There was no doubt that this was a carnivore of some sort, given the sharp canines and the massive carnassial teeth. Most of you spotted that it was the skull of a juvenile or subadult, given the partially emerged teeth and the unfused sutures. Most of you also spotted that it was a canid of some sort, given the overall shape and the tooth arrangement.
Could I paint you a picture of this animal?
This answer is a reference to the name of an African carnivore, the Painted Hunting Dog or African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820). The scientific name means 'painted wolf' which is a reference to the blotched markings on the coat of these animals.
These endangered pack hunters are scattered across Africa in ever-shrinking pockets, with numbers reducing due to human activities and infectious diseases – presumably including diseases communicated by domesticated dogs, like canine distemper.
African Hunting Dogs are renowned as successful hunters, having a better kill rate than most other large African predators (more than twice that of Lions according to some sources). Of course, that may reflect that they are more picky about the prey that they'll attempt to take in the first place, preferring medium sized antelope to the larger species – although they will have a go at animals up to the size of the notoriously dangerous African Buffalo. No wonder they need such impressive teeth.
Even though their kill rate is way better than that of lions, I'll bet people are more afraid of lions.
It depends what's included in the kill rate though – I expect lions have a far higher kill rate of humans than hunting dogs do, so there'd be a good reason for humans to be more afraid of lions!
I was in Hluwhluwe-Imfolozi NP in SA in April and was lucky enough to see a pack of these amazing dogs. The local ranger has a story of a Nyala with a Painted Dog pack on its heals risking everything by diving into the visitor centre and cowering under a table. The antelope was more afraid of the dogs than the humans – says a lot about the dogs!
The NP staff left the Nyala there for a couple of hours and then had to drag it out by its horns. Apparently visitors, unnaccustomed to what might be considered normal in a safari park, though it was "nice".


Take a look at our FAQs page for more info.
Within the festival site and built up on the hills overlooking the bay are 80 air-conditioned apartments all with balconies or terraces. There will be room for 283 people and these will surely go quickly so book early and don't miss out!!
The onsite apartments all have air conditioning, small kitchen, and balcony / terrace – and bathroom with shower & WC. Towels are provided for the bathroom but please bring your own beach towels.
The Garden site have a selection of different styles of mobile homes, starting at €160.
For 2019, the Garden site are able to offer camp pitches amongst the olive & fig trees, for those of you who wish to bring your own tent and camping equipment onsite.
For campers there is nothing better than waking up in the morning and having a refreshing swim in our private bay followed by fresh coffee and breakfast at Trattoria Magnolia onsite.
They are of course however, limited in the number of people they can allow to camp onsite, so ensure that you book early to avoid disappointment.
Included, is access to the high-quality communal WCs and hot showers specifically for the camping/glamping area (separate for girls and boys), but please bring your own beach towel.
Small secure lockers are available for rent at the reception.
The price per person €17.00person/day – booking fee & tourist tax included.
These iconic, refurbished trailers are a masterpiece in design – exciting, inspiring, and the absolute ultimate in cool and comfort. Arriving from the USA, these shiny aluminium trailers can each sleep 4 people. They have their own capsule shower & WC and are air-conditioned, and each airstream has got its own kitchenette, which includes a fridge to keep your beverages perfectly chilled.
Outside your trailer, you can relax in deckchairs in the shade under the awning and watch the stars at night. Even on the rare cloudy night, twinkly fairy lights ensure you can relax under the stars.
The airstreams are the perfect option for those wanting something a little different; to add a little more style, comfort and fun to their festival experience.
The price of an airstream is 130.00 EUR per day- booking fee & tourist tax included.


Honeysuckle Rosé. Recipe and photo by tippledpink.
Combine vodka, syrup, lemon juice and Peychaud's in a shaker filled with ice. Shake vigorously and strain into an iced champagne glass. Top with Rosé Brut and stir gently.
Sadly, the last day of summer is here, but, luckily, in many parts of the country the farmers markets are still full and flowers still abound. While taking a stroll, I pass by a honeysuckle bush in bloom and am instantly awash in memories of sipping honeysuckle nectar as a child. I resolve to make a cocktail to capture that flavor.
I decide the best way to work honeysuckle into a cocktail is to use my sous vide to infuse a vodka since doing so will give me more control than infusing a simple syrup and floral flavors can be tricky to work with.
Honeysuckle flowers. Photo by tippledpink.
I start by knocking on a neighbor's door and asking permission to snip a cup of the honeysuckle flowers growing on their fence. They give me a puzzled look but say 'yes', so I snip each flower below the green stigma at its base, drop them into a bowl and take them home. I fill a deep stock pot with water, clip the sous vide to its side and set the temperature to 176°F (80°C). As the water comes to temp, I wash the flowers, then trim off the green bases and place the flowers into a quart-sized ziploc bag. I add 1 cup of Tito's Vodka to the bag. Leaving the bag unsealed, I slowly lower it into the pot of water, letting the pressure of the water press air through the top of the bag. Once most of the air is out of the bag, I seal it just above the water line.
Snip off the stigma. Photo by tippledpink..
Infuse at 176°F for 10 minutes. Photo by tippledpink.
Next, I place a small plate on the bag to hold it under water and sous vide it for 10 minutes. Once the timer goes off, I use tongs to remove the bag from the pot and transfer it to a bowl of ice water to chill for 15 minutes. Finally, I strain it into a glass container and taste it. The flavor of the honeysuckle is undeniable, but there's a certain bitterness that will need to be balanced.
I decide to make a take on a French 75 but to use a sparkling rosé as the bubbly. I grab a small shaker, fill it with ice and add an ounce of honeysuckle vodka, 1/2 ounce of lemon juice, and 1/4 teaspoon of simple syrup. I shake it and strain it into a champagne flute then top it with 2 ounces of sparkling rosé. It's good but needs a little more sugar and complexity, so I bump the simple up to 1/2 teaspoon and add 2 drops of Peychaud's Bitters. Et Voila! The Honeysuckle Rosé is born! Refreshing, complex and festive, it's a lovely way to toast the last day of summer.
Start by clipping 1 cup of honeysuckle flowers below the green stigma at their base. Next, fill a deep stock pot with water, clip the sous vide to the side of the pot, and set the temperature to 176°F (80°C). As the water comes to temp, wash the flowers, then trim off the green bases and place the flowers into a quart-sized ziploc bag. Add 1 cup of Tito's Vodka to the bag. Leaving the bag unsealed, slowly lower it into the pot of water, letting the pressure of the water press air through the top of the bag. Once most of the air is out of the bag, seal it just above the water line.


Cut for a feminine, fitted shape, the Barbour Glenn Dress is crafted in a luxurious lambswool blend and showcases a new houndstooth-effect version of Barbour's Winter Tartan. Finished with a branded jacquard lining and a zip fastening.
Elegant and chic, the Lady Jane is a wrist-covering gauntlet style leather glove with a heritage-inspired tartan trimmed cuff. With a warm fleece lining and antique branded stud detail.


In this piece, the audience encounters a painful scene in which the artist is shown undergoing treatment at the dentist. The audio component consists of a high-quality drilling sound that may become unbearable for some viewers, creating a visceral interaction with pain. In front of the viewer, there is a CRT security monitor that connects to three analog cameras in the exhibition space. Viewers see their own live image from different angles, which are displayed on the CRT monitor intermittently. As the two videos alternate, the viewer's experience shifts from being an observer to being an active participant in the work.


Equipment used in hazardous area (where flammable vapor and explosive dusts occur) need to have greater levels of protection against ingress of dust and vapors so that they do not become a source of ignition for such materials.
The following scope is to carry out a HAC design and study which includes drawing on the existing CAD drawing of the proposed plant with respect to the process & storage and preparation of HAC zoning & selection of electrical equipment for each zone drawn along with one site visit.
Study the process flow and analyzing chemicals with aspect of Hazardous Area classification of the plant with respect to 94/9/EC (ATEX 95), IS 5572, IS 5572, IS 13408 , and relevant NFPA-Standards like 496, 497(if & when reference required) etc.
To classify the type & selection of electrical equipment to be installed in the Hazardous area as per zones classified.
To submit the drawings (updated with HAC zones) and equipment selection criteria containing the observations and recommendations.
To provide the maintenance guidelines pertaining to Electrostatic charges, Flameproof equipment etc.
Describe loading and unloading practices of chemicals in use.
1	 IEC 60079-10 Electrical Equipment to be Used in Hazardous Area Containing Flammable Liquids & Vapors.
5	 NFPA 497b Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
6	 IS 2148 Electrical Apparatus For Explosive Gas Atmospheres - Flameproof Enclosures "d"
In case of installations provided in premises where inflammable materials including gases and /or chemicals are produced, handled or stored, the electrical installations, equipment and apparatus shall comply with the requirements of flame proof, dust tight, totally enclosed or any other suitable type of electrical fittings depending upon the hazardous zones as per the relevant Indian Standard Specification.


