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Disordered eating among Arab and Jewish youth in Israel: the role of eating dinner with the family
Roni Elran-Barak ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-54701 na1,
Michal Bromberg2,3 na1,
Tal Shimony2,
Rita Dichtiar2,
Nisim Mery2,
Lesley Nitsan2 &
Lital Keinan-Boker1,2
Disordered eating (DE), defined as unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors, is considered a major public health problem among adolescents. Nevertheless, rates of DE among Arab and Jewish adolescents in Israel are still unknown. Furthermore, while previous studies have highlighted the role of frequent family meals as a protective factor against DE, studies examining home family dinners relative to other common dinner options (e.g., eating at home alone, eating out of the home, not eating dinner at all) are largely unavailable. We sought to use representative data of middle and high-school children in Israel in order to identify rates of DE among Arabs and Jews, while examining the relations of home family dinners (vs. other dinner options) with DE.
A nationally representative school-based survey of 4926 middle and high-school children (11–19 years old) was conducted during 2015–2016. Participants indicated where and with whom they had eaten dinner the day before. The 5-item SCOFF questionnaire was used (> 2 affirmative items were considered a likely case of DE). Height and weight were measured by personnel.
DE was more prevalent among girls (29.7%) relative to boys (12.2%), Arabs (25.1%) relative to Jews (19.5%), and older (25.3%) relative to younger (17.6%) adolescents. Arabs were more likely to eat dinner at home with parents/family (chi2 = 10.75, p = .001), or not to eat dinner at all (chi2 = 63.27, p < .001), while Jews were more likely to eat dinner alone (chi2 = 5.37, p = .021) or to eat dinner out of the home (chi2 = 67.65, p < .001). Logistic regressions (stratified by ethnicity and adjusted for gender, age, weight) revealed that family dinners acted as a protective factor against DE, relative to eating out of the home or relative to not eating dinner at all among both ethnic groups, and relative to eating dinner alone among Arabs.
There are differences between Arab and Jewish adolescents in terms of rates of yesterday's family dinners and DE. Given that eating dinner with the family was linked with lower rates of DE, possible interventions to reduce DE may include educating parents of both Arab and Jewish adolescents regarding the importance of family meals.
Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in disordered eating (DE), defined as unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors that include, for example, preoccupation with body weight and shape, food restriction, fasting, binge eating, and vomiting [1,2,3]. Disordered eating is a major public health problem among adolescents [4] because of its high prevalence and its potentially serious physical and psychological consequences, which include malnutrition, weight gain, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem [5]. In the USA, as many as 25% of adolescents report weight dissatisfaction, and almost 40% of adolescent males and 50% of adolescent females engage in unhealthy weight-control behaviors [6]. Disordered eating has been documented across gender, ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation [7]. Nevertheless, studies about DE among ethnic minorities in Western countries are relatively scarce.
Studying the prevalence and risk factors of DE among ethnic minorities in Western countries is important because DE is a bio-psychosocial condition [8] that is influenced by sociocultural factors and norms (e.g., the thin-ideal standard of beauty) [9]. Studies about DE in the USA have suggested a high prevalence of DE among youth of ethnic minorities [1]. Both Hispanic and American Indian female youth in the USA have reported a higher prevalence of DE in comparison to that reported by white female youth. Likewise, Hispanic, American Indian, black, and Asian male youth in the USA have reported a higher prevalence of DE in comparison to that reported by white male youth [10, 11]. Despite these findings about the alarming rates of DE among minority youth in the USA, there is only a limited amount of empirical data describing DE among minority youth around the world. The studies that have been conducted about DE outside of the USA (e.g., in Finland [12], Greece [13], and Norway [14]) used small sample sizes that did not allow for an accurate assessment of prevalence or risk factors among adolescents of ethnic minorities. Therefore, in the current study, we sought to examine the prevalence of DE in a large representative sample of Jewish and Arab middle and high-school children in Israel.
Israel is a multicultural society with various ethnic and religious groups [15]. About one fifth of Israel's population comprises Arabs; of them, about 85% are Muslims and the rest are mainly Christians and Druze [16]. A national survey conducted in 2014 suggested that up to 25% of all youth in Israel reported dieting for weight loss [17], in comparison to only about 15% of youth in Europe. Another Israeli study from 2008 focused on female youth alone and suggested that nearly one third of girls in Israel reported at least two different forms of DE behaviors [18]. Latzer et al. [19,20,21], who have studied Arab youth in Israel, revealed a high prevalence of DE among this minority group, and suggested that Christian Arabs had significantly lower DE scores in comparison to Moslem Arabs and Druze. Nevertheless, representative studies comparing rates of DE across Jewish and Arab girls and boys in Israel are still largely unavailable [15, 21].
Regular family meals contribute to youths' emotional and behavioral development [22]. Various studies have suggested that frequent family meals act as a protective factor against DE [23, 24], and also play an important role in promoting positive dietary intake and healthy eating patterns [25]. For example, prior studies found that youth who reported more frequent family meals had higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, and key nutrients, and lower intakes of soft drinks and saturated fat [26]. In addition, studies conducted among American [27] and British [28] adolescents suggested that girls who reported infrequent family meals had more extreme weight control behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives) relative to girls who reported frequent family meals. Nevertheless, binge-eating was found to be linked with emotionally negative family-meal experiences and not with family meal frequency per se. Furthermore, most of the literature about family meals has focused on the impact of family meal frequency on DE [24], while studies looking at the impact of family dinners versus other dinner options (e.g., eating at home alone, eating out of the home, not eating at all) on DE are scarce.
Finally, despite the growing literature about family meals and DE, there is a lack of studies concentrating on family meals among ethnic minorities around the world and on the associations between family meals and DE across different ethnic groups. Studies conducted in the USA have suggested that family meals are more common among Asian Americans in comparison to other ethnic/racial groups [27], but differences in patterns of family meals among other ethnic minorities around the world (e.g., Arab youth in Israel) are largely unidentified.
Based on the literature review, the specific aims of this study were:
To describe the current prevalence of DE among Jewish and Arab adolescents in Israel.
To describe dinner patterns (i.e., eating at home with parents/family vs. eating at home alone, eating out of the home, or not eating dinner at all) among Jewish and Arab adolescents in Israel.
To examine whether eating dinner at home with parents/family members (vs. at home alone, out of the home, or not eating dinner at all) can act as a protective factor against DE among Jewish and Arab adolescents in Israel.
We hypothesized that both family dinners and DE would be more prevalent among Arabs relative to Jews, and that family dinners (vs. other dinner routines) would be linked with less DE. Findings from the current study will help professionals in the field to identify risk and protective factors for DE so that specific interventions and prevention programs can be tailored for both parents and youth of different ethnicities.
The 2nd MABAT youth survey is one of a series of national health and nutrition surveys carried out by the Israeli Ministry of Health [29]. It is a cross-sectional, nationally representative, school-based study of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 (ages 11–19 years), and it was carried out from May 2015 to March 2016. A former survey aimed at the same age group was carried out in 2003–4 [18].
Sampling and study population
The sample was drawn randomly from the Ministry of Education's school list, with permission, using a cluster sampling method and ensuring representation of Israeli youth by population group (Jewish/Arab), framework (state/state religious), school level (middle school: grades 7–9; high school: grades 10–12), and welfare level (low/medium/high). The welfare level is a measure of the socioeconomic status (SES) in the area in which the school is located. Schools from the ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) sector were not included, nor were independent, private, or boarding schools [29].
The interviewers arrived at the classrooms, explained to the students about all parts of the survey, and distributed the self-administered questionnaire in Hebrew or Arabic.
All adolescents who consented were measured for height and weight in a standardized and objective manner by trained personnel. Each measurement was performed twice and an average of the two measurements was used. If a third measurement was taken (due to a difference of more than 1 kg in weight or more than 0.5 cm in height), the average of the two measurements with the closest values was used. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by kg/m2, and BMI percentiles were calculated based on the age- and sex-specific WHO percentiles (http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/). The categories that we used were: underweight (BMI percentile< 3%), healthy weight (3% ≤ BMI percentile< 85%), overweight (85% ≤ BMI percentile< 97%), and obese (BMI percentile≥97%) [30].
The questionnaire
The self-administered questionnaire included a variety of questions on lifestyle and health habits [29]. The original questionnaire was developed in Hebrew and then translated into Arabic, for use within the Arab, Bedouin, and Druze sectors. Back-translation was carried out to ensure correct understanding and meaning. Classification as Jewish or Arab sector was determined by the school's affiliated sector according to the Ministry of Education. Among Arab adolescents, 88% self-reported that they were Muslim, 5.3% self-reported that they were Christian, and 6.6% self-reported that they were Druze. SES was defined according to the welfare level of the school, an ecological index determined by the Ministry of Education based on the location of the school.
Presence of DE was determined by the SCOFF [31], a validated screening tool for DE among youth [32]. The SCOFF was originally developed as a screening tool for eating disorders. However, a recent meta-analysis [32] which looked at the diagnostic test characteristics of the SCOFF suggested that it was difficult to draw conclusions about the appropriateness of using the SCOFF to screen for eating disorders. Therefore, we decided to rely on recent studies among adolescents [33, 34] and adults [35] which used the SCOFF as a screening tool for DE, and not for eating disorder diagnoses such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. The SCOFF includes five yes/no questions: (1) Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full? (2) Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat? (3) Have you ever lost more than One stone (=6.35 kg) in weight over a three-month period? (4) Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin? (5) Would you say that Food dominates your life? As suggested by Morgan et al. [31], each "yes" answer received one point, and a total score of more than two affirmative responses was considered to be a likely case of DE. In addition, the five different DE behaviors that appear in the SCOFF items were presented separately [36]. These five questions were worded in our questionnaire as they appear in the original SCOFF questionnaire, with the exception of question number three; specifically, the weight loss figure was reduced to 3 kg, from 6.35 kg, to allow for the generally lower body weights of adolescents as compared to that of adults. This exact same SCOFF questionnaire was used in our prior national representative survey (the first MABAT youth survey) carried out during 2003–4 [18]. In order to test SCOFF validity, we tested the relationships between the SCOFF score and two other variables: (1) Weight dissatisfaction: r = 0.31, p < .001, (2) Wanting to go on a diet: r = 0.26, p < .001. These suggest that SCOFF score is strongly related to other reported items and implies convergent validity.
Dinner routine was determined by the question "Where did you eat dinner yesterday?" with the following response options: at home with parents/family; at home alone; at school, a friend's house, a restaurant/cafeteria; I did not eat yesterday.
The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1.4 program. Descriptive analyses were performed on sex, age, SES of the school, BMI categories, dinner options, and each of the five questions comprising the SCOFF scale among Jews and Arabs (Table 1). A likely case of DE was computed according to Morgan et al. [31] (i.e., more than two affirmative responses to the SCOFF items). First, the associations between the dependent variable of DE (i.e., > 2 affirmative SCOFF items) and the independent variables of sex, age, SES of the school, BMI categories, and dinner options were calculated separately using chi square statistics among Jewish and Arab adolescents (Table 2). Second, the same independent variables were inserted into two multivariate logistic regression models (one for Arabs and one for Jews) with DE (i.e., > 2 affirmative SCOFF items) as an outcome (Table 3). Statistically significant level was determined as p < .05.
Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study population by population group, The 2nd National Health and Nutrition youth survey, 2015–2016
Table 2 Rates of Disordered Eating (DE) by sociodemographic variables, BMI categories, and dinner options among Jewish and Arab adolescents - Results of univariate analyses, The 2nd National Health and Nutrition youth survey, 2015–2016
Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression models to predict Disordered Eating (DE) by sociodemographic variables, BMI categories, and dinner options among Jewish and Arab adolescents – The 2nd National Health and Nutrition youth survey, 2015-2016
The compliance of the schools was very high. In the Jewish sector, out of 156 schools sampled, 142 schools participated. Only 14 schools (9%) declined to participate in the survey, and they did not differ from the schools that did participate in terms of their welfare level. In the Arab sector, all schools approached (78) agreed to take part, with the exception of three schools (3.8%).
Out of a total of 7029 middle and high-school children who were enrolled in all the classes surveyed, 5588 questionnaires were received (79.5% response rate). Of them, 353 questionnaires were omitted because of partial data or lack of reliability in the answers (e.g., self-reported age not between 11 and 19 years). In this study, we included only adolescents who had a valid SCOFF score (4926 out of 5235, 94.1%).
This study included a total of 4926 participants comprising 1594 Jewish girls, 964 Arab girls, 1657 Jewish boys, and 711 Arab boys. As can be seen in Table 1, rates of positive responses to three SCOFF items were significantly higher among Arab than Jewish adolescents: food controls life (32% Arabs compared to 29% Jews, p = 0.050); losing more than 3 kg in 3 months (46% Arabs compared to 37% Jews; p < 0.001), and seeing oneself as fat (30% Arabs compared to 25% Jews, p < 0.001). Table 1 also shows that 19.53% of Jews and 25.13% of Arabs had DE (or SCOFF > 2). We calculated overall country prevalence (not shown in a table) and we found that 20.95% of adolescents in Israel had DE (stratified by gender: 29.74% of girls and 12.15% of boys; stratified by age group: 17.59% of younger adolescents and 23.52% of older adolescents).
There were also significant differences between Arabs and Jews in their response to the question, "Where did you eat dinner yesterday" (chi2 = 141.53, p < .001). Post-hoc chi-square analyses were conducted in order to specify the dinner options that differed among Jews and Arabs. Arab adolescents were more likely than Jewish adolescents to eat yesterday's dinner at home with parents/family (chi2 = 10.75, p = .001) or not to eat dinner at all (chi2 = 63.27, p < .001). Jewish adolescents were more likely than Arab adolescents to eat yesterday's dinner at home alone (chi2 = 5.37, p = .021) or to eat it out of the home (chi2 = 67.65, p < .001).
Table 2 presents the results of univariate analyses of the association between DE (or SCOFF > 2) and sociodemographic characteristics, BMI category, and dinner options. Girls (Jewish: 29%; Arabs: 32%, chi2 = 2.49, p = .11) were more likely to report DE relative to boys (Jewish: 11%; Arabs: 16%. chi2 = 14.23, p = .001). Disordered eating was more prevalent among older (15 and above) adolescents (Jews: chi2 = 29.85, p < .001; Arabs: chi2 = 3.31, p = .069) and among overweight/obese (vs. healthy weight/underweight) adolescents (Jews: chi2 = 71.27, p < .001; Arabs: chi2 = 22.54, p < .001). Among Jews, DE was also associated with lower school SES (chi2 = 10.42, p = .001).
There was a significant association between dinner options and DE, with the highest rates of DE among adolescents who did not eat dinner yesterday (Jews: 33%, Arabs: 36%), and the lowest rates among adolescents who reported eating yesterday's dinner at home with parents/family (Jews: 18%, Arabs: 22%). Post-hoc chi-square analyses revealed (Fig. 1) that among Jews, rates of DE did not differ among adolescents who reported eating yesterday's dinner alone or eating it with parents/family (20.10 and 17.56%, respectively; chi2 = 1.42, p = .20). However, among Arabs, rates of DE were significantly higher among adolescents who reported eating yesterday's dinner alone relative to eating it with parents/family (30.00 and 22.08% respectively; chi2 = 4.61, p = .031).
Eating dinner alone (vs. with parents/family) and disordered eating (DE) among Jewish and Arab adolescents in Israel, The 2nd National Health and Nutrition youth survey, 2015–2016.. Note: 30% of Arabs (20% of Jews) who ate dinner alone and 22% of Arabs (18% of Jews) who ate dinner with parents/family had disordered eating (DE) according to the SCOFF questionnaire [31]
Multivariate logistic regression models (Table 3) were performed separately for Arabs and Jews. Among both Jewish and Arab adolescents, respectively, being female (OR = 3.74, 95%CI = [2.99–4.67]; OR = 2.82, 95%CI = [2.13–3.74]), older (OR = 1.42, 95%CI = [1.15–1.75]; OR = 1.41, 95%CI = [1.09–1.81]), and either overweight (OR = 2.39, 95%CI = [1.81–3.18]; OR = 1.80, 95%CI=[1.33–2.44]) or obese (OR = 2.55, 95%CI = [1.74–3.72]; OR = 2.38, 95%CI = [1.63–3.46]), were associated with DE. Compared to eating yesterday's dinner at home with parents/family, eating it at home alone was associated with a higher likelihood of DE only among Arabs (Jews: OR = 1.13, 95%CI = [0.83–1.55]; Arabs: OR = 1.52, 95%CI = [1.01–2.27]). In addition, both eating yesterday's dinner at school/a friend's/restaurant/cafeteria (Jews: OR = 1.37, 95%CI = [1.05–1.79]; Arabs: OR = 1.74, 95%CI = [1.13–2.67]) and not eating it at all (Jews: OR = 1.91, 95%CI = [1.29–2.81]; Arabs: OR = 1.59, 95%CI = [1.10–2.29]) were independently associated with a higher likelihood of DE among both ethnic groups. The p-values of both logistic regressions were p < .001, and the overall percentage of the explained variance the models captured was 0.68 (95%CI = 0.64–0.72) for Arabs and 0.71 (95%CI = 0.68–0.74) for Jews.
This study, which focused on DE and family dinners among Arab and Jewish middle and high-school children in Israel by using nationally representative data, brings to light several unique findings. First, about one out of every five Jewish adolescents and one out of every four Arab adolescents in Israel reported having DE, according to the SCOFF scale. Second, while Arab and Jewish girls reported comparable rates of DE (Jews: 29%; Arabs: 32%), Arab boys reported a significantly higher prevalence of DE compared to Jewish boys (Jews: 11%; Arabs: 16%). Third, eating yesterday's dinner at home with parents/family members was found to be slightly more common among Arab than Jewish adolescents. Fourth, eating dinner with parents/family members seems to act as a protective factor against DE among Arab and Jewish adolescents in Israel.
