Gabinete de Francisco Lagos Cházaro (1915)
 2.º gabinete de Venustiano Carranza (1917-1920)
 Gabinete de Álvaro Obregón (1920-1924)
 Gabinete de Plutarco Elías Calles (1924-1928)
 Gabinete de Emilio Portes Gil (1928-1930)
 Gabinete de Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930-1932)
 Gabinete de Abelardo L. Rodríguez (1932-1934)

Gabinetes sexenales

 Gabinete de Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940)
 Gabinete de Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940-1946)
 Gabinete de Miguel Alemán Valdés (1946-1952)
 Gabinete de Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1952-1958)
 Gabinete de Adolfo López Mateos (1958-1964)
 Gabinete de Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964-1970)
 Gabinete de Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1970-1976)
 Gabinete de José López Portillo (1976-1982)

 Gabinete de Miguel de la Madrid (1982-1988)
 Gabinete de Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988-1994)
 Gabinete de Ernesto Zedillo (1994-2000)
 Gabinete de Vicente Fox (2000-2006)
 Gabinete de Felipe Calderón (2006-2012)
 Gabinete de Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018)
 Gabinete de Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024)

Véase también
 Administración Pública Federal
 Política de México
 Órganos constitucionales autónomos de México

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
  Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal (texto vigente a la última reforma del 9 de septiembre de 2022).

Mexico


text:
Q: Maven: Why does it need dependency modules' .jars for `mvn initialize`? I have a Maven-based project with modules, say,
root
  modA
  modB

Now modB depends on modA.
When I run
mvn initialize help:effective-pom

it fails because modB wants modA.jar. My question is,
Why does it need the jar?  All the information needed should be in pom.xml, which is available in the module.
Who want's to try, check out e.g. Hibernate Core 3.3.2.
Thanks,
Ondra

A: Tried this locally on a multi-module project and see that maven does not need dependency module .jars for either initialize or help:effective-pom.
It looks like there may be some plugin configuration in your pom which is causing this. Could you check and if so, update your question with the relevant pom snippet?

A: When dealing with multi-module projects, you need to actually use the install goal to get pom files (and artifacts) in to your local repository.  Running mvn initialize on your root pom basically causes maven to do the following to your modA and modB projects
mvn initialize -f modA/pom.xml
mvn initialize -f modB/pom.xml

If you use install it will run install on modA before modB even begins, thus ensuring that all of modA's artifacts, including it's pom, will be in your local repo.  When modB runs, it will grab those artifacts, including modA's pom, from your local repository.  Maven isn't "smart" enough, to know to look for modA's pom.xml relative to modB just by virtue of them being in the same multimodule project.  Hence why the artifacts must be installed using the install goal first.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Rail fares to rise more than expected next year
by Riel Roussopoulos December 16, 2020, 3:53 am 1.5k Views
Rail fares will rise more than expected next year – although the new inflation-busting 2.6% increase is being delayed until 1 March.
Regulated fares were expected to increase by 1.6% in January, as successive governments linked annual rises to July's RPI inflation rate.
Rail minister Chris Heaton-Harris said the rise reflected "unprecedented taxpayer support" for rail this year.
But unions said the rise was "plain daft" and would deter travellers.
An average increase of 2.6% across all fares will still be the lowest since 2017.
Until 28 February season tickets holders can renew at existing prices and the cost of daily fares will stay the same.
Rail travel has been badly hit during the coronavirus crisis, and Mr Heaton-Harris said delaying the price rise from January "ensures passengers who need to travel have a better deal this year".
Regulated fares make up about half of fares and include season tickets on most commuter routes. But operators are expected to match their rises for unregulated fares.
It means, for example, a Brighton-to-London annual season ticket going up by about £129 to £5,109, and a Manchester-to-Glasgow off-peak return rising by £2.30 to £90.60.
Rail fares to rise despite passenger slump
Government to cut £1bn from rail budget
The rail minister said: "By setting fares sensibly, and with the lowest actual increase for four years, we are ensuring that taxpayers are not overburdened for their unprecedented contribution, ensuring investment is focused on keeping vital services running and protecting frontline jobs."
The government took over rail franchise agreements from train operators in March, following the collapse in demand for travel caused by the virus crisis. This is expected to have cost about £10bn by mid-2021. The rise will help recover some of the significantly increased costs met by taxpayers to keep services running during the pandemic, Mr Heaton-Harris said.
'Extortionate'
Jacqueline Starr, chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group, representing train operators, acknowledged that "passengers will be disappointed" about the fares rise, adding that "governments must ultimately decide the balance between how much farepayers and taxpayers pay to run the railway".
She added that industry is committed to working with the government to make the fares and ticketing system easier to use.
The department has written to all operators telling them to begin immediate work on developing flexible season tickets, allowing people who travel two or three days a week to save money compared with buying daily tickets. Firms have been told these must be introduced across England by the end of next year.
Anthony Smith, chief executive of consumer watchdog Transport Focus, said: "This fare increase makes it even more important that, when travel restrictions start to be lifted, the industry is able to attract people back by offering fares that match how we know people hope to live, work and travel in future."
Union leaders condemned the rise, with Manuel Cortes, general secretary of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association calling it a "kick in the teeth for passengers".
He continued: "Ministers are well aware that millions have suffered this year with the uncertainty of employment, a changing picture on furlough provision, pay cuts, wages freezes and lost jobs. So, to reach for a hike in fares of this size is both extortionate and plain daft."
Mick Cash, general secretary of the Rail, Maritime and Transport union, said ticket prices are being "forced up to subsidise private profit. The time is right for a publicly owned railway system that delivers reasonable fares for our people as the public and the economy tries to recover and shake off the Covid crisis next year."
Published at Wed, 16 Dec 2020 00:04:08 +0000
Previous article The math on how much singles need to save compared to couples
Next article Caisse takes on $10-billion light rail project in renewed bet on transit
by Riel Roussopoulos June 29, 2021, 11:50 pm
The math on how much singles need to save compared to couples
Caisse takes on $10-billion light rail project in renewed bet on transit


