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Pathfinder Adventure Path, Starfinder Roleplaying Game, Starfinder Society Subscriber. Organized Play Member. 35,711 posts (36,154 including aliases). 1 review. 1 list. No wishlists. 27 Organized Play characters. 16 aliases.
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Is Pathfinder magic just a kind of science?
LazarX Nov 16, 2015, 09:25 am
Pathfinder Adventure Path, Starfinder Roleplaying Game, Starfinder Society Subscriber
thejeff wrote:
LazarX wrote:
Boomerang Nebula wrote:
Perhaps it is, or perhaps not. But we do know that Pathfinder magic is modelled/approximated by rules that are mathematical. We don't really understand how quantum physics works but we do know it can be accurately modelled with mathematics. I see more similarities than differences between the two systems.
Pathfinder magic is modeled to be part of a wargame simulation that has been having roleplaying layers bolted onto it for the last four decades.
The only theory that the design follows is gaming theory.
Yeah, the big problem with any scientific analysis of PF magic is that it very quickly leads to the discovery of spell levels and character levels and different character classes and the whole paraphernalia of game mechanics.
It's not just magic that's effected, it's the revelation that creatures and things move in quantum steps that break down into huge 5 foot stages. Try to imagine our world if quantum effects were that visible. :)
Medium Archmage Spirit Spellcasting
Askanipsion wrote:
Wow I really want to love the Medium but I am so disappointed how the final version turned out.
Many of their class features specifically the ones dealing with Haunts will never get used.
Just because YOU may not use them, does not mean someone else won't.
Flanking Bonuses stack right?
Faelyn wrote:
The only way I know to somehow get more than one flanking bonus would be Pack Flanking with your AnC/Familiar and then have tradition flanking positioning with another person. I do not believe that flanking bonuses would stack; however, I do not know any specific rule that states otherwise.
The approach is simple. You have the general rule on stacking bonuses. if the mechanic you use does not SPECIFICALLY call out an exception, the general rule applies. Which in this case means No, they do not stack.
Summoner's Eidolon summoning questions
Scei wrote:
There's also a point in the text that says the ritual summons the eidolon to your "side." That begs the question of distance or not.
To me that seems to be the textbook definition of "adjacent space".
Can you be a bit more specific? Especially on how you would get more than one flanking bonus?
The general rule is that bonuses of the same type do not stack. The only exceptions are dodge and untyped bonuses. Since flanking IS a type of bonus, multiple instances, however you're managing them, do not stack. You take the highest.
Gencon wooden tokens- how to get them
EBay.
Negative boons for eidolons
Xellrael wrote:
I recently played a scenario which granted a permanent negative boon for failing a saving throw. My eidolon failed. The GM asked me to post here to find out if the negative boon actually stays with the eidolon.
I believe that an eidolon shouldn't be able to receive a negative boon because an eidolon shouldn't be able to receive a positive boon. There is too much room for abuse by effectively doubling some of the best boons. That is just my opinion, of course.
Please point me to any official rulings that you know of.
It's not the eidolon that's receiving a boon.. It's the Summoner who's been inflicted with a permanent modification on one of his class features. And yes, that's legit.
Player empowerment versus "correct" choices
Insain Dragoon wrote:
Even assuming you aren't confusing the term optimization for combat optimization, please tell me how it's a bad thing to be combat optimized? How does being good at winning fights make me a worse roleplayer? How does losing fights make me a better roleplayer? What does my combat ability have to do with all the skill points I shove into non-combat skills every level?
No one ever said it was. But you can usually tell the difference between the player who uses mechanics to build a roleplaying concept, and one who uses rationalization to justify a game-breaking build.
Sell Me On These Two Core Deities
You don't need to be "sold" on anything.
Golarion is a huge toolbox of stuff to build stories with. You don't have to use them all.
Take a look at any of the Pathfinder Tales novels. Generally they mention one or a couple of other gods. All the others might as well not exist.
As a GM decide what kind of narrative you want to build your campaign around and use the elements that fit. Golarion is intentionally built this way if you break the world down region by region.
Hell vs the Abyss
Gisher wrote:
The Blood War.
Interesting, it gives a possible origin story for Asmodeus. It also matches up with my initial assumption of the contest being an unwinnable war for either side. Whilst Hell might be better organised, the Abyss has far greater numbers.
For YOUR game it certainly can. As far as Paizo canon goes, it's been stated by the devs that the last thing they wanted to do was repeat what Wizards had already done.
One of the changes they did in that way wss to make Asmodeus an out right diety.
Those were not intended to be flippant questions. Some well renowned scientists have stated that the origin of the universe is not amenable to scientific inquiry because it can't be reproduced.
And for the most part those are scientists that are mired in an outmoded approach to science.
Cosmology is not looking to reproduce the Big Bang. What it's looking to do is to refine the present model in order to come up with the best possible scenario that predicts the universe we have today and give us a more refined idea on how it's going to evolve. We have used science to push back farther and farther in time to give us general models of what we think the universe was at a given date.
So far, we've got good approximations up to Zero Plus 10 the minus 40th power second.... the value of the Planck Constant. The current challenge is to push past that. And we may very well find out that doing so might require changing our ideas radically of the time before that point.
What would you do in this morally difficult situation?
LazarX Nov 15, 2015, 09:49 pm
Ghray wrote:
So I had a very interesting D&D session the other day. I host a game that has players currently in the Numeria campaign setting, but their original world is one of my own making called Verda. The main is an artifically intelligent robot called Scion who built a huge army of machines to conquer Verda in Numeria. Currently, Scion is using a small, temporary portal to pass between both worlds but is building a massive portal to link Verda and Numeria, so it bring its full army over.
The leaders of Verda has learned of Scions intentions thanks to the players and most are bringing their army to stop the construction of the portal. The players however have found a quick and dirty way of destroying the portal: essentially nuking it. There is a crystal, when overloaded, will detonate like a small nuclear warhead. (and yes, they know how it works due to other Numerian characters explaining it).
This is the delimma: the machine army is located inside a city of nearly 100 thousand lives. If they nuke it, virtuallu everyone dies, but the army and portal are stopped. If they dont, then the players need to find a way to stop Scion amd his army on Verda.
My players took 20 minutes, bouncing in and out character, decideding what action to take. Destroy an entire city for certain, killing 100 thousand people, or finding another way. They choose finding another way, but what would you do?
Some folks might get a kick out of playing Torchwood D20. If that was the kind of game I wanted, then I wouldn't allow a 3rd option.
But since that's not the kind of story I'm interested in. Nor am I interested in setting up some twisted idea of morality defined by Hobson's Choice. That means Heroes do what heroes do... and that is finding a third option that does not involve mass murder.
How are GMs handling "ammo" for Psychic cantrip TK Projectile?
Matthew Morris wrote:
Only thing that annoys me about the power is that it doesn't take into account what is thrown. Throw silver coins? Doesn't count as silver. Throw a vial of alchemist's fire? Well even though the vial broke from damage, it doesn't splash or do anything.
Most annoying.
That's the price of handwaving inventory. Also just handwaving silver coins would be an end run around the price of actually making silver weaponry.
Psychics really should not be basing their build around a zero level cantrip.
My Self wrote:
darth_borehd wrote:
There is an argument that Pathfinder magic is just science with different rules.
Magic has elements of whim and arbitrariness which pretty much moves it out of the set laws of science.
Actually it makes it similar to quantum physics and chemistry.
Quantum Physics still has bounds defined by mathematics It's what makes doing science in it possible. Magic in literature and legend isn't bound by math or logic.
Except that in Pathfinder, it is bound by logic. Perhaps a different logic, but there's logic somewhere.
