DIY Fairy Costume Tutorial with Flowy Chiffon - Coral + Co.
Today I have the cutest DIY Fairy Costume Tutorial made with a lovely flowy chiffon! I am so excited to share this one!!!! The idea came to me when I was scouting photography pictures on Pinterest. I loved the etherial soft backlit look with sweet pink tones. I wanted something that was light weight and would drape kinda flowy when the girls flitted about.
And I was kind of going through a flower crown obsession, so that had to be included. Like seriously, I was pinerest-aholic flower crown stalker! I finally decided on faux flower crowns because they cost serious dollazzz for just one real one. I also thought about making some from this cute flower crown tutorial and this one too. But since I was already making the dresses I decided to skip the DIY and buy them.
I had some left over Fairy Wings from the girls dance recital earlier this year, but I was seriously obsessing over these Rainbow Glitter Wings. I also these really cool wings on pinterest. If your thinking about doing your own DIY Fairy Photoshoot, Clickin Moms has some fun inspiration.
Fabric from from Fabric.com. Affiliate links above.
For the lining, place both pieces RST and sew using 1/2″ seam down both of the long sides.
Fold the fabric in half width wise (the long side), pin and sew from the top to bottom using a 1/2″ seam.
Then fold the short side of the fabric in half, so the wrong side of the fabric is facing each other. Leave one edge 2 – 3 inches longer than the other like the picture below.
On the bottom raw edges pin to hold in place and baste both layers together along the bottom edge to hold fabric together.
On the folded side on the top, gather the entire length using your favorite method.
Insert the lining inside the chiffon, lining up the gathered edge with the lining top. Baste both layers together to hold in place.
Overlap the ends of the elastic by 1″ and sew together. Then fold elastic in half and mark or pin at 1/4 intervals (in 4 places) all the way around.
Stretch elastic out around the dress lining up marked places on the elastic with the dress sides and front middle and back middle. Zigzag stitch the elastic to the dress stretching elastic gently as you go.
To find the length of the elastic shoulder straps, measure from under the front underarm, over the shoulder to the back underarm. Subtract and inch and this is your length. Cut 2 of these. Then pin elastic in place to the front and back sides of the inside of the dress overlapping chest elastic by 1/2″. Zigzag stitch in place, being sure to do a straight back stitch at the beginning and end.
You are all done! Go fly and be merry!


Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates and is the biggest Emirate taking up 80% of the nation's landmass. Customarily it's more preservationist than Dubai as it has a more controlled legitimate framework and is profoundly established in convention. It's the wealthiest of the considerable number of Emirates and holds about 10% of the world's known oil supply.
In case you're a female going to Abu Dhabi, dress that covers your shoulders and your legs from your knees ought to be worn while going by open spots like shopping centers. Beachwear is consummately fine at open shorelines and at lodgings and resorts. In case you're feasting out or going to shoreline clubs or dance club, it's prescribed to cover your shoulders to and from the scene. This will help keep any undesirable consideration, or cause offense. It's a smart thought to keep a pashmina with you at all circumstances, as it can be cool in many aerated and cooled settings.
Tipping your server, lodging staff, cabbie and auto valet for good administration is normal practice in Abu Dhabi. Be that as it may, make certain to check your bill in eateries as a portion of the top of the line eating foundations add 10% tip to the bill naturally. It's prescribed to leave a 10% tip in real money instead of leaving the tip on the Mastercard charge.
Cabs are normal and simple to discover in Abu Dhabi. Because of modest petrol costs, taxi are moderately cheap contrasted with other Western nations. You can hail a taxi anyplace, similarly insofar as it's safe for the driver to stop. Most shopping centers and inns have committed taxi stands.
In the event that you'd want to book a taxi, you can call the TransAD hotline +971 600 535353 and your driver will call you when he has touched base at your pickup area. Calling a taxi works best when you're calling from a neighborhood portable number rather than a remote number.
There are a few sorts of taxicabs in Abu Dhabi. The silver cabs have the biggest armada worked by an approved taxi organization with tolls valued by meter. The white and gold cabs are more seasoned. They're furnished with meters, however a few drivers may arrange the passage ahead of time. Pink cabs are driven by female drivers and are accessible only for female travelers and families.
Most drivers know about points of interest, for example, lodgings, shopping centers and building names, instead of road names. On the off chance that you'd lean toward a more lavish type of transportation, Uber is accessible through the Uber versatile application, notwithstanding you'll require information or to be on WiFi. Then again, you can contract a driver from most five-star inns. In the event that you anticipate remaining for longer than a month, it merits leasing an auto, particularly amid more smoking months.
Abu Dhabi has daylight throughout the entire year, nonetheless it gets awkwardly hot amid the late spring months. Amongst October and May is the best time to visit. Amid this period the climate is lovely with daylight and warm, agreeable temperatures. Abstain from going to amid the mid year months (June to September) as temperatures can reach up to 48°C in July and August with large amounts of dampness. January and February are the coolest months where temperatures can reach beneath 12°C at night with even a couple days of rain.
Before booking your vacation, check when Ramadan begins and wraps up. It starts 10 days prior every year and goes on for 30 days. All through the sacred month of Ramadan, Muslims quick from day break until sunset and Dubai has a tendency to be tranquil. Organizations have shorter working hours and there are laws against eating and drinking in broad daylight to regard the individuals who are fasting. This is additionally the period where the larger part of expats take their yearly leave.
On the off chance that you visit Abu Dhabi, a voyage through the Grand Mosque is an absolute necessity. Confirmation is free and general going by hours are from Saturday to Thursday (9am to 10pm). The Mosque is shut for tourism exercises (and open for love) on Friday morning and opens again to the general population at 4.30 pm.
It's imperative to adher to the clothing standard when going to the Mosque. Long, baggy, lower leg length pants for men or skirts for ladies must be worn. All ladies must cover their hair with headscarf. Ladies can purchase an abaya (customary Emirati dress) to wear which makes an incredible photograph outside of the shocking Mosque. Simply be fatigued not to take photographs of local people without asking first. If all else fails allude to Mosque Manners.
Accept this open door to flaunt your most recent combine of shades. Abandoning can be excruciating for your eyes, particularly on the off chance that you anticipate taking up outside exercises. On the off chance that you happen to overlook them, visit the Galleria Mall for an incredible choice of top of the line shopping.
Liquor can be obtained in eateries, bars and dance club that are subsidiary with an inn. Numerous nourishment and drink scenes have sommelier benefit and capable mixologists that make phenomenal blends. In any case, it's prohibited to devour liquor out in the open and doing as such could arrive you a strong fine or even a night in prison. Purchasing containers of liquor from a store is not effectively accessible unless you're an occupant with a permit to purchase liquor.
Open showcases of friendship are not allowed in Abu Dhabi. Clasping hands is endured, however much else besides that might be hostile to local people and could cause you harm with the law. The police don't watch the city searching for individuals who are kissing out in the open, be that as it may in the event that somebody reports it or if a cop happens to see you there will be a result.
Before arranging an excursion to Abu Dhabi, you ought to discover what occasions are going on around the time you anticipate going to. Abu Dhabi plays host to a wide range of occasions including shows, displays and wearing occasions. You never know, you may discover something of intrigue that will be an awesome ordeal. Numerous voyagers visit amid November for the Abu Dhabi Formula 1 Grand Prix.


text:
Thomas Crew or Crewe may refer to:

Thomas Crew, 2nd Baron Crew (1624–1697), English politician
Thomas Crewe (1565–1634), English Member of Parliament and lawyer
Thomas Crewe (died 1418), MP for Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some of the finest literature ever written is in Latin, and in Latin 4, you get to read some of it! The College Board also offers an AP test specifically covering two of the pieces we read!
Knowledge of Latin increases English vocabulary and aids in the understanding of English grammar. The average SAT verbal score for a Latin student is 126 points above the National Average.
Latin is the basis for so many areas of study. Not only are the Ancient Romans central to history, literature and philosophy, but to music as well. The technical vocabulary of the medical and legal professions and the hard sciences rests on the foundation of Latin and Greek.
It's fun! In what other language class are you going to be able to wear togas?!
The Romans worshipped many deities such as Jupiter and Venus. Romans had a god for everything, even doorways! Romans also told stories of brave heroes like Hercules!
The Romans were great builders. Parts of many Roman buildings still stand today. Romans also invented the arch and concrete, two very important aspects of modern architecture.
Toga! Toga! Toga! Learn exactly how to wrap yourself in a Toga. Also, learn about Roman foods, schools, money, government, military, and entertainment! Would you want to be a Roman Gladiator?
It is recommended that all students who are planning to attend college give serious consideration to a minimum of two years of the same foreign language. Three to four years is optimal.
LATIN I: Latin I is the introduction to the language and culture of the ancient Romans. While learning Latin, students also study the influence of Latin upon their own language through derivatives. Through the translation of Latin stories, projects, and activities, students will develop language and critical thinking skills that will help them expand their grammatical understanding of English while learning about the history and mythology of the ancient Roman culture.
LATIN II: Latin II is the continuation and completion of basic Latin grammar and vocabulary. While studying English derivatives in the weekly vocabulary lessons, students will continue to study the breakdown of English words through the use of Latin words as prefixes and suffixes. Mythology and its role in the development of early Roman history and culture, including a look at personal and religious beliefs, are the focus of the readings. Students will also deepen their understanding of Roman culture and mythology through cultural projects and activities.
LATIN III: Latin III is the transition from basic Latin text to more grammatically involved works. The Latin text this year represents the final stage of grammar study that will lead the student into the translation of original Latin works from Roman authors. The readings will explore important aspects of Roman daily life and political beliefs. These readings will guide the grammar under study and help teach students to analyze Latin text with more confidence and skill. Projects such as Roman ceremony presentations and historical reenactments will encourage and challenge students to immerse themselves in the Roman world.
LATIN IV: Latin IV is the level at which students will refine previously learned grammatical and vocabulary knowledge through in-depth studies in translation. Students will work with modified Latin texts and works in translation and gradually move toward the translation of real, authentic Latin text. The translation of prose will focus primarily on Caesar's Gallic Wars and Virgil's Aeneid but may include other authors as time permits. These Latin readings, along with others in English, will further the students' study of Roman history, mythology, and daily life. An in-depth historical senate reenactment in the second semester will encourage and challenge students to immerse themselves in the politics and history of late Republican Rome. Note: Although Latin IV is not a full Advanced Placement course, students can opt to sit for the AP Latin test if they complete additional work and preparation with approval from the teacher.


