text:
After Protests, Evaluating Turkey's Role As A Democracy
Published June 5, 2013 at 1:00 PM EDT
NEAL CONAN, HOST:
What started as a small sit-in last Friday to protest a plan to bulldoze a grassy square in Istanbul exploded into a series of massive demonstrations, the largest in Turkey for many years. In a response reminiscent of the Arab Spring, the government countered with water cannon and tear gas and dismissed the demonstrators as looters and extremists. Turkey, of course, is a democracy that many hold out as a model for the Islamic world. But in a recent piece for Foreign Policy, Steven Cook argues Turkish democracy is hollow. Steven Cook is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He joins us now from his office here in Washington. Nice to have you with us.
STEVEN COOK: Thanks for having me.
CONAN: And what do you mean by hollow democracy?
COOK: Well, Turkey is certainly a country that holds free and fair elections on a regular basis. It has a parliament that is meaningful - political institutions that are meaningful. But over the course of the last three or four years, there has been somewhat of an authoritarian or illiberal turn in Turkish politics in which journalists had been jailed and intimidated, business concerns that have not necessarily towed the government line in a variety of issues had been slapped with punitive tax fines or hauled into court for questionable reasons.
COOK: There has been efforts on the part of Prime Minister Erdogan and the dominant Justice and Development Party to write a new constitution outside of the constitutional committee that was charged with writing it. And that constitution is one that is tailored very specifically for Prime Minister Erdogan. There had been an accumulation of these kinds of things that add up to, essentially, reversals of some of the important political changes and democratic reforms that were made in 2003 and 2004.
CONAN: And someone have described it as a majoritarian dictatorship.
COOK: Well, certainly, although Prime Minister Erdogan doesn't actually enjoy a majority, he got 49.95 percent of the vote. But I guess that's as close as you're going to get. But, indeed, there is a sense that the prime minister and the government rule with very little regard to half the country that disagrees with their view of the world and their policies. He governs half the country and intimidates the rest, and we saw that on full display in his responses to the protests in Taksim Square or Ankara or Izmir or some of the other cities where there had been pretty significant protests by calling them - as you pointed out, the protesters calling them thugs, alcoholics, extremists and so on and so forth.
CONAN: And saying - when somebody said, we can bring out thousands into the street or even hundreds of thousands, I can bring out millions.
COOK: Well, that's exactly right. And that's the - that's essentially the attitude of Prime Minister Erdogan and the people around him. One of his advisers wondered how one could call Turkey authoritarian if he got 50 percent of the vote. Well, you know, you can remind the prime minister's political advisers that, you know, people like Hosni Mubarak got 86 percent of the vote. Of course, their elections in Turkey aren't rigged as they were in Mubarak's Egypt, but just because one got 50 percent of the vote does not necessarily make the country a democracy.
The important thing is the political institutions of the state are - had meaning and aren't rigged in favor of the people who happen to hold power at this moment, and that's precisely the kind of thing that the Justice and Development Party is doing in order to institutionalize its power for many, many years to come.
CONAN: Yet this is also - the prime minister, Erdogan, under his leadership the country has enjoyed an immense burst of prosperity.
COOK: That's absolutely the case. Turkey is the 16th or, by another measure, 17th largest economy in the world. Turks are wealthier than they've been in the past. And that is part of the secret to Erdogan's success. And that is why if there was an election today, I think there's no doubt that Prime Minister Erdogan would win. Perhaps he wouldn't get 49.95 percent of the vote, but he would certainly get a very large number of votes. There is a growing middle class of people who vote on one issue and one issue only, and that's on their pocketbooks.
Add that to a core constituency and the fact that the opposition parties are extraordinarily weak, don't have much to offer Turks in the way a positive vision for Turkey's future, and Prime Minister Erdogan, despite this being the greatest political crisis of his decade at power, would still prevail.
CONAN: Give us an idea of who is at these demonstrations, which groups. Are these the disaffected, the people who voted against him, the people who lost the last election, as he puts it?
COOK: It's certainly those people. There has been a contingent of secular urban but not all elite people who've come out who have felt hemmed in and marginalized over the course of the last decade. And they're - because their parties have been so ineffective in challenging the Justice and Development Party, they are now finding their voices in the street. Prime Minister Erdogan has wanted to finger the main opposition party, the Republican People's Party, for the demonstrations. That's certainly not the case.
It's not out there as a party, although there are supporters of that party in the street. But there are many others as well. I think the kind of polling already that's been done of who's in Taksim Square shows that a majority of these people are secular-minded and that they oppose the Justice and Development Party. But there are also some, a smattering of people, who had supported the party in the past.
Primarily those are liberals who had determined that the other parties offered them nothing and threw their lot in with the Justice and Development Party, only to find that Prime Minister Erdogan had gone back on his words about a consolidated liberal democracy. But one more thing: I think it would be a mistake to pit this as secularists versus Islamists.
I think the demands of people in the streets to the extent that you can characterize them are about this authoritarian or illiberal turn in Turkish politics. Many of them say they just - they want their freedom. They want democracy. They want to have a voice in the political system.
CONAN: And is it fair to say that some of them are - let me put this another way. You cited there was a plot against the Erdogan government some years ago by elements within the military, among others the so-called deep state in Turkey that was used by the prime minister, this plot, to justify a number of actions since then. Is he going to use, do you think, this new crisis the same way?
COOK: Well, if past precedent is any measure, there is certainly the possibility that the prime minister does not come out of this crisis once it's defused in a way that is more pragmatic or conciliatory, but in fact that he may seek to crack down on these elements that have gone out into the streets. This is someone who has in the past not demonstrated a capacity for contrition. So it certainly is a possibility.
The problem right now is, is that the authorities have been unable to defuse the protests, and that's primarily because Erdogan himself has not gone out and made conciliatory words, although deputies of his has. I think that people are waiting for Erdogan to make a move and to hopefully calm the streets, and then Turkey can kind of re-evaluate where their next steps are, where Turks, their next steps are in terms of politics. But there's really no evidence that suggests that Erdogan is willing to do that.
CONAN: Twenty years ago, demonstrations this size, we would be waiting for the military to step in and say, wait a minute, things are getting out of control. We're going to have to take charge here.
COOK: That's true. Turkey had a history of coups d'etat in 1960, 1971, 1980 and again in 1997. And then beyond, under the threshold of a coup, the military was influential in a variety of ways in politics and played a very, very powerful role in the politics of the country. Beginning in 2003 and 2004, the Justice and Development Party had begun to bring the military under civilian control, which is overall a good thing. It helps create an environment to the emergence of a more democratic Turkey.
And since the revelation of this plot, they have gone after the military through the court system, and there are many retired and currently serving officers serving prison terms as a result. So the military's wings have been more than clipped. They don't have the capacity any longer to get involved in politics. The days when Turkish governments were brought down by the military are over. A changed in - at the prime ministry is going to come by the ballot box.
CONAN: By the ballot box and not by the demonstrations in the street either.
COOK: This is not the Turkish analog of the Egyptian uprising. As I said, Turkish political institutions have been - some of them, at least, have been hollowed out by the actions of the Justice and Development Party, but one thing that's been strong throughout the days of coups and returns to civilian control dating back to the mid-1940s, there has been a multi-party political system in which parties could contest elections. And those elections have been free and fair. And the expectation is that that is the way - the expectation of Turks, that is the way in which to change governments.
CONAN: We're talking with Steven Cook, a senior fellow on Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He wrote a piece with Michael Koplow, "How Democratic Is Turkey?" which ran in Foreign Policy on Monday. You can find a link to it at our website. Go to npr.org, click on TALK OF THE NATION. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
And this description of this hollow democracy, as you describe it, then brings us to the example, the model of Turkey, which has been held out to the newly emerging governments in Egypt, in Libya and in other places as this is the way toward a Islamic democracy.
COOK: Indeed. It seem that once the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002 and undertook these broad-ranging political reforms that here was an example of a Muslim majority country, an Islamist political party accumulating power, exercising that power in a officially secular political order. And to boot, they were successful economically.
And I think that many people in the Arab World see Turkey and understand that it has much to offer them. But the problem is just at the time that - not just the United States, but others were holding out Turkey as a model or inspiration for the Arab World - was when this process of hollowing out Turkey's democratic institutions begin, and that this illiberal drift in the Turkish - in Turkish politics was getting underway, yet people continue to hold out the Turkish model.
This is certainly not what people in the Arab World initially rose up against - rose up for. Turkey is certainly better than Egypt or Tunisia or Libya. But some of the things that Prime Minister Erdogan and the party have done are, in fact, reminiscent of the authoritarian moves that dictators in the Middle East had undertaken during their times in office.
CONAN: And this revision of the constitution, many believe that Prime Minister Erdogan wants a constitution that will allow him to be a much more powerful Turkish president.
COOK: That's exactly right. This has been a cause celebre in Turkey whether or not the Justice and Development Party will respect the interparliamentary committee that is drafting a new constitution, or will they try to go around this committee, which they take part in, and table their own constitution that has been written specifically to allow for a more powerful presidency that ultimately Prime Minister Erdogan would occupy that office, and he would exercise a range powers that the Turkish presidency does not have at - under the present configuration of powers in the country. And it would also allow him to stay in power for years to come.
CONAN: And so as you look toward the future of Turkey, what lessons do you think the prime minister ought to derive from these demonstrations which are, as you suggest, the greatest challenge in his political career?
COOK: You know, the prime minister during his first term in office between 2003 and 2007 was pragmatic, did seek consensus on important issues of the day. So it's clear that he has it within him. I think over the years the increasing, increasingly better electoral returns, a sort of detachment from the people, which is ironic because he made his political career on being close to the people - if he returns to that pragmatism, to that consensus building, if he understands somehow that in a democracy it is not just majority rules, that the voice and desires of the minority deserve a hearing as well, it will certainly put Turkey on a better path. But again, based on recent events, it's unclear that he is able to do that, which is a concern about the future path for Turkey's politics.
CONAN: And in terms of the United States, the prime minister has enjoyed a close relationship with President Obama. In recent days, American officials have called for restraint by Turkish forces against the protesters. But this is a country on whom the United States leans for help with Syria and with Iran as well.
COOK: It goes without saying that Turkey throughout has been a strong partner and a strategic ally of the United States. There is not an issue - an important issue in American foreign policy in that part of the world that Turkey is not involved in or touches on in either direct or indirect ways.
And I think that's why the administration has been somewhat reluctant previously to call Erdogan out on, for example, freedom of the press and freedom of expression. But at the same time, we should be able to work with a strategic partner and at least politely point out that the reversals in Turkey's democratic transition is not good for Turkey and not good for the strategic relationship.
CONAN: Steven Cook, thanks very much for your time, as always.
COOK: My pleasure.
CONAN: Steven Cook wrote the piece "How Democratic Is Turkey?" It ran in Foreign Policy. Again, there's a link to it at npr.org. He joins us today from a studio at the Council on Foreign Relations.
COOK: Tomorrow, an inside look at the lives of animators, and our favorite film buff, Murray Horwitz, joins us to talk about robot movies. If you'd like to nominate your favorite, send us an email, talk@npr.org, then join us tomorrow on TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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B.C. population growth remained solid during the first quarter despite continued sluggishness in net interprovincial migration.
As of April 1, 2018, there were an estimated 4.86 million persons residing in the province, up 1.4% or 67,719 persons from one year prior. Growth was roughly aligned with the national average, and fourth highest among provinces.
Adjusted for seasonal effects, quarterly population growth slowed slightly from an annualized pace of nearly 1.6% in the previous quarter to 1.3% in the latest quarter.
Drivers of migration have evolved. Specifically, B.C. is attracting fewer residents from other parts of Canada as economic recovery in neighbouring provinces and higher home prices slow the flow of people in search of jobs in B.C. During the quarter, net interprovincial migration was 796 persons, which was the weakest Q1 performance since 2013. In 2017, same-period net inflow had topped 3,770 persons. The trend has slowed since peaking in early 2016, with a sharper downtrend beginning mid-2017.
This downtrend has been offset by rising international migration inflows. Excluding non-permanent residents, quarterly growth of 8,559 persons was up from 7,000 in same-quarter 2017. The flow of landed immigrants is rising, reflecting the attractiveness of B.C. globally. Net non-permanent inflows have trended sharply higher, with Q1 levels more than double same-quarter 2017 at 3,577 persons, reflecting both work and study permits and refugee counts.
Of the more than 60,000 additions to B.C.'s population from migration flows over the latest four-quarter period, only 12% (7,227 persons) was due to net interprovincial inflows. The remainder was split almost evenly between net international flows (27,460 persons) and net non-permanent residents (25,600 persons).
While housing market conditions cool, the latest Teranet-National Bank repeat sales index points to housing price appreciation among B.C.'s largest urban markets in May. Both the Vancouver (up 1%) and Victoria (up 1.8%) metropolitan areas, which are part of the national composite, experienced robust month-to-month price gains. Price growth in Abbotsford-Mission (up 2%) was even stronger, with Kelowna up a mild 0.3%. All gains are unadjusted for seasonal factors.


