text:
Primate sex crime?
October 13, 2014 10:42 AM Subscribe
From lay reading and popular science I understand that male chimpanzees are aggressive and extremely political. My question is, is the killing of adult female by adult male chimpanzees a thing? Is it a hazard of sexual contact for the female? Has it been observed, and if so, are there any explanations? Notes: I understand anthropomorphic concerns are not relevant framing for understanding ape sex. I have no difficulty with any of the terms used here: Primate Ifo Net. I've had a quick look through here: Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans, and it doesn't answer the question.
I'm making a difference here between violence clearly having to do with access to resources or maintaining status, which would have happened regardless of the gender of the attacked, and violence where sex and/or gender appears to be the determining factor.
I'm not much for evolutionary psychology, and I have no sort of religious viewpoint whatsoever. I'm interested in whether this sort of killing is an observed phenomenon among primates. Oh, and, as far as aggression and social structure goes, I know there's a difference between bonobos and chimps.
posted by glasseyes to Science & Nature (5 answers total) 4 users marked this as a favorite
To my knowledge, there has never been an observed case of this happening among wild chimpanzees. Chimps certainly do kill each other, but not over sex. I hope an actual primatologist will correct me if I'm wrong (I'm an evolutionary anthropologist but don't specialize in primate behavior).
posted by baby beluga at 1:22 PM on October 13, 2014 [1 favorite]
Primatologist here, but not a chimpanzee person. "Conflict and Cooperation in the Study of Wild Chimpanzees" (pdf) is a good review of chimpanzee behavior. Female chimpanzees definitely experience aggression and violence in the context of sexual coercion from males in their social group. When females are in estrus, they are the focus of a lot of attention and generalized aggression, which can have pretty significant effects on fertility, stress, health, and so on. Infanticide is also pretty well documented in chimps, and that represents a SIGNIFICANT blow to females because of lost parental investment. That can be argued to be a kind of sexual coercion, since ostensibly infanticide brings females back into estrus.
In that Muller and Wrangham article, they state "A detailed summary of observed intercommunity attacks on adults and adolescents is reported in Wrangham and Wilson (2003). These include nine killings at Gombe (two females)." That paper is available here: Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees (pdf). Most of the lethal aggression they report is between males of adjacent communities, and generally does seem to be related to resource and territory control. There's almost always an imbalance of power when males attack other males - three against one, or similar numbers. That Jane Goodall "Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees" book from 1986 that you linked to is one of the citations for lethal aggression of males against females:
Remarkably, however, males often attack females, and these attacks can involve considerable brutality, especially if the female has young offspring (Goodall 1986; J. Williams and A.E. Pusey, submitted manuscript). At Gombe, males attacked stranger mothers in 76% of encounters (Goodall 1986). In some cases, males focus their attacks on the female's infant, which they may kill and eat (e.g., Bygott 1972, Watts et al. 2002). At other times, however, males appear focused on attacking the mother rather than the infant [e.g., many cases at Tai (Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000)]. Attacks on stranger females can result in severe wounds and, in at least one case, death (Goodall 1986).
If I'm recalling correctly, that was an instance of males on a border patrol who come across a solitary female (or maybe female with infant) and attack her. I couldn't find the Williams and Pusey article that they reference, but there is some cool research about female coalitionary aggression here: "Chimpanzee Violence: Femmes Fatales."
There was also just a recent review of chimpanzee aggression in Nature, "Lethal agression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts." (here's the abstract, let me know if you want the PDF). It's the next part in a long debate about whether or not chimpanzee violence is natural and evolutionarily linked to human violence, or if it's the result of human interference and habitat degradation. At any rate, all their reported instances of lethal aggression towards female chimpanzees comes in the context of males from one community attacking females from a different community, sometimes with an infant:
Intercommunity killings mainly involved parties with many males (median = 9 males, range: 2–28, n = 36 cases with known numbers of attackers) attacking isolated or greatly outnumbered males or, more often, mothers with infants (median = 0 males, range: 0–3, n = 30; median = 1 female, range: 0–5, n = 31). For 30 cases in which the number of adult and adolescent males and females on each side were known, attackers outnumbered defenders by a median factor of 8 (range: 1–32; Extended Data Table 7). Most intercommunity killings thus occurred when attackers overwhelmingly outnumbered victims... Male chimpanzees killed more often than females, and killed mainly male victims; attackers most frequently killed unweaned infants; victims were mainly members of other communities (and thus unlikely to be close kin); and intercommunity killings typically occurred when attackers had an overwhelming numerical advantage.
So I guess that is also going to be distinguished from the sort of aggression you're interested in. But it is still interesting! Keep in mind, though, that this is still a relatively controversial set of articles (Brian Ferguson against the article, Michael Wilson in response).
If you want anything in particular that you can't find a copy of online, let me know and I'll try to get it to you. I hope those articles give you a little more to go on. It's an interesting topic!
posted by ChuraChura at 6:28 PM on October 13, 2014 [7 favorites]
Despite it's horrible title, I found the book Demonic Males to be really interesting and not as sensationalist as the cover would suggest. It's written by an Anthropologist (Richard Wringham, who ChuraChura mentioned above) and a science writer so it's really accessible to a non-specialist, but still based in solid research and field work. The connection between violence and sex in Chimps is directly addressed in the book, and it is easily one of the most fascinating things I've read.
It's been a few years since I read it, but there was a pattern described where some lower-status males would isolate and beat a female into sex. I don't think killing happens as often, but sex and violence are linked in other ways, as well.
posted by ohisee at 12:59 AM on October 14, 2014
So it looks like while coercion and infanticide are pretty common for chimps out-and-out sexual murder not so much? Re the word murder, it's really hard not to keep slipping into anthropomorphism thinking about this question, and of course there is often an implicit desire to have human behaviour illuminated by these sorts of studies.
Thanks all, and ChuraChura, that is an amazing answer, I'll be busy for a while going through the links. ohisee, I have read Demonic Males and yeah, it's really interesting about the politicking that goes on between chimps.
posted by glasseyes at 8:42 AM on October 15, 2014
Eight against one, huh.
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text:
using namespace subsetUnionBenchmark;

bool SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::isInited = false;

SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl()
{
	setEFactoryInstance(std::shared_ptr<ecore::EFactory >( SubsetUnionBenchmarkFactory::eInstance()));
}

SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::~SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl()
{
}

SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackage* SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::create()
{
	if (isInited)
	{
		return SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackage::eInstance().get();
	}
	isInited = true;

    // Obtain or create package and create package meta-data objects
    SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl * metaModelPackage = new SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl();
    return metaModelPackage;
}

void SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::init(std::shared_ptr<ecore::EPackage> package)
{
    // Initialize created meta-data
	createPackageContents(package);
	setThisEPackagePtr(package);
    initializePackageContents();
}

// Begin Class Container
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EClass() const
{
	return m_container_EClass;
}

std::shared_ptr<ecore::EAttribute> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EAttribute_name() const
{
	return m_container_EAttribute_name;
}

std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset1() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset1;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset10() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset10;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset2() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset2;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset3() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset3;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset4() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset4;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset5() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset5;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset6() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset6;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset7() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset7;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset8() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset8;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_subset9() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_subset9;
}
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EReference> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getContainer_EReference_unionBag() const
{
	return m_container_EReference_unionBag;
}

// End Class Container

// Begin Class Element
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_EClass;
}

std::shared_ptr<ecore::EAttribute> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_EAttribute_name() const
{
	return m_element_EAttribute_name;
}

// End Class Element

// Begin Class Element_Level1
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level1_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level1_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level1

// Begin Class Element_Level10
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level10_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level10_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level10

// Begin Class Element_Level2
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level2_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level2_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level2

// Begin Class Element_Level3
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level3_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level3_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level3

// Begin Class Element_Level4
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level4_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level4_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level4

// Begin Class Element_Level5
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level5_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level5_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level5

// Begin Class Element_Level6
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level6_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level6_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level6

// Begin Class Element_Level7
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level7_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level7_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level7

// Begin Class Element_Level8
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level8_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level8_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level8

// Begin Class Element_Level9
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> SubsetUnionBenchmarkPackageImpl::getElement_Level9_EClass() const
{
	return m_element_Level9_EClass;
}

