text:
package com.intellij.openapi.fileChooser.tree;

import com.intellij.openapi.fileChooser.FileChooserDescriptor;
import com.intellij.openapi.fileChooser.FileElement;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.Pair;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.JarFileSystem;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.LocalFileSystem;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VFileProperty;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VirtualFile;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.newvfs.BulkFileListener;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.newvfs.events.*;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.newvfs.impl.VirtualFileSystemEntry;
import com.intellij.ui.tree.Identifiable;
import com.intellij.ui.tree.MapBasedTree;
import com.intellij.ui.tree.MapBasedTree.Entry;
import com.intellij.ui.tree.MapBasedTree.UpdateResult;
import com.intellij.util.concurrency.Invoker;
import com.intellij.util.concurrency.InvokerSupplier;
import com.intellij.util.containers.ContainerUtil;
import com.intellij.util.ui.tree.AbstractTreeModel;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.TreePath;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;

import static com.intellij.openapi.application.ApplicationManager.getApplication;
import static com.intellij.openapi.util.Disposer.register;
import static com.intellij.openapi.util.io.FileUtil.toSystemIndependentName;
import static com.intellij.openapi.util.text.StringUtil.naturalCompare;
import static com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VirtualFileManager.VFS_CHANGES;
import static com.intellij.util.ReflectionUtil.getDeclaredMethod;
import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;

public final class FileTreeModel extends AbstractTreeModel implements Identifiable, InvokerSupplier {
  private final Invoker invoker = Invoker.forBackgroundThreadWithReadAction(this);
  private final State state;
  private volatile List<Root> roots;

  public FileTreeModel(@NotNull FileChooserDescriptor descriptor, FileRefresher refresher) {
    this(descriptor, refresher, true, false);
  }

  public FileTreeModel(@NotNull FileChooserDescriptor descriptor, FileRefresher refresher, boolean sortDirectories, boolean sortArchives) {
    if (refresher != null) register(this, refresher);
    state = new State(descriptor, refresher, sortDirectories, sortArchives);
    getApplication().getMessageBus().connect(this).subscribe(VFS_CHANGES, new BulkFileListener() {
      @Override
      public void after(@NotNull List<? extends VFileEvent> events) {
        invoker.invoke(() -> process(events));
      }
    });
  }

  public void invalidate() {
    invoker.invoke(() -> {
      if (roots != null) {
        for (Root root : roots) {
          root.tree.invalidate();
        }
      }
      treeStructureChanged(state.path, null, null);
    });
  }

  @Override
  public Object getUniqueID(@NotNull TreePath path) {
    Object object = path.getLastPathComponent();
    TreePath parent = path.getParentPath();
    return parent != null && object instanceof Node
           ? getUniqueID(parent, (Node)object, new ArrayDeque<>())
           : parent != null || object != state ? null : state.toString();
  }

  private Object getUniqueID(TreePath path, Node node, ArrayDeque<? super String> deque) {
    deque.addFirst(node.getName());
    Object object = path.getLastPathComponent();
    TreePath parent = path.getParentPath();
    return parent != null && object instanceof Node
           ? getUniqueID(parent, (Node)object, deque)
           : parent != null || object != state ? null : deque.toArray();
  }

  @NotNull
  @Override
  public Invoker getInvoker() {
    return invoker;
  }

  @Override
  public final Object getRoot() {
    if (state.path != null) return state;
    if (roots == null) roots = state.getRoots();
    return 1 == roots.size() ? roots.get(0) : null;
  }

  @Override
  public final Object getChild(Object object, int index) {
    if (object == state) {
      if (roots == null) roots = state.getRoots();
      if (0 <= index && index < roots.size()) return roots.get(index);
    }
    else if (object instanceof Node) {
      Entry<Node> entry = getEntry((Node)object, true);
      if (entry != null) return entry.getChild(index);
    }
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public final int getChildCount(Object object) {
    if (object == state) {
      if (roots == null) roots = state.getRoots();
      return roots.size();
    }
    else if (object instanceof Node) {
      Entry<Node> entry = getEntry((Node)object, true);
      if (entry != null) return entry.getChildCount();
    }
    return 0;
  }

  @Override
  public final boolean isLeaf(Object object) {
    if (object instanceof Node) {
      assert object != state;
      Entry<Node> entry = getEntry((Node)object, false);
      if (entry != null) return entry.isLeaf();
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public final int getIndexOfChild(Object object, Object child) {
    if (object == state) {
      if (roots == null) roots = state.getRoots();
      for (int i = 0; i < roots.size(); i++) {
        if (child == roots.get(i)) return i;
      }
    }
    else if (object instanceof Node && child instanceof Node) {
      Entry<Node> entry = getEntry((Node)object, true);
      if (entry != null) return entry.getIndexOf((Node)child);
    }
    return -1;
  }

  private boolean hasEntry(VirtualFile file) {
    if (roots != null) {
      for (Root root : roots) {
        Entry<Node> entry = root.tree.findEntry(file);
        if (entry != null) return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  private Entry<Node> getEntry(Node node, boolean loadChildren) {
    if (roots != null) {
      for (Root root : roots) {
        Entry<Node> entry = root.tree.getEntry(node);
        if (entry != null) {
          if (loadChildren && entry.isLoadingRequired()) {
            root.updateChildren(state, entry);
            //TODO: update updated
          }
          return entry;
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private void process(List<? extends VFileEvent> events) {
    if (roots == null) return;

    HashSet<VirtualFile> files = new HashSet<>();
    HashSet<VirtualFile> parents = new HashSet<>();
    for (VFileEvent event : events) {
      if (event instanceof VFilePropertyChangeEvent) {
        if (hasEntry(event.getFile())) files.add(event.getFile());
      }
      else if (event instanceof VFileCreateEvent) {
        VFileCreateEvent create = (VFileCreateEvent)event;
        if (hasEntry(create.getParent())) parents.add(create.getParent());
      }
      else if (event instanceof VFileCopyEvent) {
        VFileCopyEvent copy = (VFileCopyEvent)event;
        if (hasEntry(copy.getNewParent())) parents.add(copy.getNewParent());
      }
      else if (event instanceof VFileMoveEvent) {
        VFileMoveEvent move = (VFileMoveEvent)event;
        if (hasEntry(move.getNewParent())) parents.add(move.getNewParent());
        if (hasEntry(move.getOldParent())) parents.add(move.getOldParent());
      }
      else if (event instanceof VFileDeleteEvent) {
        VirtualFile file = event.getFile();
        if (hasEntry(file)) {
          files.add(file);
          //TODO:for all roots
          file = file.getParent();
          parents.add(hasEntry(file) ? file : null);
        }
      }
    }
    for (VirtualFile parent : parents) {
      for (Root root : roots) {
        Entry<Node> entry = root.tree.findEntry(parent);
        if (entry != null) {
          UpdateResult<Node> update = root.updateChildren(state, entry);
          //TODO:listeners.isEmpty
          boolean removed = !update.getRemoved().isEmpty();
          boolean inserted = !update.getInserted().isEmpty();
          boolean contained = !update.getContained().isEmpty();
          if (!removed && !inserted && !contained) continue;

          if (!removed && inserted) {
            if (listeners.isEmpty()) continue;
            listeners.treeNodesInserted(update.getEvent(this, entry, update.getInserted()));
            continue;
          }
          if (!inserted && removed) {
            if (listeners.isEmpty()) continue;
            listeners.treeNodesRemoved(update.getEvent(this, entry, update.getRemoved()));
            continue;
          }
          treeStructureChanged(entry, null, null);
        }
      }
    }
    for (VirtualFile file : files) {
      //TODO:update
    }
    //TODO:on valid thread / entry - mark as valid
  }

  private static VirtualFile findFile(String path) {
    return LocalFileSystem.getInstance().findFileByPath(toSystemIndependentName(path));
  }

  private static final class State {
    private final TreePath path;
    private final FileChooserDescriptor descriptor;
    private final FileRefresher refresher;
    private final boolean sortDirectories;
    private final boolean sortArchives;
    private final List<VirtualFile> roots;

    private State(FileChooserDescriptor descriptor, FileRefresher refresher, boolean sortDirectories, boolean sortArchives) {
      this.descriptor = descriptor;
      this.refresher = refresher;
      this.sortDirectories = sortDirectories;
      this.sortArchives = sortArchives;
      this.roots = getRoots(descriptor);
      this.path = roots != null && 1 == roots.size() ? null : new TreePath(this);
    }

    private int compare(VirtualFile one, VirtualFile two) {
      if (one == null && two == null) return 0;
      if (one == null) return -1;
      if (two == null) return 1;
      if (sortDirectories) {
        boolean isDirectory = one.isDirectory();
        if (isDirectory != two.isDirectory()) return isDirectory ? -1 : 1;
        if (!isDirectory && sortArchives && descriptor.isChooseJarContents()) {
          boolean isArchive = FileElement.isArchive(one);
          if (isArchive != FileElement.isArchive(two)) return isArchive ? -1 : 1;
        }
      }
      return naturalCompare(one.getName(), two.getName());
    }

    private static boolean isValid(VirtualFile file) {
      return file != null && file.isValid();
    }

    private boolean isVisible(VirtualFile file) {
      return isValid(file) && descriptor.isFileVisible(file, descriptor.isShowHiddenFiles());
    }