A cruel welcome back to the first flight of non- league football for FC Halifax Town as Aldershot Town ran away 2-0 winners at the MBi Shay Stadium.
Goals from Shamir Fenelon and James Rowe was enough for Aldershot to seal victory for them on the very first game of the season.
If Halifax were feeling any nerves going into their first game back at the top flight of non-league football, well they certainly didn't show it early on.
They came storming out the box early and attacked Aldershot from the first whistle blown. Connor Oliver had the first shot of the game after great work by Josh MacDonald down the right.
Both Halifax wingers were looking threatening early on, they showed no fear in taking on their man and trying to create chances for Halifax.
The game heated up more in the 17th minute when Halifax decided to play on when Aldershot defender Will De Havilland was down inured. Aldershot felt aggrieved and it resulted in Scott Rendell being shown the first yellow card of the game.
Halifax were going long to striker Tom Denton quite often, with little chances being created, the game very cagey and both teams were struggling to create any real chance.
If a goal were to come during the first half then Matty Kosylo would likely be a part of it. Halifax no7 went close with an ambitious overhead kick effort that sailed over.
There were no goals on target at this stage and that didn't change when Aldershot's Bobby-Joe Taylor went close with a curling effort that went just wide of the post.
It took up to the 33rd minute for Halifax to carve out an opportunity for Denton. A corner was swung in, which saw Denton unsurprisingly climbs above everyone else to head over the bar.
The first shot on target came in the 2nd minute of injury time which tells you everything about that first half. It came from Billy-Joe Taylor in a tame effort that was easily stopped by Sam Johnson.
The first half showed both teams not wanting to give much away, as they both wanted to get off to a good start to the season.
Roles reversed when the second half began as this time it was Aldershot who started the game better. They started as they meant to finish, they were all over Halifax in the second half.
A consistent pain for Halifax back four was Aldershot no7 Shamir Fenelon, he tormented Halifax defence all second half.
A goal came in the 64th minute scored by the overall man of the match Shamir Fenelon. Halifax were threating to do something then they lost possession and Aldershot counter attacked them to score.
Fenelon was played through by Rendell, he then gets their first before his man before taking it past the keeper to put it in an empty net.
A scuffle erupted mid-way through the game which brought some noise around the stadium and lifted Halifax fans.
Aldershot had two goals ruled offside in the second half. The second goal ruled offside caused a bit of confusion as the referee was caught in two minds. He couldn't make up his mind and so he discussed it with his linesman, which they then concluded to give offside.
We reached the 73rd minute and Fenelon again had his shot well saved by the keeper. They had to wait until the 90th minute to seal the game when substitute Shaun Okojie won a penalty after he was dubiously brought down. James Rowe stepped up and converted the penalty.
Good win for Aldershot as they look to improve on last season, as for Halifax it is back to the drawing board. Score's finished 2-0 to Aldershot.


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text:
Q: .Net Deployment Project's Detected Dependencies magically un-excluded I have a Visual Studio 2005 .NET solution that has 20+ sub projects including a deployment project.  The VS2005 .NET deployment project has a number of detected dependences, that have been manually excluded and corrected values manually added in.
Sometimes however, these detected dependencies get magically un-excluded, which triggers a warning on the build:
WARNING: Two or more objects have the same target location ('[targetdir]\')
What is the trigger that causes a detected dependency to be un-excluded?  Can deployment solutions have their warnings treated as errors so the nightly build won't proceed?

A: I have had that same issue and dealt with it for about a year before giving up and moving over to WiX.  It also did not help that I had to 'double-build' my builds because MSBuild for VS2005 will not work with deployment projects.
Anyway, you may want to consider something like WiX for your installs.

A: It happens when the dependent project has "Copy Local" set on a dependent DLL. The deployment/setup project has both the source and the copy of the DLL listed as a dependency.

A: Ok this is more of a hack than anything else :)
You normally under visual studio have 2 options:
a) Exclude the duplicated DLLs
or
b) Set the Condition property of your duplicated DLLs to something different.
Problem is that with both of these approaches, you are still gonna have them magically reset and get the warning like before..
What worked for us is the following solution:
a) Go to your setup project and create a Custom Folder
b) Set the DefaultLocation property of your custom folder to be the same as the one you need those DLLs to be placed. ie for ASP.NET applications the value is [TARGETDIR]\bin
c) Then drag and drop ALL the duplicated dlls into this folder and you should get no warnings now.
That's it. You should get no warnings for those dlls, if you have any extra just drag them into this folder.
Hope this helps.
-Konstantinos

A: The discussion of detected dependency refreshes here may explain the behavior if you're using multiple development environments with the same project:
http://www.xmission.com/~legalize/msi/known-bugs-2003.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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This playground demonstrates a potentially confusing gotcha when using protocols that have default method implementations along with class inheritance.
//: method implementations along with class inheritance.
//: This protocol defines a single method that takes an `Int` and returns an `Int`.
//: This extension provides a default implementation which simply returns 1.
//: `doSomething(value:)` method, relying on the default implementation.
/// This custom impelmentation returns the stored itemCount.
//: Now, let's build a list of objects conforming to Queryable, including 1 `Base` instance.
//: on each of the Queryable objects would return a result of 8.
//: `Sub` implementation of `doSomething` is never called.
//: uses the default implementation instead.
//: * Add the `doSomething` method to `Base` (it can just return 1).
//: * Change the signature of `doSomething` in `Sub` to include the `override` keyword.
//: ### Try it out!