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HomeNewsYamaha Motor's electrically power assisted bicycles Receive Japan's Technology M…
Yamaha Motor's electrically power assisted bicycles Receive Japan's Technology M…
Yamaha Motor's electrically power assisted bicycles Receive Japan's Technology Management and Innovation Award – Have contributed to society since release as world's first electrically power assisted bicycles in 1993.
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. (Tokyo:7272) announced today that the company has received the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry award at the 8th Technology Management and Innovation Awards, an event hosted by general incorporated association – Japan Techno-Economics Society.
This award ceremony is scheduled to be held on February 21.
This award has been presented for the world's first electrically power assisted bicycles to be placed on the market, and by doing so, for the creation of a new category in the bicycle industry, which was followed by further functional evolutions and price variations. They are also highly evaluated for their widespread use in shopping, and commuting options for children, work, schooling and leisure based activities, and for their high affinity in the sharing business sector, making social contributions followed by improvements in a range of other societal issues which were the initial aim of the product.
The Technology Management and Innovation Awards recognize outstanding innovations that help transform the world, such as in economic development, social transformation, competitiveness, welfare improvements, and in the contribution to Sustainable Development Goals. The aim has also been to assist with contributing to the development of the Japanese economy, social changes, and global competitiveness through the introduction of wide-ranging content in innovation and practical processes. In addition to this, the awards also help the next generation of managers and engineers in further promoting innovation.
This is the eighth year of these awards after their establishment in 2012.
Yamaha PAS (Electrically Power Assisted Bicycles) – Innovation Overview
The current electrically power assisted bicycles available on the world markets today started from the launch of the Yamaha PAS by the Company in 1993 as a new global product.
Originally conceived to help with "social contributions to convenience," "assisting in global environmental and energy issues," and "helping improve transportation issues," the Yamaha PAS was also developed as a new product that anyone could ride in comfort. However, development of the Yamaha PAS to create a new mobility that was not available in the world before was not always easy. But with a solid commitment to manufacturing by our developers backed by the Yamaha Motor Monozukuri concept, issues such as preparation work for use in bicycle sections on public roads, etc. were all overcome to bring PAS to the market place.
The Yamaha PAS was developed with the user in mind, and with its progression, focused on human senses as its highest priority. PAS steadily gained the support of its users and has now become a reliable asset that provides help daily.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Connection, Synergy, Leadership, Fathering, Network, Inclusion, representation at General Council and Districts, Communication, Multi-ethnic identity, Fellowship, Encouragement, Instruction, Resources, Empowerment, Platform for Next Generation, etc.
As with the other ethnic fellowships, the majority of our constituents represent our racial and cultural heritage, which is Black. What we are, does not limit what we do, where we go, or whom we embrace.
Don't delay, register yourself and your ministry team today!
The National Black Fellowship is partnering with CCDA/NOLA (Christian Community Development Association) to present UNITED on May 31 – June 1, 2019 in New Orleans.


Cover girl is a brand that I thought was US exclusive, until I found it in a local B and M store. I excitedly picked it up and insisted to my husband that I absolutely needed it in my life. I have heard good things about the cover girl mascaras, but never took into account which are said to be the best due to us not being able to get them. In my haste I didn't notice this was waterproof, so I was a little unhappy as I don't really like waterproof mascara, but I am happy to make do!
I really like the way this is packaged and I think it is typical of a lot of american mascaras from what I have seen on the internet. I love that you can see the wand properly and the product has a little cap on to stop it drying out. I find mascara wands are so important and I like to know what I am getting. This does, however, mean it uses much more packaging which isn't good, but I do recycle so that positive!
The tube itself is a vibrant green with silver writing on, simply distinguishing it to be the clump crusher mascara, and the branding of Cover girl with nothing much else printed on. I like that this is bright and vibrant in colour as it makes it so easy to see and reach for in my drawer or my make up bag. The wand is a plastic bristle wand, it has a lot of bristles and they are a nice spacing apart to grab the lashes effectively. The wand is slightly curved to allow help to curl the lashes and works well to give them some curl and definition.
The formula is much drier than I expected this to be, however this works so well to separate the lashes and make them look longer, more defined and have more of a curl than some mascaras give me. I found the mascara didn't clump whatsoever when I used it and I really liked that as I don't like mascaras which are clumpy. I found this made my lashes look really natural, but defined at the same time, it makes a perfect day to day mascara but if you want high impact drama from a mascara, this isn't the one. The mascara lasted really well on the eyes, it didn't smudge or flake off during the day and it still looked as good when it was the end of the day as it did when I began the day.
Overall I was really impressed with this mascara, it was a nice formula to apply and for the £3.99-ish price I paid for this in my local B an M store, I think this is a really nice affordable mascara that works really well. I don't like to spend a lot on mascaras as they don't often do a lot for my lashes, but this is a really nice and one I will most likely pick up again if I see it again as a nice day to day mascara. I would love to try more from the range should I get the chance, but I cant guarantee it unless I make a trip to the US!


No child should be exposed to violence, abuse or neglect. Yet in Cambodia the situation is dire for many. One in two children has experienced severe beating, one in four has suffered from emotional abuse, and one in 20 has been sexually assaulted. Many children are trafficked, forced to work, separated from their families and unnecessarily placed in residential care institutions.
Momentum is increasing for Cambodia to introduce laws to protect children, however there is no comprehensive, planned system in place. Developing a national vision on which to base a legal framework is the first step in realizing legal protection for children.
Children and adolescents remain at high risk of dropping out of school, teenage pregnancy, child marriage and violence. This is due partly to social attitudes that perpetrate violence, and partly to the limited number of services designed with children and adolescents in mind in key areas such as education, social work, health and justice.
Violence cuts deep into children's physical and mental health. In addition to the short-term impacts such as physical injury and emotional trauma, experiencing violence in childhood can lead to emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence and adulthood.
Children are exposed to violence and corporal punishment in their homes, schools and communities. Girls who are abused find it more difficult to marry, as they are considered 'damaged goods'. Boys who are sexually assaulted may experience lasting stigma. In the majority of cases it is not strangers who harm girls and boys, but people they know, in their families or in the community.
Most children in Cambodia live with their biological parents, but many–too many–live in residential care institutions. UNICEF studies have found that the overwhelming majority of children who live in residential care have at least one living parent, indicating that they should not be in an institution. Families often place children in residential care because they cannot afford to feed, clothe or educate them, unaware of the negative consequences of their decision.
Children outside of family care are exposed to high levels of violence and exploitation, including trafficking, sexual abuse, online sexual exploitation and forced begging. Decades of research show that living in residential care can harm a child's social, physical, intellectual and emotional development. Not only does the brain not develop fully but parts of it actually die, and much of this is irreversible.
In Cambodia, 68 per cent of children in residential care institutions have been found to have at least one living parent.
In 2017, an estimated 907 Cambodian children were in detention. Whether as suspects or victims of a crime, boys and girls do not have access to a child-friendly justice system. Children who experience criminal acts are extremely vulnerable, and a justice system that does not cater to their needs can do them additional harm.
Between 2010 and 2014, there was a 56 per cent decrease in the number of young people in Cambodian prisons, thanks to alternatives to detention and more child-friendly justice mechanisms. However, since 2015 this positive trend has reversed. Detaining a child should be a last resort and for the shortest possible time, but children suspected or accused of having committed an offence are often placed in detention, where they are exposed to the risk of physical and emotional abuse. Legal, social and cultural norms, as well as practical constraints, make justice for children a complex challenge.
More than half of all Cambodian children have experienced physical violence.
UNICEF works to strengthen Cambodia's child protection system so that children are protected from harm. We work closely with government ministries, the Cambodian National Police and other partners to realize a vision of change for Cambodia, where girls and boys, including adolescents, live free from violence, abuse and exploitation in their homes, schools and communities.
Specifically, we focus on building a child-friendly legal framework, supporting children and adolescents with appropriate crime-prevention and response measures, and fostering a culture of non-violence by transforming the social attitudes and beliefs that perpetuate violence itself.
In Cambodia, the absence of a child protection law makes it difficult to develop a coordinated and effective child protection response across the country. UNICEF is supporting the government to develop such a law, together with related policies and standards, such as including alternatives to residential care for children.
Reliable, significant data is critical to powerful action. Cambodia has a wealth of child protection data, but they are sporadic and ad hoc. To bridge this gap, we are working with the government to consolidate and launch a Child Protection Information Management System that will help generate data which can be tracked and which will allow for better interventions.
Social workers are the backbone of a solid child protection system. While Cambodia has government staff who work in the social welfare sector, they are not classified as social workers. In 2012, there were only 917 social workers in the whole country, the majority of whom had no formal social work training.
We support the government to train social workers in the areas of health, education, justice and child protection, so that they can they handle cases related to violence, juvenile crime and institutional care in the most appropriate and effective manner.
Using a systematic approach, we support the training of a broader workforce of welfare, justice, health and social protection staff who are responsible for protecting children. We do this so they gain the knowledge and tools they need to identify vulnerable children and provide child-friendly services, including crime prevention and justice, for example alternatives to arrest and imprisonment.
Communities play a critical role in keeping families together, protecting children from violence and ensuring that they thrive in a safe environment. Parents, teachers and caregivers who learn about positive parenting can promote non-violent behaviour, while well-respected religious leaders who understand the importance of keeping children out of residential care are more likely to support families to raise their children at home.
We work with our partners to train teachers and religious leaders so that they have the knowledge and awareness they need to protect children. We run campaigns to change people's behaviour and their perceptions of discipline. Our campaigns champion positive discipline and challenge existing thinking that perpetuates unnecessary family separation.
Not all children have safe access to quality learning in Cambodia, especially those from marginalised and vulnerable communities.


National Museum, Danish FolkMuseum, Copenhagen.
Institut fur Theaterwissenschaft, Universitat, Cologne.
The above vary greatly in content and accessibility. Usually the whole or a large part of the collection can only be seen on prior application.


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News / Russia
Russia to impose sanctions on German, French officials in tit-for-tat move over Navalny: Lavrov
Thursday, 12 November 2020 3:11 PM [ Last Update: Thursday, 12 November 2020 3:57 PM ]
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov says Russia will soon impose retaliatory sanctions on German and French officials over the alleged poisoning of the Russian opposition figure, Alexei Navalny.
Navalny, 44, fell seriously ill on a plane in Siberia on August 20 and two days later was flown to Germany for due treatment. His aides claimed that he had been poisoned before the flight.
However, Russian doctors who tested his blood for poisoning before he was moved to Berlin said the tests were negative.
In early September, Germany said Navalny had been poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent. Later, France, Sweden, and the UN's Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) echoed Berlin's allegation.
Moscow has strongly denied involvement in any attack on Navalny, who was discharged from Charite Hospital in Berlin in late September.
However, the European Union (EU) introduced sanctions on a number of Russian officials in October, alleging that the so-called "attack" could not have been conducted without the purported complicity of Russia's security services.
On Thursday, Lavrov stressed that Moscow would soon announce its own punitive measures against German and French officials in retaliation for the sanctions Berlin and Paris imposed on several Russian officials over the alleged poisoning.
"Since Germany was the driving force behind the European Union's sanctions connected to Navalny since these sanctions directly concern senior staff of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation, our response sanctions will mirror them," Lavrov said.
Kremlin won't tolerate EU approach toward Russia over Navalny case
Moscow denies involvement in any attack on Navalny, who was discharged from hospital in Berlin in late September.
Furthermore, the Russian foreign minister said that Moscow had "reason to believe" the nerve agent could have entered Navalny's body during his flight to Berlin's Charite Hospital where he was treated for 32 days, or while he was in Germany.
"We have all grounds to believe that everything, which had happened to him (Navalny) from the point of view of warfare agent's entering into his body, could have happened in Germany or on the plane where he was loaded and sent to the Charite clinic," Lavrov told an online news conference.
In mid-October, the EU sanctioned several Russian individuals over Navalny's case, including head of Russia's FSB domestic spy agency, Alexander Bortnikov, chief of policy at the Kremlin, Andrei Yarin, and deputy Kremlin chief of staff, Sergei Kirienko.
Brussels approved the sanctions after Germany and France, a week earlier, proposed measures against individuals they deemed responsible for the alleged poisoning, as well as entities involved in Russia's Novichok program.
The Russian nationals subject to new EU sanctions are now banned from traveling to the EU and any assets they hold in the bloc will be frozen.
Russia EU Sergei Lavrov Germany sanctions France Alexei Navalny
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Russia preparing to leave Open Skies Treaty after US exit
Putin: Russia to start mass COVID-19 vaccinations next week
Russian experts says Navalny had pancreatitis, was not poisoned
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Russia slams EU for 'acting as judge, jury' in Navalny case
Russia denounces French-German 'blackmail' over Navalny