    private boolean isLeaf(VirtualFile file) {
      if (file == null || file.isDirectory()) return false;
      return !descriptor.isChooseJarContents() || !FileElement.isArchive(file);
    }

    private VirtualFile[] getChildren(VirtualFile file) {
      if (file.isDirectory()) return file.getChildren();
      if (!descriptor.isChooseJarContents() || !FileElement.isArchive(file)) return null;
      String path = file.getPath() + JarFileSystem.JAR_SEPARATOR;
      VirtualFile jar = JarFileSystem.getInstance().findFileByPath(path);
      return jar == null ? VirtualFile.EMPTY_ARRAY : jar.getChildren();
    }

    private List<Root> getRoots() {
      List<VirtualFile> files = roots;
      if (files == null) files = getSystemRoots();
      if (files == null || files.isEmpty()) return emptyList();
      return ContainerUtil.map(files, file -> new Root(this, file));
    }

    private static List<VirtualFile> getRoots(FileChooserDescriptor descriptor) {
      List<VirtualFile> list = ContainerUtil.filter(descriptor.getRoots(), State::isValid);
      return list.isEmpty() && descriptor.isShowFileSystemRoots() ? null : list;
    }

    private static List<VirtualFile> getSystemRoots() {
      return StreamSupport.stream(FileSystems.getDefault().getRootDirectories().spliterator(), false)
               .map(root -> findFile(root.toAbsolutePath().toString()))
               .filter(State::isValid)
               .collect(toList());
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return descriptor.getTitle();
    }
  }

  private static class Node extends FileNode {
    private boolean invalid;

    private Node(State state, VirtualFile file) {
      super(file);
      if (state.refresher != null && !state.refresher.isRecursive()) state.refresher.register(file);
      updateContent(state);
    }

    private boolean updateContent(State state) {
      VirtualFile file = getFile();
      if (file == null) return updateName(state.descriptor.getTitle());

      Icon icon = state.descriptor.getIcon(file);
      String name = state.descriptor.getName(file);
      String comment = state.descriptor.getComment(file);
      if (name == null || comment == null) name = file.getName();

      boolean updated = false;
      if (updateIcon(icon)) updated = true;
      if (updateName(name)) updated = true;
      if (updateComment(comment)) updated = true;
      if (updateValid(file.isValid())) updated = true;
      if (updateHidden(FileElement.isFileHidden(file))) updated = true;
      if (updateSpecial(file.is(VFileProperty.SPECIAL))) updated = true;
      if (updateSymlink(file.is(VFileProperty.SYMLINK))) updated = true;
      if (updateWritable(file.isWritable())) updated = true;
      return updated;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return getName();
    }
  }

  private static class Root extends Node {
    private final MapBasedTree<VirtualFile, Node> tree;

    private Root(State state, VirtualFile file) {
      super(state, file);
      if (state.refresher != null && state.refresher.isRecursive()) state.refresher.register(file);
      tree = new MapBasedTree<>(false, node -> node.getFile(), state.path);
      tree.onInsert(node -> markDirtyInternal(node.getFile()));
      tree.updateRoot(Pair.create(this, state.isLeaf(file)));
    }

    private static void markDirtyInternal(VirtualFile file) {
      if (file instanceof VirtualFileSystemEntry) {
        Method method = getDeclaredMethod(VirtualFileSystemEntry.class, "markDirtyInternal");
        if (method != null) {
          try {
            method.invoke(file);
          }
          catch (Exception ignore) {
          }
        }
      }
    }

    private UpdateResult<Node> updateChildren(State state, Entry<Node> parent) {
      VirtualFile[] children = state.getChildren(parent.getNode().getFile());
      if (children == null) return tree.update(parent, null);
      if (children.length == 0) return tree.update(parent, emptyList());
      return tree.update(parent, Arrays.stream(children).filter(state::isVisible).sorted(state::compare).map(file -> {
        Entry<Node> entry = tree.findEntry(file);
        return entry != null && parent == entry.getParentPath()
               ? Pair.create(entry.getNode(), entry.isLeaf())
               : Pair.create(new Node(state, file), state.isLeaf(file));
      }).collect(toList()));
    }
  }
}


text:
The Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE/PGCertEd) is a one- or two-year higher education course  in England, Wales and Northern Ireland which provides training in order to allow graduates to become teachers within maintained schools. In England, there are two routes available to gaining a PGCE – either on a traditional university-led teacher training course or school-led teacher training.

In addition to gaining the PGCE qualification itself, those who have successfully completed the course in England or Wales are recommended for qualified teacher status (QTS) - the requirement to teach in state maintained schools in England and Wales. Those passing PGCEs in Northern Ireland are granted 'eligibility to teach' in Northern Ireland (equivalent to QTS). Though the QTS/eligibility to teach only applies in the Home Nation it was awarded in, applying for QTS/eligibility to teach in either of the other two Home Nations is a formality, and is nearly always awarded to PGCE holders. Furthermore, the PGCE is also widely recognised in Scotland and the rest of the world, allowing holders to easily register as teachers there.

The PGCE was previously also offered in Scotland, but was renamed the Professional Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) from 2005 to 2006 (the exact year depending on the university offering it). It is identical in content to the previous PGCE. Like the PGCE, the PGDE is widely recognised throughout the rest of the United Kingdom and the rest of the world.

Applications for admission to PGCE courses are handled by UCAS Teacher Training. Further and higher education lecturers are not usually required to hold QTS/eligibility to teach. However, many lecturers attend training courses to gain qualifications such as the Postgraduate Certificate in Further Education (PGCFE), which is comparable to the regular PGCE. There is also the PGCHE, for university practitioners.

Course content and structure

The PGCE is a professional qualification normally taught at a university or other higher education institution, with much of the course time spent on placements in local schools. A trainee teacher will have to meet the Standards for qualified teacher status and any course specific requirements to be awarded the PGCE. In England only, a trainee teacher also has to pass the professional skills tests before starting a course. The training provider will then recommend the trainee teacher for QTS to the relevant body:
The National College for Teaching and Leadership (England)
 General Teaching Council for Wales (Wales)
or eligibility to teach to the:
 General Teaching Council for Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland)
After gaining QTS, the candidate becomes a newly qualified teacher (NQT) and embarks on an induction programme in their first post.

Equivalence
The Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE/PGCertEd) sits at Level 7 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications, while the Professional Certificate in Education (ProfGCE) sits a Level 6. The PGCE is not a postgraduate degree, it is instead an advanced but non-degree qualification (as it is directly related to a career, it is considered vocational).

From 2005 to 2007, most universities attached credits towards a master's degree to their PGCertEds. PGCEs that do not carry master's credits are now known as Professional Graduate Certificate in Education.

A recent review of the equivalence of qualifications in Scotland declared the PGCertEd to be equivalent to a postgraduate diploma (which in turn is equivalent to the taught element of a master's degree). This left the PGCE with a rather inappropriate name as a postgraduate certificate is a lower level than the postgraduate diploma, requiring only half the amount of work. As a result, the PGCE in Scotland were renamed to Professional Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE).

The PGCE in Lifelong Learning or Post-Compulsory Education and Training (PCET) is considered to be equivalent to the Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS) at QCF Level 7. The DTLLS was also taught at QCF Level 5.

According to Education International, equivalency assessments place the PGCE as equivalent to a Masters Level degree in the United States and Canada. Although the program is shorter in delivery time than a typical masters level program, its intensive delivery model (specifically within Wales, offered by University of Wales Trinity Saint David) meets all requirements to confer this type of post-graduate degree in North America.

Fees
For PGCE courses in England, a fee of £9,250 will normally be charged, which can be borrowed (at interest) from Student Finance England.

In September 2012, the government introduced a new initiative with the aim of encouraging the best graduates into the teaching profession, particularly in mathematics, physics, computer science, chemistry and modern foreign languages.

Independent schools

Teachers in independent schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are not required to hold any particular qualifications, although most schools now prefer applicants to have a PGCE, especially younger people going into teaching as a first career. This flexibility does allow them to occasionally hire older people who have practical experience, such as appointing ex-engineers as mathematics or physics teachers, or appointing people with high-level postgraduate qualifications but no formal teacher-training.

Other qualifications
The PGCE is the main postgraduate route for teacher training in England and Wales, but there are a number of other ways to gain QTS. See Qualified Teacher Status#Routes to QTS.