Extreme Compatible 1000BASE-T SFP Transceivers provide full-duplex Gigabit Ethernet connectivity to high performance workstations, wiring modules that work on copper fiber networking solutions. These transceivers operate at industrial temperature range of -40C to 85C and are chosen to deliver end-to-end networking solutions for data communications and telecommunication networks. Extreme Compatible 1000BASE-T SFP Transceivers deliver bi-directional data links of 1.25 Gb/s and come with compact RJ-45 connector assembly.Extreme Compatible 1000BASE-T SFP Transceivers are hot-pluggable transceivers with SFP footprint that come with metallic enclosure for low EMI and provides access to physical layer IC via 2-wire serial bus. Cozlink Extreme Compatible 1000BASE-T SFP Transceivers are compatible with Extreme transceivers with same specifications and are industry approved MSA compliant OEM product fully RoHS compliant.


Let's Make Work Great Again!
Did you hear the news? Donald Trump won the U.S. election and a lot of Americans are not happy about this. So much so that they crashed the Citizenship and Immigration Canada's website last night. The good news for you – you don't need to worry about immigration laws.
If you share the same thoughts as 59+ million Americans, including some of Silicon Valley's leaders, maybe it's time to consider clicking your ruby reds together and chanting "there's no place like home". If Toronto is that home, you're in for a treat! The tech community has significantly changed and grown over the years. According to Invest Toronto, we are the largest tech hub in Canada and the third in all of North America! Only falling behind the most obvious hubs – San Fran and NYC.
There is so much opportunity for you in the great white north (beyond back bacon and long underwear) – let us better understand your passions and goals so that together we can make work great again… for you!


More grisly details of Kim Kardashian's attack at the hands of masked gunman have emerged.
The reality star was robbed in a luxury apartment in Paris on Sunday while she attended Paris Fashion Week with her mum, Kris Jenner, and sisters Kourtney Kardashian and Kendall Jenner.
The robbers are said to have stolen several million dollars worth of jewellery from the reality star.
However, more grizzly details have since emerged to TMZ of the horrific ordeal.