// End Class Element_Level9

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Naloxone, a medication that's used to treat opioid overdoses
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With latest deal, Texas secures nearly $3 billion in opioid settlements
By Bethany Blankley | The Center Square contributor
(The Center Square) – Attorney General Ken Paxton has secured another roughly $1 billion in additional opioid settlement money for Texas, bringing the total settlement money from multiple lawsuits to nearly $3 billion.
The latest opioid settlement agreements his office reached are with Allergen, CVS and Walgreens.
Texas joined multi-state settlements with these companies for their alleged role in the opioid epidemic, including a $2.37 billion national settlement with opioid manufacturer Allergan and a $10.7 billion settlement with pharmaceutical giants CVS and Walgreens.
From these settlements, Texas and local governments will receive over $135 million from Allergan over a period of seven years. They'll also receive over $304 million from CVS over 10 years and $340 million from Walgreens over 15 years.
Allergen formerly produced Norco- and Kadian-branded opioids and sold its generic opioid products to Teva in 2016. Last year, multiple states negotiated joint agreements with Allergan and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Texas settled separately with Teva last February, with Teva agreeing to pay Texas $150 million in cash and provide $75 million worth of Narcan, a lifesaving nasal spray used to reverse opioid overdoses including fentanyl.
"The coalition of states alleged that Allergan deceptively marketed opioids by downplaying the risk of addiction, overstating their benefits, and encouraging doctors to treat patients showing signs of addiction by prescribing them more opioids," Paxton's office says. "They also alleged that Allergan failed to maintain effective controls to prevent diversion of opioids."
The settlement agreements, Paxton said, help provide accountability "for those who have created and worsened this crisis," will bring justice to "those who have suffered because of Allergan's reckless actions," "provide funds to stop the irresponsible distribution of opioids" and help Texans battling addiction.
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Among them, Paxton negotiated for Texas nearly $3 billion from agreements with Walgreens, CVS, Allergen, Walmart, Mallinckrodt, Teva, Endo, Johnson & Johnson, and McKinsey.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to use $lookup and $in mongodb aggregate
Colleges

{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5cd42b5c65b41027845938ae"),
    "clgID" : "100",
    "name" : "Vivekananda"
},

{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5cd42b5c65b41027845938ad"),
    "clgID" : "200",
    "name" : "National"
}

Point : 1 => Take all clgID From Colleges collection.

Subjects:

{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5cd42c2465b41027845938b0"),
    "name" : "Hindi",
    "members" : {
        "student" : [
            "123"
        ]
    },
    "college" : {
        "collegeID" : "100"
    }
},

{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5cd42c2465b41027845938af"),
    "name" : "English",
    "members" : {
        "student" : [
            "456",
            "789"
        ]
    },
    "college" : {
        "collegeID" : "100"
    }
}

Point : 2 => Subjects collection we are mapped clgID under college.collegeID, Subjects collection we need to take the values of members.student based on clgID.

CollegeProducts

{
    "_id" : "123",
    "StudentProdcutID" : "123",
    "StudentID" : "FF80",
    "CID" : "Facebook"
},
{
    "_id" : "456",
    "StudentProdcutID" : "456",
    "StudentID" : "FF81",
    "CID" : "Facebook"
},
{
    "_id" : "789",
    "StudentProdcutID" : "789",
    "StudentID" : "FF82",
    "CID" : "Facebook"
}

Point : 3 => CollegeProducts collection we are mapped members.student values under StudentProdcutID, CollegeProducts collection we need to take the values in StudentID. CollegeProducts collection we need to check condition CID should be Facebook and take the values of StudentID based on members.student.

UserDetails

{
    "name" : "A",
    "StudentID" : "FF80"

},
{
    "name" : "B",
    "StudentID" : "FF81"
},
{
    "name" : "C",
    "StudentID" : "FF82"
}

Point : 3 => UserDetails collection we are mapped StudentID values under StudentID, UserDetails collection we need to take the values of name.

Expected Output:

{
"collegeName" : "National",
"StudentName" : "A"
},
{
"collegeName" : "National",
"StudentName" : "B"
},
{
"collegeName" : "National",
"StudentName" : "C"
}

My Code

 db.Colleges.aggregate([
  { "$match": { "clgID": { "$in": ["100", "200"] }}},
  { "$lookup": {
    "from": "Subjects",
    "localField": "clgID",
    "foreignField": "college.collegeID",
    "as": "clg"
  }},
  { "$unwind": { "path": "$clg", "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays": true }},
  { "$group": {
    "_id": { "clgId": "$clg.college.collegeID", "_id": "$_id" },
    "groupDetails": { "$push": "$clg.members.student" },
    "clgName": { "$first": "$name" }
  }},
  { "$project": {
    "_id": "$_id._id",
    "clgName": 1,
    "groupDetails": {
      "$reduce": {
        "input": "$groupDetails",
        "initialValue": [],
        "in": { "$concatArrays": ["$$this", "$$value"] }
      }
    }
  }}
])

I am not getting my expected output,kindly help me anyone. i am using mongodb version3.4

A: Don't bother grouping if you want the the each output to be one user, you're just doing double the work.
Change your query to this:
    {
        "$match" : {
            "clgID" : {
                "$in" : [
                    "100",
                    "200"
                ]
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "$lookup" : {
            "from" : "Subjects",
            "localField" : "clgID",
            "foreignField" : "college.collegeID",
            "as" : "clg"
        }
    },
    {
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$clg",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$clg.members.student",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$project" : {
            "collegeName" : "$name",
            "student" : "$clg.members.student"
        }
    }
],

Now with the second unwind each object contains the college name and -ONE- student so all we need to do now is project in the required form.
EDIT: full query according to request
    {
        "$match" : {
            "clgID" : {
                "$in" : [
                    "100",
                    "200"
                ]
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "$lookup" : {
            "from" : "Subjects",
            "localField" : "clgID",
            "foreignField" : "college.collegeID",
            "as" : "clg"
        }
    },
    {
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$clg",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$clg.members.student",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$lookup" : {
            "from" : "CollegeProducts",
            "localField" : "clg.members.student",
            "foreignField" : "StudentProdcutID",
            "as" : "clgproduct"
        }
    },
    {   // can skip this unwind if theres always only one match.
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$clgproduct",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$match" : {
            "clgproduct.CID" : "Facebook"
        }
    },
    {
        "$lookup" : {
            "from" : "UserDetails",
            "localField" : "clgproduct.StudentID",
            "foreignField" : "StudentID",
            "as" : "student"
        }
    },
    {   // can skip this unwind if theres always only one user matched.
        "$unwind" : {
            "path" : "$student",
            "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays" : true
        }
    },
    {
        "$project" : {
            "collegeName" : "$name",
            "student" : "$student.name"
        }
    }
],

A: You can use below aggregation
db.Colleges.aggregate([
  { "$match": { "clgID": { "$in": ["100", "200"] }}},
  { "$lookup": {
    "from": "Subjects",
    "localField": "clgID",
    "foreignField": "college.collegeID",
    "as": "clg"
  }},
  { "$unwind": { "path": "$clg", "preserveNullAndEmptyArrays": true }},
  { "$group": {
    "_id": { "clgId": "$clg.college.collegeID", "_id": "$_id" },
    "groupDetails": { "$push": "$clg.members.student" },
    "clgName": { "$first": "$name" }
  }},
  { "$project": {
    "_id": "$_id._id",
    "clgName": 1,
    "groupDetails": {
      "$reduce": {
        "input": "$groupDetails",
        "initialValue": [],
        "in": { "$concatArrays": ["$$this", "$$value"] }
      }
    }
  }},
  { "$lookup": {
    "from": "CollegeProduct",
    "localField": "groupDetails",
    "foreignField": "StudentProdcutID",
    "as": "CollegeProduct"
  }},
  { "$unwind": "$CollegeProduct" },
  { "$lookup": {
    "from": "UserDetails",
    "localField": "CollegeProduct.StudentID",
    "foreignField": "StudentID",
    "as": "Student"
  }},
  { "$unwind": "$Student" },
  { "$project": { "collegeName": "clgName", "StudentName": "$Student.name" }}
])