To our knowledge, the current study is the first nationally representative assessment of DE among Arab and Jewish adolescents in Israel. The rates reported previously by Kaluski et al. [18] (using data from the first MABAT youth study) included only girls and were based on only four out of the five SCOFF items. Kaluski et al. [18] defined DE as consisting of more than one affirmative SCOFF response, and not as consisting of more than two affirmative responses, as suggested by Morgan et al. [31] Furthermore, Latzer et al. [21], who also reported rates of DE in Israel, concentrated solely on girls, using the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) [37] with a non-representative sample and without anthropometric measurements. It is important to note that the rates of DE reported in our study are similar to those reported by other Western countries using the SCOFF questionnaire. For example, German and Finnish studies [12, 38] among large adolescent samples, reported that 24–29% of girls and 15–16% of boys showed at least one symptom of eating disorders.
Our findings suggest slightly higher rates of DE among Arab adolescents compared to Jewish adolescents in Israel, with Arab boys reporting higher rates than Jewish boys, and Arab girls reporting similar rates to Jewish girls. This finding is not surprising, as previous reports had already suggested high rates of DE among Arab youth in Israel [18, 21]. This result is in line with some prior research about DE among ethnic minority youth in the USA, including Hispanic and American Indian youth who reported higher rates of DE relative to white youth [10, 11]. One explanation for this finding could be that youth of ethnic minorities, living in a dominant Western culture, are likely to adopt ideas that stress the importance of body shape and weight (e.g., the thin ideal standard of beauty) [9], as they perceive these ideas as being a way of acclimating to the dominant culture. Relatedly, a study about Muslim-Australian women suggested a positive link between adopting Western values and DE [39]. Nevertheless, some prior results have demonstrated that ethnicity may protect against the development of eating disorder symptoms [40]. Future studies are warranted to understand the exact mechanism which encourages youth of ethnic minority groups to adopt these ideas about the importance of body weight and shape.
Participants were asked to indicate where and with whom they had eaten dinner the day before. The prevalence of home family dinners was significantly higher among Arabs (69%) relative to Jews (65%), but the difference was negligible, suggesting that patterns of family dinners are quite similar among Arabs and Jews. However, interesting differences between Arabs and Jews were found in the alternatives to home family dinners, as when not eating dinner together with parents and family, Arabs were more likely not to eat dinner at all (Arabs:12% Jews: 5%), and Jews were more likely to eat out of the home (Arabs: 8%, Jews: 17%). More research is warranted to specify the reasons behind these differences in dinner patterns among Arab and Jewish adolescents (e.g., differences in SES, family structure, traditions, values).
Multivariate analyses stressed that among both groups (i.e., Arabs and Jews) female gender, older age, and higher BMI were linked with a higher likelihood of DE. Furthermore, relative to home family dinners, all other dinner options (i.e., not eating dinner or eating out of the home among Arabs and Jews, and eating at home alone among Arabs) acted as risk factors for DE. These findings are in line with the literature, as several studies have already demonstrated that male gender, younger age, lower BMI, and frequent family meals can be protective against DE among youth [28]. In addition, Fiese et al. [41] stress that family mealtime is a household routine that provides stability and predictability for children and is related to several important positive child health outcomes, including a lower prevalence of DE. Family meals can serve as opportunities for parents to demonstrate healthy eating patterns, potentially influencing children's DE attitudes and behaviors [42]. Furthermore, family dinners may provide opportunities for parents to set examples for healthy eating practices and to expose children to a variety of foods. In addition, the time when all family members are sitting around the table can be used in order to engage in a group discussion during which parents gain exposure to adolescents' life, while also establishing routines and strengthening family connections [24].
Interestingly, eating dinner at home alone (vs. the home family dinner) acted as a risk factor for DE only among Arab, but not among Jewish, adolescents. It is possible to speculate that among some families, parents may have been involved in the child's meal planning (e.g., by providing him/her with a plate of food), even when the child ate dinner at home alone. Therefore, it could be that among some participants (e.g., Jewish adolescents), eating at home alone was not necessarily linked with a higher risk for DE. Additionally, among both ethnic groups, not eating dinner at all, as well as eating dinner out of the home (vs. the home family dinner), were both related to a higher risk for DE. It is possible that when children eat dinner outside of the home or do not eat dinner at all, parents have fewer opportunities to be vigilant about their children's eating patterns, as well as a lessened capability to have an impact on their food-related attitudes and behaviors [42]. Indeed, prior studies have suggested that both skipping meals [43] and eating out of the home [44, 45] are linked with weight gain and unhealthful dietary intake, probably due to a lack of parental involvement in the child's eating habits on those occasions. In contrast, when the child eats at home alone, parents may potentially still be involved in the child's meal (e.g., via the preparation of the food), and therefore have an impact on his/her eating patterns. It is thus important to look not only at the frequency of family meals, but also at the alternative routines that parents adopt in order to remain vigilant over their child's eating patterns.
The present study used the SCOFF questionnaire to assess DE prevalence. Several other questionnaires are available for the screening of eating disorders and DE (e.g., EAT-26 [46], EDI [21]), and the prevalence rates of DE among youth might vary considerably depending on the questionnaire and the methods used to obtain the data. The SCOFF is probably the most promising short questionnaire to use in community samples, mainly because it is a brief self-report scale with only five items [47]. Confirmatory factor analyses [48] that assessed the SCOFF in comparison with health examinations among adolescents indicated that the SCOFF is a useful tool for the detection of DE. Relatedly, the third item of the SCOFF assesses for losing more than one stone (=6.35 kg) in weight over a three-month period, while in the design of the current study, a decision was made to be consistent with the first MABAT study [18] by asking participants about losing more than half a stone (=3 kg) in weight. The literature suggests that among adolescents, the third SCOFF item, which asks about weight loss of one stone, fails to provide accurate information in terms of risks for eating disorders [32, 49]. For example, a recent study [49], examining the SCOFF questionnaire among high school population in Ohio, reports that when examining the correlation of each of the five SCOFF items with the summed score scale, the original third item of the SCOFF has the lowest correlation coefficient. In addition, this same study suggests that the original third item of the SCOFF has the worst ability to discriminate risk for eating disorders (relative to the other SCOFF items).
Findings may have several important implications for health policy. Importantly, given that our data indicated high rates of DE among both Arab and Jewish adolescents in Israel, there is a need to devote funding to DE prevention efforts (e.g., through the dedicated training of healthcare providers working with adolescents) [50]. Furthermore, our findings about the link between family dinners and DE may suggest that possible programs to prevent and reduce DE should be conducted not only among adolescents but also among their family members, with a particular emphasis on educating parents of both Arab and Jewish youth regarding the risks associated with low frequency of family meals.
This study marks a first step in addressing an important issue for the health and well-being of Arab and Jewish adolescents. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate DE and dinner options among Arab and Jewish adolescents in Israel. The strengths of the current study lie in the high response rate and the large representative sample that included adolescents from both Arab and Jewish schools. Additionally, the BMI was calculated based on measured height and weight by trained personnel, providing a reliable and valid estimate of BMI status. While this study has multiple strengths, it also has several limitations. First, the cross-sectional nature of this study makes it difficult to determine the direction of influence and whether a higher frequency of eating alone contributes to, or results from, more severe DE symptoms. Second, we assessed where and with whom dinner was eaten, but we did not have information about breakfast and lunch [23]. Third, the majority of the data in this study were self-reported and therefore subject to reporting bias, including a social desirability response bias. Fourth, the MABAT Youth Survey is a school-based study and does not include children who are not in school or children who are in private, independent, or boarding schools, including the ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) sector. Fifth, the SES variable was defined ecologically according to the Ministry of Education's classification of the welfare level of the school. Last, dinner options were reported only in regard to the previous day. Nevertheless, studies suggest that data reported about the previous day may be quite accurate relative to other reporting methods (e.g., reporting about weekly frequency of family meals), because they (the former) are less subject to recall bias [51]. Last, positive and negative predictive values of the SCOFF questionnaire were not examined in the current study. However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis [32] suggests that the SCOFF is moderately helpful in detecting and ruling out the presence of an eating disorder.
In the current study, we analyzed nationally representative data of middle and high-school children in Israel in order to examine the prevalence of family dinners and DE among Arab and Jewish adolescents, and in order to understand the relations between eating dinner with the family and DE. The findings suggest several differences in family dinner patterns and rates of DE among Arabs and Jews, and imply that family dinners may act as a protective factor against DE. Future work should look at additional variables regarding family meals, such as the quantity and type of food consumed when eating alone (as opposed to the food consumed during family meals), the number of participants, the identity of the family participants, and the time spent sitting together at the table, as well as other family factors such as perceived family atmosphere, family cohesion, and family stability. Future studies should investigate these findings using a longitudinal or case-control design in order to examine the occurrence of family meals, both before and after DE attitudes and behaviors develop, among Arab and Jewish youth in Israel and around the Western world. Some preliminary evidence [52] suggests that designated interventions can improve the frequency and quality of family meals. Thus, it would be important to conduct research that explicitly examines (e.g., using a randomised clinical trial) whether interventions tailored to improve the frequency and quality of family meals (e.g., among populations at risk, such as Arab families in Israel) can ultimately reduce DE attitudes and behaviors. Given the importance of DE as an obstacle in the health of a population, we recommend that government agencies fund a research agenda along the lines we have outlined.
Data will be shared upon request.
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Beccia AL, Baek J, Jesdale WM, Austin SB, Forrester S, Curtin C, Lapane KL. Risk of disordered eating at the intersection of gender and racial/ethnic identity among US high school students. Eat Behav. 2019;34:101299.
Hautala LA, Junnila J, Helenius H, Väänänen AM, Liuksila PR, Räihä H, Välimäki M, Saarijärvi S. Towards understanding gender differences in disordered eating among adolescents. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(13):1803–13.
Zervaki K, Yiannakouris N, Sdrali D, Costarelli V. Diet quality, disordered eating and health-related quality of life in Greek adolescents. Nutrition & Food Science. 2017;47(4):511–21.
Torstveit MK, Aagedal-Mortensen K, Stea TH. More than half of high school students report disordered eating: a cross sectional study among Norwegian boys and girls. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122681.
Latzer Y, Witztum E, Stein D. Eating disorders and disordered eating in Israel: an update review. European Eating Disorder Review. 2008;16:361–74.
CBS- Central Bureau of Statistics: 2019. Statistical Abstract of Israel No. 70. https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/publications/Pages/2019/Population-Statistical-Abstract-of-Israel-2019-No-70.aspx. Accessed Jan 2020.
Harel-fish Y, et al. Youth in Israel – Health, well being and patterns of risk behaviors: findings from the the 7th international HBSC survey (2014). Israel: Bar Ilan University (Hebrew); 2016.
Kaluski DN, Natamba BK, Goldsmith R, Shimony T, Berry EM. Determinants of disordered eating behaviors among Israeli adolescent girls. Eat Disord. 2008;16(2):146–59.
Latzer Y, Azaiza F, Tzischinsky O. Not just a western girls' problem: eating attitudes among Israeli-Arab adolescent boys and girls. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2014;19(3):382–94.
Latzer Y, Tzischinsky O, Azaiza F. Disordered eating related behaviors among Arab girls in Israel: an epidemiological study. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(3):263–70.
Latzer Y, Tzischinsky O, Geraisy N. Comparative study of eating-related attitudes and psychological traits between Israeli-Arab and-Jewish girls. J Adolesc. 2007;30(4):627–37.
Utter J, Denny S, Peiris-John R, Moselen E, Dyson B, Clark T. Family meals and adolescent emotional well-being: findings from a national study. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2017;49(1):67–72.
Loth K, Wall M, Choi CW, Bucchianeri M, Quick V, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Family meals and disordered eating in adolescents: are the benefits the same for everyone? Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(1):100–10.
Elran-Barak R, Sztainer M, Goldschmidt AB, Le Grange D. Family meal frequency among children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(1):53–8.
Fulkerson J, Story M, Mellin A, et al. Family dinner meal frequency and adolescent development: relationships with development assets and high risk behaviors. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39:337e45.
Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M. Family meals during adolescence are associated with higher diet quality and healthful meal patterns during young adulthood. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(9):1502–10.
Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Story M, Fulkerson JA. Are family meal patterns associated with disordered eating behaviors among adolescents? J Adolesc Health. 2004;35(5):350–9.
White HJ, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Family mealtime negativity and adolescent binge-eating: a replication and extension study in a community sample. Eat Behav. 2019;8:101306.
The Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC). Mabat Youth, Second National Health and Nutrition Survey of 7th-12th grade students, 2015-2016. Publication no. 373, 2017 Available at: https://wwwhealthgovil/PublicationsFiles/mabat_youth_2015_2016_Fullpdf Accessed Jan 2020.
Rodd C, Sharma AK. Recent trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian children. CMAJ. 2016;188(13):E313–20.
Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1467–8.
Kutz AM, Marsh AG, Gunderson CG, Maguen S, Masheb RM. Eating disorder screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics of the SCOFF. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(3):885–93.
Zeiler M, Waldherr K, Philipp J, Nitsch M, Dur W, Karwautz A, Wagner G. Prevalence of eating disorder risk and associations with health-related quality of life: results from a large school-based population screening. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2016;24(1):9–18.
Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U. Eating disorder symptoms do not just disappear: the implications of adolescent eating-disordered behaviour for body weight and mental health in young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24(6):675–84.
Richter F, Strauss B, Braehler E, Adametz L, Berger U. Screening disordered eating in a representative sample of the German population: usefulness and psychometric properties of the German SCOFF questionnaire. Eat Behav. 2017;25:81–8.
Chamay-Weber C, Narring F, Michaud PA. Partial eating disorders among adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37(5):416–26.
Garner DM. Eating disorder inventory-2. Professional Manual. Florida: USA Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991.
Hölling H, Schlack R. Eating disorders in children and adolescents. First results of the German Health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2007;50(5–6):794–9.
Mussap AJ. Acculturation, body image, and eating behaviours in Muslim-Australian women. Health & Place. 2009;15(2):532–9.
Warren CS, Gleaves DH, Cepeda-Benito A, Fernandez MD, Rodriguez-Ruiz S. Ethnicity as a protective factor against internalization of a thin ideal and body dissatisfaction. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(3):241–9.
Fiese BH, Tomcho TJ, Douglas M, et al. A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: cause for celebration? J Fam Psychol. 2002;16:381e90.
Munoz D, Israel A, Anderson D. The relationship of family stability and family mealtime frequency with bulimia symptomatology. Eat Disord. 2007;15:261e71.
Pendergast FJ, Livingstone KM, Worsley A, McNaughton SA. Examining the correlates of meal skipping in Australian young adults. Nutr J. 2019;18(1):24.
Lachat C, Nago E, Verstraeten R, Roberfroid D, Van Camp J, Kolsteren P. Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: a systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev. 2012;13(4):329–46.
Bezerra IN, Curioni C, Sichieri R. Association between eating out of home and body weight. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(2):65–79.
Siervo M, Boschi V, Papa A, Bellini O, Falconi C. Application of the SCOFF, eating attitude test 26 (EAT 26) and eating inventory (TFEQ) questionnaires in young women seeking diet-therapy. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2005;10(2):76–82.
Giel KE, Zipfel S, Schweizer R, Braun R, Ranke MB, Binder G, Ehehalt S, DISKUS Study Group. Eating disorder pathology in adolescents participating in a lifestyle intervention for obesity: associations with weight change, general psychopathology and health-related quality of life. Obesity facts. 2013;6(4):307–16.
Hautala L, Junnila J, Alin J, Grönroos M, Maunula AM, Karukivi M, Liuksila PR, Räihä H, Välimäki M, Saarijärvi S. Uncovering hidden eating disorders using the SCOFF questionnaire: cross-sectional survey of adolescents and comparison with nurse assessments. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(11):1439–47.
Bean GJ. An item response theory analysis of the SCOFF questionnaire in a high school population. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2019;16(4):404–22.
Neumark-Sztainer D. Preventing obesity and eating disorders in adolescents: what can health care providers do? J Adolesc Health. 2009;44(3):206–13.
Israeli AL, Stewart SH. Memory bias for forbidden food cues in restrained eaters. Cogn Ther Res. 2001;25(1):37–48.
Flattum C, Draxten M, Horning M, Fulkerson JA, Neumark-Sztainer D, Garwick A, Kubik MY, Story M. HOME plus: program design and implementation of a family-focused, community-based intervention to promote the frequency and healthfulness of family meals, reduce children's sedentary behavior, and prevent obesity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):53.
No funding was provided for this study.
Roni Elran-Barak and Michal Bromberg contributed equally to this work.
University of Haifa, School of Public Health, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
Roni Elran-Barak & Lital Keinan-Boker
Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
Michal Bromberg, Tal Shimony, Rita Dichtiar, Nisim Mery, Lesley Nitsan & Lital Keinan-Boker
Tel Aviv University, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
Michal Bromberg
Roni Elran-Barak
Tal Shimony
Rita Dichtiar
Nisim Mery
Lesley Nitsan
Lital Keinan-Boker
REB and MB designed and drafted the manuscript. RD and NM conducted the statistical analyses. MB, TS, LN and LKB were in charge of the data collection. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Roni Elran-Barak.
The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
Elran-Barak, R., Bromberg, M., Shimony, T. et al. Disordered eating among Arab and Jewish youth in Israel: the role of eating dinner with the family. Isr J Health Policy Res 9, 27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-020-00388-z
Ethnic minority
Health care equity
Nutrition and Health Policy