text:
/* Created by yegor on 7/8/16. */

package ws.epigraph.java

import java.nio.file.Path

import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable
import ws.epigraph.compiler.CNamespace
import ws.epigraph.java.NewlineStringInterpolator.NewlineHelper

import scala.language.implicitConversions

class NamespaceGen(from: CNamespace, protected val ctx: GenContext) extends JavaGen {

  // TODO respect annotations changing namespace names for scala

  override def relativeFilePath: Path =
    JavaGenUtils.fqnToPath(from.fqn).resolve("package.scala")

  protected def generate: String = sn"""\
${JavaGenUtils.topLevelComment}
${if (from.parent ne null) s"\npackage ${JavaGenNames.javaFqn(from.fqn.removeLastSegment())}\n" else ""}
import ws.epigraph.names

/**
 * Package object for `${from.fqn}` namespace.
 * TODO: doc annotation here
 */
package object ${JavaGenNames.jn(from.local)} {

  val namespace: names.QualifiedNamespaceName = new names.QualifiedNamespaceName(
    ${nsOpt(from.parent)}, names.LocalNamespaceName("${from.local}")
  )

}
"""

  private def nsOpt(@Nullable ns: String): String = if (ns == null) "None" else s"Some($ns.namespace)"

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
http://rwe.org/wp-content/uploads/2004/12/essaysfirstseries_07_emerson_64kb.mp3
Theme no poet gladly sung,
Fair to old and foul to young,
Scorn not thou the love of parts,
And the articles of arts.
Grandeur of the perfect sphere
Thanks the atoms that cohere.
ESSAY VII Prudence
What right have I to write on Prudence, whereof I have little,and that of the negative sort? My prudence consists in avoiding and going without, not in the inventing of means and methods, not in adroit steering, not in gentle repairing. I have no skill to make money spend well, no genius in my economy, and whoever sees my garden discovers that I must have some other garden. Yet I love facts, and hate lubricity, and people without perception. Then I have the same title to write on prudence, that I have to write on poetry or holiness. We write from aspiration and antagonism, as well as from experience. We paint those qualities which we do not possess. The poet admires the man of energy and tactics; the merchant breeds his son for the church or the bar: and where a man is not vain and egotistic, you shall find what he has not by his praise. Moreover, it would be hardly honest in me not to balance these fine lyric words of Love and Friendship with words of coarser sound, and, whilst my debt to my senses is real and constant, not to own it in passing.
Prudence is the virtue of the senses. It is the science of appearances. It is the outmost action of the inward life. It is God taking thought for oxen. It moves matter after the laws of matter. It is content to seek health of body by complying with physical conditions, and health of mind by the laws of the intellect.
The world of the senses is a world of shows; it does not exist for itself, but has a symbolic character; and a true prudence or law of shows recognizes the copresence of other laws, and knows that its own office is subaltern; knows that it is surface and not centre where it works. Prudence is false when detached. It is legitimate when it is the Natural History of the soul incarnate; when it unfolds the beauty of laws within the narrow scope of the senses.
There are all degrees of proficiency in knowledge of the world. It is sufficient, to our present purpose, to indicate three. One class live to the utility of the symbol; esteeming health and wealth a final good. Another class live above this mark to the beauty of the symbol; as the poet, and artist, and the naturalist, and man of science. A third class live above the beauty of the symbol to the beauty of the thing signified; these are wise men. The first class have common sense; the second, taste; and the third, spiritual perception. Once in a long time, a man traverses the whole scale, and sees and enjoys the symbol solidly; then also has a clear eye for its beauty, and, lastly, whilst he pitches his tent on this sacred volcanic isle of nature, does not offer to build houses and barns thereon, reverencing the splendor of the God which he sees bursting through each chink and cranny.
The world is filled with the proverbs and acts and winkings of a base prudence, which is a devotion to matter, as if we possessed no other faculties than the palate, the nose, the touch, the eye and ear; a prudence which adores the Rule of Three, which never subscribes, which never gives, which seldom lends, and asks but one question of any project, — Will it bake bread? This is a disease like a thickening of the skin until the vital organs are destroyed. But culture, revealing the high origin of the apparent world, and aiming at the perfection of the man as the end, degrades every thing else, as health and bodily life, into means. It sees prudence not to be a several faculty, but a name for wisdom and virtue conversing with the body and its wants. Cultivated men always feel and speak so, as if a great fortune, the achievement of a civil or social measure, great personal influence, a graceful and commanding address, had their value as proofs of the energy of the spirit. If a man lose his balance, and immerse himself in any trades or pleasures for their own sake, he may be a good wheel or pin, but he is not a cultivated man.
The spurious prudence, making the senses final, is the god of sots and cowards, and is the subject of all comedy. It is nature's joke, and therefore literature's. The true prudence limits this sensualism by admitting the knowledge of an internal and real world. This recognition once made, — the order of the world and the distribution of affairs and times being studied with the co-perception of their subordinate place, will reward any degree of attention. For our existence, thus apparently attached in nature to the sun and the returning moon and the periods which they mark, — so susceptible to climate and to country, so alive to social good and evil, so fond of splendor, and so tender to hunger and cold and debt, — reads all its primary lessons out of these books.
Prudence does not go behind nature, and ask whence it is. It takes the laws of the world, whereby man's being is conditioned, as they are, and keeps these laws, that it may enjoy their proper good. It respects space and time, climate, want, sleep, the law of polarity, growth, and death. There revolve to give bound and period to his being, on all sides, the sun and moon, the great formalists in the sky: here lies stubborn matter, and will not swerve from its chemical routine. Here is a planted globe, pierced and belted with natural laws, and fenced and distributed externally with civil partitions and properties which impose new restraints on the young inhabitant.
We eat of the bread which grows in the field. We live by the air which blows around us, and we are poisoned by the air that is too cold or too hot, too dry or too wet. Time, which shows so vacant, indivisible, and divine in its coming, is slit and peddled into trifles and tatters. A door is to be painted, a lock to be repaired. I want wood, or oil, or meal, or salt; the house smokes, or I have a headache; then the tax; and an affair to be transacted with a man without heart or brains; and the stinging recollection of an injurious or very awkward word, — these eat up the hours. Do what we can, summer will have its flies: if we walk in the woods, we must feed mosquitos: if we go a-fishing, we must expect a wet coat. Then climate is a great impediment to idle persons: we often resolve to give up the care of the weather, but still we regard the clouds and the rain.
We are instructed by these petty experiences which usurp the hours and years. The hard soil and four months of snow make the inhabitant of the northern temperate zone wiser and abler than his fellow who enjoys the fixed smile of the tropics. The islander may ramble all day at will. At night, he may sleep on a mat under the moon, and wherever a wild date-tree grows, nature has, without a prayer even, spread a table for his morning meal. The northerner is perforce a householder. He must brew, bake, salt, and preserve his food, and pile wood and coal. But as it happens that not one stroke can labor lay to, without some new acquaintance with nature; and as nature is inexhaustibly significant, the inhabitants of these climates have always excelled the southerner in force. Such is the value of these matters, that a man who knows other things can never know too much of these. Let him have accurate perceptions. Let him, if he have hands, handle; if eyes, measure and discriminate; let him accept and hive every fact of chemistry, natural history, and economics; the more he has, the less is he willing to spare any one. Time is always bringing the occasions that disclose their value. Some wisdom comes out of every natural and innocent action. The domestic man, who loves no music so well as his kitchen clock, and the airs which the logs sing to him as they burn on the hearth, has solaces which others never dream of. The application of means to ends insures victory and the songs of victory, not less in a farm or a shop than in the tactics of party or of war. The good husband finds method as efficient in the packing of fire-wood in a shed, or in the harvesting of fruits in the cellar, as in Peninsular campaigns or the files of the Department of State. In the rainy day, he builds a work-bench, or gets his tool-box set in the corner of the barn-chamber, and stored with nails, gimlet, pincers, screwdriver, and chisel. Herein he tastes an old joy of youth and childhood, the cat-like love of garrets, presses, and corn-chambers, and of the conveniences of long housekeeping. His garden or his poultry-yard tells him many pleasant anecdotes. One might find argument for optimism in the abundant flow of this saccharine element of pleasure in every suburb and extremity of the good world. Let a man keep the law, — any law, — and his way will be strown with satisfactions. There is more difference in the quality of our pleasures than in the amount.
On the other hand, nature punishes any neglect of prudence. If you think the senses final, obey their law. If you believe in the soul, do not clutch at sensual sweetness before it is ripe on the slow tree of cause and effect. It is vinegar to the eyes, to deal with men of loose and imperfect perception. Dr. Johnson is reported to have said, — "If the child says he looked out of this window, when he looked out of that, — whip him." Our American character is marked by a more than average delight in accurate perception, which is shown by the currency of the byword, "No mistake." But the discomfort of unpunctuality, of confusion of thought about facts, of inattention to the wants of to-morrow, is of no nation. The beautiful laws of time and space, once dislocated by our inaptitude, are holes and dens. If the hive be disturbed by rash and stupid hands, instead of honey, it will yield us bees. Our words and actions to be fair must be timely. A gay and pleasant sound is the whetting of the scythe in the mornings of June; yet what is more lonesome and sad than the sound of a whetstone or mower's rifle, when it is too late in the season to make hay? Scatter-brained and "afternoon men" spoil much more than their own affair, in spoiling the temper of those who deal with them. I have seen a criticism on some paintings, of which I am reminded when I see the shiftless and unhappy men who are not true to their senses. The last Grand Duke of Weimar, a man of superior understanding, said: — "I have sometimes remarked in the presence of great works of art, and just now especially, in Dresden, how much a certain property contributes to the effect which gives life to the figures, and to the life an irresistible truth. This property is the hitting, in all the figures we draw, the right centre of gravity. I mean, the placing the figures firm upon their feet, making the hands grasp, and fastening the eyes on the spot where they should look. Even lifeless figures, as vessels and stools, — let them be drawn ever so correctly, –lose all effect so soon as they lack the resting upon their centre of gravity, and have a certain swimming and oscillating appearance. The Raphael, in the Dresden gallery, (the only greatly affecting picture which I have seen,) is the quietest and most passionless piece you can imagine; a couple of saints who worship the Virgin and Child. Nevertheless, it awakens a deeper impression than the contortions of ten crucified martyrs. For, beside all the resistless beauty of form, it possesses in the highest degree the property of the perpendicularity of all the figures." This perpendicularity we demand of all the figures in this picture of life. Let them stand on their feet, and not float and swing. Let us know where to find them. Let them discriminate between what they remember and what they dreamed, call a spade a spade, give us facts, and honor their own senses with trust.