The logic that Pathfinder uses is story based, not mathmatic, and frequently not consistent. Some of the legacy stuff such as the material components of lightning bolt and fireball are simply humor pieces carried over from AD+D. And some of it is symbolic.
The most important difference is that what magic does can't be produced on an assembly line by rote-trained labor with no magical talent. And much of the most mighty forms of magic can't be repeated at all. Pathfinder magic isn't bound by what players are allowed to in the rulebooks. There are magical effects that PC's can never duplicate. You can't make for instance a factory that produces Starstones on demand.
But more importantly, Magic produces answers without giving progression on questions to ask. Magic is and endall to development, rather than something that spurs an innovator to a further path of improvement.
Gather Power with two move actions allowed?
The rules only give support for one move action used to gather power.
Otherwise the progression is as follows.
! move action of gather power to save 1 pt.
1 full round action of gather power to save 2
1 full round action plus one move action of the next turn of gather power to save 3 which is the maximum amount of gathering supported by rules text.
There is a difference between 1 full round action and 2 move actions. If the full round action is interrupted, you lose the full round of activity.
I might not be as Old School as I thought
Mark Hoover wrote:
I don't want to get my old school card revoked
I'd be happy to burn mine in public. Back in the old days, I loved AD+D so much, I took a ten year leave of absence from it, and played RPGs that had nothing to do with TSR.
Sin Mage in Core?
ComicViolence wrote:
Thanks guys. ... also I don't know how to use a Spoiler Tag :-(
When ever you post take a look at the bottom of that window... There's that helpful "How to format your text" with the Show button next to it. It's got all the power tricks to posting you'll ever need.
Giving Martials A Touch Of Magic?
Nohwear wrote:
I have this basic idea for a world where nothing can be permanently changed without magic. Does anyone have any ideas of how use it with Pathfinder? Preferably without relying on 3PP, just hand waiving, or completely nurfing martial.
What does that mean? You can't chop a tree, take a bite out of a sandwich, or or pass your crap without magic? after all those are all permanent changes.
Whenever you make broad predicates like these, you must codify them.
Modern Humans!
This thread makes me want to look up all those old SNL skits of Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer.
I'm Pounding the Table for a Pathfinder City Hardcover
And you're expecting this to sell at what price????
I don't want my setting books mixed with APs, even though I buy both. If I'm running an adventure, I certatinly don't want to be running back and forth through a hardback to reference an encounter.
These are two different kind of products best kept separate.
Recommend your "core" setting books
Wildfire142 wrote:
Apart from the Inner Sea Guide and Inner Sea Gods what four other books do people consider essential to run games set in Golarion?
If you're running printed PFS scenarios or AP, they pretty much have all the information that's needed. You only need the books for building your own.
Kirth Gersen wrote:
So far in this thread, food allergies are the only actual danger that's been presented. The rest as been hyperbole, hand-wringing, and outright fantasy (dissolving tomatoes decimating our food supply, for example). So, of all these other deadly dangers we should be cognizant of, please be so good as to enumerate a few of them.
You'll find me to be easy to convince by presenting actual evidence, but not at all by calling names and hurling accusations.
If food allergies were the only concern. (they're not has shown previously), that would be enough. Food Allergies can KILL.
SmiloDan wrote:
Um. Maybe you should study some basic anthropology. Modern humans have been around for tens of thousands of years. It also takes a lot of intelligence to survive in pre-agrarian societies.
What you are proposing is borderline racist. Just a kindly warning.
Neolithic man was smart enough to make beer.
From what we can tell the true tipping point was not an enlargement of brain size. (Neanderthal man's was larger than those of modern Humans), but the sudden explosive development of language.
Damon Griffin wrote:
Registering my guess, with no supporting evidence, regarding Hank Henshaw:
Some people have speculated Henshaw may be the Martian Manhunter, on the strength of nothing more than a flash of red eyes and a comment that he "used to" have a family.
In the comics, Hank Henshaw became the Cyborg Superman after his human body was disintegrated by radiation; he beamed his mind into the birthing matrix that carried Superman from Krypton to Earth as an infant and constructed a cyborg body in the image of Superman. I'm going to go out on a limb and guess that Kara's ship, which we know the DEO has on hand, was at some point involved in transforming Director Henshaw into a not-fully-human form.
Note that this is from a no-longer canon continuity in which Kryptonians aren't naturally born, and Kal-El was shipped off planet as a developing fetus, rather than a young child.
Jacob Saltband wrote:
So in the comics was Henshaw a telepath? That was the impression I got from the lastest episode.
He's the Cyborg Superman... able to integrate with any piece of technology. He was one of the four would be replacements when Superman was killed by Doomsday.
On the Problems with Communication, Discourse, and Social Justice
GM_Beernorg wrote:
Well, if they can sell Moby Dick as an action/adventure movie, then anything is possible I guess (am I the only one horrified by the turning of a literary classic into a mindless man vs. nature informed action flick?)
Considering that it was a well acted high production flick, you may not be the only one, but you're definitely in a minority.
Need Helpful Suggestions For My Pathfinder Site
What I like about the site is the sheer web mastery that's displayed.
What I'm a lot less keen about is the attitude displayed and encouraged.There are enough Players with the attitude the self entitled attitude that they can dictate to their GMs without a support site encouraging them further.
Caineach wrote:
That type of engineering is what I'm calling haphazard and reckless.
Why? Its being done in a controlled environment with lots of precautions taken.
Once the product is used out in the wild,any notions of a "controlled environment" go out the window.
Hot Button Topics: Is this the place for them?
We have a roleplaying game whose elements include politics. They include religion. Religion was a hot enough topic in the game way back when, that TSR came up with the "bright" idea of appeasing the fundamentalists by coming up with godless clerics, in an idiot move to appease the parents who were going ape s@$% on their precious child playing a Cleric of Apollo/Bahamut/Pelor. As well as taking out the two "D" classfications of devils and demons.
Paizo is making a further political statement by opening up characters outside of the so-called white "cis" norms. So politics is not avoidable. The discussion, which on the whole I think was rather productive on the long term about trans and lgbt characters in Golarion is an example of this. And I don't think that Paizo as a company is going to walk away from that topic.
On the whole I think the heated religion and political discussions here are a good thing. But there isn't a sword in anyone's back forcing them to click on the thread titles if they don't want to swim in the pool. But wanting to close the pool for others is rather selfish, I think.
And from what I've seen, the involvement of Paizo's staff in moderation hasn't slowed down the monthly deluge of new product.
>>Ask *James Jacobs* ALL your Questions Here!<<
On a related segway, how many more genres are you planning to put into Golarion, region-limited, or not?
It seems sometimes that Golarion is turning into a version of "The Starlost"'s EarthShip Ark.
Everything else being equal, the rice would certainly help, but it's not a panacea.
Is that a viable standard? GMOs are bad and evil and should be banned because, even though they certainly help, they're not a panacea? Because that's exactly what a number of people in the thread seem to be saying.
No it's a caution that because you've applied a topical treatment to one symptom of a problem, that there is a danger for mistaking it as a long term or comprehensive solution.
One example is Marijuana. It can be an important element in pain relief caused by the side effects of certain treatments. That doesn't eliminate the problems that careless use can cause.
James Jacobs wrote:
David Neilson wrote:
Silly question, do people dig up and burn coal in Golarion? Is mining in general influenced by the issue that if you go too deep you can break into a hostile underground world?
Yup; coal is used as a fuel in Golarion.
Mining is also influenced by the fact that you can break into the Darklands, but the lure of money is usually enough to take the risk.
If it's something that people dig up on the surface, wouldn't it be peat, the precursor to coal?
Nope. It's coal. There's also peat burning too, though.