Winter came in full force this year! Bend schools experienced 5 snow days and Bend sat under more snow than it has in a long time. Then, on February 2nd, Punxsutawney Phil told us we would have 6 more weeks of winter!! As you can imagine, most of us here at Wanderlust Tours love winter. We also love summer and spring and fall (but we're not talking about that today). In case you were starting to feel like there was too much snow this winter or that it was lasting too long, we're here to provide you with a short bucket list. "Things to do before spring is here" in Bend, Oregon.
For real. These Ponderosa pines are full of that yummy vanilla/butterscotch scent that will have you sniffing every tree along the trail. If anyone gives you a funny look, just invite them to sniff with you!
When visitors come to town, Pilot Butte is the first place I take them (on a clear day). There's something really helpful about knowing where you are. When you see the geography of the land from above, it gives you perspective. And it's really pretty. Get yourself up to Pilot Butte for one of the best views in the city. Plus, it's apparently the best place for a selfie in Bend. For real, it won an award from the Source.
Remember when you were young and your parents just wanted you to go play outside?! Maybe it was just because you were driving them crazy... but they may have been looking out for your health too. Spending time in nature is scientifically proven to lighten your mood and enhance positivity. If just being outside is good for you, can you imagine what a place like Tumalo Falls would do for your brain?!
So there you have it! 5 tips for beating the winter blues. We can't wait to see you adventuring out there.