Do Japanese visitors love taking a grand tour of the US or sticking it out in one place? Are Chinese tourists all about shopping or skiing? Are beaches as much of a draw as a trek to the Smithsonian for the British?
With a projected 1.8 billion international visitors by 2025 (according to the World Travel & Tourism Council), these are some of the questions that US DMOs are asking themselves. And while it would be so much easier if all international travelers liked all the same things, it is, as you might expect, far more complicated than that.
Where do you begin? With your leading international markets. Here are a few (three of the largest, in fact) that are currently on our radar.
Japanese tourists love the US. To put that statement in perspective, a whopping 250,901 Japanese visitors traveled to the United States in May 2018 alone, according to JIB Tourism Research & Consulting Co. And the vast majority was here for leisure—70% to be exact, says Trade.gov. Ninety percent visited just one state, which tells us that when the Japanese travel, they want to immerse themselves fully in the unique culture of their destination, therefore booking longer stays and taking in the "story" of the city or state they've chosen to visit.
They're also willing to spend for that experience. Travel and tourism receipts totaled $16.6 billion in 2016, fourth after China, Mexico, and Canada, Export.gov reports. The Japanese are sophisticated travelers, and their hotel experience is particularly important, trending towards higher-end, luxury accommodations.
The majority of Japanese tourists (64%) travels solo, according to travel data co-op ADARA. Couples come in at 24%, and families at 12%.
Key travel times among Japanese tourists include Golden Week (the end of April/early May), Obon (around August 15), and the end of the year through the week of the New Year.
The senior travel market is prime. Approximately one-in-four people in Japan are aged over 65, a demographic strongly influenced by American pop culture in a very positive way. "These individuals have time, money, and energy to spend on leisure travel, and are the best match for long-haul destinations such as the United States," Export.gov explains.
The majority of Japanese travelers are highly cultivated, finding appeal not only in scenic outdoor destinations, but also in luxury shopping, gourmet cuisine, history, and culture.
Special Interest Tours (SITs) are big in Japan, and offer a great opportunity to engage repeat travelers. The allure of SITs lies in the ability to travel with a group of like-minded people, sharing specific interests such as baseball, golfing, theater, World Heritage Sites, and even photography, dance, and drawing.
Students are another key market. Virtually all public and private schools in Japan organize school trips that often venture overseas, with the United States as a number one destination. According to the Japanese Ministry of Education, from April 2015 to March 2016, 1,279 high schools participated in overseas school organized travel.
Some would argue that China is every DMO's dream market. Why? Because while China is the US' third largest market today (trailing the UK and Japan), the number of Chinese visitors to the United States is growing rapidly. In fact, the US Travel Association predicts that China will be the second largest overseas source market by 2019, rising from 22nd place in 2000.
The first thing you need to know is that old stereotypes are exactly that—old. Chinese travelers are becoming increasingly diverse in their tastes and habits, opting for individual over group travel in order to experience the authentic culture of a place. Despite that diversity, there are some overarching themes.
Adventure—Chinese tourists love it. Which explains why Australia has experienced such a boom in skydiving among Chinese travelers, the majority of which tend to be Millennials. Skiing is another biggie, in anticipation of the 2022 Winter Olympics.
"They … are looking for a holiday where they can experience new cultures with unique experiences," explains Jonathan Cheung, CEO of Abercrombie & Kent China, in an article for Trekk Blog. A May 2018 J. Walter Thompson Intelligence poll, in fact, found that 30% of Chinese travelers had already taken a thrill-seeking trip, while 45 percent are interested in planning one.
Relaxation is also big. Chinese visitors in particular are branching out from the US' much-visited iconic sights, seeking less crowded places and more off-the-beaten-track locales—and placing R&R at the top of their priority lists.
These travelers are also spending handsomely. In fact, CLSA predicts that Chinese tourists' overseas spend will increase from $115 billion in 2017 to $429 billion by 2021. China's rising middle class is partly behind the boost in outbound tourism. And with McKinsey & Company predicting that more than three-quarters of the population will be considered middle class by 2022, you can see why states across the US are turning their focus to the Chinese tourist market.
Here are a few more facts that may surprise you.
Chinese tourists are showing more interest in "exploring like a local," authentic experiences, and travel as a lifestyle, says Trekk.
Nature continues to be a huge draw for these travelers.
Shopping-focused travel may be on the decline, partly because the Chinese government, working in tandem with destination countries, is cracking down on the cheap tours once on offer. Also, the costs of housing and education in China are on the rise, which means disposable incomes aren't what they used to be. Instead, budgets are being channeled into experiences—like unique cultural sights and haute cuisine with a distinctly local flavor.
While independent travel is on the increase, family travel is also gaining momentum, whether it's young, affluent expats flying their relatives out for a visit, or older travelers taking their families on overseas vacations.
The US welcomed 4.6 million UK visitors in 2016, making this tiny but mighty country our #1 Inbound market (a position it has held since 2001). While UK visitors have in fact declined in recent years, the US Travel Association predicts the UK will remain our #1 tourist group, with numbers gradually inching upwards.
Which is why we're so curious about what the British love so very much about visiting the United States. According to BBC America, it all comes down to classic America and Americana. That means waffles the size of your head rather than the size of a 10 pence piece; enormous, bright, shiny skyscrapers that reach into the cloudless heavens; customer service with a "hi, how're you doin'?" and a smile; all things pop culture, from peanut butter on everything to cult movie locations; selfies with the Statue of Liberty and at other iconic sights; and, of course, the 24/7 buzz—from bars open till dawn to diners serving up those giant waffles all through the night. Mixed in along the way is a love of cultural experiences, from visiting Abe Lincoln in Washington DC, to spiraling to the top of the Guggenheim in New York.
The British average 2.7 personal trips a year, with sightseeing (53%) and relaxation (52%) topping the priority list.
Deals, special offers, and finding the lowest price are big factors in the decision-making process. Eighty-eight percent of British travelers, in fact, look for deals before making a destination decision.
The majority of British tourists stay in hotels (67%) versus alternative accommodations (6%), with the greatest proportion of their spend (31%) being devoted to hotel bookings.
The most important factor in deciding on a destination is the type of activities they'll have to do, with cultural experiences ranking especially high. Once-in-a-lifetime experiences are also a factor.
Reviews on sites like TripAdvisor (88%), "informative content from destination and/or travel brands" aka YOU (81%), and talking to family, friends, and friends of friends who have been there and done that (66%) are the strongest influencers in the decision-making process.
Whether you're a big city like New York, LA, or Chicago, or a hidden gem like Cleveland, Des Moines, or Minneapolis, you have qualities that will appeal to international tourists. You just have to know what they're looking for.


text:
1983, Artists, Music, Top 40
Top 40 Songs This Week – July 30, 1983: Songs 40-31
July 29, 2014 Paul Stroessner	2 Comments
Hi Everybody, the Top 40 is back this week! We will Return to one of my favorite years in music – 1983. I feel that this is the year where the '80s started getting its own music personality. The Disco sound was just about dead. Pop and Rock ruled the landscape, and MTV had become well established at this point. Let's get into it now, and Return to the week ending July 30, 1983, and begin the countdown.
40. "Fake Friends" by Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
Here is a rarely played Joan Jett song. This was from Joan Jett's third studio album called Album. Did it really take until 1983 for somebody to name an album Album? Genius!
39. "Slipping Away" by Dave Edmunds
This song was written and produced by Jeff Lynne (Electric Light Orchestra). If you wanted to know what it would sound like if Ozzy Osbourne went pop, then listen to this Dave Edmunds song. Very good.
38. "Tell Her About It" by Billy Joel
This is the first single released off of the legendary smash album, An Innocent Man. On that album, Billy Joel paid tribute to all different styles of music. This song was the Motown sound of the album.
37. "The Safety Dance" by Men Without Hats
An ultimate '80s song. Any video that features a Maypole is alright with me.
36. "The Salt in My Tears" by Martin Briley
Martin Briley was mainly known as a session guitarist and songwriter. He did release three solo albums, and this song was his only hit. And this was the highest it made it up the charts. So join Martin Briley at the high point of his singing career, and listen to "The Salt in My Tears".
35. "Human Nature" by Michael Jackson
And the hits keep coming from the Thriller album. I always liked this song a lot.
34. "The Border" by America
America was a popular band in the '70s. They had several hits such as "A Horse with No Name", "Ventura Highway", and "Sister Golden Hair". They kind of faded away by the time the '80s arrived. But they had a nice hit with this song. They sound like Kansas or The Little River Band in this song.
33. "Pieces of Ice" by Diana Ross
Boring. If a lesser known artist performed this song, there is no way it would crack the top 40.
32. "Human Touch" by Rick Springfield
This is my favorite Rick Springfield song.
31. "After the Fall" by Journey
Journey is one of my all time favorite bands. I love this song from their Frontiers album.
Well, that wraps up the countdown today. Do you have a favorite music year? What were you doing in 1983? We'll continue the countdown tomorrow.
Previous Post80s Computer Hacking: A SupercutNext PostRemember That Song: 7/30/14
2 thoughts on "Top 40 Songs This Week – July 30, 1983: Songs 40-31"
JimV says:
Dave Edmunds! Great surprise today…I'd completely forgotten that one. The intro is classic Jeff Lynne, now that you mentioned it.
Not sure I've heard "Fake Friends" or "Pieces Of Ice" before.
"Human Touch" is my favorite Springfield song, too!
And "After The Fall" was a great way to wrap up today's list.
'83 might be one of my favorite musical years ever. Don't know if it's on top, but it's definitely in my Hall Of Fame.
returntothe80s says:
I didn't remember that Dave Edmunds song. I really liked it. I was also unfamiliar with that America song. I like that one a lot too.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.apache.dubbo.metadata.support;

import org.apache.dubbo.common.URL;
import org.apache.dubbo.metadata.store.MetadataReport;
import org.apache.dubbo.metadata.store.MetadataReportFactory;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public abstract class AbstractMetadataReportFactory implements MetadataReportFactory {
    private static final String EXPORT_KEY = "export";
    private static final String REFER_KEY = "refer";

