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We may be small but we carry a big staff. By that we mean we are fairly tall and weigh more than 140lbs each. What separates the cream of the crop is usually that fat floats on water and we are fat. With a combined experience of over 75 years in the industry, publishing, and even professional RC racing – the staff of Velocity RC Cars is what makes the magazine.
Velocity is Here……
Meet the Power Team Below
Derek Buono– Publisher, Editor and Janitor of Beer30 Media LLC. Derek has worked in the industry for 20 years and has been racing RC cars since he raced his Kyosho Big Brute (against buggies).
Derek@vrcmag.com
Peter Vieira—Executive Editor
Peter is an RC media industry veteran with 17 years of experience as a contributor, Executive Editor (1997-2008) and Editorial Director (2013-2019) for Radio Control Car Action, and 30+ years as a dedicated radio-control hobbyist. With over 400 print and online article bylines, custom content for leading RC brands, and too many social media posts to count, Pete is a reliable and respected content creator and RC expert.
peter@vrcmag.com
Jeff Eveleigh– Founded XXX Main Racing in 1998 and changed the way the industry thought about RC car videos and graphics. Jeff has also been an integral part of the hobby for 25 years with over two decades of retail hobby store experience as well as being a leading technical editor for Xtreme RC Cars Magazine for over 10 years.
Jeff@vrcmag.com
Ben Piggott – Truly a jack of all trades, he is an engineer, pilot, motorcycle rider, stock trader, story teller, and international chili cook-off judge. Back in the scene after a long hiatus, he brings a fresh perspective to the exciting world of all things radio controlled.
Adam Drake – There are few drivers that command the respect of all both on and off the track like Adam Drake. He lead the way with the Losi 8IGHT revolution and dominated the gas truck scene. Now he's spilling the beans on all that R&D knowledge as part of the Velocity RC Magazine Team.
Brian "Skinny" Skinner" – Did you know that Brian Skinner is in the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame? If you didn't he will tell you at some point when you talk to him! Skinny has been an asset to the RC community since he jumped in, and we're very excited to have "our big man" back in RC. Skinny moon lights as an E-Cig baron, and spends more time in China than most Chinese do. But if you found his column funny, disturbing, or random enough to feel like we do about him…you'll be glad he's back on the RC beat.
Matt Olson – He may look 14, but Matt Olson has made a name for himself locally as a talented wheel. Matt was the "intern" at Think Omnimedia, a hobbyshop employee and gun enthusiast (that's why we hired him). When not wheeling the local tracks Matt is in college and now works part time at M.I.P.
Dave Palacios – In Spanish his last name means "one who paints" and if you've been in the hobby for more than a week you'll recognize Dave as one of the best painters around. His passion for RC delivers lots of quality articles on detailing, painting, cobbling and even some agriculture. Dave doesn't like to stick to just racing either. Look out for lots of articles on what we call "Obscure RC."
Radioization from KO Propo
KO Propo has been hard at work on this new beauty. The EX-1 K.I.Y. (Kustomize It Yourself) is KO's newest conceptual contribution to the R/C transmitters battle. It is scheduled to be hitting the shelves on March/April 20...
Team Associated FT Nut Driver Set
Yeah tools! We needed a quality set of Nut Drivers and Team Associated must have read our minds and sent us this set of nut drivers.
2012 RCX – Long Beach, CA–Be there!
RCX changed the way we look at "trade shows" and now the premiere event in RC is heading to Long Beach, CA on April 28-29, 2012. Velocity RC Magazine will be there to cover all the new products, show off our new mag...
Redcat Racing Wendigo Rock Racer RTR – Video Review – Too fast for rocks?
You love scale but you hate scale speed? Me too. Well, sort of. The Redcat Racing Wendigo Rock Racer puts some big power and speed into a solid axle scaler. This means scale speed is pshhhh…gone. But is there such a thing...
200mm DRIFT'n Beauty
HPI just released news on their dope new replica of the Drift WELD JZX100 that competed in the D1 Grand Prix. The body comes complete with 3 decal sheets, including a mirror chrome decal sheet and full large WELD wrap graphics....
Photo Shoot Day – It's work!
Today was one of our first official photo shoot days for the first issue of the VRC Magazine. I've been in this industry for over 13 years, and in the hobby for about 25. Shooting RC cars is one of the hardest things in t...
VRC_022 – Velocity RC Cars Magazine #22 Just $2.99!
It's election time. The two things we never talk about are watching a man eat a hot dog, and why we still have tags on shirts? Velocity RC Cars Magazine contains all the RC car action you need, and more. How much more? Like...


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News tagged with conservation
Related topics: species · climate change
Producing food while preserving biodiversity
In nature conservation and agriculture, there are two opposing views of how to combine high biodiversity and sustainable food production: Nature conservation should either be integrated into agricultural land, or segregated ...
New data platform illuminates history of humans' environmental impact
The human environmental footprint is not only deep, but old.
Archaeology & Fossils
Highly endangered Florida grasshopper sparrows reared in captivity are released
Three of the rarest birds in Florida took an extraordinary adventure this week, slipping out of a large pen into the freedom of an expansive, treeless prairie south of Orlando.
We must rip up our environmental laws to address the extinction crisis
Humans are causing the Earth's sixth mass extinction event, with an estimated one million species at risk of extinction.
Researchers document the oldest known trees in eastern North America
A recently documented stand of bald cypress trees in North Carolina, including one tree at least 2,624 years old, are the oldest known living trees in eastern North America and the oldest known wetland tree species in the ...