MongoPlayground
Output
[
  {
    "StudentName": "A",
    "_id": ObjectId("5cd42b5c65b41027845938ae"),
    "collegeName": "clgName"
  },
  {
    "StudentName": "B",
    "_id": ObjectId("5cd42b5c65b41027845938ae"),
    "collegeName": "clgName"
  },
  {
    "StudentName": "C",
    "_id": ObjectId("5cd42b5c65b41027845938ae"),
    "collegeName": "clgName"
  }
]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Posted by decollins1969 in 1, Boy @ The Window, culture, Eclectic, High Rise Buildings, Jimme, Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon New York, My Father, New York City, Pop Culture, race, Sports, Youth
Bronxville, Brother-Brother Relationship, Chester Heights, Competition, Darren, Eastchester, Internalized Racism, Jealousy, Jump Shot, Lessons, Mental Disability, Mental Retardation, Self-Discovery, Self-Loathing, Shyness, Sibling Relationship, Sibling Rivalry, The Clear View School
Not quite the courts at Chester Heights (aka, Bronxville/Mount Vernon border), but more or less what they would've looked like 30 years ago, Eastchester Playground, Capitol Projects, Bronx, NY, August 11, 2015. (http://www.nycgovparks.org/).
This is a Boy @ The Window story, one that occurred a little more than thirty years ago, and so typical of my experiences growing up with my older brother Darren. Nothing I ever did to help my older brother seemed to help him overcome the trap of going to The Clear View School, a school for the mild to severely mentally retarded (of course, we say mentally disabled in 2015), although Darren was never such. He, in fact, had taught himself to read at the age of three, and taught me to read on my fifth birthday. Darren's issue was severe shyness, and between my Mom, my father Jimme, and the good White liberals and moderates at The Clear View School, the trap for Darren's potential genius had been set by the summer of '74. By the time I was aware enough to say anything about Darren's predicament, it was already too late.
But say and try I did anyway. Everything from sharing music to talking to Darren about our futures and my escape-Mount-Vernon-for-college plans. I shared books, and tutored him through algebra and geometry and US history.
I even tried playing sports with Darren, including basketball, which in the summer of '85 was only my third favorite sport. As I wrote in the memoir
"Darren played at the center spot on Clear View's basketball team, which made sense since he was already between six-three and six-four at seventeen. Of course they crushed every team they played. It was truly unfair. Darren towered over his classmates and his opponents, and being the only non-mentally retarded person on the floor, he could run rings around folks.
Still, Darren could knock down any jump shot within thirty feet of the hoop. His shot was smooth, like Isiah Thomas' or Bernard King's. It was the kind of shot no one on MVHS' basketball team had at the time. Knowing this, I wanted to — no, I had to play my brother to see this shot up close. There were two well-maintained courts near 616, one in Pelham near its main street of Fifth Avenue, the other a longer walk in Chester Heights. We chose Chester Heights for most of these battles. Their court felt like a good outside court should, surrounded by trees, with level, quality-painted asphalt, and bright-white mesh nets.
The first few times we played that summer, Darren just killed me. Every time I left him open for a jumper, he buried it. It was obvious I hadn't touched a basketball other than in gym class since I was ten. I didn't have a jump shot, had never worked on my footwork, and could dribble only moderately well with my right hand. Forget about using my left hand! I was so afraid of hurting my two crooked fingers that the left hand's role for me was to block shots, not to catch passes or take shots.
"Nothing but net" (in context of UPS/NCAA March Madness cross-promotional ad), March 2012. (http://compass.ups.com/).
My semi-buried competitive nature got the better of me. I knew I couldn't beat Darren in a shootout. But I knew I was quicker than my taller brother. So I decided after another embarrassing performance (I lost 23-2!) that it would be easier to play defense and try to steal a few balls to keep the next game close. Amazingly, the plan worked! It worked so well that I took Darren completely out of his game. After three blocked shots and a couple of steals, I discovered that Darren couldn't play me one-on-one if I drove hard for the hoop, that I could beat him with my first step. So every time I got the ball I attacked the rim. The last two games we played I won by a combined score of 50-18. I started feeling bad when Darren started forcing long jumpers. After a while, he just gave up. I wanted to win, but I wanted it to be competitive, too.
Darren was so upset that we didn't talk on our way back to 616. He then walked to the back of our apartment building and threw his basketball down the garbage chute. I wanted to continue to play because I thought it would make both of us better and give us something positive to build on in our relationship. Instead it just made Darren mad and made it even harder for me to talk to him about what was going on at 616.
Standard New York-area garbage chute door, June 2009. (http://theferrisfiles.com/).
I really did feel awful about how Darren felt after the game. I had shattered confidence in one of the few areas in his life in which he had any. I had humbled a star basketball player at his own game, a game I'd yet to learn. I'd given my older brother yet another reason to be jealous of me. It was shocking to watch him throw the basketball away. I really didn't know what to say. "I'm sorry, Darren, for beating you two straight games, for making you look bad at your favorite sport?" I guess I could've said that. What fifteen-year-old with as much on my plate as me would, though, especially in an environment as competitive as ours when it came to basketball? It made me pity Darren for his situation at Clear View, but also left me angry with him. I was trying to help him, after all, not break his spirit. The incident left me shaking my head."
I didn't play basketball with Darren again until the spring of '97, during my Teachers College interview/PhD graduation week. By that time, Darren's jealousy and stubbornness had pretty much forced me to give up on my reclamation efforts. But, when left open, Darren could still nail a twenty-four-footer with ease.


text:
Plusieurs vols d'importance inhabituelle ont été dénommés « casse du siècle ». L'expression est aussi régulièrement utilisée par des opposants à une politique économique d'un État ou d'une grande entreprise.

Liste
Par ordre chronologique.

Gare de Neuvic

Le , un groupe de 150 résistants armés dérobe à la Banque de France, sans violence, en gare de Neuvic (Dordogne, France), un butin qui s'élève à  de francs (plus de  d'euros ;  de billets pesant cinq tonnes). Il s'agit du plus gros casse de l'histoire.

Glasgow-Londres

Le , un gang de quinze personnes arrête le train postal Glasgow-Londres et s'empare d'un butin de 2,6 millions de livres sterling (l'équivalent de 6,8 millions de dollars actuels). Les membres du gang, dirigés par un dénommé Bruce Reynolds, sont rapidement arrêtés, mais Reynolds ainsi que Ronnie Biggs s'échappent et s'installent au Brésil. Biggs, malade, rentrera en Angleterre en 2001 à l'âge de 71 ans et sera incarcéré. L'argent ne sera jamais retrouvé.

Le film Buster de  (1988) avec Phil Collins raconte la cavale des membres du gang de Bruce Reynolds après l'attaque du train postal Glasgow-Londres. Le scénario du film Le Cerveau de Gérard Oury s'en inspire. Le film Le Pacha de Georges Lautner l'évoque.

Strasbourg
Le , cinq malfaiteurs vêtus de longues blouses grises s'introduisent dans l'hôtel des postes de Strasbourg avant l'arrivée de convoyeurs. Ceux-ci, qui ne sont escortés par la police nationale que sur la voie publique, sont braqués sous la menace d'armes automatiques dans un couloir de la poste. Les voleurs repartent avec huit sacs contenant des fonds correspondant aux pensions, rentes et salaires de plusieurs milliers de personnes. Le préjudice est de  (soit près de 7 millions d'euros en 2019). Dès le lendemain, la presse évoque le casse du siècle. Il sera attribué par la suite au gang des Lyonnais.

Nice

Le , on découvre qu'un gang a pénétré dans la salle des coffres de la Société générale de Nice en passant par les égouts et un tunnel de 8 mètres de long, entièrement creusé à la main pendant près de trois mois. Comme l'agence bancaire n'était pas équipée d'un système d'alarme, le gang a réussi à fracturer 371 coffres et s'est emparé d'un butin estimé à 50 millions de francs (31 millions d'euros constants, en valeur 2017). On trouva, écrite à la craie sur un mur, la phrase devenue célèbre : .

En octobre 1976, la police arrête un certain Albert Spaggiari, un photographe qui finit par avouer être le cerveau du groupe d'une douzaine d'hommes. En mars 1977, il parvient à s'échapper du palais de justice en sautant par la fenêtre du bureau du juge et disparaît en Amérique du Sud, puis revient plus tard en France, pour mourir à Belluno en Italie d'un cancer, en 1989.

Le butin ne sera jamais retrouvé.

En août 2010, 34 ans après les faits, certaines révélations, suffisamment précises pour être fiables, sont apportées sur la préparation du casse, dans un livre écrit par celui qui se présente, sous un pseudonyme (Amigo), comme l'organisateur réel. Spaggiari n'aurait fait que lui apporter l'affaire et, pour pouvoir toucher sa part de 10 % du butin, aurait accepté de travailler réellement pendant tout le week-end du cambriolage. Maître Jacques Peyrat, l'avocat de Spaggiari, connaissant bien son client assure que "Amigo" fanfaronne, Spaggiari étant bien le cerveau de cette affaire.
Cependant l'auteur du livre finit par être identifié : il s'agit de Jacques Cassandri, connu dans le milieu marseillais, qui est jugé à partir du , non pour le vol lui-même, qui est prescrit, mais pour le blanchiment des sommes volées, lequel n'est pas prescriptible, ce qu'il ignorait. Il est condamné le  à trente mois de prison et  d'amende par le tribunal correctionnel de Marseille, non pas pour son implication présumée dans le blanchiment du butin, qui n'a pas pu être démontrée, mais pour plusieurs infractions telles que travail dissimulé, abus de biens sociaux et trafic d'influence. Sa peine devrait être aménagée, il ne retournera donc pas en prison.