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text:
Challenging Vorago
There's a rumbling coming from the mountains north of Falador, and that can mean only one thing: a boss fight of groundbreaking proportions!
Vorago is an ancient entity, at one with the earth, who foresees chaos and conflict in Gielinor's future. He wants to prepare himself for whatever may come by pushing his limits in battle, and for that he needs to face the strongest fighters that the world has to offer.
Think you can go toe-to-toe with this batholithic brawler? Head up to the cave opening north of Falador, east of Doric's house. Vorago's one of the toughest foes in RuneScape, so bring your best gear. You should also come accompanied by as many of your high-levelled, well-geared friends as you can muster – you'll need all the help you can get!
Clicking on the entrance to the Borehole (Vorago's lair) will give you a number of options for how you wish to proceed: entering the public version of the Borehole for your world, setting up a private instance, joining an existing instance or rejoining your previous battle. Note that only one public fight can happen on a runescape gold game world at a time, so the quickest way to get into a fight is to start or join an instance with friends.
However you choose to enter, you'll need to challenge Vorago once you're inside. The first time, you'll need to speak to Vorago and go through the requisite conversation options, but thereafter you'll be able to use a right-click 'challenge' option on him.
Once a player initiates a challenge, up to 50 players in the vicinity (who are also eligible to issue challenges, having completed the conversation with Vorago) will be given the option to join that player.
20 seconds after the initial challenge, Vorago will unleash an attack on everyone who has accepted – a total of 50,000 damage, shared across the group. Damage mitigation abilities won't work – you'll have to take it on the chin – but survive Vorago's opening salvo, and the fight is on!
The wiki contains full details on getting started, including everything you need to know about setting up and joining instances, and Vorago's entry test.
The fight with Vorago is a five-stage throwdown to the death, each stage featuring a different range of deadly attacks. Some of the attacks he uses will vary week to week, so, even once you know how he fights, you'll really need to be on your toes.
The only way to progress through the stages and, ultimately, to defeat Vorago is to rebuild the only weapon ever to put his lights out – the legendary Maul of Omens.
Pieces of the weapon are stuck in Vorago's body, and must be dislodged at certain points in the fight – during stages one, two and four. You'll need to work out exactly how to get the weapon pieces for yourselves, but we can say that you'll need to use the environment against Vorago in order to succeed. Look out for cues in the chat box as well – you'll need to be paying full attention to take advantage of the gaps in Vorago's armour.
To defeat Vorago at the end of the fifth stage, one player will need to have all three pieces of the Maul of Omens and put them together into the completed weapon. Note that the weapon doesn't need to be equipped to finish Vorago – just to be in the player's inventory.
We want you to enjoy working out how to defeat Vorago, so we're holding off releasing detailed information about his mechanics for four weeks after launch. After then, if you want information on how the boss fight works, visit the wiki.
Prevail, and there are some amazing rewards to be had. Foremost among these are level 90 magic weapons: the seismic wand (main hand) and the seismic singularity (off hand). These mighty weapons sit alongside the drygore weapons and ascension crossbow as the best-in-slot gear for their combat style. They do degrade, but they can be repaired for a sum of gold coins at weapon merchants such as Bob's Axes in Lumbridge, or in an appropriately fitted-out player-owned house.
Others include tectonic energy, a common drop which – with a 90+ Runecrafting level and a stone of binding from the Magic Guild's armour shop – can be used to create tectonic armour. This formidable level 90 magic gear comprises a robe top, robe bottom and helm, and is the best power-type magic armour available. It degrades, however, and cannot be repaired – once it's depleted it disappears, and must be made or purchased again.
Note that the tectonic armour cannot be traded once it has been equipped. The seismic weapons work in the same way as other degradeable weapons – as soon as they start to degrade, they are untradeable until repaired.Along with other high-value drops, there's also a chance to get an ancient summoning stone, which – when used – activates Vitalis, a new follower pet.
Vorago yields five drops on his defeat, with preference given to high-performing tanks and those with the highest DPS. Fight hard, perform your combat roles well and stay alive for the best chance at getting these prestigious rewards.
So the bug with Vorago is that his 5th phase when he gets close to death causes the world to crash lol. We all knew there would be some bugs but this is one of the best. Vorago is so powerful he crashes the world.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Twine (software)
Free and open-source tool for making interactive fiction in the form of web pages
Original author(s)
Chris Klimas[1]
2009; 12 years ago (2009)[1]
2.3.8[2] / 10 May 2020; 8 months ago (2020-05-10)[2]
github.com/klembot/twinejs
v2.*, JavaScript[3]
v1.*, Python[4]
Linux, macOS, Windows, Web application[1]
Game engine, electronic publishing tool
GPL v3[5]
twinery.org
Twine is a free and open-source tool created by Chris Klimas for making interactive fiction in the form of web pages. It is available on Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux.[1]
2 Notable works
Software[edit]
Twine emphasizes the visual structure of hypertext, and does not require knowledge of a programming language as many other game development tools do.[6] It is regarded as a tool which can be used by anyone interested in interactive fiction and experimental games.[7][8]
Twine 2 is a browser-based application written in HTML5 and Javascript, also available as a standalone desktop app; it also supports CSS.[6] It is currently in version 2.3.5, as of October 2019.[1]
Twine became popular in the queer video game scene in 2012–2013.[citation needed]
Notable works[edit]
Rat Chaos (2012)
Howling Dogs (2012)
Queers in Love at the End of the World (2013)
The Uncle Who Works at Nintendo (2014)
The Writer Will Do Something (2015)
Arc Symphony (2017)
You Are Jeff Bezos (2018)
Twine was used by writer Charlie Brooker in developing the interactive film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch.[9]
^ a b c d e "Twinery: Twine Homepage". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
^ a b "Twine v2.3.8 GitHub release". 10 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Chris Klimas / twinejs: Overview". Atlassian Bitbucket. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ "tweecode/twine: twine/README.md". GitHub. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ "Twine licenses". Twine Wiki. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ a b Petit, Carolyn (12 January 2013). "Power to the People: The Text Adventures of Twine". GameSpot UK. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^ Hudson, Laura (2014-11-19). "Twine, the Video-Game Technology for All". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
^ "Power to the People: The Text Adventures of Twine". GameSpot. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
^ Reynolds, Matt (28 December 2018). "The inside story of Bandersnatch, the weirdest Black Mirror tale yet". Wired UK. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
Ellison, Cara (April 10, 2013). "Anna Anthropy and the Twine revolution". The Guardian.
Hudson, Laura (Nov 19, 2014). "Twine, the Video-Game Technology for All". The New York Times Magazine.
Free and open-source software portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twine_(software)&oldid=1000935566"
Video game development software
Free game engines
Authoring systems
Adventure game engines
Text adventure game engines
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia


Visiting the Yukon – especially in the long winter months – is for the hearty, the daring and the curious. It's for those willing to work a bit toward rich rewards. And the payoffs return dividends, from dog sledding adventures to visual explosions of dancing green lights.
In the pub and at casual restaurants, you'll cozy up next to gruff locals (who tend to soften, once you gain their trust) and European tourists perhaps here for the third, fourth, or even fifth time. This place seems to have an addictive pull – a mysterious bent that challenges and lures simultaneously, sifting out those who can hack it and those who can't.
After starting your trip in Whitehorse – and perhaps exploring Carcross, Haines Junction and sensational Kluane National Park – travel to Dawson City via the Klondike Highway, completed in 1955. To break up the drive, stop for a bite (think smokies and BLTs) at the quirky Coal Mine Campground, which also rents out cabins and canoes.
In 1904, the Klondike was the largest gold producer in Canada and the fourth largest in the world. Modern-day visitors still love panning for treasures – an oddly meditative practice.
Every summer, Discovery Days take over town during a week of festivities honoring the territory's proud history with family-friendly activities, a colorful parade, walking tours, an arts festival, sporting matches, Yukon River cruises (aboard a Klondike Spirit sternwheeler) and a sampling of the Diamond Tooth Gerties' can-can dancers show – a memorable cultural experience in its own right.
Although Dawson City was the first western Canadian city to have electricity, today it remains a refreshing throwback town. Its eight main streets offer scenes of dated storefronts and raised boardwalk sidewalks, reminiscent of a Hollywood movie set.
On a sun-streaked, summer day here, creaky cars kick up dust, music blaring from open windows, while hunters roll back into town with their findings (a massive moose head, for example) resting in the bed of their truck. During these months, when Dawson's light is endless and the tourist traffic steady, most residents tirelessly work multiple jobs to store up for the long winter ahead (said to arrive as early as mid-October).
You may see the male lead in the Gerties can-can show later working the till at a Front Street gift shop, and you'll recognize your morning walking tour guide out at a lively pub that evening. Here, everyone knows everyone.
Upon arrival, get your bearings at the Visitor Information Centre. There is much to be learned at the Dänojà Zho Cultural Centre and the Jack London Museum, which honors the prolific author and journalist who spent a year in the Klondike (1897).
At mealtime, share Greek platters at The Drunken Goat Taverna, seafood dishes at casual Sourdough Joe's (fish and chips, seafood chowder), and local delicacies at hoppin' Klondike Kate's (try the elk and bison sausages, Arctic char tacos and spruce tip cocktails).
From Dawson City, depending on the season and weather conditions, many choose to cruise up the 458-mile-long Dempster Highway, once they've loaded up on gas and a couple spare tires. Outdoor enthusiasts love exploring Yukon's Tombstone Territorial Park, which protects a unique swath of rugged, wild peaks, permafrost landforms and amazing, abundant wildlife.
The park is a legacy of the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in land claim agreement and lies entirely within the First Nations' traditional territory, too.
The Tombstone Interpretive Centre is located a 1.5-hour drive from Dawson City, 7 hours from Whitehorse and 12 hours from Inuvik, should you choose to keep sailing north. And as of 2017, the Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway also opened, which allows intrepid road warriors to venture all the way to the edge of the Arctic Ocean.
Many adventure travelers find winter the preferred time to visit, thanks to draws ranging from dog sledding, ice fishing, snowshoeing, skiing and snowmobiling to chances for amazing wildlife viewing, attending winter festivals, hopping on fat-tire bikes and sinking into steaming hot springs. Another highlight of the season? Of course, those often elusive, always exquisite Northern Lights.
No matter what season lures you North, we bet you'll quickly fall under the Yukon's spell, too.


text:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;

namespace Emlid.WindowsIot.Hardware.Components.Px4io.Data
{
    /// <summary>
    /// <see cref="Px4ioPage.RCConfig"/> page register offsets.
    /// </summary>
    /// <see href="https://github.com/emlid/navio-rcio-linux-driver/blob/master/protocol.h"/>
    [CLSCompliant(false)]
    [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1028", Justification = "Non-integer enumeration better suited to match the hardware specification in a hardware library.")]
    public enum Px4ioRCConfigRegisterOffset : byte
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Lowest input value.
        /// </summary>
        Minimum = 0,

        /// <summary>
        /// Center input value.
        /// </summary>
        Center = 1,

        /// <summary>
        /// Highest input value.
        /// </summary>
        Maximum = 2,

        /// <summary>
        /// Band around center that is ignored.
        /// </summary>
        DeadZone = 3,

        /// <summary>
        /// Mapped input value.
        /// </summary>
        Assignment = 4,

        /// <summary>
        /// Channel options bitmask.
        /// </summary>
        Options = 5,

        /// <summary>
        /// Spacing between channel configuration data.
        /// </summary>
        Stride = 6
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Android call log contains your missed calls, dialed numbers and received calls displayed according to the date created, and you can check the talk time, number of in and out calls per contact and other more information.
However, Android only keeps the latest 500 call logs. So if you are the person who need to call frequently, you need to backup call logs from Android to the external drive or cloud storage space.
This post aims to introduce you best 6 call log backup Android apps that enable you to backup call logs to Google Drive, computer, SD card, Dropbox or elsewhere.
Apeaksoft Android Data Backup & Restore is the easiest way to help you backup call logs from Android to computer, and restore them selectively to your Android phone directly.
Backup Android call log to your computer (Optional encrypt backup).
Backup selective call history, instead of all call logs forcibly.
Preview and restore call log backup from computer to Android phone.
Highly compatible with Samsung, HTC, Huawei, Xiaomi, ZTE, Motorola, etc.
Download and install Apeaksoft Android Data Backup & Restore on your computer. Launch it and connect Android with USB cable.
After your Android phone has been recognized by the app automatically, tick "Call Logs" and then hit "Next" to start scanning call log stored from your Android.
Preview details of your Android call log on the right. Select the specific call log you want to back up. Tap "Recover" and then set the destination folder to save all your call log backups.
Well, you can back up and restore call log from Android automatically or manually through above call log backup apps. And even though your call log was deleted by mistake, you can restore from previous call log backup files with ease.
Apart from the above call log backup software, you can also pick up the call history apps on Android from the top 5 list in this part.
SMS Backup+ is the professional Android call log backup app. You can save your backup SMS, MMS and call logs in Gmail and Google Calendar. Moreover, you are able to restore call log back to your Android phone by one click. SMS Backup+ is the free call log backup APK that enables users to back up call logs and other Android data with advanced settings.
Moreover, you can choose whether to backup call log from Android to Gmail automatically or selectively. In addition, you can also set "Regular Schedule" to backup phone calls on Android frequently such as 30 minutes, 1 hour, etc. Do not worry whether call log backup from Android will cost you a lot. Just set to backup call log when connected to Wi-Fi only can prevent you unnecessary costs.
You can use SMS & Call Log Backup to backup SMS and call log and restore them for free. And there are many features about backing up Android call logs provided.
To be more specific, you can back up call log to the existing archive from selected storage including Dropbox, Google drive, SD card, etc. And then you are able to backup new call log without the old Android call history synced the second time.
Since all your Android call log backup is independent with the Android version, you can move all call logs from one Android tablet to another easily. It is also supported to manage and restore call log individually. So it is the qualified call log backup and restore APK you can refer to.
Call Logs Backup & Restore is the simple application enables users to backup and restore call logs for free. If you do not want to back up Android call log every single day, you can get the automatic scheduled backups service. All your backed up call log is saved in XML format on the SD card.
You can open the Call Log Backup Restore folder to view and specify call log backup items. Ads may appear during Internet permissions. In a word, you may not get as much call log backup filters as other Android call log backup apps, but it is enough to save Android backups.
Your text messages and call logs will be backed up and saved in XML format with SMS Backup & Restore. Or you can set local device backup to transfer backed up call logs and SMS to Email, Google Drive and Dropbox. After that, feel free to clean up your Android tablets to get more available space.
If you buy a new Android phone, you can also use the call log backup APK to transfer all your call logs between 2 phones over Wi-Fi direct. Moreover, you can search your backups to view certain Android call history in details. And SMS Backup & Restore supports users to back up call log and SMS selectively.
Super Backup & Restore has been the fastest call log backup and restore app on Android phones. You are able to back up all Android files to external hard drive or cloud storage with ease. It is supported to restore backed up call logs from SD card, too.
Furthermore, Super Backup & Restore app allows users to schedule automatic backups and auto-upload scheduled backup call logs and other files to Google Drive or Gmail. In addition, you can even back up apps and app data to SD card directly.
This page tells the easiest way to backup call log on Android to computer and restore it easily with Apeaksoft Android Data Backup & Restore. It also shares the best 5 free backup applications to save call history to computer, SD card or cloud easily. Pick up the best methof and start your call log backup now.


Sarah T. Reise focuses on complex civil litigation in the area of consumer financial services. She represents clients in the financial services and mortgage banking industries in cases involving lending-related issues, including claims arising under state and federal lending statutes and consumer protection laws such as the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) and the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). Ms. Reise also has defended financial institutions in class actions and regulatory investigations involving lender- or force-placed hazard and flood insurance.


Find a great place to stay in Badulla using the categories below, or search our website for Badulla Hotels.
Agoda can also help you find things to do in Badulla. Explore the city, discover important landmarks, points of interest and more!


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Nottingham Forest star tipped for Premier League offer as January transfer window approaches
Nottingham Forest are expecting an offer from Burnley for Joe Worrall, according to Sarah Clapson.
The central defender has been a top performer for the Reds over the last two seasons and is now attracting the interest of the Premier League Clarets.
At 23 years of age Worrall is a player who still has plenty of time to improve and establish himself at the highest level – something that he's more than capable of doing.
But according to Clapson, his hopes of doing that with Forest will be tested with the Clarets likely to make a move in the January transfer window.
Speaking to Nottinghamshire Live, Clapson said: "I think Forest will have their resolve tested by Burnley.
"Worrall wants to get Forest in the Premier League and captain them for the long-term.
"We've seen with Matty Cash that it's very hard to turn down big money. Worrall wants to test himself as high as he can so it's a really difficult one. I'd like to think he'll stay but anything could happen."
Who was the Nottingham Forest manager when each of these 15 Forest moments happened?
Who was Nottingham Forest manager when the club finished sixth in 2010?
Billy Davies
Dougie Freedman
Colin Calderwood
There's no doubt that Joe Worrall will be tempted if Burnley come knocking.
While he'd ideally love to secure promotion with Nottingham Forest it certainly doesn't look like that will happen any time soon.
A playing career is short by nature and Worrall will know that the opportunity to play in the top flight doesn't come along every day – meaning that he may need to jump ship for the good of his career.
Related Topics:Joe WorrallNottingham Forest
Article title: Nottingham Forest star tipped for Premier League offer as January transfer window approaches


Former collegiate athlete with experience coaching players of all ages and abilities.
The percentage of time Tanner S. responded to client inquiries within 48 hours in the last 3 months.
Are you a Lacrosse instructor in Lowell, OH?


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            Session name
            Class Name
            Section name
            Status


text:
Harvard Public Schools
Hildreth Elementary School
The Bromfield School
HES Building Project
Community Forum Sept 2018.pdf
HES Parent Survey 2016
Student Survey Results
HES Annual Report
2018 Staff Survey
Parent Night pdf
PowerSchool Portal (Grades/Attendance)
Family Technology Help Request
Arrival and Dismissal Times
Absence by email
Lunch Menus and Forms
Steps to Respect
Global Child
Online Free Spanish
Spanish Playground
Harvard Community Education
School Council Members
School Council Agendas and Minutes
School Council FAQs
School Council By-Laws
HES School Improvement Plan
Volunteer Opportunities at HES
**For Students**
*Student Links*
Online Catalog and Databases
MA Children's Book Award Program
Think Central (Math)
Husky Headlines
Teachpoint
Atlas Rubicon
Esped
Fingerprint Program
Power School
Hildreth Elementary School » **For Students** » Library » MA Children's Book Award Program
The Massachusetts Children's Book Award (MCBA) program was started in 1975 by Dr. Helen Constant. The program is geared towards 4th through 6th graders.
A group of librarians, teachers, and publishers nominate books for consideration and then a committee selects twenty-five books for each year's list. Participating schools provide the master list of books to students. When students read five books from the list, they are eligible to vote for their favorite book from those read. The students' votes are then submitted to the program and counted along with votes from other students within the state. A plaque award is given to the author with the most votes. The program is sponsored by Salem State University.
The 2015-2016 school year is the third year that Hildreth Elementary School has been participating in the program. In the HES library, we have at least 1-2 copies of each book from the MCBA master list. Students are welcome to borrow the print books as well as the digital books from other libraries. Listening to an audio version of a book counts as reading a book.
At HES we recognize students who have read from 5 to 25 of the titles!
We are awaiting the 2016-2017 MCBA list from Salem State University. Check out the MCBA link for updates.
2015 MCBA Participants
Added 5/1/2016
27 Massachusetts Avenue, Harvard, MA 01451
Please know that it is the policy of the Harvard Public Schools not to discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, gender identity, religion, national origin, age, disability, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, activities or employment policies as required by Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments, Chapter 199, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.