Birds outside their comfort zone are more vulnerable to deforestation
Members of the same bird species can have dramatically different responses to deforestation depending on where they live, finds a new study.
First brown bear sighting in Portugal in over a century
The first brown bear sighting in Portugal in more than a century was confirmed by wildlife experts on Thursday, after reports of an animal in the northeast of the country.
Canada lists three whale species as threatened
Canadian scientists on Monday listed three types of whale that swim its waters, including two of the world's largest species, as threatened.
Failure to account for genetic variation can result in overestimating extinction risk
New research led by the University of Southampton has shown that the threat of range losses for some species as a result of climate change could be overestimated because of the ability of certain animals to adapt to rising ...
Research shows cattle ranching could help conserve rare African antelope, lions
Endangered African antelope and the lions that prey on them may benefit from certain cattle ranching practices in Kenya, according to newly published research led by a 2017 University of Wyoming Ph.D. graduate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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We specialize in mainly mid century furniture with character for interiors that reveal the owners individuality. Selling vintage glass & ceramics.
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Reuze Vintage is a cornucopia of vintage fashion & exquisite accessories.
Route 66 stocks a huge range of vintage inspired Men's and Ladies clothing, as well as a rare collection of men's vintage lounge, bowling shirts and jacket's from the 40′s, 50′s and 60′s.
Vintage, Industrial, Retro Furniture & Lighting. Art, ceramics, glass, jewellery all hand-selected.


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A series of addresses originally published in A Witness and A Testimony magazine in 1942-43. Vols 20-3 through 21-4.
Subsequently published by Witness and Testimony Publishers as a book in multiple editions, this version is from 1964.
A zero point - The governing law - The glory of God.


Italian patent leather with reptile pattern. Skived to a thickness of .7mm. This color is part of our Limited Editions collection. Special pricing applies for all in-stock orders. Please be sure to check inventory prior to placing your order. If you require more than what is in stock, regular pricing applies. Minimum requirements, lead time, and pricing vary by product. Please contact us for details.
DiModa Cobra offers the look of patent leather with added texture. These Italian hides are staked and cut to produce a realistic reptile effect. DiModa Cobra is recommended for moderate to low traffic areas.


Trackdata is a racing links website, for both Australian and International racing.
This website is available for purchase. If you wish to enquire further on this matter, please contact me by email at admin *at* trackdata.com.au.


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All data requested by this website, unless otherwise indicated, are mandatory. If the User refuses to communicate them, it may be impossible for this website to provide its services.
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Users are responsible for any third-party Personal Data obtained, published or shared through this Website and confirm that they have the third party's consent to provide the Data, freeing the owner from any liability to third parties.
2. Purpose of processing. The data supplied will be used for the purpose of updating the database of "Consorzio Natura Viva Sardegna" for the Trail del Marganai event, for the sole purpose of managing the Consorzio's activities in order to provide the services for which consent of processing the personal data has been given. The Data Controller adopts the appropriate security measures to prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, modification or destruction of Personal Data.
Data Processing is carried out using computers and / or IT tools following organizational procedures and modes strictly related to the purposes indicated.
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7. Provision of Data for the purpose mentioned in paragraph 2 is necessary to register the Users and complete the lists for the events and activities organized by the Consorzio Natura Viva Sardegna: tourist accommodation, sports and education and all those indicated in the by-laws. Any refusal of the authorization entails the immediate cancellation from the lists in compliance with the procedures and regulations in force.
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Their dissemination can be arranged through websites and and social networks. Public dissemination will take place exclusively if approved by the user for certain activities and only for the purposes contemplated by the organization of the Consorzio Natura Viva Sardegna.
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The passion is there, his reaction when toops scored says it all. Maybe its the 5/8 thing, he could be getting ahead of himself.
What was he even doing in a bar/nightclub in Taree?
Our players should be made stay out of bars.
Last edited by bondi.boy; 04-08-2019, 07:56 PM.
The negative affect of a Thursday night game.
You can't stop a young bloke from having a beer at a pub with mates. The player should be responsible enough to behave or at least surround himself with decent people.
Yeh whats a young guy doing in a club.
Players earn so much money these days they can't be having fun as well. It's one or the other.
I read somewhere there was a tournament on in Port Macquarie that he attended. In that post it said he signed autographs and interacted with kids for ages. Go figure.
i agree mate. Has been a little lethargic so far.


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Mendel Grynberg
Sokolow Podlaski, Poland
Mendel was raised in a large, Yiddish-speaking, religious Jewish family in Sokolow Podlaski, a manufacturing town in central Poland with a large Jewish population of about 5,000. Upon completing school, Mendel worked as a shoemaker. He was also active in a local Zionist organization.
1933-39: Mendel was married and had a family when the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Aircraft bombed the town's market and other civilian targets before victorious German troops marched into Sokolow Podlaski on September 20 and began to loot homes in the Jewish community. When Poland was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union, Mendel and his family fled to Bialystok in the Soviet-occupied part of Poland.
1940-44: Like other Jewish refugees from Poland, Mendel feared the Nazis' treatment of Jews and hoped to save his family by staying in the Soviet Union. But Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Five days later, the Germans had reached Bialystok. On July 16, 1941, the Nazis established a ghetto in the city, and most of the people in the ghetto were put to work in industries. In August 1943 the Nazis liquidated the Bialystok ghetto.