See also
School-Centred Initial Teacher Training

References

External links
Graduate Teacher Training Registry
Department of Education's website for teaching (England)
Discover teaching in Wales

Professional titles and certifications
Educational qualifications in England
Educational qualifications in Wales
Educational qualifications in Northern Ireland

pt:Licenciatura

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Dental care is crucial, and you have to make sure that you are able to find the right one that can help you maintain your smile all the time. You are supposed to make sure that you are choosing the most appropriate dentist since there are so many of them out there. For the first timer it is quite daunting to locate the right dentist, and you need to make sure that you have some tips that you can use to find one. Always when you are choosing the best dentist that will meet your needs you need to make sure that you are adhering to the tips below.
First and foremost you are supposed to consider the experience. Mostly, the most experienced dentists they have the best dental care services, and when you consider hiring them you will be satisfied with the services that will be rendered to you. At all the time you have to make sure that you are choosing the most experienced dentists that have served in the industry and you can know that by researching to know the period they have been in that industry.
It is important that you consider the work permit. In this regard, you need to make sure that the dentist that you are choosing is the one that has been authorized to provide the services in your area of residence. The need to consider choosing the one that has been authorized is that you will have the assurance of getting the best treatment.
Also, you have to make sure that you are considering the reviews and testimonials. You are as well required to consider going through the comments on the websites of the dentists so that you get to find out the one that has been recommended most by other customers and consider choosing him or her. Therefore, you will be able to make an informed decision that will impact your selection.
The location of the dental care clinic of the dentist is another factor. In this case, you need to consider choosing the dentist that is situated in your area by using the local database to know the one. You are supposed to check the price. In this case, you need to consider choosing the dentist that is charging reasonably so that you can be able to afford the services. It is allowed that you get the price estimates of several dentists and settle for the one that seems to charge reasonably based on your planned budget. It is crucial that you consider using the guidelines as outlined above to find the best dentist.


text:
Industroyer2 Malware Attack: Vigilance needed on ICS Networks | SCADAfence
By Maayan Fishelov
Russian-backed Group Attempts to Compromise Ukrainian Power Grid Using Industroyer2 Malware
As part of their ongoing military assault against neighboring Ukraine, Russian-backed hacker group Sandworm launched a series of cyber attacks that threaten the critical infrastructure of the beleaguered country.
According to Slovak internet security company ESET, on April 8th, 2022 attackers attempted but failed to compromise the Kyiv electric grid using an updated version of the Industroyer malware which was used to attack Ukraine previously, in 2016.
The First Industroyer Malware Attack
Industroyer first garnered attention in December, 2016 when attackers using the malware succeeded in cutting off power to a fifth of Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital city, for over an hour.
Researchers at the time believed the incident was a preliminary test carried out by threat actors who were preparing to launch a much larger scale cyber attack. Industroyer was believed to be the first ever malware specifically designed to target a nation's electrical grid. Researchers warned that it displayed very high-level technical knowledge of the workings of ICS protocols. The hacker group's method of attack was to penetrate deep into the network and gain direct control of switches in electrical substations. The 2016 attack was also carried out by the Sandworm group.
Assessing The Industroyer2 Attack
According to a report issued by ESET and UA-CERT, on April 8th, 2022 threat actors succeeded in breaching the Ukrainian power distribution grid once again. However they failed in their ultimate goal to halt electricity distribution, wipe/destroy all accessible computers, and delete all traces of the attack. This second goal, if successful, would have lengthened recovery time considerably.
Industroyer2, which shares source code with the original Industoyer, is a windows malware containing IEC-104 commands that aim to disrupt high-voltage electricity.
It was deployed under the file name 108_100.exe and contains hard coded IP addresses of the Ukrainians plant. This indicates the attack had been planned in advance.
Also, the binary was compiled two weeks prior to the attack, which means the attack was preceded by a reconnaissance stage. It was intended to be launched via a scheduled task on April 8, 2022 at 4:10 pm local time. A second task scheduled for 4:20 pm would have wiped the attacking device and erased all traces of the malware.
In addition to the Industoyer2 malware, researchers also found evidence of a new wiper variant, CaddyWiper. This aimed to encrypt ICS consoles, and slow down the plant's recovery. CaddyWiper was intended to be spread via Group Policy, in order to wipe as many devices as possible.
There was a second wiper targeting Linux/Solaris hosts. In this case, a worm-style bash script sc.sh was written to iterate all accessible network devices via SSH via pre-supplied credentials. This would then, in turn, spread to other devices via the same techniques, and finally wipe all host's data. There are two versions of the wiper, one for Solaris and the other for Linux based systems.
The Aftermath Of The Industroyer2 Attack
While researchers have not yet determined the exact reason why Industroyer2 failed to complete its mission, they have made it clear that there is no immediate danger from the industroyer malware. The same exact build of Industroyer2 cannot be used against electricity plants other than the one it originally targeted, as it contains hard coded IP addresses, and uses only the IEC-104 protocol.
Following the Industroyer2 attack, US government agencies CISA, DOE, the NSA and the FBI issued a joint Cybersecurity Advisory warning that "certain advanced persistent threat (APT) actors have exhibited the capability to gain full system access to multiple industrial control system (ICS)/supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) devices, including
Schneider Electric programmable logic controllers (PLCs),
OMRON Sysmac NEX PLCs, and
Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA) servers."
This is a developing story, and this blog will be updated as new information becomes available.
How The SCADAfence Platform Protects Critical Infrastructure
The SCADAfence platform protects against the TTPs used by Industroyer2.
A malware attack such as the one launched on April 8th, would have triggered a variety of critical alerts on the SCADAfence Platform.
Affected machines with the wiper worm would trigger "Network Scanner" when scanning the /24 network to find targets to wipe. Additionally, the SFTP User Activity feature would show the ransomware propagation methods by the attackers.
The "Scheduled Task - remote process execution" alert would be seen when Industroyer2 was triggered to run at a specific time.
An irregular connection to OT assets would immediately trigger a "New connection to industrial device" alert.
Any value changes sent via the IEC-104 protocol would be instantly detected.
Reconnaissance stage communications from compromised host to attacker C&C would also trigger an "Unauthorized outbound connection from IT related device" alert.
For additional information on how SCADAfence protects against industrial cyber attacks and OT malware, and helps industrial organizations, read our previous article on The Russia-Ukraine Conflict from an Industrial Cybersecurity Perspective
Follow Best Practices to Protect your OT Assets
As always, the SCADAfence team recommends following accepted best practices, including
Employing network segmentation to separate sensitive applications (e.g. PCN) from other network parts via firewalls,
Always keeping secure offline backups up-to-date,
Encrypting sensitive data, and using MFA on OT solutions.
For additional information about how SCADAfence can protect critical infrastructure, please contact us to request a demo today.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
// for linear algebra.
//
// Copyright (C) 2008 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud@inria.fr>
// Copyright (C) 2010 Jitse Niesen <jitse@maths.leeds.ac.uk>
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#ifndef EIGEN_MATRIXBASEEIGENVALUES_H
#define EIGEN_MATRIXBASEEIGENVALUES_H

namespace Eigen {

namespace internal {

template<typename Derived, bool IsComplex>
struct eigenvalues_selector
{
  // this is the implementation for the case IsComplex = true
  static inline typename MatrixBase<Derived>::EigenvaluesReturnType const
  run(const MatrixBase<Derived>& m)
  {
    typedef typename Derived::PlainObject PlainObject;
    PlainObject m_eval(m);
    return ComplexEigenSolver<PlainObject>(m_eval, false).eigenvalues();
  }
};

template<typename Derived>
struct eigenvalues_selector<Derived, false>
{
  static inline typename MatrixBase<Derived>::EigenvaluesReturnType const
  run(const MatrixBase<Derived>& m)
  {
    typedef typename Derived::PlainObject PlainObject;
    PlainObject m_eval(m);
    return EigenSolver<PlainObject>(m_eval, false).eigenvalues();
  }
};

} // end namespace internal

/** \brief Computes the eigenvalues of a matrix
  * \returns Column vector containing the eigenvalues.
  *
  * \eigenvalues_module
  * This function computes the eigenvalues with the help of the EigenSolver
  * class (for real matrices) or the ComplexEigenSolver class (for complex
  * matrices).
  *
  * The eigenvalues are repeated according to their algebraic multiplicity,
  * so there are as many eigenvalues as rows in the matrix.
  *
  * The SelfAdjointView class provides a better algorithm for selfadjoint
  * matrices.
  *
  * Example: \include MatrixBase_eigenvalues.cpp
  * Output: \verbinclude MatrixBase_eigenvalues.out
  *
  * \sa EigenSolver::eigenvalues(), ComplexEigenSolver::eigenvalues(),
  *     SelfAdjointView::eigenvalues()
  */
template<typename Derived>
inline typename MatrixBase<Derived>::EigenvaluesReturnType
MatrixBase<Derived>::eigenvalues() const
{
  typedef typename internal::traits<Derived>::Scalar Scalar;
  return internal::eigenvalues_selector<Derived, NumTraits<Scalar>::IsComplex>::run(derived());
}

/** \brief Computes the eigenvalues of a matrix
  * \returns Column vector containing the eigenvalues.
  *
  * \eigenvalues_module
  * This function computes the eigenvalues with the help of the
  * SelfAdjointEigenSolver class.  The eigenvalues are repeated according to
  * their algebraic multiplicity, so there are as many eigenvalues as rows in
  * the matrix.
  *
  * Example: \include SelfAdjointView_eigenvalues.cpp
  * Output: \verbinclude SelfAdjointView_eigenvalues.out
  *
  * \sa SelfAdjointEigenSolver::eigenvalues(), MatrixBase::eigenvalues()
  */
template<typename MatrixType, unsigned int UpLo>
inline typename SelfAdjointView<MatrixType, UpLo>::EigenvaluesReturnType
SelfAdjointView<MatrixType, UpLo>::eigenvalues() const
{
  typedef typename SelfAdjointView<MatrixType, UpLo>::PlainObject PlainObject;
  PlainObject thisAsMatrix(*this);
  return SelfAdjointEigenSolver<PlainObject>(thisAsMatrix, false).eigenvalues();
}