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home Biography Johanna Braddy
pramesh Published On Fri May 22 2020 Modified On Wed Aug 12 2020
Facts of Johanna Braddy
Full Name Johanna Braddy
First Name Johanna
Last Name Braddy
Birth Name Johanna Elizabeth Braddy
Birth City Atlanta,Georgia
Birth Country U.S.A
Spouse Freddie Stroma
Married Date December 30,2016
of Johanna Braddy
What is Johanna Braddy marital status ? Married
Who is Johanna Braddy married with? Freddie Stroma
When was Johanna Braddy married? 2016
What is the height of Johanna Braddy? 171 cm
What is the weight of Johanna Braddy? kg
Who Is Johanna Braddy?
Thirty-two years old Johanna (Elizabeth) Braddy is a well-known actress from Atlanta, Georgia. She is mostly known for playing Princess Yue in five episodes of Avatar: The Last Airbender, who willingly sacrifices her life to save the moon spirit.
In 2009, she played a leading role in a horror film, The Grudge 3.
Why Is Johanna Braddy Famous?
Johanna Braddy is an American Actress who is known for playing Anna Martin in the Lifetime dark comedy-drama series Unreal in 2015.
She also worked along with side Priyanka Chopra Jonas in an ABC thriller Quantico, as Shelby Wyatt.
From 2012 to 2014, Johanna Braddy starred as Jenny Matrix in the Web series Video Game High School.
She also has appeared in movies like Hurt (2009), Easy A (2010), Paranormal Activity 3 (2011), and The Levenger Tapes (2011), which proves that she is a known face in the acting world.
Johanna Braddy Bio, Early Life, & Career
Johanna Braddy was born on August 30, 1987, in Atlanta, Georgia. She is the daughter of Jo Beth (a preschool music teacher, & vocalist), and Steve Braddy (an engineer). Likewise, she also has a brother Cole Braddy.
She graduated from McIntosh High School in Peachtree City, Georgia, in 2005. Johanna Braddy made her big-screen acting debut with an ABC Family television film Pop Rocks in the role of Olivia Harden.
Johanna Braddy was cast opposite Constance Zimmer and Shiri Appleby in the Lifetime dark comedy-drama, Unreal, in 2013.
Likewise, she also has guest-starred in shows like Southland, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Suburgatory, and Shameless.
Then in 2015, Braddy was the series regular in the ABC thriller Quantico along with Priyanka Chopra, Yasmine AI Massri, Graham Rogers, Jake McLaughlin, and Aunjanue Ellis. Her latest film was the 2015s movie Run in Tide, where she played Michelle Turner.
How Much Is Johanna Braddy Worth?
Johanna Braddy is worth around $3 million. The 2015s Streamy Award for Best Ensemble Cast winner is a successful TV-movie and series actress.
Hence, she reportedly charges over $70 thousand per episode of sereis she works in and is expected to cost over $200 thousand per movie.
Johanna Braddy with Pran
Since 2004, Johanna Braddy has appeared in over 16 Films, and 27 television sereis, which helped her to reach the net worth she is at now.
Johanna Braddy Relationship Status
Johanna Braddy was previously married actor Josh Blaylock on November 11, 2012. They Both co-starred in a web series Video Game High School. Near the end of June 2015, Johanna Braddy confirmed their divorce.
Johanna Braddy with Josh Blaylock
After her first marriage, she began dating Freddie Stroma in the summer of 2015, her Unreal co-star.
Johanna Braddy and Freddie Stroma
In May 2016, Johanna Braddy and Freddie Stroma got engaged and layer they married on December 30, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia.
Johanna Braddy- Body Measurement
Name Johanna Braddy
Birth-Date August 30, 1987
Birth-Place Atlanta,Georgia,U.S.
Height 5 ft 6 inches
Net Worth $3 million
FAQ's on Johanna Braddy
1. When was Johanna Braddy born?
Johanna Braddy was born on August 30, 1987, in Atlanta, Georgia.
2. How much is Johanna Braddy's Net Worth?
Johanna Braddy is worth around $3 million.
3. When did Freddie Stroma and Johanna Braddy get married?
In May 2016, Johanna Braddy and Freddie Stroma got engaged and later tied the knot on December 30, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia.


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Home Upskill 20 Great Toefl Exam Resources
19 Great TOEFL Exam Resources
The Test of English as a Foreign Language is a standardized language test that people, whose native language isn't English, must clear in order to enroll into an English-speaking university abroad. Started in the year 1964, it is now accepted by over 9000 universities all over the world. Preparing for such a test requires proper study materials, guides and practice tests. Below are a set of links to various resources that provide exactly what you need to ace the exam.
The official website of the ETS offers a variety of practice materials to help you prepare for the TOEFL iBT® test and build your English skills. Materials include free sample questions, practice tests, interactive skill-building programs, and detailed tips and information for understanding more about the test.
https://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/prepare
4 Tests offers you section wise practice tests for TOEFL.
https://www.4tests.com/toefl
Solve TOEFL practice quizzes and get access to materials to prepare for the exam.
https://www.thoughtco.com/toefl-vocabulary-practice-quiz-4061539
A collection of idioms which will be useful in cracking the vocabulary sections.
http://www.idiomsite.com/
This course gives you FOUR timed and graded TOEFL practice tests so you know what to expect before you take the exam [PAID]
https://www.testden.com/toefl/index.asp
NoteFull's Free TOEFL Online Email Course is the first step in a process that teaches you the structure, methods, exercises, skills, and techniques to get your "magic score" on the TOEFL – the score you need to achieve your goals.
https://www.notefull.com/content.php?pgID=250
Take TOEFL practice tests on Reading comprehension, sentence completion and correction.
https://www.testpreppractice.net/TOEFL/Free-Online-TOEFL-Practice-Tests.aspx
Choose from a full course or sectioned course. Every TOEFL question is explained in detail and comprehensive practice is delivered.
http://i-courses.org/
Take multiple practice tests for TOEFL to polish your skills on Graduates Hotline
https://www.graduateshotline.com/sampletoefl.html
Kaplan's online TOEFL prep is designed for busy people who want affordable, step-by-step guidance in a self-taught environment. 24/7 on-demand video instruction at your fingertips makes our Self-Paced course the most flexible option out there.
https://www.kaptest.co.uk/toefl
Examrace is one of the largest, accurate and comprehensive source of free study material for TOEFL iBT 2017
https://www.examrace.com/TOEFL/TOEFL-Study-Material/
Ultimate TOEFL Vocabulary List: The 327 Best Words to Know
https://www.prepscholar.com/toefl/blog/toefl-vocabulary-list/
Guide to the TOEFL iBT Introducing Magoosh's Guide to the TOEFL iBT!
https://magoosh.com/toefl/toefl-ibt-ebook/
A list of antonyms to help you study for the TOEFL.
https://www.examrace.com/TOEFL/TOEFL-Study-Material/English/English-Antonyms.html
com is a free database of exercises for students of English as a foreign language
http://www.nonstopenglish.com/default-022.asp
Examen English offers free practice tests to help you crack TOEFL.
https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/toefl_structure_1.htm
Important preparation techniques and tips to crack TOEFL
https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/152956-Important-preparation-techniques-and-tips-to-crack-TOEFL.aspx
Preparation Tips for TOEFL Reading Test that will give a better view to get success with the TOEFL Exam in Future.
https://www.hotcoursesabroad.com/india/test-preparation/how-to-prepare-for-toefl-exam/preparation-tips-for-toefl-reading-test/
Test Taking Strategies (HOW TO CRACK TOEFL iBT)
http://i-courses.org/toefl-ibt-preparation/test-taking-strategies
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SAN FRANCISCO (REUTERS) - A Chinese girl died in hospital on Friday, becoming the third fatality in the crash of an Asiana Airlines jet at San Francisco airport last Saturday, doctors and Chinese officials said.
The child, who died on Friday morning, had been in critical condition, according to a statement from two doctors at San Francisco General Hospital. The girl was a Chinese national, according to the Chinese consulate in San Francisco.
The crash landing of the Boeing 777 also killed two Chinese teenage girls and injured more than 180 other people. The two victims who died on Saturday were visiting the United States (US) to attend summer camp with a group of schoolmates.
Both fell out of the plane during the crash and one was run over by a fire truck rushing to the scene, the San Francisco Police Department said on Friday, although it was unclear whether she was still alive at the time.
The coroner in San Mateo County, where the airport is located, has said he will release the girls' autopsies results in about two weeks.
The bulk of injured passengers were taken to San Francisco General Hospital and to Stanford Hospital & Clinics.
San Francisco General, which originally received 67 patients, still has six, including two in critical condition.
Their injuries include spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, abdominal injuries, internal bleeding, road rash and fractures, the hospital said.
Stanford still has one patient, who is in serious condition, according to a spokesman. It treated 55 patients from the crash.
A handful of patients remain at other area hospitals, including one at St Francis and one at St Mary's.