Whenever folks ask questions like this, my first reaction is to go to Wikipedia and research the topic. For coal, it looks like we humans have been burning coal for THOUSANDS of years. Just burnign coal does not mean steam engines are "just around the corner."
But yeah... my general take is that if we humans have had something several thousand years, it sure as hell is a thing on Golarion.
And it's also worth noting that the first steam engine was built by Hero in the time of the Ancient Greeks, but it was ridiculed as being good for nothing more than a toy that could do nothing that slaves couldn't do better and cheaper. Progress can be easily sidelined by cultural bias... or historical upheavals that bring down a culture before it's inventions can spread or progress.
Kalindlara wrote:
From what I recall, it wasn't just about diversity of vegetables. The potatoes themselves had become a genetic monoculture as well.
That's essentially the textbook definition of a lack of biodiversity.
Philosophy of Science and the Scientific Method
Jean-Paul Sartre, Intrnet Troll wrote:
More on trolleys
ABSOLUTE FREEDOM!
Irontruth wrote:
Hmmm. I've spent a fair amount of time in Toronto and had no problems with either cars or bicycles there, either. It may be that the U.S. is simply far less pedestrian-friendly a place for some reason (maybe because Canada is covered in snow for seemingly 2/3 of the year)? In that respect, Oslo would likely be more similar to GTO than to Houston, or so I'd think.
The US is extremely bike-unfriendly, which helps worsen cyclist behavior.
In NYC from 2007 to 2010, there was a 15% decline in pedestrian-cyclist injuries requiring medical attention (4 deaths from 2006-2013), but there was a 50% increase in cycling activity. This is the same period when the city starting making more bike lanes.
In comparison, pedestrians account for roughly 14% of motor vehicle deaths every year in the US. That's about 4,000 every year, or roughly 12 a day.
During the period of 1996 to 2005, there were 11 deaths in NYC, but that number seems to have declined.
Edited, found some better numbers.
The NYC Citibike program was recently extended to Jersey City. Not knowing when I was going to fix my bike, I took advantage of an early bird membership. At the same time many of our one way streets have received bike lanes.
Grey Lensman wrote:
Krensky wrote:
I'll just leave this here...
I consider this the litmus test on how reactionary one's GMO stance is.
It's a complicated issue, Yes the rice is Vitman A enriched, and Vitamin A deficiency is a major health issue in places where the rice is being implemented. How much of it is absorbed by the body? Is it wise to hang nutrition on on one food as opposed to trying to develop a variety of foods growable in the region?
What is the impact on biodiversity in agriculture from using golden rice? One might remember that a lack of biodiversity was the direct cause of the Irish potato famine.
Yes, by all means, let's celebrate violent, destructive, futile acts by people opposed to advancing technology because it imperils their interests.
Nice way to ignore the fact that these were people defending their livelihoods in an age without safety nets for folks that were soon to be put on the not-working list.
I'm pretty sure that if you were told that your job was going to be taken away, and you didn't have things like unemployment insurance or any other piece of the modern social safety net, you'd be as the Brits would say... "somewhat annoyed".
Yes, the Luddites acts are worth celebrating, because everything that Labor ever got from management, it wasn't from just asking politely. It involved struggle, and frequently, blood.
Ring of Vanish?
GM Rednal wrote:
400,000 GP, please. That would be the equivalent price of a +20 enhancement bonus, minus half because it doesn't add to your damage, only your chance to hit.
On the other hand since it isn't an enhancement bonus it stacks with the enhancement bonus your weapons may have, so that balances things out a bit the other way.
And if you understood WHY and WHO the Luddites actually were, you'll see that I don't count the name as the insult you intended it to be.
Yeah, basically the Luddites saw the problem correctly, but didn't have a good solution.
By definition, they really couldn't have a good solution. That as you note, would be a matter of externally imposed reforms, which as one might observe were fought against tooth and nail by the corporate magnates.
Pretty much all the Luddites could do was prove that they weren't going to be quietly swept under the rug without a fight.
And frequently when progress is made by the labor movement, it starts with hopeless battles like these.
Thank you for proving my point.
Which was?
What is know about the Elf exodus and Sovyrian?
blackbloodtroll wrote:
What is known?
Qualify your question. If the rest of the question is ... by the average Yokel Joe, the answer is little to nothing, and most of what he "knows' is most likely wrong. Not even the Pathfinder Society knows that much of the details.
Deighton Thrane wrote:
Also, to expand on what LazarX mentioned, or maybe correct it, the gate linking Golarion and Castrovel isn`t technically Elven.
They do have monopoly control over the gates... and they intend to keep it that way.
Yakman wrote:
James Sutter wrote:
On the subject of whether elves are from Golarion or Castrovel: I find it's really fun to have it be ambiguous. There's some pretty strong circumstantial evidence that they're from Castrovel, but on page 10 of Distant Worlds, we deliberately say that nobody *really* knows which planet they evolved on, and that there's a certain amount of planetary pride at play. I love the idea of Golarion's elves—who many races see as snooty—rankling at being viewed as "provincials" by the elves of Sovyrian. :)
I guess I never caught that.
I always assumed that they were from Golarion and found the portals to Castrovel.
I had read both pieces of material which why I did not put anything on my posts about the elves being FROM Castrovel. As it's stated, the actual origin details are in dispute. It's something long ago even by elven reckoning.
CBDunkerson wrote:
Yes, companies are using GMO technology to increase profits... e.g. making pesticide resistant plants rather than plants which have inherent insecticide properties. However, that doesn't change the fact that GMO could be used to develop these improvements. Ergo, protests should be aimed at corporate misbehavior, not a potentially beneficial technology.
I could use a chain saw for a haircut, that doesn't mean that it's the appropriate or safe tool for the job. I don't have enough of the background to say whether GMO's have a possible benefit. But quite frankly, the issue is with the GMO's as they exist now, and how they are implemented NOW. If these things can be some super panacea, than why hasn't Monsanto done so, of if they can't or won't, why hasn't some compeititor undercut Monsanto by DOING so?
Anti-science catastrophizing by luddites who don't know what they're commenting on but, God bless them, they're going to keep raising a ruckus because of their feels.
No, I don't claim to be an expert on GMO's, but a lot of people who DO have the scientific credentials, are raising questions and issues that are not being answered by Monsanto. And given the similar history that we've had with the tobacco companies, who like Exxon, DID know the truth but hid it anyway, you may forgive my well-earned skepticism about Monsanto's benevolence, and my reluctance to blindly trust their products.
DM moving to the U.S.
Reebo Kesh wrote:
Next February I'm moving to the U.S.
Did they warn you about the ebola?
But you need to be more specific about your questions. Such as what kind of work you're looking for. And your preferred environment. And yes, generally the better places are going to be rather painful in rents.
I live in the Hudson County, NJ area, one walk and a Path ride to the City.
Todd Stewart wrote:
GMO technology allows us to better serve public health, reduce food waste, increase crop yield per acre, use less fossil fuels, reduce pesticide runoff, reduce herbicide runoff, reduce bacterial contamination of food, and increase crop efficiency. Somehow this is bad, "not natural", or a giant conspiracy between corporations and scientists to poison people, just like vaccines and chemtrails
I've also heard the same sort of claims from scientists that were hired by the tobacco industry about cigarettes. The increase in crop yield is questionable compared to sustainable non-GMO techniques.
The main purpose of marketing GMO seeds to farmers is to encourage increased use of herbicides, also coincidentally enough, marketed by Monsanto. So what we have are increasing levels of toxicity in our food. This has led to an increase in food allergies, including some very toxic ones in some cases.
Also in the same way that over use of antibiotics is leading to resistant super bacteria, the increased use of herbicides because of GMO plants will lead to herbicide reistant weeds as well.
Reducing Food Waste? Perhaps you missed John Oliver's excellent video on the subject. Food waste hasn't been reduced, it's continuing to skyrocket.
The reason GMO's are considered bad is that the only positive effect that they seem to generate is increased profit for companies like Monsanto. Profits that come at the cost of a lot of collateral harm to farms, the environment, and the consumers.