But what man shall dare tax another with imprudence? Who is prudent? The men we call greatest are least in this kingdom. There is a certain fatal dislocation in our relation to nature, distorting our modes of living, and making every law our enemy, which seems at last to have aroused all the wit and virtue in the world to ponder the question of Reform. We must call the highest prudence to counsel, and ask why health and beauty and genius should now be the exception, rather than the rule, of human nature? We do not know the properties of plants and animals and the laws of nature through our sympathy with the same; but this remains the dream of poets. Poetry and prudence should be coincident. Poets should be lawgivers; that is, the boldest lyric inspiration should not chide and insult, but should announce and lead, the civil code, and the day's work. But now the two things seem irreconcilably parted. We have violated law upon law, until we stand amidst ruins, and when by chance we espy a coincidence between reason and the phenomena, we are surprised. Beauty should be the dowry of every man and woman, as invariably as sensation; but it is rare. Health or sound organization should be universal. Genius should be the child of genius, and every child should be inspired; but now it is not to be predicted of any child, and nowhere is it pure. We call partial half-lights, by courtesy, genius; talent which converts itself to money; talent which glitters to-day, that it may dine and sleep well to-morrow; and society is officered by men of parts, as they are properly called, and not by divine men. These use their gifts to refine luxury, not to abolish it. Genius is always ascetic; and piety and love. Appetite shows to the finer souls as a disease, and they find beauty in rites and bounds that resist it.
We have found out fine names to cover our sensuality withal, but no gifts can raise intemperance. The man of talent affects to call his transgressions of the laws of the senses trivial, and to count them nothing considered with his devotion to his art. His art never taught him lewdness, nor the love of wine, nor the wish to reap where he had not sowed. His art is less for every deduction from his holiness, and less for every defect of common sense. On him who scorned the world, as he said, the scorned world wreaks its revenge. He that despiseth small things will perish by little and little. Goethe's Tasso is very likely to be a pretty fair historical portrait, and that is true tragedy. It does not seem to me so genuine grief when some tyrannous Richard the Third oppresses and slays a score of innocent persons, as when Antonio and Tasso, both apparently right, wrong each other. One living after the maxims of this world, and consistent and true to them, the other fired with all divine sentiments, yet grasping also at the pleasures of sense, without submitting to their law. That is a grief we all feel, a knot we cannot untie. Tasso's is no infrequent case in modern biography. A man of genius, of an ardent temperament, reckless of physical laws, self-indulgent, becomes presently unfortunate, querulous, a "discomfortable cousin," a thorn to himself and to others.
The scholar shames us by his bifold life. Whilst something higher than prudence is active, he is admirable; when common sense is wanted, he is an encumbrance. Yesterday, Caesar was not so great; to-day, the felon at the gallows' foot is not more miserable. Yesterday, radiant with the light of an ideal world, in which he lives, the first of men; and now oppressed by wants and by sickness, for which he must thank himself. He resembles the pitiful drivellers, whom travellers describe as frequenting the bazaars of Constantinople, who skulk about all day, yellow, emaciated, ragged, sneaking; and at evening, when the bazaars are open, slink to the opium-shop, swallow their morsel, and become tranquil and glorified seers. And who has not seen the tragedy of imprudent genius, struggling for years with paltry pecuniary difficulties, at last sinking, chilled, exhausted, and fruitless, like a giant slaughtered by pins?
Is it not better that a man should accept the first pains and mortifications of this sort, which nature is not slack in sending him, as hints that he must expect no other good than the just fruit of his own labor and self-denial? Health, bread, climate, social position, have their importance, and he will give them their due. Let him esteem Nature a perpetual counsellor, and her perfections the exact measure of our deviations. Let him make the night night, and the day day. Let him control the habit of expense. Let him see that as much wisdom may be expended on a private economy as on an empire, and as much wisdom may be drawn from it. The laws of the world are written out for him on every piece of money in his hand. There is nothing he will not be the better for knowing, were it only the wisdom of Poor Richard; or the State-Street prudence of buying by the acre to sell by the foot; or the thrift of the agriculturist, to stick a tree between whiles, because it will grow whilst he sleeps; or the prudence which consists in husbanding little strokes of the tool, little portions of time, particles of stock, and small gains. The eye of prudence may never shut. Iron, if kept at the ironmonger's, will rust; beer, if not brewed in the right state of the atmosphere, will sour; timber of ships will rot at sea, or, if laid up high and dry, will strain, warp, and dry-rot; money, if kept by us, yields no rent, and is liable to loss; if invested, is liable to depreciation of the particular kind of stock. Strike, says the smith, the iron is white; keep the rake, says the haymaker, as nigh the scythe as you can, and the cart as nigh the rake. Our Yankee trade is reputed to be very much on the extreme of this prudence. It takes bank-notes, — good, bad, clean, ragged, — and saves itself by the speed with which it passes them off. Iron cannot rust, nor beer sour, nor timber rot, nor calicoes go out of fashion, nor money stocks depreciate, in the few swift moments in which the Yankee suffers any one of them to remain in his possession. In skating over thin ice, our safety is in our speed.
Let him learn a prudence of a higher strain. Let him learn that every thing in nature, even motes and feathers, go by law and not by luck, and that what he sows he reaps. By diligence and self-command, let him put the bread he eats at his own disposal, that he may not stand in bitter and false relations to other men; for the best good of wealth is freedom. Let him practise the minor virtues. How much of human life is lost in waiting! let him not make his fellow-creatures wait. How many words and promises are promises of conversation! let his be words of fate. When he sees a folded and sealed scrap of paper float round the globe in a pine ship, and come safe to the eye for which it was written, amidst a swarming population, let him likewise feel the admonition to integrate his being across all these distracting forces, and keep a slender human word among the storms, distances, and accidents that drive us hither and thither, and, by persistency, make the paltry force of one man reappear to redeem its pledge, after months and years, in the most distant climates.
We must not try to write the laws of any one virtue, looking at that only. Human nature loves no contradictions, but is symmetrical. The prudence which secures an outward well-being is not to be studied by one set of men, whilst heroism and holiness are studied by another, but they are reconcilable. Prudence concerns the present time, persons, property, and existing forms. But as every fact hath its roots in the soul, and, if the soul were changed, would cease to be, or would become some other thing, the proper administration of outward things will always rest on a just apprehension of their cause and origin, that is, the good man will be the wise man, and the single-hearted, the politic man. Every violation of truth is not only a sort of suicide in the liar, but is a stab at the health of human society. On the most profitable lie, the course of events presently lays a destructive tax; whilst frankness invites frankness, puts the parties on a convenient footing, and makes their business a friendship. Trust men, and they will be true to you; treat them greatly, and they will show themselves great, though they make an exception in your favor to all their rules of trade.
So, in regard to disagreeable and formidable things, prudence does not consist in evasion, or in flight, but in courage. He who wishes to walk in the most peaceful parts of life with any serenity must screw himself up to resolution. Let him front the object of his worst apprehension, and his stoutness will commonly make his fear groundless. The Latin proverb says, that "in battles the eye is first overcome." Entire self-possession may make a battle very little more dangerous to life than a match at foils or at football. Examples are cited by soldiers, of men who have seen the cannon pointed, and the fire given to it, and who have stepped aside from the path of the ball. The terrors of the storm are chiefly confined to the parlour and the cabin. The drover, the sailor, buffets it all day, and his health renews itself at as vigorous a pulse under the sleet, as under the sun of June.
In the occurrence of unpleasant things among neighbours, fear comes readily to heart, and magnifies the consequence of the other party; but it is a bad counsellor. Every man is actually weak, and apparently strong. To himself, he seems weak; to others, formidable. You are afraid of Grim; but Grim also is afraid of you. You are solicitous of the good-will of the meanest person, uneasy at his ill-will. But the sturdiest offender of your peace and of the neighbourhood, if you rip up his claims, is as thin and timid as any; and the peace of society is often kept, because, as children say, one is afraid, and the other dares not. Far off, men swell, bully, and threaten; bring them hand to hand, and they are a feeble folk.
It is a proverb, that `courtesy costs nothing'; but calculation might come to value love for its profit. Love is fabled to be blind; but kindness is necessary to perception; love is not a hood, but an eye-water. If you meet a sectary, or a hostile partisan, never recognize the dividing lines; but meet on what common ground remains, — if only that the sun shines, and the rain rains for both; the area will widen very fast, and ere you know it the boundary mountains, on which the eye had fastened, have melted into air. If they set out to contend, Saint Paul will lie, and Saint John will hate. What low, poor, paltry, hypocritical people an argument on religion will make of the pure and chosen souls! They will shuffle, and crow, crook, and hide, feign to confess here, only that they may brag and conquer there, and not a thought has enriched either party, and not an emotion of bravery, modesty, or hope. So neither should you put yourself in a false position with your contemporaries, by indulging a vein of hostility and bitterness. Though your views are in straight antagonism to theirs, assume an identity of sentiment, assume that you are saying precisely that which all think, and in the flow of wit and love roll out your paradoxes in solid column, with not the infirmity of a doubt. So at least shall you get an adequate deliverance. The natural motions of the soul are so much better than the voluntary ones, that you will never do yourself justice in dispute. The thought is not then taken hold of by the right handle, does not show itself proportioned, and in its true bearings, but bears extorted, hoarse, and half witness. But assume a consent, and it shall presently be granted, since, really, and underneath their external diversities, all men are of one heart and mind.