Saint-Nazaire
Le , un gros braquage contre l'agence de la Banque de France à Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique), le « casse du siècle » avec un butin de  de francs (22,8 millions d'euros constants, valeur 2017).

Dans la nuit du 3 au 4 juillet, dix hommes cagoulés et armés déboulent dans l'appartement de fonction du caissier Roger Camus, au-dessus de la Banque de France à Saint-Nazaire :  Un coup de feu part. Une balle se loge dans le flanc du caissier :  Il aide  à soigner le blessé. Équipés de talkies-walkies et d'un scanner branché sur les ondes policières, les braqueurs retiennent en otages les cinq membres de la famille puis à , montent au deuxième étage chercher le directeur. Le gang et les deux responsables de la banque descendent à l'agence au rez-de-chaussée, entrent dans la salle des coffres à  et font porter par les employés otages quatorze sacs en toile de jute de  chacun jusqu'à une , et deux fourgonnettes volées qu'ils ont garées à l'arrière de la banque. Ils emportent  et .

, a rappelé à la barre l'enquêteur Bernard Mondon, de l'Office central de répression du banditisme (OCRB) qui suspecte à tort Action directe d'avoir pratiqué là « une action de récupération prolétarienne ». L'enquête est alors confiée au juge antiterroriste Gilles Boulouque. Pour remonter jusqu'aux braqueurs, l'OCRB décide de suivre la piste des  volés à la Banque de France, acheminés par des passeurs de fonds vers la Belgique et la Suisse.

Le , le journal Libération reçoit un tract de revendication du casse signé « Des braqueurs funambules », ainsi que  en coupures usagées de 200 francs, « Pour soutenir la politique sécuritaire de Pandore et Passequoi [sic], faire parvenir ces billets troués pour les aider à construire leurs commissariats, leurs prisons et payer leurs indics avec 4 trous », dit le texte. Les voleurs anarchistes jurent « ne pas être membres d'Action directe » et disent que « l'insécurité, ce n'est pas le grand banditisme ou ceux qui luttent contre un ordre établi » mais « c'est le chômage, le désespoir, la misère organisée et ses conséquences, drogue, Ricard et ses trafics ». Le 15 juillet, le caissier hospitalisé reçoit un colis contenant deux films (Les Ripoux et Les Aventuriers de l'arche perdue, des cigares et du parfum  de Chanel pour Madame ainsi qu'un mot : « Encore toutes nos excuses pour cette nuit éprouvante. »

Longtemps en panne, l'enquête décolle grâce à deux « photomatons » de porteurs de sacs à dos pris à la frontière suisse par un douanier : « On identifie Ahmed Bekkouche chef du commando anarchiste, accompagné de Claudio Lavazza, un dangereux Italien de Prima Linea, recherché pour plusieurs assassinats en Italie », témoigne l'ex-enquêteur de l'OCRB Dominique Tauziède.

Genève
Le dimanche ,  de francs suisses  sont volés à l'Union de banques suisses (UBS) de Genève. Le butin n'a jamais été retrouvé. L'organisateur est Michel Ferrari, dénoncé par les Corses et condamné à sept ans et demi de prison. Sa part du butin, qui était de quinze millions de francs suisses, ne lui a jamais été remise : ce sont les Corses qui l'ont gardée.

Le gang corse de la « Brise de mer » a été accusé de ce forfait et quatre de ses membres emprisonnés : André Benedetti, Alexandre Chevrière et les frères Joël et Jacques Patacchini. L'enquête montre qu'ils ont disposé de complicités à l'intérieur de la banque.

Toulon

Un commando d'une dizaine de braqueurs dérobe le  dans la Banque de France de Toulon un butin qui s'élève à 146 millions de francs ( d'euros en 2017).

Zurich
Le « casse postal du siècle » a lieu en Suisse le . Il est réalisé par cinq hommes qui s'introduisent dans la poste de Fraumünster à Zurich et dérobent  de francs suisses. Quelques semaines plus tard, ils seront arrêtés par la police, mais la moitié du butin reste, en 2010, introuvable. Les malfaiteurs s'étaient déguisés en postiers : en arrivant à bord d'une camionnette des services postaux, ils dégainèrent et tinrent en respect les employés. Après avoir chargé les caisses remplies d'argent, ils s'enfuirent à bord de la camionnette.

Quelques minutes après le casse, la police arriva sur les lieux et retrouva sur le trottoir en face à la poste une dizaine de sacs remplis de billets. Les malfaiteurs expliqueront plus tard que la camionnette était trop petite pour contenir tous les sacs de billets.

Anvers

Le , 123 des 160 coffres du Centre anversois du diamant, un établissement réputé pour ses mesures de sécurité, ont été vidés de leur contenu. La valeur du butin est estimée à  d'euros.

Belfast
Le 20 décembre 2005, des malfaiteurs s'emparent dans les coffres de la Northern Bank à Belfast, de plus de 36 millions d'euros en billets. Les cambrioleurs, visiblement très organisés, avaient pris en otages pendant deux jours les familles de deux employés de la banque, afin que les deux hommes leur ouvrent le coffre-fort, vidé de son contenu en quelques heures dans une camionnette. La police et plusieurs hommes politiques d'Irlande du Nord et de la République d'Irlande ont accusé la Provisional IRA, déclenchant une crise dans le processus de paix.

Tonbridge
La Banque d'Angleterre a passé plusieurs jours et deux nuits à compter le butin de ces bandits encore mystérieux. Dans la nuit du 21 au 22 février 2006, près de  ont disparu du dépôt de la Banque d'Angleterre. Les braqueurs, pas encore identifiés, ont fait preuve de beaucoup d'organisation. C'est le  dans la soirée qu'ils sont passés à l'action. Le directeur du dépôt de Tonbridge rentre après une journée de travail, mais une voiture de police l'interpelle. Les quatre occupants du véhicule menottent le directeur et lui mettent une cagoule. Leurs camarades sont déjà devant la maison du directeur et enlèvent sa famille. Tandis qu'une des deux équipes de malfaiteurs « garde au frais » sa famille, le directeur est contraint d'ouvrir les grilles de son dépôt avant le petit matin. Puissamment armée, l'équipe réussit à pénétrer dans le dépôt malgré la présence d'une douzaine de gardiens, qui sont tous neutralisés et séquestrés dans un coin du dépôt. Pendant ce temps, les braqueurs remplissent leur camion de billets de banque. L'opération aura duré en tout une heure et les malfaiteurs s'envolent. Quelques heures plus tard, les employés réussissent à se libérer et à donner l'alerte. Déjà surnommé le « casse de la Securitas » (du nom de la firme qui assure la sécurité des dépôts de la Banque d'Angleterre).

Zurich
Le , quatre peintures de Cézanne, Van Gogh, Degas et Monet sont dérobées dans le musée de la Fondation et Collection Emil G. Bührle de Zurich lors d'un vol à main armée. La valeur totale des quatre tableaux est estimée à .

Paris
85 millions d'euros dérobés chez le joaillier parisien Harry Winston.

Le , quatre individus armés, dont trois étaient déguisés en femme, ont fait irruption, peu après , dans la boutique de l'avenue Montaigne, dans le  de Paris. Selon le Parquet, ils étaient visiblement très bien renseignés puisqu'ils connaissaient les noms de certains employés présents, de leurs domiciles et les caches discrètes où étaient déposés des bijoux qui n'étaient pas exposés. Ils ont également bénéficié d'une complicité interne, le vigile d'Harry Winston, Mouloud Djennad. Ils ont exhibé des armes et menacé les seize employés et clients présents. Ces derniers ont ensuite été répartis « sans ménagement » dans un coin de la bijouterie et des employés ont été frappés. Les braqueurs  ont alors rassemblé et mis dans les sacs, les neuf cents bijoux, en quinze minutes, temps exceptionnellement long pour un braquage. Ils « connaissaient apparemment les lieux », affirme une source policière. La petite bande a ensuite pris la fuite, sans tirer un seul coup de feu.