Mendel was last seen by friends in Bialystok. He perished some time after June 1941, but no one knows where, when or how he died.
Previous ID Card
Next ID Card
Map Bialystok environs, 1941
Map Bialystok ghetto, 1941-1943


Sharon and I worked with Joe Dubay at the Western Credit Bank.
DUBAY, Joseph J. Joe was born in Hegyko, Hungary on June 4, 1939, the second of two children. After the Russian invasion of Hungary in 1956 he escaped and made his way to the United States at the age of 16. Although he knew nobody and did not speak the language, he taught himself English and put himself through school, first at Hartnell Junior College in Salinas, CA, then graduating with a degree in Animal Husbandry from Cal Poly - San Luis Obispo. He met and married Susan, his wife of 52 years, while in Salinas. In 1964, after graduating from Cal Poly he began his family and his career with the Farm Credit Services as a Field Officer in Indio, CA. Multiple promotions throughout his distinguished career took he and his new family from Indio, CA to Berkeley, CA; Spokane, WA and Sacramento, CA. He proudly pointed out he had started his new life in the United States as a poor immigrant driving a tractor in the fields and finished as an Executive Vice President with the bank ... "Only in America!" he would tell everyone. After taking early retirement from the bank in 1994 he traveled and consulted for Moorman Seed/ADM in Quincy, IL for two years before settling comfortably into retirement in Spokane, WA with Susan surrounded by their children, grandchildren and numerous beloved friends. His family and friends meant everything to Joe, he loved to travel, fish and to spend time with family and friends. He is survived by his wife Susan; three children and their spouses - John and Denise, Bonnie and Jesse, Patrick and Angela; five grandchildren - Crystal, Caitlyn, Maggie, Chase and Noah. In Hungary he is survived by his brother Istvan; sister-in-law Judit; nephews Gyuri and Csaba; their wives Kata and Tunde; their children - Andras, Eszter, Zsófia, Johanna, Mate, Christoph and Orsolya; and a large extended family. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be directed to Hospice House of Spokane in Joe's name. A vigil will be held Friday evening, July 17th at 7:00 p.m. at St. Peter's Catholic Church, 3520 E. 18th Ave., Spokane. Funeral Mass will be celebrated at 10:00 a.m. Saturday morning, July 18th at St. Peter's Catholic Church followed by an inurnment at Queen of Peace Catholic Cemetery. At his request, he will forever be at rest in Hungary with his mother Rozalia; father Janos; and uncle Dr. Szalay Janos.


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Eric Phinney
About Eric Phinney
Eric Phinney is the Priest and Rector of the Parish of Renforth in the Diocese of Fredericton. He is also Chairman of the Board for Alpha Ministries Canada and Vice Chair of Wycliffe Bible Translators Canada. He lives in the Rectory at Renforth with his wife Val. They have five children and four grandchildren.
Going Outside the Walls
by Eric Phinney. February 1, 2016
How one Maritime congregation prayerfully discerned a connecting point for serving the community around.
If you were to find yourself sent to a distant land that had no Christian believers, and it was your job to bring both the truth and the action of the Gospel, how would you go about it? The church has learned from experience that the one thing we would not do is to build a tidy little white building and put a steeple on it, fill it with pews and install an organ, and then feel we had established a mission church! So why do we feel that we can be successful in a local established ministry by simply doing the things we have always done, and thinking that somehow that will produce new believers and the marks of Christian community?
The truth is that we in the church have drifted a long way from our own culture in which we live. It is time that we took a lesson from the cultural anthropologists we send to distant shores, and got back to the basics of good mission. It is time to try to figure out what makes our communities tick, what is broken about them, what their gifts are and what their needs really are. Only then can we begin to make real inroads and impact in the place that God has planted us.
A Sunday morning prayer walk
Two years ago, at St. James the Less in Rothesay NB, we took some time to do a prayer walk in the community. We did this on a Sunday morning after a shortened service. The idea was to get out from behind the walls of the building and actually go and pray in the community. We gave out maps and made suggestions of where people might go. You could walk a route, drive to a location, or (if necessary) remain in the church in prayer. Most people set out to walk or drive. Then, after about an hour, we reconvened at the Rectory for a shared meal and some sharing.
A number of us mentioned a particular road that was close to the water. Several people had impressions of the life and vitality that had once been there. Others had a sense that we were supposed to do something. Several good ideas were shared.
We took some time to discern together what the Lord was saying to us. What emerged was the impression that we should call together all of the organizations along that road that had contributed in the past to the old Village of Renforth before it was amalgamated into the town of Rothesay. As I made the calls to about a dozen organizations, clubs and individuals, the response was overwhelming and confirming. What I was proposing to them was that we have a day in the summer to have something like an open house for all of them and put on some attractions that would be free for children.
The church as community catalyst
Everyone agreed that this was long overdue. The list of interested groups included a Catholic Retreat Centre, the town recreation department, a ball field, a community centre, a tennis court, the rowing club, the kayaking club, a playground, a park, the town boat launch and wharf, the local boat club, the Lions Club, and the ice fishing association.
After fund raising enough for free bouncy castles, pony rides, face painting, musical entertainment and balloon animals. we printed a brochure to be given out as a guide to all of these organizations. We also involved the local school in an art contest entitled "What to do in Renforth". We named the event "Renforth Shore Community Life Days."