/** \brief Computes the L2 operator norm
  * \returns Operator norm of the matrix.
  *
  * \eigenvalues_module
  * This function computes the L2 operator norm of a matrix, which is also
  * known as the spectral norm. The norm of a matrix \f$ A \f$ is defined to be
  * \f[ \|A\|_2 = \max_x \frac{\|Ax\|_2}{\|x\|_2} \f]
  * where the maximum is over all vectors and the norm on the right is the
  * Euclidean vector norm. The norm equals the largest singular value, which is
  * the square root of the largest eigenvalue of the positive semi-definite
  * matrix \f$ A^*A \f$.
  *
  * The current implementation uses the eigenvalues of \f$ A^*A \f$, as computed
  * by SelfAdjointView::eigenvalues(), to compute the operator norm of a
  * matrix.  The SelfAdjointView class provides a better algorithm for
  * selfadjoint matrices.
  *
  * Example: \include MatrixBase_operatorNorm.cpp
  * Output: \verbinclude MatrixBase_operatorNorm.out
  *
  * \sa SelfAdjointView::eigenvalues(), SelfAdjointView::operatorNorm()
  */
template<typename Derived>
inline typename MatrixBase<Derived>::RealScalar
MatrixBase<Derived>::operatorNorm() const
{
  typename Derived::PlainObject m_eval(derived());
  // FIXME if it is really guaranteed that the eigenvalues are already sorted,
  // then we don't need to compute a maxCoeff() here, comparing the 1st and last ones is enough.
  return internal::sqrt((m_eval*m_eval.adjoint())
                 .eval()
		 .template selfadjointView<Lower>()
		 .eigenvalues()
		 .maxCoeff()
		 );
}

/** \brief Computes the L2 operator norm
  * \returns Operator norm of the matrix.
  *
  * \eigenvalues_module
  * This function computes the L2 operator norm of a self-adjoint matrix. For a
  * self-adjoint matrix, the operator norm is the largest eigenvalue.
  *
  * The current implementation uses the eigenvalues of the matrix, as computed
  * by eigenvalues(), to compute the operator norm of the matrix.
  *
  * Example: \include SelfAdjointView_operatorNorm.cpp
  * Output: \verbinclude SelfAdjointView_operatorNorm.out
  *
  * \sa eigenvalues(), MatrixBase::operatorNorm()
  */
template<typename MatrixType, unsigned int UpLo>
inline typename SelfAdjointView<MatrixType, UpLo>::RealScalar
SelfAdjointView<MatrixType, UpLo>::operatorNorm() const
{
  return eigenvalues().cwiseAbs().maxCoeff();
}

} // end namespace Eigen

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Russian Orthodox theological schools are ready to train Orthodox students from China whose Orthodox Church is independent from Moscow, Metropolitan Kirill, chairman of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, said.
At present, there are no Chinese Orthodox priests in the People's Republic of China whilst the number of Orthodox believers in the country is believed to be around 15,000, the metropolitan explained.
The Chinese Orthodox Church was granted autonomy by the Synod of the Russian Church in 1957, but it has not had a primate since the death of bishop Vasily of Beijing in 1962.
The Synod stated in 1997 that Patriarch Aleksij II of Moscow and All Russia would carry out canonical care for the parish of the Orthodox Church in China.
"Russian Church is unambiguously interested in the restoration of an independent Orthodox Church in China, but as the Mother Church it is ready to send Russian priests to China as an interim measure," he added.