text:
Tropical Islands Resort is a tropical theme park located in the former Brand-Briesen Airfield in Halbe, municipality in the district of Dahme-Spreewald in Brandenburg, Germany, 50 kilometres from the southern boundary of Berlin.[1] It is housed in a former airship hangar (known as the Aerium), the biggest free-standing hall in the world. The hall belonged to the company Cargolifter until its insolvency in 2002.
e're located directly on the beach, in the heart of OB, steps from the sand, from amazing cuisine, and all of the shopping on Newport Avenue and Abbott Street. Many of our guests park the car in our private hotel parking lot for free and never move the car again because everything from sunbathing and surfing to craft beer-drinking and burger-eating is within walking distance of the hotel. Ocean Beach is also centrally located with SeaWorld less than 5 minutes away and only 15 minutes from the San Diego Zoo, San Diego Airport, and Downtown.
Depending on the style of bikini-bottom and the amount of skin visible outside the bikini,[246] pubic hair may be styled into several styles[236][237][238] — American waxing (removal of pubic hair from the sides, top of the thighs, and under the navel), French waxing (leaves only a vertical strip in front), Brazilian waxing (removal of all hair in the pelvic area, particularly suitable for thong bottoms).[247]
The reefs of Indonesia are everything any Blue Planet watcher might expect: nonstop riots of colorful coral obscured by curtains of fish. Top of the list for snorkelers would be Kungkungan Bay Resort, in the Lembeh Strait, just north of the island of Sulawesi. This hideaway resort is favored for a house reef accessible from shore, where water babies can spy scads of exotic life, from blue ribbon eels to cuttlefish. Plus, this resort practically invented the scuba phenomenon known as muck diving, aka checking out the wild, unusual critters that live amid the black sand muck. If you can get past the ugly factor of the bottom, as a snorkeler, you can also behold seahorses, leaf fish, pipefish, bobtail squid, flamboyant squid, blue-ringed octopi — the list goes on and on.
In recent years Vietnam has been challenging Thailand's status as the mecca for digital nomads. While many are flocking to cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the beachside town of Hoi An, which translates as "peaceful meeting place", is very nice. The old town is a UNESCO world heritage and a well-preserved remnant of the town's influence as a spice trading port from 15th to 19th century.
In 1997, Miss Maryland Jamie Fox became the first contestant in 50 years to compete in a two-piece swimsuit at the Miss America Pageant.[111] Actresses in action films like Blue Crush (2002) and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) made the two-piece "the millennial equivalent of the power suit", according to Gina Bellafonte of The New York Times,[38]
This neighborhood is a great choice for travelers interested in sandy beaches, sunsets and beach walks – Check location 5080 Newport Avenue, Ocean Beach, San Diego, CA 92107 , United States of America – This neighborhood is a great choice for travelers interested in sandy beaches, sunsets and beach walks – Check location Excellent location – show map
Ocean Beach is the site of a historic single-screen movie house; The Strand Theatre, which opened in November 1925. In the late 1970s, the Strand survived with midnight showings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show on Friday and Saturday nights. By the early 1980s it was running pornographic films. Community reaction forced it to change back to regular films.[23] It closed in the 1990s[24] and was converted into a clothing store after several failed attempts to preserve it as a theater.[citation needed] The theater was designated a historic building by the San Diego Historical Resources Board in December 2002.[25]
Technically, nature can't deliver a sure-thing when it comes to animal encounters, but Isla Mujeres, found 9 miles offshore of Cancun, Mexico, is as good as it gets. June through August, the turquoise waters are thick with the spawn of bonito tuna — becoming a buffet for whale sharks, the world's largest fish at up to 41½ feet long. Local tour operators can drop you in the path of these fish, allowing encounters that can sometimes last up to 20 minutes. This area is also home to two underwater statue parks filled with more than 500 life-size sculptures in 12 to 20 feet of water.
Tropical Islands was built by the Malaysian corporation Tanjong in the former airship hangar known as the Aerium. The hangar – the third largest free-standing hall in the world – was originally designed to protect large airships from the elements. It was purchased by Tanjong on 11 June 2003 for €17.5 million, of which €10 million was a subsidy from the federal state of Brandenburg. The building permit for constructing the theme park inside the hall was granted on 2 February 2004 and Tropical Islands officially opened on 19 December 2004.
I am in love with this crochet bikini set. It is so incredible cute. For reference, I am 5'4", weigh 110lbs and normally wear a size 0 bottom and a 32B top. It fits perfectly. However, since it's crochet it could easily expand to accommodate larger sizes. I honestly bought this thinking I could wear it as a legit bikini to the beach, but I was extremely mistaken. It is 100% crochet. So, you can somewhat see through it all. I am going to instead wear it around the pool or boardwalk, but with a strapless bra and underwear on underneath. This is more of clothing than a swimwear bikini. The bottoms fit like booty-shorts and the top is just a typical bandeau. I think it would need an layer underneath of swimsuit material in order for it to be a true swimsuit. Either way, I still love the design/pattern, and the quality of the crochet is great. Can't wait to show this off this summer!