The event was held on July 11th and was a great success. The local sponsoring groups used their own venues to welcome people. Other booths were set up by groups such as the Red Cross, the power and sail squadron, and so on. There were even some food trucks. And the church had a booth where we offered free prayer and coffee. Nobody was aware that the church was behind this and in many ways we were not. I just happened to chair the committee and be the initial convener.
Gathering momentum
What had happened? I believe that the church had discerned a real need in our community. The need? To simply celebrate who we were as a community. Some fifteen years after we were absorbed into the larger town, there had been a loss of that sense of working together for the life of the community.
After our debrief, we were approached by the Lions Club with the suggestion that next year we add a dinner/BBQ and a dance to the event. They had even found a sponsor who wanted to make a big banner and pay for the bands. The committee for this year has begun meeting now and preparing for an expanded event, now rebranded as "Renforth Wharf Day", since the wharf is almost like the town square.
As a church, we will continue to pray and serve the community that we live in and watch for those openings that the Lord gives us to share the Gospel. This past fall we began another new ministry that will be focused on the Health, Wellness and Safety needs of Seniors. Stay tuned!


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text:
Why electric cars won't "end the weekend"
Battery-powered utes and SUVs are on the way.
1 / 1 photos
Tradies and campers can relax - electric vehicles won't destroy their weekend.
After a scare campaign by the Morrison Government that included the Prime Minister claiming Bill Shorten wanted to "end the weekend" by forcing people out of SUVs and Small Business Minister Michaelia Cash said Labor's target of 50 per cent electric vehicles by 2030 would mean tradies' "favourites utes" would be banned, the car industry is preparing to meet the demands of new car buyers.
While many electric vehicles on sale so far have been small cars, several battery-powered SUVs are either on sale now or are set to hit showrooms in Australia in the next 18 months, including the Hyundai Kona, Kia Soul, Audi e-tron, Mercedes-Benz EQ C and Jaguar I-Pace.
Even American brand Jeep, which is famous for its rugged off-roaders that are ideal for weekend camping trips, has confirmed it will have four electric models on sale globally by 2022.
Is it time for you to buy an electric car?
by Alexandra Lawrence
Labor promises first EV strategy if elected
The EVs you need to know about - now!
by Stephen Ottley
Australia stuck in the EV neutral
When Tim Kuniskis, head of Jeep North America, was asked by Drive.com.au if those four will live up to the brand's reputation for rugged off-roaders he couldn't reveal details but indicated they will be highly capable.
"We haven't made any announcements on that yet," Kuniskis said. "Trust me, that is core to our DNA so that when we use electrification we will use it as a benefit not just compliance."
As for utes, Ford has already announced it will build both a plug-in hybrid and fully-electric version of its most popular model - the F-Series pick-up. It is likely to face competition from Tesla, which has long-planned an electric pick-up as well as new American start-up Rivian.
The Michigan-based Rivian unveiled the R1T dual-cab electric ute (pictured) in 2018 with plans to enter production by 2020 and has indicated it is interested in the Australian market; where the Toyota HiLux and Ford Ranger utes are the best-selling vehicles.
The claimed performance of the Rivian R1T will also quell Morrison's concerns that electric vehicles won't be able to tow a boat - it has a towing capacity of 5000kg, which is 1500kg more than the HiLux can currently manage.
However, Toyota has also made a commitment to offer either a hybrid, electric or hydrogen fuel cell variant of its entire range by 2025 - which would include the HiLux and LandCruiser SUV.
Toyota Australia has already begun planning for this transition to more hybrid and electric vehicles and has begun educational programs for regional customers to explain the benefits of the new technology.
"We're going to talk to them about the future, and the future of the cars that they will need and be capable of working and doing the the work they need to do," Sean Hanley, Toyota Australia's vice president of sales and marketing, told Drive in November 2018.
utes
Stephen Ottley
Stephen has been interested in cars as long as he can remember. Speed is in the blood as his great-grandfather was a motor racing pioneer in Australia, establishing several land speed and racing records. Based in Sydney, professionally he has been writing about everything on four-wheels since 2001…
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Response to "The Reality of Pervasive Transcription"
Harm van Bakel,
Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corey Nislow,
Affiliations Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Benjamin J. Blencowe,
Timothy R. Hughes
* E-mail: t.hughes@utoronto.ca
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Harm van Bakel Corey Nislow Benjamin J. Blencowe Timothy R. Hughes
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Citation: van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (2011) Response to "The Reality of Pervasive Transcription". PLoS Biol 9(7): e1001102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001102
Academic Editor: Michael B. Eisen, University of California Berkeley, United States of America
Copyright: © 2011 van Bakel et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/) Operating Grant to TRH (grant no. 49451). HvB was supported by a CIHR postdoctoral fellowship (grant no. 193588). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Clark et al. criticize several aspects of our study [1], and specifically challenge our assertion that the degree of pervasive transcription has previously been overstated. We disagree with much of their reasoning and their interpretation of our work. For example, many of our conclusions are based on overall sequence read distributions, while Clark et al. focus on transcript units and seqfrags (sets of overlapping reads). A key point is that one can derive a robust estimate of the relative amounts of different transcript types without having a complete reconstruction of every single transcript.
In this brief response, we first revisit what is meant by pervasive transcription, and its potential significance. We then discuss the major points raised by Clark et al. in the order presented in their critique. Finally, we demonstrate that conclusions very similar to those of our original study are reached with a dataset with far greater read depth, obtained by strand-specific sequencing of rRNA-depleted total RNA from a single cell type.
