Du kannst lachen zo viel Du willst, aber WENN (if and when) ihr Plan zu zu vollbringen beginnt, wirst Du nicht mehr lachen koennen!
Nicht Alle auserordentlichen Ideen sind "conspiracy theories" - So eine Gesinnung ist gerade was die NWO Agenten wollen, Ihr zu behaupten!
@!MichaelInChina - Of course it's parties from the Outside that are involved in this plot against Germany, BUT i'm afraid i must add that Merkel in my view, after much consideration, must be involved in this too, up to her eyeballs! - There is no way she could possibly NOT know about it, especially Now that the 'cat is out of the bag'! - and so logically, she is now an accessory to a very murderous agenda against what was supposedly her own country, by sheer logic and by virtue of the fact that she has said NOTHING about it, and is thus covering it up!
But then that is not good reason to say of DO nothing about it! Surely!
you are damn right. Mrs. Merkel is very evil. She is working hard on the Extermination of the White Christian Master-Race. Currently she is focussing on making RB Leipzig winning the football championchips. She is also responsible for her new orange hair twin sister won the presidency election in US by publishing fake news that she is a man, even a naughty old man, which is very attractive for US People. American People will wake up and see that the construction Company their new president will build bunkers for muslims instead walls towards Mexico, paid by Bin-Laden, Inc, Saudi-Arabia.
du bist verdammt Rechts. Frau Merkel ist bösibös. Sie beseitig die harte Arbeit unter der Weißen Christlichen Herrenrasse. Zur Zeit macht sie RB Leipzig zum Deutschen Fussball Meister (*pfuideivel*). Sie hat auch eine haarige Orange, die Ihre Zwillingsschwester ist, zum amerikanischen Präsidenten gemacht. Ihre Falschmeldungen, dass es sich dabei um einen männlichen, alten geilen Bock handelt, hat die amerikanische Bevölkerung geglaubt und fand es gut. Aber die Amerikaner werden aufwachen und feststellen, dass die Firma ihres Präsidenten anstatt Mauern zu Mexico auch nur Bunker für Muslime, wie in dem Bericht über Deutschland, bauen wird, welche von der Saudi-Arabischen Bin-Laden Group finanziert werden.
Bevore you post such a hoiax, did you or the original author made a random check of the facts or spent just a minute to think about obvious questions?
-how a hugh bunker will be build in or around Hamburg's underground?
- why old huge existing bunker structures in germany will be not used, such around Berlin, the old bunker of the GDR Staatsratsbunker, the NVA Generalstabsbunker, the bunker of the sovjet army in east germany, the old bunker of the FRG leadership close to Bonn, the old huge bunker from the nazi in Harz /kyffhhäuser, Pfalz, Bavaria?
- where is the huge amount of earth is going to? Are there any records?
- how is it possible to build a huge bunker in a small City like Fürth without any notice /questionsin the local press? There must be a construction side with huge amounts of trucks going in and out.
Before you post such a hoax, check facts at reliable sources!
Ach ja, Stuttgart 21wird in dem Pamphlet explizit als Teil des planes erwähnt. Stuttgart 21 wurde vor 25 Jahren angefangen zu planen. Willst du mir erzählen, dass die Verschwörung schon 25 Jahre andauert?
2. that the original writer (not me) in also sincere!
Firstly, I do not have the time or the resources to go checking every single statement made by the now-dying writer/Whistleblower Dipl-Ing. Dr. Austeja Emilija Dominykas! I haven't been in Germany for over 30 years and so don't have the local knowledge that you may have about your own country.
Secondly, let's look at the logical possibilities - Iff this report is true, then i would rather just quote it at face value and pass on its warning as such, rather than spend X number of hours checking out every detail, so that anyone who cares for whatever reason can then be informed that there IS such a potential danger, and check out the facts for themselves! On the other hand, however, if it happens to be a FALSE alarm, then people as clever as yourself can then quickly work it out and forget about it, or just laugh it off! - So then what would be the harm in that? - No damage done, Nicht Wahr??
So…If you really care to read it properly, there are your answers!
However, I'm not at all sure you ARE!
I think your German is great. But please consider using your language skills for more productive things than echoing fake news.
It's Christmas - meet some friends, grab a turkey, gulp down an Egg Nog and don't make your own life miserable with conspiracy theories and "warnings" that, let's face it, even a 6-year-old can debunk with some common sense.
Me grab myself a turkey every year. Me let him do my dirty cloths and clean my WC then me throw him out. Tradition ok.
In the German media and press are a lot of fake news about other countries. This is very embarrasing. The german journalist tell the lies about other countries and people.
Die Österreicherinnen und Österreicher sind schon ganz nett, aber das man den Herrschaften extra Straßen baut wäre a bisserl zuviel. In Österreich gibt es Straßenmaut, weil sich des alles nicht von selbst saniert. Ka Göd - Ka Musi.
@Robert, as your two recent posts are in violation with our terms (netiquette) we had to delete them. This is a forum for expats and not a platform for questionable propaganda.


text:
Why should the World Bank support Free, Prior and Informed Consent? Their report explains.
February 19, 2016 Posted by Emily Greenspan
Wearing traditional Kichwa dress, women work together to tend the crops in their traditional garden. Photo: Percy Ramirez/ Oxfam America
New World Bank report calls for Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) in the midst of ongoing World Bank consultations on its own safeguards.
Next week the World Bank will host a public consultation in Washington DC around its draft environmental and social "safeguards"— World Bank policies that aim to avoid and minimize harm to people and the environment caused by their projects. The DC consultation is one of several being held around the world. On the docket for discussion will be the Bank's approach to protecting indigenous rights.
Indigenous peoples have identified FPIC as one critical tool for protecting their universally recognized rights to land and natural resources. FPIC requires that indigenous peoples and local communities be adequately informed about projects that affect their lands in a timely manner, free of coercion and manipulation, and should be given the opportunity to approve or reject a project prior to the commencement of all activities. It also calls for inclusive decision-making where the rights of women, the elderly, and children are considered.
A new World Bank published report entitled Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century comes out strong on FPIC. It states:
"Whether it is entrenched in law and regulations or the result of de facto demands of the affected indigenous peoples, FPIC is a necessary feature of successful decision making."
The report highlights some examples of requirements and best practice relating to FPIC in Latin America, and notes that FPIC is an "important tool to guarantee the participation of indigenous peoples in aspects that can affect their lives, cultures, and assets." The research presents FPIC as both a useful and necessary tool, and finds that "stakeholders across the region increasingly accept that FPIC is essential to sustainable decision making." Sounds like the case is closed, right?
Unfortunately, debate continues. While an FPIC requirement for projects affecting indigenous peoples has been included in the Bank's proposed revised safeguard policies (both the first and second drafts), some members of the World Bank's board of directors (the ultimate policy approvers) continue to push against such a requirement. They would like to provide governments with discretion over its application, even though FPIC is a right for indigenous peoples under international law through the UN, and the World Bank itself is part of the United Nations system.
For example, some African governments argue that it can be difficult to distinguish which communities are "indigenous peoples" in Africa, or that a policy establishing particular protections for indigenous peoples would be discriminatory or might exacerbate social tensions in the African context. However, the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) – a body of 11 experts elected by the African Union to protect and promote human rights on the continent – has stated clearly that the recognition of indigenous peoples does not privilege one group over another, but rather helps to protect groups that have experienced marginalization and discrimination historically. In a 2014 letter to the Bank, ACHPR's working group on indigenous populations/communities notes that its own research provides "clear guidance on who indigenous peoples' are in Africa and what they aspire" and "has indeed eased social tensions and triggered dialogues in several African states." The working group has stated plainly: "conflicts do not arise because people demand their rights but because their rights are violated."
Some headway has been made: a problematic opt-out clause was removed between the first and the second drafts of the safeguards, but a vague waiver for the whole policy still exists and the pressure to remove FPIC from the final draft continues. This is despite the fact that the World Bank's private sector lending arm – the International Finance Corporation – adopted an FPIC requirement for its clients in 2012. Several oil, mining, and food and beverage companies; industry associations; multi-stakeholder initiatives; and banks also have FPIC policies in place.
Without a strong FPIC provision in its safeguards–free of any loopholes—the Bank's ability to prevent its projects from violating indigenous rights will continue to be limited. Indigenous peoples have close ties to their lands and natural resources, and they have the right to a real say in decisions that affect them. This goes beyond mere information provision or dialogue—they should be able to give or withhold their consent. A strong FPIC requirement by World Bank will help to guard against the efforts of vested interests to undermine indigenous rights, and help to reduce the risk of costly social conflict.
Now the World Bank has an opportunity to put forward a new indigenous peoples policy that upholds the right to FPIC. Let's hope that the Bank takes its own good advice and does so.
Emily Greenspan
Emily Greenspan is the Associate Director of Oxfam America's Extractive Industries team. Greenspan has conducted extensive research on consultation and community engagement around extractive industry projects, with a particular focus on indigenous peoples' rights and Free Prior and Informed Consent.
More posts by Emily Greenspan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(Locality). An ancient town in Sussex, England, derived from the Welsh Lluaws, a multitude, a populous place. This town was formerly surrounded by walls, vestiges of which are still visible, and on the summit of a hill are the remains of its ancient castle.
Start your Genealogy to find your personal Lewes family ancestry. It's easy to get started. Just begin your family tree with what you already know. Learn More.
Search Hint: If you searched for Lewes geneology, Lewes geneaology, you have probably mistyped the word genealogy.
You will get the best search results if you double-check your spelling. Be sure to search for Lewes ancestor not ansestor or ancester; ancestry, not ancestory or ancestery. Surname is the preferred spelling, but sometimes you may see alternate spellings sirname and sirename.