Trade winds that are constantly sweeping Aruba cool the fragrant tropical air, whip up great surfing waves and bend local Divi-divi trees all the way over beaches providing shade to beachgoers. A tiny Dutch island in the Caribbean off the coast of Venezuela, Aruba has perfect, sunny weather year around, sparkling white beaches, clear waters and gentle surf. Strong European influence makes architecture in the capital Oranjestad interesting, such as Dutch gables among more typical vividly colored Caribbean houses.
If you've got it flaunt it. With our latest drop of crochet bikinis, getting beach ready has never been easier. It's time to get wet 'n' wild 'cause these are the swimwear pieces you're gonna wanna be packing whether you're hitting the beach or having a day at the pool. We've designed crochet bikinis and swimsuits in the slickest new bardot, triangle and bandeau styles, so you're gonna find it hard to pick out just one. No doubt you will be the best dressed babe under the sun with our off the hook pieces and with money-saving prices, you can make over your summer look without breaking the bank. Heading off on vacation? Scroll through our cool collection of crochet bikinis online for the slickest styles you'll be packing in your suitcase this year…
Beginning in the early 1970s, local development and land interests pressed for the development of Ocean Beach's oceanfront, with plans for tourist-oriented resorts, hotels and a marina outlined in the Ocean Beach Precise Plan. With the passage of a 30-foot (9.1 m) height limit in 1972 and the re-writing of the Precise Plan, the development plans for the waterfront were abandoned.[citation needed]
Of all the great shoreline in the islands, I chose these top Hawaii snorkeling beaches because they have an abundance of marine life, consistent and safe ocean conditions, visitor accessibility, and ease of water entry. These not only represent the best snorkeling beaches Hawaii has to offer, but are also the beaches I recommend to my close friends.
A swimmers' snorkel is a tube typically about 30 centimeters long and with an inside diameter of between 1.5 and 2.5 centimeters, usually L- or J-shaped and fitted with a mouthpiece at the lower end; constructed of rubber and plastic. It is used for breathing air from above the water surface when the wearer's mouth and nose are submerged. The snorkel usually has a piece of rubber that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask.
Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.[10] Examples are Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sakhalin, Taiwan and Hainan off Asia; New Guinea, Tasmania, and Kangaroo Island off Australia; Great Britain, Ireland, and Sicily off Europe; Greenland, Newfoundland, Long Island, and Sable Island off North America; and Barbados, the Falkland Islands, and Trinidad off South America.
This Vedic island has one of the most distinctive cultures in the world. It's incredibly popular with digital nomads, backpackers and expats. If you are interested in meditation, yoga and exploring new possibilities, this is the place to live your fairy tale. There are ancient temples everywhere, beaches and surf that stretches for miles, mist-draped mountaintops and breathtaking rice terraces.
Besides the six-bedroom retreat on this sugar-colored South Pacific isle, the only other thing you'll find is a whole mess of water. So, naturally, water sports are the main draw (you know, other than the fact that it's a private island). Kakula offers a healthy supply of snorkels, kayaks, and paddleboards. Other island activities include massages, scuba diving, and deep-sea fishing. And speaking of fishing: if you can catch it, the personal chef will cook it.
The tropical islands of the South Pacific are one of the last unspoiled regions of our planet. Isolated from the rest of the world by the vast expanse of the blue ocean, these volcanic islands rise with immense beauty from the depths, while others are but mere flat coral atolls. Home to exotic ancient cultures, thrilling hikes, endless underwater treasures and of course, the prettiest beaches in the world – no two islands are ever the same. I have visited over 30 Pacific islands on several trips to the region and here are my personal favorites, the very best – the top 10 tropical islands in the South Pacific.
I could have played a round of mini golf in the fading light or booked a hot air balloon ride for the following day or even watched The Simpsons at the theater named after a form of Indonesian puppet theater. Instead I went to the fanciest restaurant, where TI's signature excess is best exemplified by a corn poulard dish that comes with corn on the cob and popcorn. Over a pretty good salmon teriyaki, I watched a hairy man wearing only a speedo get turned down when he requested a table. (Shirts were required, shoes were not.) It had been a long day of doing mostly things I really like—laying around reading, swimming, eating—but I didn't feel rested or rejuvenated. I felt restless.
Your sailing and Key West snorkeling adventure begins as you board one of Fury's state-of-the-art catamarans, part of the largest and most luxurious catamaran fleet in the Florida Keys. Feel the excitement as you sail to North America's only living coral reef, where the wonders of Mother Nature await you. During your trip, unlimited sodas and water will be served.
