If you can't wait to go diving using Aston Martin's Project Neptune submersible, we are happy to announce you that its production has started. It will be revealed publicly later this year, so you can get that $3.3 million ready.
Since the announcement that Aston Martin will partner with Triton Submarines, the two made improvements on the hydrodynamics, body styling and interior packaging. The submersible is still able to dive to 1,650 feet deep, while its speed limit increased from 4 miles per hour to 5.7 mph (5 knots). The increase in speed was achieved by reducing frontal area, increasing power, and improving the machine's hydrodynamic efficiency. When Aston and Triton made the announcement about Project Neptune, the machine was said to be fitted with a 30-kWh battery pack with enough power to last up to 12 hours and it should weigh four tons.
The submersible will carry a pilot and two passengers. Customization will be available through Aston Martin's bespoke service named Q by Aston Martin. The passengers will even have such a luxury as air conditioning when in the submersible.


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Social architecture and identity
By: Dr Asma Hyder Baloch
An inclusive society is defined as a society for all, a society where everyone has freedom of expression, respect and recognition for religious, ethnic and cultural diversity. An important determinant of conflict is modernization and development. During the development process traditional parochial identities are threatened. There are many developing countries in Africa and Asia, where sensitivity of social fabric of society is on rise and may require mature and solicitous initiatives.
In the last few years, if we count only those renowned people, who were assassinated due to their thoughtful expression and sovereign thought –the list is very lengthy. The event diaries of this country are full of acts of hatred and extremism. Social resilience has never been a priority agenda in any of our policies. The concept of dialogue and freedom of expression is nonexistent.
Economists take ethnic, racial, religious, political and other social disputes as an issue of identity. Identity explains the behavior that is harmful for other members of society during the process of safeguarding one's distinctiveness. The reason for this behavior may be to protect one's image of self-identity or identity of their respective social, religious or ethnic group.
The conflict arises when individuals with different identities contact each other in different social spheres. In frequent cases weaker group don't mix and try to maintain their identity. The weaker groups become self-destructive and harmful for society as a reaction of loss in identity or social seclusion. Thus, the anger of Baloch young man, protests from true supporters of democracy, devastating behavior of different individuals with certain religious thoughts, women movements and of course wrath against economic taxonomy etc., all are very 'rational' behaviors. George Akerlof – a Nobel laureate argue that search of identity also result of economic pay offs and if certain groups are socially excluded and get lower economic pay offs – the result can be self-destruction or destruction to society.
A set of state policies at all levels might be helpful to address the issue of social dilemma of self-identification. One possibility is to consider the Akerlof's argument on economic payoff: the more challenging task for state is to ripen a relationship between economic system and marginalized groups in society. This article is considering Baloch identity as an illustration. The threatened identity of Baloch is mainly due to realization of unfair division of resources at state level, unequal distribution of opportunities and lack of confidence on state in providing social justice. Exclusion of local Baloch from decision making in allocation and management of natural resources, exclusion of local communities from development process and omission of populaces from their due rights are further threatening the identification of Baloch nation in the province. Historically, controlled ballot boxes in the province are leading toward poor process of development and also toward high aggression among the nationalist.
Absence of social development in the province is one of the biggest challenges. Stunting and wasting is highest in Balochistan. Cost of malnutrition is very high not only for those households but also for the nation. According to a World Bank report, the malnutrition in Balochistan is mainly because of unavailability of water and poor sanitation conditions. Climate change had never taken seriously, neither it is priority agenda of present government, current dismal experiences of famines in the province, will be even more serious in forthcoming years if the issue is not addressed well on time.
The grim situation in Balochistan is multi facet in nature. Social, economic, cultural, ethnic, and political complexities require endogenous solutions through accepting the identity of Baloch nation. Solution lies at heart of accommodating the Baloch identity and giving respect to the opinion of local people in political and development process. All need to understand a simple principle that externally imposed development and political agenda will bring distress and harmful reaction from residents and cause nothing except distraction.
Dr Asma Hyder Baloch is associate professor at Institute of Business Administration Karachi. Before joining IBA, she served as member social sector at Planning Commission, Islamabad. She is recipient of Fulbright J. William Award for International Understanding and did her Post Doctorate from University of Pennsylvania, USA. She also served as faculty member at National University of Sciences and Technology for several years. She is a research affiliate at London School of Economics and Political Science, Sussex University UK and Carleton University, Canada. She tweets at @AsmaHyder
Published in The Balochistan Point on January 9, 2019
Previous: Human Development Index: Uncovering where Balochistan Stands
Next: Growing trend of Online Journalism in Balochistan
Provincialism: A serious curse to Pakistan's integrity
In the name of honor
Beating the drums of war

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Home/ENVIRONMENT
An Iceberg the Size of Delaware Is About to Break Away From Antarctica
By Kate Horowitz
John Sonntag, NASA // Public Domain / John Sonntag, NASA // Public Domain
The crack in the Antarctic ice has been growing for years. Now scientists say a major break is coming—an event that could set in motion the disintegration of the entire 19,000-square-mile Larsen C ice shelf.
The entire Larsen ice shelf, comprising Larsen A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, wraps like a crumbling white blanket around the Antarctic Peninsula. The rift in Larsen C started small, as these things do, but with each passing day its expansion accelerates. By June 24, the crack was widening by about 32 feet per day.
John Sonntag, NASA // Public Domain
Scientists at the UK-based Project MIDAS say a big break is imminent. "We still can't tell when calving will occur," they wrote on their website, "it could be hours, days or weeks—but this is a notable departure from previous observations."
The loss of the Delaware-sized iceberg—one of the largest ever recorded—will be both dramatic and destabilizing for its parent ice shelf.
"When it calves," the researchers write, "the Larsen C Ice Shelf will lose more than 10 percent of its area to leave the ice front at its most retreated position ever recorded. This event will fundamentally change the landscape of the Antarctic Peninsula."
It could also trigger Larsen C's total collapse into the sea, which could, in turn, raise worldwide sea levels by four inches.
The break will be the third major calving from the Larsen ice shelf in recent memory. The area called Larsen A collapsed in 1995, followed by Larsen B in 2002. The latter was double the size of greater London.
The researchers have no evidence directly linking this particular break to climate change, but as a press statement noted, "It is widely accepted that warming ocean and atmospheric temperatures have been a factor in earlier disintegrations of ice shelves elsewhere on the Antarctic Peninsula."


School year: Use with both age groups over a nine-month period, September to June, to coincide with the school year. A perfect companion to Show Me Jesus Sunday school — use Show Me Jesus for first hour, and Kids' Quest for second hour.
Two-year program for smaller churches, September to June: Start with Beginning Kids' Quest the first year and move the children who complete it into Elementary Kids' Quest the next year.
Two-year program, September to June using both age levels, two weeks for each lesson: The first week covers the Bible story and lesson, and the second week reviews the lesson and concentrates on memorization/recitation.
One volume at a time: Use one volume for each age group during the summer for three summers. Or use individual volumes or portions of volumes as modules to teach particular topics to the children (such as the Ten Commandments or Lord's Prayer).
The flexibility of the Kids' Quest program allows churches, schools, homeschools, families, and more to adapt the resources to their own needs.
Beginning Kids' Quest is designed for preschoolers (ages 4–5). Order Beginning Volume 1 here.
Elementary Kids' Quest is for 1st through 4th graders (ages 6–10). Order Elementary Volume 1 here.
You may include 1st graders in Beginning Kids' Quest and use Elementary Kids' Quest with 2nd through 4th graders or even extend it through 6th graders.
Volunteers and staff are central to your Kids' Quest program. The relationships your kids build with the older members of the covenant community are essential to their growth in faith. Click here to download great ideas for Recruiting & Training Staff.
We also have training videos for Kids' Quest, as well as every age level of Show Me Jesus curriculum!
Each volume has its own Teacher's Kit reflecting different learning styles and including teaching visual aids, songs, and a Teacher's Manual written in age-appropriate language.


Penny Dreadful Gets a Season Two Renewal From Showtime!
We're happier than... well, any of the Penny Dreadful characters, really.
Great news if you're a fan of Penny Dreadful (and you should be because it is great)! The show just got picked up for a second season according to Deadline. That means more weird terrifying literary spookiness will be had by all. We're really big fans of this show, so we're glad to see it's being kept alive.
We thought it would be fun to include a GIF or something of Penny Dreadful characters being happy or something, but that's hard to find and doesn't really fit the tone of the show.


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National Monuments around Las Vegas, NV
Agua Fria National Monument
Badger Springs Road
Black Canyon City, AZ
Adjacent to rapidly expanding communities, the 70,900-acre Agua Fria National Monument is approximately 40 miles north of central Phoenix. The area...
Basin and Range National Monument
Ely, NV
The Basin and Range National Monument is a vast and rugged landscape that redefines our notions of distance and space and where opportunities for s...
1800 Cabrillo Memorial Drive
About Climbing out of his boat and onto shore in 1542, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo stepped into history as the first European to set foot on what is no...
Las Vegas Top Searches
Castle Mountains National Monument
2701 Barstow Road
Castle Mountains represents some of the most unique elements of the Mojave Desert. Nestled between the Nevada state line and Mojave National Pre...
2390 West Highway 56, Suite 11
A huge natural amphitheater has been eroded out of the variegated Pink Cliffs (Claron Formation) near Cedar City, Utah. Millions of years of sedime...
Cesar E. Chavez National Monument
29700 Woodford-Tehachapi Road
Keene, CA
Widely recognized as the most important Latino leader in the United States during the twentieth century, César E. Chávez led farm workers and sup...
Devils Postpile National Monument
Devils Postpile Access Road
Mammoth Lakes, CA
Established in 1911 by presidential proclamation, Devils Postpile National Monument protects and preserves the Devils Postpile formation, the 101-f...
Fort Ord National Monument
Reservation Road
A rich history, diverse habitat and bountiful recreation opportunities await you at the Fort Ord National Monument. Another coastal gem with more t...
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument
669 South Highway 89A
Kanab, UT
Grand Staircase-Escalante spans many acres of America's public lands and contains three distinct units, Grand Staircase, Kaiparowits, and Escalante...
Mojave Trails National Monument
National Trails Highway
Needles, CA
Spanning 1.6 million acres, more than 350,000 acres of previously congressionally-designated Wilderness, the Mojave Trails National Monument is com...
Montezuma Castle National Monument
Montezuma Castle Road
Camp Verde, AZ
History & Culture: On December 8, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt celebrated the passage of the Antiquities Act by declaring four sites of ...
Parashant National Monument
345 East Riverside Drive
Parashant provides a sense of solitude to those who venture into its isolated domain. The Monument's expansive landscape encompasses a chronicle of...
Pipe Spring National Monument
406 North Pipe Spring Road
Fredonia, AZ
American Indians, Mormon pioneers, plants, animals, and others have depended on the life-giving water found at Pipe Spring. Learn about pioneer and...
Forbidding Canyon
Tonalea, AZ
About:Rainbow Bridge is the world's largest natural bridge. The span has undoubtedly inspired people throughout time--from the neighboring American...
Sand To Snow National Monument
On February 12, 2016, President Obama signed a proclamation declaring the Sand to Snow National Monument east of Los Angeles in Southern California...
Santa Rosa And San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
Pines to Palms Highway
Rising abruptly from the desert floor, the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument reaches an elevation of 10,834 feet. Providing a ...
The Giant Sequoia National Monument
Forest Route 21S82
Springville, CA
About Us:The Sequoia is one of nineteen National Forests in California. It takes its name from the giant sequoia, the world's largest tree, which g...
Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument
Moccasin Road and Durango Drive
Mammoths, lions and camels once roamed along wetlands just north of what is now known as Las Vegas, Nevada. Their history is preserved at Tul...
25 Tuzigoot Road
Crowning a desert hilltop is an ancient pueblo. A child scans the desert landscape for the arrival of traders. What riches will they bring? What st...
Vermilion Cliffs National Monument
US-89A and House Rock Road
Marble Canyon, AZ
This remote and unspoiled, 280,000-acre Monument is a geologic treasure, containing a variety of diverse landscapes from the Paria Plateau, Vermili...
More on Las Vegas, NV


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Tag Archives: Edward IV
Battle of Bosworth, On this day
On this day in 1485 – Battle of Bosworth
Henry Tudor had spent most of his life living in exile in France with his uncle, Jasper. Henry became a figurehead for the Lancastrians cause in the Wars of the Roses. Henry and Jasper set sail from Harfleur on 1st August 1485 and landed on at Mill Bay, Dale in Wales on 7th August 1485.
Henry and his army set up camp at the newly captured Dale Castle upon their landing few Welsh joined Tudor's army as it set off on its march inland. The army set off towards Haverfordwest and Pembrokeshire. As the army moved King Richard III lieutenant in South Wales, Sir Walter Herbert failed to move the King's army against Henry and eventually two of Herbert's men, Richard Griffith and Evan Morgan defected to Henry's army. As the army progressed another Welsh figure, Rhys Fawr ap Maredudd also joined Henry.
Henry began his march towards Aberystwyth but before he did he was able to persuade Rhys ap Thomas, King Richard's Lieutenant in West Wales to join his side and set him on a southerly route to gather more Welshmen to the army. They would later reunite at Welshpool. By the 16th August Henry's army crossed into England at Shrewsbury.
News of Henry's arrival on Welsh soil reached King Richard on 11th August but there was a delay in messengers notifying of the King's plans but finally on 16th August the Yorkist army began to gather with armies setting off for a meeting point at Leicester.
Henry's route from Dale to Bosworth
With Henry Tudor taking the town of Shrewsbury and the army rested they set out once again eastwards picking up more and more followers and deserters from Richard's army. Henry's army slowly moved towards Staffordshire, Henry was delaying the inevitable meeting with Richard and his army. Henry's decision to slow his army down was a tactical one as he wanted to gain more supporters; in particularly he was hoping to recruit his step father Lord Stanley to his cause.
Henry had two secret meetings with Stanley as he continued marching his army towards London. The second of these meetings was at Atherstone, Warwickshire. The Stanley's would not commit either way as was typical of the Stanley family, they always assured that they had a member of the family on the winning side.
On 20th August Richard arrived in Leicester and was informed that Henry and his army were nearby. Richard instructed his army to march west and to cut the Tudor army off before they reached London. Richard's army moved past Sutton Cheney towards Ambion Hill where they camped for the night. Meanwhile the following night Lord Stanley's army camped on a hill nearby north of Dadlington and Henry and his army camped at White Moors.
On the morning of 22nd August Richard's Yorkist army, which stood at approximately 10,000 men, left Ambion Hill. The army were separated into three clear groups; Norfolk led the first to the right protecting the 1,200 archers and cannons, Richard was in the middle that comprised of 3,000 infantry and finally on the left was Northumberland with 4,000 men. From Ambion Hill Richard could see the Stanleys and their army of 6,000 men, a concern for Richard as no one knew who Stanley or his brother would fight for.
Meanwhile, at White Moors Henry was readying his army. The Tudor army consisted of approximately 5,000 men Henry's army consisted of less than 1,000 Englishmen and many of those had deserted Richard's army. The rest of the army consisted of approximately 1,800 Frenchmen and some Scottish; the remainder were recruits that were picked up along their route in Wales include a vast amount of troops courtesy of Rhys ap Thomas.
As Henry's troops began their march towards Ambion Hill it is believed that they passed a marsh at the southwestern part of the hill, meanwhile Richard sent a messenger to Lord Stanley ordering him to send his army to attack Henry and if he did not Richard would have Stanley'son, Lord Strange, executed. Stanley simply replied that he had more sons and with that Richard ordered the execution but the officers delayed. At the same time Stanley was being asked to declare for Henry but still Stanley delayed.
Henry handed control of the army over to the Earl of Oxford and retired with his body guards to the rear of the army, Henry had little military action and so relied on someone who was experienced in battle. Oxford decided to keep the army together instead of following Richard's example of splitting the army into three. Oxford ordered the troops to go no further than 10 feet from the banners. The large army was flanked by horsemen on either side of the line.
Henry's army were fired at by Richard's cannons as they made their way around the marsh once they were clear Norfolk and the right flank began to advance and began firing arrows at the advancing Tudor army. Norfolk was at a disadvantage so Richard ordered Northumberland to send his troops in to assist but Northumberland failed to move.
With Henry's army having the advantage Henry rode to muster Stanley into battle, Richard seeing this led a charge into Henry's group where Richard killed Henry's standard bearer, Sir William Brandon and even unhorsed John Cheyne, the former standard bearer of King Edward IV. The remainder of Henry's bodyguards surrounded Henry and kept him out of the way of Richard's group. Seeing Henry and his men engaged in battle with Richard caused Stanley to lead his men into battle to support Henry. The new development meant that Richard's army was now outnumbered and slowly began being pushed back towards the marsh, during this Richard's standard bearer Sir Percival Thirwell was cut down but kept holding the Yorkist banner until he was killed.
The Battle of Bosworth recreation
It was reported by Polydore Vergil, who was the official historian of Henry VII, wrote;
"Richard had come within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed. The Burgundian chronicler Jean Molinet says that a Welshman struck the deathm blow with a halberd while Richard's horse was stuck in the marshy ground. It was said that the blows were so violent that the King's helmet was driven into his skull. The contemporary Welsh poet Guto'r Glyn implies the leading Welsh Lancastrian Rhys ap Thomas, or one of his men, killed the king, writing that he 'killed the boar, shaved his head."
With the news of Richard's death spreading around the battle the Yorkist army fled with Northumberland escaping the battle alive but Norfolk was captured and killed.
The site of the Battle of Bosworth
With Henry Tudor victorious and the battle over it is believed that Lord Stanley found Richard's circlet in a hawthorn bush (this has never been proven nor disproven) and crowned Henry on Crown Hill near Stoke Golding. Around 100 of Henry's men lost their lives compared to 1,000 of Richard's men, the dead were taken to St James Church in Dadlington for burial, whilst Richard was stripped naked and thrown over the back of a horse and carried towards Leicester where he was put on display for the public to see that the old King was dead. Richard was then taken to the church of the Greyfriars where he was buried in an unmarked small grave where he would lie until he was discovered in 2012 and reinterred at Leicester Cathedral in 2015.
King Richard's grave
Back in 1485 Henry was proclaimed King Henry VII and dismissed his army only retaining a small group that he called the 'Yeomen of his Garde'. He instantly called on Parliament to reverse the attainder that had been passed in his name and had the reign of Richard declared as illegal, this decision also reversed Richard's decision to declare the children of King Edward IV as illegitimate therefore restoring Elizabeth to the title of Princess and making their forthcoming marriage easier. Henry also dated his reign from the day before the battle making anybody that fought for Richard traitors.
With the death of Richard saw the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of the Tudors.
The standards of Richard and Henry at the Bosworth visitor centre
Ambion HillBattle of BosworthDadlingtonDaleEdward IVElizabeth of YorkGreyfriarsHenry VIIJasper TudorLancasterLord StanleyOn this dayPlantagenetPolydore VergilRhys ap ThomasRhys Fawr ap MareduddRichard IIISir Percival ThirwellSir William BrandonStoke GoldingSutton CheneyTudor ChroniclesTudor eraTudor HistoryTudorsWars of the RosesWhite MoorsYork
On this day in 1541 – Lady Margaret Pole was executed
May 27, 2015 thetudorchronicles	Leave a comment
Margaret Pole was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence and Lady Isabel Neville making Margaret niece to both King Edward IV and King Richard III. Margaret would have had a claim to the English throne had it not have been for the attainder passed against her father after he was executed for treason.
During King Richard III's reign Margaret and her brother, Edward, Earl of Warwick, were kept at Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire until Richard was defeated by the hands of Henry Tudor's army at the Battle of Bosworth. After this Margaret's brother was taken into the Tower of London only to be seen once in 1487 before he was eventually killed as he was considered a rival to the throne and the focus of the rebels cause. Margaret, however, was married of to Henry's cousin Sir Richard Pole in an attempt to make her forgotten by marrying her to a lowly courtier.
Sir Richard Pole was created Chamberlain for Arthur Tudor, Henry's eldest son and when Arthur married Katherine of Aragon Margaret was one of her ladies in waiting. The Pole's would be at Ludlow Castle until Arthur died in 1502 and Richard was put in charge of the Welsh Marches.
Sir Richard and Margaret Pole had five children when Richard died in 1504 and with the death of her husband Margaret was left with limited land and no income and so Henry VII paid for Sir Richard's funeral to help ease the financial burden. Also to help her family Margaret arranged for one of her sons, Reginald, to enter the Church. Reginald's relationship with his mother was to be strained after this and he had a career that eventually led him to be Archbishop of Canterbury during Mary I reign.
With Henry VIII coming to the throne after the death of his father Margaret was again appointed a lady in waiting to his new wife and Margaret's former lady, Katherine of Aragon. Henry was very favourable to Margaret and restored some of her brother's lands to her at the cost of 5000 marks. She was restored the lands of the Earl of Salisbury making her one of only two ladies in England to be a peer in her own right and by 1538 Margaret was the fifth richest peer in England.
Margaret's other children became favoured by the new King, her eldest son Henry was created Baron Montagu and her second son Arthur was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. Margaret's daughter, Ursula, married Henry Stafford and her youngest son, Geoffrey, married the daughter of Sir Edmund Pakenham.
Margaret's favour continued when she was made Princess Mary's Governess and she remained loyal to Mary. When Mary was declared illegitimate and her household was broken apart Margaret asked to remain with Mary at her own cost, a request that was turned down. Even the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested to the King that Mary was kept with Margaret again Henry refused calling Margaret 'a fool, of no experience'.
The Plantagenet name remained a strong name in England and when Henry began to turn away from Rome the north began to rise and the Pole name, in particular Reginald, was a name that the rebels would march behind. Henry began investigating the rebels and Sir Geoffrey was arrested after being found communicating with Reginald. Under interrogation Geoffrey admitted that Lord Montagu and his mother as well as Henry Courtenay had all corresponded with Reginald as well. They were all arrested in Novemnber 1538.
January 1539 saw Geoffrey pardoned and released but Lord Montagu and Henry Courtenay were executed on the charge of treason. All those arrested were attainted this included Montagu and Courtenay who were already dead. As part of the evidence for the attainders Thomas Cromwell had produced a tunic worn by the Pilgrimage of the Grace that bore the symbol of the Five Wounds of Christ. This was enough for Henry to condemn his mother's cousin to death.
Margaret Pole and her grandson, Henry and Courtenay's son were held in the Tower of London where they would remain for the next two and a half years. On the morning of 27th May 1541 Margaret was informed that she was to executed within the hour and prepare herself. Her execution is remembered as being one of the most horrific. A block was prepared and 150 witnesses were there to see the former Countess of Salisbury die. Margaret was dragged and forced to place her head on the block and the executioner took his first swing, missing Margaret's neck completely and hitting her shoulder. It allegedly took a further 10 blows before Margaret died. She was later laid to rest in the chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London.
Arthur TudorDuke of ClarenceEarl of EssexEdward IVHenry VIIhenry VIIIKatherine of AragonLord MontaguLudlow CastleMargaret PoleMary IOn this dayPilgrimage of the GraceReginald PoleRichard IIITower of LondonTudor ChroniclesTudor courtTudor eraTudor HistoryTudors
Book reviews – Loyalty and Honour by Matthew Lewis
May 18, 2015 thetudorchronicles	1 Comment
Loyalty and Honour are two books by Matthew Lewis that very cleverly spans across two reigning families, the Plantagenets and the Tudors. Both books alternate between eras effortlessly with Hans Holbein linking the two eras.
Loyalty opens with the painter Hans Holbein receiving a mystery summons by Sir Thomas More where they meet and More begins to tell a story that will change Holbein's perception to history and the rise of the Tudors. It certainly had me gripped to learn what Sir Thomas More had to say.
The story then jumps back 56 years to when King Edward IV was on the throne. The King and his younger brother Richard are approaching the Battle of Barnet and their return to England. The story focuses on Richard and his thoughts and feelings to the events. The story is fast paced and covers all the key aspects of Richard and his rise to taking the throne.
We continue to come back to Sir Thomas More and Hans Holbein who recap the story and move through any parts that have not been covered. Like Holbein I found myself wanting to get back to hearing more about Richard and the story that was being told.
Loyalty sticks with Richard through Edward's reign and tells a different story to the one we know, we see Richard's reaction to his brother negotiating with France and why he left the country early, Lewis also puts forward a touching relationship between Richard and his soon to be executed brother, George. Seeing a different interpretation on these events and relationships really puts forward a more sympathetic view on Richard.
The most interesting point for me was Lewis' take on what happened to the Princes in the Tower. Many theories have flown around over the years, did Richard kill them? Was it the Tudors to help secure Henry's claim? Or as Lewis puts forward did they simply go into hiding after it was discovered that they were illegitimate. Loyalty goes on to explore Richard's reign and how he ruled when he was one of the only people who knew the fate of the princes.
For me personally, the backbone of Loyalty was the story of Richard and Anne and their marriage. How Richard rescued her, their married life, the birth of Edward and how they suddenly found themselves King and Queen of England. It was so beautifully written that I found myself so emotionally involved that when Richard and Anne said their final goodbyes I found a tear or two falling at their loss.
The Tudor elements of Sir Thomas More and Hans Holbein are great as you really feel as if Holbein is being told this story and you are also sat listening and being transported back in time.
Loyalty ends with the Battle of Bosworth and the fall of Richard III. However, Honour begins immediately after the battle is lost with Francis Lovell escaping the battlefield. We again meet Hans Holbein but this time he is summoned by King Henry VIII himself who tells the Tudors side of what happened to the princes during the reign of his father.
In Honour we see Lovell and the remaining followers of Richard flee from the Tudors and plot their revenge. When they learn of the fate of the two princes, who everybody believed were dead and Richard was to blame, we see a focus for the rebellions that also brings in the children of the Duke of Clarence, Edward and Margaret. Edward is also smuggled out of the tower and hidden, later to be another force for Henry VII to contend with.
Hans Holbein has a wider role in this book; he has been tasked by Henry VIII to create a portrait that contains many hidden meanings as a test for a wider position. Holbein interacts with Henry and Thomas Cromwell as well as Sir Thomas More and you really get a sense that Holbein is caught between two powerful men who are both telling him stories.
With the addition of Henry VII a new danger has been included as now Lovell and his men are the underdogs and I found myself willing them on in their quest, despite knowing the outcome.
Both books are so well written that you will find yourself turning each page wanting to know what happened next. Lewis has offered a fresh pair of eyes on history that is well known and although it is a work of fiction you can't help but wonder what if?
Honour leaves the story open for more and I for one can't wait to read it.
book reviewEdward IVHans HolbeinHenry VIIhenry VIIIHonourLoyaltyMatthew LewisRichard IIISir Thomas MoreThomas Cromwell
On this day in 1513 – Edmund de la Pole was buried
May 4, 2015 thetudorchronicles	Leave a comment
Edmund de la Pole was the son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York, younger sister of King Edward IV and older sister of King Richard III. The De La Pole's were some of the last legitimate Plantagenet's in England during the Tudor reign.
Edmund's older brother, John, had been named heir apparent by King Richard III after the death of his own son making his the focus of the Yorkists and those loyal to the Plantagenet's after the death of Richard at Bosworth in 1485.
John de la Pole swore allegiance to the new King Henry VII but in 1487 joined the rebellion of Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be the imprisoned Edward, Earl of Warwick and a claimant to the throne. John de la Pole fought and died at the Battle of Stoke which was considered the last battle of the Wars of the Roses.
With the death of John the focus moved to Edmund as the claimant of the throne for the Yorkists and in 1491 Edmund inherited his father's title of Duke of Suffolk although two years later this was demoted to Earl.
In 1498 Edmund was indicted in the King's Bench for allegedly killing a man in a fury. He received the King's pardon but in summer 1499 Edmund fled to Calais but was persuaded to return to England and returned into the King's favour. Edmund went on to witness the confirmation of the treaty for Prince Arthur's marriage to Katherine of Aragon.
After a brief trip to Calais with the King, Edmund began hearing that the Holy Roman Emperor would be willing to help anyone that carried the blood of King Edward IV back to the throne so Edmund began to approach the Emperor and after six weeks received word that the Emperor would help him with up to five thousand men for three months. However, the Emperor would not be able to gather these men for his support so instead agreed to lend money to Edmund.
On 28th July 1502 Maximillian signed an agreement with the English that in return for £10,000 he would not aid any English rebels regardless of their rank and so Edmund was on his own. On 12th February 1503 with Edmund still staying within Maximillian's borders, Maximillian was requested to take an oath to swear that he would observe the treaty that he signed and that Edmund would be expelled from his lands.
January 1504 saw an attainder passed against the de la Pole's including Edmund. He eventually left Maximillian's land during Easter by leaving his brother, Richard, behind as hostage. Edmund headed to Gelderland to the Duke of Saxony where instead of being greeted and supported he was imprisoned. The Duke of Saxony was believed to have received money from King Henry VII to secure Edmund but for some reason he was never handed over to England.
Philip, King of Castile, eventually gained possession of Edmund and in January 1506 Edmund sent his servants to communicate with Henry and to negotiate a way to leave Philip's possession. During January Philip was travelling to Castile when he was blown off course and landed in England. He visited Henry at Windsor where they discussed the surrender of Edmund into Henry's custody. In March 1506 Edmund was paraded through London and placed into the Tower.
King Henry had promised Philip that he would not kill or harm Edmund but instead keep him imprisoned for the remainder of his life. Henry VII kept his word and Edmund was still alive when Henry VIII took the throne. In 1513 King Henry VIII ordered Edmund's execution and on 30th March 1513 he was taken from his cell in the Tower and beheaded.
Edmund was buried on 4th May 1513 in the Church of the Minories, Aldgate.
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On this day in 1500 – Cardinal Reginald Pole born
March 3, 2015 thetudorchronicles	Leave a comment
It is widely accepted that Cardinal Reginald Pole was born on 3rd March 1500. He was born in Stourton Castle in Staffordshire to Sir Richard Pole and his wife Margaret. Margaret was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, which made Margaret the niece of King Edward IV and Richard III. Therefore Reginald would have had a strong Plantagenet claim to the throne had it not been for the Bill of Attainder that was passed against his grandfather when he was found guilty of treason.
Pole studied at Oxford from the age of 12 and completed his degree just after the age of 15. It looks like Pole was always destining for a life within the clergy.
Henry VIII bestowed many honours on Pole including the deanery of Wimborne Minister in Dorest, the Prebendary of Salisbury and the Dean of Exeter, despite never being ordained into the church. In 1521, with Henry's blessing, Pole set off to the University of Padua where he quickly became popular and was highly regarded amongst scholars like Erasmus and Thomas More. Henry paid half of Pole's fees whilst he was studying abroad.
Pole remained in Padua until 1527 when he returned home. Henry at this time was desperate for Pole's support and his written opinion on 'The Great Matter', his divorce with Katherine of Aragon. In exchange for his support Henry offered Pole the role of Archbishop of York or the Diocese of Winchester in return for his loyalty. Pole wanted to avoid being dragged into the situation instead seeked permission to leave for France to further his studying. In effect he went into self imposed exile to avoid answering Henry's demands. Despite this Henry was still covering Pole's allowances abroad.
In May 1536, Pole eventually spoke out against Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn. Henry called Pole back to England to answer questions on his writings. Pole disobeyed Henry's orders and instead headed to Rome after receiving a Papal invitation to stay at the Vatican from Pope Paul III. This was a blow to Henry as it was clear for all to see that the once close relationship that they shared was over as Pole sided with Rome against Henry and England.
Despite never being ordained Pole, in 1537, was created a Cardinal and was charged with organising a march on London to replace Henry's current government with a Roman Catholic one to bring the country back in line with Rome.
In retaliation to Pole's betrayal Henry arrested members of the Pole family including his brother, nephew and mother, the Countess of Salisbury and charged each of them with treason and aiding Reginald Pole and his cause. All but one was found guilty and Bills of Attainders were passed against them all stripping of their titles and land and eventually they were executed for Pole's betrayal.
Pope Paul III died in 1549 and a conclave was held to find his successor, at one point Pole had nearly two – thirds of the votes required to become Pope, however, Pole didn't want to campaign to become Pope and so support began to slip away from him.
Reginald Pole remained a Cardinal and was quietly dedicated to his work. That is until the death of Edward VI in 1553. With the Catholic Mary I taking the throne Pole's life was once again an active one. He instantly wrote to the newly anointed Queen and successfully returned to England from exile as Papal Legate in 1554.
Under Mary I, Pole saw the attainder against his family reversed and was finally ordained as a Priest in 1556. Two days later on 22nd March Pole was consecrated as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Pole was the last Roman Catholic to hold this position. Alongside this he also acted as chief minister and advisor to the Queen.
Reginald Pole died on 17th Nov 1558, most likely for the influenza which had gripped London in an epidemic. He died just a few short hours after Queen Mary I. He is buried at Canterbury Cathedral.
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