    // The lock for the acquisition process of the registry
    private static final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();

    // Registry Collection Map<RegistryAddress, Registry>
    private static final Map<String, MetadataReport> SERVICE_STORE_MAP = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, MetadataReport>();

    @Override
    public MetadataReport getMetadataReport(URL url) {
        url = url.setPath(MetadataReport.class.getName())
                .removeParameters(EXPORT_KEY, REFER_KEY);
        String key = url.toServiceString();
        // Lock the registry access process to ensure a single instance of the registry
        LOCK.lock();
        try {
            MetadataReport metadataReport = SERVICE_STORE_MAP.get(key);
            if (metadataReport != null) {
                return metadataReport;
            }
            metadataReport = createMetadataReport(url);
            if (metadataReport == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Can not create metadata Report " + url);
            }
            SERVICE_STORE_MAP.put(key, metadataReport);
            return metadataReport;
        } finally {
            // Release the lock
            LOCK.unlock();
        }
    }

    protected abstract MetadataReport createMetadataReport(URL url);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In May 2016 I joined a small team from WAE / Globant, tasked with overhauling the online services provided by the London Metropolitan Police (the Met). A brand new website would serve as the Met's digital front-counter, offering a suite of new tools and information to improve transparency and increase collaboration between the police and the people of London.
I was responsible for content across the site, from the dozens of redeveloped advice pages to the many new tools and processes (see below). The first complete iteration of the website went live in March 2017.
Our first step in redeveloping the Met's advice pages was to establish a clearer, friendlier tone of voice that would make the whole site more useful and accessible to the general public. We then stripped out all extraneous visual clutter to make the information the focus.
Templates agreed, we liaised with subject matter experts across the Met, from events licensing to child protection teams, to find the best and most sensitive ways of representing their particular field and expert advice.
It was then up to me to write all the new content.
In December 2016, one of the new services I helped to develop for the Met was the lead story on BBC London News. The new service allows anyone involved in an accident or altercation on the road in London to notify the police online.
For the public, it's a simpler and faster way to notify the police. For the Met, the new service lowers operating costs by reducing admin time and increasing the quality of information being gathered up front.
The police deal with thousands of different types of forms. As a member of the public, finding the correct one and completing it successfully can be a massive pain.
The online triage tool we developed allowed us to break down often very complicated subjects and processes into simple questions and answers. This format helps users navigate quickly to the information, or the all-new online forms, they need.
Through user testing and analytics we found people were also using the triage tool to self-educate, helping to reduce calls to 101.
Who doesn't love a form? Almost everybody, it turns out. Which is why we ran workshops with dozens of teams across the Met who regularly use paper forms as part of their service, to find simpler approaches, improve efficiency and reduce operating costs.
Though still far from perfect, the huge range of new online forms is already improving processing time, reducing errors (on both sides) and providing users with a more transparent service.
In particular, the 'Report a crime' triage and form together represent one of the most sophisticated online crime reporting tools in the world.
I worked with Ben to deliver the new website for the Metropolitan Police and I would confidently say that it wouldn't exist without him. He was involved in just about everything: From making content easy to find by helping to develop the information architecture and taxonomy of the whole site, simplifying subjects like fraud and data protection, writing advice for many sensitive topics such as child abuse and hate crime, to responding to participants during the testing of a live chat feature. Oh and he was also integral to designing and delivering the new online crime reporting tool. Ben is a goddamn powerhouse.
I was heavily involved in all of the features above, but they aren't nearly as exciting as the other new tools that we as a team created.
Your area, for example, is a section of the website where users can find up-to-date, interactive crime stats on their 'ward' (the area covered by their local police team), including the top three crimes and tailored advice on how to stay safe.
The Careers section of the site gave us a chance to use a fresh new wave of post-beta CMS components, including pagination. It doesn't sound very exciting, but it allows the user to navigate large amounts of information quickly.
It's early days, but prospective Met employees and volunteers should soon be able to learn all about the roles available and apply for a role directly through the website.


text:
The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases
Thomas Holding, Ian G. Ashton, Jamie D. Shutler, Peter E. Land, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, Ian Brown, Jean-Francois Piolle, Annette Kock, Hermann W. Bange, David K. Woolf, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy, Ryan Pereira, Frederic Paul, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Bertrand Chapron, Gregor Rehder, Fabrice Ardhuin, Craig J. Donlon
Institute for Life and Earth Sciences
School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019
10.5194/os-15-1707-2019Licence: CC BY
© Author(s) 2019.
Final published version, 3.75 MBLicence: CC BY
Dive into the research topics of 'The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
in situ Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
air Earth & Environmental Sciences 88%
sea Earth & Environmental Sciences 88%
gas Earth & Environmental Sciences 82%
parameterization Earth & Environmental Sciences 31%
ocean Earth & Environmental Sciences 31%
climate Earth & Environmental Sciences 29%
calculation Earth & Environmental Sciences 19%
Holding, T., Ashton, I. G., Shutler, J. D., Land, P. E., Nightingale, P. D., Rees, A. P., Brown, I., Piolle, J-F., Kock, A., Bange, H. W., Woolf, D. K., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Pereira, R., Paul, F., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Chapron, B., Rehder, G., Ardhuin, F., & Donlon, C. J. (2019). The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases. Ocean Science, 15(6), 1707-1728. [15]. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019
Holding, Thomas ; Ashton, Ian G. ; Shutler, Jamie D. ; Land, Peter E. ; Nightingale, Philip D. ; Rees, Andrew P. ; Brown, Ian ; Piolle, Jean-Francois ; Kock, Annette ; Bange, Hermann W. ; Woolf, David K. ; Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke ; Pereira, Ryan ; Paul, Frederic ; Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny ; Chapron, Bertrand ; Rehder, Gregor ; Ardhuin, Fabrice ; Donlon, Craig J. / The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases. In: Ocean Science. 2019 ; Vol. 15, No. 6. pp. 1707-1728.
@article{6efcc2cbe8504ddda59a57432c22dff8,
title = "The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases",
abstract = "The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.",
author = "Thomas Holding and Ashton, {Ian G.} and Shutler, {Jamie D.} and Land, {Peter E.} and Nightingale, {Philip D.} and Rees, {Andrew P.} and Ian Brown and Jean-Francois Piolle and Annette Kock and Bange, {Hermann W.} and Woolf, {David K.} and Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy and Ryan Pereira and Frederic Paul and Fanny Girard-Ardhuin and Bertrand Chapron and Gregor Rehder and Fabrice Ardhuin and Donlon, {Craig J.}",
doi = "10.5194/os-15-1707-2019",
journal = "Ocean Science",
publisher = "European Geosciences Union",
Holding, T, Ashton, IG, Shutler, JD, Land, PE, Nightingale, PD, Rees, AP, Brown, I, Piolle, J-F, Kock, A, Bange, HW, Woolf, DK, Goddijn-Murphy, L, Pereira, R, Paul, F, Girard-Ardhuin, F, Chapron, B, Rehder, G, Ardhuin, F & Donlon, CJ 2019, 'The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases', Ocean Science, vol. 15, no. 6, 15, pp. 1707-1728. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019
The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases. / Holding, Thomas; Ashton, Ian G.; Shutler, Jamie D.; Land, Peter E.; Nightingale, Philip D.; Rees, Andrew P.; Brown, Ian; Piolle, Jean-Francois; Kock, Annette; Bange, Hermann W.; Woolf, David K.; Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke; Pereira, Ryan; Paul, Frederic; Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny; Chapron, Bertrand; Rehder, Gregor; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Donlon, Craig J.
In: Ocean Science, Vol. 15, No. 6, 15, 13.12.2019, p. 1707-1728.
T1 - The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases
AU - Holding, Thomas
AU - Ashton, Ian G.
AU - Shutler, Jamie D.
AU - Land, Peter E.
AU - Nightingale, Philip D.
AU - Rees, Andrew P.
AU - Brown, Ian
AU - Piolle, Jean-Francois
AU - Kock, Annette
AU - Bange, Hermann W.
AU - Woolf, David K.
AU - Goddijn-Murphy, Lonneke
AU - Pereira, Ryan
AU - Paul, Frederic
AU - Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny
AU - Chapron, Bertrand
AU - Rehder, Gregor
AU - Ardhuin, Fabrice
AU - Donlon, Craig J.
N2 - The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.
AB - The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.
U2 - 10.5194/os-15-1707-2019
DO - 10.5194/os-15-1707-2019
JO - Ocean Science
JF - Ocean Science
Holding T, Ashton IG, Shutler JD, Land PE, Nightingale PD, Rees AP et al. The FluxEngine air-sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases. Ocean Science. 2019 Dec 13;15(6):1707-1728. 15. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019


I'm really new here. I have a 6-year-old son with autism, a 10-year-old daughter without autism and it seems a husband with autism too.
My son is a great kid. I love him to pieces. He is funny and loving, just like his dad. Just as his dad, he cannot cope with negative feelings from me. I have tried to be always calm, never angry and always loving, as they need me to be, but sometimes I'm so tired, so exhausted , and I just want them to give me a break from their needs. Then I shout and I feel awfully guilty afterwards. I see those buddhist monks and I think "God, give me something of that because I need it".
My daughter tries to help me and distract her brother from me when she sees me overwhelmed but then I feel guilty about that too.
Honestly my husband doesn't understand why I haven't run for the hills. Not planning but has someone an idea how one becomes a buddhist monk??