text:
Ford hires Lowe's executive to lead automaker's data and software transformation
Ford Motor Co. CEO Jim Farley walks to speak at a news conference at the Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan, September 17, 2020.
Rebecca Cook | Reuters
DETROIT – Ford Motor has hired an online retail sales veteran as its new chief digital and information officer – marking the second high-profile appointment to CEO Jim Farley's executive team in the past week.
The automaker said Monday that Mike Amend, who was most recently president of online for Lowe's, will oversee Ford's data, software and technology, effective immediately. Those are key areas to Farley's Ford+ turnaround plan that's designed to reposition the automaker to generate more recurring revenue through software services.
"Mike adds dimension to our team as we use technology and software to transform our company and transportation from the inside-out," Farley said in a statement. "Ford has always been an innovator in vehicles; now we're taking our digital capabilities to new levels to further differentiate ourselves with customers and from competitors."
At Lowe's, Amend assisted in turning around the retailer's online strategy. The company's online sales more than doubled in 2020 compared with the year prior. The overhaul made it better positioned to capture dollars during the home improvement boom and it added a lot of new options, such as curbside pickup and in-store lockers where customers could retrieve online purchases.
Before Lowe's, Amend, 43, held similar positions with JCPenney and The Home Depot, according to his LinkedIn profile. He also previously worked at Dell Technologies and Sprint.
Ford said Amend's team will work closely with those led by Hau Thai-Tang, the company's chief product platform and operations officer, and Doug Field, who joined Ford last week from Apple as chief advanced technology and embedded systems officer.
Amend and Field are major hires for Ford, which is viewed by many investors as being behind crosstown rival General Motors when it comes to emerging technologies such as electric and automotive vehicles. Both are focuses under Ford's turnaround plan.
– CNBC's Melissa Repko contributed to this report.
Ford attracts Magna, Nedcar as potential new owners of Saarlouis plant
Honda Accord And Jeep Grand Cherokee Road Rage Causes Mayhem On George Washington Bridge
Ant Anstead and Hiroyuki Sanada learn the ins and outs of Mazda's 2024 CX-90
Why GM's new Chevy Corvette is a hybrid and not an all-electric car
Florida Crash With Tesla Was So Violent, An Engine Wound Up 50 Yards From The Wreck


text:
Q: On the operator norm
Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. We want to calculate
$$\|A\|^2 = \max_{v \in \mathbb{R}^n, \, |v|^2 =1} |Av|^2$$
a) Show that the attempted problem has a solution.
b) If $f(v) = |Av|^2$ and $h(v) = |v|^2$, what are the gradients of $f$ and $h$?
c) The square root of the value of the optimisation $\|A\|$ is called the operator norm. What would be the operator norm if $A$ is symmetric?

I don't actually know where to start as I am not sure exactly what I am calculating. Any start off hints would be greatly appreciated.

A: a) The set $\mathbb{S}^n = :\{v \ | \ |v|^2 = 1\}$ is compact and matrix multiplication is continuous so the map
$$f = h\circ T_A  : \mathbb{S}^n \mapsto \mathbb{R}^n$$
$$v \mapsto |Av|^2$$
where $h(v) = |v|^2$ must attain a maximum.
b) This is just chain rule
$$\nabla h = \nabla (v\cdot v) = 2 (\nabla v) v = 2 Iv = 2v $$
$$\nabla f = 2\nabla (Av)^T(Av) = 2A^TA v $$
see here
c) If $A$ is symmetric you will have a full set of orthogonal eigenvectors, so consider what happens to those in regards to their corresponding eigenvalues. You can show that $A$ and $A^2$ will have the same eigenvalues.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sam Sam's First Gotcha Day!
It was one year ago today that Sam Sam came to live at CatSynth HQ, and we are wishing her a very happy first Gotcha Day (adoption anniversary)!
She delights many with her unique markings and quirky antics.
Posted on December 7, 2017 December 7, 2017 by catsynth	This entry was posted in Cats, Personal, Samantha and tagged adoption anniversary, anniversary, cat, gotcha day, love, Personal, sam sam, Samantha, tuxedo cat. Bookmark the permalink.
Happy Gotcha Day, Sam Sam!
Happy Gotcha Day, Sam Sam! You sure picked the purrfect home.


Funny Stacy is a channel on YouTube, which is intended for the youngest part of the audience of videoplatform. The author of the channel is a little girl named Stacey. She created the channel in 2017, and literally for half a year has reached really stunning successes! Her success in the blogger's field is really impressive. The fact is that for such a short period the girl received more than 1.5 million subscribers, and some of her videos scored more than 50 million views!
What is the reason for this success? First, each video is perfectly shot and mounted. In addition, Stacy's parents carefully invent the script for each project, but there is room for improvisation. Secondly, the girl uses the most popular formats and genres that children-youtubers use. Finally, the last reason is that Stacey regularly updates the content of the channel.
The second section is called "Funny child". This section contains videos in which Stacey does not have to pretend to be an ill-bred child. In such videos, she demonstrates her lifestyle and recreation. It's like reporting on how the girl visits the museum with figures of dinosaurs, aqua parks, a variety of amusement parks. These amusement parks are like a different world, because they are dedicated to such cartoons as "Peppa Pig", "Paw Patrol", "My Little Pony". In addition, the girl shoots videos that pursue an educational goal. In similar videos, Emily and her doll teach small viewers the names of colors, shapes and natural phenomena.
Stacy le dio un nuevo pony de juguete.
Nastya y las muñecas quieren ir a la discoteca.
Stacy decora su nueva habitación de princesa.
Stacy y la muñeca aprenden y caminan juntas.
Stacy y papá limpian los juguetes en la habitación.
Stacy finge jugar con los juguetes de maquillaje y vestirse.
Stacy y papá están construyendo una nueva casa.
Stacy juega con juguetes y aprende a comer alimentos saludables.
Stacy está preparando un regalo para el cumpleaños de su padre.
Stacy y papá caminan soñolientos en una granja de ovejas.
Stacy compró las camas para sus muñecas.
Stacy con una muñeca que viaja al mar.
Stacy y la muñeca quieren dormir.
Stacy y papá se divierten en un parque de diversiones.
Stacy y papá tuvieron un extraño y extraño sueño.


text:
Australia Network News
Tourism project 'too massive' for Yap, says church
Updated Wed 5 Sep 2012, 9:16 AM AEST
Developers say the hotel project includes building a new airport, a new hospital and improving all the roads and ports in Yap
Flickr: David Weekly, file photo
Public opposition has led to the suspension of a major tourism development on Yap, in the Federated States of Micronesia.
China Exhibition and Travel Group's hotel development would cater for 10,000 visitors to the island by 2020.
One of the main opponents to the plan is the Catholic church.
Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
Yap is a state of the Federated States of Micronesia, which stretches more than 950 kilometres in the Western Pacific.
The main island of Yap is actually a group of four main islands within a barrier reef.
According to the most recent census (2000) the state of Yap has 11,200 people.
Yap is famous for its rai, or stone money, regarded by some observers as a form of currency and used in important social transactions
Father John Hagileiram has told Radio Australia's Pacific Beat program he thinks the project is too big for Yap.
"It's too massive for our island - our island is very small. There are only 11,000 people on this island, and this project proposes to create jobs for 10,000 people," he said.
"Who's going to fill these? Of the 11,000 people living here, only about half the people are in the workforce, so obviously they're going to bring in foreign people to fill these 10,000 jobs and this island is going to be overrun by foreigners."
Father Hagileiram says the church would back a smaller project which he says would help the development without overwhelming the island.
An advisor hired by the China Exhibition and Travel Group (ETG)says the government invited the company to invest in Yap in 2011.
Paul Conway has indicated the company isn't willing to downsize the proposed resort.
"Right now the project size is based upon Yap's request to materially improve the infrastructure of Yap," he said.
"ETG is being requested to build a new airport, a new hospital, improve all the roads and ports in Yap and as a result of the added infrastructure cost, which ETG is more than willing to do, it results in a larger resort."
Map Yap, in Federated States of Micronesia
Mr Conway says the company is talking to private landowners and the government's executive branch to secure a lease of land for the construction.
He says the development is an important step for securing Yap's future.
"The majority of the GDP for Yap today comes from financial aid from the United States, which is expected to expire in 2023," he said.
"So the governor of Yap and the president of Micronesia have made a bold step forward to develop tourism to help control its own destiny."
But Father Hagileiram says he is concerned increasing tourism could lead to an erosion of Yap's culture.
"They're going to bring in things like casinos and golf courses and hotels - all these are massive things that we have never experienced before," he said.
"We've never had these things before in our culture...the project is planning on making this a tourist destination - obviously it's going to be overrun by tourists and we're not capable of dealing with the effects."
Posted Wed 5 Sep 2012, 9:14 AM AEST