Wisdom will never let us stand with any man or men on an unfriendly footing. We refuse sympathy and intimacy with people, as if we waited for some better sympathy and intimacy to come. But whence and when? To-morrow will be like to-day. Life wastes itself whilst we are preparing to live. Our friends and fellow-workers die off from us. Scarcely can we say, we see new men, new women, approaching us. We are too old to regard fashion, too old to expect patronage of any greater or more powerful. Let us suck the sweetness of those affections and consuetudes that grow near us. These old shoes are easy to the feet. Undoubtedly, we can easily pick faults in our company, can easily whisper names prouder, and that tickle the fancy more. Every man's imagination hath its friends; and life would be dearer with such companions. But, if you cannot have them on good mutual terms, you cannot have them. If not the Deity, but our ambition, hews and shapes the new relations, their virtue escapes, as strawberries lose their flavor in garden-beds.
Thus truth, frankness, courage, love, humility, and all the virtues, range themselves on the side of prudence, or the art of securing a present well-being. I do not know if all matter will be found to be made of one element, as oxygen or hydrogen, at last, but the world of manners and actions is wrought of one stuff, and, begin where we will, we are pretty sure in a short space to be mumbling our ten commandments.
ON bravely through the sunshine and the showers, Time hath his work to do, and we have our* So nigh is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man ; When Duty whispers low 'Thou must,' The youth replies, I can.' THE MAN OF LETTERS. ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE LITERARY SOCIETIES OF WATERVILLE…
Read More The Man of LettersContinue
XVIII EDITORS' ADDRESS MASSACHUSETTS QUARTERLY REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1847 THE old men studied magic in the flowers, And human fortunes in astronomy, And an omnipotence in chemistry, Preferring things to names, for these were men, Were unitarians of the united world, And, wheresoever their clear eve-beams fell, They caught the footsteps of the Same. Our eyes…
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Complete Works of RWE | III - Essays II
The rounded world is fair to see, Nine times folded in mystery: Though baffled seers cannot impart The secret of its laboring heart, Throb thine with Nature's throbbing breast, And all is clear from east to west. Spirit that lurks each form within Beckons to spirit of its kin; Self-kindled every atom glows, And hints…
Read More VI NatureContinue
"I was as a gem concealed; Me my burning ray revealed." Koran ESSAY V Love Every promise of the soul has innumerable fulfillments; each often. Nature, uncontainable, flowing, forelooking, in the first sentiment of kindness anticipates already a benevolence which shall lose all particular regards in its general light. The introduction to this felicity is…
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IN the suburb, in the town, On the railway, in the square, Came a beam of goodness down Doubling daylight everywhere: Peace now each for malice takes, Beauty for his sinful weeds, For the angel Hope aye makes Him an angel whom she leads. ESSAY IX New England Reformers A Lecture read before the Society…
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Too many chemicals in the blood of children and adolescents
Children and adolescents have too many dangerous chemicals in their blood
A current evaluation shows that children and adolescents in Germany have too many long-lasting chemicals from the group of substances containing per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, PFAS for short. According to experts, elevated levels of these substances in the blood can increase cholesterol levels and the tendency to become infected. There are also indications that they can damage the liver and are presumably carcinogenic.
In Germany, children and adolescents between three and 17 years of age have too many long-lasting chemicals from the per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) group in their blood. This is shown by the evaluation of the representative German environmental study on child and adolescent health, GerES V.
Substances accumulate in humans
As the Federal Environment Agency reports in a statement, PFAS do not occur naturally. These substances are very stable chemically and thermally. In this way, they accumulate in people and worldwide in the environment. PFAS are used, for example, in the coating of coffee cups, for outdoor jackets or extinguishing foam because they are grease, water and dirt repellent.
"It is often still unexplored what damage long-term PFAS can do to the environment in the long term. We are therefore trying, together with other European countries, to ban these substances in the EU as far as possible. For precautionary reasons, this is the right step, "said Dirk Messner, President of the Federal Environment Agency.
Breastfeeding children are more stressed
The PFAS group of substances comprises more than 4,700 different chemicals. PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) were found most frequently in the current study. According to the information, 100 percent of all children in the study were exposed to PFOS. PFOA was found in 86 percent of the 1,109 blood plasma samples examined.
In some cases, the values are above the thresholds set by the Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBM). 21.1 percent of the samples were above the HBM-I value for PFOA, 7.1 percent above the HBM-I value for PFOS. And 0.2 percent of the samples exceeded the HBM-II value for PFOS. According to the experts, the HBM-II value describes a concentration from which, according to current knowledge, a relevant health impairment is possible. The load should then be reduced in any case.
As the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) explains, PFAS accumulate primarily in adipose tissue and can also pass from mother to child through breast milk. The GerES-V results show that breastfed children are more burdened with PFAS than non-breastfed children.
Increased levels of PFOA and PFOS in human blood have been found to reduce the effects of vaccination, increase the propensity for infections, increase cholesterol and lower birth weight in offspring.
It is also known from animal experiments that the compounds PFOA and PFOS damage the liver and are toxic to development and presumably carcinogenic, writes the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) on its website.
Avoiding contact is not easy
Because PFAS are used in many products, it is not easy to avoid contact with these chemicals. For example, consumers can do without food stored in coated cartons. Dirt-repellent textiles such as carpets or curtains also contribute to the load. There are further tips for a household poor in PFAS on the UBA website.
Problem for the environment
PFAS are also a problem for the environment: Due to their longevity, they are distributed over the world by air and ocean currents. PFAS get into the environment in a variety of ways. In this way, they can be transferred to surrounding soils and bodies of water by the exhaust air from industrial companies.
In addition, PFAS can also adhere to particles and thus be transported over long distances in the air to remote areas. Therefore PFAS can also be found in the polar regions and alpine lakes, far away from industrial production and human settlements. The chemicals from the air get into the soil and surface water through rain and snow. In addition, they are introduced into bodies of water via the treated wastewater or contaminate soils through the use of PFAS-containing extinguishing foams.
As they do not degrade, PFAS remain in the water and soil and accumulate. Evaluations by the environmental sample bank show that, for example, seals, sea eagles and otters are heavily contaminated with PFAS. The chemicals then land over the water in fish and thus also in animals that feed on fish. The substances have also already been found in polar bear livers.
"In terms of safe chemistry, these chemicals should be put to the test. Perfluorochemistry has little future for me. Only products and materials that really provide services such as health protection, e.g. B. for medical equipment or protective clothing for fire departments should be allowed to continue to be used, "says Dirk Messner.
Due to the size of the group of substances, the ban or restriction of individual chemicals is not sensible according to the experts. The UBA is currently working with other authorities from Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Norway on an extensive EU-wide ban under the EU chemicals regulation REACH for the entire substance group.
Substances of very high concern
Some PFAS are already considered substances of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH because they are very long-lived, accumulate in organisms and can be harmful to humans.
For substances of very high concern, special information requirements apply within the framework of the REACH regulation and an authorization requirement may arise, which means that only explicitly approved uses may continue to be used. PFOA is one of the substances of very high concern under REACH.
In addition, some PFAS (for example for PFOA including the precursor compounds) already have restrictions on their manufacture and use - for example, PFOA may no longer be manufactured in the EU from July 2020. Strict limits for PFOA and precursor compounds apply to consumer products. According to the information, this regulation is also showing success: the UBA's environmental sample bank shows that people's exposure to PFOA and PFOS decreases over time. (ad)
Author and source information
This text corresponds to the requirements of the medical literature, medical guidelines and current studies and has been checked by medical doctors.
Swell:
Federal Environment Agency: Children and adolescents have too much PFAS in their blood, (accessed: 07/11/2020), Federal Environment Agency
Federal Environment Agency: PFC-Planet, (accessed: 07/11/2020), Federal Environment Agency
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment: Questions and Answers on Perfluorinated and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), (accessed: 07/11/2020), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
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Not enough jobs for mining engineering students
by Karen Mwendera | Apr 24, 2017
Stats SA show that there has been a -4 000 annual change in the number of employees in mining and quarrying industry.
WITS mining engineering students have raised concerns about the alarming rate of decreasing employment within the mining sector.
Stats SA released their quarterly employment statistics this month which show that employment in mining and quarrying has decreased by 0,7%. These statistics also show that there has been a -4 000 annual change in the number of employees in mining and quarrying.
Mining engineering lecturer Sihe Nhleko believes these figures will affect mining engineering graduates.
"In my time we were about 50 in class but now we are talking about close to 100. So the number of graduates per year, in mining at Wits, has doubled. But the mines have actually shrunk. So the pool of graduates has increased but the pool to which it will be absorbed has [shrunk] so that again will affect the absorption rate," he said.
Fourth year mining engineering student, Nompumelelo Mtetwa, said she is terribly concerned by the decrease in employment in the mining sector especially for her as a woman. "The decrease of employment in the mining industry is very alarming. I've done my internship in two mines and I haven't met a single woman who said that 'I am a section manager' for example," she said.
One mining engineering student who graduated this year said he has been directly affected by the low employment rates. "The increased influx of mining graduates has tightened the competition for placement amongst various mining operations," said Wits graduate Andani Msanda Mphaphuli. However, he said he felt lucky to have been employed by Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine, a mining company in Rustenburg, after he managed to work on a group project for them during his studies.
Some individuals with mining engineering degrees have found themselves working in banks and financial institutions.
One Wits mining engineering alumnus, who declined to be named, graduated and waited three months before being employed and now works as a trainee business developer.
"I think new graduates in mining should look at new ways of working in the industry. I am always in meetings and present for mining companies and I ended up in the business sector because I wanted to know more about business," he said.
Nhleko, who had worked in the industry for over three years, said there are other career options that mining engineering students can opt for, including the banking sector, mining supply and services and entrepreneurship.