Campbell Burton at the Napier Quarter in Fitzroy, Melbourne.
Campbell Burton is one of Australia's leading sommeliers, having won Gourmet Traveller's 2014 Sommelier of the Year award, and is totally obsessed with natural wine. We talk to Campbell about his love for natural wine and the organic, sustainable farming methods that produce it.
Mathew Bate: When we're talking about natural wine, should we be using the word natural? Or should we be using the term additive-free?
Campbell Burton: [For me] additive-free is so clear, but it's becoming such a contentious issue. I choose to use the words additive-free and organically farmed because it's clear and it's really transparent. It means that this bottle of wine contains organic grapes and nothing else. And you can call that whatever you want, but that's clear. And "natural" wine has meant, especially within the Australian industry – and social media has a lot to do with this as well – fifteen different things. So the term essentially is quite hollow. I'm not saying it's a bad thing but it's not easy for the consumer and I think the consumer has a right to know what it is that they're buying and what the structure and the flavour of the wine is going to be like. There's no point in either a sommelier or a retailer, or whoever is selling the wine, to say that this wine fits under a particular banner if that's, let's say, a natural wine and for a whole host of different styles of wine to fall under that banner. We need to make things easier for the consumer because wine's confusing enough. That's how I feel about it personally.
I'm interested in your journey into natural wine. When did natural wine, or should I say additive-free wine, originally spark your interest?
I think the very first time I ever tasted unfiltered and unsulfured wine was in about 2008. I was just blown away by it. I would hold bottles of wine and just go this is the best thing I've ever seen. There was so much to think and talk about. I didn't realise that you were allowed to do that in the world of wine that I thought was so pigeonholed. I actually didn't realise at that stage just how much the conventional world of wine is based on rules that have got nothing to do with digestibility or nature. It's based on human rules about what a wine should look like and taste and smell like. Most people when they begin working in wine are led to believe that that's what exists in the world of wine and there's nothing outside it and anything outside it is incorrect. It doesn't fit within the framework of what you're supposed to learn about.
I will never forget the very first time I tried a bottle of additive-free wine from Frank Cornelissen. It arrived at the City Wine Shop where I was working and I think someone had actually ordered it by mistake. It wasn't supposed to be there and I just thought it was the best thing I'd ever seen. There were solids floating in the bottle, it was a pale red color and the flavors for me were completely non-identifiable. When you're working as a sommelier you're supposed to be good at saying this wine tastes the way that it does because it's being fermented with whole bunches, it's had a long or a short maceration or it's been made in stainless steel or oak and all that sort of stuff. I began tasting these wines with no clue as to what chemical process had actually made them this way and I was completely fascinated by it.
Sipping on a sublime glass of organic, additive-free red/white by Sam Vinciullo (Margaret River, WA).
It seems that you've got a penchant for learning and additive-free wine was like the ultimate challenge, a thing that you could go as deep as possible into.
Exactly. So it was after experiences like that that I knew that I had to then go and do as many vintages as I could so that I could answer these questions. If for no one else than just for myself. I did vintages in 2011, 2012 and a little a little bit of 2013 in the Yarra Valley with Mac Forbes. Mac was a very, very good friend who gave me a lot of opportunities to experiment with ferments and to learn. But then in 2013 my wife Charlotte and I were incredibly lucky, we got to go to and do a vintage with Claude Courtois in the Loire Valley [in France].
Is he a bit of a guru or something?
Yeah so this guy, for the last 30 years, has been regarded as one of the godfathers of good farming and additive-free wine. We were forewarned before going there. Like a lot of people from the French wine industry found out that we were going and they would say "You've heard about Claude haven't you?" and I'd say "Yeah sure, we're happy to work hard." Claude turned out to be a pretty distinctive character. I'd never met someone who was so venomous about wines that had had things added to them. He's very principled about it. We would sit every single lunch and every single dinner and drink a few glasses of wine and I'd never had that experience before, because everything we were drinking was additive-free. I didn't ever realise that you could drink wine at lunchtime and go back to work and I certainly would never encourage anyone to do that. I don't endorse that but the point is I'd never gone day after day after day only drinking additive-free wine. It just took me a few days and I realised that I was getting to taste the difference in soil, the vineyard and the sunlight. To fully grasp how captivating they are you can't drink one additive-free wine every six months. I would ask anyone now who has an interest in this topic to only drink additive-free wine every day for one week and then see what happens at the end of the week. It's transformative and it's a very different experience to drinking conventional wine. That's what I found and my wife was the same.
Was this like the turning point for you?
Yeah it was, partly because we had enough days, in a row, of drinking only additive-free wine but also it was because Claude made a real point of expressing just how much he loves "pure" wines and also how much he abhors "impure" wines. I'd never seen someone in the Australian wine community have so much black and white communication about what they think is good and what they also think is bad. Because culturally in Australia we're very happy to say yeah that's good but we find it difficult to express that we don't like something. Again, generally speaking that's my impression. So it was a bit of a wake up call. I'd never seen someone that could take a stance, even if it meant losing friends, and say that I do not like that product. Again, it doesn't matter whether it's butter or footwear or organic wine. But also, and perhaps more importantly, for entree every single lunch we would have tomatoes because they were in season. Claude has nine or ten rows of tomatoes growing beside the vines every year. His wife, who hilariously is named Claudine, would make a very simple salad with a little bit of oil and a little bit of salt and these insane tomatoes. I realised at that point that I had no idea, at 31 years of age, that tomatoes could taste like that. And this is one of the other reasons why Claude Courtois is so well revered within not just wine but agriculture in general, because he is a fantastic farmer.
"I think the very first time I ever tasted unfiltered and unsulfured wine was in about 2008...I would hold bottles of wine and just go this is the best thing I've ever seen."
As well as Claude Courtois, Karl Schnabel in South Styria, Austria, is one of Campbell's favourite winemakers. His vineyard called Koregg is pictured above.
"It's amazing [that] wine, which you usually think of as an enabler at a party or something like that, can support this amazing form of sustainable agriculture."
How could I have been alive for three decades and only then have realised for the first time how good a tomato could taste? That's what happens when you are farming well. But then the other crazy thing was that I had no idea, with all the vintages that I'd done and all the time I'd spent in wineries, that fruit could begin fermentation as fast as it did there. Mind you, his vineyard has been organic for decades, beautifully farmed for decades. Typically, your fruit would come in, you'd put it in the tank or whatever it is going to ferment in and the fermentation would start after maybe a day, maybe twelve hours potentially. A lady who I once worked with would douse the wine in a big vile of sulphur to sterilize it. So the fermentation would be deliberately halted until all the fruit came into the winery. But here, with Claude Courtois, all the whites were all pressed in basket presses and would begin fermenting and slowly bubbling away within about two hours! I'd never seen an agricultural product behave like that. That's what happens when you farm beautifully for decades.
I'll add to that as well. So I was seeing fermantions that would start very easily but I would taste wine that had been sitting in barrels for say two, three or four years not topped up. Because the PH was so naturally low with these extraordinarily healthy grapes that in terms of volatility or brettanomyces or anything that we don't find super desirable in a wine it just can't happen in his winery. It's for a couple of different reasons. Largely it's because it has been farmed so well that you can leave a wine exposed to oxygen and because the PH is so naturally low and you have so much stability in your product that the wine can't turn to vinegar. So I had all of these questions that I had tried to answer in previous years doing vintage, especially in Australia, and I thought if you're not using sulphur I cannot understand how you can possibly have such a stable product. That vintage with Claude Courtois showed me how. Before then I thought had to use crazy high-tech equipment so the wine never has exposure to oxygen. I used to wonder how winemakers actually did it all because it looked impossible. Claude showed me that you just need to put the right grapes in the right place and farm well. His winery is about as archaic as you could hope for. There's no crazy cleaning equipment, there's nothing like that. It's all old wood, there's no stainless steel at all. He only washes things in one tiny corner of the winery. I realised then that the basis of all of this, to make a beautiful wine without adding anything to it, was good farming. So now, I don't consider completely additive-free wine and regular wine to even be same type of thing. After that trip I knew that I would only work with wines made like this and that I'd never want to sell wines with even a tiny, tiny bit of sulfur added to them.
What I find so interesting is that it's all about good agricultural methods. There's a big push for organic and small-scale regenerative agriculture these days, and this type of winemaking is symptomatic of good agricultural practices. I think, as a consumer, that's where the message is usually lost. It's like, "Oh this thing tastes really fizzy!" No, this is representative of a better way of doing things.
You know, we've got this clean eating movement, with veganism and stuff like that. When you go into all of these food systems, they all come back to the same thing: restoring balance with nature at a small scale, with no monocultures. And it's amazing [that] wine, which you usually think of as an enabler at a party or something like that, can support this amazing form of sustainable agriculture. It's the best, I just love it.