text:
Interviews / Champaign County / Featured Article
Volunteer Spotlight: Kathleen Flores at The Refugee Center
May 13, 2019 / 7:00am / By Julie Wagner
Kathleen Flores' typical day at The Refugee Center, formerly known as East Central Illinois Refugee Mutual Assistance Center, starts with answering the phone. "I'll speak English first," she tells me. "Then if they can't do that and I can detect what language they speak, I'll transfer them." Kathleen, 18 and a student at the University of Illinois, is bilingual in English and Spanish herself, but The Refugee Center serves populations in seven languages, including English, Spanish, French, Vietnamese, Russian, Cantonese, and Mandarin, and if needed, can arrange for services beyond those seven.
As a new arrival to the Champaign-Urbana area, Kathleen started volunteering at The Refugee Center only a few months ago for a class she's taking, but already sees herself continuing throughout her time as a student. Her passion for the work she does shines through as she tells me about The Refugee Center.
Although she does have Puerto Rican heritage, Flores tells me that she mainly learned Spanish from her childhood nanny, Lupe. She credits Lupe, a Mexican immigrant who left behind family and country in 2000, with giving her a lifelong passion for empowering and helping immigrants. "I see Lupe in all of the people I help," she says. "And it means so much."
"Even in a small town like Champaign-Urbana, there are still many, many people just walking into The Refugee Center every day for help," Flores says. The people who walk through the doors of center are as diverse as their needs. Flores recounts that one morning she might be helping an middle-aged women learn road signs to pass her driving test, and the next hour she might be helping a teen mother her own age fill out the confusing and time-consuming paperwork needed to receive WIC and SNAP benefits. Another day might bring someone in who has been arrested and needs legal help. Some people just want to learn English. All are eager to be helped, Flores says.
"It's so rewarding to be bilingual and able to communicate with people in the area who come in," Flores says. "The one-on one connection is amazing. The staff and volunteers work side-by-side and it's an awesome opportunity to learn."
Although this isn't her first volunteer experience — she taught English in Nicaragua and helped with after-school tutoring in high school — Kathleen says that The Refugee Center is a valuable experience to her because she learns so much about legal and social issues straight from the immigrants and refugees themselves, as well as having the opportunity to work alongside staff who are eager to teach her how to help and then allow her to work directly with the clients for hands-on experience.
The Refugee Center was founded in 1980 by Vietnamese refugees in the Champaign-Urbana area to fill the gaps in services that many new immigrants experienced as they transitioned to American culture. Since then, it has grown significantly, and very recently has moved from their longtime location on Birch Street in Urbana to share a building with Champaign-Urbana Public Health at 201 West Kenyon Road in Champaign. The Refugee Center is funded in large part by community donations, but they also receive support from Champaign County United Way, the Champaign County Mental Health Board, private grants and donors, the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and the Office of Refugee Resettlement.
If you're interested in learning more about becoming a volunteer for The Refugee Center, visit their Facebook page or stop by for a visit during business hours, Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.


text:
Women's eNews (https://womensenews.org/2013/01/gop-strategy-halts-approvals-new-judges/)
GOP Strategy Halts Approvals of New Judges
By: Sally J. Kenney | January 16, 2013
More on In the Courts
Subscribe to In the Courts
Credit: Joe Gratz on Flickr, under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC 2.0).
(WOMENSNEWS)–While women have been gnashing our teeth about the male composition of President Barack Obama's second-term cabinet, we've been distracted from what's going on in the federal judiciary, where the Senate has stalled the president's nominees–particularly those of women.
Obama has renominated 33 judicial nominees who languished in the last Congress. Eleven of these nominees had been recommended by the Senate Judiciary Committee, including four circuit judges. One, Richard Taranto, had been waiting since March 2012 for a vote of the full Senate.
Four of the nominees who have waited the longest for the Senate Committee to hold hearings– Caitlin Halligan (D.C. Circuit), Rosemary Marquez (Arizona), Jill A. Pryor (11th Circuit) and Elissa Cadish (Nevada)–are women. Nominee for the Middle District of Louisiana, Shelly Deckert Dick, finally received a hearing and was voted out of committee in the last days of the Congress, only to have the Senate fail to take action on the committee's favorable recommendation. Female circuit court nominees who waited in vain for action include Patty Shwartz (Third Circuit).
The federal judiciary currently has 72 vacancies, 17 more than when Obama took office. Six federal circuits and 27 federal district courts have a judicial emergency, according to the federal courts themselves, meaning courts simply do not have enough staff to manage their workload, delaying justice.
Arcane Procedure
When Obama's nominees did come to a vote last term, they were unanimously confirmed or received significant majorities with bipartisan support. Nevertheless, some senators have been using an arcane procedure to delay nominees that would be confirmed if the Senate voted.
Without public notice or accountability, they shut down the confirmation process months before the presidential election and have threatened nominees with a filibuster even if they enjoyed the support of both Republican senators from their home states.
They have thus given the president and the Senate majority leader the unhappy choice of proceeding with other Senate business or acting on judicial nominations, but not both.
Our federal courts decide important cases of reproductive rights, voting rights, affirmative action, employment discrimination and same-sex marriage–to name but a few of the fundamental rights we hold dear in the balance during the Supreme Court's next session.
It is imperative that women demand that Republicans end this obstruction of judicial nominees and fill all seats with judges who understand everyday Americans. Women need to turn up the heat on our senators to act swiftly and need to draw the public's attention to why courts matter.
The 20 female senators in the new Congress should seize this important moment. They do not need the agreement of their colleagues in the House to accomplish what could be Obama's greatest legacy–a diverse and representative third branch of government.
Obama has a better record of nominating women and minority men than any president, more than 40 percent. But he has also been slow to nominate and the Senate has acted much more slowly on his nominees than the Democratic Senate did on President George W. Bush's nominees.
Avoiding GOP Dominance
When Bush left office, Republican presidents had appointed more than 60 percent of sitting federal judges. Unless Obama and the Senate act, the federal courts will continue to be dominated by these GOP appointees.
The Senate filibuster procedure was designed to slow down the process if a senator believed the chamber was moving too swiftly on an important matter that, if it considered more carefully, would act differently.
In the past, a senator was required to speak nonstop to draw colleagues' attention to such an issue.
Now senators can merely withhold unanimous consent and if the Senate majority leader calls a halt and forces a vote he loses the ability to conduct other pressing business for a number of hours.
This process was intended to force careful consideration of legislation, not impede presidential nominations by stopping the legislative work of the Senate. A rule to ensure democratic deliberation is now twisted to allow a few to thwart the will of the many.
As just one example, in my state, Louisiana, the Senate adjourned without acting on the Senate Judiciary Committee's favorable recommendation of Dick for the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana. Once Obama won re-election, Sen. David Vitter no longer opposed her confirmation. She has enjoyed the continuous support of Louisiana's other senator, Mary Landrieu.
A window of opportunity is open for a short time. The closer we move to the next presidential election, the more Republicans will continue to simply run out the clock, as they did last term. Every American should demand that these nominations go forward to ensure that justice is done.
About Sally J. Kenney
Sally J. Kenney is the Newcomb College endowed chair, the executive director of the Newcomb College Institute and a professor of political science at Tulane University. Her latest book is "Gender and Justice: Why Women in the Judiciary Really Matter" (New York: Routledge, 2013). She is a co-founder of the Infinity Project and advocates for a diverse and representative judiciary worldwide.
More by Sally J.
High Court 2016 Lookout: 2 Cases on Reproductive Rights
By: Kimberly Jane Tan | January 18, 2016
One case concerns contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act. The other tests the reach of Roe v. Wade, the groundbreaking 1973 ruling on women's right to abortion that turns 43 on Jan. 22.
GOP Congress Threatens Overseas Family Planning
By: Sharon Johnson (WeNews senior correspondent) | January 12, 2015
Rep. Chris Smith, a New Jersey Republican, is expected to propose legislation that would permanently impose the Mexico City Policy, which has been a political flashpoint for three decades. United Nations health programs are a target too.


text:
from lexos.application import run

if __name__ == "__main__":
    run()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You earn requisition from battles and lair missions, as well as campaigns, and you can spend them on either specific weapon bases (mostly the standard versions, which unlike now will not be automatically placed into your inventory) or supply crates of various types. Supply crates contain weapon mods and bases with different rarities.
Some bases will be purely cosmetic differences, some will be upgrades (with an increase in loadout cost), and some will be unique that cannot take weapon mods but have stats and properties not available through modding. Examples of unique weapon bases include Plague Knives and Skorcha Rokkit Launchas.


below a lawned rise and rounded ship's-bridge windows.
which bind or loosen the south Limerick damp.
and points to a martyr's iron tears.
then ghosted away at a bend.
from Noonan's pumps and coal.
that has never found its country or its breath.
My novels The Mercury Annual and Pilgrims at the White Horizon are both available on Amazon, along with my poetry collections Batmans Hill, South Staffs and The Girl from Midfoxfields Good reads (to filch the title from another site).
An Apollo mission poem (the Apollo 11 mission forms the background to 'Bikes', below). This is more of an oddity than anything in Bowie's song. I don't know if it's in Plomer's Collected Poems. I found it in London Magazine: 25 Years, 1961-1985, edited by Alan Ross: a wonderful miscellany of contributors including Auden, Larkin, Nadine Gordimer, William Trevor and Keith Vaughan. Plomer's poem is in his handwriting.
'Inishbofin, Co. Galway, from the Ferry.' By my cousin, photographer Vince Conlon.
Here is a poem from my new 2015 collection, Come To Pass.
hulled miraculous from dross and switch.
assured that each fall has its pillow.
and beats down the world.
felt the minutes, hours, days flow down our skin.
and get himself misheard by history.
and windows sang of pinball wizardry.
netted with one wing twitching. We roared on.
He jumped stiff-legged, a toddler testing beds.
a flag to be unloved by July breeze.
rode home, hear time complaining at the snow?
to speed to joy to muscle—the right stuff.
of joy, of speed and fire, endless sun.


text:
The white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) is an Old World vulture native to South and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000, as the population severely declined. White-rumped vultures die of kidney failure caused by diclofenac poisoning.
In the 1980s, the global population was estimated at several million individuals, and it was thought to be "the most abundant large bird of prey in the world". As of 2021, the global population was estimated at less than 6,000 mature individuals.

It is closely related to the European griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). At one time it was believed to be closer to the white-backed vulture of Africa and was known as the Oriental white-backed vulture.

Taxonomy
The white-rumped vulture was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the vultures in the genus Vultur and coined the binomial name Vultur bengalensis.
Gmelin based his description on the "Bengal vulture" that had been described and illustrated in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had seen a live bird at the Tower of London and had been told by the keeper that it had come from Bengal. The white-rumped vulture is now one of eight species placed in the genus Gyps that was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny. The genus name is from Ancient Greek gups meaning "vultur". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description

The white-rumped vulture is a typical, medium-sized vulture, with an unfeathered head and neck, very broad wings, and short tail feathers. It is much smaller than the Eurasian Griffon. It has a white neck ruff. The adult's whitish back, rump, and underwing coverts contrast with the otherwise dark plumage. The body is black and the secondaries are silvery grey. The head is tinged in pink and bill is silvery with dark ceres. The nostril openings are slit-like. Juveniles are largely dark and take about four or five years to acquire the adult plumage. In flight, the adults show a dark leading edge of the wing and has a white wing-lining on the underside. The undertail coverts are black.

It is the smallest of the Gyps vultures, but is still a very large bird. It weighs , measures  in length, and has a wingspan of .