6:00pm low 2 hrs Beverages
Just north of Point Loma, this small beach town is a favorite among locals who spend their days surfing, sunbathing around the pier, hanging out in their vintage VW vans, and strolling through the many surf shops, taco stands and antique malls. Ocean Beach has a throw-back groovy vibe of vintage SoCal, coupled with friendly locals, great dining and micro brews, and a vibrant nightlife scene.
Northern California beaches. They tend to be cold and windy, and Ocean Beach is no exception. There are those glorious warm days that happen a few times per year in the Fall. If you choose this location for a photo shoot make sure that you wear layers at this location. And arm yourself with hair ties and clips, because it can get windy. Take it from me, a family photographer (K. Sienk Photography)! One cool feature that I really love about this beach as the graffiti on the walls towards the north end. Pros: Not crowded Parking is easy Large beautiful beach Cons: Windy Cold Not a lot of variety Great for: Family photo sessions, mini sessions, maternity sessions, milestone sessions in the first year, weekday and weekend sessions, toddlers who like to run around. Not good for: trying to avoid wind. www.ksienkphotography.com
Dave and I honeymooned in the Dominican Republic so it has a very special place in our hearts. The Dominican is a part of the second largest island in the Caribbean so there are many places to capture beautiful tropical island pictures. But this one from Puerto Plata captures our view of what a tropical vacation should be about. Beautiful skies, over the water bungalows and a cruise ship off in the distance.
1938: First swimmers' mask with integrated breathing tubes. In 1938, French naval officer Yves Le Prieur introduces his "Nautilus" full-face diving mask with hoses emerging from the sides and leading upwards to an air inlet device whose ball valve opens when it is above water and closes when it is submerged.[18][19][20] In November 1940, American spearfisherman Charles H. Wilen files his "swimmer's mask" invention, which is granted US patent 2,317,237 of 20 April 1943.[21] The device resembles a full-face diving mask incorporating two breathing tubes topped with valves projecting above the surface for inhalation and exhalation purposes. On 11 July 1944, he obtains US design patent 138,286 for a simpler version of this mask with a flutter valve at the bottom and a single breathing tube with a ball valve at the top.[22] Throughout their heydey of the 1950s and early 1960s, masks with integrated tubes appear in the catalogues of American, Australian, British, French, German, Greek, Italian and Spanish swimming and diving equipment manufacturers. Meanwhile, in 1957, the US monthly product-testing magazine Consumer Reports concludes that "snorkel-masks have some value for swimmers lying on the surface while watching the depths in water free of vegetation and other similar hazards, but they are not recommended for a dive 'into the blue'".[23] According to an underwater swimming equipment review in the British national weekly newspaper The Sunday Times in December 1973, "the mask with inbuilt snorkel is doubly dangerous (...) A ban on the manufacture and import of these masks is long overdue in Britain".[24] In a decree of 2 August 1989,[25] the French government suspends the manufacture, importation and marketing of ball-valve snorkel-masks. By the noughties, just two swim masks with attached breathing tubes remain in production worldwide: the Majorca sub 107S single-snorkel model[26] and the Balco 558 twin-snorkel full-face model,[27] both manufactured in Greece. In May 2014, the French Decathlon company files its new-generation full-face snorkel-mask design, which is granted US design patent 775,722[28] on 3 January 2017, entering production as the "Easybreath" mask (see Figure 3) designated for surface snorkelling only.
^ Ogle, W. "Aristotle on the parts of animals, tr. with notes by W. Ogle". Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 May 2013. Just then as divers are sometimes provided with instruments for respiration, through which they can draw air from above the water, and thus may remain for a long time under the sea, so also have elephants been furnished by nature with their lengthened nostril; and, whenever they have to traverse the water, they lift this up above the surface and breathe through it.
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The cultural center of the Island (and the expat scene) is the town of Ubud in the interior mountains. If you like spiritual hippies and yogis, you will find your tribe here. If you want to surf (or safely watch the pros doing it) you will want to check out the southern Bukit Peninsula that has legendary breaks like Dreamland, Uluwatu and Padang Padang.
T.I.'s geography is a whiplash-inducing, rapid-fire movement between countries, cultures, and centuries where numerous regionally specific attributes add up to a global nowhere. There is both a medieval castle and a traditional hut from Samoa; a Western town with an intentionally faded, old-school 7-Up ad painted on the wall and also the largest Balinese gate outside of Bali. Later I learn that T.I. commissioned local artisans and architects in Southeast Asia to design and fabricate the structures that were then imported to Germany.
Even cheaper is Nicaragua, I spent some time living in Granada, which is a very nice colonial city (an great spot to learn Spanish) and San Juan Del Sur, which is an excellent beachside town (I highly recommend checking out the surf resort Majagual just to the north). I think Bocas Del Toro would be a good all-round choice. In South America, I really like Florianapolis in Brazil.