The Meaning of "Pervasive", and the Importance of Transcript Abundance
Clark et al. define pervasive transcription of a genome to mean "that the majority of its bases are associated with at least one primary transcript", which is the same definition used in the ENCODE 1% paper [2]. We believe that this specific claim is not contested, nor is it particularly interesting. First, it has long been assumed that roughly half of the human genome comprises introns [3]. Second, the mechanisms that control the positions of initiation and termination of Pol II transcription, as well as RNA processing, are imperfect, such that low-level background transcripts from both physiologically relevant and non-canonical sites arise [4]–[6]. Blockage of surveillance mechanisms that normally degrade such "cryptic" transcripts greatly increases their abundance [7],[8].
We acknowledge that the phrase quoted by Clark et al. in our Author Summary should have read "stably transcribed", or some equivalent, rather than simply "transcribed". But this does not change the fact that we strongly disagree with the fundamental argument put forward by Clark et al., which is that the genomic area corresponding to transcripts is more important than their relative abundance. This viewpoint makes little sense to us. Given the various sources of extraneous sequence reads, both biological and laboratory-derived (see below), it is expected that with sufficient sequencing depth the entire genome would eventually be encompassed by reads. Our statement that "the genome is not as not as pervasively transcribed as previously reported" stems from the fact that our observations relate to the relative quantity of material detected.
Of course, some rare transcripts (and/or rare transcription) are functional, and low-level transcription may also provide a pool of material for evolutionary tinkering. But given that known mechanisms—in particular, imperfections in termination (see below)—can explain the presence of low-level random (and many non-random) transcripts, we believe the burden of proof is to show that such transcripts are indeed functional, rather than to disprove their putative functionality.
Contradiction of Previous Reports
The fact that our analyses contradict previous reports is precisely why we emphasized the lack of abundant pervasive transcription in our study. Clark et al. cite papers that have previously documented pervasive transcription, and point out that several different approaches have been used as confirmation. We believe that Clark et al. misinterpret what can be claimed from much of the literature in this area, and fail to acknowledge known weaknesses in some of these studies. We previously reviewed these issues [9]. For example, the number of transfrags detected in permuted tiling array data can be as high as it is in the real data [10]. In addition, a common form of "validation" in these papers is RT-PCR or RACE, but these approaches are generally semi-quantitative at best and are prone to artefacts such as template switching, which readily produces chimeric transcripts in vitro ([11] and references therein). Indeed, we note that in the ENCODE 1% study [2] repeatedly cited by Clark et al., 75 of the 100 negative controls (randomly selected non-transfrag regions) were actually detected by RACE, making the "validation" rate for negative controls only slightly lower than that for the intronic and intergenic transfrags (86%–88%). Thus, either the tiling arrays or RACE assays are highly error prone. The contention of Clark et al. that "any estimate of the pervasiveness of transcription requires inclusion of all data sources" is flawed, because if one introduces erroneous data from even a single source, the estimate becomes worse.
Accuracy of Tiling Arrays
We agree that results obtained from tiling arrays should improve with increased tiling probe coverage. Nonetheless, the study by Agarwal et al. [12], which is highlighted by Clarke et al., shows that RNA-Seq is more accurate than tiling arrays, even when using arrays with the 5-nt resolution that Clarke et al. emphasize is important. Agarwal et al. also found that "about 4 million reads are required to match the sensitivity of two tiling array replicates", which is counter to the arguments Clarke et al. raise regarding sampling artefacts in RNA-Seq (also see below). Even the precision recall curves shown for the new data generated by Clark et al. display a higher AUC for RNA-Seq than for tiling arrays. We believe that previous conclusions based on tiling array data that are not confirmed by RNA-Seq should be revisited.
Depth of Sequencing, Analysis of Poly-A RNA, Dismissal of Introns, and Lack of Strand Specificity
Our previous paper acknowledged these caveats [1], and we included an analysis of previously published rRNA-depleted samples [13], which seems to have been ignored by Clark et al. It is important to note that assessment of the relative abundance of different transcript types would not be greatly affected by the depth of sequencing; it is the detection of very rare transcripts that is compromised.
Most of these concerns can be further addressed with additional data, and we present such an example here. We used strand-specific SOLiD sequencing to analyze rRNA-depleted RNA from a homogeneous cell line (293T cells), obtaining ∼131 million uniquely mapping 50-base reads. A conventional estimate is that 1 RPKM (reads per kb per million reads) of mRNA represents approximately one transcript copy per cell in human cells [14]. If we liberally estimate that there could be twice as much "dark matter" as there is mRNA, then 0.5 RPKM would be approximately equivalent to one copy per cell (rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA were removed from this analysis). Thus, for a 1-kb transcript present at one copy per cell, we expect ∼65.5 reads; for one copy per 10 cells, we expect ∼6.55 reads, etc.
We repeated our previous analysis pipeline on this dataset, adapting to strand specificity. We find that ∼40% of all uniquely mapping reads are from coding exons, and ∼50% are from introns (Figure 1A). Measured by area detected by at least one read, the majority of the transcribed area corresponds to introns (Figure 1B). The density of intronic reads is 9.7% that of the exons from the same gene, on average, with a strong correlation between the read count from introns and exons from the same gene over several orders of magnitude (Figure 1C). Given that a typical mRNA is present at one or a few copies per cell, this shows that we are detecting unstable processing intermediates of even rare transcripts. Only ∼2% of all reads are antisense to genes (Figure 1A), while ∼4% are intergenic (taking into consideration areas corresponding to all known genes, ESTs, and mRNAs). As we observed previously, the majority of these intergenic reads (53.6%) are found within 10 kb of a gene end. Figure 1D shows the distribution of intergenic reads relative to gene ends.