According to the author, ethno-demographic projections indicate that while Montreal is likely to undergo changes that mirror the general Canadian situation, Toronto and Vancouver are likely to have a social geography that is entirely new to Canada. Overall, Montreal will still have a smaller proportion of Visible Minorities (projected at 31 percent) in 2031 than that in Toronto or Vancouver. In Montreal, about nine out of ten Whites will live in White-dominated areas, while the Visible Minority population will be spread across neighbourhoods of all types (i.e. characterized by the full range of Visible Minority or White concentration), indicating a fairly high degree of ethno-cultural mixing. By contrast, Toronto and Vancouver are projected to become 'majority-minority' cities. The author believes that these changes will also be reflected in inter-generational dynamics. In Montreal, the propensity for members of Visible Minority groups to reside in enclaves will likely tend to dissipate across generations to an extent greater than that already observed in the past. Considering religious affiliations, the author points out that all three cities will see a growth in the population with non-Christian religious affiliations. In Montreal the Sikh community and, to a slightly lesser extent, the Jewish community, are projected to have a high degree of isolation. By contrast, the city's Muslim population are projected to have the least degree of isolation among non-Christian categories.


I have a strange issue with my login redirect. It WAS working perfectly, and I'm not sure when it stopped working, but now it leads to a few issues.
So I have a Menu item using com_users Login option. I set this to Guest so that it is hidden once a user logs in (I have done this many times without issue).
I am mainly using jReviews component on this website, but I can't redirect to anything outside jReviews either. There is NO caching and I can reproduce in multiple browsers in and out of Ingognito.
No matter what I put in the Login Redirect field on the options tab, it just takes you to the Homepage. If you click on ANY menu item after login, you get a You are not authorized message.
If I switch the menu item to Public from Guest, I am redirected to the Profile page and there is no error generated. This happens with or without SEF/URL Rewriting turned on.
I am beyond frustrated here. Nothing new was installed during the time from when it was working to not working. My work has been focused on CSS and layout of the jReviews and main template.
There are no overrides for anything other than front-end style and should have no effect on redirections.
You can set a Menu-Item to be hidden, using Tab "Link Type" > "Display in Menu" set to "No" (3.7). So no need for an hidden Menu anymore.
Create a hidden menu, add the login page to that menu and leave it set to public.
Create a login module and set your redirect page with the module parameters. Publish the module and have the module set to guest so it disappears after loggin in.
That should resolve your issues.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged component redirect or ask your own question.


As I mentioned before, I'm always intrigued to see Asian talent on the international stage. It's really great that Tan Dun and Lang Lang have made it globally (and how young Lang Lang is!) I was speaking to a friend and also a colleague before the concert.. why is that there are so few Asians who have made it big in the performance world? And the ones that have are often those who have been educated in the West. Quite odd, don't you think.. with a 5th of the world being Chinese, and even more Asian? Or maybe not quite so odd.. as one of the biggest reasons I think is that, at least in China, while artists are trained to excel technically, they may not have the stage presence and performance skills that bring them to the next level. These are two things that Tan Dun and Lang Lang are definitely known for. Also the lack of resources and the supportive network.
This is perhaps my 5th contemporary classical music concert.. mm still really not my thing! I find it quite difficult to maintain interested and focused while listening to something so random. When I was listening to Tan Dun's Piano Concerto 'The Fire', my mind quite drifting off to scenes of running on roofs and up walls.. maybe it's the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon connection heh. But I did like watching Tan Dun conduct… very expressive. Lang Lang too (though even more over-the-top now) but I couldn't help but compare it to the last time I saw him at Carnegie Hall when he played Yellow River and Paganini's Caprice No.24, which are.. ahh…two of my favourite pieces ever :-). Nevertheless, despite my personal taste, I think it is great that they are merging the East with the West, and introducing contemporary classical music to audiences that may typically only like or are familiar with traditional classical music.
The odd thing about the evening, actually, was the programme line-up. How did Mahler's Symphony No.1 end up being the 2nd half of the concert? It was really enjoyable, but really did not sit with the rest of the programme too well. Mm I need to learn a bit more about programming, as I'm sure there is a good reason. [edit: programming a mainstream popular work alongside a new work is a means of introducing the less popular/unfamiliar to the audience] But, anyway, I probably enjoyed that piece the most 🙂 I have never seen LSO before, so it was good to see them play, especially as they are known as one of the top 2 orchestras in the nation (along with Philharmonia Orchestra).
And fyi, a full size orchestra (about 100 players) may sometimes be called a "symphony orchestra" or "philharmonic orchestra"; these prefixes do not necessarily indicate any strict difference in either the instrumental constitution or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different ensembles based in the same city. The other type of orchestra is a chamber orchestra – usually 50 or less players.
Am looking forward to the next Lang Lang concert, which will be a bit funkier and more accessible… a collaboration with Herbie Hancock!


text:
\section{Introduction}

Let $X_0$ be a closed smooth manifold  and $X_1$, $X_2$ be its submanifolds
of arbitrary dimensions with a nonempty intersection.
We consider a natural class of boundary value problems associated with this geometry.
Namely, we consider operators  with boundary conditions posed on   $X_1$ and $X_2$.
These problems were studied, e.g., in the works~\cite{Ster2,Ster5,ZeSt1}
(see also~\cite{SaSt32,SaSt35}), where the Fredholm property
for some problems of such type was obtained, index formulas were proved (these formulas
involve contributions of   $X_1$ and $X_2$ considered as strata of the manifold with singularities
$X_1 \cup X_2$). Later these results and methods were applied to study nonlocal problems with boundary conditions
on a smooth submanifold (see~\cite{Linh1,Losh1}).

In the present paper, we study several algebraic aspects of this theory.
More precisely, we consider an operator algebra multiplicatively generated by  pseudodifferential operators ($\psi$DOs) on the ambient manifold and on the submanifolds, and the (co)boundary operators associated with the submanifolds
(by a boundary operator we mean the restriction operator to a submanifold,
and by a coboundary operator we mean its dual, that is, an operator which extends  functions
on a submanifold to  distributions on the ambient manifold). We show that this algebra has
18 types of additive generators, and  general elements in this algebra can be written
as the following $3\times 3$ matrices
\begin{equation}\label{eq:111}
\mathcal{D} = \left(\rule{0ex}{8ex}
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        D_0 + G_1 + G_2 + M_0 & C_1 + C_1^\prime & C_2 + C_2^\prime \vspace{2ex} \\
        B_1 + B_1^\prime & D_1 + M_1 & T_{12} \vspace{2ex} \\
        B_2 + B_2^\prime & T_{21} & D_2 + M_2 \\
    \end{array}
\right)
\colon \mathcal{H}  \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}',
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{H},\mathcal{H}'$ stand for direct sums of Sobolev spaces on   $X_0,X_1,X_2$
(of some orders for each of the manifolds).
The entries in~\eqref{eq:111} are of the following types:
\begin{itemize}
\item $D_0,D_1,D_2$ are $\psi$DOs on $X_0$, $X_1$, $X_2$, respectively;
\item $B_1,B_2$ and $C_1,C_2$ are boundary and coboundary operators (see~\cite{Ster1}),
    localized at $X_1$, $X_2$;
\item $G_1,G_2$ are Green operators (see, e.g.,~\cite{StSh53-1,NaSt10,NaSt13}),
    localized at $X_1,X_2$;
\item $M_0,M_1,M_2$ are Mellin operators (see, e.g.,~\cite{SaSt35}),
    localized at $X_1 \cap X_2$;
\item $T_{12},T_{21}$ are translators (see~\cite{Ster5}),
    localized at $X_1 \cap X_2$;
\item $B'_1,B'_2$ and $C'_1,C'_2$ are boundary and coboundary operators,
    localized at the intersection $X_1 \cap X_2$.
\end{itemize}
We note that while these operators were considered in the literature individually,
our approach allows one to study them from a unified point of view,
and this considerably simplifies the theory.
Moreover, our classification of operators~\eqref{eq:111}
is carried out in terms of the strata
on which these operators are localized at.
We also define symbols of these operators and establish the composition formula.

The work is partially supported by RFBR grants
\textnumero 16-31-00176 and 16-01-00373.

\section{Statement of the problem}

Let $X_0 = \mathbb{R}^n$ with the standard coordinates $x_1,\dotsc,x_n$.
We consider two coordinate subspaces $X_1, X_2 \subset X_0$
such that $\dim X_k < \dim X_0$, $k = 1,2$, and $\dim (X_1 \cap X_2) >0$.
We will take appropriate components of the coordinates $x_1,\dotsc,x_n$ on the ambient space
as coordinates on $X_k$, $k = 1,2$.

For $k=1,2$ denote $n_k = \operatorname{codim}_{X_k} (X_1 \cap X_2)$, $\nu_k = \operatorname{codim}_{X_0} X_k$.
Also denote $\nu_3 = \operatorname{codim}_{X_0} (X_1 \cap X_2)$.

We associate the following operators with the triple $(X_0, X_1, X_2)$:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Pseudodifferential operators ($\psi$DOs) on $X_0, X_1, X_2$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:pdo}
A_k\colon H^s(X_k) \longrightarrow H^{s-m}(X_k), \quad k = 0,1,2.
\end{equation}
Hereinafter  we consider only $\psi$DOs~\eqref{eq:pdo} with compactly supported Schwartz kernels.