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An exploratory study of homeopaths' experience with the treatment of eating disorders, including a discussion of the various philosophies of research.
The primary aim of this study was to explore the views of homeopaths about their experience and treatment of clients with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. The intention was to reveal the challenges, outcomes and pitfalls of working with individuals with enduring eating disorders and to discover if homeopaths believe homeopathy to be effective in treating the whole person; the symptoms of the eating disorder both mentally and physically.
A constructivist, grounded theory approach was taken and semi-structured interviews were undertaken with homeopaths who have experience in treating people with eating disorders. Data was analyzed using thematic coding.
Findings suggest that it is necessary for homeopaths to distinguish between eating disorders of long standing and short term disorders. Short term disorders have different implications in that they are often easier to deal with. Disorders of long standing have far-reaching implications in practice. In depth knowledge is required of eating disorders in general as well as of the therapeutic relationship in particular. Managing this group of patients is different from other patient groups, and it asks of the homeopath to be very aware of boundaries and professional limitations. Patient choice is perceived as vital for effective treatment. Patients need to be willing to commit to and engage in the process. Furthermore, dealing with maintaining causes and relapses can be challenging. Homeopaths need to have an awareness of the socio/cultural contexts affecting patients with eating disorders and be able to assist in the management of triggers and relapses. Findings also suggest that treatment can have an effect on all levels; mentally, emotionally as well as physically.
Eating disorders are becoming an increasing problem in the western world with up to as many as 1 in 3 girls showing symptoms of some kind of eating disorder (Fløe & Madsen, 2005). According to the Danish Department of health (1999), the death rate for anorexics is 9 times the rate of people the same age and is attributed to complications from starvation or suicide. Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness (Treasure, 2007; Birmingham & Treasure, 2010).
Resent research suggests that although bulimia and other non-specified eating disorders are often viewed as less severe, individuals with bulimia or such non-specified eating disorders have elevated mortality risks similar to the level found in anorexia nervosa (Crow, Peterson, Swanson, Raymond, Specker, Eckert & Mitchell, 2009).
Despite all this, not much in the way of treatment is on offer for this neglected group of patients and it is notable that research on the subject both in conventional and complementary medicine, is conspicuously lacking. When examining the subject carefully it appears that there is great confusion about the whole subject of eating disorders. This is confirmed by patients' statements that they feel not to be understood (Andersen, 2009; Lassen, 2008; Sørensen, 2004).
There is anecdotal evidence in the homoeopathic literature that increasingly people seek homoeopathic treatment for these disorders (Snowdon 1999; Maslan, Nd). To date, however, apart from one study on the homeopathic treatment of binge eating disorder, there has been a paucity of research in this area. The primary aim of this study was to explore the views of homeopaths about their experience and treatment of clients with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. The intention was to reveal the challenges, outcomes and pitfalls of working with individuals with enduring eating disorders and to discover if the homeopaths find homeopathy effective in treating the whole person; the symptoms of the eating disorder mentally and physically.
According to patients suffering from eating disorders there is a tension between the patients' own understanding of their disorders, the conventional attitude towards and definition of eating disorders and their ensuing treatments ( Hvid, 1998; Lassen, 2000; Skårderud, 2001; Sørensen 2004). According to Lassen (2008), a psychologist who herself suffered from bulimia for 10 years and who has much experience in treating patients with eating disorders, it is very important which attitude one takes towards an eating disorder. If one looks upon the disorder as being strictly about an erroneous diet or a bad habit then a change of diet is a sensible solution to the problem. But, if it is viewed instead as being an externalisation of existential suffering, then it is necessary to deal with the problem entirely differently. Interestingly, Lassen (ibid.) explains that most people with an eating disorder or a weight problem try to treat themselves and the most prevalent treatment is – the diet. This may be explained by the reinforcement and emphasis which is put on the actual diet in our present time. As one patient with bulimia put it: " I did not know what to seek help for and the sad thing was I thought the solution to the problem was to become thin" (Sørensen 2004 p. 11).
This is mirrored in the Danish Health Department's leaflet on eating disorders, which is intended to support people with eating disorders as well as their relatives and to enable people at risk to realize and acknowledge their condition. In the same leaflet, however, they encourage weight regulation as it is healthy. In this way they send out mixed messages and are in fact moving the boarders between health and disease.
At any one time approx. 50 % of women are on a diet in Denmark which is likely to result in an eating disorder (Lassen ibid; Petterson ibid). According to Petterson (1999) this bears witness to the fact that women in certain professions dare not become fat, because if they did perhaps they would not get a job or they would not keep it. The traditional method of treatment of anorexia nervosa in conventional medicine has been one of focussing on the weight gain and in many hospitals the treatment has been based on a system of "punishment and reward" according to the weight loss or gain respectively (Fløe & Madsen 2005).
The study of the literature and of biographies of those who have suffered or suffer from anorexia or bulimia shows one of the most striking things to be the matter of choice. On the one hand they describe how they are caught by the disease, but on the other hand how they choose not to do anything about it (Lassen, 2008: Sørensen, 2004) One mother writing about her daughter's life with anorexia even describes how her daughter "chose death" (Dunbar, 1986).
Common to the persons who have had anorexia or bulimia is the fact that they themselves say that the illness is not about food. The food is just a symptom covering what is going on underneath (Lassen 2008; Sørensen 2004). They also make quite clear that they are not "cured," they have learned to live with the symptoms of the disease and they get relapses which they use as guidance for situations that they need to be particularly aware of.
According to Sørensen (2004), when one has no self confidence, when one dare not live or believe in the future, a vacuum arises that yearns to be filled with something else like food. To fill that vacuum with food gives a false sense of security which is possible to relate to. A recurring theme through autobiographies from people with bulimia is a common desire to detect and understand the feelings that make the vacuum arise in the first place. Bulimia becomes a sign that something is not quite how it should be.
But the first criteria for an effect of treatment is the free choice" (Lassen 2008 p.15). Patients with anorexia are usually under 19 when they come, but those who suffer from bulimia or obesity often come of their own free choice, but much later in life.
According to Lassen (2008), it is necessary to look at the whole; all the factors that make a person – not only the diet, but the person who eats the food, the person's self-conception, and the circumstances that have formed that person's self-concept, life and eating strategies.
In all the clinical trials the researchers, without exception, call for a greater knowledge-base and a better understanding of eating disorders. The problem that seems to be appearing from the research is the difficulty in combining the physical side of the disorders with the mental aspect of them, and this is probably why it has been so difficult in conventional terms to grasp and treat the diseases.
This again may be one reason why eating disorders have warranted so little interest in terms of conventional research.
"As eating disorders include both psychological and physiological components, appropriate management of these disorders requires input from a number of disciplines working together in a coordinated manner, following an integrated programme" (Loria et al 2009, p. 558). Fennig and Hadas (2010), point out that too much emphasis is still put on the eating behaviour itself and since the risk of suicide is so great due to depression, they stress the need to detect and treat the depression, as the depression seems to amplify illness severity. However, even in the trial by Loria et al (2009), in which they acknowledge the necessity of directing the treatment of eating disorders at different levels, the greatest emphasis is put on the nutrition programme in which the focus is on "achieving healthier habits and modifying eating behaviour" (ibid. p. 558).
Of the few trials on anorexia, two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that incorporate the use of family therapy seem to come up with the best results.
Correlations showed that adolescents who gained more weight in the early sessions (69%) were more likely to agree with the therapist on the goals of the therapy (p<0.02) and stay with it (ibid, 2006). It is, however, a small trial with 40 patients in the study, but subsequent studies on the same topic have yielded similar results (Zanadin et al 2007). The overall outcomes of both studies are good. In the other study on family therapy 75% of patients reported no anorectic symptoms at all after 5 years; only 8% have relapses and there are no deaths (Eisler et al 2007).
With respect to most studies on eating disorders, there seem to be a few design problems. Generally, there seems to be a lack of consensus in the field (Guarda 2007; Southgate, Tchanturia & Treasure, 2009), both in regard to definitions of psychological and physiological criteria for recovery, symptom remission, problems about other forms of treatment, co-morbidity, target weight and prognosis which makes it very difficult to compare the different studies.
The quality of evidence therefore is generally weak and the trials are difficult to reproduce.
Furthermore, studies suggest that people with eating disorders do not turn up for help with the treatment of an eating disorder, but rather for symptoms secondary to the eating disorder (Hay, 2007).
Usually, homeopaths look at the underlying reason for the individual to become ill in the first place, whatever that might be, and a homeopathic approach to treatment would invariably involve a holistic assessment of the patient.
Looking at one of the few single cases of anorexia nervosa available in homoeopathic literature by Montani (1999), it becomes apparent that when the patient started feeling better, she started gaining weight, the menses returned, her anxiety disappeared and the other physical symptoms disappeared, and not least, her diet became stable. A single case cannot qualify as scientific evidence (Thompson 2004) even if the results are mirrored in other similar cases, for example in a case study reported by Crump (1995). However, when successful treatment by homeopaths are reported in a number of cases (Fixen 2006), (Lefevre 2005), it might suggest that further investigation is warranted into this as a potentially effective healing modality.
The patients themselves seem to regard the disorders as an externalisation of existential suffering, whereas the help they get seems to spring from a treatment based on the first attitude, in this way reinforcing the vicious circle of the disorders and resulting in a tension between the patients' understanding of themselves and the ensuing treatment.
"The exact nature of the definition of research is influenced by the researcher's theoretical framework" (Mertens, 2005 p. 2 cited in Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006) with theory being used to establish relationships between or among constructs that describe or explain a phenomenon, by going beyond the local event and trying to connect it with similar events.
The researcher is influenced by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), one of the founders of the hermeneutic tradition, and by John Dewey (1859-1952) one of the founders of pragmatism.
Pragmatists have the philosophical stance that knowledge should not be taken as an objective reflection of reality, but as a useful tool which shows its applicability in practice.
The researcher holds the belief that you learn from experience and what is true is what works, but she also strongly believes that all individuals have a freedom to choose. As Kierkegaard (1980 p. 29) puts it: "That, which combines the different elements in the human synthesis, is the quality of the human being to relate to oneself and to have an understanding of oneself as a freely acting individual." Kirkegaard (ibid.) also stresses, however, that "The self is composed of infinity and finiteness. But the synthesis is a relationship, and it is a relationship which, though it is derived, relates itself to itself, which means freedom. The self is freedom. But freedom is the dialectical element in terms of possibility and necessity." This is where, in my opinion, this existential hermeneutic belief system ties in well with the symbolic interactionists in that although the person makes his own choices, he is very much a product of the necessities and possibilities in his own life, culture and society.
To the researcher it is important to look at the society and times in which eating disorders become an increasing problem, through the lens of cultural criticism which was so characteristic for Dewey, and to keep asking questions. This includes scrutinizing the strong influence of the mass media whose "basic task is to make the second hand world we live in appear to be natural and invisible" (Flick et al 2004 p.83).
It is interesting that symbolic interactionism reflects the duality in the "interpretive, subjective study of human experience. On the other hand, they sought to build an objective science that would conform to criteria borrowed from the natural sciences" (Ibid. p. 84). This is exactly what homoeopaths are up against and in actual fact what people with eating disorders are struggling with as well. They do not fit into the world view of the natural sciences, as they cannot combine the mental aspect of the disorder with the physical side of it. This leaves the individual stranded in her own existential searching in the midst of all the striving for objectivity.
This study is acknowledged to be rooted in a constructivist paradigm assuming a pragmatic ontology. Constructivist approaches to research intend to understand the situation under study from the participants' perspective, suggesting that "reality is socially constructed" (Mertens, 2005 p.12). The constructivist researcher tends to rely upon the "participants' views of the situation being studied" (Creswell, 2003 p.8), and acknowledges the impact on the research of their own background and experiences. Constructivists do not generally begin with a theory (as with postpositivists), rather they "generate or inductively develop a theory or pattern of meanings" (Creswell, 2003 p.9) throughout the research process. Qualitative methodologies are the most obvious ways of eliciting this data.
The methodology chosen was grounded theory as it seemed appropriate to the research aims and objectives and it was coherent with the researcher's own theoretical perspectives providing the context for the research process, namely symbolic interactionism and hermaneutism as explained above. There was no initial hypothesis to be tested. In grounded theory conclusions are generated from the research and the researcher can therefore remain open to all possibilities.
Here, an analogy can be drawn to homeopathy in which it is considered of great importance to detect the maintaining cause in an individual case. In my view we have to go beyond that and detect and understand the "collective maintaining causes," Dehn (2005), which may have an immense influence on certain groups of patients as may be the case in patients with eating disorders.
The most common methods to extract knowledge in grounded theory are one-to-one interviews or focus groups with data collection and analysis occuring concurrently. This concurrent process involves using early analytical thought generated from initial analysis. As the researcher lives in Denmark and the interviewees live in England, the most appropriate method in this study was one-to-one interviews over the phone as the distance made it impractical to establish focus groups or carry out face-to-face interviews. Therefore it was decided that one-to-one semistructured interviews would be the most effective way to elicit a comprehensive understanding of the individual homeopath's experience of treating persons with eating disorders. "What we observe is the limit of our observation, what we memorise forms the limit of our understanding" (Miles, 1992 p.68).
Homeopaths are used to conducting interviews and analyzing the data gathered. In fact this process with semistructured interviews mirrors the homeopathic consultation (Gray, 2008). There is no doubt, however, that an interview conducted face to face would have been more appropritate as important information especially body language was missed over the phone. It was more difficult to use non-verbal techniques;the use of interpersonal space, pacing of speech and length of silence in the conversation, variations in volume, pitch and quality of voice on the phone which is othervise used in a face-to-face interview. On the other hand, the fact that the interviewees were all qualified homeopaths and had experience from 6-25 years of treating patients, and the fact that they had implicit knowledge of both homeopathy and the subject in question made it easier to interview them over the phone, than it might have been to interview somebody without similar experience of conducting interviews in their own consultation.
As with the homeopathic interview, the questions had to be non-directive and open-ended, so participants were able to describe their own experiences as fully as possible, but at all times during the interviews as well as in the whole process, there was the risk of bias on the part of the reseacher. This is why it is so important for the researcher to be reflexive; that is being aware of one's preconceived ideas and assumptions.
3 women and 3 men were interviewed (n=6), between December 2009 and February 2010.
4 homeopaths lived and practiced in England, 1 in Ireland and 1 in Denmark, but they all qualified in England at colleges approved by the Society of Homeopaths.
As a result of the data gathered it became apparent that there was a primary theme going through certain characteristics of the patients with an eating disorder, the process itself and the manner of treatment. In order to understand the greater picture, the challenges and pitfalls of treating patients with eating disorders, therefore, categories were generated specifically related to these characteristics. Categories were collapsed that related only to individual patients without relevance to the greater context.
The themes that ran through the findings were "cooperation," "engaging in the process," "taboo," "trust," "control," choice/want of choice," "case management," "causation," "fundamental core," "combination of qualities," "dependency," "boundaries," "relapse" and they were all embraced in one of the main categories or they became a subcategory in their own right.
This category embraced two polarities; the fact that treating patients with longstanding eating disorders was very challenging for the homeopath and in depth knowledge of both eating disorders in general and the therapeutic relationship in particular were needed, in order to achieve a successful outcome for these patients. However, the polarity showed that patients with subclinical eating disorders or eating disorders that had just been diagnosed, were reasonably easy to treat and homeopathy worked very well even in cases where patients were not ready yet to acknowledge the fact that there was a problem.
First of all it became clear that most patients who suffer from serious eating disorders, have done so for a long time and it is something that takes a long time for the patients to work through.
"Patients suffer from a Longstanding chronic condition" (5) and "The skill is enabling the patient to understand the work that has been undertaken and they need to embrace it for a long time." (4) "to make them realize that it has gone on for a long time and often has roots back to childhood and to make them realize that it will be a long process as in my experience it is not going to be a quick fix" (6) "The challenge is when the condition has lasted for a long time with lots of pathology as a result." (3) "The challenge is establishing the therapeutic relationship and getting the patient to commit and understand it is a long process." (4) The polarity was shown clearly by homeopath number 2 who had only treated children who had not had the disorders very long and they were reasonably easily resolved.
And 2 of the homeopaths who had a lot of experience in treating patients with eating disorders stressed that in some cases it was very easy to find the correct remedy and the patient just got better.
This category embraced most diversities in the question of how to treat persons with eating disorders. 4 homeopaths relied only on homeopathy 1 homeopath was a counsellor as well as a homeopath and 1 homeopath had extra training in cognitive behavioural therapy. 2 homeopaths were able to discuss their cases with a psychotherapist. They all agreed that a straight forward classical method was most appropriate. The greatest variance was in regard to nutritional advice. The category of "focus on nutritional advice" encompasses a polarity in that 3 homeopaths decidedly disagreed with nutritional advice, whereas 3 homeopaths offered nutritional advice as part of the treatment.
The discrepancies arose around what else the treatment should consist of when working with patients with eating disorders.
The one most outstanding difference was whether or not to offer advice on nutrition.
3 homeopaths offered advice: Homeopaths 2,4,6 whereas homeopaths 1,3, 5 did not.
The category of "therapeutic relationship" embraced the subcategories of "trust", "withholding information", "support" and then the subcategory of the homeopaths' own "boundaries". Interestingly, within the subcategories "withholding information" and "support" were polarities in that within subcategory "withholding information" homeopaths numbers 2 and 4 did not find that the persons with eating disorders held anything back or found it difficult to talk about certain things, whereas this was volunteered by the other homeopaths. Within the subcategory "support" the polarity of dependency became apparent as homeopaths 1 and 3 stressed the fact that it was necessary to be aware of a dependency when this category of patients needed more time and support.
Five homeopaths agreed upon the fact that homeopathy worked on all levels.
There was a consensus among most of the homeopaths that in order to help the whole person with the eating disorder on all levels it was necessary to unravel the whole and get to the central disturbance. It was necessary to be able to perceive the causation or aetiology and this could be a great challenge. Depending on the pathology and the length of time the condition had persisted this could also be a long process and very time consuming.
As indicated by one homeopath the patients with eating disorders often exhibit a strong determination not to get better. They demonstrate strong control. The homeopaths concurred that in order to help this patient group, it was necessary to make them acknowledge the fact that in order to help them they needed to engage in the process to make a choice to commit. Hence the subcategory "Choice/ want of choice" which also encompasses control.
One point raised by 3 homeopaths was the fact that the greatest challenge, but also what would be part of a successful outcome, was that the person with the eating disorder needed to actively engage in the process. The patient needed to be committed to the treatment. This was important as this patient group sometimes is determined not to get better. Cooperation was a main factor in a mutual and respectful therapeutic relationship.
The intention of this study was to recruit 10 homeopaths. This would still comprise a small sample, but unfortunately the method in the ideal world was not realized in the real world, which made the sample even smaller, comprised only of 6 homeopaths. This study does not claim to be representative of the sample or the results. It is an exploratory study of homeopaths' experience with the treatment of a much neglected group of patients not previously addressed by research in homeopathy. The difficulties of access and the lack of previous research to build on are therefore major justifications for using a qualitative method in this study (Flick, 2007a).
So why is it such a challenging area to investigate? Perhaps this is reflected in the disorders themselves. Eating disorders are surrounded by taboos, controversies and a general aversion to being involved. As discussed in the text below, it may be that patients do not seek homeopathic treatment for these disorders, in which case there are not enough homeopaths with the required expertise, which actually then reflects an entirely different limitation of the study, as it is also impossible to answer that question. Another reason may be that homeopaths are not familiar with scientific trials, so they may decide not to take part.
Certain aspects of the findings were limited, as in order to get the answers, it would actually be necessary to ask the patients with the eating disorders themselves. It was, however, necessary first of all to form a general view of the area in order to know what to do next.
The findings in the study seem to indicate certain consistencies that clearly warrant further research in the area.
On the basis of the findings, there are certain consistencies that are clear, although the findings are based on a small sample. It is important to note although describing application to practice; "These hypotheses are probability statements, not facts that are verified. Grounded theory is not verificational" (Glaser, 1992 P. 29).
The findings show that it is necessary for homeopaths to distinguish between eating disorders of long standing and those of short term. Those of short term have different implications in that they are often easier to deal with or homeopathy may even be preventive. Those disorders of long standing have far-reaching implications in practice in that an in-depth knowledge of eating disorders in general is necessary as well as of the therapeutic relationship in particular. Managing this group of patients is different from other patient groups and it asks of the homeopath to be very aware of her own boundaries and limitations. The first criterion for effective treatment is the patient choice, and in order to achieve a successful outcome with these patients, the patients need to be willing to commit to the treatment and engage in the process.
Furthermore, dealing with maintaining causes and relapses can be challenging and homeopaths need to have an awareness of the socio/cultural contexts affecting patients with eating disorders, and be able to assist in the management of triggers and relapses.
The main aim of this study was to explore the views of homeopaths about their experience and treatment of patients with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. The intention was to reveal the challenges, outcomes and pitfalls when working with patients with an eating disorder.
The primary objective was to determine whether homeopaths found homeopathy effective in treating the whole person; mentally, emotionally as well as physically. Despite the limitations of the study such as access, only 6 homeopaths participated in the study, and lack of previous research, the findings seem to indicate certain consistencies that clearly warrant further research. The researcher believes she has met the aims and objectives, but in order to be validated the study would need to be repeated with a larger sample and perhaps in other countries.
The literature review reveals tensions and contrasts regarding the subject of eating disorders that are highlighted and substantiated by the findings in this study. It is evident that the treatment of eating disorders is influenced by the attitude taken towards the disorders.
The patients themselves seem to regard the disorders as an externalisation of existential suffering, whereas the help they get in conventional terms seems to spring from a treatment based on the attitude that the disorders have to do with erroneous diets and bad habits, in this way reinforcing the vicious circle of the disorders and resulting in a tension between the patients' understanding of themselves and the ensuing treatment. In this context the literature review also disclosed a possible manipulation of information which may influence patient choice.
The findings suggest that homeopaths distinguish between eating disorders of long standing and short term, that is to say subclinical eating disorders. The latter group includes patients who had just been diagnosed, or patients who had not yet realized they had a problem. Eating disorders of short term duration are often easier to treat and resolved fairly easily. In some cases homeopathy may even be preventive. Long standing disorders have far-reaching implications in practice. In-depth knowledge of eating disorders in general is necessary as well as knowledge of the therapeutic relationship in particular.
The first criterion for effective treatment seems to be the patient choice and the skill is to make the patient realize that in order to achieve a successful outcome, she needs to be willing to commit to the treatment and engage in the process.
Managing this group of patients is different from other patient groups. Often they need more time and support. Therefore it asks of the homeopath to be very aware of her own boundaries and limitations. This put emphasis on the significance of the therapeutic relationship.
In-depth knowledge of the socio/cultural contexts affecting patients with eating disorders appears to be important in order to be able to detect maintaining causes and assist in the management of triggers and relapses.
Moreover, the findings show that homeopathy has an effect on all levels; mentally, emotionally as well as physically, which means that homeopathy has no difficulty in combining the physical side of the disorder with the mental aspect of it, and therefore offers a more complete form of therapy than any other type of treatment. The findings indicate, that by concentrating on the underlying reasons the eating disorder appeared in the first place, addressing the central disturbance and aetiology, homeopaths in actual fact connect with the patients, building an honest mutual therapeutic relationship so that the patients stick with the treatment.
As well as recommending further research in the area of eating disorders, it is hoped that this study provides new information that will stimulate the development of further education in homeopathy, especially in relation to the therapeutic relationship.
Dissemination of information to the general public is recommended in relation to the homeopathic process in eating disorders, including what to expect and how best to deal with difficult situations, triggers and relapses.
very good work. I liked the philosophical framework.
THE SUBJECT EATING DISORDER EG ANOREXIA OR BULIMIA HAS BEEN STUDIED VERY EXTENSIVELY BUT IT REQUIRES TO BE STUDIED MORE INTENSIVELY TO FIND A CORRECT REASON FOR THIS TYPE OF HABIT. I CAN'T CALL IT AN ALARMING DISORDER UNLESS IT GIVES RISE TO PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OR SYMPTOMS WHICH RUN INTO DISEASE. EATING DISORDER MAY BE GENETIC OR SOCIAL OR PHYSICAL OR ALL COMBINED. BUT I THINK IF A PERSON TAKES A BALANCED DIET THAT IS EVERY THING -CARBOHYDRATE, PROTIEN,VITAMINS, FAT, MINERALS ETC IN ALL CORRECT PROPORTIONS , QUANTITY MAY BE MORE OR LESS, IT DOES NOT MATTER MUCH. THE PROBLEM .WHETHER LONG OR SHORT TERM EATING DISORDER ARISES WHEN A MAN EATS ONE TYPE OF FOOD ALWAYS FOR WHICH HE IS FOND OF MENTALLY OR PSYCHOLOGICALLY. NOW A DAYS I THINK EATING DISORDERS SUCH AS ANOREXIA/BULIMIA ARE DUE TO STRESS OF THE MODERN AGE, IN SUCH CASES HOMEOPATHY HAS GREAT ROLE TO PLAY.
Thanks, it is interesting article and very good work, keep it up.
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ASID Announces First Ever Virtual Conference
MOMENTUM 2.0 - The V Foundation Wine Celebration
Henry 2020 Issue Launch Event
During these tumultuous times, giving with impact is more important than ever.
Remembering The Legacy Of Ann Getty
It's A Good Thing: Try Martha Stewart's Decadent Milk-And-Cookies Cake Recipe
Maison Hennessy Celebrates 150 Years With A Glitzy Decanter Design By Frank Gehry
Pop Culture: the Veuve Clicquot X Yayoi Kusama Collab Bubbles Up
San Francisco Decorator Showcase Designers Share A Peek Into Their Creative Visions
Trading Places: Moving From the Urban Core To The Scenic Russian River Valley
The 8 Best Beaches in San Francisco
Top 10 Places to Watch the Sunset in San Francisco
'Emily in Paris' Star's Top 8 Paris Picks
Business Insider's Kyle Russell.
Do Anti-Tech Protestors Have an Extremist Problem?
Scott Lucas | April 14, 2014 | Story Politics
Let's put this out there before we go any further: The anti-gentrification activists who block tech buses, crowd into Board of Supervisors meetings, and picket in front of properties where evictions are taking place are well within a venerable San Francisco tradition of civil disobedience and political agitation. You might quibble with some of their arguments, but they're pointing to a real problem.
That said, they also seem to have a bit of an issue with extremists in their ranks committing acts of violence. And that's not helping them—or anybody.
The latest round of brutishness happened on Friday, when a journalist covering anti-eviction protests in the Mission was mugged because he was wearing a pair of Google Glass. Business Insider's Kyle Russell writes that a "colleague and I were on our way to the 16th Street BART station—I'll note that I wasn't using any device at the time—when a person put their hand on my face and yelled, 'Glass!' In an instant the person was sprinting away, Google Glass in hand. I ran after, through traffic, to the corner of the opposite block. The person pivoted, shifting their weight to put all of their momentum into an overhand swing. The Google Glass smashed into the ground, and they ran in another direction."
And though Russell subsequently bent over backward in his post to excuse the attack ("My love for gadgets makes me look and sound like one of the people whom residents of the city have come to feel oppressed by."), these aren't the kinds of actions that make anybody want to agree with you.
The assault—which we can only assume was politically motivated given that the Glass was destroyed, not resold on the face-computer black market—is only the latest in what has become a string of anti-tech attacks, including rock throwing at and vomiting on buses in Oakland, as well as a (likely provoked) bar fight in the Haight. And while none of these incidents rise to a significant level of danger, the pattern is clear: There are some hooligans in the protesting ranks.
Many political movements have the same problems: Occupy had its Black Bloc of anarchists who smashed windows and confronted the police. Anti-abortion activists have their own violent members as well. The real test isn't so much whether or not the fringe element exists, it's what the rest of the group does about them.
Which is why the reaction—or silence—of self-styled progressive voices is so troubling. Local progressive media like is more than happy to cover the political demonstrations, yet often turns a blind eye toward the violence. They cover the protests—but not the undercurrent of violence.
Over on Twitter, the reaction was raw: "Who cares? Glass makes you look like an asshole." or "I'm going to shove your pathetic nerd body into a locker."
These aren't the actions, or the responses, of a political movement that's worth taking seriously—or one that's winning. Because if your cause is all about "San Francisco values," it might be worth remembering that non-violence is one of them.
Have feedback? Email us at letterssf@sanfranmag.com
Email Scott Lucas at slucas@modernluxury.com
Follow us on Twitter @sanfranmag
Follow Scott Lucas on Twitter @ScottLucas86