This vulture builds its nest on tall trees often near human habitations in northern and central India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and southeast Asia, laying one egg. Birds form roost colonies. The population is mostly resident.

Like other vultures it is a scavenger, feeding mostly on carcasses, which it finds by soaring high in thermals and spotting other scavengers. A 19th century experimenter who hid a carcass of dog in a sack in a tree considered it capable of finding carrion by smell. It often flies and sits in flocks. At one time, it was the most numerous vulture in India.

Within the well-supported clade of the genus Gyps which includes Asian, African, and European populations, it has been determined that this species is basal with the other species being more recent in their species divergence.

Behaviour and ecology

White-rumped vultures usually become active when the morning sun is warming up the air so that thermals are sufficient to support their soaring. They were once visible above Calcutta in large numbers.

When they find a carcass, they quickly descend and feed voraciously. They perch on trees nearby and are known to sometimes descend also after dark to feed. At kill sites, they are dominated by red-headed vultures Sarcogyps calvus.
In forests, their soaring often indicated a tiger kill. They swallow pieces of old, dry bones such as ribs and of skull pieces from small mammals.
Where water is available they bathe regularly and also drink water. A pack of vultures was observed to have cleaned up a whole bullock in about 20 minutes. Trees on which they regularly roost are often white from their excreta, and this acidity often kills the trees. This made them less welcome in orchards and plantations.

They sometimes feed on dead vultures. One white-rumped vulture was observed when getting caught in the mouth of a dying calf.
Jungle crows have been sighted to steal food brought by adults and regurgitated to young.

Allan Octavian Hume observed "hundreds of nests" and noted that white-rumped vultures used to nest on large trees near habitations even when there were convenient cliffs in the vicinity. The preferred nesting trees were Banyan, Peepul, Arjun, and Neem. The main nesting period was November to March with eggs being laid mainly in January. Several pairs nest in the vicinity of each other and isolated nests tend to be those of younger birds. Nests are lined with green leaves.
In Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, white-rumped vultures used foremost Terminalia arjuna and Spondias mangifera trees for nesting at a mean height of . Their nests were  long,  wide and  deep. Hatchlings were seen from the first to the second week of January.

Solitary nests are not used regularly and are sometimes taken over by the red-headed vulture and large owls such as Bubo coromandus. The male initially brings twigs and arranges them to form the nest. During courtship the male bills the female's head, back and neck. The female invites copulation, and the male mounts and hold the head of the female in his bill. Usually, the female lays a single egg, which is white with a tinge of bluish-green. Female birds destroy the nest on loss of an egg. They are usually silent but make hissing and roaring sounds at the nest or when jostling for food. The eggs hatch after about 30 to 35 days of incubation. The young chick is covered with grey down. The parents feed them with bits of meat from a carcass. The young birds remain for about three months in the nest.

Mycoplasmas have been isolated from tissues of a white-rumped vulture. Mallophagan parasites such as Falcolipeurus and Colpocephalum turbinatumhave been collected from the species.
Ticks, Argas (Persicargas) abdussalami, have been collected in numbers from the roost trees of these vultures in Pakistan.

A captive individual lived for at least 12 years.

Status and decline

In the Indian subcontinent

The white-rumped vulture was originally very common especially in the Gangetic plains of India, and often seen nesting on the avenue trees within large cities in the region. Hugh Whistler noted for instance in his guide to the birds of India that it "is the commonest of all the vultures of India, and must be familiar to those who have visited the Towers of Silence in Bombay." T. C. Jerdon noted that "[T]his is the most common vulture of India, and is found in immense numbers all over the country, ... At Calcutta one may frequently be seen seated on the bloated corpse of some Hindoo floating up or down with the tide, its wing spread, to assist in steadying it..."

Before the 1990s they were even seen as a nuisance, particularly to aircraft as they were often involved in bird strikes. In 1941 Charles McCann wrote about the death of Borassus palms due to the effect of excreta from vultures roosting on them. In 1990, the species had already become rare in Andhra Pradesh in the districts of Guntur and Prakasham. The hunting of the birds for meat by the Bandola (Banda) people there was attributed as a reason. A cyclone in the region during 1990 resulted in numerous livestock deaths and no vultures were found at the carcasses.

This species, as well as the Indian vulture and slender-billed vulture has suffered a 99% population decrease in India and nearby countries since the early 1990s. The decline has been widely attributed to poisoning by diclofenac, which is used as veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), leaving traces in cattle carcasses which when fed on leads to kidney failure in birds. Diclofenac was also found to be lethal at low dosages to other species in the genus Gyps. Other NSAIDs were also found to be toxic, to Gyps as well as other birds such as storks. It was shown between 2000-2007 annual decline rates in India averaged 43.9% and ranged from 11-61% in Punjab. Organochlorine pesticide residues were found from egg and tissue samples from around India varying in concentrations from 0.002 μg/g of DDE in muscles of vulture from Mudumalai to 7.30 μg/g in liver samples from vultures of Delhi. Dieldrin varied from 0.003 and 0.015 μg/g. Higher concentrations were found in Lucknow. These pesticide levels have not however been implicated in the decline.

An alternate hypothesis is an epidemic of avian malaria, as implicated in the extinctions of birds in the Hawaiian islands. Evidence for the idea is drawn from an apparent recovery of a vulture following chloroquine treatment. Yet another suggestion has been that the population changes may be linked with long term climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

Affected vultures were initially reported to adopt a drooped neck posture and this was considered a symptom of pesticide poisoning, but subsequent studies suggested that this may be a thermoregulatory response as the posture was seen mainly during hot weather.

It has been suggested that rabies cases have increased in India due to the decline.

In Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, the near-total disappearance of white-rumped vultures predated the present diclofenac crisis, and probably resulted from the collapse of large wild ungulate populations and improved management of dead livestock, resulting in a lack of available carcasses for vultures.

Conservation

Currently, only the Cambodia and Burma populations are thought to be viable though those populations are still very small (low hundreds). It has been suggested that the use of meloxicam (another NSAID) as a veterinary substitute that is safer for vultures would help in the recovery. Campaigns to ban the use of diclofenac in veterinary practice have been underway in several South Asian countries.

Conservation measures have included reintroduction, captive-breeding programs and artificial feeding or "vulture restaurants". Two chicks, which were apparently the first captive-bred white-rumped vultures ever, hatched in January 2007, at a facility at Pinjore. However, they died after a few weeks, apparently because their parents were an inexperienced couple breeding for the first time in their lives – a fairly common occurrence in birds of prey.

References

Other sources
 Ahmad, S. 2004. Time activity budget of Oriental White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in Punjab, Pakistan. M. Phil. thesis, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
 Grubh, R. B. 1974. The ecology and behaviour of vultures in Gir Forest. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay, India.
 Grubh, R. B. 1988. A comparative study of the ecology and distribution of the Indian White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and the Long-billed Vulture (G. indicus) in the Indian region. Pages 2763–2767 in Acta 19 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Volume 2. Ottawa, Canada 22–29 June 1986 (H. Ouellet, Ed.). University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Ontario.
 Eck, S. 1981. [Thanatose beim Bengalgeier (Gyps bengalensis)]. Ornithologische Jahresberichte des Museums Heineanum 5-6:71-73.
 Naidoo, Vinasan 2008. Diclofenac in Gyps vultures : a molecular mechanism of toxicity. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria. Fulltext (Includes old photos showing their numbers)

External links
 Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: Asian white-backed vulture
 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 media on Arkive
 Indian white-backed vulture media on the Internet Bird Collection

white-rumped vulture
Birds of prey of Asia
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
Critically endangered fauna of Asia
white-rumped vulture
white-rumped vulture

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text:
\section{Introduction}

In the last two decades, astronomical observations  have suggested that the universe behaves like a spatially flat scenario, dominated by cold dark matter (CDM) plus an exotic component endowed with large negative pressure, usually named dark energy (DE) \cite{Weinberg2013,Caldwell2009,Huterer16}.  On the other hand, one of the most important quantities to understand the cosmic history is the
current expansion rate $H_0$, its determination  has a practical and theoretical importance to many  properties of the universe (nature of dark energy, cosmic curvature, mass of neutrinos and the total number of families of relativistic particles, etc) \cite{2012arXiv1202.4459S,2021A&ARv..29....9S}. However, an accurate determination of the Hubble constant remains a puzzle in the current observational cosmology,  from which has emerged  the so-called $H_0$-tension problem: a significant tension ($5\sigma$) between  the current expansion rate of our Universe measured from the cosmic microwave background by the Planck satellite (plus a flat $\Lambda$CDM model - $H_0= 66.9 \pm 0.6$ km/s/Mpc) \cite{2020A&A...641A...6P} and from local methods (SHOES program-$H_0= 73.04 \pm 1.04$ km/s/Mpc) \cite{2021arXiv211204510R}. Curiously,  the H0LiCOW collaboration, by using  a flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology and six gravitationally lensed quasars, found  $H_0=73.3^{+1.7}_{−1.8}$  km/s/Mpc, in 3.1$\sigma$ tension with Planck observation \cite{2020MNRAS.498.1420W}. On the other hand, by considering different cosmological probes, a $H_0$ estimate also was performed in a  model-independent way  via Gaussian process by the Ref.\cite{2021arXiv211103152G}, being found $H_0=73.78 \pm 0.84$ km/s/Mpc, which is in agreement with SH0ES and H0LiCOW estimates, but in 6.2 $\sigma$ tension with the current CMB measurements.  A detailed summary of all the measurements, tensions and related theories to resolve the $H_0$ tension can be found in ~\cite{Bethapudi,DiValentino21,2021A&ARv..29....9S,Julien,Verde,Freedman21}.
Therefore,  in order to bring some light on this puzzle, it behooves us to try additional methods to estimate $H_0$.