\item Elementary boundary operators corresponding to $X_k$, $k=1,2$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:b}
i^k\colon H^s(X_0) \longrightarrow H^{s-\nu_k/2}(X_k),
\quad u(y,z) \longmapsto u(y, 0),
\quad s-\nu_k/2 > 0,
\end{equation}
where $(y,z)$ are the coordinates on $X_0$ such that $X_k = \{y = 0\}$.

\item Elementary coboundary operators corresponding to $X_k$, $k=1,2$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cob}
i_k\colon H^{-s+\nu_k/2}(X_k) \longrightarrow H^{-s}(X_0),
\quad u(z) \longmapsto u(z)\otimes \delta(y),
\quad s-\nu_k/2 > 0,
\end{equation}
where
$\delta(y)$ stands for the Dirac delta function, and the coordinates $(y,z)$ are chosen as above.
\end{enumerate}

Below we always assume that all operators act between Sobolev spaces of some fixed orders
(we will denote these spaces by $H(Z)$, where $Z \subset X_0$ is a manifold,
omitting the order from the notation). Moreover, for compositions $D_1 D_2$
we assume that the domain of $D_1$ is equal  to the range of $D_2$,
that is, the corresponding Sobolev spaces are the same.

Now, for any $k, l \in \{0,1,2\}$, consider the linear space $\operatorname{Mor}_{k,l}$
which consists of operators $H(X_l)\to H(X_k)$ of some fixed order
and is multiplicatively generated by the operators~\eqref{eq:pdo},
\eqref{eq:b}, and~\eqref{eq:cob}.
More precisely, an element of $\operatorname{Mor}_{k,l}$ is a finite sum of operators of the form
\begin{equation}\label{defeq:simpleMorElement}
\mathcal{D}_{kl} = D_{k,i_1} D_{i_1,i_2}\ldots D_{i_N,l} \colon H(X_l) \longrightarrow H(X_k),
\end{equation}
where $D_{\alpha,\beta}\colon H(X_\beta) \rightarrow H(X_\alpha)$
is a composition of $\psi$DOs
and the elementary boundary operator (when $X_\alpha \subset X_\beta$)
or the elementary coboundary operator (when $X_\beta \subset X_\alpha$).
Now denote by $\operatorname{Mor}$ the direct sum
\begin{equation}\notag
\operatorname{Mor} = \bigoplus_{k,l = 0,1,2} \operatorname{Mor}_{k,l}.
\end{equation}
Elements of this space are called \textit{morphisms} (cf.~\cite{Ster2}).

Further, for simplicity we consider only morphisms of order zero in the spaces
\begin{equation}\label{defeq:cH:oplus}
\mathcal{H} = \bigoplus_{k = 0}^{2} H^{s_k}(X_k)
\end{equation}
for some fixed $s_k \in \mathbb{R}$.
By construction such morphisms form an algebra with respect to the operator composition
(we denote this algebra also by $\operatorname{Mor}$).

It is an interesting problem to study operators (morphisms) from the algebra $\operatorname{Mor}$.
More precisely, it is necessary to examine the structure of these operators,
define their symbols and the notion of ellipticity, establish the Fredholm property
of elliptic operators (the finiteness theorem) and obtain the index formula.

In this paper, we carry out a classification of morphisms, define their symbols
and determine the composition formula (the symbol homomorphism).
Fredholm property  and index theorem will be studied elsewhere.

\section{Classification of morphisms}

The union $X_1 \cup X_2$ is a stratified  manifold with singularities in $X_0$.
Let us classify the elements of $\operatorname{Mor}$ by means of the strata they are localized at.
First, we introduce the corresponding concept.

Note that the space $\mathcal{H}$ (see~\eqref{defeq:cH:oplus}) is a $C^\infty_c(X_0)$-module
with respect to the multiplication by functions in $C^\infty_c(X_0)$ and their
restrictions to $X_1$ and $X_2$.
\begin{definition}
A morphism $\mathcal{D}\colon \mathcal{H} \rightarrow \mathcal{H}$ is \textit{localized} at a submanifold $Z \subset X_0$
if compositions $\varphi \mathcal{D}$ or $\mathcal{D} \varphi$ are operators of order $\leq \operatorname{ord}\mathcal{D}$
for any $\varphi \in C^\infty_c(X_0 \setminus Z)$.
\end{definition}

One can easily show that the elementary boundary and coboundary operators
are localized at the submanifolds they are associated with. This implies the following
\begin{lemma}\label{lemma:simpleMorElementLocalized}
The composition~\eqref{defeq:simpleMorElement} is localized at the intersection
\begin{equation}\label{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap}
X_{k} \cap X_{i_1} \cap \dotsb \cap X_{i_N} \cap X_{l}.
\end{equation}
\end{lemma}

Lemma~\ref{lemma:simpleMorElementLocalized} allows us to classify
compositions~\eqref{defeq:simpleMorElement} into four classes,
according to the intersection~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap}:
this intersection is equal to one of the submanifolds $X_0, X_1, X_2$, and $X_1 \cap X_2$.
Let us examine the form of the operators from each of the four classes.

From now on, we represent the morphisms from $\operatorname{Mor}$ as $3\times 3$ matrix operators
acting in $\mathcal{H} \rightarrow \mathcal{H}$.

1. \textit{The intersection~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap} is equal to $X_0$.}
Clearly, this is the case if and only if
$$
X_{k} = X_{i_1} = \dotsb = X_{i_N} = X_{l} = X_0.
$$
Thus, we have a $\psi$DO on $X_0$. The corresponding matrix operator is
\begin{equation}\notag
\left(
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        D & 0 & 0 \\
        0 & 0 & 0 \\
        0 & 0 & 0 \\
    \end{array}
\right) \colon \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}.
\end{equation}

2. \textit{The intersection~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap} is equal to $X_1$.}
This is the case if and only if all the submanifolds in~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap}
are equal to either $X_0$ or $X_1$.
Thus, we deal with a composition of $\psi$DOs on $X_0$ and $X_1$ with (at least  one)
the elementary boundary or coboundary operators $i_1$, $i^1$.
The corresponding matrix operator is
\begin{equation}\notag
\left(
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        G_1 & C_1 & 0 \\
        B_1 & D_1 & 0 \\
        0 & 0 & 0 \\
    \end{array}
\right) \colon \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}.
\end{equation}
Here $D_1$ is always a $\psi$DO~on $X_1$ because the composition $i^1 A i_1$,
where $A$ is a $\psi$DO on $X_0$, is a $\psi$DO on $X_1$
(see~\cite{Ster1, NoSt1}).
Next, $B_1$ is  equal to
\begin{equation}\label{eq:pdoB}
    A_1 \, i^1 \, A_0,
\end{equation}
where $A_1$, $A_0$ are $\psi$DOs on $X_1$, $X_0$, respectively. Note that   ``long'' compositions
$$
    A_1 \, i^1 \,  A_0 \, i_1 \,  A_1^\prime \, i^1 \, A_0^\prime,
$$
where $A_1^\prime$, $A_0^\prime$ are $\psi$DOs on $X_1$, $X_0$, respectively,
can always   be represented as in~\eqref{eq:pdoB}, since, as noted above, $i^1 A_0 i_1$ is a $\psi$DO on $X_1$.
The operator $B_1$ is a \textit{boundary operator} localized at $X_1$. In a dual manner, $C_1$ is
\begin{equation}\notag
    A_0 \, i_1 \, A_1.
\end{equation}
It is a \textit{coboundary operator} localized at $X_1$.
Finally, we have
$$
    G_1 = A_0 \, i_1 \, A_1 \, i^1 \, A_0^\prime,
$$
where $A_0,A_0^\prime$ are $\psi$DOs on $X_0$, and $A_1$ is a $\psi$DO on $X_1$.
This operator is called \textit{Green operator} localized at $X_1$.

3. \textit{The intersection~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap} is equal to $X_2$.}
This case is analogous to the previous one. One obtains matrix operators
\begin{equation}\notag
\left(
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        G_2 & 0 & C_2 \\
        0 & 0 & 0 \\
        B_2 & 0 & D_2 \\
    \end{array}
\right) \colon \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H},
\end{equation}
where $D_2$ is a $\psi$DO on $X_2$;
$B_2$ and $C_2$ are boundary and coboundary operators localized at $X_2$, respectively;
$G_2$ is a Green operator localized at $X_2$.

4. \textit{The intersection~\eqref{eq:simpleMorElementLocalizedCap} is equal to $X_1 \cap X_2$.}
In this case, one obtains matrix operators
\begin{equation}\notag
\left(
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        M_0 & C_1^\prime & C_2^\prime \\
        B_1^\prime & M_1 & T_{12} \\
        B_2^\prime & T_{21} & M_2 \\
    \end{array}
\right) \colon \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}.
\end{equation}
Each term in this matrix is a composition with at least one (co)boundary  operator for $X_1$
and at least one (co)boundary   operator for $X_2$.
The operators $M_0$, $M_1$, $M_2$ are called \textit{Mellin operators} localized at $X_1 \cap X_2$;
the operators $B_1^\prime, B_2^\prime$ and $C_1^\prime, C_2^\prime$ are called
 boundary and coboundary operators localized at $X_1 \cap X_2$;
the operators $T_{12}$, $T_{21}$ are called  \textit{translators}
between $X_1$ and $X_2$ (see~\cite{Ster5}).

The operators of the above four classes constitute the set of
additive generators of the algebra $\operatorname{Mor}$.
Therefore, a general morphism is of the form
\begin{equation}\label{eq:generalMorphism}
\mathcal{D} = \left(\rule{0ex}{8ex}
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        D_0 + G_1 + G_2 + M_0 & C_1 + C_1^\prime & C_2 + C_2^\prime \vspace{2ex} \\
        B_1 + B_1^\prime & D_1 + M_1 & T_{12} \vspace{2ex} \\
        B_2 + B_2^\prime & T_{21} & D_2 + M_2 \\
    \end{array}
\right)
\colon \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}.
\end{equation}
It follows that the algebra $\operatorname{Mor}$ has $18$ types of additive generators.