The high-power switching supply usually uses a high-power MOSFET or IGBT as a power switch. The gate driver is a power amplifier that accepts pulse signals from a PWM controller and produces a high-current drive input to the gate of high-power MOSFET or IGBT. With the long-term experience in power management designs, Richtek's gate drivers have been applied in computers, switching power supplies, etc.
DrMOS integrates a gate driver and power MOSFETs into a small package. High reliability and low electromagnetic interference, combined with high power density, enable designers to save board space and still deliver superior performance.


This essay is suitable for class 4. But it can be made useful for higher classes by enhancing a little bit.
Writing sample of essay on a given topic "My Village"
The people living in my village are also worthy of praise. They are innocent, honest and truth loving. The women know their duties. The children are extremely handsome.
2013-09-06 · Village is a place where the identity of a person is based upon. The name of my village is _____. It stands on the bank of the river _____in _____ district.
Included: village essay content. Preview text: The name of my village is kaleshwor which lies in lalitpur it is located at the south eastern part of lalitpur district.
Problems of village life: At present, the condition of the life of the people living in villages is gloomy. The problems of our villagers are many and varied.
2011-07-08 · During the summer vacation, I visited my native village Besra in Orissa. 487 words short essay on A Visit to a Village. Article shared by.
© Best essays Essay writing | Essay examples Essay my village.


text:
How Does Middle-Class Financial Health Affect Entrepreneurship in America?
Report PDF (862 KB)
Summary PDF (213 KB)
Report May 21, 2015
Policies that focus on strengthening the financial health of the middle class will ultimately foster a vibrant and dynamic entrepreneurial economy in the United States.
Camilo Mondragón-Vélez
Advancing Racial Equity and Justice, Building an Economy for All, Strengthening Health and Ending the Pandemic, Economy, Income Inequality, Middle-Class Economics+3 More
See also: 1 Million Missing Entrepreneurs by Adam Hersh and Jennifer Erickson
Entrepreneurs play a critical role in the U.S. economy, and America's middle class plays a critical role in nurturing the people and social environment that create successful entrepreneurs. In other words, the dynamics of business creation and consolidation are interlinked with those of overall economic growth and the financial health of middle-class families.
To become an entrepreneur, after all, is often a family decision—weighing the potential risks against the probable rewards and dedicating significant portions of a family's income, wealth, human capital, and effort into a business venture. Analysis in this report shows that middle-class families account for 60 percent of new business ventures. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, small firms—defined as those with up to 500 employees—represent more than 99 percent of employer firms, generate half of non-farm private goods and services in the U.S. economy, employ about half of all private-sector workers, and have created around two-thirds of net new jobs in the past two decades.
It is worth noting, however, that there is an active debate about the relationship between job creation and firm size. Professor John Haltiwanger and the coauthors of the 2013 study "Who Creates Jobs? Small vs. Large vs. Young" show that when firm age is included in the analysis of job creation and firm size, it is not possible to draw any definite conclusion about the relationship between firm size and employment growth. More importantly for the purpose of this study, their findings suggest that "business startups contribute substantially to both gross and net job creation," and they find "an 'up or out' dynamic of young firms"—that is, young firms either grow to survive or are out of business.
Increased financial stress on middle-class families—related to rising income and wealth inequality—is unfortunately constraining the creation of new businesses in the U.S. economy and therefore hurting overall economic growth and job creation. Economic expansion in the medium and long run should be reflected in increasing numbers of consolidated and growing private-sector firms, which is supported by a dynamic process of business creation. This was the case for the U.S. economy from the 1970s through the 1990s, a period when gross domestic product—the measure of all goods and services produced by an economy's workers and equipment—grew by more than 80 percent in real terms, while the percentage of business-owner families—defined as those where at least one family member is a business owner—increased from less than 10 percent to about 13.5 percent, according to analysis presented in this report. But as middle-class families' income stagnated, especially in the business-cycle expansion of the 2000s, the average percentage of business-owner households dropped to 12.4 percent from 2002 to 2008 and again to 11.8 percent in 2010. The net effect is equivalent to a loss of more than 1 million business-owner households in the United States compared to the previous decade.
The decline in business ownership from 2002 to the financial crisis in 2010 resulted from stalling business creation rates—the percentage of households becoming business owners within one data collection period—and increasing rates of business failure. The rate of new business ownership among American families increased from 3 percent in the 1970s to 5 percent in the late 1990s but remained below this level in the 2000s. In contrast, business failure—that is, the rate at which business-owner families close their businesses within one data collection period—inched toward 30 percent since the late 1990s after fluctuating between 20 percent and 25 percent for most of the previous three decades, according to data presented in this report.
A more qualitative view of the middle class includes those with sufficient incomes and insulation from economic risks and the ability and means to make longsighted decisions to invest in opportunities for themselves and for the next generation. Regardless of how one delineates "middle class," the evidence indicates that as the United States has grown more unequal, the opportunity to become an entrepreneur has moved farther out of reach for many people. The analysis presented in this report finds:
Middle-class families account for 60 percent of new business-owner households in the United States in the past four decades, and their increasing financial stress partly explains the stagnation of business-creation rates in the 2000s compared to the late 1990s.
Before starting their businesses, new business owners in the 2000s had two to three times more wealth than their median worker peers. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, new business owners only had 1.7 to 2 times more wealth than their median worker peers.
New entrepreneurs in the 2000s on average waited an additional seven years before becoming business owners, compared to the 1980s.
Moreover, through the well-known effects of inequality on opportunities for quality education in the United States, the abilities and talents of many potential entrepreneurs remain undeveloped. Education not only plays a critical role in the development of productive people—workers and entrepreneurs alike—but also plays a role in reducing the inequality of income and opportunities, which can be transmitted through time to subsequent generations of descendants. In fact, this report shows that the fraction of new business owners with more than a high school education increased from 50 percent in the 1970s to 67 percent in the 2000s and 75 percent in 2010. Overall, about two-thirds of new business owners in the past decade have some college education, relative to less than 60 percent between the 1970s and the mid-1980s and around 60 percent during the 1990s and the early 2000s.
The link between entrepreneurship and education implies that the opportunity of entrepreneurship has become more concentrated among those with higher education at a time when rising inequality tightens educational constraints, thereby putting the choice of entrepreneurship out of some people's reach. Furthermore, restricted access to entrepreneurship constrains upward social mobility opportunities for middle-class families across the United States.
Business creation is therefore closely related to the financial health of the middle class. In this regard, the facts documented in this report suggest that the structural policies that have led to unequal economic outcomes and opportunities for American families over the past decades are in fact inhibiting the development of the critical entrepreneurial sector of the U.S. economy. Furthermore, the evidence presented below suggests that macroeconomic and structural policies directed toward increasing education opportunities, as well as income adjusted for inflation, to broaden and strengthen the U.S. middle class will allow these households to make better choices about starting new businesses. This will result in a more efficient and innovative population of entrepreneurs. In sum, policies focused on strengthening the financial health of the middle class will ultimately foster a vibrant and dynamic entrepreneurial economy in the United States.
Camilo Mondragón-Vélez is a senior research officer at the World Bank Group's International Finance Corporation.
The Swift Jobs Recovery Under Biden Will Have Long-Lasting Benefits for Workers
Jean Ross, Jessica Vela
Increased Wage Inequality Has Reduced Social Security's Revenue
Jessica Vela, Nick Buffie
Expanded Child Tax Credits Have Been a Lifeline for Many
Christian E. Weller