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There is something fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact. — Mark Twain
356–323 BC
Civilization: Greek — Macedonia
Field of Renown: monarch — King
Era: Macedonian
Alexander the Great is considered one of the most successful military commanders of all time. He was the son of Philip II, a King of Macedonia who had spent twenty years bringing Thrace, Thessaly, and eventually all of Greece under Macedonian control. When Alexander came to the throne at age 20, he therefore had the most powerful army in the region at his disposal, as well as several of his father's best generals. Even considering these advantages however, the progress of his military success was astounding. Macedonia was still a poor and backward country when Alexander crossed the Hellespont in 334 B.C. with the notion of conquering all of Persia. He had only 40,000 troops and little money to begin with, but within three years he was master of a fabulously wealthy empire, whose domains spanned thousands of miles and included tens of millions of people.
HE RAN TOWARDS THE HORSE AND SEIZED THE BRIDLE.
Alexander was the eldest son of Philip II and his first wife, Olympia. During Alexander's entire youth, his father was engaged in a series of wars of conquests, first of the neighboring regions of Thrace, and later of Northern Greece. During this time Alexander learned the arts of war and when only 18, led a cavalry wing at the decisive Battle of Chaeronea. With this victory, Macedonia became the over-lord of all of Northern Greece. Only two years later, Philip was murdered and as a result, there were several rebellions within the Macedonian realm. Alexander acted immediately upon coming to the throne to put down the rebellions, first in Thrace, and later in Thebes with great severity. As a result of its rebellion, Thebes was razed to the ground, and there were no further revolts within Alexander's domain.
As soon as his rule was everywhere firmly established, Alexander began actively planning an invasion of Persia. With an army of just over 40,000 Macedonian and Greek troops, Alexander met the Persians in three major battles over a three year period. In each case the Macedonians were greatly outnumbered but prevailed everywhere due to superior tactics and generalship. Following each victory, Alexander spent a year consolidating his power and besieging a few fortified towns. His first victory, at Granicus, gained him all of Asia Minor. His second major battle, at Issus, opened up all of Syria, Mesopotamia, and ultimately Egypt. His final victory at Gaugamela crushed the last vestige of Persian power and opened up all of Central Asia. He continued his campaign in the eastern regions of the Persian Empire for several years after his victory at Gaugamela, but fought only local skirmishes rather than full-scale battles.
During the early years of Alexander's reign in Persia he tried to blend the Persian and Greek cultures to some extent, but his acceptance of some Persian customs caused resentment among some of his Greek generals. He preferred conquest to administration however, so in 326 embarked on another campaign which took him to the outer realm of the empire. He fought King Porus for control of northern India at the Battle of Hydaspes River, but his army refused to proceed when he tried to lead them into the Ganges Valley. They were exhausted after years of campaigning and wanted to return home. Disappointed, Alexander returned to Babylon. The final years of his life were considerably less creditable than his early years. He became paranoid and abrasive, and was responsible for the murder or assassination of several of his longtime friends and advisors. His death after an acute illness in 323 was certainly due to excessive drink and dissipation.
Since Alexander died without a clear plan of succession, his death resulted in a long series of wars between his generals for control of his kingdom. By the time of his death however, the process of "Hellenization", involving the introduction of Greek culture and learning into all the domains of the eastern Mediterranean was well along. Within 20 years of his death his empire had evolved into three long term empires, but all retained a Greco-Macedonian character in their administration.
Key events during the life of Alexander the Great:
Year Event
356 BC Birth of Alexander the Great.
338 BC Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea; Alexander led Macedonian cavalry.
336 BC Death of Philip II, Alexander assumes throne; puts done a rebellion in Thrace.
335 BC Rebellion in Thebes is put down severely. Thebes is razed.
334 BC Macedonian army crosses the Hellespont; defeats Memnon of Rhodes at the Battle of Granicus.
334 BC Alexander consolidates his power in all of Asia Minor.
333 BC Defeats Darius in the great Battle of Issus. All of Syria falls into Macedonian hands.
333 BC Egypt surrenders to Alexander without any resistance.
333 BC Destroys Perisan capital of Persepolis.
332 BC Builds a giant bridge in order to besiege the island city of Tyre. City falls and is severerly treated.
331 BC Great Persian army is defeated at the Battle of Gaugamela. All of Persia falls into Macedonian hands.
331 BC Death of Darius at the hands of a traitor.
330 BC Campaigns in Media, Bactria and Afghanistan
328 BC Returns to Capital at Babylon
327 BC Marries Roxana, a Bactrian Princess.
326 BC Defeats Porus in a great battle at the Indus River.
325 BC Macedonian army refuses to continue on. Alexander returns to Babylon.
323 BC Death of Alexander the Great
Story Links
Alexander and Bucephalus in Fifty Famous Stories Retold by James Baldwin
Lesson in Justice in Fifty Famous People by James Baldwin
Gordian Knot in Thirty More Famous Stories Retold by James Baldwin
Why Alexander Wept in Thirty More Famous Stories Retold by James Baldwin
Fight on the River in Helmet and Spear by Alfred J. Church
Conqueror in Tales of the Greeks: The Children's Plutarch by F. J. Gould
Birth of Alexander in The Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber
Alexander's Brilliant Beginning in The Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber
Alexander the Great in Famous Men of Greece by John H. Haaren and A. B. Poland
Alexander the Great in Greek Gods, Heroes, and Men by Caroline H. and Samuel B. Harding
Invasion of Alexander the Great in India: Peeps at History by Beatrice Home
Alexander the Great in Back Matter by books/horne/soldiers/_back.html
Alexander in Our Young Folks' Plutarch by Rosalie Kaufman
Alexander the Great in Stories from Greek History by Ethelwyn Lemon
Alexander and Bucephalus in The Story of Greece by Mary Macgregor
Tyre Is Stormed by Alexander in The Story of Greece by Mary Macgregor
Alexander the Great Invades India in Our Empire Story by H. E. Marshall
Alexander the Great and Darius in Historical Tales: Greek by Charles Morris
Alexander the Great in Stories of the Ancient Greeks by Charles D. Shaw
Alexander the Great Explores India in A Book of Discovery by M. B. Synge
Alexander the Great in On the Shores of the Great Sea by M. B. Synge
Alexander the Great in The Story of the Greek People by Eva March Tappan
Alexander the Great in Old World Hero Stories by Eva March Tappan
Alexander in Plutarch's Lives W. H. Weston by
Alexander the Great by Jacob Abbott
Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great by Alfred J. Church
Image Links
Alexander and Bucephalus
in Alexander the Great
The Bathing in the River Cydnus
It is this that I cut all Gordian knots'
in Thirty More Famous Stories Retold
Who but Dulkarnein reddened with anger?
in A Child's Book of Warriors
in Tales of the Greeks: The Children's Plutarch
in The Story of the Greeks
Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot
Death of Alexander
Alexander tames Bucephalus
in Famous Men of Greece
The family of Darius at Alexander's feet, Crane
Porus before Alexander, Chappel
The death of Alexander, Piloty
Aristotle teaching Alexander, Laplante
in Greek Gods, Heroes, and Men
Thais Suggests the Burning of Persepolis
Wedding of Alexander and Statira
The Death of Alexander
in Back Matter
Alexander discovering the body of Darius
Alexander taming Bucephalus
in Our Young Folks' Plutarch
Alexander and Diogenes
in Stories from Greek History
Alexander scales the walls with three men
He ran toward the horse and seized the bridle.
in The Story of Greece
With an effort he looked at them as they passed.
The Death of Alexander the Great
in Historical Tales: Greek
Alexander Training Bucephalus
in Stories of the Ancient Greeks
Alexander (From a bust in Tivoli, Italy)
in The Story of the Greek People
Alexander (From a bust found in Tivoli, Italy, in 1779.)
in Old World Hero Stories
in Plutarch's Lives W. H. Weston
Quarrel between Alexander and Clitus
Contemporary Short Biography
Philip of Macedonia Used statesmanship as well as military force to bring Greece under sway of Macedonia.
Aristotle Renowned scientist and philosopher. Cataloged all types of knowledge. Tutor to Alexander the Great.
Demosthenes One of Greece's greatest orators. Spoke against Philip and the Macedonians.
Porus Proud King of India, defeated by Alexander, but then restored as Satrap of the region.
Memnon of Rhodes
Parmenio Chief general of both Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great. Eventually killed by Alexander.
Antipater One of Philip's most trusted generals. Left in charge of Macedonia during Alexander's conquests.
Olympias Wife of Philip of Macedon. Alexander's mother. Quarreled with Antipater over charge of Macedonia.
Darius III Last king of Persia, overthrown by Alexander the Great.