As a result of this $H_0$-tension, different cosmological scenarios beyond the flat $\Lambda$ cold dark matter have emerged in literature. For instance, a possibility of new physics in the form of modifying or adding energy components was discussed by  Ref.~\cite{2018JCAP...09..025M}.  Ref.~\cite{2018PhRvD..97j3529B}  advocated that the inclusion of nonlinear relativistic evolution leads to the emergence of the spatial curvature\footnote{In this context, the mean spatial curvature evolves from spatial flatness of the early universe towards slightly curved present-day universe.} alleviating the tension. A thermal production of axions coupled to heavy leptons was discussed by  Ref.\cite{2018JCAP...11..014D} as a way  to  alleviate the $H_0$ tension. Moreover, possible observational, statistical and astrophysical biases  have also been explored in order to explain the tension (see, for instance, \cite{2021A&ARv..29....9S} for more details).

An interesting method to constrain the Hubble
constant is that  by using
galaxy cluster angular diameter distances obtained from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) plus X-ray observations \cite{2002ApJ...581...53R,2006ApJ...647...25B}. This is  independent of any calibrator usually adopted in the determinations of the
distance scale.
It is possible to take advantage of the different
electron density dependencies in these phenomena and evaluate the angular diameter distances of a galaxy cluster sample \cite{1999PhR...310...97B}. Along these lines,  Ref.\cite{2007MNRAS.379L...1C} combined the galaxy cluster SZE/X-ray data with  measurements of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and obtained $H_0 = 73.8^{+4.2}_{−3.3}$ in a flat $\Lambda$CDM model (only statistical errors). The Ref.\cite{2012JCAP...02..035H} considered a joint analysis involving the galaxy cluster SZE/X-ray data,  baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the CMB Shift Parameter signature to obtain $H_0$ in more general dark energy models. For non-flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmologies $H_0 = 73.2^{+4.3}_{−3.7}$ km/s/Mpc, whereas for a flat universe with a constant dark energy equation of state parameter it was found $H_0 = 71.4^{+4.4}_{−3.4}$km/s/Mpc (only statistical errors)~\cite{2012JCAP...02..035H}. Thereafter, Ref.\cite{2014MNRAS.443L..74H} explored the robustness of the SZE/X-ray technique by  searching for systematic errors and its dependence from the cosmological model used. It was found that the $H_0$ value is very weakly dependent on the underlying cosmological model, but the morphology adopted to infer the distance to galaxy clusters changes the result considerably (see also \cite{2018BrJPh..48..521D}). Galaxy cluster X-ray gas mass fraction and the baryon acoustic oscillation measurements were also combined in order to obtain tight limits on $H_0$ considering the flat $\Lambda$CDM and XCDM models, and the non-flat $\Lambda$CDM model \cite{2020JCAP...09..053H}, the $H_0$ values obtained were:$H_0=65.9^{+1.5}_{-1.5}$ km/s/Mpc, $H_0=65.9^{+4.4}_{-4.0}$ km/s/Mpc and $H_0=64.3^{+ 4.5}_{- 4.4}$ km/s/Mpc in $2\sigma$ c.l., respectively, in full agreement with the Planck satellite results.

Particularly, in a  recent $H_0$ estimate from galaxy cluster observations, the authors of the Ref.\cite{2019A&A...621A..34K} evaluated this parameter by considering the following galaxy cluster scaling-relation, $Y_{SZE}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XSZ}Y_X = C $, where $Y_{SZE}D_{A}^{2}$ is the integrated Comptonization parameter of a galaxy cluster obtained via Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) observations multiplied by its angular diameter distance,  $Y_X$ is the  X-ray counterpart, $C_{XSZ}$ is a constant and $C$ an arbitrary constant (if galaxy clusters are isothermal, $C$ would be exactly equal to unity, or constant with redshift if the galaxy clusters have a universal temperature profile) \cite{2006ApJ...650..128K,2010ApJ...715.1508S,2011MNRAS.416..801F,2012MNRAS.422.1999K,2012A&A...539A.120B}. The scaling-relations in galaxy clusters rise from the simplest model for the formation of structures, when gravity is the dominant process. In this scenario,  simple scaling-relations between basic galaxy cluster properties and the total mass are predicted by self-similar models\cite{1986MNRAS.222..323K}. By using 61 galaxy clusters with redshifts up to $z < 0.5$ \cite{2011A&A...536A..11P} observed with Planck and XMM-Newton, the authors from Ref.\cite{2019A&A...621A..34K} found $H_0 = 67\pm 3$ km/s/Mpc. However, it is  important to stress that the constant $C$ was obtained  from hydrodynamical simulations of massive clusters in a specific cosmological model (a flat $\Lambda$CDM model with $H_0=72$ km/s/Mpc and $\Omega_M=0.24$).

In this paper, we propose a new method to obtain $H_0$ by combining the galaxy cluster scaling-relation measurements, namely, $Y_{SZE}D_{A}^{2}/C_{XZS}Y_X = C$ obtained from joint SZ/X-ray observations, with type Ia supernovae observations. Our method is divided into two parts: first, we consider  the cosmic distance relation validity $(D_A=D_L(1+z)^{-2})$,  SNe Ia observations and a sample of galaxy cluster scaling-relation measurements in low redshifts ($z<0.1$) to put observational limits on the $C$ ratio. We then consider a flat $\Lambda$CDM model for $D_{A}$, a Planck prior on $\Omega_M$ (the matter total density parameter) and put limits on $H_0$ by using the remaining galaxy cluster-scaling relation measurements with $z>0.1$ from the original sample. The complete galaxy cluster sample is  composed  of  61  $Y_{SZE} − Y_X$ measurements obtained from the first Planck mission all-sky data set \cite{2011A&A...536A..11P} jointly with deep XMM-Newton archive observations within the following redshift interval: $0.044 \leq z \leq  0.444$.  It is very important to comment that our method does not depend on any hydrodynamic simulations, such as those performed by Ref.\cite{2019A&A...621A..34K}.  The fundamental idea of our method  is based on  the $C$ quantity to be constant with galaxy cluster redshift (or at least in the redshift range of the sample considered). As we shall see,  we obtain a low $H_0$ estimate, $H_0=63.583^{+6.496}_{-5.685}$ km/s/Mpc, in full agreement with the latest results from {\it Planck mission}.

The manuscript is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{data}, we briefly explain the cosmological data sample used in our analysis. The methodology adopted in this work is presented in Section~\ref{methodology}. Section~\ref{sec:analysis} describes our analysis and results. We conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Cosmological data}
\label{data}

Our $H_0$ estimate is performed by using the following data set:

\begin{itemize}
\item  $Y_{SZE}-{Y_X}$  measurements of 61 galaxy clusters obtained from the first {\it Planck mission} all-sky data set jointly with deep XMM-Newton archive observations \cite{2011A&A...536A..11P} (see Fig~\ref{fig:ratio}). This is also known as the Planck-ESZ catalog.  This sample was detected at high  signal-to-noise  within the following redshift interval and mass, respectively: $0.044 \leq z \leq 0.444$ and $2 \mbox{x} 10^{14} M_{\odot} \leq M_{500} \leq 2 \mbox{x} 10^{15} M_{\odot}$, where $M_{500}$ is the total mass corresponding to a total density contrast of $500\rho_c(z)$, being $\rho_c(z)$  the critical density of the Universe at the cluster redshift. As it is largely known, one needs to add some complementary assumptions about the galaxy cluster physical properties in order to estimate their $Y_{SZE}-{Y_X}$  measurements. The thermal pressure ($P$) of the intracluster medium for each galaxy cluster used here was described by the Ref.~\cite{2011A&A...536A..11P} via the universal pressure profile discussed in details by the Ref.\cite{2010A&A...517A..92A}. This universal profile was obtained by comparing  the observational data  with simulated data, being the observational data  representative sample of nearby clusters covering the mass range $10^{14}M_{\odot} < M_{500} < 10^{15} M_{\odot}$). The $T_X$ quantity was measured in the $[0.15-0.75] R_{500}$ region. The Ref.~\cite{2011A&A...536A..11P} showed that the $\frac{Y_{SZE}D_{A}^{2}}{C_{XSZ}Y_X}$ ratio for  galaxy clusters considered in this work has very small scatter, at the level of $\approx 15\%$ (by using $D_A$ calculated from the {\it Planck mission} flat $\Lambda$CDM framework,). Moreover, it was also verified that this scaling-relation does not seem to depend crucially on the dynamical state of the clusters. Note that we used the same redshifts as provided in Planck ESZ papers~\cite{2011A&A...536A..11P}. Note however that some of these redshifts have been updated~\cite{Boraepj}.

\item SNe Ia: The Pantheon sample \cite{pantheon} considered in this work, is the most recent sample of SNe Ia consisting of 1049 spectroscopically confirmed data points and covering a redshift range of $0.01 \leq z \leq 2.3$ (see Fig~\ref{fig:Pantheon}). The luminosity distance, $D_L$ from its apparent magnitude ($m_b$) and the absolute magnitude $M_B$ is given by the following relation

\begin{equation}
\label{MB_eq}
D_L=10^{(m_b-M_b-25)/5} \text{Mpc}.
\end{equation}
 The cosmic microwave background constraint on the sound horizon to the SN absolute magnitude $M_B$ using the parametric-free inverse distance ladder predicts $M_B=-19.401 \pm 0.027$ mag~\cite{Camarena_2020,Camarena_2021}. Actually, it is  obtained using the Hubble constant estimated by the Planck Collaborations in the context of a $\Lambda$CDM model, $H_0 = 67.36 \pm 0.54$ km/s/Mpc. This is the value used here. Moreover, within our methodology, we must use SNe Ia at the same  $z$ of galaxy cluster to obtain its luminosity distance. For this purpose we apply the Gaussian process method on the luminosity distances of SNe Ia data to find out the central value with the corresponding variance.
\end{itemize}

\vspace{0.2cm}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=10cm, height=6cm]{ratio.png}
   \caption{61 $Y_{SZ}/Y_X C_{XSZ}$ galaxy clusters sample as a function of redshift\cite{2011A&A...536A..11P}. The $z<0.1$ sample are shown by red data points used to estimate the universal constant $C$. The blue points show the sample $z>0.1$ used to obtain the Hubble constant, $H_0$.}

    \label{fig:ratio}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=10cm, height=6cm]{pantheon.png}
   \caption{The luminosity distance $D_L$, of full Pantheon(Type Ia SNe) sample as a function of redshift.   }