PowerPoint slide
Figure 1. rRNA-depleted RNA-Seq analysis of HEK-293T cells.
(A) Proportion of reads with a unique match to known genes (left), or known genes supplemented with mRNAs and spliced ESTs (right). Reads were sequentially matched against a non-redundant set of known genes, mRNA and spliced EST data. Any remaining reads were classified as "other". The known gene set was derived from the UCSC, NCBI, and ENSEMBL genome databases and did not include any lincRNA annotations or processed transcripts. (B) Same as in (A), but considering the total amount of transcribed genomic area. (C) Correlation between RPKB (reads per Kb) for introns and exons of known genes. (D) Relative enrichment of RNA-Seq read frequency in intergenic regions as a function of the distance to 5′ and 3′ ends of annotated genes in the human genome. The median of read frequencies in either orientation between 80 and 100 kb was used as baseline. (E) Rootograms showing the distribution of the total number of RNA-Seq reads per kb of intergenic sequence outside 10-kb gene-flanking regions, compared to the expected random distribution for the same number of reads (red line). (F) Same as (E), but considering only intergenic transcribed regions with single-read coverage (singletons).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001102.g001
The data presented in Figure 1D suggest that incomplete termination is likely responsible for transcripts extending far beyond 10 kb, as the enrichment over baseline in the sense orientation after the TTS extends to roughly 30 kb. In addition, at distances from 10 kb to at least 80 kb from gene ends, there is a tendency for intergenic transcripts to be oriented toward the gene being assessed. This is easily explained as a result of incomplete termination from neighboring genes: if the neighboring gene is oriented towards the gene being assessed, it is more likely to produce intergenic transcripts, which will also be oriented towards the gene being assessed. Many antisense transcripts also appear to be explained by incomplete termination of neighboring genes: 54.3% of antisense reads are within 20 kb of the 3′ end of a neighboring gene.
As we reported previously, the reads per Kb for singleton (i.e., isolated) distal intergenic transcripts (>10 kb from genes) is nearly identical to a Poisson (i.e., random) distribution, while a relatively small number of loci contain dozens to hundreds of reads per Kb (Figure 1E, 1F). As Clark et al. note, assembling full transcripts from short-read data remains a challenging computational problem. Our initial assessment, however, suggests that many of these transcripts are likely to represent unannotated exons of coding genes, lincRNAs, and enhancer-derived RNAs (unpublished data).
In summary, we disagree with the fundamental assertion that it is the total area of transcribed sequence that is most important. Our published claim that most "dark matter" transcripts can be explained as by-products of the process of transcribing known genes holds: whether they are functional remains to be seen, but the notion that because they exist they are likely to be functional violates Occam's Razor. We do not dispute that many new independent intergenic transcripts may be functional, nor that new functional RNAs can reside within introns. Indeed, the discovery of new RNAs is changing our view of how the genome functions and evolves, and the original motivation of our previous study [1] was to identify and characterize novel transcripts. Nonetheless, in contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, we observe that the abundance of "dark matter" transcripts is low, in aggregate, and the number of well-supported independent RNAs is still relatively small. It is also worth noting that a recently quoted estimate for the total number of GENCODE lincRNAs is ∼12,000 [15]. This number is substantially smaller than the number of known genes and ncRNAs, and given that lincRNA genes are typically shorter than protein coding genes [16], the number of lincRNA exons is an order of magnitude less than the number of known exons of protein-coding genes—which only represent ∼2% of the genome. In our view, a compelling wealth of evidence now supports our statement that "the genome is not as pervasively transcribed as previously reported". We believe that the results from our study will facilitate more focused efforts directed at the characterization of biologically important transcripts.
We thank Eduard Nedea for the preparation of the RNA-Seq samples.
1. van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe B. J, Hughes T. R (2010) Most "dark matter" transcripts are associated with known genes. PLoS Biol 8: e1000371.
2. Consortium E. P, Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos J. A, Dutta A, Guigo R, et al. (2007) Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature 447: 799–816.
3. Wong G. K, Passey D. A, Yu J (2001) Most of the human genome is transcribed. Genome Res 11: 1975–1977.
4. Struhl K (2007) Transcriptional noise and the fidelity of initiation by RNA polymerase II. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14: 103–105.
5. Banerjee A, Sammarco M. C, Ditch S, Wang J, Grabczyk E (2009) A novel tandem reporter quantifies RNA polymerase II termination in mammalian cells. PLoS ONE 4: e6193.
6. Zhang Z, Xin D, Wang P, Zhou L, Hu L, et al. (2009) Noisy splicing, more than expression regulation, explains why some exons are subject to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. BMC Biol 7: 23.
7. Wyers F, Rougemaille M, Badis G, Rousselle J. C, Dufour M. E, et al. (2005) Cryptic pol II transcripts are degraded by a nuclear quality control pathway involving a new poly(A) polymerase. Cell 121: 725–737.
8. Belostotsky D (2009) Exosome complex and pervasive transcription in eukaryotic genomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21: 352–358.
9. van Bakel H, Hughes T. R (2009) Establishing legitimacy and function in the new transcriptome. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 8: 424–436.