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text:
Q: cpp Why boost::thread inside for loop not iterating through all values and same values are being pushed? i am trying to use boost::thread to run bash script on command line in parallel.
bash script writes args values to the log file.
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    std::string nIndexLine = nIndex[i].line;
    boost::thread z(CommandLineRun, nIndexLine);
}

void CommandLineRun(const std::string& Command)
{
    int systemRet = system(Command.c_str());

    if(systemRet == -1){
        // The system method failed
    }
}

above code works, but i see same entries multiple times, in the log file. .e.g. if nIndex has 500 values then value of nIndex[0] gets written 500 times in log file.
so imho for loop is not iterating through all entries., but if i remove boost::thread, then for loop is working as expected.
What am i doing wrong ?
i dont want any output from command line, i just want it to run the command on command line. and dont bother with it again.

update : turns out
boost::raplce_all causing the issue. it was just before boost::thread

A: Your CommandLineRun() function receives a reference to a string that may have changed, or even disappeared when the function is actually called.
You should try this:
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
    boost::thread z(CommandLineRun, nIndex[i].line); // refer to the original string.
    z.detach();                 // making this explicit makes your intent clear
}

void CommandLineRun(std::string Command)  // getting a copy of the string
{
    int systemRet = system(Command.c_str());

    if(systemRet == -1){
        // The system method failed
    }
}

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American household name Ford Motor will spend $11 billion by 2022 to bring 40 electrified models to market under plans announced Sunday at the North American International Auto Show here. Toyota Motor has also reiterated its aim of introducing electric, fuel cell or hybrid vehicles across its premium Lexus lineup by 2025.
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text:
OSA Publishing > Optics Express > Volume 18 > Issue 21 > Page 21705
Influence of substrate configuration on the angular response pattern of infrared antennas
Jeffrey A. Bean, Brian A. Slovick, and Glenn D. Boreman
Jeffrey A. Bean,* Brian A. Slovick, and Glenn D. Boreman
College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL), University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2700, USA
*Corresponding author: jbean@mail.ucf.edu
J Bean
B Slovick
G Boreman
pp. 21705-21713
Jeffrey A. Bean, Brian A. Slovick, and Glenn D. Boreman, "Influence of substrate configuration on the angular response pattern of infrared antennas," Opt. Express 18, 21705-21713 (2010)
Directional control of infrared antenna-coupled tunnel diodes (OE)
Influence of dielectric substrate on the responsivity of microstrip dipole-antenna-coupled infrared microbolometers (AO)
Infrared antenna measurement of the spatial coherence function (OE)
Carbon dioxide lasers
Planar lenses
Transmission coefficient
Infrared (040.3060)
Detectors (250.0040)
Thin film devices and applications (310.6845)
Original Manuscript: August 10, 2010
Revised Manuscript: September 21, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: September 22, 2010
3. Fabrication
4. Simulation and measurement
The far-field angular response pattern for dipole antenna-coupled infrared detectors is investigated. These devices utilize an asymmetric metal-oxide-metal diode that is capable of rectifying infrared-frequency antenna currents without applied bias. Devices are fabricated on both planar and hemispherical lens substrates. Measurements indicate that the angular response can be tailored by the thickness of the electrical isolation standoff layer on which the detector is fabricated and/or the inclusion of a ground plane. Electromagnetic simulations and analytical expressions show excellent agreement with the measured results.
The radiation pattern of a transmitting antenna and by reciprocity, the angular response pattern of a receiving antenna, is dependent upon the type of antenna and its surroundings [1]. If an antenna is placed at the interface of two dielectrics, the pattern will differ from that of an antenna in free space due to the boundary conditions imposed on the electromagnetic fields [2]. By manipulating the substrate configuration of a receiving antenna, the angular response pattern can be modified in a controlled manner.
This paper studies the direct detection of a continuous wave incident beam through the use of a rectifying diode coupled to a dipole antenna. To study the effects of the substrate on the angular response pattern of infrared antennas, three different device configurations are considered: a planar substrate with an insulator layer above a ground plane, germanium hemispherical lens substrate with insulator layer, and the latter with an additional insulation layer and ground plane.
The angular response patterns of infrared antennas have been investigated previously, but have mainly employed the use of microbolometers for detecting incident radiation [3, 4]. When subjected to infrared radiation, the temperature of the bolometer changes and consequently, so does its resistance [5]. Detection of incident infrared radiation is then measured using a constant voltage supply while monitoring the current flow through the bolometer. However, this yields a distributed response that receives contributions from both the antenna and lead structure, since the entire structure heats up due to the incident radiation. The bolometer is unable to distinguish the origin of the temperature change unless the temperature coefficient of resistance of the bolometer is much greater than the antenna and lead structures. This response due to non-antenna elements can be determined and the response calibrated [6], but can be mitigated altogether by replacing the microbolometer with a rectifying element, such as an MOM diode.
2.1 Dipole Antenna Angular Response
A half-wavelength dipole can be represented by two isotropic radiators, separated by one-half wavelength, which radiate equally in all directions [7]. The radiated fields possess a phase difference dependent on the spacing of these radiators and on the direction of radiation, which can result in constructive or destructive interference. Along the antenna axis, the phases of the radiated fields are separated by 180° due to the half wavelength spacing. These fields therefore cancel, giving rise to the fact that dipole antennas do not radiate along the antenna axis. However, in all directions perpendicular to and at the center of the antenna axis, there is no phase difference between the radiated fields because there is no spatial difference, and therefore their amplitudes add to the maximum. For all other directions, the radiated field amplitudes are between zero and the maximum. These field amplitudes, however, are altered if the antenna is placed at the interface of two materials. There, the antenna will radiate more strongly into the material with higher permittivity [8, 9]. Based on reciprocity, this means that a detector receives radiation preferentially from the material with the higher permittivity. This paper investigates the influence of the substrate configuration on the far-field angular response pattern for infrared antennas.
2.2 Antenna-coupled MOM Diode Infrared Detectors
Antenna-coupled MOM diodes have been shown to function as rectifying detectors from the long wave infrared (LWIR) [10] up to optical frequencies [11]. For a half-wavelength dipole at the resonant frequency, a maximum in the current distribution occurs at the center. When a MOM diode is located at the center of the dipole, incident radiation gives rise to Fermi level modulation and rectification of resonant currents along the antenna [12]. If an asymmetric MOM diode is used, full functionality is achieved without biasing, providing for simplified circuitry and lower noise operation [13, 14].
Devices were fabricated on both planar substrates and the flat side of a hemispherical lens. For the planar substrates, a silicon wafer was coated with 100 nm of aluminum to form a ground plane and 1.6 µm of benzocyclobutene (BCB), which serves as an electrical insulation layer as well as a quarter-wave layer for 10.6 µm radiation. A thin standoff layer (47-475 nm) of SiO2, which serves as an electrical insulation layer, was deposited on the flat side of the germanium hemispherical lens using electron beam evaporation. The curved surface was uniformly coated with a zinc sulfide quarter-wave anti-reflection coating using electron beam evaporation with a rotating stage [15].
Dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal (MOM) diode devices were patterned with electron beam lithography (EBL) and fabricated with a shadow evaporation procedure, which has been detailed in Refs. 13 and 14. EBL is chosen for the patterning of devices because of the small dimensions that are necessary for infrared detectors; the width of the dipole antennas must be less than 300 nm to promote longitudinal resonance [16] and the diode overlap area must be on the order of 100 x 100 nm to provide for rectification of 28.3 THz currents [17].