Below is a link to my newest book, "Advanced Concepts for a Better Future: A Guide to Building an Accelerated Classroom". My original white papers to address several challenges teachers are facing today is listed here as well.
As an educator working for change, I will continue to advocate for students and teachers for a Better Future.
Click below to access a PDF copy of my latest book that provides an introduction into the philosophy behind Advanced Concepts for a Better Future!
This paper will change how you define the word teacher and open your mind to a new method of delivering curriculum and instruction. Learn how to first establish a successful classroom, understand students as individual learners, develop positive partnerships with parents, and strengthen "at risk" students. Then you will be introduced to ways you can build your own accelerated classroom that will create happy, engaged, and goal oriented students through the use of Advanced Concepts.
Here you will learn positive methods with identifying, engaging, and strengthening students considered "at risk" of not meet grade level proficiency. A model is included on how to best manage at risk students and further explanation is given on how this will not only support your ability to successfully maintain interventions and goals, but it will also help you develop a support system with your school and parents. Recommendations on how we can improve our current system of managing at risk students by developing an electronic reporting system that can be utilized by all teachers is discussed in detail.
Reawaken your identity as a teacher by digging deep into the three goals that we as teachers have been directed to strive for. Understand how these goals affect your instructional methods and learn how you can make positive change in education. Learn about a rule to teach by, know your students as individuals and create an environment based on their personal needs, and see how this will guide you when building an accelerated classroom with happy and engaged students.
Take a look at how you can challenge the daily norm established for our elementary school classrooms and see how you can break free from what binds us to what no longer meets the needs of today's generation of students.