A comprehensive database of White Oak, MD home insurance quotes that you can reference when you get your own quote.
These estimates are based on Surveys from White Oak, MD Homeowners. To get the most accurate & cheapest rate, compare quotes from the best White Oak, MD home insurance companies.
$94/month for a deductible of $3,500 and coverage of $250,000 for a 1,350 sqft 3 bed, 1 bath home built in 1969.
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$90/month for a deductible of $6,000 and coverage of $400,000 for a 2,020 sqft 4 bed, 3 baths home built in 1978.
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$277/month for a deductible of $2,500 and coverage of $700,000 for a 3,750 sqft 5 bed, 2 baths home built in 1960.
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I'm 19 years old and I'm a High School student at Satec @ W.A. Porter Collegiate Institute. I've been going there since grade 10 and I'm graduating this year.
I live in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and have since I was born.
Right now I'm addicted to the computer game Exile 3: Ruined World. Here is a link to Spiderweb Software, who make the game.
I love to read, at last count I had about forty favourite authors, but my absolute favourite is Stephen King. I've read all of his books except one.
Stuttering Links - Because I have a mild stuttering problem.
Tip of the Iceberg My Uncle Raun's website, he's a musician (drummer) and painter. This site also plays music.
Dupuis' Place On The 'Net My Uncle Marvin's website, be warned: plays music so turn down your volume control.
Some Bits of Fry and Laurie My e-mail friend Cecilia's website.


text:
China's Alibaba offering to buy mapping service for $1.1 billion
By Michael Kan
Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group is offering to pay US$1.1 billion to buy one of the country's largest mapping providers, as part of its strategy to boost its mobile services.
On Monday, the company offered to buy the remaining shares in AutoNavi. Last May, it had acquired a 28 percent stake in the mapping provider for $294 million, as part of collaborative deal to share data between the companies.
Alibaba runs two of China's largest retail sites - Tmall.com and Taobao.com, but the e-commerce giant also has interests in search, cloud computing services and mobile phone software.
[ Further reading: The best streaming TV services ]
By buying the rest of AutoNavi, Alibaba would be tapping into another major way to funnel users to its e-commerce services. This year, about 47 million Chinese users are expected to use mobile mapping services each day, according to Beijing-based research firm Analysys International. By 2016, that number will reach 112 million users.
In a letter to AutoNavi, Alibaba said it would be better for the mapping provider to join forces with the e-commerce giant, rather than go it alone. "Several larger, well-capitalized" rivals are becoming major competitors in mapping, Alibaba added, without naming the rivals.
One such company rising in the maps market is Baidu, China's largest search engine, which is investing in developing its mobile services. Tencent is another Chinese Internet giant also with its own dedicated online mapping service.
Both Baidu and Tencent have tried to rival Alibaba in e-commerce. By further developing their mapping software, the companies could run services that conveniently direct users to stores and merchants within their vicinity, and also highlight nearby deals on products.
AutoNavi said on Monday it is forming a committee to consider Alibaba's offer. In addition to offering its own mobile mapping app, AutoNavi also licenses out its navigation data to many partners. Some of them are car makers including BMW, Toyota and Honda. But the company has also worked with Chinese Internet sites and mobile handset makers Apple and Samsung to power their mapping services.
Michael Kan covers security for IDG News Service.


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R. Kelly Accused Of Blackmailing & Threatening Alleged Victims
posted by Peyton Blakemore - Oct 8, 2019
R. Kelly is being accused of intimidating his alleged victims and threatening their families.
According to legal documents obtained by The Blast, the prosecution claims that the accused pedophile, who was hit with a total of 18 counts of sexual misconduct and other charges in Chicago and New York earlier this year, will be a threat if he's released from jail, citing typewritten letters Kelly allegedly wrote to an unnamed accuser's lawyer. In the letters, the 52-year-old singer threatened "to release compromising and potentially embarrassing photographs" of his accuser if she pursued her civil lawsuit against him.
The prosecution additionally included "certain photographs and screen shots of text message exchanges" between Kelly and his accuser as proof that his learning disabilities did not inhibit his ability to write the letters. "The defendant cannot credibly deny his role in intimidating witnesses by claiming, self-servingly, that he could not have written the letter due to his allegedly limited reading and writing skills where he provided the material used to make the threats and signed his name to the accompanying documents," prosecutors noted.
They also claimed that Kelly "has a history of coercing women to write letters containing false and embarrassing allegations, so that the defendant could use those letters as blackmail. Multiple witnesses have reported that the defendant directed them to write these embarrassing and false letters and the similarities among the accounts by multiple witnesses lends credence to their accounts."
As previously reported, Kelly was denied bail by a Brooklyn judge on Wednesday (October 2). The disgraced singer had previously asked to be freed while awaiting trial because he claimed that he didn't have enough money to flee and was in poor health. However, Brooklyn prosecutors said that Kelly was lying about his financial status and even presented evidence to show that he directed his lucrative royalty checks into a friend's bank account.
Judge Ann Donnelly sided with prosecutors, denying the bail request, noting that Kelly is accused of committing crimes involving "very young girls," his finances are "murky, to say the least" and his legal team's proposed home detention "certainly would do nothing to deter him" from intimidating witnesses, Page Six reported.
Kelly's next hearing is set for December 9 and his federal trial is set for May 18, 2020.