text:
package net

import (
	"deltadb/src/db"
	"strconv"
)

type ListCollectionsRequest struct {
	OpCode    byte
	RequestId uint32
	Hash      uint64
}

type ListCollectionsResponse struct {
	OpCode      byte
	RequestId   uint32
	Success     bool
	Collections []string
	Error       string
}

func (request *ListCollectionsRequest) GetOpCode() byte {
	return request.OpCode
}
func (request *ListCollectionsRequest) PerformOperation(context *db.Context) NetMessage {
	if request.Hash == 0 {
		request.Hash = context.GetLatestHash()
	}

	err, val := db.ListCollections(context, request.Hash)
	listCollectionsResponse := new(ListCollectionsResponse)
	listCollectionsResponse.OpCode = OpListCollectionsResponse
	listCollectionsResponse.RequestId = request.RequestId
	listCollectionsResponse.Collections = val

	if err != nil {
		listCollectionsResponse.Success = false
		listCollectionsResponse.Error = err.Error()
	} else {
		listCollectionsResponse.Success = true
	}

	return listCollectionsResponse
}

func (response *ListCollectionsResponse) String() string {
	s := "success: " + strconv.FormatBool(response.Success)
	for i := 0; i < len(response.Collections); i++ {
		s += "\n" + response.Collections[i]
	}
	return s
}

func (response *ListCollectionsResponse) GetOpCode() byte {
	return response.OpCode
}


It's been quiet for some time on AlternativeTo but a couple of weeks ago me and Markus had a meetup and made some plans for the future. The first thing on that list was to fix some small things that's been littering our to do-list for way to long. You find the fixes and features worth mentioning in the list below.
It is now possible to add unique urls for Android, Windows Phone (7), S60 (Ovi), iPad and iPhone apps. This could be links to the App Store for each platform or to some third-party App Store where the app is easy to find.
We have added a new meta tag for applications that requires a rooted Android phone.
We have made some changes to the start page and the default tab no longer show the applications that has the most views. Now we show applications depending on when they were added, amount of views and amount of likes they have. Hopefully this will give us a more dynamic start page that changes more often and that is way more interesting for finding great new applications.
You can now filter search results by platform and license. You can also sort it by likes or by name. We are planning to build some more features that use these new search features to make it easier to browse for apps with tags.
Of course we want to wish you happy holidays if you celebrate Christmas and if you don't we wish you some happy regular days! We will probably not write another blog post until 2011 so we also wish you a Happy New Gregorian Year!


Police recovered a "very large amount of cannabis" from a crashed car in Colchester after its driver tried to evade officers.
Essex Police's Sgt Colin Shead posted on Twitter yesterday about one of his fellow officer's discoveries in the town.
"Judging by the stench within the garage Pc Jackson has recovered a very large amount of cannabis from the vehicle that made of from him and crashed in Colchester," he said.
"If the driver would like his vehicle back give us a call on 101.


text:
Truso Team
Welcome to the other side. Boring content stops here.
Repercussions of Barbie- How Did We Get It So Wrong?
TeamTruso
Barbie – the one object we would get so attached to as a young child. Her perfectly symmetrical face, her beauty standards completely in keeping with what we were ideally expected to look like and the different costumes she came in denoting that we could be anything. But what effect does it really have on our minds? This has been a long-debated question.
One of the most basic problems with the doll is the kind of body it is made to have. But defenders say that Barbie is so much more than just her body. They argue that people who are supposedly accepting of all body types do not accept that of Barbie. But it is crucial to realise that people are accepting of all natural body types. Barbie's, on the other hand, is not a true representation of the human body.
Seeing Barbie, young girls aspire to become her. But the beauty standards set by Barbie are just not realistic. And these ideals can be extremely harmful. As body image expert Marci Warhaft-Nadler, author of The Body Image Survival Guide for Parents, explains: "Barbie sends our girls one message, and it's this: "You can do anything and you can be anything—as long as you look like this: very tall, very thin, very Caucasian, and very beautiful."
Many supporters of Barbie argue that Barbies are not only Caucasian anymore. Or that they endorse certain body types anymore. According to critic Ann DuCille, author of Skin Trade, dolls help children figure out who they are in relation to the surrounding world, and when multicultural Barbies are basically merely "dye-dipped" white Barbie dolls, "modified only by a dash of colour and a change of costume" in inauthentic and unfair ways—the consequences for children are serious. For black children, "Dreaming white is the natural response to what the child sees and does not see in society's looking glass," DuCille writes.
Another cue that young minds pick up on is the pricing. From a very young age we are conditioned to think that the more expensive an object, the better it is. And it might be the truth in some cases. But creating a price difference off of race 'deviations' in the Barbie creates a social hierarchy between the multicultural and the 'Original'. One which assumes white blonde Barbie is the original and other others are simply beneath her.
We also cannot be ignorant of the origin of Barbie. The doll is based on a German cartoon character that features in an explicit comic strip that existed to fulfil the fantasies of men. The history of the Barbie doll and the decisions taken by Mattel need to be understood if we are to analyse Barbie.
This is overcome by the fact that Barbie comes in many different costumes that symbolise various professions. Similarly, there also exist a number of books that talk about Barbie as a scientist or computer engineer. The I Can Be A Computer Engineer! Book featured Barbie as a Computer Science student, and portrayed her as incompetent and constantly in need of the help of her male classmates. This defeats the purpose of what the author of the text is trying to convey.
It is high time that we consider all factors including the history of Barbie and the way Mattel simply attempts to shrugs all responsibility when it comes to creating something that serves as a highly distorted version of reality – something that is extremely harmful.
By Asterilla Monteiro
POLITICS & SOCIETYWhat has India done to sanitation workers? We should be ashamed.
Reactions • 3Sep 26th
POLITICS & SOCIETYMisusing the #MeToo Movement is Horrible, But Mocking it is Worse
Reactions • 3Oct 30th
POLITICS & SOCIETY3 Major Takeaways from the 2+2 meetings between India and US
Reactions • 2Sep 8th
POLITICS & SOCIETYSabarimala verdict: Should Religious Freedom trump Individual Freedom Laws?
POLITICS & SOCIETYMuzaffarpur Shelter-home Rape case says a lot about Child Abuse in India
Reactions • 6Aug 4th
POLITICS & SOCIETYLGBT…Q? Busting Misconceptions and Myths


I want to delete tje transit VLAN and it does not allow it.
Have you tried delete the static route first?
Why are you using the switch in L3 mode if you don't want it to route any traffic?
If you configure a L3 interface, you will always need to have a route to reach out to the internet and therefore we will make sure that you do not delete it as it would cause loss of service to the device.
Solution here, I think, would be to either move back to L2 if L3 is not required or create an alternative default route.