Overall we are happy. The turkey was well cooked and not dry. The other dishes were all of good quality too.
When we peered into the window of Loyal Dining we saw a bustling place packed full of Hong Kongese - a multitude of different nationalities all chatting and chomping away. We were immediately sold on Loyal Dining from then on in! We were greeted by the fab Emily Chan who is the front of house at Loyal Dining. Emily runs a really smoothly operated ship, she made us feel extremely welcome and helped us 'newbies' navigate the menu with aplomb. We had WONDERFUL dim sum, succulent Szechuan Chicken and a local desert that Emily recommended. Coming from Dubai we were so excited that a local place like this served wine and served really decent wine too. Everything was washed down with a really decent gulp of Sauvignon Blanc.
200m from LKF, we visited Loyal Dining a few times over our trip. Derived from an "East meets West" concept, this is HK classic dining "infused with the unique history and traditions of HK" (extract from the menu)... Food & service each time was excellent. Diverse and well-considered menu, The Loyal flat fried noodels with sliced beef in sweet soya sauce (HK108) was typcial of the dishes and very tasty. The dumplings, spring rolls and steam buns were a 'must-have' and we always ordered seconds of these. Highly recommended for good quality food & service - and a great location in Central.
We have been to Hong Kong for decades and a stop at Wellington street was always a must to sample really good HK fare. Stopped by Loyal for lunch for the very first time and we were pleasantly surprised! We ordered a variety of dishes off the dim sum menu and a couple off the main menu. The dim sum dishes were as good as any I have tasted in other fine dinning establishments and at a more reasonable price! Will certainly stop by again!! Tip: the chicken feet was delicious and so were the barbeque pork buns. The Pork ribs soup is authentic with a strong medicinal anise seed flavor. Wash your meal down with fresh coconut juice!
Had lunch with my mum on Mother's Day, enjoyed some dimsum and the best of all is their roasted pigeon. It's very delicate and juicy, unlike what we have had before in other restaurants which are relatively dry. Loyal surely have the best roasted pigeon in the area. Looking forward to try more classic dishes upon my next visit.
I chose Loyal Dining because it is close to the hotel we stay on Wellington Street in HK, it looks very nice from outside, and the menu seems to be rich of choices. I did it against some of the recommendations in TripAdvisor (which I seldom do) and I am very happy for the choice. All was close to perfect at the dinner tonight. Service was attentive, good English was spoken and understood, and everything was prepared at best. It may be more expensive compared with some of the neighboring restaurants but it's certainly worth the money, especially for the non-local persons who have trouble communicating or with the style of service in other restaurants in HK.
My friend came from UK for a visit this summer! He stayed at central so we decided to find some restaurants near his hotel. Loyal dinings location was very easy to find and because its at central, it was easy for us to travel to lots of other places afterwards and took us little time to get there. My friend and I were both very satisfied with the Dim Sum meal and the service! The price was not bad either, which was a big plus. The design of the place and the music was very comfortable which set a good atmosphere for a nice dinner. I would definitely come again and would recommend others to go for a nice classy chinese meal.


>> > Does KDE4/kwallet really need i18n?
>> Today I verified that '--with-kwallet --disable-nls' causes compilation failure.
Next message: Stefan Sperling: "Re: svn commit: r31235 - branches/kwallet"
Previous message: C. Michael Pilato: "Re: [Patch] Add '--with-revprop' to CHANGES file"
In reply to: Stefan Sperling: "Re: svn commit: r31235 - branches/kwallet"
Next in thread: Stefan Sperling: "Re: svn commit: r31235 - branches/kwallet"
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*Largest in total capacity; based on manufacturer's published specifications as of 9/13/2013. Excludes other LG manufactured products.
Weight (Unit/Carton) 249 lbs. / 271 lbs.
We purchased a LG product thinking we would pay more for a quality product. It was installed by the dealer improperly. The ice maker failed but the dealer and LG wouldnt cover the replacement. We had it repaired and less than a year later it failed again. The faulty installation has not been corrected and the ice maker is going to cost another service call. No we did not buy the extended warranty we thought if we paid more for a quality name product we wouldnt need it.


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Small businesses that implement personalized automated follow-up save time, convert leads into customers, increase revenue and improve the success of their business.
To get them to fall in love with your business, you need to knock their socks off.
Think about the products and services you offer and what you can do to improve the customer experience.
Referrals are often cited as a top lead source, they convert to sale faster, buy more and stay longer.
There's nothing pushy about asking for referrals and you won't get them unless you've earned them.


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Climate of FEAR: Houston TEACHER charged after cramming KID in her TRUNK because of COVID
When Republicans correctly refer to Bernie Sanders as a socialist, or anyone anywhere as a communist, trust Tapper and CNN to say they are creating a "climate of fear." But when covid disinformation spreaders like Justice Sotomayor create HYSTERIA by lying about the disease, you won't see CNN or any news outlet, even Fox News or Newsmax, saying that it's a climate of fear created by officials like Fauci, Democrats like Pelosi, and anchors like Tapper.
But that's definitely what it is. Enter Sarah Beam, a Houston teacher who is facing charges after she put her own child in the TRUNK of her car because the kid tested positive.
REMEMBER AS YOU READ THIS THAT SHE IS A TEACHER:
Cy-Fair ISD teacher is accused of locking her 13-year-old son in the trunk of her moving vehicle this week at a COVID-19 drive-thru testing site because she didn't want to be exposed to him, charging documents state.
The school district confirmed Friday that the teacher, 41-year-old Sarah Beam, had a warrant issued for her arrest. She has been an employee with Cy-Fair ISD since 2011, most recently teaching at Cypress Falls High School.
Beam's court documents state her charge as felony endangering a child.
According to the documentation, Beam had driven to the Pridgeon Stadium testing site on Monday, Jan. 3, when the Cy-Fair ISD director of health services, who was working the drive-thru, saw Beam's vehicle with the teen in the trunk. Beam was said to have acknowledged to the director of health that her son was in the trunk due to him having been tested positive for the coronavirus.
The documents state Beam kept him there to prevent her from getting exposed while driving her child to the stadium for additional testing.
That's insane. But by all accounts Beam herself did not used to be insane. She's been driven mad by the Covid regime in America.
She's not alone. From lies about the spread of covid to lies about prevention to lies about everything else, from every corner of our establishment, this kind of hysterical reaction is something we will probably continue to see more of as the Democrats stretch covid tyranny and fear-mongering out for as long as they can keep getting away with it.
Article Source : TheConservativeOpinion.com
NEW: Matt Walsh talks to Tucker about being SUSPENDED and CENSORED by Twitter over "transgender" tweets.
Democrats pull out the BIG guns to try and sway Manchin on the filibuster
Kayleigh McEnany Issues Warning About Joe Biden: "I left that press conference genuinely scared for the future of our country"
Navy Seals Gang Up On Nancy Pelosi – 6 Combat Veterans Work Together To Take Control Of Congress Back


text:
Raw Foods News Magazine
Raw Foods Quiz
Raw Vegan Recipes!
Raw Vegan Ingredients
Kitchen Gadgets You'd Like to See Invented
The Blueberry Patch
Just for Fun! >
The Raw Pop Titles List
Top 10 reasons to be a raw vegan
Raw Vegan Humor
Our Raw Vegan Community, Worldwide!
Raw Foods News Magazine's Founder and Editor
Jay-Z and Beyonce Go Vegan for Three Weeks
Photo by sashimomura Used with permission
There's an old adage that any publicity is good publicity. And hopefully Jay-Z's recent announcement that he will go vegan for 22 days will draw more attention to vegan (or better yet, raw vegan) as a lifestyle choice and get the conversation going. Jay (whose real name is Shawn Corey Carter) wrote on his website earlier this week that on Dec. 3, the day before his 44th birthday, he would embark on a challenge to go "completely vegan, or as I prefer to call it, plant-based!!" Then he asks readers to let his friend Marco explain the benefits of such a diet. Marco, as it turns out, sells a line of vegan energy bars.
As L.V. Anderson writes for Slate:
"On the surface, at least, Jay Z appears to be endorsing not the environmental, health, and moral benefits of veganism so much as his friend's line of expensive diet foods.
"Of course, shilling for your friends' brands is nothing new for pop stars or hip-hop royalty—and I'd rather Hova promote vegan snack bars than, say, a company with a pattern of racially profiling its customers. But given the convenient brevity of Jay's abstinence from animal products and the underlying commercial aspect of his announcement, I'm skeptical Jay will be a PETA spokesman any time soon."
ABC News notes that Jay-Z's wife, Beyoncé Knowles, will be joining him in the 22-day vegan challenge. We'd like to see a spin on Caryl Churchill's Obie-winning play "Top Girls" (which features a scene involving five historical female characters at a dinner party), in which Jay-Z and Beyoncé arrive late at a dinner party of converts to veganism, which also includes Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and a few other celebrities.
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This site's editor and founder, Judy Pokras, has written for many publications, including The New York Times. She's the author of The Little e-Book of Raw Vegan Holiday Recipes (for the Kindle), The Little Book of Raw Vegan Holiday Recipes (a paperback), and the experimental novel, Artist Girl's Cambridge Daze. Judy is also the editor and publisher of Thanksgiving Recipes by Great American Raw Chefs. and writer, producer, and director of the comedy video Anomalies. When she's not working online, Judy loves to dance to disco, decorate in mid-Century modern, and make her amazing raw vegan chocolate ice cream for family and friends.
Declan Joyce
Food Labeling Law
Roxanne Klein
White House Organic Food Garden