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These are some of the laws that the Lord commanded the Israelites, through Moses, on the steps of Moab, at the Jordan near Jericho.
1) What is difference between "thou shall not murder" and "thou shall not kill"?
2) Why is it important to always have two witnesses before judging someone innocent or guilty of a sin?
3) Do you believe that people who murder out of hatred should be put to death? Why or why not?


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Rochon Genova Launches Class Action for Victims of Fly Jamaica Crash
ROCHON GENOVA LLP
Nov 30, 2018, 13:44 ET
TORONTO, Nov. 30, 2018 /PRNewswire/ - On November 30, 2018, the Toronto law firm of Rochon Genova LLP filed a Class Action on behalf of passengers and their families who have been harmed as a result of the crash of Fly Jamaica Flight OJ256 in the early morning hours of November 9, 2018.
The Fly Jamaica Boeing 757-23N aircraft was scheduled to depart from the Georgetown-Cheddi Jagan International Airport Timehri, Guyana on November 9, 2018 at 01:30 with its destination being the Lester B. Pearson International Airport in Toronto. After a delay of approximately 40 minutes due to a technical issue with its front door, the aircraft took off. Approximately 20 minutes into the flight the pilot announced to the passengers that he was encountering an unspecified "hydraulic problem" and would have to turn back. When the aircraft did touch down, the flight crew was unable to stop the aircraft on the runway, crashed through a perimeter fence and went over a sand berm, ripping off its right side landing-gear and engine. Passengers reported a chaotic evacuation from the darkened smoke filled aircraft.
There were 120 passengers, including 2 infants, and 8 crew members on board.
According to the Guyana Minister of Public Infrastructure in his report to the Guyana National Assembly, the Flight Crew did not declare an emergency with air traffic control prior to landing. As a result, emergency crash fire and rescue vehicles and personnel were delayed in their arrival at the crash scene, and passengers had to make their way back to the air terminal on their own.
Due to the severity of this crash landing and the ensuing emergency evacuation, passengers suffered many injuries and lost valuable belongings. One woman died after the crash.
This class action seeks just compensation to passengers and their families who have been harmed as a result of this dreadful accident.
Four passengers, Invor Bedessee, Shanta Persaud, Harpreet Singh and Zakran Ally, all residents of the GTA, are proposed representative plaintiffs in this class action.
"A timely and fair resolution of this case is of critical importance to the victims and their families. Only a focused approach to this litigation, having regard to precisely what went wrong can achieve this result" said Joel Rochon, Managing Partner of Rochon Genova LLP. He and his team have extensive experience in both aviation and class action litigation, representing passengers and also air carriers, manufacturers and airports for more than 20 years.
Rochon Genova has a dedicated class actions group which has been described by the Court as among the "elite class action firms" in Canada. RG's Class Actions group is comprised of seven lawyers practicing class action litigation full time, with a further 9 colleagues who assist on various class actions matters depending on subject matter.
RG has been lead or co-lead counsel in some of the most important class actions resolutions in Canada. RG is also unique in that, in addition to its class actions expertise, it has considerable subject matter aviation expertise, having represented aviation accident survivors, and the families of aviation accident victims for more than 20 years.
SOURCE ROCHON GENOVA LLP
www.rochongenova.com
Canadian Class Action Commenced Against Breast Implant...
Rochon Genova LLP commences class action on behalf of...