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Diving while snorkeling requires that you learn to force your ears to "pop" to equalize pressure and swim below the surface more comfortable. You also need to practice expelling water from your snorkel by forcing a strong burst of air through the tube as you clear the water's surface. Special "purge snorkels" are available on the market for those who want an extra line of protection against getting water in your mouth.
You may think that crochet is just boho chic textile, but thanks to the hottest designers in swimwear, there's more to the fabric than flower crowns and #dumpsterfyres . Aussie label She Made Me is reinventing the trend with crop tops you can wear off the beach, while Kiini is trimming their neoprene styles with brightly woven details. See how crochet's association with festival style is officially done with the best bikinis, monokinis, and more, featured here.
Only go out if it is calm. This often means going in the mornings. Nothing will ruin your first time experience like going out into the ocean when there are waves. It makes entering, exiting and swimming in the water dangerous. It makes using your equipment more difficult. It greatly increases how much effort swimming requires. It may make you seasick. Waves almost always reduce underwater visibility, so you won't be able to see what you are there to see. So only get in the water if it is calm your first time (less than six inch waves).
Mask & Snorkel- There is nothing worse than having equipment that don't fit. This can cause panic and hysteria as bubbles and water seep in your mask. When renting equipment, make sure that your mask fits you. A general test is if you hold the mask to your face and breath in through your nose. If the mask seals perfectly and stays in place without you holding it then you have yourself a mask that fits perfectly.
The community has actively opposed chain businesses opening in Ocean Beach, and only a few exist there.[16] In the 1970s, community protests led a chain of donut stores to drop its plans to open a store in O.B. In 2000 an Exxon station abandoned its attempt to open a gas station there.[21] In 2001, an organized grassroots effort attempted unsuccessfully to block Starbucks from opening a coffee shop in Ocean Beach.[22]
Sipadan is located in the Celebes Sea off the coast of Sabah (Malaysia's easternmost state on the island of Borneo—Google-map it!). Best known for world-class diving, and described as an "Untouched Piece of Art" by Jacques Cousteau himself, the snorkeling here is equally stunning with easy viewing of otherworldy coral formations, sea turtles, and Bumphead Parrotfish.
Masks come in all sizes and shapes so choosing one which doesn't leak is pretty essential. As eager as you are to jump in the water, take the time to learn the basic principles of how to defog your mask (The spit and rub technique works quite well for masks!) There is nothing worse than a mask that keeps fogging up. Knowing how to clear your mask when it's filling up with water is also pretty useful.
ah, The Canadians from Edmonton are definitely used to the cold. They're hearty people, it gets even more freezing than here in Toronto. We've already dug into our winter wardrobe and our friends have been laughing at us wearing our winter coats. We can't help it, it's our first winter in 3 years. And it's only just beginning. Luckily we have a lot of trips lined up.
While this price might inspire you to blurt out a string of expletives, take note that it encompasses all 14 bures (Fijian for "hut") on the island -- so you're splitting that nightly rate with 27 other people. Now that is entirely reasonable. Also, it's all-inclusive. Everything. Food, booze (including Champagne by the bottle), activities, private seaplane transfers, the works. Treat yourself to pontoon dinners, sunset cruises on the Blue Lagoon (yep, from the movie), a private butler, fishing, hiking, kayaking, massage... you're paying 35 grand a NIGHT. Basically do whatever the hell you want.
10:30am moderate 6 hrs Food & Beverages
A 4,000 m² children's play area opened in 2007. In mid-2007, a sauna and spa facility with six separate areas was added, the largest tropical sauna complex in Europe. The design of the saunas is inspired by UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South-East Asia, including a cave temple on Elephanta Island in India and the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. The bathing area includes a 27-metre high water slide tower with four slides, a children's play area and a crazy golf course.
During my time as a digital nomad, I've done a lot of research to find the ideal places to spend the winter where there is rich culture, natural beauty, reliable high-speed Internet, a low cost of living and a thriving community of English-speaking digital nomads. I'm also not a big drinker or partier, so I like to avoid the superficial party scenes and go to places where I can meet interesting expats and get work done.
Four bright-pink cabanas pop out of the water in Panama's Bocas del Toro archipelago. The eco-friendly island has its own restaurant and dining room, bar, second-floor terrace, natural pool, and a whole list of nature-friendly activities. Be prepared to socialize with the locals, namely Toutie (the capuchin monkey that's been adopted by the owner) and Maki, the squirrel monkey who is there to keep Toutie company. If you aren't into animals, you'll want to also steer clear of Quiso the kinkajou, as well as the alligators that come out at night. Just a heads-up.