Aluminum was used for the base metal layer, which forms a native oxide in the presence of oxygen, and platinum is used to complete the MOM diode. The device consists of a dipole antenna with a MOM diode at the center, connected to direct current (DC) electrical leads, and is shown in Fig. 1 . The dipole width is 100 nm and the Al/AlOx/Pt MOM diode overlap, which is approximately 75 x 75 nm, is shown in the inset image.
Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrograph of a dipole antenna-coupled MOM diode infrared detector. The dipole is 100 nm wide and 60 nm thick. Inset: detail of the MOM diode overlap area, which is approximately 75 x 75 nm.
The material properties of the substrate and comprising materials of the device were characterized using an infrared ellipsometer to obtain layer thicknesses, refractive indices, and dielectric loss tangent. The device characteristics at 28.3 THz (10.6 µm) were used in the simulations to accurately model the device response to illumination from a CO2 laser operating at 10.6 µm. Electromagnetic simulations for the fabricated devices were performed with Ansoft HFSS, using measured material properties. Analytical expressions based on the Fresnel coefficients were also used to compare the measured data and simulation results.
The devices were wire bonded into a chip carrier and placed on a goniometer stage with 8 degrees of freedom. The angular response pattern can be measured by placing the device at the axis of rotation of the goniometer and co-aligning to the laser beam. The output beam of the CO2 laser is attenuated to a low power using neutral density filters, chopped with a mechanical chopper, and focused with F/8 optics to a near diffraction-limited spot size of approximately 230 µm. The devices were aligned using the method detailed by Krenz et al [18]. The devices were connected to low-noise current preamplifier, whose output is fed to a lock-in amplifier referenced to the frequency of the mechanical chopper. All measurements presented in this paper were measured without applying a bias on the device. It should be noted that the angular-response patterns measured in this manner are plotted on a scale linear in power.
4.1 Substrate-side Illumination through Hemispherical Lens and Insulating Film
The first set of devices were fabricated on a thin electrically insulating film of SiO2 on top of the flat surface of a 10 mm diameter hemispherical immersion lens. A generic form of the cross-section of the device under test (DUT) and substrate is shown in Fig. 2 . The arrow represents the propagation vector of a plane wave incident from the hemispherical substrate. In this case, the substrate is germanium and the film is SiO2. The hemispherical lens is intended to replicate a dielectric half space. The center line of the incident beam remains normal to the curved surface throughout the angular pattern sweep. The laser beam is focused on the the device and the polarization of the electric field of the incident radiation is parallel to the antenna since a dipole responds to the parallel component of the electric field. The antenna is rotated about its axis to produce the H-plane angular pattern.
Fig. 2 Cross sectional illustration of a device fabricated on a thin insulating film on a germanium hemispherical lens. The hemispherical lens is very large compared to the wavelength of incident radiation, while the thickness of the SiO2 film is very small compared to the incident wavelength. The incident beam is normal to the curved surface and consequently aligned with the device at the center of the lens.
Previous research has shown that the electric field at the dipole on the interface is equal to the incident field times the transmission coefficient [8]. The fraction of the incident power that reaches the antenna will be proportional to the squared norm of the transmission coefficient for the interface on which the antenna is fabricated. The film can be regarded as a Fabry Perot cavity with a transmission coefficient [19]
(1)t=(1+rtf)(1−rif)e−iδ1−rtfrife−i2δ,
where rtf is the reflection coefficient at the bottom interface in Fig. 2, rif is the reflection coefficient at the top interface, and δ is the phase shift due to propagation in the film layer, calculated as
(2)δ=2πλ0dnf2−ni2sin2θ.
where λ0 is the wavelength of incident radiation in free space, d is the thickness of the film, n is the refractive index of the respective material, and θ is the angle of arrival. The thickness d is taken to be negative since the angle of arrival is measured relative to the film-air interface, not the substrate-film interface. The reflection coefficients r12 in Eq. (1) are given by
(3)r12=n1cosθ−n22−n12sin2θn1cosθ+n22−n12sin2θ.
The angular response pattern in the H-plane is shown in Fig. 3 for a 3.1 µm half-wavelength dipole on a 47 nm layer of SiO2 illuminated through the germanium hemispherical lens. The rectified current of the MOM diode is proportional to the optical power at the MOM diode and as such, the squared norm |t|2 represents the angular response pattern of the device. The red data points indicate the measured data, the solid blue line indicates the HFSS simulation, and the dotted black line plots the squared norm |t|2 of the transmission coefficient shown in Eq. (1).
Fig. 3 H-plane angular response pattern of dipole ACMOMD on 47 nm film of SiO2. The critical angle between Ge and air is approximately 15°, where the peak angular response is measured.
The measured data closely follows the expected trend from both the HFSS simulation and the norm squared of the transmission coefficient, with the peaks in the H-plane response occuring at angles slightly larger than critical angle. The full-width half-maximum (FWHM) beam width is approximately 90°. For such a thin film of SiO2, the pattern approaches that of a dipole directly on the hemispherical lens.
Figure 4 shows the angular response pattern in the H-plane for a dipole antenna identical to the one in Fig. 3, on a 169 nm layer of SiO2 . Again, the device is illuminated through the substrate.
Fig. 4 H-plane angular response pattern of dipole ACMOMD on 169 nm film of SiO2. The peak angular response is at approximately 15°, which is the critical angle between Ge and air.
Excellent agreement is observed between the measured data and the simulation from HFSS, as well as the norm squared of the transmission coefficient. The peaks in the H-plane response correspond to the cricitcal angle between the SiO2-air interface. The pattern is narrower than the case with the 47 nm layer SiO2 layer, with a FWHM of approximately 75°. It is believed that imperfections in the antireflection coating on the curved surface of the hemispherical lens cause the deviations seen in the data near broadside.
Figure 5 shows the same device geometry fabricated on a 475 nm layer of SiO2.
Fig. 5 H-plane angular response pattern of dipole ACMOMD on 475 nm film of SiO2. Again, the peak angular response is measured at the Ge/air critical angle.
Again, the measured data matches up with the simulation result from HFSS and the norm squared of the transmission coefficient. The pattern is further narrowed from the 169 nm SiO2 layer case, to approximately 50° FWHM. Again, the difference between the measured pattern and theoretical is due to imperfections in the antireflection coating. It was found that increasing the SiO2 thickness beyond 475 nm did not further narrow the pattern, but instead lowered the broadside response. Figure 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5 show that the radiation pattern is essentially unchanged for angles below the critical angle.
The narrowing of the pattern can be explained by the interference between the radiation incident on the device and that reflected from the Ge/SiO2 interface. Only the first reflected wave is shown in Fig. 2. The optical path length difference between the waves depends on the film thickness and the angle of incidence. For very thin films (47 nm), the phase difference is negligible and the angular response pattern resembles that of a dipole antenna on germanium. As the film thickness increases, the degree of destructive interference increases, leading to a narrowed pattern. Although the effective index changes for the different SiO2 standoff layer thicknesses, a 3.1 µm half-wavelength dipole antenna was used in each case. The antenna length impacts the magnitude of the device response, but the shape of the angular response pattern is not dependent of the dipole length.
4.2 Air-side Illumination on Insulator Above Ground Plane
The next set of devices was fabricated on a planar substrate with a 1.6 µm layer of BCB above a 100 nm aluminum ground plane on a silicon wafer as a mechanical support. A cross-section of the DUT and substrate is shown in Fig. 6 . The device responds to incident radiation from the air side as well as the refelected wave in the BCB from the ground plane.