Un an plus tôt, le 6 octobre 2007, la même équipe a braqué la même bijouterie, s'emparant de 120 montres et 360 pièces de joaillerie pour un butin estimé à plus de 32 millions d'euros. Le 22 juin 2009,  sont placés en garde à vue et une petite partie du butin est retrouvée chez le « cerveau » des deux casses, Douadi Yahiaoui alias « Doudou », fiché au grand banditisme et qui avait déjà été condamné à 15 ans de réclusion criminelle par la cours d'assise spéciale de Nanterre en février 2000. Le , huit hommes comparaissent devant la cour d'assises de Paris pour le double braquage. Douadi Yahiaoui fiché au grand banditisme a été condamné à quinze ans de réclusion criminelle.

Lyon
Le , un convoyeur de fonds, Toni Musulin, détourne 11,6 millions d'euros à bord de son fourgon, à Lyon. Il a faussé compagnie à ses collègues après un important chargement à la Banque de France. Le fourgon est rapidement retrouvé vide par la police, qui découvre également à proximité environ neuf millions d'euros dans un garage loué sous une fausse identité par le convoyeur lyonnais. L'homme se rendra peu après à la police de la principauté de Monaco.

Paris
Le , cinq tableaux sont volés au Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris. Les œuvres Le Pigeon aux petits pois de Picasso, La Pastorale de Matisse, L'Olivier près de l'Estaque de Braque, La Femme à l'éventail de Modigliani et Nature morte aux chandeliers de Léger ont une valeur cumulée estimée de cent millions d'euros. Le vol a été constaté le 20 mai vers , avant l'ouverture des portes de l'établissement situé dans le  de Paris. Les responsables du musée ont constaté qu'une vitre avait été brisée et un cadenas cisaillé.

Cannes
Le , 103 millions d'euros en montres et bijoux, principalement incrustés de diamants sont volés à l'hôtel Carlton de Cannes lors d'une exposition du joailler et diamantaire Lev Leviev, par un homme seul et armé, « sans violence » selon le parquet, en faisant le .

Autres vols célèbres
 Vol de la Joconde, à Paris

En 1911, le tableau La Joconde est volé au musée du Louvre. À la suite d'un battage médiatique, une forte somme fut proposée pour obtenir la restitution. Les soupçons portèrent au départ sur Guillaume Apollinaire et Pablo Picasso, alors que le responsable était un vitrier italien qui avait travaillé au Louvre.

 Vol du musée Gardner, à Boston

Au petit matin du , deux voleurs se faisant passer pour des agents de police dérobent treize œuvres d'art, dont des peintures de Johannes Vermeer, Rembrandt, Govert Flinck, Édouard Manet ou encore Edgar Degas pour un butin estimé à  de dollars par le FBI. Le musée offre depuis 2017 une récompense de dix millions de dollars pour le retour des œuvres, mais aucune d'entre elles n'a encore été retrouvée.
 Vol d'un camion de Securicor, au Canada
En septembre 2005, plusieurs voleurs armés s'emparent du camion d'une société spécialisée dans le transport de biens précieux. Le montant officiellement déclaré est de  de dollars CA, mais d'autres réclamations seraient en traitement en . Il s'agit du plus important vol connu de l'histoire du Canada.

 Cambriolage de la voûte verte, à Dresde

Le , des bijoux royaux sont volés au musée Grünes Gewölbe du château de la Résidence de Dresde, dans l'État de Saxe, en Allemagne, pour un butin de plus de  d'euros.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Article connexe
 Cambriolage

Affaire criminelle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Pleasing is something you do to get your own needs met: for approval, validation, control.
Serving is when you get outside of yourself and address the needs of someone else (even if they themselves are not aware of them).
Carol Pearson makes an interesting distinction between martyrdom and sacrifice. Martyrdom is a bargain you make in order to save yourself. Genuine sacrifice is higher and more evolved: it is intended to save others.
Pleasing is obligatory. Pleasers often feel they have to be everything to everybody. Pleasing can be its own kind of addiction: people will do it even when they're resentful, or tired, or on the verge of burnout. They're looking outside themselves to fill a hollowness within, which is always a losing battle.
Service is freely chosen. Servers know you can't serve everybody, and don't try. They know who their people are and trust that others can find service elsewhere (from more capable and appropriate individuals). They also know their own value, and where the needs of the world intersect with what they offer.
Pleasing diminishes the self. Pleasers give away pieces of their soul until it is almost gone. They don't have a strong sense of where they end and others begin; they don't know where to draw the bright line of No, or feel like they have the right. The world rushes in and invades them.
Service expands the self. It is done in harmony with your identity: it develops and strengthens your sense of who you are. Servers nurture strong, healthy boundaries that enable acts of compassion: they can open up to the pain and darkness of others without being overwhelmed by it.
Pleasing comes at cost. On a deep level it feels hurtful to the pleasers. It leads to accumulated resentment, frustration, bottled anger. It creates a victim mentality (if sometimes cloaked with a sense of moral superiority).
Service is done in a spirit of joy, engagement and connection.
Pleasers – whether they admit this or not – expect something in return. They keep score. They operate from a sense of scarcity (since there is a finite amount of self for them to offer up, a cake with only so many slices). They expect an even transaction: they trade their time, emotion and energy for love, attention, or some other form of reciprocity.
Servers live from a sense of enough. They have enough for themselves and enough for you. Their self-worth is not at stake. The service, in and of itself, carries its own reward. It comes with no chains attached, no hidden price tags. Servers practice self-care and self-respect; they know how to replenish themselves and prevent burnout.
Pleasing ends up isolating you from others and from yourself. Because pleasers discount their own needs and suppress the wants, emotions and behaviors that might displease people, they get cut off from their own authenticity. Since they can't present their true selves to people, they can't connect from a genuine place. They feel unseen and unknown.
Service connects you to people. It plugs you in to something much bigger than yourself: the sacred circuit. The value that you create doesn't disappear into a tidy transaction, but feeds into a stream of energy that influences others and circles back to nourish and sustain you (and allow you to create more value).
When a person receives that "creation of abundance", it strengthens the bond between the giver and the receiver, and the receiver is obligated to pass it on.
And what is service – true service – if not a gift?
Pleasing gives away your power. When you look to someone else for approval and validation, you are voluntarily placing yourself in a one-down position. The other person will then make you feel good or bad about yourself — depending, quite possibly, on little more than his or her mood at that moment.
In emotionally abusive relationships, the abuser manages to convince the partner that if only he/she can change the offending behavior – and become more pleasing – the relationship will return to the sunny days and swept-off-your-feet romance of the beginning. Yet somehow the partner never pleases enough, and the abuser remains in control of the relationship.
True service generates power because it is an act of leadership (there's a phrase for this: servant leadership). It signals that the server has the wisdom and strength from which others may benefit. It also signals that the server is benevolent and caring. When an individual is both warm and powerful, we trust them enough to put our faith in them, and look to them to show the way.
Servant-leadership from you this morning, Justine! Thank you.
Wow. I needed this. I am a pleaser who has been struggling with healthy boundaries. Everything you say about what a pleaser loses or seeks to gain is so true. I just never realized how costly it really is. My authenticity has been traded away for momentary validation and a brush with sense of self.
Thank you so much for this. I'm printing it out to hang on my wall.
The best server, though, …is one that's never noticed.
I have also always been a people pleaser and didn't realize what it has taken from me until recently. I realized I was not doing myself any favors being this way, but this post opened my eyes about some of the reasons I was always trying so hard to please everyone! I feel so much better when I am being a server, rather than a pleaser. Thanks for such a thought provoking article.
As one of my favourite writers, Kahlil Gibran said, "Work is love made visible".
If only all work was of such a nature. To simply love what we do unconditionally, not to please or for validation or money, but because we love doing it and for reasons other than just for ourselves.
I love this article Justine. It is very empowering!
Trying to please! We all have done it.
Trying to serve! No better.
Service is great but it happens…best not planned.
The greatest service you can do to the world and yourself is by being 'you'.


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The St. Louis Board of Aldermen is the lawmaking body of St. Louis, an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It consists of 28 aldermen who are each elected from one of the city's wards. The President of the Board of Aldermen is a separate position that is elected citywide, has the same voting power as the aldermen, and serves as the body's presiding officer.

Aldermen may introduce legislation known as board bills, which are subject to approval by the mayor if passed by the Board. The Board is responsible for setting the city budget and conducting oversight of city departments and agencies.