text:
Premiere at the ID. Meet: Apprentices from Volkswagen Sachsen Present ID.5 GTX 'Xcite' Show Car
source: Volkswagen AG
Unique vehicle from Saxony as a young people's vision of mobility: high-voltage drive system, vegan leather in the interior and electric skateboard in the trunk
Robert Janssen, Chair of the Board of Management of Volkswagen Sachsen GmbH with responsibility for Technology and Logistics: "The ID.5 GTX 'Xcite' is a symbol of the high-quality training provided by Volkswagen Sachsen."
Applications for apprenticeships starting in 2023 are welcome up to October 31, 2022
Volkswagen presents today the ID.5 GTX "Xcite" to the public for the first time today at the ID. Meet in Locarno (Switzerland). This vehicle is an individual product made by apprentices at Volkswagen's three locations in Saxony, at Zwickau, Dresden and Chemnitz. For one year, 14 of the best budding specialists worked on a project to demonstrate their skills with considerable creativity and responsibility under expert supervision – from the first design through the adaptation of the bodywork and paintwork to technical commissioning. In addition to sustainability, reflected by vegan leather in the interior, the main focus of this year's project was on holistic mobility. The ID.5 GTX "Xcite" already has on board an electric skateboard for the last few meters to the driver's destination. This is the eighth project of its type completed since 2014.
Robert Janssen, Chair of the Board of Management of Volkswagen Sachsen GmbH with responsibility for Technology and Logistics: "A real Saxon all-electric car: with the ID.5 GTX 'Xcite', young people have shown what they can do with technical knowledge and a passion for cars. Like its predecessors, this show car is a symbol of the high-quality training and the high level of expertise at Volkswagen Sachsen."
Jens Rothe, Chairman of the General Works Council at Volkswagen Sachsen: "The ID.5 'Xcite' is a real eyecatcher. The entire team deserves a word of praise. The project gives an impressive demonstration of the young specialists' skills. At Volkswagen in Saxony, we currently have 573 apprentices and young people on dual courses of study. For us, high-quality training is not only necessary but also part of our social responsibility."
Duncan Loibl, 19 years old, electronics technician for automation electronics: "For me, this project was really something quite special: working together as a team to achieve a goal, combining a number of different disciplines and working under real-life conditions such as budgeting, planning and implementation. As a result of Covid and temporary delivery bottlenecks, we had to overcome a number of obstacles as a team. We are all the more proud of our car and the knowledge we have gained. I am grateful for this experience and for the opportunity to take part in the ID.5 GTX 'Xcite' project."
A masterly performance by apprentices: the annual show car from Volkswagen Sachsen
The "Xcite" show car is based on the standard ID.5 GTX with an 82 kWh battery and a top speed of 180 km/h. Taking this car, the apprentices shaped their young vision. They contributed their skills in mechanics, body work and painting to the design and implementation of the project. The show car was based on precise planning and intensive liaison, with young people working under their own responsibility.
The external changes included comprehensive work on the body. The wheel houses were modified, the door sills were widened and the front and rear fenders were adapted. The car combines matt and gloss paintwork from the Lamborghini and Volkswagen paint ranges. The individually produced 22-inch forged aluminum wheel rims are powder-coated and create an impressive presence.
Both Alcantara and vegan leather were used in the interior, making a sustainability statement. The cockpit, steering wheel, door trims and roof liner were upgraded. The seats themselves are real eyecatchers. The saddlers developed a complete, continuous pattern from the ID honeycomb. This is embroidered on the central sections of the seats and the door trims. The project logo was embroidered on the front headrests. This consists of the ID logo combined with a figure 8, symbolizing the number of projects completed to date.
The car features a digital sound system designed by the project team using equipment from Gladen, Musway and Bang & Olufsen, with 10 amplifiers, a subwoofer and a total output of 2000 watts. There is also a highlight in the trunk: the Teamgee H5 electric skateboard is the perfect companion for the last few meters from the car park to the driver's destination.
With the exception of the Covid year of 2020, apprentices from the three locations in Saxony have modified a car produced in Zwickau every year since 2014. The young women and men made the show car under their own responsibility from the conceptual design through to implementation with the support of five experienced project mentors. The 14 young apprentices working on this year's project are in the second and third years of their training as construction mechanics, process technicians for coating technology, vehicle paint technicians, motor vehicle mechatronics technicians, electronics technicians for automation electronics, warehouse logistics operators and mechatronics technicians.
Since the Zwickau vehicle plant has solely produced all-electric models, the ID. Meet in Switzerland, which has been held since 2021 and is privately organized, has been the major showcase for the all-electric show cars. The first show car presented at the Meet was an ID.3 in 2021.
Event Report: Vintage to Voltage Philadelphia
Wed,2022 Sep 14th
electric vehicle, ID.5 GTX, project car, Volkswagen, VW
The Legendary quattro: Setting the Pace in e-mobility as…
Full Details: Audi e-tron GT
Volkswagen Presents All-Electric ID. XTREME Off-Road Concept Car in Locarno
Audi Says "Thank You Very Much and All the Best, Nico Müller"


I just want to highlight a very important and timely message from the 2007 New Attitude Conference given by Mark Dever. Dever looks deeply and carefully at the difficult subject of Christian cooperation. He considers when and under what circumstances Christians with differences can cooperate for the gospel, and also looks at when we must separate.
1.) Do we follow commands to purify or unite?
2.) What are some common fights that Christian's have?
3.) What are we together for?
4.) What must agree upon?
5.) What may we disagree about?
6.) How can we disagree well?
This is one of the best messages I've heard on this topic. The NA 2007 conference messages are currently being offered by Sovereign Grace for free.


text:
New European directive aims to end practice of dual quality of foods and other products
https://english.radio.cz/new-european-directive-aims-end-practice-dual-quality-foods-and-other-products-8164002#player=on
Photo: Lenka Žižková
A new directive was announced by the European Commission on Wednesday which spells the end of dual quality in numerous international brand foods and other products across different EU countries. The quality of ingredients in some brand name items was for years inferior in parts of the former communist bloc. Prague and other newer EU members have long pressed for legislation threatening companies continuing the practice with stiff fines.
The dual quality of food and other products was the subject of a summit of the Visegrad Four last year as well as a key issue for Slovakia's V4 presidency. Soon, the identical branding of goods with a poorer grade or different ingredients across different countries should be a thing of the past.
The European Commission took the decision on Wednesday to ban the practice and impose punitive fines. A press conference by the Czech Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality, Věra Jourová, filled in the details. But the Council of Europe will still have to weigh in and the proposal will also need to be voted on in the European Parliament. Last year, the EC President Jean-Claude Juncker said what was needed were powers by national authorities to take counter measures and deal with the problem.
In the Czech Republic, that means in the future that the Czech Trade Inspection Authority (CTIA) would have the power to target offenders and impose heavy fines. Ahead of Wednesday's decision Czech Radio spoke to Secretary of State for European Affairs Aleš Chmelař:
"This is something we had long been pushing for. The commission avoided introducing legislation for some time, opting instead for approaches which would make it easier to identify the products in question. The directive is a big step forward."
The Secretary of State for European Affairs described how the trade inspectorate would be given room to take steps and give harsh fines of up to four percent of international companies' annual turnover. The toughest competition fines for the worst malpractice are 10 percent of turnover.
Aleš Chmelař, photo: archive of Czech Government
"Because we are talking about very large firms that repeatedly resort to such practices, I think four percent represents quite a large fine. It is the upper limit, usually fines aren't that high, even for other offences. I think that the threat of a high fine would be a tool which would really end the abusive practice."
Close cooperation is also expected between other national trade inspection and consumer authorities. Secretary of State for European Affairs Aleš Chmelař again:
"Such cooperation was already an important aspect of earlier initiatives by the European Commission. Individual consumer protection agencies should work using the same system to identify products in question. That kind of cooperation is important in the proposal now as well."
Lower house approves mandatory quotas on local food in supermarkets despite EU warning
Czech production of iconic 'Lentilky' candy moving to Germany
Debate over food self-sufficiency heats up in Czechia as MPs propose new regulation
Nearly 80 percent of Czechs say dual quality of food is a problem


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