Fig. 6 Cross-sectional view of devices fabricated on a planar substrate with a 1.6 µm layer of BCB above a ground plane, illuminated from the air side. The device responds to radiation from both the air side and the DUT image reflected from the ground plane. As such, a quarter-wave layer of BCB was chosen.
The angular response pattern of a dipole above a ground plane is proportional to the product of the antenna pattern for the dielectric interface and an inteference factor to account for the image of the dipole that is generated by the ground plane [6]. In this case, the effective transmission coefficient tGP is given by
(5)tGP=t[1+exp(iϕ)].
where φ is the phase shift due to propagation in the layer below the device
(6)ϕ=4πhλ0nt2−ni2sin2θ±π.
and h is the thickness of the insulator, which in this case is BCB, and the π phase accounts for the reflection from the ground plane. In this case, there is no film present above the device as in Fig. 2. To simplify the expression, the ground plane factor only accounts for the first reflected wave.
The measured angular response of a 3.4 µm half-wavelength dipole in the H-plane is shown in Fig. 7 . The data points indicate the measured data, the solid blue line indicated the HFSS simulation, and the dotted black line indicates the norm squared of the transmission coefficient in Eq. (1), where ns = 1 for air-side illumination, d = 0 μm, and na = 1.55 for BCB, and includes the ground plane image factor, where h = 1.6 μm and n = 1.55 for BCB. The device responds to incident radiation from the air side as well as the wave refelected from the ground plane.
Fig. 7 H-plane angular response pattern for dipole device on 1.6 µm BCB microcavity above a ground plane.
The measured data shows agreement to the HFSS simulation and the norm squared of the transmission coefficient with the ground plane image factor. A dipole antenna on the ground plane yields the broadest angular response pattern in the H-plane, with a FWHM of approximately 140°.
4.3 Substrate-side Illumination on Insulating Film with Ground Plane
The two cases shown in sections 4.1 and 4.2 can also be combined. In this case, a half-wavelength dipole 3.1 μm in length was fabricated on a 475 nm SiO2 layer on a germanium hemispherical substrate. The device was then covered in a 900 nm layer of SiO2 and then 100 nm of aluminum. An illustration of the cross-section of this substrate and DUT is shown in Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8 Cross-sectional view of devices fabricated on a germanium hemispherical substrate with a 475 nm layer of SiO2 and then covered with a layer of SiO2 and an aluminum ground plane. This device is illuminated through the germanium half-space. The device responds to radiation incident from the germanium hemisphere and that reflected from the ground plane.
The angular response pattern in the H-plane is shown in Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9 H-plane angular response pattern of dipole antenna on 475 nm film of SiO2 below 0.9 μm SiO2 layer with ground plane.
The analytical expression in this case is the sqaured norm of the transmission coefficient tGP shown in Eq. (5), which matches the measured data quite well. The FWHM is approximately 40-50°. There is good agreement between the HFSS simulation and the analytical expression. It is believed that film adhesion issues for the bottom SiO2 layer are responsible for the the small deviations from the expected response.
The simulations and measurements demonstrate the influence of the substrate configuration on the H-plane angular response pattern of a dipole antenna. For substrate-side illumination through a hemispherical immersion lens with a thin SiO2 standoff layer (50 nm), the angular response pattern is similar to that of an antenna directly on germanium. As the thickness of the insulation layer increases, the pattern narrows.
For an insulating layer above a ground plane, the angular response pattern of a dipole is broadened compared to the case where no ground plane is present. This is due to reflections from the ground plane, which add constructively with the incident radiation at large angles when the microcavity approaches one quarter wave thick, which is approximately 2.0 µm.
The last configuration has the device fabricated on a SiO2 standoff layer on top of a germanium hemispherical lens and capped by a quarter-wave matching layer and ground plane. This FWHM was very similar to the case without the ground plane.
The paper has demonstrated control of beam width and angular response pattern by manipulating the surroundings of the antenna. The H-plane angular response of a dipole antenna can be broadened by the use of a ground plane and narrowed through the use of an electrically isolating standoff layer. The thickest SiO2 layer (475 nm) showed the narrowest angular response pattern for a dipole device. Agreement between the measured angular response patterns and the electromagnetic predictions indicate that the measured response is solely due to the antenna structures and the currents rectified by the MOM diode, and not to the electrical leads or surrounding circuitry.
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C. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1996).
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C. Middlebrook, P. Krenz, B. Lail, and G. D. Boreman, "Infrared Phased-Array Antenna," Microwave and Opt, Techn. Lett. 50(4), 719–723 (2008).
F. González and G. Boreman, "Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas," Infrared Phys. Technol. 46(5), 418–428 (2005).
C. Allen, F. Ardms, M. Wang, and C. C. Bradley, "Infrared-to-Millimeter, Broadband, Solid State Bolometer Detectors," Appl. Opt. 8(4), 813–817 (1969).
P. M. Krenz, B. A. Lail, and G. D. Boreman, "Calibration of Lead-Line Response Contribution in Measured Radiation Patterns of IR Dipole Arrays," Accepted in IEEE J. Selected Topics Quant. Electron. 99 (2010).
H. J. Visser, Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, England, 2005).
C. R. Brewitt-Taylor, D. J. Gunton, and H. D. Rees, "Planar Antennas on a Dielectric Surface," Electron. Lett. 17(20), 729–731 (1981).
D. B. Rutledge, and M. S. Muha, "Imaging Antenna Arrays," in IEEE Trans. on Antennas and PropagationAP-30 (4), 535–540 (1982).
B. Twu and S. E. Schwarz, "Mechanism and Properties of Point-Contact Metal-Insulator-Metal Diode Detectors at 10.6 μ," Appl. Phys. Lett. 25(10), 595–598 (1974).
S. M. Faris, T. K. Gustafson, and J. C. Wiesner, "Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation with DC-Biased Electron-Tunneling Metal-Barrier-Metal Diodes," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 9(7), 737–745 (1973).
M. Heiblum, W. Shihyuan, J. R. Whinnery, and T. K. Gustafson, "Characteristics of Integrated MOM Junctions at DC and at Optical Frequencies," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 14(3), 159–169 (1978).
J. A. Bean, B. Tiwari, G. H. Bernstein, P. Fay, and W. Porod, "Thermal Infrared Detection Using Dipole Antenna-Coupled Metal-Oxide-Metal Diodes," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27(1), 11–14 (2009).
J. A. Bean, B. Tiwari, G. Szakmany, G. Bernstein, P. Fay, and W. Porod, "Antenna length and polarization response of antenna-coupled MOM diode infrared detectors," Infrared Phys. Technol. 53(3), 182–185 (2010).
B. Slovick, P. Krenz, G. Zummo, and G. Boreman, "Evaporation of uniform antireflection coatings on hemispherical lenses to enhance infrared antenna gain," Infrared Phys. Technol. 53(2), 89–93 (2010).
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C. Fumeaux, M. Gritz, I. Codreanu, W. Schaich, F. González, and G. Boreman, "Measurement of the resonant lengths of infrared dipole antennas," Infrared Phys. Technol. 41(5), 271–281 (2000).
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Adams, A. T.
Allen, C.
Ardms, F.
Bean, J.
Bean, J. A.
Bernstein, G.
Bernstein, G. H.
Boreman, G.
Boreman, G. D.
Bradley, C. C.
Brewitt-Taylor, C. R.
Codreanu, I.
Coleman, B. L.
Faris, S. M.
Fay, P.
Fumeaux, C.
González, F.
Gritz, M.
Gunton, D. J.
Gustafson, T. K.
Heiblum, M.
Krenz, P.
Krenz, P. M.
Lail, B.
Lail, B. A.
Middlebrook, C.
Porod, W.
Rees, H. D.
Rutledge, D. B.
Schaich, W.
Schwarz, S. E.
Shihyuan, W.
Slovick, B.
Szakmany, G.
Tiwari, B.
Twu, B.
Wang, M.
Whinnery, J. R.
Wiesner, J. C.
Zummo, G.
Appl. Opt. (1)
Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)
Electron. Lett. (1)
IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)
IEEE J. Selected Topics Quant. Electron. (1)
Infrared Phys. (1)
Infrared Phys. Technol. (4)
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B (1)
Microwave and Opt, Techn. Lett. (1)
Philos. Mag. (1)
Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.
(1) t = ( 1 + r t f ) ( 1 − r i f ) e − i δ 1 − r t f r i f e − i 2 δ ,
(2) δ = 2 π λ 0 d n f 2 − n i 2 sin 2 θ .
(3) r 12 = n 1 cos θ − n 2 2 − n 1 2 sin 2 θ n 1 cos θ + n 2 2 − n 1 2 sin 2 θ .
(5) t G P = t [ 1 + exp ( i ϕ ) ] .
(6) ϕ = 4 π h λ 0 n t 2 − n i 2 sin 2 θ ± π .