The Board meets in the north wing of City Hall, located in the Downtown West neighborhood. Regular elections to the Board of Aldermen are held in the spring of odd-numbered years.  Beginning with the 2023 elections, the Board of Aldermen will be reduced from 28 members to 14.

Composition
The Board of Aldermen consists of one representative from each of the city's 28 wards (or 14 in 2023).  The body's President is elected separately by a citywide ballot.  Like the mayor, Aldermen representing odd-numbered wards are elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election, while the President of the Board and the Aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years.  All Aldermen serve terms are four years.

Proposition R (2012)
Proposition R (2012) was a charter amendment passed in November 2012 to reduce the number of city of St. Louis alderpersons from 28 to 14.  It was slated to take place 10 years in the future (effective January 1, 2022) and was passed by city voters on November 6, 2012 with 61 percent voting in favor (60 percent was needed for passage).

Proposition D (2020)
Proposition D, a ballot measure to make municipal elections in St. Louis officially non-partisan, was passed by city voters on November 3, 2020 with 68 percent voting in favor.

Proposition R (2022)
Proposition R (2022) called for an independent commission to draw boundaries between the wards of St. Louis, and ensured that that the board was not able to change the election method without a public vote.

Powers
By custom and tradition, an alderman has a great deal of influence over decisions impacting the ward they represent on matters ranging from zoning changes, to street resurfacing, to tax abatement to business licensing, etc.

By city charter, aldermen are legislators. Aldermen introduce laws and legislation known as board bills that can become city ordinances which can impact the quality of lives of city residents.

Committees
The Board of Aldermen uses committees for a variety of purposes, including the review of board bills or proposed laws, and the oversight of the city's executive and administrative branch The appointment of committee members is formally made by the President, while committee chairmanship is determined by seniority. Committee Chairman preside over committee meetings and hearings. Traditionally, five committees are considered to be the most powerful and most influential; Ways & Means; Public Safety; Housing, Urban Development & Zoning; Streets & Traffic; and Transportation & Commerce. Each alderperson sits on at least three standing committees. The Board has the following standing committees:
 Committee on Ways & Means, Alderwoman Marlene Davis, Chair
 Committee on Public Safety, Alderman Joe Vaccaro, Chair
 Committee on Housing, Urban Development, & Zoning (HUDZ), Alderman Jack Coatar, Vice Chair
 Committee on Streets & Traffic, Alderwoman Sharon Tyus, Chair
 Committee on Transportation & Commerce, Alderman Shane Cohn, Chair
 Committee on Neighborhood Development, Alderwoman Carol Howard, Chair
 Committee on Public Utilities, Alderman Tom Oldenburg, Chair
 Committee on Public Employees, Alderman Brandon Bosley, Chair
 Committee on Intergovernmental Affairs, Alderwoman Cara Spencer, Chair
 Committee on Legislation, Alderman Joe Vollmer, Chair
 Committee on Parks & Environment, Alderwoman Pamela Boyd, Chair
 Committee on Health & Humans Services, Alderwoman Christine Ingrassia, Chair
 Committee on Education & Youth Issues, Alderwoman Megan Green, Chair

Qualifications
To become an alderman one must be a registered voter, twenty-five years of age, have been a United States citizen for at least five years, a resident of the city, and for one year a resident of the ward from which elected. The President must be at least thirty years of age and a city resident for at least five years.

Current members

List of presidents
The president presides at all the meeting, preserves decorum and determines all questions of order. The president appoints standing and special committees and serves as an equal member of all committees. The president assigns bills to appropriate committees and refers bills, when ready, to the Engrossment Committee. The president directs action from the broad elevated podium in the front and center of the semi-circulate position.

Party composition

Notes

References

External links
 Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis

Government of St. Louis
Missouri city councils


Thanks, David. I'm not posting very much anymore though I probably should. Now I probably will. Happy Thanksgiving.
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text:
Q: Blur effect sublayer does not disappear with xib I'm implementing a blur effect on a view (with Swift 4.1, Xcode 9.3) with the following code:
myXib - loads the nib view and adds the blur subview
func setup() {
    // load xib view
    Bundle.main.loadNibNamed("myXib", owner: self, options: nil)
    self.view.frame = bounds
    self.view.autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight]
    self.addSubview(self.view)

    // create blur effect
    let blurEffect = UIBlurEffect(style: .light)
    let blurEffectView = UIVisualEffectView(effect: blurEffect)
    blurEffectView.frame = blurView.bounds
    blurView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
    blurEffectView.autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight]
    blurView.insertSubview(blurEffectView, at: 0)
    isBlurShowing = true
}

I use a simple toggle button that calls show() or hide() functions.
func hide() {
    blurView.isHidden = true
    blurView.alpha = 0
    isBlurShowing = false
}

func show() {
    blurView.isHidden = false
    blurView.alpha = 1
    isBlurShowing = true
}

The sample myXib looks like this:

where the grey area is the blurView (set to Clear Color normally, only set to grey here for descriptive purposes.)
For a view (orange) under the blurView but inside the Xib the hide() function works correctly but for the view (blue) under the Xib view the blur effect remains.
With blur on (.isHidden = false, .alpha = 1)

with blur off ((.isHidden = true, .alpha = 0)

The blur effect is less when turned off but it is still present.
What am I doing wrong?
Thanks in advance.

A: Ok, figured this out.
The issue is that I was creating a second blur layer at 0 because I was calling it also in an init function by having:
override init (frame : CGRect) {
    super.init(frame: frame)
    setup()
}

required init? (coder aDecoder : NSCoder) {
    super.init(coder: aDecoder)
    setup()
}

Once I removed these the code functioned correctly.


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text:
Un autorickshaw (en lenguaje coloquial también conocido como auto ricksha, auto, tuk-tuk, tuctuc, mototaxi y una gran cantidad de variantes regionales) es un vehículo triciclo motorizado. Es una versión motorizada del tradicional rickshaw (pequeño carro de dos ruedas tirado por una persona) y del bicitaxi (vehículo de tres ruedas impulsado a pedal).

De uso extendido en distintas regiones de Asia, los tuk-tuk lentamente fueron popularizándose en todo el mundo. Se los usa frecuentemente como taxi y vehículo de reparto de mercancías, aunque en algunos lugares tiene una función casi exclusivamente turística. Existe una variante llamada motocarro (o triciclo motorizado de transporte ligero), con la parte posterior acondicionada como vehículo de carga, aunque en Colombia y otras partes de Latinoamérica llaman mototaxi a los autorickshaw de transporte público.

Los primeros modelos surgieron en la década de 1960 combinando rickshaws y motocicletas, producidos en Japón y pocos años más tarde exportados a numerosos países de Asia. Rápidamente lograron gran penetración y aceptación en países como India y Tailandia. Sin embargo, los motocarros de carga ya circulaban en Italia desde 1948, conocidos como ape (fabricados por la marca Piaggio Ape) y eventualmente utilizados para el transporte de pasajeros.

Tienen distintas denominaciones en diferentes partes del mundo, y en algunos lugares se los suele llamar con el mismo nombre de la marca que los comercializa, como la firma india Bajaj, la extinta empresa alemana Tempo (que construía unidades de mayor tamaño) o la marca Jinan Qingqi (de donde deriva el nombre popular que se les da en Pakistán, chingchi).
En el videojuego Burnout 3: Takedown de EA Games se les observa en las ciudades de la región "Oriente".

Distribución y variantes
Se utiliza bajo distintas denominaciones en:

Asia

: son llamados baby taxi o CNG, por el combustible que utiliza. Si bien cuentan con un taxímetro, hay conductores que estipulan la tarifa de antemano.

: denominado tuk-tuk (en camboyano: ទុកទុក) recibe por extensión el mismo nombre la variante remorque, que consiste en un carro de dos ruedas traccionado por una moto.

: junto a las paradas de tren y ómnibus de ciudades y grandes poblaciones suelen congregarse auto rickshaws llamados sānlún mótuōchē, aunque también es habitual el pedicab o sānlúnchē (en chino: 三轮车), un triciclo sin motor utilizado como taxi.

: llamado en español de Filipinas tricicleta (inglés: tricycle; tagalo: traysikel; cebuano: traysikol). Hay más de tres millones de triciclos a gasolina, mientras el gobierno promueve los modelos eléctricos, más sustentables.

: son conocidos con el nombre de autorickshaw (hindi: ऑटो रिक्शा) y son muy populares en casi todas las ciudades. No están permitidos en el centro de Bombay.