They are located north of Australia and east of Bali and offer stunning tropical scenery, a remarkable history, friendly villages, and some of the globe's most pristine, biologically diverse coral reefs. The only way to reach them is to island-hop the Indonesian archipelago by small planes, ferry services, or eco-friendly cruises for serious divers but it is more than worth the trouble.
Palau, a nation of 250 islands in the western Pacific, is home to dozens of unusual seawater marine lakes connected to the ocean by tunnels and channels. Only one, Jellyfish Lake on Eil Malk, can be visited, and is filled with millions of—you guessed it—jellyfish. Floating through swarms of these gelatinous beings is definitely an out-of-body experience, but don't worry—their non-poisonous stings can hardly be felt.
The country was granted independence in 1976 and quickly became a popular playground for jetsetters, movie stars and honeymooners. The biggest and most developed islands are Mahe, Praslin and La Digue. Mahe is the largest and arguably the most beautiful, with a dramatic mix of rugged mountains densely covered with tropical old growth rainforests and 65 brilliant white sandy beaches. The island is full of small hidden coves and bays to provide solitude, and has a range of excellent hotels, resorts, restaurants, bars, cafés and casinos. The capital city of Victoria, one of the smallest capitals in the world, is the Seychelles business and cultural hub and can be easily explored by foot in less than a day.
1969: First national standard on snorkels. In December 1969, the British Standards Institution publishes British standard BS 4532 entitled "Specification for snorkels and face masks"[46] and prepared by a committee on which the British Rubber Manufacturers' Association, the British Sub-Aqua Club, the Department for Education and Science, the Federation of British Manufacturers of Sports and Games, the Ministry of Defence Navy Department and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents are represented. This British standard sets different maximum and minimum snorkel dimensions for adult and child users, specifies materials and design features for tubes and mouthpieces and requires a warning label and a set of instructions to be enclosed with each snorkel. In February 1980 and June 1991, the Deutsches Institut für Normung publishes the first and second editions of German standard DIN 7878 on snorkel safety and testing.[47] This German standard sets safety and testing criteria comparable to British standard BS 4532 with an additional requirement that every snorkel must be topped with a fluorescent red or orange band to alert other water users of the snorkeller's presence. In November 1988, the Austrian Standards Institute publishes Austrian standard ÖNORM S 4223[48] entitled "Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung" in German, subtitled "Diving accessories; snorkel; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity" in English and closely resembling German Standard DIN 7878 of February 1980 in specifications. The first and second editions of European standard EN 1972 on snorkel requirements and test methods[49] appear in July 1997 and December 2015. This European standard refines snorkel dimension, airflow and joint-strength testing and matches snorkel measurements to the user's height and lung capacity. The snorkels regulated by these British, German and European standards exclude combined masks and snorkels in which the snorkel tubes open into the mask.
We insist on the highest quality materials and manufacturing processes to bring you the Super Snorkel. That's why we confidently offer a Lifetime Warranty against defects, PLUS if our product does not meet your expectations in any way, you can return it within 30 days of purchase for a full refund. No questions asked. Your satisfaction is our top priority!
We provide a guide in the water to help our divers navigate the reef, to show off its highlights and to offer any in-water assistance that may be needed. There is no charge for this service. Many of our divers appreciate this, but it is not a requirement to follow the guide as long as you have a buddy diver. Our guides take great pride in showing you something that you have never seen, especially the marine friends that they have made diving these beautiful reefs.
The northern end of Ocean Beach was dominated in the early 20th century by the Wonderland Amusement Park, which opened on July 4, 1913 and was constructed on eight oceanfront acres at Voltaire and Abbott streets. It boasted a large roller coaster, dance pavilion, menagerie, roller skating rink, merry-go-round, children's playground, a petting zoo with a variety of animals including 500 monkeys, and 22,000 lights outlining the buildings. However, Wonderland went bankrupt in 1915 due to competition from the Panama-California Exposition in Balboa Park and was sold at auction. It closed in 1916 after winter storms damaged the roller coaster.[8] The name "Wonderland" lives on in some Ocean Beach business names as well as the title of a documentary series on KPBS television hosted by Ocean Beach native Noah Tafolla.[9]
Réard's company folded in 1988,[108] four years after his death.[109] By the end of the century, the bikini had become the most popular beachwear around the globe. According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard, this was due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women",[9] though one survey indicates 85% of all bikinis never touch the water.[110][unreliable source?] By 1988 the bikini made up nearly 20% of swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US,[85] though one-piece suits made a comeback during the 1980s and early 1990s.[109]