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Q: After loading an app to the iOS Appstore is it possible to make it active / public from a specified date? I want to load my app to the appstore and make it public in order to sell but not immediately,  for example lets say in 1 month. Is there any option that makes it possible?
I need to install a weather station in a month  but before I want to finish all the procedures for the appstore, so that directly after the installation I can be able to present the related app on the appstore.
Thanks

A: you have 2 options.
either you upload your app and set it for "developer release", so you have to release it after its through the appstore, or you set the options for availability in the "Rights and Prizing" part.

A: Yes you can set the availability date:
http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/ToolsLanguages/Conceptual/YourFirstAppStoreSubmission/SubmitYourApp/SubmitYourApp.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40011375-CH7-SW1


We took great care in selecting the best wines that reflect our true passion for Italian cuisine. Whether you are a wine-lover amateur or a professional looking for your next Grand Cru, we got you covered with our selection of red, white, rosé and sparkling. We also offer a small selection of wine by the glass and by carafe.
Those beverages go well with any types of celebrations, the simplest of which may be celebrating life.
Lively red color, fresh and fruity nose with cherry notes, attractive and persistent. The palate is rounded and harmonious. Enjoy this characteristic sparkling red from Emilia with many kinds of dishes. It goes particularly well with cold cuts, cheeses and grilled vegetables.
This pale yellow sparkling wine is elegant and crisp, with a fruity bouquet of citrus and tropical fruits. The palate is mellow and textured, and shows an amazing harmony between all aspects of the wine. A typical Italian aperitif, good also with seafood starters and shellfish.
Someone once said that wine is like bottled poetry! No need to buy a bottle though; our house wines come by the glass or carafe.
A fruit wine blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and blackberry with great depth of color with perfumes of blackcurrant and a hint of tobacco leaf, which gives way to a soft, ripe rounded fruit character with soft tannins and a fruit, juicy finish.
A fruit wine blended with Chardonnay and apple with super depth and concentration. There are flavors of burnt buttered toast, cream and bright citrus notes all intermingled in this juicy and complex wine.
A balance of New and Old World, with an emphasis of Italian wines, creates the perfect pairing with our seafood and light meat.
The nose is lifted and fresh with notes of passion fruit and grapefruit. The palate is full and fruity with the underlying flinty minerality typical of the Seaview Vineyard with a long, dry and crisp finish. Beautiful with barbequed seafood, fish and also mezze plates.
The nose offers lovely floral notes and pure fruits, then delivers fresh stone fruit and apple flavors on the palate. The mouth-watering acidity and refreshing finish makes it great with rich seafood dishes and pasta sauces.
Characteristic fruity bouquet of good intensity. Acidity and spiciness increase progressively giving a balanced, pleasant and refreshing taste. This versatile wine matches with light appetizers, seafood, carpaccio, light cheeses and more.
A brilliant pale straw color, a wonderful bouquet of white pulp fruit. Explosive flavors of ripe pear, green apple, broom flowers and jasmine accompanied by a gentle and refreshing acidity. Superb with gently grilled fish, vegetable tempura and oysters.
The nose of this wine gives tropical fruits, guava, lemon and spice, whilst the palate is fresh and vibrant with good middle palate weight and structure. We get gooseberries and lemon from the Sauvignon Blanc and cut grass from the Semillon.
Very often consumed during the aperitif, rosé wines offer the perfect balance of acidity and fruitiness there is in wine.
The wine has a rosy color with tinges of cherry. The aroma is intensely fruity with flavors of red berries. On the palate, the wine is smooth, round and fresh, and leaves a lingering taste of fruit in the mouth. Perfect with salads, white meat and rich fish such as salmon.
From the classic Montepulciano to the more elegant Brunello di Montalcino, our red wines offer a great dining experience that should be shared with friends.
Ruby red, dense and compact. Mature aromas of figs, prunes, tobacco and sour cherry. Great intensity and persistence. The palate is full and smooth, with flavors of plum, date and hints of spice and coffee, completed by a counterpoint of velvety tannins. Matches with grilled, braised and game meat and aged cheese.
This full bodied wine presents an intense ruby red color, complex aromas of red fruits, with vinous and spicy notes. The palate is harmonic, velvet smooth with well-balanced tannins and acidity. Matches well with all red meats, boiled or grilled. Ideal with braised meat or even pasta with black truffles.
Deep garnet color with violet reflections. Fruity and intense bouquet, with hints of cherry, coffee, vanilla and spice. Full, soft on the palate, complex, well developed, dry. Can be paired with first courses and white meats, matches with roasts, grilled meat, cold cuts and Tuscan regional specialities.
Slightly smokey, it provides easy drinking cherry and red raspberry flavors in an accessible and earthy drink. Supple structure, great character and offering great value. A soft wine, with soft acifity and tannins to match almost any food.
Vinified and matured in steel tins with controlled temperature. Thanks to its structure, right acidity and the pleasant fruity taste, it can be used for appetizers, first courses with veggies and meat and with medium aged cheeses.
Ruby red color towards garnet with ageing. An intense, broad bouquet, elegant, rich in scents of mellow red fruits, spicy in notes of liquorice and tobacco. The palate is dry, soft with velvet tannins, balanced, very intense, persistent and elegant. Great with red meats, game, rich first courses and aged cheeses.
Medium dark red color scented with spicy toasty vanilla and herbaceous berry fruits. It unfolds with nice oak complexity on the palate and crunchy tannin on the finish.
Dense red color with complex aromas of vanilla and dark berries. The palate is rich with lashings of primary berry fruits with an attractive hint of oak. It has clean crisp finish and alluring tannin.
Very intense ruby red color, rich aroma of ripe red fruit, cherries, berries, with notes of cinnamon. Full-bodied, rich velvety tannins, persistent and pleasant aftertaste. Best served with pasta dishes, red meat and game, great with Italian cheeses.


Today, the crowdfunding campaign in support of PetITfriend, is starting on TIM # WCAP .
PetITfriend is a web platform that facilitates the work of authorities and volunteers in the management of kennels, ensuring greater transparency for users and improving the living conditions of the four-legged friends.
Click the link and find out more about the project !!!


Sterling Silver Picasso Jasper and Peridot Necklace. See Closeup.
Sterling Silver Picasso Jasper and Peridot Bracelet.
The colors in this set remind me of the colors of the grey-striped tabby cats that have been in my life and their beautiful yellow-green eyes. Those glowing chartruese pebbles are Peridot nuggets, and they are gorgeous!
For those who are interested in Astrological significances of stones, Jasper corresponds with Virgo and Leo, and Peridot corresponds with Libra and with the month of August.


Kate Silva, PA-C along with Katrina Borner, APRN and Tim Johnson, PA-C enhance the practices of Dr. Christopher Hansen, Dr. Ana Manuel and Dr. Gregory Stepp in our Family Medicine Department. They provide a team approach designed to increase appointment access and quality care.
Kate Silva, PA-C, is a certified physician assistant with the White-Wilson Medical Family Medicine team. Ms. Silva went on a medical mission trip to Suriname, South America, where she found her passion helping others for a living.
Ms. Silva received her Master of Physician Assistant Studies from the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. She works along side Dr. Christopher Hansen, Dr. Ana Manuel and Dr. Gregory Stepp at the White-Wilson Family Medicine Clinic in Fort Walton Beach, and specializes in wellness exams, physicals, urgent care illnesses and preventive medicine.
Ms. Silva is an Emerald Coast local, and enjoys spending time with her family and three children. She has always loved living on the Emerald Coast and is an avid beach goer.


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Certainly one of essentially the most widespread electrical wiring thoughts is regarding how to wire a switch. When using switches at your home is fairly easy, wiring a single may well not be that simple for everybody. An ON-OFF switch is definitely quite simple to wire. There are different kinds of switches, but for this instance, let's say you will be installing a single-pole toggle switch, an extremely frequent change (plus the simplest).
You can find a few colors of wires in a normal single-pole toggle switch: black, white, and inexperienced. Splice the black wire in two and hook up them to the terminal screws - just one on top as well as other on the base screw of your change. The white wire serves to be a supply of uninterrupted electrical power and it is ordinarily related to some gentle coloured terminal screw (e.g., silver). Hook up the eco-friendly wire to your ground screw of the swap.
These actions would frequently be ample for making an average swap work without having a dilemma. Nevertheless, for those who aren't self-confident you can attain the activity adequately and safely and securely you far better let the professionals do it alternatively. Immediately after all, you can find a rationale why this activity is among the most commonly encountered electrical wiring issues asked by a lot of people.
For some reason, tips on how to wire a ceiling fan is usually certainly one of by far the most widespread electrical wiring inquiries. To simplify this endeavor, you should use only one swap for a single ceiling fan. To wire the supporter, it can be simply a make any difference of connecting the black wire from the ceiling fan to your black wire on the switch. When there is a light-weight, the blue wire should be linked for the black wire on the swap too.
You will find reasons why these are generally one of the most commonly questioned electrical wiring thoughts. One particular, several think it really is straightforward to accomplish, and two, these are generally the prevalent electrical tasks at your home. But then you really mustn't put your protection in danger in your purpose to save money. The stakes could even be substantially larger for those who try and lower your expenses and do an electrical wiring occupation with out adequate awareness or knowledge.


Specialising in finance at university, where he also took a doctorate, he later become a chartered accountant and his first job was at the Ministry of Finance. He also worked for the Ministry of Food & Agriculture and at the Hungarian Credit Bank. From 1989 to 1992, he was Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the Commercial & Credit Bank (K&H), and since 1992, he has been the Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of the OTP Bank Plc. On 15 April 2016, the annual shareholders meeting re-elected him for another five-year term as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of OTP Bank Plc. He is co-chairman of the National Association of Entrepreneurs & Employers (VOSZ). He is a member of the Institut International d' Études Bancaires. In January 2012, he was elected the Co-Chairman of the Chinese-Hungarian Business Council Since July 2010, he is the President of the Hungarian Football Federation. Since March 2015, he has been a member of UEFA's Executive Committee. Since April 2017 he has been a member of FIFA's Council. In February 2018 he was elected Vice President of FIFA and in February 2019 Vice President of UEFA.