\section{Symbols of morphisms}
\subsection{Symbols of $\psi$DOs and (co)boundary operators}
In this section, we define symbols of general morphisms in $\operatorname{Mor}$.
First, we define symbols of the generators on various submanifolds.

1. \textit{Symbols for $\psi$DOs.}
Let $A$ be a $\psi$DO on $X_0$ and $Z$ be a stratum in $X_0$.
Denote by $(y,z)$ the coordinates on $X_0$ such that $Z = \{y = 0\}$.
Denote by $(\eta,\zeta)$ the corresponding coordinates in the fibers of the bundle $T^*X_0$.
The principal symbol of $A$ is denoted by $A(y,z,\eta,\zeta)$.
Now, the \textit{symbol} $\sigma_Z(A)$ of $A$ on $Z$ is defined as the following operator-function
\begin{equation}\label{defeq:AZSmb}
\sigma_Z(A)(z,\zeta) = A\biggl(0,z,-i\frac{\partial }{\partial y},\zeta\biggr)\colon
H(\mathbb{R}^k_y) \longrightarrow H(\mathbb{R}^k_y),
\quad (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0Z.
\end{equation}
Note that~\eqref{defeq:AZSmb} is obtained by freezing the coefficients
of $A$ at a point on $Z$ and applying the Fourier transform with respect to the tangent variables.

The symbols of $\psi$DOs on $X_1$, $X_2$, $X_1 \cap X_2$ are defined similarly.

2. \textit{Symbols of elementary boundary operators.}
The \textit{symbol} $\sigma_{X_1}(i^1)$ of the operator $i^1$
on the stratum $X_1$ is the operator-function
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1}(i^1)(z,\zeta)\colon H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_1}_y) \longrightarrow \mathbb{C},
\quad u(y) \longmapsto u(0),
\quad  (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0X_1,
\end{equation}
where $(z,y)$ are the coordinates on $X_0$ such that $X_1 = \{y = 0\}$.
To define the symbol of $i^1$ on the stratum $X_1 \cap X_2$,
we choose the local coordinates $(x,y,z)$ on $X_0$ such that
$X_1 = \{y = 0\}$, and $X_1 \cap X_2 = \{(x,y) = (0,0)\}$.
Then the \textit{symbol} $\sigma_{X_1 \cap X_2}(i^1)$ is the operator-function
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1 \cap X_2}(i^1)(z,\zeta)\colon H(\mathbb{R}_{x,y}^{\nu_3}) \longrightarrow H(\mathbb{R}_{x}^{n_1}),
\quad u(x,y) \longmapsto u(x,0),
\end{equation}
where $(z,\zeta) \in T^*_0(X_1 \cap X_2)$.

The symbols $\sigma_{X_2}(i^2)$ and $\sigma_{X_1 \cap X_2}(i^2)$ are defined along the same lines.

3. \textit{Symbols of coboundary operators.}
The symbol of the operator $i_1$ is defined in a dual manner to that of $i^1$.
More precisely, we set
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1}(i_1)(z,\zeta)\colon \mathbb{C}  \longrightarrow H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_1}_y),
\quad q \longmapsto q\,\delta(y),
\quad  (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0X_1,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1 \cap X_2}(i^1)(z,\zeta)\colon H(\mathbb{R}_{x}^{n_1}) \longrightarrow H(\mathbb{R}_{x,y}^{\nu_3}),
\quad u(x) \longmapsto u(x) \otimes \delta(y),
\end{equation}
where $(z,\zeta) \in T^*_0(X_1 \cap X_2)$.

The symbols $\sigma_{X_2}(i^2)$ and $\sigma_{X_1 \cap X_2}(i^2)$ of $i^2$ are defined similarly.

\subsection{Symbols of general morphisms}

Let $Z$ be any of the strata $X_0$, $X_1$, $X_2$, $X_1 \cap X_2$.
\begin{definition}\label{def:morphismSmb}
The composition
\begin{equation}\label{defeq:simpleMorElementSmb}
\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_{kl}) = \sigma_Z(D_{k,i_1}) \, \sigma_Z(D_{i_1,i_2}) \, \ldots \, \sigma_Z(D_{i_N,l}),
\end{equation}
is called the \textit{symbol} $\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_{kl})$ of the morphism~\eqref{defeq:simpleMorElement} on $Z$.
Note that all the terms $\sigma_Z$ on the right hand side were defined above.
\end{definition}

Therefore, the following symbols are defined for a general morphism~\eqref{eq:generalMorphism}.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The symbol on $X_0$ is equal to the  symbol of the $\psi$DO component $D_0$:
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_0}(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) = \sigma(D_0)(z,\zeta)\colon \mathbb{C} \longrightarrow \mathbb{C},
\quad (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0X_0.
\end{equation}

\item The symbol on $X_1$ is the operator-function
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1}(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) =
\left(\rule{0ex}{4ex}
    \begin{array}{cc}
        \sigma_{X_1}(D_0 + G_1) & \sigma_{X_1}(C_1) \vspace{1ex} \\
        \sigma_{X_1}(B_1) & \sigma(D_1) \vspace{1ex} \\
    \end{array}
\right)(z,\zeta), \quad (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0X_1
\end{equation}
ranging in operators acting in the spaces
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_1}(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) \colon
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_1}) \\
    \oplus \\
    \mathbb{C}
\end{array}
\longrightarrow
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_1}) \\
    \oplus \\
    \mathbb{C}
\end{array}.
\end{equation}

\item The symbol on $X_2$ is the operator-function
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_2}(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) =
\left(\rule{0ex}{4ex}
    \begin{array}{cc}
        \sigma_{X_2}(D_0 + G_2) & \sigma_{X_2}(C_2) \vspace{1ex}\\
        \sigma_{X_2}(B_2) & \sigma(D_2) \vspace{1ex}\\
    \end{array}
\right)(z,\zeta),
\quad (z,\zeta) \in T^*_0X_2,
\end{equation}
with values in operators acting in the spaces
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_{X_2}(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) \colon
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_2}) \\
    \oplus \\
    \mathbb{C}
\end{array}
\longrightarrow
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_2}) \\
    \oplus \\
    \mathbb{C}
\end{array}.
\end{equation}

\item Finally, the symbol on the intersection $Z = X_1 \cap X_2$ is the operator-function
\begin{multline}\notag
\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta) = \\ =
\left(\rule{0ex}{6ex}
    \begin{array}{ccc}
        \sigma_Z(D_0 + G_0 + G_1 + M_0) & \sigma_Z(C_1 + C_1^\prime) & \sigma_Z(C_2 + C_2^\prime) \vspace{1ex} \\
        \sigma_Z(B_1 + B_1^\prime) & \sigma_Z(D_1 + M_1) & \sigma_Z(T_{12}) \vspace{1ex} \\
        \sigma_Z(B_2 + B_2^\prime) & \sigma_Z(T_{21}) & \sigma_Z(D_2 + M_2) \\
    \end{array}
\right)(z,\zeta),
\end{multline}
where $(z,\zeta) \in T_0^*Z$, with values in operators acting in the spaces
\begin{equation}\notag
\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D})(z,\zeta)\colon
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_3}) \\
    \oplus \\
    H(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}) \\
    \oplus \\
    H(\mathbb{R}^{n_2})
\end{array}
\longrightarrow
\begin{array}{c}
    H(\mathbb{R}^{\nu_3}) \\
    \oplus \\
    H(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}) \\
    \oplus \\
    H(\mathbb{R}^{n_2})
\end{array}.
\end{equation}
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{The composition formula}

In this section we show that  symbols of   morphisms are  well defined  and establish the corresponding
composition formula. This is the main result of the present paper.
\begin{theorem}\label{th:main}
For any morphism $\mathcal{D} \in \operatorname{Mor}$, its symbol $\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D})$ (see Definition~\ref{def:morphismSmb})
on any stratum $Z$ does not depend on the choice of representation of $\mathcal{D}$
in terms of generators~\eqref{eq:pdo},~\eqref{eq:b}, and~\eqref{eq:cob} of the algebra $\operatorname{Mor}$.
Moreover, for any two morphisms $\mathcal{D}_1, \mathcal{D}_1 \in \operatorname{Mor}$ the following composition formula holds
\begin{equation}\label{eq:comp1}
\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_1 \mathcal{D}_2) = \sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_1) \, \sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_2).
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Note that~\eqref{eq:comp1} readily follows from Definition~\ref{def:morphismSmb}.
Thus, we only have to prove that the symbol is well-defined
(that is, it does not depend on the choice of representation of a morphism
in terms of generators).

1. Define the following order reduction operators
\begin{equation}\nota
(\Lambda_0,\Lambda_1,\Lambda_2)\colon
\bigoplus_{k=0,1,2} H^{s_k}(X_k)\longrightarrow \bigoplus_{k=0,1,2} L^2(X_k),
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_k$ is an elliptic $\psi$DO on $X_k$ of order $s_k$.
Now, we can reduce any morphism $\mathcal{D} \in \operatorname{Mor}$ to an operator acting in $L^2$-spaces
by multiplying it by appropriate powers of order reduction operators.
Then it suffices to prove the   theorem for the resulting operators;
the general case easily follows.

Thus, we assume that $\mathcal{D}\in\operatorname{Mor}$ acts in the spaces
\begin{equation}\label{eq:mor0}
\mathcal{D}\colon \bigoplus_{k=0,1,2} L^2(X_k)\longrightarrow \bigoplus_{k=0,1,2} L^2(X_k).
\end{equation}

2. Now, we show that symbols of the morphism~\eqref{eq:mor0} are well defined.
We note that our approach is based on the ideas described in~\cite{Hor7}
(for a smooth manifold without boundary)
and in~\cite{ReSc1}
(for boundary value problems).