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Transformers and Inductors for Power Electronics ebook
W. G. Hurley
Kategoria: Nauka i nowe technologie
Based on the fundamentals of electromagnetics, this clear andconcise text explains basic and applied principles of transformerand inductor design for power electronic applications. It detailsboth the theory and practice of inductors and transformers employedto filter currents, store electromagnetic energy, provide physicalisolation between circuits, and perform stepping up and down of DCand AC voltages. The authors present a broad range of applications from modernpower conversion systems. They provide rigorous design guidelinesbased on a robust methodology for inductor and transformerdesign. They offer real design examples, informed by provenand working field examples. Key features include: * emphasis on high frequency design, including optimisation ofthe winding layout and treatment of non-sinusoidal waveforms * a chapter on planar magnetic with analytical models anddescriptions of the processing technologies * analysis of the role of variable inductors, and theirapplications for power factor correction and solar power * unique coverage on the measurements of inductance andtransformer capacitance, as well as tests for core losses at highfrequency * worked examples in MATLAB, end-of-chapter problems, and anaccompanying website containing solutions, a full set ofinstructors' presentations, and copies of all thefigures. Covering the basics of the magnetic components of powerelectronic converters, this book is a comprehensive reference forstudents and professional engineers dealing with specialisedinductor and transformer design. It is especially useful for seniorundergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering andelectrical energy systems, and engineers working with powersupplies and energy conversion systems who want to update theirknowledge on a field that has progressed considerably in recentyears.
Jeszcze krótsza historia czasu
Stephen HawkingLeonard Mlodinow
Astrofizyka dla zabieganych
Krótka historia wszystkich ludzi, którzy kiedykolwiek żyli. Opowieści zapisane w naszych genach
Homo nie całkiem sapiens. O automatyzmach myślenia, nadętych politykach, narzekaniu Polaków i pułapkach moralności
Bogdan WojciszkeMarcin Rotkiewicz
Najmądrzejszy w pokoju. Jaki korzyści możemy czerpać z najważniejszych odkryć psychologii społecznej
Thomas GilovichLee Ross
Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz
Krótka historia wielkich umysłów. Genialni matematycy i ich arcydzieła
Burza w szklance wody. Fizyka w życiu codziennym
Helen Czerski
Krótka historia czasu
Jak mówić, ... Jak mówić, żeby dzieci nas słuchały. Jak słuchać, żeby dzieci do nas mówiły
Adele FaberElaine Mazlish
Le Kama Sutra
Vatsyayana
Dream Psychology
Jak mówić, żeby maluchy nas słuchały
Joanna FaberJulie King
Rashoumon
The Problems of Philosophy
Machiavelli Niccolo
1.1 Historical Context
1.2 The Laws of Electromagnetism
1.3 Ferromagnetic Materials
1.4 Losses in Magnetic Components
1.5 Magnetic Permeability
1.6 Magnetic Materials for Power Electronics
1.7 Problems
Section I: Inductors
Chapter 2: Inductance
2.1 Magnetic Circuits
2.2 Self and Mutual Inductance
2.3 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field of an Inductor
2.4 Self and Mutual Inductance of Circular Coils
2.5 Fringing Effects around the Air Gap
Chapter 3: Inductor Design
3.1 The Design Equations
3.2 The Design Methodology
3.3 Design Examples
3.4 Multiple Windings
Section II: Transformers
Chapter 4: Transformers
4.1 Ideal Transformer
4.2 Practical Transformer
4.3 General Transformer Equations
4.4 Power Factor
Chapter 5: Transformer Design
5.4 Transformer Insulation
Chapter 6: High Frequency Effects in the Windings
6.1 Skin Effect Factor
6.2 Proximity Effect Factor
6.3 Proximity Effect Factor for an Arbitrary Waveform
6.4 Reducing Proximity Effects by Interleaving the Windings
6.5 Leakage Inductance in Transformer Windings
Chapter 7: High Frequency Effects in the Core
7.1 Eddy Current Loss in Toroidal Cores
7.2 Core Loss
7.3 Complex Permeability
7.4 Laminations
Section III: Advanced Topics
Chapter 8: Measurements
8.1 Measurement of Inductance
8.2 Measurement of the B-H Loop
8.3 Measurement of Losses in a Transformer
8.4 Capacitance in Transformer Windings
Chapter 9: Planar Magnetics
9.1 Inductance Modelling
9.2 Fabrication of Spiral Inductors
Chapter 10: Variable Inductance
10.1 Saturated Core Inductor
10.2 Swinging Inductor
10.3 Sloped Air Gap Inductor
10.4 Applications
10.5 Problems
This edition first published 2013
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.
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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book's use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
Hurley, William G.
Transformers and inductors for power electronics: theory, design andapplications / W.G. Hurley, W.H. Wölfle.
ISBN 978-1-119-95057-8 – ISBN 978-1-118-54464-8 – ISBN 978-1-118-54466-2– ISBN 978-1-118-54467-9 – ISBN 978-1-118-54468-6
1. Electric transformers–Design and construction. 2. Electric inductors–Design and construction. I. Wölfle, Werner H. II. Title.
TK2551.H87 2013
621.31′4–dc23
To Our Families
William Gerard Hurley was born in Cork, Ireland. He received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from the National University of Ireland, Cork in 1974, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, in 1976 and the PhD degree at the National University of Ireland, Galway in 1988. He was awarded the D.ENG degree by the National University of Ireland in 2011.
He worked for Honeywell Controls in Canada from 1977–1979, and for Ontario Hydro from 1979–1983. He lectured in electronic engineering at the University of Limerick, Ireland from 1983 to 1991 and is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering at the National University of Ireland, Galway. He is the Director of the Power Electronics Research Centre there. He served on the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Visiting Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1997–1998. Prof. Hurley has given invited presentations on magnetics in Mexico, Japan, Singapore, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, China and USA.
His research interests include high frequency magnetics, power quality, and renewable energy systems. He received a Best Paper Prize for the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics in 2000. Prof. Hurley is a Fellow of the IEEE. He has served as a member of the Administrative Committee of the Power Electronics Society of the IEEE and was General Chair of the Power Electronics Specialists Conference in 2000.
Werner Hugo Wölfle was born in Bad Schussenried, Germany. He graduated from the University of Stuttgart in Germany in 1981 as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Electronics. He completed a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering at the National University of Ireland, Galway in 2003.
He worked for Dornier Systems GmbH from 1982–1985 as a Development Engineer for power converters in space craft applications. From 1986–1988 he worked as a Research and Development Manager for industrial AC and DC power. Since 1989 he has been Managing Director of Convertec Ltd. in Wexford, Ireland, a company of the TRACOPOWER Group. Convertec develops high reliability power converters for industrial applications. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in Electrical Engineering at the National University of Ireland, Galway.
We would like to acknowledge Prof. John Kassakian, M.I.T. for his continued support for our magnetics work for many years. We are indebted to the numerous staff and students of the National University of Ireland, Galway, past and present who have contributed to this work.
A special thanks to Dr Eugene Gath, University of Limerick for his mathematical input to the optimisation problems. The contributions of Dr Ningning Wang, Tyndall Institute and Dr Jian Liu, Volterra to the planar magnetics material is much appreciated.
A special word of gratitude goes to PhD students Dr Maeve Duffy, Dr John Breslin who contributed to many of the ideas in this text. Their PhD theses form the foundations upon which this book is based.
We appreciate the many insights and ideas that arose in discussions with Joe Madden, Enterprise Ireland; Prof. Dean Patterson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Prof. Ron Hui, University of Hong Kong; Prof. Dave Perreault, M.I.T.; Prof. Charles Sullivan, Dartmouth College; Dr Arthur Kelley and Prof Cian Ó'Mathúna, University College Cork.
We acknowledge the reviewers for their thorough efforts: Dr Noel Barry, National Maritime College of Ireland, Cork; Dr Ziwei Ouyang, Danish Technical University; Dr Kwan Lee, Hong Kong University and Jun Zhang, NUI, Galway. The graphics were prepared by Longlong Zhang, Zhejiang University and Francois Lemarchand, University of Nantes. Designs and solutions were provided by Ignacio Lope, University of Zaragoza. The references were assembled by Migle Makelyte, NUI, Galway. The measurements were performed by Slawomir Duda, Convertec Ltd.; Robin Draye, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse and Lionel Breuil, University of Nantes. Dr Pádraig Ó'Catháin wrote the equations in Latex. Credit for the cover design goes to Dee Enright and John Breslin.
Two individuals converted diverse notes into a cohesive manuscript and deserve special mention and thanks: Mari Moran who edited the whole document and Francois Lemarchand who completed the graphics, wrote the MATLAB programs and organised the references.
We are grateful for the support of the Wiley staff in Chichester who guided us in the process of preparing the manuscript for publication.
This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid Publications Fund at the National University of Ireland, Galway and the Scholarly Publication Grants Scheme of the National University of Ireland.
Finally we would like to acknowledge the support of our families: our wives (Kathleen and Ingrid) and sons and daughters (Deirdre, Fergus, Yvonne, Julian and Maureen) who have all inspired our work.
It's too big! It's too hot! It's too expensive! And the litany goes on, recognizable to those of us who have designed inductors and transformers, the bane of power electronics. In writing this book, Professor Hurley and Doctor Wölfle have combined their expertise to produce a resource that, while not guaranteeing freedom from pain, at least provides substantial anaesthesia.
Ger Hurley has been engaged in research, teaching and writing about magnetic analysis and design for almost 40 years, since his time as a graduate student at MIT completing his thesis on induction heating under my supervision. And Werner Wölfle brings to this text, in addition to his extensive industrial experience, the benefit of having been Prof. Hurley's student. So, in some very small way, I take some very small credit for this book.
Today's demands on power electronics are unprecedented and, as their application moves ever further into the commodity marketplace (solar PV converters, EV and hybrid drives, home automation, etc.), the emphases placed on cost and efficiency are driving a sharp focus on the high-cost transformers and inductors in these products. As we venture into design domains, where electroquasistatics no longer obtains, and where the contradictory demands of efficiency and size reduction create an engineering confrontation, we need the guidance that this book provides.
While many books have been written to aid the engineer in the design of magnetics, they almost exclusively present design rules and formulas without exposing the underlying physics that governs their use. Hurley and Wölfle, too, provide formulas and rules, but the emphasis is on understanding the fundamental physical phenomena that lead to them. As we move to higher frequencies, new geometries, new materials and new manufacturing technologies, we can no longer simply find an appropriate formula, go to a catalogue to select a pot core, C-core or E-core, and begin winding. An understanding of electromagnetic fundamentals, modelling and analysis is now critically important to successful design – an understanding that Hurley and Wölfle convey most effectively.
With its comprehensive scope and careful organization of topics, covering fundamentals, high-frequency effects, unusual geometries, loss mechanisms, measurements and application examples, this book is a 'must have' reference for the serious power electronics engineer pursuing designs that are not too big, not too hot and not too expensive. Hurley and Wölfle have produced a text that is destined to be a classic on all our shelves, right next to 'The Colonel's' book1. A remarkable achievement.