: recibe el nombre de bajaj. También hay un modelo llamado bentor o becak, que solo se encuentra en la región de Gorontalo, en el que el conductor viaja detrás de la cabina de los pasajeros o a un costado.

: suelen ser más largos, con dos asientos enfrentados (a la manera de los songthaew) y son llamados tuk-tuk, jąmbǫh (jumbo), sakai‑làep (skylab) o simplemente thaek-sii (taxi). Los denominados sǎam-lâaw (samlor) son una variante similar al sidecar.

: los viejos auto-rickshaw con motores diésel fueron prohibidos por el gobierno en el año 2000, aunque continuaron utilizándose (en mucho menor número) los modelos propulsados a batería, llamados safa tempo. Con la prohibición se retiraron de circulación unos 600 vehículos de las calles de Katmandú.

: denominados rickshaw, chand gari, taxi rickshaw o chingchi rickshaw (en referencia a los modelos de la compañía china Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle), el gobierno intenta desde 2008 reemplazar las antiguas unidades con motor a gasolina por modelos a GNC de cuatro tiempos. En algunas ciudades ha crecido desmesuradamente la cantidad de rickshaws, la mayoría trabajando de manera ilegal.

: hacia fines de la primera década del siglo XXI, en Gaza reemplazaron a mulas y burros con tuk-tuk para el transporte interno. Los tuk-tuk entraron en el país de contrabando pero rápidamente fueron adoptados como medio de transporte habitual.

: llamado habitualmente three-wheeler (tres ruedas) o en ocasiones tuk-tuk. En 2013 había unos 800.000 three-wheelers en el país, de los cuales 300.000 operaban en Colombo, aunque es habitual encontrarlos en la mayoría de las ciudades. Los números oficiales revelan que más de la mitad de los accidentes del transporte público son protagonizados por three-wheelers. Las tarifas se estipulan de antemano y no hay regulaciones al respecto, aunque en Colombo se pueden encontrar los que utilizan taxímetro.

: denominados tuk-tuk (tailandés: รถตุ๊กตุ๊ก o รถสามล้อเครื่อง), son uno de los medio de transporte más habituales principalmente en grandes ciudades con congestiones de tránsito como Bangkok y Chiang Mai. Los primeros tuk-tuk llegaron al país desde Japón a mediados de la década de 1950, reemplazando al samlor (สามล้อ en tailandés, literalmente tres ruedas, a tracción humana), y a principio de la década de 1960 comenzaron a producirse en Tailandia. Su popularidad entre los turistas los convirtió en uno de los íconos nacionales. Hay unos 35.000 tuk-tuk en todo el territorio tailandés.

: se los conoce localmente como xe lam o lambretta (por la marca italiana Lambretta). Fue uno de los principales medios de transporte público en el país hasta 1975. Más habituales que los modelos de doble asiento son aquellos que se asemejan más al songthaew, de dos filas de asientos enfrentadas que permiten ubicar cómodamente hasta ocho pasajeros.

América

: los llamados cocotaxis comparten con los auto rickshaw las tres ruedas pero con una carrocería redondeada, de donde deriva el nombre. Fue concebido para el turismo pero adoptado por los propios cubanos en La Habana.

: se conocen como motocarros. Su uso se limita a la presencia de tres marcas: Piaggio (con su modelo Ape), Muravei (que incluso tuvo ensambladora propia en Colombia) y Bajaj RE (que intenta colocar Auteco con el apoyo del gobierno, que autorizó su uso para servicio público en ciudades de menos de 50.000 habitantes).

: se conocen como mototaxi o taximoto. En el cantón Puerto López se utilizan como transporte público y turístico abarcando la mayoría del pueblo. Tienen un precio inicial de 25 centavos de dólar estadounidense por persona, subiendo el precio según la distancia.

: mototaxi o tuk-tuk, son utilizados casi exclusivamente como una alternativa más económica a los taxis tradicionales. Son muy poco habituales en San salvador, la capital, siendo más bien comunes al interior del país y en los cruces fronterizos. Circulan con matrículas de motocicleta y su uso como taxi no está regulado por la ley.

: mototaxi, moto-rata.

: tuc-tuc, es empleado como medio de transporte en pequeños poblados, en los últimos años los hay de uso eléctrico. Se hizo famoso por un paseo de Will Smith en una visita que hizo al país en 2022..

: motocarro o mototaxi, son utilizados en algunos municipios en los estados de Oaxaca, Nuevo León, Yucatán, Chiapas o Puebla, entre otros, siendo mayormente modelos de la marca Bajaj. En la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México son motos convencionales atadas a un remolque forrado con asientos y circulan en delegaciones y municipios como Tláhuac, Iztapalapa, Ecatepec, Nezahualcóyotl, Chimalhuacán, entre otros.

: se conocen como mototaxi o caponera. Según estimaciones oficiales, en 2010 había 1.180 mototaxis en Managua y cerca de un millar que funcionaban de manera ilegal.

: llamado mototaxi o moto. Se utiliza una especie de autorickshaw creada con la parte delantera y el motor de una moto pegados a un carrito de dos ruedas. También existen modelos producidos comercialmente, como los de la empresa india Bajaj. Son muy populares en casi todo el país, siendo muy utilizados en Loreto, Cajamarca, Piura, La Libertad, Lambayeque y varios distritos de Lima y Callao como San Juan de Lurigancho, Comas, Villa el Salvador o San Martín de Porres, entre otras regiones.

Europa

: en 2011 fueron estrenados en París recorridos con tuk-tuk eléctricos, que visitan las principales atracciones turísticas. Algunos son gratuitos, financiados con publicidad en la carrocería.

: los tuk-tuk se pueden adquirir en el Reino Unido desde 2003 para uso privado. En 2005 sindicatos de taxistas se manifestaron en contra de los anuncios de adquirir una flota para el transporte público de Londres. En 2006 un empresario introdujo veinte unidades en Brighton para utilizarlos como transporte público, pero debido a las exigencias de la legislación del país abandonó el emprendimiento a principios de 2008.

: se los conoce como ape (por el modelo Piaggio Ape) y son producidos desde 1948 por la marca italiana. Si bien fue creado como vehículo de carga, eventualmente también se lo utiliza para el transporte de pasajeros.

: desde la década de 2010 se implementaron recorridos en modernos tuk tuk turísticos en ciudades como Lisboa o Coímbra.

África
: en muchas ciudades son muy habituales los pousse-pousse (que podría traducirse del francés como empuja-empuja, un rickshaw de dos ruedas y sin motor), pero también se pueden ver algunos autorickshaw.

Galería

Véase también
 Mototaxi
 Motocarro
 Songthaew
 Rickshaw
 Bicitaxi

Referencias

Vehículos terrestres
Vehículos de transporte con conductor


text:
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine
Government health sites
AJLM Special Issue on The Future of Diagnostics. Extended submission deadline:
The African Journal of Laboratory Medicine is now included in Scopus.
Home ▶ Vol 8, No 1 (2019) ▶	Abdullahi
Utilisation of fine needle aspiration cytology and biopsy in Sokoto, Nigeria: A five-year review
Kabir Abdullahi, Mohammed Umar, Saddiku M. Sahabi
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine | Vol 8, No 1 | a809 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.809	| © 2019 Kabiru Abdullahi, Mohammed Umar, Saddiku M. Sahabi | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 02 April 2018 | Published: 30 May 2019
Kabir Abdullahi, Department of Morbid Anatomy & Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; and, Department of Histopathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Mohammed Umar, Department of Morbid Anatomy & Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; and, Department of Histopathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Saddiku M. Sahabi, Department of Morbid Anatomy & Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; and, Department of Histopathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
The histopathology department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital in Sokoto, Nigeria, conducted a total of 1435 fine needle aspiration biopsies from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015, constituting 30% of cytology specimens received. The most common site for the procedure was the breast (655 cases, 45.6%), and 893 cases (63.3%) were neoplastic lesions. Even in resource-poor settings, this underutilised procedure is useful for patient management.
fine needle; aspirate; cytology
Total article views: 132
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine | ISSN: 2225-2002 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2225-2010 (ONLINE)


text:
Rungia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae.

Its native range is Tropical Africa (within Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and  Democratic Republic of the Congo), southern Arabian Peninsula (within Oman and Yemen), Tropical and Subtropical Asia (within the Andaman Islands, Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laccadive Islands, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam and West Himalaya  ).