First, we introduce an auxiliary operator family.
Namely, consider the space $\mathbb{R}^{k+\nu}$ with coordinates $(z,y)$.
Given a point $(z_0,\zeta_0) \in T_0^*\mathbb{R}^k$, define the operator family (cf.~\cite{ReSc1})
\begin{equation}\label{eq:RSchOperatorFamily}
R_{\lambda,z,y}\colon
L^2(\mathbb{R}^{k+\nu}_{z,y})
\longrightarrow
L^2(\mathbb{R}^{k+\nu}_{z,y}),\quad \lambda>0,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\notag
R_{\lambda,z,y}\colon
u(z,y)
\longmapsto
\lambda^{k/4+\nu/2} \, e^{i\lambda z \zeta_0} \, u\bigl(\lambda^{1/2}(z-z_0),\lambda y\bigr).
\end{equation}
A straightforward computation shows that the operators~\eqref{eq:RSchOperatorFamily}
are unitary, and for any $u\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^{k+\nu})$ the sequence of functions
$R_{\lambda,z,y}u$ tends to $0$ weakly in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^{k+\nu}_{z,y})$ as $\lambda\to\infty$.

Let us return to the morphism~\eqref{eq:mor0}. Consider its component
$$
\mathcal{D}_{kl}\colon L^2 (X_l) \longrightarrow L^2(X_k)
$$
and its symbol $\sigma_Z(\mathcal{D}_{kl})$ on some stratum  $Z \subset X_1 \cup X_2$.
Choose the coordinates $(z,y) \in \mathbb{R}^{n+\nu} = X_k$, $(z,y') \in \mathbb{R}^{n+\nu'} = X_l$,
such that $Z$ is defined by the equations $Z = \{(z,0)\}$ in $X_k$ and in $X_l$.
Here $\nu$ stands for the codimension of $Z$ in $X_k$,
and $\nu'$ is the codimension of $Z$ in $X_l$.

The following lemma implies that the symbol $\sigma_Z(D_{kl})$ is well defined.
\begin{lemma}\label{lem:testing}
For any two functions
$u \in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^n_z)$, $v \in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^{\nu'}_{y'})$,
and any point $(z_0,\zeta_0) \in T^*_0Z$ the following equality holds
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ReSchDifference}
\lim_{\lambda\to\infty }\bigl\|R_{\lambda,z,y}^{-1} \, \mathcal{D}_{kl} \, R_{\lambda,z,y'} (u \otimes v)
- u \otimes \bigl[\sigma_{Z}(\mathcal{D}_{kl})(z_0,\zeta_0)\bigr]v\bigr\|_{L^2(X_k)}=0.
\end{equation}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
By linearity and multiplicativity of the expression under the norm sign in~\eqref{eq:ReSchDifference}, it suffices to prove that the limit is equal to zero in the following
three special cases:
\begin{enumerate}
\item $k=l$, and $\mathcal{D}_{kk}$ is a $\psi$DO of order zero;
\item $l=0$, $k>0$, and
\begin{equation}\nota
\mathcal{D}_{k0} = \Lambda_k \, i^k \, \Lambda_0
\colon L^2(X_0)\longrightarrow L^2(X_k),
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_0$ and  $\Lambda_k$ are order reduction operators on $X_0$ and $X_k$ respectively.
\item  $k=0$, $l>0$, and
\begin{equation}\nota
\mathcal{D}_{0l}= \Lambda_0 \, i_l \, \Lambda_l
\colon L^2(X_l)\longrightarrow L^2(X_0),
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_0$ and  $\Lambda_l$ are order reduction operators on $X_0$ and  $X_l$  respectively.
\end{enumerate}

For brevity, we omit the details of the corresponding verification
and refer the reader to~\cite{ReSc1} where a  similar calculation is carried out.
\end{proof}

Now, it follows from Lemma~\ref{lem:testing} that the symbol of~\eqref{eq:mor0}
is well defined. In turn, this implies that  symbols of   general morphisms are well defined.

The proof of Theorem~\ref{th:main} is now complete.
\end{proof}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Student Community
Australia provides a safe and secure living environment. Australians are generally very tolerant people with a relaxed and friendly attitude. Endeavour College of Natural Health caters for International students at all five of its International campuses: Sydney, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Melbourne and Perth.
Sydney is the largest city in Australia and Oceania, and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney has a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.5 million and an area of around 12,000 square kilometres. Its inhabitants are called Sydneysiders, and Sydney is often called "the Harbour City".
It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world. It hosts many different festivals and some of Australia's largest social and cultural events. These include the Sydney Festival, Australia's largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock-music festival which originated in Sydney; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film Tropfest and Flickerfest.
Melbourne, capital of the state of Victoria known as the "Garden State", is located on the southeast coast of the Australian mainland and has a population of 3.4 million people. Melbourne also features historic buildings and colonial architecture which contrast with modern skyscrapers and apartment buildings on either side of the Yarra River.
It is also renowned for its weekend markets, cultural and sporting activities and is within an hour's drive to beaches, wineries and the snow fields. Melbourne residents enjoy a varied yet temperate climate with hot, dry summers and cold winters.
Brisbane, capital of the state of Queensland, known as the "Sunshine State", is located midway on the eastern coast of the Australian mainland and has a population of 1.4 million people.
Brisbane city features historic buildings and colonial architecture contrasting with modern skyscrapers and apartment buildings on either side of the Brisbane River. Brisbane is best known for its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle with an emphasis on outdoor living.
Brisbane is also renowned for its weekend markets, cultural and sporting activities and is within an hour's drive of the north and south beautiful surf beaches, rainforests and mountains. Brisbane residents enjoy a sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers and warm winters.
The Gold Coast is located about one hour's drive south of Brisbane. This world-class resort area has a population of 1 million people.
It features 42 kilometres of white, sandy, surf beaches contrasting with modern skyscrapers and apartment buildings that line the beaches. The Gold Coast is best known as an international holiday destination with a pleasant climate and warm ocean waters.
Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, is home to 1.3 million people and enjoys more hours of sunshine than any other capital city in Australia.
It features a broad cultural diversity which is reflected in the way of life, incorporating a wide range of restaurants, events and the arts.
Sophisticated yet uncomplicated, the lifestyle in Western Australia is a relaxed one. Western Australia is adored for its brilliant blue skies, warm sunny climate and white sandy beaches.
International students, as adult learners, are expected to organise their own accommodation in Australia. Student services can provide you with a list of information on where to begin your search if required.
Private boarding hostels
These hostels are available for both tertiary and non-tertiary students.
Facilities include shared bathroom and kitchen so that students can prepare their own meals. For newcomers to the country, living in a hostel is a good way to meet other students in a comfortable study environment.
Approximate cost: $150 - $200AUD per week.
Advertisements on student noticeboards and in sections of the local newspapers advertise for one or more people to share a house or flat, often where a lease has already been taken out.
This often suits students once they have been in the country for some time and are comfortable with their new country's living arrangements.
Approximate cost: $90 - $150AUD per week.
Rental accomodation
As with share accommodation, units, flats, single bedsitters and even houses are available through Real Estate agents.
These are normally unfurnished. One month's rent in advance is usually charged plus a bond (or security deposit) prior to signing a lease agreement.
Get involved with the international student community in your study city:
Melbourne - http://www.multicultural.vic.gov.au/projects-and-initiatives/international-student-care-service
Sydney - http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/community/community-support/multicultural-communities/international-students
Gold Coast - http://www.studygoldcoast.org.au/
Brisbane - http://www.studybrisbane.com.au/
Perth - http://studyperth.com.au/


text:
Q: What exactly does .pipe() mean in gulp? I am relatively new to gulp, and I was wondering what exactly does the .pipe() do in a gulp task? I've gathered that it usually runs after a return and after .src, but there must be more to it than that. I've been unable to find anything on the web or in gulp's documentation and I really want to understand what I'm using.
EDIT
I found this, but it does a poor job of explaining it

A: From the Node docs:
https://nodejs.org/api/stream.html#stream_readable_pipe_destination_options

The readable.pipe() method attaches a Writable stream to the readable, causing it to switch automatically into flowing mode and push all of its data to the attached Writable. The flow of data will be automatically managed so that the destination Writable stream is not overwhelmed by a faster Readable stream.

So in Gulp you can chain multiple tasks together using the pipe() method. Gulp makes use of streams. There are readable and writeable streams. Take the following snippet for example:
gulp.src(config.jsSrc)
    .pipe(uglify())
    .pipe(gulp.dest(config.dest + '/js'))
    .pipe(size());

gulp.src(...) turns the path at config.jsSrc into a readable stream of data that we are then piping to the gulp-uglify module. The uglify task returns a stream that we then pipe to our destination and so on...
Since a stream is usually a single file, some may be confused how Gulp is putting multiple files in the stream.  Gulp actually uses streams in object mode:

gulp.src('*.js') reads all files ending in .js and emits each as an object on the stream.