John G. KassakianProfessor of Electrical EngineeringThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1. McLyman, Colonel W.T. (1978) Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
The design of magnetic components such as transformers and inductors has been of interest to electronic and electrical engineers for many years. Traditionally, treatment of the topic has been empirical, and the 'cook-book' approach has prevailed. In the past, this approach has been adequate when conservative design was acceptable. In recent years, however, space and cost have become premium factors in any design, so that the need for tighter designs is greater. The power supply remains one of the biggest components in portable electronic equipment. Power electronics is an enabling technology for power conversion in energy systems. All power electronic converters have magnetic components in the form of transformers for power transfer and inductors for energy storage.
The momentum towards high-density, high-efficiency power supplies continues unabated. The key to reducing the size of power supplies is high-frequency operation, and the bottleneck is the design of the magnetic components. New approaches are required, and concepts that were hitherto unacceptable to the industry are gaining ground, such as planar magnetics, integrated magnetics and matrix configurations.
The design of magnetic components is a compromise between conflicting demands. Conventional design is based on the premise that the losses are equally divided between the core and the winding. Losses increase with frequency, and high-frequency design must take this into account.
Magnetic components are unique, in that off-the-shelf solutions are not generally available. The inductor is to the magnetic field what the capacitor is to the electric field. In the majority of applications, the capacitor is an off-the-shelf component, but there are several reasons for the lack of standardization in inductors and transformers. In terms of duality, the voltage rating is to the capacitor what the current rating is to the inductor. Dielectric materials used in capacitor manufacture can be chosen so that voltage rating greatly exceeds the design specification without incurring extra cost. In this way, a spectrum of voltage ratings can be covered by a single device.
On the other hand, the current flow in an inductor gives rise to heat loss, which contributes to temperature rise, so that the two specifications are interlinked. This, in turn, determines the size of the conductors, with consequential space implications. Magnetic components are usually the most bulky components in a circuit, so proper sizing is very important.
Returning to the duality analogy, the dielectric material in a capacitor is to the electric field what ferromagnetic material in a magnetic component is to the magnetic field. In general, dielectrics are linear over a very large voltage range and over a very wide frequency range. However, ferromagnetic materials are highly non-linear and can be driven into saturation with small deviations from the design specifications. Furthermore, inductance is a frequency-dependent phenomenon. Dielectric loss does not contribute to temperature rise in a critical way, whereas magnetic core loss is a major source of temperature rise in an inductor.
The totality of the above factors means that magnetic component design is both complex and unique to each application. Failure mechanisms in magnetic components are almost always due to excessive temperature rise, which means that the design must be based on both electrical and thermal criteria. A good designer must have a sound knowledge of circuit analysis, electromagnetism and heat transfer. The purpose of this book is to review the fundamentals in all areas of importance to magnetic component design and to establish sound design rules which are straightforward to implement.
The book is divided into four sections, whose sequence was chosen to guide the reader in a logical manner from the fundamentals of magnetics to advanced topics. It thus covers the full spectrum of material by providing a comprehensive reference for students, researchers and practising engineers in transformer and inductor design.
The Introduction covers the fundamental concepts of magnetic components that serve to underpin the later sections. It reviews the basic laws of electromagnetism, as well as giving a historical context to the book. Self and mutual inductance are introduced and some important coil configurations are analyzed; these configurations form the basis of the practical designs that will be studied later on. The concepts of geometric mean distance and geometric mean radius are introduced to link the formulas for filaments to practical coils with finite wires such as litz wires.
In Section I, the design rules for inductor design are established and examples of different types of inductors are given. The single coil inductor, be it in air or with a ferromagnetic core or substrate, is the energy storage device. A special example is the inductor in a flyback converter, since it has more than one coil. This treatment of the inductor leads on to the transformer in Section II, which has multiple coils and its normal function is to transfer energy from one coil to another.
Section II deals with the general design methodology for transformers, and many examples from rectifiers and switched mode power supplies are given. Particular emphasis is placed on modern circuits, where non-sinusoidal waveforms are encountered and power factor calculations for non-sinusoidal waveforms are covered. In a modern power converter, the transformer provides electrical isolation and reduces component stresses where there is a large input/output conversion ratio. The operation of the transformer at high frequency reduces the overall size of the power supply.
There is an inverse relationship between the size of a transformer and its frequency of operation, but losses increase at high frequency. There is skin effect loss and proximity effect loss in the windings due to the non-uniform distribution of the current in the conductors. The core loss increases due to eddy currents circulating in the magnetic core and also due to hysteresis. General rules are established for optimizing the design of windings under various excitation and operating conditions – in particular, the type of waveforms encountered in switching circuits are treated in detail. A simple, straightforward formula is presented to optimize the thickness of a conducting layer in a transformer winding.
Finally, Section III treats some advanced topics of interest to power supply designers. The authors feel that the book would be incomplete without a section on measurements, a topic that is often overlooked. Advances in instrumentation have given new impetus to accurate measurements. Practitioners are well aware of the pitfalls of incorrect measurement techniques when it comes to inductance, because of the non-linear nature of hysteresis. Planar magnetics have now become mainstream. The incorporation of power supplies into integrated circuits is well established in current practice.
This book is of interest to students of electrical engineering and electrical energy systems – graduate students dealing with specialized inductor and transformer design and practising engineers working with power supplies and energy conversion systems. It aims to provide a clear and concise text based on the fundamentals of electromagnetics. It develops a robust methodology for transformer and inductor design, drawing on historical references. It is also a strong resource of reference material for researchers. The book is underpinned by a rigorous approach to the subject matter, with emphasis on the fundamentals, and it incorporates both depth and breadth in the examples and in setting out up-to-date design techniques.
The accompanying website www.wiley.com/go/hurley_transformers contains a full set of instructors' presentations, solutions to end-of-chapter problems, and digital copies of the book's figures.
Prof. W. G. Hurley and Dr Werner WölfleNational University of Ireland, Galway, IrelandMarch 2013
The following is a list of symbols used in this book, and their meanings.
AAverage or geometric mean radiusAcCross-sectional area of magnetic coreAgCross-sectional area of the gapALInductance per turnAmEffective cross-sectional area of magnetic circuitApProduct of window winding area × cross-sectional areaAtSurface area of wound transformerAwBare wire conduction areaaTransformer turns ratioa1, a2Inside and outside radii of a coilBmaxMaximum flux densityBoOptimum flux densityBsatSaturation flux densitybWinding dimension: see Figure 6.4CeffEffective capacitance of a transformerDDuty cycledThickness of foil or layerd1, d2Height of filaments or coil centres above ferromagnetic substrateΦMagnetomotive force, mmffFrequency in hertzG, gMaximum and minimum air gap lengthsGMDGeometric mean distance between coilsg(x)Air-gap length at xhWinding dimension: see Figure 2.14hcCoefficient of heat transfer by convectionh1, h2Coil heights in axial directionÎPeak value of the current waveformIdcAverage value of currentInRMS value of the nth harmonic of currentIn(x), Kn(x)Modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind, respectivelyI'rmsRMS value of the derivative of the current waveformIrmsRMS value of the current waveformJoCurrent densityJ(r)Current density at radius rJ0(x), J1(x)Bessel functions of the first kindKcMaterial parameterK(f), E(f)Complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respectivelyKiCurrent waveform factorKt48.2 × 103KvVoltage waveform factorkCoupling coefficientka, kc, kwDimensionless constants (see Equations 3.25, 3.26 and 3.27)kfCore stacking factor Am/AckiDefined in Figure 7.28kpPower factorkpnRatio of the AC resistance to DC resistance at nth harmonic frequencyksSkin-effect factorkuWindow utilization factorLSelf-inductanceLeffEffective inductanceLlLeakage inductanceLmMagnetizing inductanceLsAdditional coil inductance due to ferromagnetic substratelcMagnetic path length of coreMMutual inductanceMLTMean length of a turnm√(jωμ0σ)NNumber of turns in coilnHarmonic numberPcuCopper or winding lossPfeIron or core lossPoOutput powerPvPower loss per unit volumepNumber of layersRAverage or geometric mean radiusReluctanceRacAC resistance of a winding with sinusoidal excitationRdcDC resistance of a windingReffEffective AC resistance of a winding, with arbitrary current waveformRδDC resistance of a winding of thickness δ0RθThermal resistancer1, r2Inside and outside radii of a coilroRadius of bare wiresSubstrate separation in sandwich structureTPeriod of a waveformTaAmbient temperatureTmaxMaximum operating temperaturetSubstrate thicknesstrRise time (0–100%)VrmsRMS value of the voltage waveformVAVoltampere rating of windingVcVolume of coreVoDC output voltageVsDC input voltageVwVolume of windingAverage value of voltage over time τWaWindow winding area of coreWcElectrical conduction areaWmStored energy in a magnetic fieldwWinding dimension: see Figure 6.4ZImpedanceZiInternal impedance of a conductorzAxial separationα, βMaterial constantsα20Temperature co-efficient of resistivity at 20°CΔRatio d/δ0ΔBFlux density rippleΔTTemperature riseΔVOutput voltage rippleδSkin depthδ0Skin depth at fundamental frequencyδnSkin depth at the nth harmonic frequencyϕFluxϕ(k)Defined in Equation 9.49Defined in Equation 9.58γRatio of iron loss to copper lossΛDefined in Equation 9.36λFlux linkageμStatic or absolute permeabilityμ0Magnetic permeability of free space 4π × 10–7 H/mμeffEffective relative permeabilityμiInitial permeabilityμincIncremental permeabilityμoptOptimum value of effective relative permeabilityμrRelative permeabilityμrsComplex relative permeabilityηPorosity factorρ20Electrical resistivity at 20 °CρwElectrical resistivityσElectrical conductivityτTime for flux to go from zero to its maximum valueΨ(5p2–1)/15ωAngular frequency (rad/s)
In this chapter, we describe the historical developments that led to the evolution of inductance as a concept in electrical engineering. We introduce the laws of electromagnetism which are used throughout the book. Magnetic materials that are in common use today for inductors and transformers are also discussed.
In 1820, Oersted discovered that electric current flowing in a conductor produces a magnetic field. Six years later, Ampere quantified the relationship between the current and the magnetic field. In 1831, Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field causes current to flow in any closed electric circuit linked by the magnetic field, and Lenz showed that there is a relationship between the changing magnetic field and the induced current. Gauss established that magnetic poles cannot exist in isolation. These phenomena established the relationship between electricity and magnetism and became the basis for the science of electromagnetism.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!