Welcome to the My Little Tots Child Care, a loving and nurturing environment where your child will feel right at home.
Remember the days of playing Hide and Seek? Pin the tail on the donkey? Tag? My child care encourages the return of simpler times of learning, with interaction between other children to promote a stress-free environment conducive to learning.
Learning activities will be age appropriate, including reading, song, and dance, puppet shows, dress-up, tea parties, and picnics.
These forms will be given to prospective families at the interview. All children enter care for a 30 day trial period. After the trial period, 2 weeks written notice must be given, by parent/ legal guardian or provider, if either party wishes to terminate care.


Privacy Is Dead - Get Over It, Folks!
Chillout Mp3 Cuts with an Alternative Spin!
Here's a special selection of 17 awesome alternative chillout tracks for your listening pleasure. Apart from slow tempo alt rock tracks that progress into a beautiful crescendo, you'll also find some interesting electro pop and indie rock hits. Featuring music from Keane, Death Cab for Cutie, Pineapple Thief, Perishers, Owl City, Arctic, U2 and more including 2 great tracks by Weakling & King and Curve. Download, enjoy!
IF YOU LIKE EM, PLS BUY EM!!
Music from the artists above available on Amazon, iTunes, eMusic and your nearest music retailer.


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Try-on visits, online orders begin for Apple Watch
5PM: Try-on visits, online orders begin for Apple Watch
NEW YORK (AP) — The Apple Watch is making its debut today, with customers trying them on in stores, from Shanghai to London and San Francisco.
Apple has started taking orders on its website and the Apple Store app. Currently, that's the only way Apple is selling the watch. Even those visiting retail stores will have to order online — either at home or at a Web terminal inside the store.
The retail stores are meant for customers who aren't sure which watch case, band or size they want — or aren't sure they even want one. Customers are encouraged to make an appointment online, though Apples says walk-ins will be accepted — just expect a wait.
In central Shanghai, potential buyers stood in lines two to five people long over their lunch hour at an Apple store. One customer describes it as "beautifully made" and says he'll buy a sport version, which starts at $349.
There have been similar lines in Tokyo and London, where one man looking for a present for his wife says he's "not 100 percent convinced," especially with the high price tag on the luxury edition, which can cost as much as $17,000.
You can now trade in your Android for an iPhone at Apple Stores
You can already buy a fake Apple Watch in China
Review: Apple Watch looks to be another winner
Most recent Features stories
Have You Seen This? Food delivery interrupts basketball game, but it may be a stunt
BusinessU.S.
Here's how much the drought has weakened so far this winter for Utah, the West


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Wins for Stefanos and Maria!!!
Stefanos Tsitsipas began with a victory his duties at the Masters of Rome, as he easily won the Italian rookie Jannik Sinner. The Greek champion was totally concentrated in the game and did not leave much room for his opponent to challenge his superiority at any point in the game. The 20-year-old, No. 7 in the world rankings reached a 6-3, 6-2 win and awaits his opponent in the next round of the tournament from the match between Fabio Fognini and Radu Albot that is running at this time.
Shortly afterwards, Maria Sakkari continued her outstanding appearances, and after Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova she also closed Anett Kontaveit with a 6-3, 6-2 scoring. The 23 year-old Greek woman is probably in the best shape of her career by playing amazing tennis at intervals. In the next round she will be called to face No. 2 of the world rankings, Petra Kvitova. This is definitely a very difficult hurdle, but no one can scratch Sakkari, who will give it all to get another big win.
Source: internazionalibnlditalia.com
Cover Image: twitter.com/TennisTV
ATP ATP 1000 Italian Open Sakkari tsitsipas WTA WTA Premier 5
stratos chiotisWins for Stefanos and Maria!!! 05.16.2019
Tennis Square News
Elite Trophy Zhuhai
Shiseido WTA Finals Shenzhen
Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem
Nishikori


You can find the craigslist settings page by Clicking on the marketplaces, and then hovering over Craigslist, and then clicking on "Settings"
Once you've made your way to the settings page, you first have the option to select which craigslist market you would like to post to by default. From the craigslist dashboard you are able to post to different markets, this setting only sets the default posting location.
In the second section of the settings page you have the option to to display the vehicle pricing in your ads, and the option to edit what location displays in the title of your craigslist ads. The option to change the title layout can be found here as well. The year, make, model, and sub model selections are made for you by default, but you are able to drag and drop these options into the order you would like them to display in. There is also a custom text section wherein you have the ability to add a custom string of text to the title of all craigslist ads.
In the second section of the craigslist settings you have the option to use our photo templates. This section also contains the "Photo Count". This option indicates how many photos you would like to display in your Craigslist ads. We also give the option to skip any number of the first photos on your ads. This option is helpful if there is a photo with a water mark that you would like to not have post. In this section you will also find the "Upper Custom Content" and "Lower Disclaimer" sections. Any text written here will appear on every advertisement that is post. The upper custom content will be displayed near the top of the advertisement, and the lower disclaimer is displayed at the bottom of the ad. This section is helpful to customize all of your ads without having to edit all of your vehicles.
The following section "Maps & Extras" allows you to decide if you would like to include a map showing your dealership's location, if you'd like to display the vehicle's VIN number on your advertisements, and which options you would like available to your customers to reply about your advertisements.
In the "Posting Schedule" section you are able to specify which days of the week, and what time of day you would like to post. Each day of the week has the option to post in the Morning, Afternoon, Evening, or if set to None, it will not post at all on that day of the week.
The following section "Smart Post Filters" allows you to set filters that choose what is automatically post. This section allows you to select if Used, New, or Certified Pre-owned should be post. You are able to select if vehicles can be post if they do not have a pricing, and you can also set a price range that will only allow vehicles that fit into that price range to be post. The option to delete advertisements for vehicles that have sold can be found here as well. The duplicate models option allows you to decide if you would like vehicles to be overlooked for posting if there is already a post containing that vehicle's model live on craigslist.
The final section allows you to dictate the order that vehicles are chosen in. These tiles are "drag and drop" and can be ordered in a way that best suits your inventory. This section acts only to prioritize certain vehicles and will not exclude vehicles that do not fit under these classifications.


I'm a young adult pursuing acting in Hollywood, with my only connection to Ferris State University being that my father is an alum and that I was probably conceived somewhere near campus. I'm going to go by a fake name here--as in "Kevin"--due to what I risk as a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) member in a sea of Hollywood politics, as I relay to you the connection between "Jim Crow" and modern-day Hollywood behind-the-scenes.
"Backs to the back of the van (think: bus)!"
"Backs aren't allowed to eat the same food as crew (think: whites)."
"Backs aren't allowed to use the same bathroom as crew (think: whites), even if their toilets are overflowing."
"Backs aren't allowed water from the same cooler of the crew (think: whites). They have to walk across the parking lot to get water from their own cooler (even though it's the same bottled water)."
"We crew (think: whites) can turn the lights off in this room, because it's only backs in here."
SAG says that union background (not non-union background, which is a whole other story) are entitled to the same food as the crew, but it's quite fascinating how the powers that be will do all that they can to creatively ensure there's a public display of an illusionary, discriminatory caste system, working against background. If Production doesn't have enough money to ensure a segregated lunch set-up for background is set up away from cast and crew, background will be clocked out at the same time as the crew while being kept away from the plentiful buffet until all 80-150 crew people go through the line, with "backs" getting what scraps are left over. If Production has enough money to have separate "Craft Service" (snack) areas, the crew will get a somewhat gourmet selection of healthy and non-healthy treats, while "backs" are given donuts and apples On one movie set, an entire room of background had their snack area down to one apple only to be shared between all of them. If Production provides everyone with a light meal and they are able to segregate the background from the cast and crew--like I saw on set recently--the crew will get hamburgers, hot dogs, sweet potato fries, and regular fries, while the background will be provided only hot dogs and the regular fries, with Production only on a technicality abiding by SAG rules of union background getting the same union food as the rest of the crew.
Having largely grown up outside of a culture of racial bigotry, hatred, discrimination, and segregation, I'm rather amazed at the psychological effects of this behavior I've witnessed in Hollywood, based on the "color" of a contract instead of the color of one's skin. When the crew ensures those on background contracts are given less and/or given last, when the "backs" speak up about the equal treatment that they are entitled to, the crew complains about how unprofessional the background are and how they won't stay in their place, even to the point of having the loudest one or two fired and sent home without pay. When a well-known principal actress is rumored to have called background "cockroaches," it both angers "backs" but also communicates to their conscious and subconscious minds that they really aren't valued, don't have significance, and don't have to put as much effort into their jobs, which in turn has a negative effect on what they produce and, therefore, their future reputation. And the downward spiral begins.
With many background actors aspiring to do principal acting work, these "backs" are crippled even more when they are told after a scene that they are "bad actors," after having been put into a scene where they were given no direction and no rundown of what the scene was even about.; In other words, how unfair it is for an employer to publicly declare that their "back" employees do a bad job when they are not given the proper tools to do a good job.