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/ Arts and Entertainment
/ Robert Altman
Born: 2/20/1925
Birthplace: Kansas City, Missouri
Film director whose sprawling, stylized films deglamorized and shattered myths surrounding history, Hollywood, and politics. His films included M*A*S*H (1970), McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), Nashville (1975), The Player (1992), Short Cuts (1993), and Cookie's Fortune (1999), Dr. T and the Women (2000).
Archive Photos
Died: 11/20/2006
Entertainment Bios — A


I'm delighted to be hosting the Nonprofit blog carnival in July and look forward to reading some great submissions.
My topic is welcoming donors and securing a second gift.
There's always lots of talk about how to acquire new donors, but often the same amount of time isn't spent on discussing how to keep them.
We know that charitites have a serious retention problem.
Every 100 donors gained in 2012 was offset by 105 in lost donors through attrition — a net loss of five donors.
For every $100 gained in new donations, $96 was lost in donor attrition and smaller gifts from current supporters.
Overall, donor attrition in 2011 was 57 per cent — that is, 57 per cent of 2010 donors did not give again to participating nonprofits in 2011.
Are you bucking the trend?
How do you increase your second gift percentage to more than the 40% norm?
How do you lower your regular giving attrition to under 50% in the first year?
What do you do to welcome donors to your cause and surprise and delight them?
Is there a nonprofit that do this really well?
Do you have a donor journey that works really well for you?
Have you had a bad experience of how not to do it?
What are the things that really matter and make a difference to donors?
Share your blog posts and help others to improve their donor retention!
Submit your blog posts by emailing your permalink to nonprofitcarnival@gmail.com – by end of day Monday, July 28, 2014.
Then on July 29th, I'll publish a round-up of selected posts right here on Fundraising Detective.
We can't wait to receive your submissions! In the meantime, i'd encourage you to check out the June Carnival Round-up about nonprofit innovation and inspiration – visit the Wild Apricot blog.
If you'd like to receive email reminders about the Nonprofit Blog Carnival, you can sign up to join the "Friends of the Carnival" here.


Mejestic Angel is a stunning silver F-2 Savannah girl with a great fully black nose and super spots. She will be going home to Sage in VA to be a beloved pet.
My little Angel is doing Great!
She is just a real love bug.
She is sitting on my shoulder.
She'll lay snuggled up to my tummy and purr almost all night.
She's doing great with the leash training.
Comes when I call her.
She has a huge purr box. She's purring all the time.
My little Angel is doing GREAT! She is very loving. Absolutely Beautiful and very funny.


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Frank Peter Zimmermann regains access to 'Lady Inchiquin' Stradivarius violin
The instrument has been purchased by the North Rhine-Westphalia government in Germany for use by the violinist
Frank Peter Zimmermann is to regain access to his 1711 'Lady Inchiquin' Stradivarius thanks to the generosity of the North Rhine-Westphalia government in Germany, which has bought the violin as part of a consignment of artistic objects.
In February 2015 Zimmermann was forced to give up the instrument – his principal performing violin for 13 years – when its owner, the Düsseldorf-based bank WestLB AG failed. The bank's legal successor, Portigon Financial Services AG, made the decision to auction off its collection of artworks, valued at €100–150m, including the 'Lady Inchiquin'.
At the time Zimmermann's loan contract did include a preferred-buyer option and the musician duly made an offer to purchase the instrument based on independent appraisals. But Portigon was seeking a larger sum.
On Monday NRW culture minister Christina Kampmann signed a contract, according to German media, enabling Dusseldorf's State Foundation to buy some 300 artworks from Portigon's collection, valued around €30m. The sum has been provided as a loan by the publicly owned NRW Bank. Kampmann confirmed that the government will hand back the 'Lady Inchiquin' to Zimmermann, and expressed her relief that the collection of artworks will again be made available to the public.
Zimmermann is currently performing on the 1727 'General Dupont', 'Grumiaux' Stradivarius, which was loaned to him for an initial period of two years by Chinese entrepreneur, philanthropist and amateur violinist Mr Yu in January of this year. Famously played by Arthur Grumiaux, the instrument was purchased in February 2015 through Rare Violins of New York for an undisclosed sum – making the violin the first Stradivarius to be owned by a private individual on the Chinese mainland.
Read: Frank Peter Zimmermann forced to hand back 'Lady Inchiquin' Stradivarius
Read: Chinese collector buys 1727 Stradivarius violin
Read: Frank Peter Zimmermann receives 'General Dupont', 'Grumiaux' Stradivarius on long-term loan
Zimmermann speaks about the 'General Dupont', 'Grumiaux' Stradivarius in The Strad's April 2016 issue – download on desktop computer or through The Strad App.
General Dupont
Grumiaux
lady-inchiquin
Frank Peter Zimmermann and Enrico Pace perform Bach Violin Sonata in G major
A 2008 throwback performance from the German violinist and Italian pianist
Frank Peter Zimmerman: Beethoven
Stylish yet sincere and focused playing in third volume from this duo
Frank Peter Zimmermann: Beethoven
A fine demonstration of duo playing at its peak


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Ex Manchester United man set to declare for the Republic of Ireland
An ex Manchester United man is set to declare for the Republic of Ireland, as Mick McCarthy looks to assemble a squad to qualify for Euro 2020.
McCarthy has made no secret of his desire to draft in players who are eligible to play for the Boys in Green. Players such as Nathan Redmond at Southampton and Patrick Bamford of Leeds have been identified as targets.
Another man has been touted following that trend, and switching allegiances to Ireland in an attempt to play at an international tournament.
Will Keane is the latest target of Mick McCarthy to switch allegiances to Ireland (Photo by James Williamson - AMA/Getty Images)
Former Manchester United man Will Keane, currently on loan at Ipswich Town, from his parent club Hull City. Keane moved to the Tigers on a permanent deal in 2016 having come through the youth academy at Manchester United.
Things didn't quite happen for the striker in Manchester with a number of unsuccessful loan spells. He didn't exactly have the easiest of routes to the first team either, with Wayne Rooney, Robin Van Persie and Chicharito in United's squad during his tenure.
Keane played alongside some incredible talent in his youth. Jessie Lingard, Paul Pogba, his brother Michael (who is now at Everton) and of course Robbie Brady to name but a few.
Will Keane during his Manchester United days (Photo by James Baylis - AMA/Getty Images)
Not a world beater that will break into the England team, but he would be a good option for the Boys in Green to call on with the lack of goals during the latter stages of Martin O'Neill's reign.
According to the Irish Times, the FAI have initiated the process of the Hull striker declaring for Ireland. Keane is eligible through his father Aidan.
The 26 year old represented England at almost every under age level without making a senior appearance. This would be a shrewd piece of business by Mick McCarthy. With Seanie Maguire battling injuries and Shane Long never shown to be a goalscorer, this could be an ideal acquisition.
Ipswich Town's Will Keane battles with Rotherham United's Clark Robertson during the Sky Bet Championship match between Ipswich Town and Rotherham United at Portman Road on January 12, 2019 in Ipswich, England. (Photo by Hannah Fountain - CameraSport via Getty Images)
Will Keane during the Sky Bet Championship match between Hull City and Aston Villa at KCOM Stadium on August 6, 2018 in Hull, England. (Photo by James Williamson - AMA/Getty Images)
Markus Henriksen and WIll Keane of Hull City celebrates during the EFL Cup Third Round match between Stoke City and Hull City at the Bet365 Stadium on September 21, 2016 in Stoke on Trent, England. (Photo by Nathan Stirk/Getty Images)
Ipswich Town's Will Keane battles with Rotherham United's Semi Ajayi during the Sky Bet Championship match between Ipswich Town and Rotherham United at Portman Road on January 12, 2019 in Ipswich, England. (Photo by Hannah Fountain - CameraSport via Getty Images)
Will Keane in action with Kean Bryan of Manchester City U21s during the Barclays U21 Premier League match between Manchester City U21s and Manchester United U21s at Etihad Stadium on February 20, 2016 in Manchester, England. (Photo by Matthew Peters/Man Utd via Getty Images)
Interview: 'There's plenty of life left' - Mick McCarthy relishing management return at Blackpool
Mick McCarthy slammed as 'disingenuous' in row with Scottish club Hearts


One on One Personal Training at Pivotal is where you get the most focussed, client centred service. From the moment you arrive for your initial meet with a trainer, we do our utmost to make sure that we lead you in the direction that you want and need to go in. One on One Training is all about YOU. Sessions can be varied on the spot to allow for whatever condition you may be in on any given day.
When you come in for your first visit, we will take you through our questionnaire which will allow us to gain an idea of where you are, where you want to be and how best to take you there.
how to LOAD safely and effectively.
Our constant watch and feedback means that we will keep you moving well as you progress with us.
As a Pivotal client we will recommend you wear a heart rate monitor. The ability to asses your heart rate throughout your session allows us to modify the intensity of your program and determine the effects of your prescribed exercises for the safest and most effective training session.