The genus name of Rungia is in honour of Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1794–1867), a German analytical chemist. It was first described and published in N.Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. Vol.3 on page 77 in 1832.

Known species
According to Kew:

Rungia adnata
Rungia apiculata
Rungia axilliflora
Rungia beddomei
Rungia bisaccata
Rungia blumeana
Rungia brandisii
Rungia burmanica
Rungia caespitosa
Rungia camerunensis
Rungia chamaedryoides
Rungia chinensis
Rungia clauda
Rungia congoensis
Rungia crenata
Rungia daklakensis
Rungia densiflora
Rungia dimorpha
Rungia diversibracteata
Rungia diversiformis
Rungia eberhardtii
Rungia elegans
Rungia eriostachya
Rungia evrardii
Rungia flaviflora
Rungia grandis
Rungia guangxiensis
Rungia guineensis
Rungia heterophylla
Rungia himalayensis
Rungia hirpex
Rungia incompta
Rungia khasiana
Rungia khoii
Rungia klossii
Rungia laeta
Rungia latior
Rungia lepida
Rungia letestui
Rungia linifolia
Rungia longifolia
Rungia longipes
Rungia maculata
Rungia mastersii
Rungia membranacea
Rungia mina
Rungia minutiflora
Rungia monetaria
Rungia naoensis
Rungia napoensis
Rungia oligoneura
Rungia paxiana
Rungia pectinata
Rungia philippinensis
Rungia pierrei
Rungia pinpienensis
Rungia podostachya
Rungia punduana
Rungia pungens
Rungia purpurascens
Rungia repens
Rungia rivicola
Rungia rungioides
Rungia salaccensis
Rungia saranganensis
Rungia schliebenii
Rungia selangorensis
Rungia silvatica
Rungia sinothailandica
Rungia sisparensis
Rungia smeruensis
Rungia stolonifera
Rungia subtilifolia
Rungia sumatrana
Rungia taiwanensis
Rungia tenuissima
Rungia tonkinensis
Rungia tristichantha
Rungia vegeta
Rungia wightiana
Rungia yunnanensis

References

Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae genera
Plants described in 1832
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck


Here is a newly turned-over 1br at Two Serendra Meranti.
Meranti is the third tower of the Serendra Two extension, on the side of 26th street. It shares the park and the amenities of the other 2 towers already built and turned over to owners: Aston and Red Oak.


This band barkada proves that dreams do come true. After almost a year since they won the first Greenwich #UltimateBandkada competition, the B-Boys are still making sweet sweet music together.
Composed of Joel Diche, Ernest Lebrilla, and Jason Aballe, B-Boys is an acoustic-rock-pop band that emerged as winners out of the hundreds that joined last year's competition. Greenwich's #UltimateBandkada is a search that encourages aspiring young Filipinos to show their talent and musical creativity.
Just as the best and most creative combination of toppings can create the best pizza flavors, Greenwich believes that the best musical groups are those who can perfectly mash-up different genres to create new tunes. When it comes to their style, the B-Boys are now more confident with exploring different genres, and even try their hand on songwriting (as new VIVA recording artists, no less!).
"That was a once in a lifetime experience. We waited for that for so long," says Ernest about their grand slam win.
Inspiring! Ready to make YOUR dream of forming a band? Greenwich is now on the lookout for the next #UltimateBandkada!
Visit www.ultimatebandkada.com for complete details.


I'm going to start off this letter by assuring you that I will not coddle you artistically or exaggerate my praise to you.
You are incredible. I am really, really impressed. I can't believe you created that in one day. I LOVE IT! I'm just blown away. I want to show it to everyone. I love the fonts the colors, the style, the layout… You are an artist and a very talented one. I would have no idea of where to start to do what you did so naturally.
I'll get you some higher res pictures and make a couple small changes and we already have a winner. You should be doing this for big companies and lots of money. Just by showing this off I bet I'm going to get you work.
In short, I feel so lucky that you are helping me on this. Thank you for sharing your talent with me.


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Addis Ababa University General Biology Department
Addis Ababa University General Biology Department – Check Below:
The General Biology Program Unit is an offshoot of the former Department of Biology. Biology was one of the first subjects incorporated in the higher education program of the then University College of Addis Ababa, which was established in 1950 as the first higher education institution of the country. It started as a three-year diploma program and was later on upgraded to a BSc degree program in 1956/57, along with the formal establishment of the Department of Biology. The four year degree program was launched in 1959/60; it had biology major and chemistry minor course components. In addition, there was a curricular component that included several pedagogical courses which helped in training graduates who will join the teaching profession. The four year BSc program was reduced to a three-year program as of 2004/05. Following the implementation of the structural reform of at AAU at the end of 2010, the Department of Biology was subdivided into four program units under the administrative umbrella of the Faculty of Life Sciences. These program units were, General Biology, Zoological Sciences, Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology and Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management. The General Biology Program was mandated with the administration of the biology BSc program while the other program units took the responsibility of the Graduate programs under their respective areas of specialization. After almost one year of functioning, a structural amendment was put in place which resulted in the dissolution of the Faculty of Life Sciences and the designation of the program units concerned with the graduate program as Departments. The General Biology Program Unit was left at the same status to be run as a host academic program under the Department of Zoological Sciences.
The vision of the program unit is to become the center of excellence in the teaching of undergraduate biology at the regional and continental level.
The mission is to produce well qualified, competent and high caliber biologists who will assume professional positions in biology and related fields.
Candidates who have successfully completed the Preparatory Program or equivalent with pass mark in natural sciences; or have equivalent qualification; as per the admission rules and regulations of the university and the Ministry of Education or have diploma in biology or other related biological disciplines from any accredited higher learning institutions can apply for admission.
Head of Program Unit: Tilaye Wube (PhD)
Campus: College of Natural Sciences, Graduate Building, Room 310
Mobile: +251-911-540380
Tel: +251-118-959218
Email: tilaye.wube@aau.edu.et
tilayewube@yahoo.com
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text:
Media Centre >
Injured Armed Forces Veterans Fight for Their Pensions
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The Royal British Legion has launched a campaign to defend the compensation given to armed forces personnel injured in military service.
They have discovered that many armed forces personnel injured during military service have to give up most of their War Disablement Pension to pay for their social care.
For example, Keith Clarke from Carbook in Norfolk was injured in 2000 whilst serving in the Royal Navy. He fell through a hatch whilst tackling a fire on a submarine which left him in a wheelchair and requiring the support of carers.
Keith was awarded a War Disablement Pension as a form of compensation for the Spinal Injuries he sustained as he was injured in service prior to 5th April 2005, at a rate of around £900 a month. However he now has to pay £400 a month towards the carers who look after him.
Many local authorities in the UK treat war pensions as income and as such it can be taken into account when the financial means assessment criteria for entitlement to local authority support are applied.
This now means that Keith must use his War Pension to pay for care whereas in direct comparison, service personnel injured after 5th April 2005 who receive a payment under the Armed Forces Compensation Scheme do not as it is not classed as income. This means that military personnel injured prior to 5 April 2005 lose their compensation to pay for care, whilst those injured after this date do not.
Social care provision is means tested so that in the case of Keith Clarke, Norfolk County Council assessed his War Disablement Pension as an income and charged him for care.
Keith is backing the campaign launched by the Royal British Legion called Insult to Injury, asking the UK Government to change the guidelines and to protect war veterans' pensions. The Government's current line is that it is inappropriate to compare the benefits payable under the War Pension Scheme and the Armed Forces Compensation Scheme as they are "very different" schemes.
It would appear that there is somewhat of a postcode lottery on social care with armed forces veterans in one area being assessed differently to a comparable veteran in another. There does need to be a review of the approach which should be taken towards means assessments and War Pensions. I very much welcome the Royal British Legion highlighting this inequality and fully support their Insult to Injury Campaign.
Zoe Sutton is a Senior Personal Injury Solicitor specialising in Armed Forces Accident Claims at Slater and Gordon Lawyers UK.
Slater and Gordon Lawyers offer a free consultation for armed forces personnel injured during military service. 98% of claims are funded through a No Win, No Fee Agreement which means there is no financial risk to you. Call freephone 0800 916 9046 or contact us online and we'll be happy to help you.
Slater and Gordon Lawyers are a leading personal injury law firm with more than 1,450 staff and 18 offices in London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Sheffield, Milton Keynes, Bristol, Derby, Merseyside, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Halifax, Newcastle, Wakefield and meeting rooms in Bramhall, Cheshire and in Hull, Yorkshire.
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