    \label{fig:Pantheon}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=10cm, height=6cm]{DL.png}
   \caption{The non-parametric reconstruction of luminosity distance as a function of $z$ at cluster's redshift. For this purpose, we use the Gaussian Processes Regression method~\cite{Haveesh}. The  black line along with the crimson shaded region shows the GP fit and $1\sigma$ error. The blue data points are Pantheon data in $z<0.1$.}

    \label{fig:DL}
\end{figure}

\section{Methodology}
\label{methodology}
\subsection{Galaxy cluster scaling-relation}
The Inverse Compton scattering between the CMB photons and the electrons present in the intra-cluster gas is characterized by a parameter called the integrated Compto-ionization parameter, $Y_{SZ}$~\cite{1999PhR...310...97B}.
$Y_{SZ}$ and its X-ray counterpart i.e. $Y_X$ both approximate the thermal energy of the intra-cluster gas within a cluster~\cite{More}.
It is well known that the ratio of $Y_{SZ}$ to $Y_X$ is nearly  constant as a function of redshift, as both of them scale with mass and redshift exactly in a  similar  manner ~\cite{2011A&A...536A..11P}. Therefore, both these ratios are different proxies for the thermal energy of the cluster~\cite{More}.

\begin{equation}
\frac{Y_{SZ} D_A^2 }{C_{XSZ} Y_X} = C
\label{eq:firstratio}
\end{equation}
where $C_{XSZ} \approx 1.416 \times 10^{-19} \left( \frac{ Mpc^2}{M_\odot keV}\right)$. $D_A$ is the angular diameter distance to the cluster.
$C$ is an arbitrary constant which contains all the cluster's astrophysics. If galaxy clusters are isothermal then $C = 1$, and if galaxy clusters can be represented by an universal temperature profile then $C$ is expected to be a constant w.r.t redshift~\cite{loken02,galli,colaco19}. The simulations indicate a low scatter of $5-15\%$~\cite{planelles17,biffi14,fabjan11,kay12,stanek10}.

The quantity $Y_X$ depends on the intra-cluster gas mass, $M_g$ and also $Y_X \propto M_g \propto D_A^{3/2} D_L$. Again, if we consider a valid CDDR relation in a reference cosmology with $\Omega_m = 0.3$ and $H_0 = 70$ km/sec/Mpc then we get, $Y_X \propto (D_A^{ref})^{5/2}$. So in order to make our analysis independent of the reference cosmology, we multiply the $Y_X$ with $D_A^{5/2}$/ $(D_A^{ref})^{5/2}$. So from Eq~\ref{eq:firstratio}, we can write,

\begin{equation}
\frac{Y_{SZ} (D_A^{ref})^{5/2} }{C_{XSZ} Y_X D_A^{1/2}} = C.
\label{eq:ratioeq}
\end{equation}
As it is largely known,  the hierarchical structure formation theory results in galaxy cluster scaling-relations, where gravity is the dominant process. In other words, self-similar models predict simple scaling relations between basic galaxy cluster properties such as the above scaling relation \cite{1986MNRAS.222..323K}. It should be stressed however these relations are valid only if the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium
holds. This assumption also breaks down in disturbed systems undergoing mergers.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=14cm, height=8cm]{hist.png}
   \caption{The distribution of C with mean value of $C=0.89\pm0.15$.}

    \label{fig:hist}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Obtaining $C$ from a joint analysis with GC and SNe Ia}

If we consider the validity of duality relation(CDDR) then $D_L = (1+z)^2 D_A$~\cite{mendonca21_cddr} and the  SNe Ia observations, the Eq~\ref{eq:ratioeq} can be recast as,

\begin{equation}
C = \frac{Y_{SZ}(1+z)(D_A^{ref})^{5/2} }{C_{XSZ} Y_X D_{L,SNe}^{1/2}} .
\label{eq:ratio}
\end{equation}
 Then, we use the galaxy cluster data with $z<0.1$ in order to obtain $C$. It is worth pointing out that the fundamental idea of our method  is based on  this quantity to be constant with galaxy cluster redshifts (or at least in the redshift range of the sample considered). Following the simulations, we have added a scatter of 15$\%$ in our analyses. As commented before,  $D_L$ for each galaxy cluster  is estimated from the SNe Ia Pantheon sample via Eq~\ref{MB_eq} by applying the Gaussian Process Regression (see ~\cite{Haveesh} and references therein) at the cluster's redshifts (See Fig~\ref{fig:DL}). In Fig~\ref{fig:hist}, we plot the distribution of $C$ with mean value of $C=0.89 \pm 0.15$. Then, $C = 1$ is only marginally compatible with the data, indicating a departure from an isothermal assumption
for the temperature profile of the galaxy clusters used in our analysis.

\subsection{Obtaining $H_0$ from galaxy cluster scaling-relation}

In order to obtain the Hubble constant, we can return to Eq~\ref{eq:ratio} and consider a flat $\Lambda$CDM model to $D_L$, then,

\begin{equation}
(D^{\Lambda CDM}_{L})^{1/2} = \frac{Y_{SZ}(1+z)(D_A^{ref})^{5/2} }{C_{XSZ} Y_X C}.
\end{equation}
Finally, substituting the observational $C$ value and considering
\begin{equation}
D^{\Lambda CDM}_{L} (z) = \frac{c (1+z)}{H_0}\int_{0}^{z}\frac{dz^{'}}{\sqrt{(\Omega_m(1+z)^3 + (1-\Omega_m))}},
\label{eq:dl}
\end{equation}
one may estimate the $H_0$ value by using the galaxy cluster data from \cite{2011A&A...536A..11P}  with $z>0.1$.

\section{Analysis and Results}
\label{sec:analysis}

The log-likelihood function used to estimate the parameters ($\Omega_m,H_0$) is given by,

\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:logL2}
   -2\ln\mathcal{L} =  \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{D_{L}^{\Lambda CDM}(\Omega_m,H_0)^{1/2} - \frac{Y_{SZ}(1+z)(D_A^{ref})^{5/2} }{C_{XSZ} Y_X C}}{\sigma_{i}} \right]^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{n} \ln 2\pi{\sigma_{i}^2}.
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
Here $\sigma_{i}^2$ stands for the observational errors in $Y_{SZ}, Y_X, D_A^{ref}$, $D_L$, and $C_0$ which is calculated by the error propagation method. We use the $\tt{emcee}$ MCMC sampler~\cite{emcee} to maximize the log-likelihood(Eq~\ref{eq:logL2}). Here, we adopt a Gaussian prior for $\Omega_m$ ($\mu, \sigma$ = 0.3156, 0.0091) and a Uniform prior for $H_0$($40 \leq H_0 \leq 100$). Our main results are shown in Fig~\ref{fig:planck},  which show the 68\%, 95\%, and 99\% confidence level along with the marginalized one-dimensional likelihoods for each of the parameters $(\Omega_m,H_0)$. We report: $H_0 = 63.583^{+6.496}_{-5.685}$ for the Planck ESZ sample. As one can see,  the $H_0$ values estimated from our analysis is consistent with the Planck $H_0$ value within $1\sigma$. Again, it is worth to comment that our method does not depend on any hydrodynamic simulations in a specific cosmological model, such as those performed by the Ref.\cite{2019A&A...621A..34K}. Moreover, our result  points for the robustness of the SZE/X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters, as well as for an observational verification of the scaling-relation as given by the Eq~\ref{eq:firstratio}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=9cm, height=8cm]{planck.png}
   \caption{The 1-D marginalized likelihood distributions along with 2-D marginalized constraints showing the 68\%, 95\%, and 99\% confidence regions for the parameters $\Omega_m$ and $H_0$, obtained using the {\tt Corner} python module~\cite{corner}.}

    \label{fig:planck}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
We proposed a  method for determining $H_0$ using joint SZ/X-Ray observations of galaxy clusters in conjunction with Type Ia SNe. By using galaxy cluster data with $z<0.1$, we first determine the ratio of the integrated SZ compton-ionization parameter to its X-ray counterpart (cf. Eq~\ref{eq:firstratio}) considering the cosmic distance duality relation to express the angular diameter distance, which is present in the aforementioned ratio to the luminosity distance ($D_L$) (see Eq~\ref{MB_eq}). At each cluster redshift, we obtained an independent estimate of $D_L$ using Type Ia supernova and an interpolation technique (see Fig~\ref{fig:DL}).  From this step we obtained: $C=0.89 \pm 0.15$ (see Fig~\ref{fig:hist}). For this purpose, we used a subsample from a original galaxy cluster  data consisting of 61 Planck ESZ clusters in the redshift range $0.044 \leq z \leq 0.444$ (see Fig~\ref{fig:ratio}).

Then, we considered a flat $\Lambda$CDM model for $D_{A}$, a Planck prior on $\Omega_M$ (the matter total density parameter) and put limits on $H_0$ by using the remaining galaxy cluster-scaling relation measurements with $z>0.1$ from the original sample and the $C$ value obtained from first step (where we used galaxy clusters with $z<0.1$). As one may see, the key assumption of our method  is based on  the $C$ quantity to be constant in the redshift range of the sample considered. Finally, by using the galaxy cluster data in higher redshifts ($z>0.1$) We obtained a low $H_0$ estimate, $H_0=63.583^{+6.496}_{-5.685}$ km/s/Mpc (see Fig~\ref{fig:planck}).

It is worth to stress that the $H_0$ estimate obtained with the galaxy clusters in higher redshifts ($z>0.1$)  is in full agreement with the latest one from {\it Planck mission}, $H_0 = 67.36 \pm 0.54$ km/s/Mpc, in the context of the flat $\Lambda$CDM model, being the same that one used to obtain $D_L$ from SNe Ia observations in our analysis. In other words, our result  points for the robustness of the SZE/X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters, as well as for an observational verification of the scaling-relation as given by the Eq~\ref{eq:firstratio}. Finally, our method did not depend on any hydrodynamic simulations in a specific cosmological model to obtain the $C$ parameter.

\section*{ACKNOWLEDGEMENT}
We would like to thank Dr. Shantanu Desai for his valuable comments on this manuscript. KB acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for providing the financial support under DST-INSPIRE Fellowship program. RFLH
thanks CNPq No.428755/2018-6 and 305930/2017-6.

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