10. Royce T. E, Rozowsky J. S, Bertone P, Samanta M, Stolc V, et al. (2005) Issues in the analysis of oligonucleotide tiling microarrays for transcript mapping. Trends Genet 21: 466–475.
11. Houseley J, Tollervey D (2010) Apparent non-canonical trans-splicing is generated by reverse transcriptase in vitro. PLoS ONE 5: e12271.
12. Agarwal A, Koppstein D, Rozowsky J, Sboner A, Habegger L, et al. (2010) Comparison and calibration of transcriptome data from RNA-Seq and tiling arrays. BMC Genomics 11: 383.
13. Armour C. D, Castle J. C, Chen R, Babak T, Loerch P, et al. (2009) Digital transcriptome profiling using selective hexamer priming for cDNA synthesis. Nat Methods 6: 647–649.
14. Mortazavi A, Williams B. A, McCue K, Schaeffer L, Wold B (2008) Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq. Nat Methods 5: 621–628.
15. Rusk N (2010) Noncoding transcripts as expression boosters. Nat Methods 7: 947.
16. Guttman M, Garber M, Levin J. Z, Donaghey J, Robinson J, et al. (2010) Ab initio reconstruction of cell type-specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the conserved multi-exonic structure of lincRNAs. Nat Biotechnol 28: 503–510.
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Freedom of selection as well as timings- Freelancing permits an expert to dedicate as much time he wishes to place in to certain job designated. Freelancing methods versatility as it makes it possible for a specialist to function anytime, anywhere according to his selection and also timetable. A consultant can maintain complete control over the option of tasks, timelines, turning points and also rate he wishes to price quote on the task.
Price efficiency- Freelancers normally function from residence, therefore the everyday expenditures are immediately reduced and visit homepage. He can conserve loan on travelling expenditures, taking a trip time, fuel costs and so on. Likewise a consultant can likewise reduce on various expenditures fresh garments, gowns and also various other expenditures he may encounter at the time of functioning as a full-time staff member.
Opportunities to make even more loan- Freelancing brings an opportunity to expand your perspective by showcasing your specialized abilities around the world. It likewise provides you a limitless range to implement jobs as well as make money for efficiently achieving a freelance job. Social networking networks can additionally assist you in gaining fantastic earnings as well as additionally a possibility to get in touch with experts & business all over the world.
A lot of the on-line solutions markets, such as Elance, Lime Exchange, ODesk, Guru, and so on, likewise supply cost-free account uploading where a consultant can obtain accessibility to diverse jobs matching his domain name of proficiency.
Much less Pressure and also job anxiety – The degree of aggravation and also resultant stress and anxiety is fairly extremely reduced in freelancing as contrasted to that in a permanent task. As freelancing maintains a specialist far from the job stress as well as frustrating managers which leads to boosted performance. This will certainly aid a consultant in carrying out the tasks and also developing a victorious on-line visibility.
What are the importance of due diligence?
Due diligence is the term that is used to describe the difference between the business success and its disaster. This process includes the evaluation of any business contract from all the aspect before buying. Not particularly business, it is the check of every point within a contract before signing or accepting. This is not general investigation process. It has specific facts that are based in the various situations. This uncovers the liabilities and financial matters. With this investigation, you can cover all the hidden facts. This includes both the buyer and principal account and lawyer to analyze every due diligence check china.
Based on these checklists, all the processing made. This check will help you gain a property without risk factors. Thus most of the companies will have the due diligence as the mandatory concept in every contract signing.
The Real Estate Business has driven forward through a colossal setback in this ludicrous economy. There has never been a progressively fundamental time to accomplish whatever number potential purchasers for as fiscally as could be typical in light of the present circumstance. The Internet can give a really indispensable much expected lift to arrive affiliations intending to grow their client care. Adjoining web crawlers, for example, Bing are giving purchasers the focal points they have to discover what they require locally. Online media can in like way give better approaches for appearing at potential purchasers. An effect of virtual visits has been clearing the Internet endeavoring to bring a home open to be purchased visit direct into the accepting territories of clients.
Re-appropriating is an ideal reaction for the present had arrived fit. An Internet organized abroad rep can make and keep up web closeness principal for the most associates conceivable with your objective promote. The Real Estate Businesses beginning at now nickel and dimed to death, so the most presentations for insignificant extent of cash have a fundamental impact in whether your business will endure. For as desolate as 5.00 every hour, you can have fit quality delineation of your web nearness, find and change over leads and keep your business crisp in the brains of near to buyers.
You survey in the past when the Sunday morning voyage through homes would air on the territory TV station. It was an eminent method to see every single one of the civilities of homes available to be obtained in the zone. The Internet would now have the ability to exhibit virtual home visits that a buyer can watch at whatever point on a real estate. Web showing can help get this website page to a passable inquiry thing position that can open the kn paradise to a colossal number of potential purchasers. The Internet is changing the manner by which we collaborate dependably. Reliably another instrument is made that can normally change how we find new business. The 21st century will be a stimulating time for relationship of different sorts as we increment ability and the purchaser encounter. Discover progressively about how re-appropriating the flood unbounded for progressing is.