The Super Stroker Mix Pack by TOYJOY Manpower is back in stock at Scala Playhouse! The Super Stroker Mix Pack offers 6 times the intimate fun, for the price of 1: as this great-value set includes 6 differently textured, re-usable strokers.
What makes the Super Stroker Mix Pack even more alluring for retailers is that the strokers can be sold as a set (the six-pack) or individually, as each stroker in the pack contains a unique barcode: making them instantly suited as profitable up-sell items.


Today we are doing drawings on felt and making them into pillows. Hoping they are somewhat like a pillow / stuffed animal from the kids drawings.
Kids doodle on the felt. Cut shapes in similar front-back patterns, and simply sew together. Add scraps or drawings for detail.


MBK (formerly known as CCM) is trying to release a song Davichi did a rough recording of for an OST but was scrapped because it didn't fit the concept of the drama. MBK has now decided to release the song anyway to promote their new rookie artist and CJ E&M is requesting that they stop.
4. [+34, -0] MBK? Isn't that T-ara's agency? ㅋㅋ Kwang Soo always shows that he's on another level.
5. [+30, -0] So glad that Davichi moved agencies. Kwang Soo's such an evil man, no wonder all of your artists are failing, tsk tsk.
6. [+29, -0] Ugh, how can he be like that? How can he think to release a song that hasn't even finished recording ㅋㅋㅋ on top of that, it's by an artist who left the company ㅋㅋㅋ is there no legal ramifications for that?
8. [+26, -0] Kwang Soo is honestly so hopeless. The company shouldn't be concerned about changing their name but rather switching out the CEO.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ID mechanism theory gets whacked
Published: 06/25/2005 at 1:00 AM
Kelly Hollowell About | Email | Archive
Kelly Hollowell, J.D., Ph.D., is a scientist, patent attorney and adjunct law professor of bioethics. She is a senior strategist for the Center for Reclaiming America, a conference speaker and founder of Science Ministries Inc.
Writing this column sure does have its perks. A week ago, I was sincerely intrigued by an e-mail from a professor providing his theory on the "mechanism behind intelligent design." Because his theory was heavily steeped in physics, I was willing to admit it was beyond my current and immediate ability to test. So I decided to make it available to the public through my column for consumption, dissection and comment.
Of course, in publishing the theory, I had to also be willing to withstand the personal assaults that always come from the narrow-minded and ignorant among us. It is actually funny how often my degrees are demanded from me whenever I pose a question about evolution. But I was driven by my desire to get answers, and boy, did I get them.
If only someone could create an inbox tool for pre-reading the e-mails and deleting the mean ones. Sadly, I must muscle through them individually as time permits. By the way and for future reference, anyone who begins his e-mail calling me "Missy" automatically gets deleted.
As to last week's column on a possible mechanism for intelligent design, many thought the theory fascinating and sent references to other books and articles supporting the professor's hypothesis. One such reference published by Scientific American is The Cosmic Symphony.
This article is quoted as saying, "In the beginning, there was light. Under the intense conditions of the early universe, ionized matter gave off radiation that was trapped within it like light in a dense fog. But as the universe expanded and cooled, electrons and protons came together to form neutral atoms, and matter lost its ability to ensnare light."
In stark contrast, others took exception to the theory and effectively dissected the physics, outlining its many scientific flaws. One reader who identified himself as a geophysicist wrote, "Cosmologists are so far from a mechanism that could create matter from nothing via light that they can't even see a dull glow in the distance. One of the great dirty little secrets of physics is that small scale-creation ex nihilo is a sham." Additionally, he explained in detail why the Second Law of Thermodynamics did not support the professor's theory.
Another reader was quick to point out that electromagnetic forces are not the only force behind the organization of the elemental particles. Other forces are "gravitational and nuclear. In fact, the protons in the nucleus of atoms are held close together by the more powerful strong nuclear forces against the repulsion of all their positive electric charges. So, this would seem to show the author is not a professor of theoretical physics. [At best] EMF is merely part of the story."
Of course, many readers were immediately convinced the e-mail and hypothesis were a hoax. One reader said, "It's interesting but sounds too much like the typical pseudo science put out by kooks. I'm specifically talking about the pseudo science around UFOs, psychic powers and ghosts. I offer you these examples:
"The Flat Earth Societyand this very funny site and Wiser.tv. Both are good in that they baffle with [would-be] science that gives the impression of correctness but really isn't."
Some critics were a little more hard-hitting, like the retired physicist/mathematician/engineer from Caltech. He simply wanted to say that "the light theory is absurd. The original particles were NOT protons. This is total bunkum."
Others went right to the metaphysical arguments, pointing out this theory failed to address the critical element of soul. And finally, many wrote from a purely religious perspective. Their primary complaint was that this theory simply contradicted Scripture altogether:
"After all, according to Scripture God formed the creatures from the ground, not from one another as evolution and apparently as this mechanism would require. See Genesis 1:24, 2:7, 19. What's more, God's mechanism is also clear in Scripture: 'God said … and it was so.' Genesis 1:3, 6 and 7, 11 and 12, etc."
Now, in light and review of your collective insights, I do not think the professor's hypothesis was a hoax, neither do I think his theory holds very much water. According to numerous scientists, enthusiasts and theologians willing to share their education and expertise, this hypothesis fails to sufficiently or successfully integrate the theories of special and general relativity; account for forces other than EMF impacting molecular and cellular development; and appears to contradict well-established principles such as entropy. Finally, this possible mechanism behind ID can be said to fairly represent little more than an alternative to the traditionally recognized "Theistic Evolution." As such it rather blatantly contradicts Scripture.
All that said, it was still fun to read, think about and dissect. Many thanks to all who responded to my column and questions concerning the professor's theory. NEXT!


text:
Century Project nudes under fire again
Cathy 32 by Frank Cordelle
They are not images any of us are used to seeing: women of all ages naked, even young girls. It's part of The Century Project by photographer Frank Cordelle, who said its purpose was to show what girls and women are really like spanning a hundred years and also address problems they face, like anorexia and sexual assault. Not everyone thinks that's what the project does.
"Just because someone says something doesn't make it true," said John Foubert. "I couldn't believe that college campuses would actually pay a man like this to put his pictures up."
Foubert, a sexual assault prevention researcher who works at Oklahoma State University, started a Facebook page urging people to protest The Century Project. He has said Cordelle's exhibit borders on pornography.
"They are pictures that you would find certainly in the collections of sex offenders and the like," said Foubert.
Beyond that, Foubert said he is concerned that rather than educating about sexual assault, it might encourage it.
[From Art exhibit to be displayed at UofL includes nude children – WAVE 3 TV Louisville, KY | ]
The Century Project is coming under fire once again. I sometimes wonder why there isn't some sort of global legal package set up for this project by now. yes this is an art exhibition, yes it has a range of ages. it's purpose is to educate women in issues that affect women of all ages and types. this project has been celebrated and criticized.
Personally I find it fascinating I have viewed the images available online for the century project and will probably invest in the book. it hasn't toured here and I doubt it will with Australia's ridiculous censorship laws but it is a wonderful concept with many levels of meaning that I think people should be exposed to. it's uncomfortable to see girls so young with eating disorders, abuse sufferers and in pain. it's difficult to see the issues that women battle throughout their lives. but it is important. and it should not be censored. The reality of this project is it's strength. it is sensitive, emotive and deeply raw and disturbing but certainly not pornographic.
It is sad that someone like Foubert cannot listen to himself. just because he says this exhibit is pornographic does not make it true.
March 4, 2010 in Twitter. Tags: art, art news, censorship, century project, controversy, female, feminism, Frank Cordelle
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Wow! Thanks for sharing that Jennie. I like it. I think that's really cool and I love that all different body types are used. This is most definately not porn. I like how people actually contacted the artist begging to be involved in this project. Very interesting.


Lieff Cabraser represented a class of chicken processing employees of Perdue Farms, Inc., one of the nation's largest poultry processors, for wage and hour violations.
The suit challenged Perdue's failure to compensate its assembly line employees for putting on, taking off, and cleaning protective and sanitary equipment in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, various state wage and hour laws, and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
Under a settlement approved by the Court in 2002, Perdue paid $10 million for wages lost by its chicken processing employees and attorneys' fees and costs. The settlement was in addition to a $10 million settlement of a suit brought by the Department of Labor in the wake of Lieff Cabraser's lawsuit.


text:
PICTURE: Hunts council building turned to rubble
THE last of the skeleton of Huntingdonshire District Council s old Pathfinder House headquarters in Huntingdon s St Mary s Street should be reduced to rubble by the end of this week. The two massive crunching machines – known to HDC employees as the dino
THE last of the skeleton of Huntingdonshire District Council's old Pathfinder House headquarters in Huntingdon's St Mary's Street should be reduced to rubble by the end of this week.
The two massive crunching machines - known to HDC employees as "the dinosaurs" - are due to leave the site tomorrow (Thursday), leaving the lower floors to be cleared by smaller machines, said project director Richard Preston.
"The demolition has generated quite a lot of interest, and members of the public have been photographing the whole process," he added. "It all gets a bit boring from now on," he predicted.
The demolition of the 1970s spec-built office block is part of a �16.5million project to create a new headquarters complex, of which one block is already complete and occupied.
A second block will be erected on the footprint of the building currently being pulled down, and a civic suite, including a new council chamber and public meeting rooms, will go up alongside Castle Moat Road.
A block of 14 affordable homes will be erected for social landlord the Luminus Group in the former HQ car park, fronting St Mary's Street.
The whole project is due for completion in May 2010.


text:
August Max Fiedler (ur. 31 grudnia 1859 w Żytawie, zm. 1 grudnia 1939 w Sztokholmie) – niemiecki dyrygent.