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Detailed review of L'Occitane Peony Perfecting Essence Serum. See what real experts and actual users have to say about this face serum.
If you're looking for a face serum that completely evens out your skin tone and texture, and helps minimize those pesky pores, then L'Occitane Peony Perfecting Essence is the perfect serum to get the job done.
As a thicker serum closer to the texture of a face moisturizer, L'Occitane Perfecting Essence serum increases the hydration in your skin, decreases the fine lines on your face, and majorly helps with discoloration.
At a price point on the cheaper end of the spectrum for face serums, this face serum appears to be a great fit for nearly every skin type, and delivers results in just a matter of weeks.
L'Occitane Perfecting Essence face serum is an extremely thick face serum. It's closer to the texture of a face moisturizer than your average serum.
Like many thicker serums, L'Occitane Perfecting Essence gives off a silicone feel when applied to your face and neck, which I personally don't enjoy.
However, what I normally don't like about that texture is how oily is makes my skin feel after, but that wasn't the case with L'Occitane Perfecting Essence. Instead, it leaves behind more of a sticky residue, which doesn't go away until you apply the moisturizer on top.
Despite the thickness of the face serum, L'Occitane Perfecting Essence doesn't add too much thickness to your face product application. It's a very comfortable wear, in fact.
Application of L'Occitane Perfecting Essence is relatively simple. Use the product both morning and night on clean, dry skin.
Once the product has dried or absorbed for the most part, apply your moisturizer and any other products you use on a daily basis.
I did find that the application was a little difficult because those silicone-feeling face serums, like L'Occitane Perfecting Essence, are a little more difficult to move evenly across your face.
I also think they require you to use more product than other face serums, so I found that I needed at least two pumps of product to fully cover my face and neck.
Applying products on top of L'Occitane Perfecting Essence was super easy, though! I didn't feel like the thickness of the face serum impacted any of my other product applications.
While face serums with a silicone feel to it normally dry pretty quickly, L'Occitane Perfecting Essence actually has a pretty slow dry time.
I would say it takes about 45 seconds before the product has absorbed fully, and only a slight sticky residue is left behind.
I tried to rush it when I first applied it and found that my other products had a tough time working on top of it, so definitely wait until you feel like it's mostly absorbed into your face and neck.
No surprise here—L'Occitane Peony Perfecting Essence face serum smells like a bouquet of roses. I'm not sure I could say it smells specifically like peonies, but it definitely smells floral.
I loved the smell of this serum! Floral smells can easily smell cheap and overpowering, but that definitely isn't the case with L'Occitane Perfecting Essence.
The smell also dissipates once it's been absorbed into your skin, so the smell is temporary.
As I do with every new face serum I try, I used L'Occitane Perfecting Essence face serum at night first. My first thought upon application is that this face serum would probably be a good fit for most skin types.
It didn't leave behind any excess oil or oily residue, but it was still very hydrating, so I think it would work for dry, oily, or combination skin.
The next morning, I definitely noticed that my skin looked and felt more hydrated, plump, and radiant. I also feel like it was started to take away the redness in some of my problem areas.
Overall, I was super impressed at what L'Occitane Perfecting Essence had done after use one use.
L'Occitane Perfecting Essence face serum really did deliver on all of its claims. After use a few weeks of use, I noticed a significant difference in my skin tone and texture.
I even went and got a facial after using it for three weeks, and the facialist commented on how few dark spots I had, and how small my pores were, which has never been the case in previous facials.
My skin felt very hydrated while using L'Occitane Perfecting Essence, as well. I didn't expect that based on the serum's texture, but I definitely had an added plumpness and radiance to my skin, which I believe was from how hydrated my skin was.
The plumpness also helped decrease the fine lines around my eyes, which are always a point of insecurity for me, so I was thrilled to see a difference there, as well!
At $49.00 for an ounce of face serum, L'Occitane Perfecting Essence serum is definitely on the more affordable end of the spectrum for face serums.
Given the results, I'm actually really surprised at how cheap this face serum is! Especially since you see results so quickly, too.
Unfortunately, I think you'll go through this serum pretty quickly, as you need two pumps of serum to fully cover your face and neck, but still, it's extremely affordable compared to other skin brightening serums on the market.
For all those reasons, I think L'Occitane Perfecting Essence face serum is well worth the money you spend on it!
L'Occitane has a 30-day money-back policy, and a 60-day store credit or exchange policy.
To purchase L'Occitane Peony Perfecting Essence face serum, click here.