The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) position is established by bylaw. Under the direction of Mayor and Council, the CAO is responsible for the overall management of all operations of the City of Armstrong, ensuring that the policies, programs and other directions of Council are implemented and that the bylaws of the City and relevant Acts of the Province are upheld. The CAO holds the statutory position of Corporate Officer under Section 148 of the Community Charter and is designated the Head under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. The Chief Administrative Officer is authorized to undertake any reasonable action necessary to carry out the responsibilities delegated to him/her so long as such action does not deviate from established Council policy nor exceed the limitations placed on his/her authority by the Council and the Community Charter. The Chief Administrative Officer is the sole employee of Council and, as such, reports to and receives instruction from Council. The Chief Administrative Officer has direct responsibility for all staff.
The the Corporate Officer is responsible for providing professional administrative support services to Council and the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) ensuring that statutory requirements are met. This position serves as the Chief Elections Officer and assists the CAO for the purposes of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPP). In the absence of the CAO, the Corporate Officer performs the statutory duties of the CAO in his or her absence, as described in Section 198 of the Local Government Act.
Presentations to Council: Agendas are prepared on the Thursday prior to the council Meeting and distributed on the Friday. Anyone wishing to have correspondence brought before Council or to appear before Council as a delegation, should contact the city Administrator or the Administrative Assistant well before Agenda Preparation Day. Persons wishing to appear as a delegation should provide a letter of request, outlining the topic they wish to speak about.
Maps: All City maps are now located on our website.
Land Use Planning: Planning services are provided in-house by the City Planner. View our current assigned planner on our Contact Us Page. Persons interested in the Zoning and Official Community Plan designations for their property are encouraged to contact City Hall.
Zoning / Rezoning Applications: View City's Zoning Bylaw. View Zoning Maps online on our website. Applications for re-zoning land are available at City Hall. Initial enquiries should be made directly to City Hall.
Official Community Plan Amendment Applications: View our Official Community Plan Bylaw. View OCP maps. Applications are available at City Hall. Initial enquiries should be made directly to City Hall.
Development Permit and Development Variance Permit Applications: Applications are available at City Hall. Initial enquiries should be made directly to City Hall.
Subdivision Applications: Applications are available at City Hall. Initial enquires should be made directly to City Hall. Visit our Contact Us Page to find out our current Subdivision Approving Officer.
Economic Development: Council has assigned the duties of defining the Economic Development Strategies for the City of Armstrong, to the Council Economic Development Committee. Initial enquiries can be made through the City Administrator, the Mayor, or the Economic Development Committee Chair (view the Council Committees Structure on our Council Page for current Chairperson).


Welcome to our special guest blogger, Steve Dryden, a wine, food and travel writer living in Mexico's premier wine country located about 70 miles south of San Diego, California. In addition to writing about Baja California wines and culinary delights, he hosts a TV show called The Grapevine at: www.bajawineandcuisine.com. Steve lives in Mexico full-time where he grows Nebbiolo grapes, handcrafting a barrel of wine for family and friends.
"Few people know that Mexico was the first country in the America's to plant European grape cuttings and make wine in 1521 via the Spanish. Despite a long tradition of wine production, Mexico didn't make quality wine until about twenty years ago when internationally trained enologists introduced modern technology; and, today, Mexican wines are winning international awards and receiving rave reviews as the quality of the wines evolve. The "varietal stars" here are: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Syrah, Malbec, Grenache, Tempranillo and Nebbiolo. In fact, Mexican Tempranillo and Nebbiolo wines are gaining the attention of serious wine lovers, connoisseurs and wine critics around the world of wine. Nebbiolo wines grown and made in Mexico are considered by some experts to be "the best in the world, outside of Italy." As testament, watch James Suckling, European editor of The Wine Spectator, and Steve talk about the quality of Mexican wine.
Steve will be providing the BoozeNews blog with updated and accurate articles about Mexico's "Silent Revolution" and the creation of Mexico's premium wines. For international wine and gourmet cuisine lovers looking for adventure, he guides small group wine tours in this region and can be reached at: sbdryden@hotmail.com.


text:
Estrella Roja Fútbol Club fue una organización deportiva sin fines de lucro, fundada en el año 2004 por la familia Mora, que busca rescatar los mejores talentos en los sectores de escasos recursos en el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Caracas, capital de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Estrella Roja FC fue proyecto cívico-militar apoyado por la Fuerza Armada Bolivariana.

Historia

En Estrella Roja FC participaron más de ochenta (80) jóvenes en el equipo de la Segunda División de Venezuela, así como las categorías Sub-20 y Sub-17. Todos estos equipos representan la primera fase del proyecto, la cual logró concentrar todas las categorías juveniles y afianzar su casa club en la sede de la Corte Marcial ubicada en el Fuerte Tiuna.

En la última campaña de la segunda división 2006/2007 Estrella Roja estuvo dirigido en un principio por el experimentado técnico Pedro Febles y luego por Enrique Maggiolo. El "equipo militar" se caracterizó por jugar con "puros criollos" y contaron con jugadores de experiencia como Antonio Boada, Javier Godoy, Lainderson Díaz, Luciano Roque, Carlos Velasco, Álvaro Suzzarini y Ernesto Jiménez. En la portería contaron con Ricardo Mammarella, ex-Caracas FC, considerado uno de los mejores del país.

El apoyo de la Gobernación del Estado Vargas, Alcaldía Mayor del Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas, Alcaldía del Municipio Bolivariano Libertador e Industrias Venoco fue fundamental para que Estrella Roja llegase primero a la segunda división y luego a la primera división. En el caso de Venoco el patrocinio ha estado dirigido al acondicionamiento de la sede, dotación de uniformes de los diversos equipos y a la cobertura de los diversos gastos administrativos, entre otros. Los patrocinantes antes mencionados continuarán apoyando todos los esfuerzos para que esta organización sea reconocida a nivel nacional e internacional, ayudando a los jóvenes venezolanos más necesitados. Para su primera temporada en primera división esperan contar con el apoyo de PDVSA y de otras empresas públicas y privadas.

La directiva del Estrella Roja FC está encabezada por Marisol Centeno de Mora, como presidente y Rubén Socorro como coordinador general.

Para la temporada 2007/2008, en el marco del proceso de expansión de la Primera División Venezolana, Estrella Roja FC jugará por primera vez en la máxima categoría, y jugará sus 17 partidos como local en el Estadio Brígido Iriarte de El Paraíso (Caracas, DC) compartiendo la sede con el Caracas FC (la utiliza como sub-sede para algunos encuentros). Los entrenamientos del equipo se realizarán en Fuerte Tiuna.

A finales de mayo, con miras al inicio de la temporada 2007/2008, se inició un plan de reestructuración, con cambios en el plantel de jugadores que hizo vida en la segunda división la pasada campaña: del grupo de veinticinco jugadores sólo quedaron Lainderson Díaz, Henry Bautista, José Villafañe, Guillermo Octavio y Adrián Gomes. El cuadro capitalino también incorporó a los porteros Adrián Rivero y Mauricio Lázaro, además del sub-20 Luis Mora.

Estrella Roja FC esperaba realizar su primer fichaje internacional en la temporada 2007-2008 de la primera división, con el contrato de Patricio Neira, delantero chileno, sin embargo, el propio futbolista del Deportivo Temuco desmintió esta versión.

Jesús Iglesias fue confirmado por la directiva del club de la "estrella solitaria" como el primer técnico en la primera división, el cual ya había dirigido el equipo cuando disputó el torneo de Aspirantes.

Estrella Roja FC debutó en primera división el 5 de agosto de 2007, enfrentando al Deportivo Táchira en el Estadio Polideportivo de Pueblo Nuevo de San Cristóbal, la "catedral del fútbol venezolano", que fue una de las sedes de la Copa América Venezuela 2007. El juego finalizó con la victoria del Deportivo Táchira 6 goles a 1.
El equipo luchó toda la temporada por no descender, ocupando casi siempre los últimos lugares, pero cuatro victorias en las últimas cuatro fechas del torneo clausura le permitió al equipo permanecer en la primera división al ocupar el antepenúltimo puesto de la tabla acumulada. El Estrella Roja comenzó a disputar su segunda temporada en Primera División Venezolana 2008/09 con el argentino Daniel Lanata en la dirección técnica. En la mencionada temporada el Estrella Roja no logra mantenerse en la división de honor y se consuma el descenso a segunda división.

Luego del descenso en la temporada 2008-2009, el equipo se ha mantenido en la Segunda División de Venezuela las siguientes temporadas; para la temporada 2011-2012, Estrella Roja pelea hasta la última fecha en el Grupo Central por el último cupo para mantenerse en la categoría, venciendo en el último compromiso al Deportivo Peñarol FC con un marcador de 3 goles por 1, logrando así su permanencia en la Segunda División de Venezuela para la temporada 2012-2013. Para el Apertura 2012 de la Segunda División, el equipo capitalino finaliza en sexta posición de grupo, tras sumar 25 puntos en 18 partidos, debiendo disputar su permanencia en la categoría para el siguiente torneo de la temporada. En el Torneo de Promoción y Permanencia 2013, finaliza en sexta casilla del Grupo Central, desciendo nuevamente a la Tercera División para la temporada 2013-2014. En el Clasificatorio 2013 de la Tercera División, el equipo "cívico militar" finaliza en la tercera posición del Grupo Oriental, tras sumar 14 puntos, sin embargo logra avanzar al Torneo de Promoción y Permanencia 2014 ocupando el lugar de Victorianos FC que había sido descalificado. En dicho torneo, el equipo capitalino no logra regresar a la Segunda División de Venezuela, finalizando sexto de grupo con 21 unidades, apenas a 3 puntos de los lugares que otorgaban el ascenso.

Tras un tiempo de receso para una eventual reestructuración, desaparece el equipo por no obtener apoyo económico al finalizar el año 2014.

Estadio

El Estadio Nacional "Brígido Iriarte" está ubicado en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela, es un complejo que cuenta con un campo de fútbol y una pista de atletismo, tiene capacidad para albergar a 8.040 personas sentadas oficialmente. Sin embargo, ha llegado a albergar hasta 20.000 personas cuando no contaba con sillas. Debe su nombre al atleta campeón nacional especialista en salto de garrocha y salto largo Brígido Iriarte.

Jugadores

Plantilla Apertura 2008

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos de Venezuela
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 2004
Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos en 2014
Deporte en Caracas
Fuerte Tiuna

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia