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Fire in the cotton fields - Bt backgrounder
"IN A major triumph for environmentalists, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee has withheld environmental clearance for large scale cultivation of transgenic Bt.cotton."
So said India's business paper, The Economic Times, on Thursday.
Two days earlier, India's development information service, SAMANVAYA, was in despair with the likes of The Economic Times confidently predicting the aptly named GE Approval Committee would quietly push through Bt cotton commercialisation on the nod:
"Today, (19th, June 2001), the environment ministry plans to give the go ahead for the Monsanto's Bt Cotton (the first ever transgenic crop) to be commercially released in India. Today, the hopes of millions of farmers of not just India, but many other smaller countries - whose policy makers would be steam-rolled by corporates with India being held as an example will die.
Repeatedly, over the last year various Scientists, NGOs, Media and groups from across the country and many from around the world have been documenting so much against the Bt Cotton, yet, does the system ever listen? ...
Today, in quiet a few bars across the capital, corporates will celebrate their victory yet again over the 'Green Brigade'...
...From today, many million farmers will be approached by the company seeds man across India with his new 'package' of seeds that would give him the great yield he has not seen. He will be sold the dreams of sons going abroad to 'phoren' countries, his daughters getting married to wealthy grooms. And he will believe them too. The corporatisation of the Bt-Cotton, with repeated failing of the crop in the recent years could push more farmers to suicide. How many more farmers' lives will it take? Do we care to protest or take others' protests seriously?" http://www.indiatogether.org/press/btcotton.htm
While the expected commercialisation of Monsanto-Mahyco's GM cotton in India would have been, as SAMANVAYA noted, a disastrous precedent for many other developing countries, Thursday's 'Economic Times' noted the international aspect to India's unexpected rejection of GM cotton commercialisation. According to the paper, "sources" were "worried over the signal given worldover...". http://www.agbios.com/_NewsItem.asp?parm=neIDXCode&data=1976
In the light of the unexpected decison to unspin the yarn, SAMANVAYA was by now more upbeat:
Read the latest at http://www.indiatogether.org/press/btcotton.htm
Good work, GreenPeace, Devinder Sharma, KRRS, RFSTE, and all others out there. During the course the last few days of deliberation, for the first time (that I can recollect), there was a mention of "hundreds of e-mails" pouring in to the various ministries concerned. Good on-line work too!
Ram,
SAMANVAYA
But while Monsanto's regulatory coup has failed, its Bt cotton trials in India go on.
The first piece below, "Fire in the cotton fields", is an excellent background article on the previous field trials undertaken in Karnataka.
The second item is a press release from the KRRS who made it abundantly clear earlier in the week that many in India had absolutely no intention of being "steam-rolled by corporates".
According to the leader of the KRRS, representing 'Ten Million Farmers in the State of Karnataka', if Bt cotton got the go ahead, "farmers' organisations across the country would resort to the direct action".
1. Fire in the cotton fields
http://www.farmedia.org/bulletins/bulletin15.html
Noted environmental journalist, Keya Acharya looks into the much-discussed Bt cotton field trials being undertaken in Karnataka. The curious contradiction between the government and Monsanto-Mahyco combine professing willingness to share information on the positive impacts of Bt technology on the one hand, and their perceptions of confidentiality on the other, has bedevilled the entire issue of Bt cotton in India. What is of significance is that there are very successful trials (12 quintals/ acre yield) of non Bt, indigenous hybrid varieties being conducted at UAS, that are less susceptible to pests because of their indigenous strength, she observes
India is in the midst of a transgenic debate in academic circles, and in a consuming controversy about it in the field. And all this at a time when Indian agriculture is in crisis anyway with a glut of produce that has no marketing infrastructure to ensure a competent price to the small farmer.
In academic and administrative circles, authorities speak with enthusiasm of the need to keep up with the latest in technology abroad, which they view is the new world of transgenics, or the transference of alien genes into food crops, supposedly for better yields and disease-resistance.
The most visible proponent of this belief is the State of Karnataka. Anxious to keep up with its progressive 'IT image', it would now like to link this field up with biotechnology, another area where it has pioneered. " We want to make Bangalore the Biotech destination of Asia", said Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman of Karnataka's Biotechnology Task Force.
The State's and indeed the country's official enthusiasm over Bt cotton has to be viewed within this perspective of keeping up with the latest.
In April 1998, the Indian seed company Mahyco (Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company) in collaboration with the multinational Monsanto (which owns 26% equity in Mahyco, bought at 24 times the paid-up value) was given permission to conduct small trials of Bt cotton (100g per trial) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and its Department of Biotechnology (DBT) at 7 sites countrywide, including Karnataka. "We have a built-in level of mechanical checks to prevent import of unwanted materials", said DBT Secretary Manju Sharma in defence at the consequent uproar on Bt cotton, at a Transgenic Conference in December 1998, at UAS, Bangalore.
The matter went underground till July 2000 when DBT allowed Mahyco to conduct large-scale field trials, including seed-production at 40 sites in six States totalling 235 ha. Dr. Sharma says research findings of the previous small trials are "totally confidential data" submitted to the GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee of the MoEF), but that they draw a 'clear inference' that Bt is safe.
This curious contradiction between the government and Monsanto-Mahyco combine professing willingness to share information on the positive impacts of Bt technology on the one hand, and their perceptions of confidentiality on the other, has bedevilled the entire issue of Bt cotton in India.
According to the Karnataka Agriculture Commission (KAC) Report, the main findings of Mahyco's research submission (which could relate to Dr. Sharma's version of 'built-in level of mechanical checks') on its previous small trials, to RCGM (Review Committee on Genetic Pollution) on 12.2.2000 are:
Incorporation of Bt gene holds promise in cotton crop by controlling bollworm and reducing insecticide needs that are environmentally unsafe.
Specific experiments indicate Bt hybrids are superior to non-Bt counterparts in terms of boll worm infestation.
Control of bollworm through Bt hybrids did not influence behaviour of the pest in adjacent non-Bt plots.
Bt recorded higher yields.
Bt could be an important part of IPM(Integrated Pest Management).
RCGM, on the strength of these findings, allowed Mahyco (letter of 4.5.2000) to approach the GEAC for further steps. Thereafter Mahyco approached GoK (govt. of Karnataka) for permission, (ref.no. TNS/MKJ/MMB/561/00). This letter was referred to the Karnataka Agriculture Commission on 7.8.2000 for examination and submitting of views.
The KAC convened concerned scientists from the two State Agricultural Universities (UAS) who said "The seminar dispelled the apprehension that all biotechnology is the same as 'terminator technology' (KAC Report 2000), and 'okayed' Bt cotton trials, stating that the state agricultural universities needed to be involved.
The status in the field shows that both the UASs in Dharwad and Bangalore have not been given permission to get involved in Mahyco's field trials which are currently being conducted without independent assessment.
As per Mahyco's records, there are currently nine sites at farmers' fields in Bellary, Davangere, Koppal, Raichur and Shimoga Districts. These sites belong to: Subba Reddy (Annapurneswari Camp, Odatti Post, Bellary), V. Hanumantha Rao (Bowring Camp, Siddamanahalli Post, Bellary), Tippe Rudra Gowda (Kammarchedu, Bellary), D. Ravindra Babu (Laxmi Nagar Camp, Soma Samudra Post, Bellary), K. Karibasappa (Kumaranahalli, Harihar, Davangere), Ningappa Angadi (Ojanahalli, Koppal), M. Gopal Reddy (Bagyanagar Camp, Sindhanur Raichur), Ramalinga Reddy (Ariginmara Camp, Ariginmara Post, Sindhanur,Raichur), Shivappa (Puradal Post, Shimoga)
All the plots were sown between September 4 - 17, 2000, well past the planting season of June. Personal visits to these sites found these records somewhat inaccurate as a number of farmers had not opted for trials due to the delay in planting. Two others whose names were not listed have Bt trials on their fields. Additionally, there are 14, and not nine sites, in total.
All plots are of 10 'guntas', or one-fourth of an acre, pieced into three segments, with Bt being sandwiched between two non-Bt plots of presumably the same varieties of seeds. There are no boards delineating seed variety, or genotype or any other details.
The overall status of the plants in these trials is poor. Plants are stunted due to late sowing, show heavy infestation of whitefly and aphids while some plots have bollworm infestation. In all the Bt fields visited (including the two farmers whose names are not on Mahyco's records), non-Bt plants in the trial-plots were of better quality. Bt germination in most plots is poorer than non-Bt.
Of equal significance is that hybrid cotton in all the four cotton districts of Karnataka, show an estimated average yield (10-15 quintals/acre) that is higher than what will currently be harvested from Bt plots ( estimated at 5-6 quintals/acre by experienced cotton-farmer Shivaramma Reddy of Bellary). The reason for this could very well be due to delayed planting however. What stands out in this confusion though, is that hybrid plants were far healthier.
There is, in addition to Mahyco's field trials, an independent trial being conducted at UAS, Dharwad, under an Indian Council of Agricultural Research - World Bank project. Bt Seeds for the project were given by Mahyco and were of the following varieties:
MECH 12 Bt and Non-Bt
MECH 162 Bt and Non-Bt
These trials too were sown late. They showed poor germination of Bt varieties, with the non-Bt ones being definitely healthier but the latter more susceptible to aphids.
Dr. BM Khadi, Senior Scientist in charge of the trials said he would not be able to get the correct picture from these trials because one whole pest-load, and a very crucial one in the month of August, had been missedout due to the delay in availability of seeds.
What is of significance is that there are very successful trials (12 quintals/ acre yield) of non Bt , indigenous hybrid varieties being conducted at UAS, that are less susceptible to pests because of their indigenous strength. (Karnataka's cotton history has shown hybrids of foreign parentage given to tremendous bollworm infestation) The problem as Khadi agreed, is their unsuccessful dissemination to farmers in the field. The 'Extension' wing of the government's Agriculture Department in Karnataka, as in the rest of the country, is a failure.
Some of these varieties are DHH 11, DHB 105 and 'Sahana'. The indigenous variety' Arboreum herbaceum' with built-in bollworm resistance needed no spraying at all and yielded 5-6 quintals/acre. The message then is clear: that hybrid varieties are capable of producing equal, if not better results than Bt.
Though farmers in the entire cotton belt are not averse to trying out the seed again in the next season many questions arise. Farmers say they will know its environmental impacts within 2-3 cropping seasons and change the seed if necessary, but the freedom of choice gets limited when Bt appears to be entering the State (and the country) through a private monopoly. With the current situation of exploitation, especially in Raichur in the cotton trade, and the small-farmer's tendency to listen to seed/pesticide/fertiliser companies, Mahyco's monopoly could well be a virtual reality that makes Chief Minister SM Krishna'a argument of the farmer's personal choice as a 'fundamental right' seem unrealistic.
Moreover, copious amounts of cotton, without a competent marketing infrastructure will not help the farmer. There will continue to be more suicides and dumped cotton.
And, finally, the current manner of conducting and the indifferent condition of the field trials raise immediate doubts on their efficacy for coming to any concrete conclusion of the impacts of Bt into both Karnataka, and India. Under GEAC's terms for granting of field trials, Mahyco had been asked to undertake the following:
nutritional studies in buffaloes and cows to determine whether transgenic cotton seed as well as cotton-seed oil had any effect on animal health, milk-production and quality vis a vis the health of people;
insect-resistance studies on other plant-pests;
toxicity studies on other animal species such as poultry, fish etc. under Indian conditions;
to generate data on the stability of the CRY 1 Ac gene;
to undertake fresh studies on gene flow/pollen and the assessment of impact on such migration on non-transgenic cotton;
to get authentic report from an Indian lab that Bt seeds do not contain Terminator gene to reassure the public and NGOs;
to make available socio-economic data like costs of transgenic cotton, projected demand and the area to be covered under cultivation.
GEAC also said it would "rigorously monitor" the field trials for the next one year (from announcement of trial permission in July 2000) and that the Monitoring cum Evaluation Committee (MEC) set up by DBT would continue to monitor large-scale field trials with the possible exception of f) which became public after the flurry of controversy surrounding BT cotton in India in late 1998, the status of other studies meant to be conducted are not known. Neither the government nor Mahyco is transparent.
1. PTI says 28%, Vandana Shiva's article in EPW says 26%. Shiva's EPW story also states Monsanto paid 24 times the paid-up value of the share (a ridiculously high rate).
Personal visit to Bellary, Koppal, Raichur, Shimoga, Harihar, Dharwad and Davangere, studying cotton, and visiting the Mahyco-Bt cotton fields. January 2001. Under assignment for Gemini News Service. Also on a research assignment for Greenpeace India on the status of cotton-trials in the field in Karnataka. January 2001.
Personal talks with Farmers at all of these districts, with agricultural officers, with the Dir. of Agriculture at Shimoga, with representatives of Monsanto at these places, with pesticide representatives and with Monsanto's R&D Head, Dr. Manjunath at IISc, Bangalore.
Also interview with Dr. TN Prakash of UAS (Agricultural Economics ) who is the only person on the KAC who had serious objections to the inadequate study of risk assessments at bringing Bt into Karnataka and commercialising it so soon.
Interview with Kiran Mazumdar Shaw , Chairman Biotechnology Task Force, Karnataka. She thinks that the earlier tests have already proved its safety and that biotechnology is one sector of science which is extremely careful of risks.
2. PRESS RELEASE FROM KRRS
KRRS Represents Ten Million Farmers in the State of Karnataka.
Bangalore, June 18(UNI) The Union Government should declare at least a five-year moratorium on the genetically modified seeds in India till a ban was considered like many other countries, Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha(KRRS) President M.D.Nanjundaswamy demanded today.
Taking strong exception to the Union Government rushing through the procedure of giving permission for marketing BT(Bacillus Thuringiensis) Cotton, he told UNI that Union Environment Minister T.R.Balu had called a meeting in New Delhi today, almost a month in advance, to accord biosafety clearance to the BT cotton. The Union Agriculture Ministry was meeting tomorrow to give the clearance for the cotton. The Government is in a hurry to give clearance to enable the multi-national companies to introduce the seeds from this sowing season itself, he charged.
Pointing out that most of the advanced and developing nations had banned genetically engineered crops, he said the Government should follow the precautionary principle of the biosafety protocol it signed last year in Cartagena in Columbia. If the Government allowed the sale, it would be violating the protocol, which says that if there were scientific uncertainties, they should not be released commercially.
Besides, a petition filed by noted environmentalist Vandana Shiva on genetically modified organisms with particular emphasis on BT cotton was still pending before the Supreme Court. Morally, the Government should wait till the petition is disposed of. Legally, it may not because there was no stay, Prof.Nanjundaswamy, who was spearheading a campaign against genetically modified seeds and crops said.
Quoting statistics, he said the worldwide sales of genetically modified foods were on the decline. He claimed that Shiv Sena had agreed to join their struggle against the genetically modified seeds. I have already held discussions with Sena supremo Bal Thakrey and the response was positive, he said and stressed that Maharashtra was one of the major Cotton growing states in the country. He said the farmers' organisations across the country would resort to the direct action if the seeds were allowed to be sold in the shops. Already the National Coordination Committee, which included Bharatiya Kissan Union, would be launching the agitation, he added.
He pointed out that over 310 scientists from 36 countries had expressed their concern about the hazards of genetically modified organisms to biodiversity, food safety, human and animal health and demanded a moratorium by the UN Commission on Sustainable Development Conference on Sustainable Development,
Conference on Sustainable Agriculture on Environmental releases in accordance with the precautionary principle.
KRRS Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha
Prof.Nanjundaswamy, President
2111,7th-A Cross,3rd Main, Vijayanagar 2nd Stage, Bangalore-560 040-India
Phone:+91-80-3300965
Fax:+91-80-3302171


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Chemist Hind Al-Abadleh named Laurier's University Research Professor
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WATERLOO – Hind Al-Abadleh, a professor in Wilfrid Laurier University's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, has been named University Research Professor for 2021-22. The annual internal award recognizes excellence and leadership in research and provides time and funding for the winner to complete a major research endeavour.
Al-Abadleh conducts research in the field of environmental physical chemistry, tackling unresolved scientific problems related to air quality, atmospheric chemistry and geochemistry. She is currently leading an academic-industry-government collaboration with the University of Waterloo, Hemmera Inc., the City of Kitchener, the Region of Waterloo, and Environment and Climate Change Canada to assess air quality and children's exposure to traffic emissions in Kitchener.
"I am very happy to see the fruits and impacts of my research programs being recognized and celebrated at Laurier," said Al-Abadleh. "I want to discover and understand how molecular-level knowledge aids in scientific advances for the benefits of humanity. I also enjoy shaping the minds and finetuning the lab skills of students to increase their confidence as future researchers."
Al-Abadleh's latest study, published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials, analyzed the statistical significance of short-term events like COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollutant levels. Using data from 16 air-monitoring sites across southern Ontario during the period of April to June 2020, Al-Abadleh found pollutant levels temporarily dropped 20 per cent lower than in the previous three years.
"These pollutants contribute to air pollution and respiratory diseases, and Canada is known to have faster-growing rates of childhood asthma than other countries," said Al-Abadleh, whose findings were featured on CBC News: The National. "I hope that the public and different levels of government will use our study as a benchmark for their future measures or regulations, either to limit the spread of new diseases or to control air pollution and smog episodes."
As recipient of the University Research Professor award, Al-Abadleh will receive a $10,000 research grant and time to write a book and a review article on the state of the science of atmospheric aerosols. She also plans to begin new partnerships with colleagues in the United States once academic travel can safely resume.
"This award recognizes Professor Al-Abadleh's outstanding record of scholarship at Laurier, which will contribute greatly as our society works toward a healthier, more sustainable future," said Jonathan Newman, Laurier's vice-president: research.
Since joining Laurier in 2005, Al-Abadleh's research lab has secured $2.15 million in research funding and she has regularly published in leading environmental science and chemistry journals. She is a fellow at the Balisillie School of International Affairs, an adjunct professor at the University of Waterloo and was elected as chair of the Environment Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada.
In 2018, Al-Abadleh was named the Fulbright Canada Research Chair in Climate Change, Air Quality, and Atmospheric Chemistry at the University of California, Irvine, and in 2017 won the Women Who Inspire Award from the Kitchener-Waterloo Coalition of Muslim Women. She was also awarded the 2015 Faculty Mentoring Award by the Laurier Alumni Association.
Hind Al-Abadleh, Professor
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University
E: halabadleh@wlu.ca
Lori Chalmers Morrison, Director: Integrated Communications
External Relations, Wilfrid Laurier University
E: lchalmersmorrison@wlu.ca
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Max Biaggi plans to tackle land speed record
Max Biaggi: the super-talented roadracer (two-time World Superbike champ) has kind of faded from the racing scene, but now he's talking about a comeback. But, not on a track! Nope, the Roman Emperor is talking about land speed racing.
According to Top Gear's website, Biaggi is teaming up with French manufacturer Voxan for a land speed record attempt on Bolivia's Uyuni salt flat.
In recent years, Voxan hasn't been very prolific, and is probably best-known for some interesting cafe racers it's produced. However, the machine Biaggi plans to race is built along much different lines; it's a battery bike, partially streamlined, called the Wattman. Biaggi's supposed to run this bike at Bolivia in 2020 in an attempt to break the world electric motorcycle speed record.
The number to beat, for now, is 328 km/h, set by Lightning with its SB220 back in 2013. According to Top Gear, "the rules state that the bike can only be partially streamlined, must weigh less than 300kg and can only be one-wheel drive."
Frankly, it's a wonder we haven't seen this record beaten in the past six years, as there have been plenty of bikes that have beat that speed record over the years. Stay tuned, and we'll let you know in a few months if Biaggi tops it.
land speed racingMax BiaggiracingVoxan
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Caracas [] (offiziell Santiago de León de Caracas) ist die Hauptstadt und größte Stadt Venezuelas. Sie gilt als Kultur- und Wirtschaftszentrum des Landes. Im Deutschen wird der Name häufig falsch auf der ersten Silbe betont: [].

Mit 2,1 Millionen Einwohnern im eigentlichen Stadtgebiet und drei Millionen (2013) in der Agglomeration ist Caracas der größte städtische Ballungsraum Venezuelas.
In einer Rangliste der Städte nach ihrer  Lebensqualität belegte Caracas im Jahre 2019 den 202. Platz unter 231 untersuchten Städten weltweit.

Geographie
Caracas liegt im Norden Venezuelas in 760–920 m Höhe im Caracas-Tal, welches zum Küstengebirge (Cordillera de la Costa) Venezuelas gehört. Das Tal ist durch den über 2000 m hohen Ávila-Gebirgszug vom etwa 10 km Luftlinie vom Stadtzentrum entfernten karibischen Meer getrennt. See- und Flughafen von Caracas liegen in den Küstenorten La Guaira und Maiquetía, die über eine 20 km lange, durch Erdbebenaktivitäten gefährdete Autobahn erreichbar sind. Eine der Autobahnbrücken wurde 2006 zerstört, jedoch innerhalb eines Jahres durch einen Neubau an anderer Stelle ersetzt.

Das Klima ist tropisch mit einer mittleren Jahrestemperatur von 22,5 °C und jährlichen Niederschlägen zwischen 900 und 1300 mm.

Geschichte

Christoph Kolumbus und seine Begleiter erreichten 1498 als erster Europäer die Küste von Caracas. Dort entstand eine kleine Kolonie, welche Karl V. 1526 als Lehen der Krone von Kastilien dem Handelsherrn Welser zu Augsburg als Entschädigung für eine Anleihe erblich übergab. Die Welser behielten indes die Besitzung nur bis 1546.

Die eigentliche Stadt wurde 1567 vom spanischen Konquistador Diego de Losada unter dem ursprünglichen Namen Santiago de León de Carácas gegründet. Später war Caracas Hauptstadt eines spanischen Generalkapitanats und Sitz des Gouverneurs.

Um 1750 blühte die Stadt durch den zunehmenden Kakaoexport auf.

Im Unabhängigkeitskrieg wurde die Stadt am 29. Juli 1811 und wiederum 1814, nachdem sie durch Simón Bolívars Armee befreit worden war, von Spanien erneut eingenommen. 1821 erfolgte ihre abermalige Befreiung und Caracas war dann bis 1831 Bestandteil der Republik Großkolumbien, bis es am 17. November 1831 die Republik Venezuela zu bilden half, deren Hauptstadt es wurde.

Die Stadt wurde wiederholt von Erdbeben getroffen. Bereits 1755 erlitt sie schwere Beschädigungen. Gänzlich zerstört wurde sie durch ein Beben am 26. März 1812, beschrieben von Alexander von Humboldt; etwa 12.000 Menschen kamen dabei ums Leben. Danach wurde die Stadt regelmäßig wieder aufgebaut, jedoch meist ohne die zerstörten kolonialen Bauten, so dass Caracas nur wenige dieser Zeitzeugen beherbergt. Die Kathedrale, eine fünfschiffige Basilika von 1614 mit einer Fassade von 1710 bis 1713, ist indes erhalten geblieben.

Caracas hatte im Jahr 1873 erst 60.010, im Jahr 1883 aber bereits 70.198 Einwohner. Die Industrie war damals noch nicht sehr entwickelt, allerdings gab es schon zahlreiche Bildungseinrichtungen. Eine 45 km lange Wasserleitung versorgte die Stadt. Bis 1904 stieg die Einwohnerzahl auf 90.000.

Ab 1930 bescherte der Ölrausch der Stadt eine Bevölkerungsexplosion.

Heute ist Caracas eine sehr gefährliche Stadt, die Kriminalitätsraten sind extrem hoch. Mit 120 Morden pro 100.000 Einwohnern jährlich (280-mal so viele wie in Österreich) weist Caracas die relativ zur Einwohnerzahl höchste Mordrate der Welt auf.

Am 1. September 2016 gingen in Caracas etwa eine Million regierungskritische Demonstranten auf die Straße und forderten die Absetzung des sozialistischen Präsidenten Nicolás Maduro. Dabei handelte es sich um die größte politische Kundgebung in Venezuela seit Jahrzehnten.

Wirtschaft
Caracas ist das Finanz- und Industriezentrum Venezuelas. Seine bedeutendsten Industriezweige sind die Textil-, Leder-, Maschinen-, Automobil- (z. B. MMC Automotriz) und die Metallindustrie. Die chemische Industrie, die Nahrungsmittelindustrie sowie das internationale Netz von Erdölraffinerien von "Petroleos de Venezuela" (PDVSA) spielen politisch und wirtschaftlich ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Caracas ist Sitz der einzigen Börse des Landes, der Bolsa de Valores de Caracas.

Laut der britischen Wochenzeitschrift The Economist war Caracas 2014 auf Platz 6 der teuersten Städte der Welt; so kostete zum Beispiel Brot rund 11 Dollar pro Kilogramm.

Bildungswesen

Universität
Die 1721 gegründete Zentrale Universität von Venezuela (Universidad Central) ist die größte Universität Venezuelas. Ihr Campus wurde vom Architekten Carlos Raúl Villanueva entworfen und beherbergt in 40 Gebäuden viele zeitgenössische Kunstwerke (u. a. von Alexander Calder, Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Jean Arp und Henri Laurens). Der Universitätscampus wurde im Jahr 2000 durch die UNESCO zum Welterbe erklärt.

Die Universidad Simón Bolívar, die am 18. Juli 1967 gegründet wurde, zählt über 13.000 Studenten. Ihr Campus hat eine Größe von 3.489.000 m².

Die Universidad Santa María ist die erste private Universität Venezuelas. Sie hat ihren Sitz in der Hauptstadt Caracas. Die Hochschule wurde auf Initiative von Lola Fuenmayor per Regierungserlass vom 13. Oktober 1953 gegründet.

Seit 2010 besteht die Universidad Nacional Experimental de la Gran Caracas.

Verkehr

Metro

Caracas verfügt über eine U-Bahn (Metro), die 1983 eröffnet wurde und aus vier Linien besteht. Zusätzlich gibt es die oberirdischen Linien von Metrobus (Busgesellschaft, die zusammen mit der U-Bahn arbeitet) sowie ein System von Seilbahnen (Metrocable; s. u.).

Das Metro-Liniennetz ist derzeit 54,1 Kilometer lang und besteht aus vier Linien mit 47 Stationen.

Über mehrere Jahrzehnte waren verschiedene Bahnmodelle als Beispiel und Inspiration für den Bau einer U-Bahn vorgeschlagen worden. Darunter befand sich auch ein Vorschlag, der die Wuppertaler Schwebebahn aufgriff. Die Konstruktion einer Schwebebahn über den wichtigsten Fluss von Caracas, den Rio Guaire, wurde jedoch verworfen.

Mit dem Bau der Metro wurde 1978 begonnen, die Linie 1 nahm 1983 den Betrieb auf einem ersten Streckenabschnitt auf und wurde bis 1989 fertiggestellt. 1987/88 folgte Linie 2, 1994 bis 2010 die Linie 3. Die Linie 4 wurde als Verlängerung der Linie 2 in ihrem aktuellen Streckenabschnitt von 2001 bis 2006 errichtet, eine Verlängerung nach Osten unter dem Namen Linie 5 ist in der Bauphase (Stand: 2016).

Eine Metrolinie verkehrt auch in die  Nachbarstadt Los Teques (Metro Los Teques).

Seilbahn

Zur Anbindung der in den bergigen Gegenden gelegenen Stadtvierteln an die Metro wurde 2010 die Metrocable Caracas eröffnet. Der weitere Ausbau mit einer Strecke von einem Kilometer verzögerte sich Anfang 2017 durch Venezuelas Zahlungsprobleme; der Hersteller Doppelmayr wollte nur noch gegen Vorkasse liefern.

Des Weiteren besteht seit 2013 eine Standseilbahn (Cabletren Bolivariano) mit drei Stationen.

Eisenbahn
Es existiert eine zweigleisige Regionaleisenbahnstrecke vom Endbahnhof La Rinconada über Charallave (Stationen Charallave Norte und Charallave Sur) nach Cúa.

Flughäfen
Der Flughafen Caracas nördlich der Stadt an der Küste in Maiquetía ist über eine etwa 20 km lange Autobahn, die den Ávila-Gebirgszug durchquert, mit dem Stadtzentrum verbunden.

Persönlichkeiten
1799 bereiste Alexander von Humboldt mit seinem Gefährten Aimé Bonpland Venezuela und besuchte dabei auch Caracas. Die erste dokumentierte Besteigung des 2250 m hohen Gipfels des Ávila wurde von ihnen unternommen. Dies ist heute der beliebteste Naherholungsort der Hauptstädter. Bei guter Sicht lohnt sich ein Ausflug in das riesige Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Teleférico (Seilbahn).

In den 1950er Jahren arbeitete der Schauspieler Bud Spencer bei einer Automobilfabrik in Caracas. 1959 verließ er die Stadt und kehrte nach Rom zurück.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt

Zu den Söhnen und Töchtern der Stadt Caracas gehören u. a. der Staatspräsident Venezuelas seit 2013 Nicolás Maduro (* 1962), Unabhängigkeitskämpfer Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), Schauspielerin Majandra Delfino (* 1981), Philosoph Andrés Bello (1781–1865), Tennisspielerin Garbiñe Muguruza (* 1993) und Miss Universe 2008, Dayana Mendoza (* 1986).

Personen mit Bezug zur Stadt
 Albert Fessler (1908–1978), deutscher Kunstmaler und Kunstpädagoge
Luisa Richter (1928–2015), deutsche Malerin
 Aldo Lagrutta (* 1962), venezolanischer Gitarrist italienischer Herkunft
 Antonio Ledezma (* 1955), Politiker und 2008–2015 Bürgermeister von Caracas
Raúl Baduel (1955–2021), Politiker und Militär

Museen und Theater

 Museo del Transporte Guillermo José Schael
 Museo del Teclado
 Museo Sacro de Caracas
 Museo de los Niños
 Museo de Ciencias Naturales
 Museo Histórico Militar
 Cinemateca Nacional
 Museo de Arte Colonial: Quinta de Anauco
 Galería de Arte Nacional
 Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Caracas (MACC)
 Museo Jacobo Borges
 Museo de Bellas Artes
 Museo Alejandro Otero
 Museo Arturo Michelena
 Museo Audiovisual
 Museo de la Estampa y el Diseño Carlos Cruz-Diez
 Museo de Arte Popular de Petare
 Museo Alejandro Otero
 Galería Contini
 Centro de Arte La Estancia
 Cuadra Bolivariana
 Casa natal del Libertador Simón Bolívar
 Museo Bolivariano
 Complejo Cultural Teresa Carreño
 Teatro Municipal
 Aula Magna (Zentrale Universität von Venezuela)
 Teatro Nacional
 Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos (CELARG)
 Poliedro de Caracas

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Im Gebirge, direkt an die Hauptstadt grenzend, befindet sich der Nationalpark El Ávila.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venezuela
Hauptstadt in Südamerika

Millionenstadt
Hochschul- oder Universitätsstadt
Stadt als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home / Dj Sets / Classics / Classic Techno
Jeff Mills Live Classic Detroit Techno DJ-Sets Compilation (1985 - 1999)
Media Discs & Portable USB Drive Options MP3-DVD MP3-CD
You will earn 9 points with this purchase
55 Live DJ-Sets + 52 Hours of Music
This Package is available or MP3-CD or MP3-DVD
You will receive all the DJ-Set's in this Compilation on a series of high quality MP3 Discs.
This DJ-Sets Package will play on any MP3-Compatible Disc or Blu-Ray Player, Games Console or your Computer.
1985 - 1986 JEFF MILLS THE WIZARD' CLASSIC TECHNO DJ SETS
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Roxanne Wars (1985) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Apr 1986) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (May 1986) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Jun 1986) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Dec 1986) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Jul 1986) – 45 Mins
1987 JEFF MILLS 'THE WIZARD' CLASSIC TECHNO DJ SETS
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Feb 1988) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Mar 1988) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (Mar 1989) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live On WJLB Detroit (1989) – 90 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Cherrymoon in NYC (11.11.94) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Rave City (03.09.94) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Slam Club in Germany (1995) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Submerge Party (1995) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live on Rave Satelite (1995) – 45 Mins
Jeff Mills A.K.A The Wizard - Live @ Hexagona in Burges (19.04.96) – 75 Mins
1997 JEFF MILLS CLASSIC TECHNO DJ SETS
Jeff Mills - Live @ Hexagona in Burges (19.04.97) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Huesca in Florida (10.05.97) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ MS Connexion in Mannheim (17.11.97) – 150 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live on Radio FG in Paris (03.12.97) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live in Miami, Florida, USA (06.06.98) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Atomic Jam in London (01.03.98) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Panoramix 1998 (08.08.98) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ The End in London (21.05.98) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Big Warp in Mannheim (29.08.98) – 30 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Cube in Napoli (18.04.98) – 90 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Distillery Leipcig (03.10.98) – 150 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Skyrock Radio in Paris, France (05.05.98) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live on Radio 1 Essential Mix (07.06.98) - 2 Hours
Jeff Mills - Live @ Sonar in Barcelona (20.06.98) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Itzela Oriatzun (13.08.98) – 45 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Big Warp in Mannheim (05.06.99) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Bambina in La Coruña, Spain (05.02.99) – 75 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ I Love Techno 1999, Belgium (01.07.99) - 30 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Innercity 1999, The Rai, Holland (11.12.99) - 30 Mins
Jeff Mills - Live @ Stammheim Kassel (13.02.99) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live on New Years Eve 2000 (31.12.99) - 75 Mins
Sven Vath & Jeff Mills - Live @ Omen 1999 (03.10.99) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Scene in Belgium (17.09.99) – 3 Hours
Jeff Mills - Live @ Ultraschall in Munich (1999) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Doornroosje Nijmegen in Holland (1999) – 1 Hour
Jeff Mills - Live @ Psychothrill in Koln (10.11.99) – 75 Mins
DJ BIO
Jeff Mills, along with Robert Hood, Carl Craig, and Joey Beltram, is one of the biggest American names in techno. Championed for his music's relentless pursuit of hardness and his stripped-down, almost industrial DJ sets, Mills is the latest in a long line of Detroit-bred talent to take on an international reputation. A founding member of noted Motor City institution Underground Resistance, Mills helped build the artist roster and label ideology (as well as much of its back catalog) with partners "Mad" Mike Banks and Robert "Noise" Hood before moving to New York in 1992 to pursue more vigorously his solo and DJ career (with a resident spot at the legendary Limelight and a recording contract with the noted German label Tresor). (Although rumors of bad blood between the early UR crew have been denied by all involved, Mills' decision to split was apparently total, with Banks all but repudiating his involvement with Mills and Mills distancing himself from the continuing political militancy of Banks and the UR organization.)
Mills' UR-related releases (including "The Punisher" and "Seawolf") are stripped-down and erratic, fusing elements of hardcore acid and industrial techno to the sparse Detroit aesthetic. Not surprisingly, his post-UR sound hasn't eased a bit, although UR's penchant for the four-track has been replaced by higher-quality production.
Prior to his involvement in UR, Mills was a DJ at Detroit public radio station WDET (he was also studying architecture at the time), spinning everything from Meat Beat Manifesto and Nine Inch Nails to Chicago house and underground Detroit techno. He began producing in the mid-'80s, working with Tony Srock on the project the Final Cut.
Mills met Banks through a local garage group Members of the House, who Banks was working with in the late '80s. Mills remixed a track on a Members 12-inch, and his and Banks' shared love for Chicago soul and the harder edge of Detroit techno blossomed into Underground Resistance as a combined business and creative enterprise. The pair, along with Robert Hood, recorded several EPs and singles together, including tracks such as "Waveform," and "Sonic," before Mills defected to New York in 1992 to pursue a residency at the Limelight club and a solo career recording for Tresor and his own label, Axis. Mills' discography includes two full-length volumes of Waveform Transmissions for Tresor, a live album and rarities collection for the British label React, and the first album in a new contract with Sony Japan, as well as a handful of 12-inch EPs on Axis and several collaborations with Robert Hood on his M-Plant label. In 2000, Mills took more memorable action by scoring a new soundtrack for Fritz Lang's 1926 film Metropolis, screened around the world at venues including the Museum of Music in Paris, London's Royal Albert Hall, and the Vienna International Film Festival.
Review for Jeff Mills Live Classic Detroit Techno DJ-Sets Compilation (1985 - 1999)


text:
DRCNet Library | Schaffer Library | Historical Research
NEW MEXICO MOVES TO BAN MARIJUANA
State Finds Many Children Are Addicted to Weed -- Narcotics Law Passed.
Special Correspondence, The New York Times, April 14, 1935
SANTA FE. -- With the passage of 151 new statutes, the twelfth assembly of the New Mexico Legislature adjourned sine die.
Comparatively free from political horseplay, the Legislature was particularly distinguished for its handling of some twenty measures that were sadly needed.
Among these was the enactment of a uniform narcotics law and a companion measure aimed at those dealing in marijuana. The latter, if strictly enforced, should stamp out the trade in this kind of hashish.
Marijuana and its use have been spreading rapidly in recent years. Not being classified as a narcotic, under the Federal laws, its control has been left to local officials, whose efforts have been generally impotent.


Thailand is full of opportunities, you can spend your time on a white-sand beach, snorkeling in the ocean or riding an elephant. Here is my TOP 5 what to do together with your partner in this amazing exotic peace of land.
It's so simple. You will find scooter renting houses on every corner in Thailand, especially in more touristic places. You can choose blue, pink, green, with or without stickers, bigger, smaller…We chose the middle one with Hello Kitty design. I was happy, my hubby was a bit less excited. But only until he started the engine.
You'll get two helmets and hopefully, full tank, and the keys. Pay 250-400 THB per day and explore the country in your own way. No preplanned itineraries, easy access with light scooter and wind in your hair! What a feeling!
You will need your bikini/or not, your partner and one boat to get you there from the land. When you're lucky and it's raining, swimming in that warm ocean surrounded by cliffs you will feel like pure happiness is falling from the sky.
Firstly, we were worried to visit elephant sanctuary and actually thinking about skupping this attraction, but than we found a nice place near Tiger cave close to Bangkok. Elephants seemed well fed and living in good conditions. We chat with the owner and after that we choosed the one. One hour on the back of the elephant walking in the jungle, trying not to fall off when it was tearing the leaves of the tree or refreshing itself in the lake. Amazing!
When you get board on the boat, first, find your place on the tip of the boat. Now, enjoy the speed and endless ocean view in front of you with small green islands around you.
Ranting a bicycle is as easy as renting a scooter. Only cheaper. We could explore Pattaya, popular hostorical place near Bangkok, with guided group or plan our trip by ourselves. People in hostel recommended us to take a train, get off at Pattaya station, book a bikeon the spot instead of traveling in a bus or renting a car. Go for it!


text:
#include <aws/athena/model/QueryExecutionStatistics.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/json/JsonSerializer.h>

#include <utility>

using namespace Aws::Utils::Json;
using namespace Aws::Utils;

namespace Aws
{
namespace Athena
{
namespace Model
{

QueryExecutionStatistics::QueryExecutionStatistics() :
    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillis(0),
    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_dataScannedInBytes(0),
    m_dataScannedInBytesHasBeenSet(false),
    m_dataManifestLocationHasBeenSet(false),
    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillis(0),
    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_queryQueueTimeInMillis(0),
    m_queryQueueTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillis(0),
    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillis(0),
    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false)
{
}

QueryExecutionStatistics::QueryExecutionStatistics(JsonView jsonValue) :
    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillis(0),
    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_dataScannedInBytes(0),
    m_dataScannedInBytesHasBeenSet(false),
    m_dataManifestLocationHasBeenSet(false),
    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillis(0),
    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_queryQueueTimeInMillis(0),
    m_queryQueueTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillis(0),
    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false),
    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillis(0),
    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillisHasBeenSet(false)
{
  *this = jsonValue;
}

QueryExecutionStatistics& QueryExecutionStatistics::operator =(JsonView jsonValue)
{
  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("EngineExecutionTimeInMillis"))
  {
    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillis = jsonValue.GetInt64("EngineExecutionTimeInMillis");

    m_engineExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("DataScannedInBytes"))
  {
    m_dataScannedInBytes = jsonValue.GetInt64("DataScannedInBytes");

    m_dataScannedInBytesHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("DataManifestLocation"))
  {
    m_dataManifestLocation = jsonValue.GetString("DataManifestLocation");

    m_dataManifestLocationHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("TotalExecutionTimeInMillis"))
  {
    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillis = jsonValue.GetInt64("TotalExecutionTimeInMillis");

    m_totalExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("QueryQueueTimeInMillis"))
  {
    m_queryQueueTimeInMillis = jsonValue.GetInt64("QueryQueueTimeInMillis");

    m_queryQueueTimeInMillisHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("QueryPlanningTimeInMillis"))
  {
    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillis = jsonValue.GetInt64("QueryPlanningTimeInMillis");

    m_queryPlanningTimeInMillisHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("ServiceProcessingTimeInMillis"))
  {
    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillis = jsonValue.GetInt64("ServiceProcessingTimeInMillis");

    m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillisHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  return *this;
}

JsonValue QueryExecutionStatistics::Jsonize() const
{
  JsonValue payload;

  if(m_engineExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("EngineExecutionTimeInMillis", m_engineExecutionTimeInMillis);

  }

  if(m_dataScannedInBytesHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("DataScannedInBytes", m_dataScannedInBytes);

  }

  if(m_dataManifestLocationHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithString("DataManifestLocation", m_dataManifestLocation);

  }

  if(m_totalExecutionTimeInMillisHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("TotalExecutionTimeInMillis", m_totalExecutionTimeInMillis);

  }

  if(m_queryQueueTimeInMillisHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("QueryQueueTimeInMillis", m_queryQueueTimeInMillis);

  }

  if(m_queryPlanningTimeInMillisHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("QueryPlanningTimeInMillis", m_queryPlanningTimeInMillis);

  }

  if(m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillisHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInt64("ServiceProcessingTimeInMillis", m_serviceProcessingTimeInMillis);

  }

  return payload;
}

} // namespace Model
} // namespace Athena
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Secularism and the Challenges to our Cultural practices in the name of Secularism– Elaborated
December 20, 2022 June 29, 2020 by Satyen
When we talk about Challenges to our Cultural practices in the name of Secularism, we should first know about "what does Secularism mean? and, what are its principles?". Secularism can be defined as Separation of religious institutions from state institutions and a public sphere where religion may participate, but can not dominate.
Secularism is also about Freedom to practice one's faith or belief without harming others' or to change it or not have one according to one's own conscience. Ideology of secularism basically works on the principle of equality so that our religious beliefs or lack of them doesn't put any of us at an advantage or a disadvantage.
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This whole topic can't be wound up with such a small discussion, so the team Career101.in has tried diving into the issue as to how the Secularism poses challenges in professing your cultural practices.
What is Secularism and How Did It Evolve?
Secularism can be defined in different ways, it depends upon the perspective, experience and condition/state of an individual but simply we can define secularism as the Separation of religious institutions from state institutions and a public sphere where religion may participate, but not dominate OR Freedom to practice one's faith or belief without harming others, or to change it or not have one, according to one's own conscience.
To establish secularism in any state or region, the separation of religion and state works as foundation of secularism. Just because it ensures that religious groups don't interfere in affairs of state, and the state doesn't interfere in religious affairs. But not every secular country follows the same principle, such as India because India's secularism does not separate religion and state, it partially separates religion and state. A glimpse that support the above statement can be seen below.
The Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation with the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976. Modern India has always been inspired by secularism. But, when we compare India with Western countries, in practice, India's secularism does not separate religion and state, unlike secularism of Western nations. The Indian Constitution has allowed extensive interference of the state in religious affairs.
Indian Secularism vs Secularism of Western
India does not separate religion and state completely, it separates partially. For example, it does not have an official state religion and state-owned educational institutions cannot impart religious instructions. When we talk about the of law in modern India, there is unequal applicable code of law.
And India's personal laws varies with an individual's religion on matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, alimony etc. Hindu, Christian and Sikh Indians live under common law (follow common law) while Muslim Indians have Sharia-based Muslim Personal Law.
Partial financial support is permitted by the Indian Constitution for religious schools, as well as the financing of religious buildings and infrastructure by the state. The Indian government administers and manages the Islamic Central Wakf Council and many Hindu temples of great religious significance .
Acceptability of child marriage, polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, extra judicial unilateral divorce rights favorable to some males, and conflicting interpretations of religious books has created a number of issues in India due to attempting to respect unequal, religious law.
Western practice of secularism has a great difference when compared to Secularism as practiced in India which is a controversial topic in India. Individuals who Support Indian concept of secularism claim it respects for "minorities and pluralism". But individuals who Criticize the Indian form of secularism claim it as "pseudo-secularism".
It is stated by the Supporters that majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals would be imposed on any attempt to introduce a uniform civil code, that is equal laws for every citizen irrespective of his or her religion. People who criticize India's practice of Secularism, state that, acceptance of Sharia and religious laws by India violates the principle of Equality before the law.
This is all about secularism on the basis of religions but secularism is not only about making a state free from religious interference. It works on various ways as mentioned below.
What are the Different Ways Secularism Works on?
On closely observing the ideology of secularism, you will get to see that there are certain ways the Secularism works on.
Secularism ensures protection for both believers and non-believers
Protection for freedom of religious belief and practice for all citizens is granted by secularism. One who follows the concept of Secularism, wants freedoms of thought and conscience equally to all whether they are believers or non-believers. They do not wish to curtail religious freedoms.
It seeks to defend Religious Freedom
It is the duty of Secularism to ensure the absolute freedom to all religious belief, and protect the right to manifest religious belief insofar as it does not impinge on the rights and freedoms of others. The right of individuals for freedom of religion is always balanced by the right to be free from religion and it,s always ensured by the secularism.
Secularism is about Democracy and Fairness
All citizens are equal before the law and parliament in state of secular democracy. Religious believers are citizens with the same rights and obligations as anyone else. So, political organization or religious does not give any advantages or disadvantages to a particular religion.
Secularism considers human rights as universal and no religious demands is above. Secularism upholds the laws of equality that ensures protection of LGBT people minorities and women from religious discrimination. These equality laws ensure that non-believers have the same rights as those who identify with a religious or philosophical belief.
It ensures Equal access to public services
Every citizen use hospitals, schools, the police and the services of local authorities. So, it is essential to ensure that these public services are secular at the point of use or not that no-one could disadvantaged or denied access on grounds of religious belief (or non-belief).
Every school which is managed/administered by government should be non-religious in character, so that the children being educated together could be regardless of their parents' religion. When a public body grants a contract for the provision of services to an organization affiliated to a particular religion or belief, such services must be delivered neutrally, with no attempt to promote the ideas of that faith group.
Secularism is not about being atheist
Atheism is a lack of belief in gods and being atheist doesn't make you secular. Secularism simply provides a framework for a democratic society, it has nothing to do with atheism. Atheists have an obvious interest in supporting secularism because it ensures equality for every religion/faith.
And, being atheist mean every religion belief is equal as nothing for him, but secularism itself does not scrutinize to challenge the principle of any particular religion or belief, neither does it seek to impose atheism on anyone.
Secularism is simply a framework(create a framework) for ensuring equality throughout society such as, in politics, education, the law and elsewhere for both believers and non-believers.
It ensures protection to free speech and expression
Everyone with any religious belief/ faith has the right to express their beliefs publicly. Religious beliefs, ideas and organizations must not enjoy privileged protection from the right to freedom of expression. In a democracy, all ideas and beliefs must be open to discussion. Individuals have rights; ideas do not.
How does Secularism Pose Challenges to our Cultural practices?
Great Changes taking place in the cultural value of India due to secular values spawn into everyday practices of the Indian citizens. These values not only Change personal lifestyles but also social lifestyle. So, let's see the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of Secularism.
It affects family values
Respecting elders, belief in stronger marital ties, maintaining family bonds etc are the values to keep on focus by Indian traditional family. But due to Secular beliefs, these values had been undermined by considering them as medieval and backward. And thought of being secular has created a sense of illusion in mind of new generation regarding these values.
Thus, all we can observe from the above arguments is that, following cultural practices are considered to be against Indian secularism, which is highly untrue. Instead Indian values provide space for existence of all kinds of practices and beliefs, without discrimination.
It affects food culture
Different religion have different food culture, so, hurting religious feelings of one particular group in the name of secular credentials is highly unwarranted. And it can be in the form of consuming foods just to prove a point. This can also trigger conflicts between religious groups.
Obstruction in mode of Worshiping
India is a Country with great diversity where highly diverse society & multiple religions co-exist along with different and unique modes of worship. Every religion have different cultural practices which can hurt the sentiments of one-another but, being secular does not mean stopping of cultural/festive practices, instead it must be freedom to practice any mode of worship without any fears. And it is of the major challenges posed by Secularism
Challenges by Secularism also Includes Festivities Barricading
One who follow the concept of secularism think that festive practices are medieval and backward. That is why many secular forces have been trying to undermine religious practices especially festive ones citing it to be against secular spirit of India. Due to such forces, ancient festivities that hold great cultural significance are slowly being eroded.
Thus, it is but obvious that Challenges by Secularism are many that get in the way of our cultural practices. Sometimes by impacting family values, at other times by food culture, yet other time by sanctions at festivals.
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Freida Pinto- Actress in the Film Slumdog Millionaire- Personal Life, Movies, Husband, Networth & Career- Wiki Bio
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Volunteers answer phones and help with communication materials. Our group fills in when staff is out of the office, and just generally keeps things going for us. We love our voulunteers who serve faithfully.
We also offer Holy Communion to homebound members on the first Sunday of the month. Our corps of volunteers serve Communion to those wishing to receive the elements in their home. They also offer prayers and companionship.
If you feel God is calling you to serve in this capacity, please contact Katie at the church office (956) 423-6156.


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Katarzyna Jachimowska – polska językoznawczyni. Zajmuje się problematyką współczesnej polszczyzny oraz zaburzeniami mowy i komunikacji.

Życiorys
24 października 1997 obroniła pracę doktorską Tekst jako element komunikatu telewizyjnego. 11 kwietnia 2014 uzyskała stopień doktora habilitowanego.

Prowadzi zajęcia na kierunku filologia polska, logopedia oraz logopedia z audiologią. Współtworzyła podręcznik Kreatywność językowa w reklamie. Jest autorką artykułów naukowych z zakresu genologii lingwistycznej, pragmalingwistyki, socjolingwistyki, stylistyki oraz różnych aspektów funkcjonowania osób z zaburzeniami słuchu.

W 2018 roku została przewodniczącą Łódzkiego Oddziału Towarzystwa Miłośników Języka Polskiego. Jest także członkiem zespołu Poradni Językowej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.

Publikacje
 2012: Niesłyszący wśród znaczeń wyrazów i związków wyrazowych
 2012: Niesłyszący w nowych mediach
 2012: Komunikacyjne aspekty wybranych aktów i gatunków mowy realizowanych w tekstach osób niesłyszących

Przypisy

Polscy językoznawcy
Polscy poloniści
Polscy normatywiści
Wykładowcy Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Urodzeni w XX wieku


Alison Roman - a writer, cook, and author of the delightful guidebook to highly cookable food, Dining In. You know, the book with the insta-famous cookies? Here at pineapple, we've gotten to know Alison over the course of a pineapple DC event & episode of pineapple radio (check it out here & subscribe here), and we're smitten by her energy, mission to take the pressure away from cooking, and totally warm personality. She's also funny- really funny! And her kitchen is a microcosm of her POV on food and personal style - it's down-to-earth and imperfectly perfect.
"My food style and kitchen style are fortunately very different haha. My kitchen style is a little less focused- I'm really just working with what I have, which is not much space or storage, so things just kind of have to work. I prefer the open shelving because if it's hidden, I'll never find anything/will forget it's there. My food style I guess, in a way, is equally eclectic and relaxed. I'd like to think my food sits perfectly in the center of the venn diagram that is beautiful and unfussy.
Unless you're one of those types who only drinks Soylent, food is universally loved and almost always brings joy. You can say that about very few things.
I shop for food manically, impulsively and without reason! I hate lists, even though I try to make them occasionally, but my favorite kind of grocery or farmers market shopping is to let myself be inspired by what I see. I also always try to buy one new thing if I'm at the farmers market or a specialty food store. Keeps things interesting.
It's hard when you're ALWAYS in the kitchen. I'd say I find inspiration in the kitchen when I'm out of the kitchen. Restaurants, traveling, weird grocery stores, dinner at friends' places (although even then it's highly likely I'm doing the cooking haha).


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6. Infrastructure / Railway Construction (12)
8. Transport IT - Transport management / Data processing / Information / Communication (6)
7. Public Transport / Fixed structures (4)
4. Service for vehicles (1)
5. Interiors (1)
Railway Technology (24)
Railway Infrastructure (12)
Public Transport (11)
World Premiere (7)
Career Point (1)
Travel Catering & Comfort Services Route (1)
Korea, the Republic of (9)
Postal code - Area
Apacer Technology B.V.
Hall 7.1b 303
Apacer Technology Inc. offers a wide range of industrial SSD, digital consumer products and memory modules. Together with its broad R&D, design, manufacturing, and marketing strengths, it has become a leading global manufacturer in the industry. Since its establishment, Apacer has always followed its promise, "Access the best," to produce reliable, innovative products and services. Apacer supplies customers with high performance, reliable, high value memory modules and flash memory via a marketi…
Biobe AS
Hall 23 106
Biobe - a supplier to the rail industry over several decades.Biobe has manufactured various types of insulators, pads and other components for about 40 years. Biobe AS develops and manufactures products in thermoplastic and thermoset materials. The processes include injection molding, sheet molding compound (SMC) pressing and resin transfer molding (RTM). Over the years, there has been a big development in rail fastening systems and components. Quicker and heavier trains demand new solutions.Th…
BTE Nederland B.V.
The BTE Group (Bouw Toeleveringsindustrie Europa) consists of eight precast concrete companies and one concrete technology centre, each with their own specialities. Thanks to this diversity, BTE is active in 95% of all construction sectors in Western Europe. This is our power of combination. Yet, that is not all – this power includes so much more. For instance, the aspect of knowledge is vital for our organisation; in fact, it drives it. Thanks to mutual inspiration, development of knowledge and…
Derby Rubber Products (Europe) B.V.
Hall 5.2 526
Derby Rubber is the world leader in designing and manufacturing high-performance ballast regulator broom elements that leave the competition in its tracks. Our large range of specially developed Hollow and Solid Ballastick® broom elements and brushes have a proven performance history in the toughest of conditions. Our competence in rubber technology coupled with an innovative one-piece design delivers superior durability and sweeping performance. It is quite normal for Derby Rubber Ballastick®…
Dual Inventive Holding B.V.
Dual Inventive strongly believes in the further development and utilisation of the 'railway system' as a sustainable and attractive transportation mode in the future. Dual Inventive develops and produces technology products that serve to make the railway infrastructure safer and more efficient, to maximize rail capacity, and to improve the reliability of the railway infrastructure. Our conviction Everything becomes wireless - Ubiquitous Rail The development of internet technology is going at …
edilon)(sedra b.v.
edilon)(sedra develops, manufactures and markets innovative, highly durable track systems for train, tram, metro and crane tracks. edilon)(sedra is internationally active and is represented in almost every European country, Australasia, the Middle East, the Far East and North America. The combination of expertise and know-how has given rise to a solid, enterprising and dynamic organisation. We add value to your project through: • design, development, supply and installation of rail fastening so…
Eurailscout Inspection & Analysis B.V.
Outdoor Display 2/206
We measure and analyze rail infra assets to the client's standards, interpreting data and supplying accurate information for the monitoring and maintenance of rail networks. We deliver measurement data to any kind of database for further analysis. For example to Irissys® where our data can be visualized, combined and analyzed.
Evans Consoles B.V.
Control desk station of the future: Response NEXTGen Evans Consoles is the world's largest manufacturer of consoles and the biggest supplier of control room solutions across all industries. Production is located in Canada, China and the Netherlands. At InnoTrans, the control station of the future "Response NextGen " will be presented for the first time to our customers in the railway sector. Response NEXTGen has been specially developed for requirements that are mainly found in the DB Netz…
Exalto Wiper Technologies B.V.
Hall 7.2c 210
For many years EXALTO has been a successful provider of wiper systems for a variety of train models. In cooperation with customers and institutes Exalto has developed many systems that are in operation around the world, providing services in a variety of climates and under severe circumstances. Durable systems, highest quality, safe products.
Lankhorst Engineered Products B.V.
KLP® Hybrid Polymer Sleepers are a sustainable and maintenance free alternative for wooden or concrete sleepers, turnout sleepers and bridge sleepers. The sleeper is manufactured from a high quality, ductile polymer with steel bars encased, which provides both high strength & high impact resistance properties as well as excellent damping characteristics. The expected lifespan of the sleepers is more than 50 years, thus representing a good investment with low Life Cycle Costs. KLP® Hybrid Polymer…
PMF Steel Poles (Stahlmasten)
The PMF Company PMF is specialized in the production of custom made steel poles. These poles are mainly used for overhead contact systems [OCS], street and highway lighting, traffic signaling, road signing, travel information and camera observation systems. The poles are manufactured with the following shapes: cylindrical stepped, cylindrical, conical, octagonal, cylindrical-conical, squared, triangular, ribbled and with special shaped tubes. From our two factories in The Netherlands, the pole…
RailApp
Hall 11.1 112
Companies within the rail sector value the power of working together. For this to work efficiently, they use RailApp. RailApp enables and stimulates the highly efficient cooperation between rail companies in their exchange of capacity, from excess to shortfall, of personnel and other key resources, fully compliant with safety policies. As a web and mobile enabled platform, RailApp helps rail related companies. From initial request for capacity to execution including the administrative …


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The Space Marathon or Space Carnival Marathon (Russian: Космический марафон) is one of the oldest running marathon footraces in Russia. Held continually from 1977 to 2019, the marathon takes place in Korolyov, Russia, (formerly named Kaliningrad), the city 17 miles north of Moscow known for its rocket engine development and engineering for space exploration.

History
The first Space Marathons took place at the forefront of the running boom, when marathoning was just becoming a viable competitive sport due to race sponsorships and the reforming of the amateur athlete regulations. The race grew from a small obscure event in the science-based city to become one of the largest in the Soviet Union—by 1982, more than 1,000 runners participated.

Now an event with other smaller races, it has struggled to compete with the larger and more international Moscow Marathon. Still, the Space Marathon was responsible for a few breakthroughs in Russian racing: It was the first to allow women and children to compete.

Results
The 2019 race was won by Alexandrovich Kuftyrev Artem in 2:27:58. Irina Shevchenko won for the women in 2:56:29. A total of 144 finished.

The 2021 race was won by Vitaly Loginov in 2:29:34. Olga Krutenyuk won for the women in 2:52:37. A total of 74 runners finished.

References

External links
spacemarathon.ru - official website of the Space Marathon
Sport Express review of the best marathons in Russia

Recurring sporting events established in 1977
Annual sporting events in Russia
Marathons in Russia


Looking for an instant stunner with as minimal effort as possible? Look no further than the Maxine dress. This full length maxi dress with a high neckline beautifully evokes daytime glamour. Pair her with a straw tote and your favorite sandals for a trip to the farmers market, or glitz her up with jewelry and heels for a night out. Whatever look you go for, you're just one dress away from making it happen. Let Maxine do the work for you this summer.


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Donald Trump's Plan For His First 100 Days in Office Is an Actual Nightmare
Filed to: Our Long National NightmareFiled to: Our Long National Nightmare
Our Long National Nightmare
1.2K49
Image: AP
For the duration of this seemingly-interminable campaign, Donald Trump has been quietly laying the groundwork for the damage he would enact if he was elected President. As that terrible fever dream is now a reality, he has released his plan for his first 100 days in office and it's just as bad as we all thought it would be.
NPR reports that the plan focuses on three major areas familiar to those paying attention to his campaign: cleaning up Washington via term limits in Congress; addressing the needs of the American worker; and implementing an astonishingly xenophobic plan to restore the rule of law via the immediate removal of undocumented immigrants and an "extreme vetting" system for those who wish to seek refuge in this country.
Also included in his plan is a clear path to repealing Obamacare and legislation that would make his dream of building a fucking wall at the border of Mexico and the United States a reality. For what it's worth, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has already expressed his disapproval of a few of Trump's plans, including term limits, saying "It will not be on the agenda in the Senate...I would say we have term limits now — they're called elections."
As for the rest of the dreck, McConnell feels strongly about repealing Obamacare and tax reform, as well as securing the borders "in whatever way is the most effective." Really great news all around.
The plan reads like the late-night rantings of a frustrated, impotent man with little to no understanding of how the government actually works. In short, it is sadly what one would expect from Donald Trump. Read the plan in its entirety here.
Managing Editor, Jezebel
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Q: How can I change size of UINavigationItem's leftBarButtonItem I want to change the size of leftBarButtonItem.If I go with custom barButtonItem then I would not get the sign of previous on that button.

Here I got success to make small text via setting following code in didFinishLaunchingWithOptions method.
[[UIBarButtonItem appearanceWhenContainedIn:[UINavigationBar class], nil] setTitleTextAttributes:
     @{NSFontAttributeName:[UIFont systemFontOfSize:12.0]} forState:UIControlStateNormal];

But sign of previous is not changing.

Is there any way (other-than set image) to make small that sign?
I have also tried to change scale of that leftBarButtonItem but there is not method available to do so.

A: UIView *viewLeftSide = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 30.0)];
viewLeftSide.userInteractionEnabled = YES;

UIButton *btn1 = [[UIButton alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0, 5.0, 20.0, 20.0)];
[btn1 setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"img1"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
[btn1 addTarget:self action:@selector(sel1) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
[viewLeftSide addSubview:btn1];

UIButton *btn = [[UIButton alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(50.0, 5.0, 20.0, 20.0)];
[btn2 setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"img2"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
[btn2 addTarget:self action:@selector(sel2) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
[viewLeftSide addSubview:btn2];

UIBarButtonItem *leftBarItem = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc] initWithCustomView:viewLeftSide];

self.tabBarController.navigationItem.leftBarButtonItem = leftBarItem;

A:  UIBarButtonItem* backButton = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc]initWithTitle:@"Back" style:UIBarButtonItemStylePlain target:self action:@selector(barButtonBackPressed:)];

UIImage *backImage = [UIImage imageNamed:@"backarrow11.png"];
UIButton *back = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];
back.bounds = CGRectMake( 0, 0, 17, 17);
[back setImage:backImage forState:UIControlStateNormal];
[back addTarget:self action:@selector(barButtonBackPressed:)forControlEvents: UIControlEventTouchUpInside];

UIBarButtonItem *barBtn2 = [[UIBarButtonItem alloc] initWithCustomView:back];
self.navigationItem.leftBarButtonItems=[NSArray arrayWithObjects:barBtn2,backButton, nil];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Abbotts sold my house in 10 days, it's perfectly clear I made the right choice.
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Abbotts is a trading name of Countrywide Estate Agents. Registered Office: Greenwood House, 1st Floor, 91-99 New London Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 0PP. Registered in England Number 00789476. Abbotts is a trading name of Countrywide Residential Lettings Limited, Registered Office: Greenwood House, 1st Floor, 91-99 New London Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 0PP. Registered in England Number 02995024 which is an agent and subsidiary of Countrywide Estate Agents, Registered Office: Greenwood House, 1st Floor, 91-99 New London Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 0PP. Registered in England Number 00789476. Countrywide Residential Lettings Limited is regulated by RICS. Countrywide Estate Agents is an appointed representative of Countrywide Principal Services Limited which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.


The 2018 Super Rugby tournament kicks off this weekend and unlike in 2016 and 2017 seasons which had 18 teams the 2018 season will be contested by 15 teams.
The Western Force, Southern Kings and the Cheetahs have all been removed and instead of the four confusing conferences there are three conferences.
The Sunwolves have joined the Australian Super Rugby Conference and the Jaguares have joined the South African Conference.
Here we list the squads of all 15 Super Rugby teams for 2018.
Robbie Abel,Allan Alaalatoa, Ben Alexander, Richie Arnold, Rory Arnold, Sam Carter, Tom Cusack, Blake Enever, Mees Erasmus, Folau Fainga'a, Lolo Fakaosilea, Ben Hyne, Leslie Leulua'iali'i-Makin, Josh Mann-Rea, Nic Mayhew, Lachlan McCaffrey, Isi Naisarani, David Pocock, Scott Sio, Faalelei Sione, Darcy Swain, Rob Valetini, Tom Banks, James Dargaville, Kyle Godwin, Mack Hansen, Wharenui Hawera, Jordan Jackson-Hope, Tevita Kuridrani, Christian Lealiifano, Ryan Lonergan, Matt Lucas, Andrew Muirhead, Chance Peni, Joe Powell ,Andrew Smith, Henry Speight, Lausii Taliauli, James Verity-Amm.
Sef Fa'agase, Harry Hoopert, James Slipper, JP Smith, Taniela Tupou, Markus Vanzati, Alex Mafi, Andrew Ready, Brandon Paenga-Amosa, Angus Blyth, Kane Douglas, Harry Hockings, Izack Rodda, Lukhan Tui, Michael Gunn, Reece Hewat, Scott Higginbotham, Adam Korczyk, Angus Scott-Young, George Smith, Caleb Timu, Liam Wright, Tate McDermott, Moses Sorovi,James Tuttle, Hamish Stewart, Chris Feauai-Sautia, Samu Kerevi, Duncan Paia'aua, Filipo Daugunu, Karmichael Hunt, Lachlan Maranta, Eto Nabuli, Izaia Perese.
Warrick Gelant, Duncan Matthews, Travis Ismaiel, Jamba Ulengo, Jade Stighling, Divan Rossouw , Burger Odendaal, JT Jackson, Francois Brummer, Jesse Kriel, Johnny Kotze ,Handre Pollard, Marnitz Boshoff, Manie Libbok ,Ivan van Zyl, Andre Warner, Embrose Papier ,Roelof Smit, Ruan Steenkamp, Hendre Stassen, Hanro Liebenberg, Jannes Kirsten, Nic de Jager, Tim Agaba , Jason Jenkins, Ruben van Heerden, RG Snyman, Lood de Jager, Aston Fortuin ,Pierre Schoeman, Conraad van Vuuren, Frans van Wyk, Matthys Basson, Lizo Gqoboka, Trevor Nyakane. Jaco Visagie, Adriaan Strauss, Edgar Marutlulle.
Jacobie Adriaanse, Cyle Brink, Robbie Coetzee, Andries Coetzee, Ruan Combrinck, Ross Cronjé, Ashlon Davids, Hacjivah Dayimani, Ruan Dreyer, Aphiwe Dyanti, Willie Engelbrecht, Lourens Erasmus, Andries Ferreira, Corne Fourie, Rhyno Herbst, Rohan Janse van Rensburg, Marco Jansen van Vuren, Elton Jantjies, Johannes Jonker, Jaco Kriel, Robert Kruger, Sylvian Mahuza, Lionel Mapoe, Malcolm Marx, Len Massyn, Christiaan Meyer, Howard Mnisi, Franco Mostert, Marvin Orie, Shaun Reynolds, Marnus Schoeman, Sti Sithole, Courtnall Skosan, Dillon Smith, Kwagga Smith, Dylan Smith, Madosh Tambwe, Jacques van Rooyen, Harold Vorster, Warren Whiteley (c).
Juarno Augustus, Craig Barry, Nizaam Carr, Jaco Coetzee, Damian de Allende, Jan de Klerk, Paul de Wet, Stephan de Wit, Dan du Plessis, Jean-Luc du Plessis, Johan du Toit, Pieter-Steph du Toit, Dewaldt Duvenage, JJ Engelbrecht, Eben Etzebeth, Neethling Fouche, JC Janse van Rensberg, Steven Kitshoff, Siya Kolisi (captain), Dan Kriel, Dillyn Leyds, Wilco Louw, Frans Malherbe, SP Marais, Bongi Mbonambi, Salmaan Moerat, Dean Muir, Sikhumbuzo Notshe, Scarra Ntubeni, Caylib Oosthuizen, Sergeal Petersen, Justin Phillips, Raymond Rhule, Carlu Sadie, Ramone Samuels, JD Schickerling, Seabelo Senatla, Joshua Stander, Kobus van Dyk, Chris van Zyl, Alistair Vermaak, Jano Vermaak, EW Viljoen, George Whitehead, Cobus Wiese, Damian Willemse, Eddie Zandberg.


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Leblanc crowned Junior Open champion
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Kevin Leblanc overcame tough conditions and late challenges to land the biggest win of his young career after the Ireland international was crowned 2014 Junior Open champion at West Lancashire Golf Club.
Junior Open Winner 2014
The 15-year-old became only the second Irish player to land the prestigious title after Cian McNamara at Royal Musselburgh in 2002. It was a composed performance as sporadic downpours and a constant breeze tested the mettle of all the players in the closing stages.
In the end Leblanc signed for a two-over 74 for a five-over-par total of 221, one shot ahead of Italy's Teodoro Soldati and Diane Baillieux from Belgium, who both carded 76's in the final round.
"I couldn't be any happier at the moment," said Leblanc in his typically understated manner. "It has been a fantastic week, a well-run tournament and a great one for me personally. It is definitely my biggest achievement so far."
Soldati and Baillieux had shared a one stroke overnight lead on two-over-par heading into the final round with Leblanc a shot behind in a tie for third. It was Soldati's compatriot Angelica Moresco who raced into the early lead after picking up two birdies in her opening five holes. However the 15-year-old fell away in the latter stages and a 78 left her tied seventh.
Playing in the penultimate group, Leblanc reached the turn in one-over-par 37 before torrential rain became a real factor. After making bogey on the par-three 17th he stood on the 18th tee five-over-par for the tournament. He split the fairway with his tee shot and his approach finished 15-feet from the hole. He missed the birdie attempt but secured par and had to wait to see how things would unfold in the final group.
Soldati needed a par at 18 to tie but a pulled tee shot meant his approach flew the green into a seemingly impossible lie. The 14-year-old played a deft pitch to 20-feet but missed the crucial par putt.
At the same time Baillieux needed a birdie to force a play-off. The 16-year-old played her approach to 12-feet but missed the birdie and Leblanc was confirmed as the new champion. It was welcome relief to The Island Golf Club's new champion – and also to his dad Hugh who was a bundle of nerves throughout.
"I hit a lot of good shots today. My gameplan is simple – for any competition – hit as many greens and fairways as possible. If I hole the putts I have a good chance of winning.
"Being from The Island you figure out pretty quickly what you need to do in these conditions and the courses are very similar," said Leblanc, who came straight to West Lancashire from competing in the European Boys' Championship in Norway.
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Your comprehensive resource of the Rules of Golf, Player's Edition, Definitions, Interpretations, Committee Procedures and Rules for Players with Disabilities.
Whether you want to learn the basics or need to understand the finer details of the Decisions, discover more about the Rules of Golf via The R&A's publications and The R&A's formal three-tier education programme.
Running a Competition
The Running a Competition section of the explorer is a vital resource for Committees running golf competitions.


Take a day trip from Dublin to tour Giant's Causeway. This natural wonder and World Heritage site is an interlocking formation of 40,000 basalt columns rising from the sea as a result of volcanic eruptions years ago. On this guided tour, you can climb the "causeway," cross a rope bridge, walk along the northern shore, and explore Dunluce Castle.
Your journey begins once you are picked up from Dublin in a comfortable coach. The drive takes you along the eastern coastline. Enjoy the beautiful views of while learning about Ireland's turbulent history.
Then continue on to Carrick, home of the old rope bridge. Enjoy an hour walk to the start of the bridge with spectacular views only visible on this route. As you cross the bridge, you will be surrounded by the natural beauty of the Mull of Kintyre and Rathlin Island. After the old rope bridge, you will have the opportunity to break for lunch at a local village or you can choose to pack your own lunch.
After your lunch break, you will head to Giant's Causeway. The walk on the cliffs of Giant's Causeway is optional, but it is recommended for an optimal view of the water, not to mention the excitement of walking along a UNESCO site and one of Ireland's Seven Wonders. Be sure to explore the surrounding area for the basalt formations known as "The Giant's Boot," "The Honeycomb," and "Camel's Hump."
After the bridge crossing, you will get back on board the provided bus and head out to Belfast City where you will have some time to explore sites such as the Crown pub and City Hall before heading back to Dublin. This day trip is full of excitement and once in a lifetime experiences, so get your cameras ready and join the adventure.
Please Note: Multi-lingual apps are available for this tour, featuring maps, in-depth guides, and voice-overs in English, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. A smartphone is required.
We recommend wearing casual, comfortable clothing and shoes. Rain gear is also suggested.
Participants must be able to get on and off a bus.


The Malheur County Sheriff's Department will be hosting its 11th annual Family Fun Shoot & BBQ fundraiser this Saturday at the Snake River Shooting Complex in Vale. There will be three courses at the event where shooters can use either a 50-round pistol, a .22 rifle or a center-fire rifle. Registration for the event starts at 8 a.m. and shooting at 9 a.m.
VALE – The Malheur County Sheriff's Department will host its 11th annual Family Fun Shoot & BBQ fundraiser on Saturday at the Snake River Shooting Complex in Vale.
There will be three courses at the event where shooters can use either a 50-round pistol, a .22 rifle or a center-fire rifle. The first station is $15 per person and $10 for each additional station. Registration starts at 8 a.m. and shooting at 9 a.m. Top shooters in each age category will get prizes.
The Sheriff's office will also raffle off two firearms – a Bergara B-14 Hunter and Vortex Viper HS 4-16x44. Raffle tickets are $20 and can be purchased at the event or through deputies. The proceeds of the family shoot will benefit the Sheriff's Emergency Response Team, to buy new communications equipment.
Frank Yraguen of Vale will present at program about the Vale Murals at this Thursday's meeting of the Malheur Country Historical Society. The group meets at noon in the Weese Building, Room 110, at Treasure Valley Community College in Ontario.
The Vale Senior Center holds its monthly dance on the third Saturday, April 20, featuring the Town & Country Band. There is a potluck meal and music from 6 to 9 p.m.
The center, at 100 Longfellow St. S., also offers cards and other activities throughout the week.
The Vale Alumni Association will meet at 5:30 p.m. Monday, April 22, in the Vale Emma Humphreys Library conference room.
The Vale Oregon Irrigation District board will meet at 1 p.m. this Thursday at 521 A St. W. On the agenda: manager's report, water report and any other district business that may come before the Board.


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Carla Jade
Events may return in full by June 21st: New GOV Events Research programme confirmed to begin April!
So what are these new research pilot programmes and what does it mean for the return of events in the UK?
Well to start off if the pilots are successful, "up to 10,000 people will be allowed in stadiums for sporting events, but not before 17th May" says PM.
The pilot events will start in April in England with the Prime Minister going on say "Over the spring the Government will run a scientific Events Research Programme,"
"This will include a series of pilots using enhanced testing approaches and other measures to run events with larger crowd sizes and reduced social distancing to evaluate the outcomes. The pilots will start in April.
"The Government will bring the findings from across different sectors and different settings to determine a consistent approach to lifting restrictions on these events. Depending on the outcome of this work, the Government hopes to be able to lift restrictions on these events and sectors as part of Step 4."
Covid-19 lockdown restrictions update:
Up to 10,000 fans could return to stadiums by mid-May
Leisure centres, gyms and swimming pools can open from 12 April.
After June 21, the government hopes to lift all restrictions on social contact, with large events and performances finally allowed in full.
On February 22nd Prime Minister Boris Johnson also announced his plan to lift coronavirus restrictions setting out a four-step roadmap the country will need to go through to get "back to normal" Pictured below.
4 Step road map
Image Source: https://www.gov.uk/
Our Event Staff can't wait to be back and see the safe return of hospitality and events in the UK. To catch up with Finesse and all our BTS from events make sure you follow us on our Socials below!
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The Best Events, Trade Fairs, Conferences to visit 2021!
The Best Events, Trade Fairs, Conferences to visit in the UK!