Życiorys
Uczył się gry na fortepianie u swojego ojca oraz gry na organach i teorii muzyki u Gustava Albrechta, następnie w latach 1877–1880 studiował w konserwatorium w Lipsku. Od 1882 roku wykładał w konserwatorium w Hamburgu, w 1903 roku objął stanowisko dyrektora tej uczelni. Od 1904 do 1908 był dyrygentem filharmonii hamburskiej. W sezonie 1905/1906 prowadził Filharmonię Nowojorską, a w 1907 roku London Philharmonic Orchestra. W latach 1908–1912 był dyrygentem Bostońskiej Orkiestry Symfonicznej. Po powrocie do Niemiec osiadł w Berlinie. W latach 1916–1934 był dyrygentem orkiestry symfonicznej w Essen. Od 1933 roku pracował w rozgłośni radia berlińskiego, dyrygował też jej orkiestrą.

Zajmował się również komponowaniem, napisał m.in. Symfonię, Serenadę na małą orkiestrę, uwerturę, kwintet fortepianowy, kwartet smyczkowy, utwory fortepianowe i pieśni.

Przypisy

Niemieccy dyrygenci
Urodzeni w 1859
Zmarli w 1939
Ludzie urodzeni w Żytawie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Chevron Denies Climate Risk to Shareholders While Supporting the Spread of Climate Disinformation
Kathy Mulvey, climate accountability campaign director | April 14, 2017, 9:46 am EDT
In preparation for its annual shareholders' meeting next month, Chevron Corporation has issued its 2017 Proxy Statement. Unfortunately for investors concerned about climate change, this major oil and gas company continues to downplay the profound risks its product poses to Earth's climate.
In a new report cited in the proxy statement, Chevron insists that its risk exposure in a carbon-constrained world is minimal, although it acknowledged in annual financial filings the increased possibility of climate-related investigations and litigation. In the proxy statement, the company's Board attempts to convince shareholders that Chevron's political activities—which include support for groups that spread climate disinformation—are in shareholders' long-term interests.
Pressure continues to mount on major fossil fuel companies like Chevron to renounce disinformation on climate science and policy and begin to plan for a world free from carbon pollution. Here's a preview of some of the key climate-related issues on the agenda at Chevron's annual meeting on May 31 in Midland, Texas.
Systemic economic risks
There is substantial backing in the business and investor communities for strengthening and harmonizing climate-related financial disclosures by companies in all sectors. The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international body that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system. Recognizing the potential systemic risks posed by climate change to the global economy and economic system, the FSB set up a Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) chaired by former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.
In December 2016, the TCFD released its Recommendations Report. The TCFD recommended disclosure of climate-related financial risks in mainstream (i.e., public) financial filings. Specifically, the TCFD recommended that companies disclose what a 2° Celsius scenario would mean for their businesses, strategies, and financial planning.
The Union of Concerned Scientists and other stakeholders have provided comments on the TCFD's Recommendations Report, which is expected to be taken up by the leaders of G20 countries this year.
Now is a good time to consider how Chevron's 2017 financial filings measure up to these mainstream recommendations and expectations.
2°C scenario planning
Increasingly, shareowners of major fossil energy companies are calling for annual reporting on how climate policies may affect their business in light of the globally agreed target to limit global warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. This year, Chevron shareholders have put forward a resolution calling for annual planning on 2°C scenarios, along with a proposal on transition to a low-carbon economy. In 2016, the 2°C scenario planning resolution won the support of more than 40% of Chevron shareholders.
In our inaugural Climate Accountability Scorecard released last October, UCS assessed how Chevron is planning for a world free from carbon pollution—and scored the company "poor." We recommended that Chevron:
Publicly acknowledge the Paris climate agreement's long-term goal and its implications for the swift transition to global net-zero emissions;
Disclose emissions resulting from the company's operations and the use of its products;
Set and disclose initial near-term company-wide targets to reduce emissions from its operations and the use of its products;
Develop and publicly communicate a clear plan and timeline to deepen emissions reductions consistent with the Paris agreement's long-term goal.
In the 2017 proxy statement, Chevron's board recommends a "no" vote on both the 2°C scenario planning and transition to a low-carbon economy proposals. The Board asserts that Chevron's report "Managing Climate Change Risks: A Perspective for Investors," released last month, substantially addresses the issues raised by its shareowners in these resolutions, despite a lack of such disclosures in the company's U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reporting.
This report comes to some extraordinary conclusions, including:
"…Chevron's current risk management and business planning processes are sufficient to mitigate the risks associated with climate change."
"…the current risk exposure to the Company even in a restricted GHG [greenhouse gas] scenario is minimal."
Yet "Managing Climate Change Risks" is not a robust analysis of the potential business, strategic, and financial implications of climate-related risks and opportunities for Chevron. It fails to meet the expectations of shareholders or align with the TCFD recommendations. Among its shortcomings, the report:
Provides no description of how 2°C scenario analysis is integrated into Chevron's investment decision making or strategic business planning;
Includes limited discussion of market and technological risks to Chevron's business model and provides no detail on its current or projected low-carbon investments;
Does not acknowledge climate-related risks to Chevron's reputation;
Provides some information about Chevron's assessment of climate-related physical risks, but does not disclose how it determines their materiality or how it plans to manage these risks in the future.
Potential investigations and litigation
In contrast to the rosy outlook presented in "Managing Climate Change Risks," Chevron's annual 10-K report for 2016 (filed in February 2017) acknowledged that "Increasing attention to climate change risks has resulted in an increased possibility of governmental investigations and, potentially, private litigation against the company." This is an extraordinary admission, for several reasons:
Companies only have to disclose to investors risks that could have a "material adverse effect" on them—that is, risks to their bottom lines. Most companies resist identifying a risk as material until they have no choice but to do so.
To date, only ExxonMobil is known to be under investigation by governmental authorities—specifically, the attorneys general of New York and Massachusetts and the SEC. Chevron is apparently concerned that it, too, could face scrutiny for misleading investors and consumers about climate change.
Up until recently, Chevron has been limited in its climate-related risk disclosure to the SEC. After pressure from UCS and investors, the company did expand its disclosure of physical risk at its refineries, but didn't explicitly mention climate change like this year's disclosure does.
In last year's Climate Accountability Scorecard, Chevron scored only "fair" on fully disclosing climate risks to its shareholders. It remains to be seen whether these additional disclosures will improve Chevron's score in this area.
Direct and indirect lobbying
Growing numbers of investors are also seeking more information to assess whether lobbying by major oil and gas companies is consistent with the companies' expressed goals and in the best interests of shareholders. Chevron again faces a proposal from shareholders requesting annual reporting on direct and indirect lobbying activities and expenditures.
In 2016, 27% of Chevron shareholders voted for such a proposal, and the company has not taken any steps that are likely to reduce shareholder concerns in this area.
This year's resolution cites Chevron's lack of transparency about its membership in and contributions to trade associations and industry groups such as the American Petroleum Institute (API), Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA), Business Roundtable, US Chamber of Commerce (US Chamber), and American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
UCS's Climate Accountability Scorecard rated Chevron "egregious" in the area of Renouncing disinformation on climate science and policy, due largely to its affiliation with groups like API, WSPA, the US Chamber, and ALEC that spread disinformation on climate science and policy.
Shareholders should not tolerate Chevron's efforts to dismiss and deny the very real risks posed by climate change to our planet, to the company's business model, and to their investments. They can send a strong message to the company's management and board by voting in favor of climate-related shareholder proposals at next month's annual meeting.
Posted in: Global Warming Tags: 2 degrees Celsius, climate accountability, climate scorecard, corporate annual meetings, corporate influence
Although we might consider 40% and 27% to be sizable numbers of investors which Chevron should attend to with greater transparency, the company's execs probably believe they are on safe ground as long as those numbers remain a minority. I hope UCS and other organizations will continue to press the case with Chevron, as well as other companies like She'll, BP, etc. I stand ready to sign petitions as needed.
Kathy Mulvey is the accountability campaign director for the Climate & Energy team at the Union of Concerned Scientists.
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