Source: https://medium.com/gulpjs/gulp-sips-how-we-use-streams-d7790b22bf1a

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A human study confirmed that a daily serving of probiotic-rich yogurt bolsters your body's ability to protect you from infection.
It plays a significant role in the prevention of osteoporosis, which afflicts one out of two women and one out of eight men.
Yogurt is a good source of protein. An average eight-ounce serving provides approximately 20 percent of the Daily Value for protein.
Yogurt with seals indicating live and active cultures have been found by scientists that they may help with digestion, boost immunity, fight infection, and protect against cancer.
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Researchers in Lund, Sweden wanted to find out how various milk products would affect the rise in blood sugar caused by eating bread. They found that regular milk and fresh cucumbers did not prevent the high rise in blood sugar that follows eating bread, but that yogurt or pickled cucumber prevented the high rise in blood sugar. They feel that acids in yogurt and pickled foods help to prevent the high rise in blood sugar that follows eating foods made from flour and sugar. If further studies confirm this one, diabetics may be able to eat bread safely if they take it with fermented milk or pickled products. Until then, diabetics should severely restrict the foods that cause a high rise in blood sugar, such as bakery products, pastas, foods with lots of sugar such a fruit juices. See report #D222.
Why is yogurt beneficial for individuals with lactose Intolerance?
Many yogurts contain lower amounts of lactose than milk. As yogurt ferments, some of the lactose (milk's sugar) changes to lactic acid. Importantly, starter cultures in yogurt may produce the enzyme lactase, which digests lactose. Yogurts semi-solid state also contributes to improved tolerance to lactose.
As many as 50 million Americans suffer from high blood pressure, or hypertension, which increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Yogurt delivers calcium, potassium and magnesium – three nutrients that have been shown to reduce hypertension!!!
2018 The ESW Organization, Inc.


Annalù, (A. Boeretto) was born in San Donà di Piave (Venice, Italy) in 1976. Annalủ, graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice (1999), lives and works in her "palafitte" home by the river Piave in Passarella di San Donà di Piave, Venice. Since 2001 her works have been shown in numerous personal and collective exhibits in Italy and abroad. For several years she has been developing a sculpture and installation work in Italy and abroad. A disciple of metamorphosis, intent on penetrating the mysteries of creation, the artist able to assemble incongruous elements such as resins and paper, bark and glass wool, bitumen and sand, cement and roots, in order to create new realities, worlds suspended and imaginary architecture where alchemy is lightness. Her work features deeply lyrical and evocative characteristics, but also a huge formal impact, with images of involving power and exalted symbolic allure.


On Friday, June 8th SLUG Magazine is hosting the first ever all-ages Localized at Kilby Court. The show will feature Kid Theodore, The Lionelle and opener Paul Jacobson. Door are at six, music starts at seven and it will end early enough that anyone over 21 will be able to attend the regular Localized at Urban Lounge.
Kid Theodore's influences are quite eclectic, and with nearly every member of the band being a multi-instrumentalist, each song is distinct and has its own personality. Ryan Darton said that every Kid Theodore song starts with one person writing it, "Then everyone else jumps on it and turns it into something new." Kid Theodore's instrumentation also sets them apart from the pack, as they use an upright bass and make liberal use of various types of percussion from cookie sheets to hand-claps. While most of the band's members weren't necessarily going out of their way to create an eclectic sound, Brandon McBride sought to become a master of such off-kilter instruments as the cookie sheet, bike bell and accordion to add a unique element to Kid Theodore's sound.
All of the ececlecticism and songwriting talent in the world wouldn't amount to much without a killer live show and Kid Theodore promises to deliver just that. "We put a lot of energy into our live show," said Austin McBride, "I really think that's where a lot of potentially great bands falter, but at our shows we sound exactly like we do on record." With the members of Kid Theodore jumping from one instrument to another as various band members throw instruments behind their heads and bang kitchen supplies with unmatched fervor, a Kid Theodore show can't be missed. Due to their dedication to their fans and their music, they're likely to impress you no matter what kind of music you're into.


The TFS Feeders head office in downtown Taber is neat, clean, nicely laid out, polite staff, no sign advertising its presence. But TFS customers know how to find it and the two men who own and operate the facility: James and David Bekkering. The Bekkering family has lived in this small city since 1960 when they left Holland for greener pastures and cheaper Canadian land prices. In 1974 Henry Bekkering (their father) acquired an interest in the Taber feed mill. He was competitive and a good businessman; from that investment he grew Taber Feed Services and the farm/feedlot interests. It was a successful integrated business that serviced clients in a 60-80 mile radius of Taber. The Bekkerings have been quietly going about building their custom feeding business for 25 years now, it's in their blood, and at present they are finding it hard to accommodate new customers as their lots are full.
James and David have a variety of customers from retained ownership to investment feeders to larger finishing operations looking to supply their own yards. Maybe its the low key way the two brothers do business. Maybe its the guaranteed cost of gain that puts their customers at ease and their extensive knowledge of feed bunk and livestock management. In my interview with James and David I found information came easily and they were able to fill in all the gaps in their history and operations with unassuming ease. Never for a moment was there competition between them to get in the first word. Mutual respect was foremost and it was one of the fastest and most complete interviews I have ever conducted. From feed, to cattle, grain imports, and human relationships the Bekkering brothers seem to have a good grasp of all feedlot fundamentals.
Their father and his brother, Henry and Simon Bekkering, are no strangers to Alberta Beef Magazine (cover Aug. 1996). Simon and Henry and two other brothers had a feedlot at Barnwell. In 1992 David and James, their mother and siblings became involved in the family business as partners. That was the year the TFS Expanse lot was purchased in Vauxhall. The family grew the business over the years and in 1997 they added Bow River Feeders. In 1998 Henry sold Taber Feed Services to Saskatchean Wheat Pool. The company transitioned and Henry semi-retired.
So today TFS operates four lots: (Barnwell (5,500 head); TFS Expanse (11,000 head); Bow River Feeders (6,500 head); and TFS Fincastle (7,500) head. Fincastle was bought in 2014. The Bekkerings grow almost all of their corn silage on about 4,000 irrigated acres. At peak work periods they employ some 30-35 staff. That's important in this community that has recently been ravaged by unemployment in the gas and oil sector. Prior to the oil and gas debacle the TFS operation had to compete with highly paid energy sector employment.
James adds, "My specialty is feedlot management, employees and customer relations. We're in the cattle business, but this is a people business. And there have to be skill sets in place to handle both staff and customers with tact." In everything they say and do, James and David are polite, to the point and concise. James adds, "During the BSE years I finished my degree in management at the University of Lethbridge in 2003. All I've known is full time feeding and management since graduating. Sure, we've had some trying times in this industry, but we're never bored. The great drought and BSE taught us to diversify our customer base. For instance we share pens with Gateway Livestock. And in keeping with his plan to stay diversified beyond just custom feeding James runs a 330 head commercial cow herd (his bulls come from Ben Tams) and he is a shareholder in another 1,000 head commercial cow herd. It is safe to say that the Bekkerings are committed to self-reliance. And they are hedging their businesses as best they can while maintaining discreet control.


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Music Village opens in Okinawa City
August 14, 2014 Ryukyu Shimpo
On August 12, the opening ceremony for music resource center Music Village was held at Ichibangai in Okinawa City. The Music Village exhibits photographs, sound sources, and films of Okinawa folk songs, jazz, rock, and other music.
The Music village is a part of a community development project using music sponsored by Okinawa City. The city aims to make use of music, art and culture as resources to develop the community. The city started to collect...
The Okinawa Zento Eisa Festival enthrals spectators
The 59th Okinawa Zento Eisa Festival was held at Koza Athletic Park in Okinawa City from August 15 to 17. Fifteen Eisa organizations from in and outside the city took part in the festival and attracted spectators to various performances. Many families and tourists...
Ceremony for the 60th anniversary of Okinawan immigration to Bolivia held
This year marks the 60th anniversary since Okinawans emigrated to Bolivia, and established their community by reclaiming dense forest. On August 17, a ceremony for the 60th anniversary of the immigration was held in Bolivia. The participants of the ceremony paid...
Monument for the 100th year of Okinawan immigration to Brazil unveiled
August 15, 2014 Masaaki Umeda of the Ryukyu Shimpo
On August 13, an unveiling ceremony for a monument to commemorate the 100th year of Okinawan immigration was held in Campo Grande City, Brazil. The monument is 180 centimeters in width and 250 centimeters in height. The monument was built at...
A high school student films and interviews protesters against the Henoko relocation
The U.S. and Japanese governments are preparing to build a new base to replace U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Henoko in the Nago district. While the Japanese government was not carrying out the work on August 10, many citizens who oppose plans to build...
Ten years since U.S. helicopter crashed into Okinawa International University: Students hold a symposium at university
Ten years have passed since an American military helicopter crashed into Okinawa International University on August 13, 2004. On August 12, university students discussed the issues of the U.S. military bases in Okinawa at events held at the same university and...
[Editorial] Abe administration signals future reign of terror in Henoko
The government is controlling the residents by force in Henoko, Nago. As far as we know, the government has never unleashed such reckless disregard of the will of the people, as we have seen at Henoko. The Ministry of Defense installed salvage barges in the sea...
80 millionth visitor at the Ocean Expo Park receives commemorating certificate
August 5, 2014 Ryukyu Shimpo
On August 4, the Ocean Expo Park in Motobu welcomed its 80 millionth visitor since it opened 38 years ago. It held a ceremony to honor Haruka Yatou, the 9-year-old lucky girl who came from Aichi Prefecture with her family members. She received a commemorating certificate...
Okinawan immigrants honor ancestral spirits in Bolivia
August 12, 2014 Masaaki Umeda of Ryukyu Shimpo reports from Bolivia.
On the night of August 10, the last day of Obon of the lunar calendar, in Colonia Okinawa in Bolivia, Okinawan immigrants held the ukui ceremony. Members of migrant families gathered at their houses and sent off their...
RKK LINE to increase small cargo shipment
August 10, 2014 Akiko Kuwabara of Ryukyu Shimpo
To increase export cargo from Okinawa, RKK Shipping Lines Co. will start including 10-feet containers in its regular container shipping service from September. By using containers smaller than usual, the company aims to increase small cargo exports....
[Editorial]10th anniversary of US chopper crash onto Okinawa International University: Marine Corps should be withdrawn from Okinawa
August 13 marked 10 years since a U.S. Marine CH-53D helicopter crashed into a building at Okinawa International University in Ginowan City. Currently, 24 MV-22 Osprey aircraft are stationed at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma near the university. MV-22 vertical...
Okinawan governor submits opinion on the Futenma relocation plan, calling it "impossible"