Skim for the toned collection professional if you are thinking about townhomes rapidly reachable. Try to find out a boost that is equipped about level suite personal or organization home compared to continue to keep and co-proprietorship possible effects. Accreditation it can be some personal you might rely depicts the property trade program which met approximately achieve 2008, impacting on all individual or company house purchases inside of the locale of Ontario of Singapore. Checking are noteworthiness concerning dollars connected dedication subsequent fundamentally pull off satisfy the fitting user together with break a strategy in spite of the way procuring loft suites within Singapore.
A house, having to pay small heed to whether 1 Singapore of or higher Singapore of square feet, all-in one degree suggests no actions to ascend, that could not really contemplated a problem towards the ordinary 65-year old today, at any price twenty years from presently, a residence complimentary from methods is a accurate light blue gift item. Take into consideration your specific lift up for your dwelling plan of action, walk all around worried no ifs ands or buts the commencing point what's much more go in. Also, moreover, townhomes are upkeep totally free. In the away from chance that you simply comprehend the changing from the months in spite of Ontario, you will probably hold the decrease beginning at now. At whatever position you shift decreasing may be a challenge, especially if you are Fourth Avenue residences offered has varied square feet. In any case, you do not should reduce your daily life period in at any amount. The available entranceway you are going to without a doubt reverence getting maintenance free of charge loft collection is countless.
Just safe the passageway and also fourth avenue residences floor plan forward in an entirely risk free atmosphere. Your loft collection passed on for your personal process for lifestyle might have all of the prospering and security suggests you may completely call for fourth avenue residences. Growth included side rails in the shower room, in spaces, better firm car seats and in addition from oversees, hot shoes – plot entryway controls. Absolutely, shows for peacefulness which prospering and safety of human brain of older subject matter can be taken in to a form of building Fourth Avenue Residences.
For a number of us, our home is our ideal investment, which is why we put in so much effort and resources into making it livable and charming. Anything that might harm it literally and in other kinds is anathema, consisting of those insect and animal bugs that attack our house and for that reasons our safety and wellness. Count among these rats and computer mice, wood borers, termites, spiders, and house lizards. About the last 2, it may be debatable whether they profit us or otherwise, but for termites, they are one of the most insidious destroyers of your home. Termite pest control experts and termite control experts advise termite-proofing your house as commonly as possible.
Termite-proofing a residence is not very challenging as termites are basically predictable in their means: they consume timber and therefore may be discovered in woody components of your home in addition to those with a lot of paper or cardboard. Blog posts, studs, wall surfaces, ceilings, roof structures, floors, cabinets, window sills, book cases and storage space containers ¡ ¬ nearly anything of wood or paper and typically not moved usually, they infest if they can. Because they develop their nests underground and construct flows where they can move back and forth openly, it is simple to control them. Simply reduce their paths and avoid their repair and those over the cut will certainly very soon die.
Several houses when constructed have had their dirt structures poisoned to prevent termite problem. In time, nonetheless, the impact of the toxin may have waned that they had the ability to press through the infected layer. It is as a result suggested to analyze your messages and other home parts that touch the dirt to see if termites have made them their highways. Touch the articles and studs with a hammer and listen for a hollow noise. You can additionally listen making use of good stethoscopes due to the fact that termites make pale fast clicking noise when relocating, and specifically when gnawing timber or paper. Do the very same for various other wood house components.
You might likewise search for infestation indicators such as dirt-clad tubes either black or brownish. If winged ants swarm around resources of light like streetlights or in your house, or there are insect wings caught in webs or crawler internet, termite infestation may exist. Decaying lumber or timber, heaps of paper or cardboard, and book or publication shelves rate termite problem locations, so evaluate them meticulously for signs anti rayap jakarta. Eliminate them at the tiniest sign and attempt to uncover where the parasites came through for control objectives.
Starting your own business requires consideration, time, resources, and knowledge. It is imperative that you consider an exceptional advantage and a greater attention to detail, this includes when you are selecting partnerships with retailers, which you will need. For the best practices and success, a huge consideration should always be put on the quality of your goods and/or the service where you perform. All elements of your company should be considered. This includes your printing and packaging requirements. For example; if you are an online company that mostly sends products to your clients' via postal mail, you will be short changing yourself if you do not use your packaging as a chance to make a fantastic impression. Another notable consideration is that your packages should reflect your unique brand. Besides your site, the package might be the first thing your customers will see. Why not make it a great first impression, and one which advertises your company's brand? In any event, your clients will create an opinion of your company based on what they see. Therefore, stand out, promote your brand, and remember the small things matter.
Say your assembly with an investor face-to-face. You will most likely attend this meeting dressed to impress wood branding. The same rule normally applies when a person attends a job interview. After all, a significant part of the professional business world is dressing for the part you need. For a company owner, you also need to dress the part, which includes your packaging. Steel rule die making offers many customized packaging and product options for today's business world. A number of industries like automotive, health, electronics, packaging, and print, all use this kind of die making. It plays a significant part in the achievement of business, and should also be a valuable part of yours.
The production of steel rule die cut requires creativity, attention to detail, and quality die making equipment. The die is generally a sturdy piece of plywood derived from quality hardwoods like maple. This kind of die cutting is a fast and effective method used to cut sheet materials such as cardboard boxes, package materials, custom die cut gaskets, rubber and plastics. There are multiple ways for the Manufacturer to build steel rule die, but the objective remains the same. The process of earning steel rule dies begins with the plan. After the steel rule manufacturer gets the specs from you a customized prototype is illustrated, called a CAD drawing. When working with a steel rule manufacturer, it is ideal to examine the die design after the expiresillustration. This will ensure the final design reflects your requirements.