text:
Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011). Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago.
© Eliana Ferroni, Tom Jefferson, Via Puglie 23, 00187 Rome, Italy. Emails: elianaferroni@yahoo.it; and jefferson.tom@gmail.com
Cite as: Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011). Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation (https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/angelo-celli-and-research-on-the-prevention-of-malaria-in-italy-a-century-ago/)
From 'seasonal and intermittent fevers' through 'mal'aria', to 'malaria'
The parasite responsible for severe malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) has recently been demonstrated to have been transmitted to humans from gorillas (Liu 2010), a finding that substantiates an earlier hypothesis that malaria spread from monkeys to early neolithic peasants at the dawn of land cultivation (Packard 2007). The first written records of seasonal and/or intermittent fevers – which are widely assumed to be malaria – are found in Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Indian texts (Givigliano 1998).
In the fifth century BCE, these fevers became widespread in ancient Greece, prompting Hippocrates to investigate them and to attempt a detailed description. He tried to understand the relationship between the timing and frequency of intermittent fevers and the swelling of the spleen, as well as their relationship to where patients lived, identifying swampy areas as particularly inhospitable. These intermittent fevers affected the inhabitants of wetlands in and around ancient Rome, a situation most probably aggravated by population flows from North Africa around the time of the Punic wars (Packard 2007). Some classical civilizations – for example, the Etruscans – channeled water flows and drained marshes, although this may have been primarily for land reclamation.
In 1717, the Italian physician Giovanni Lancisi described factors associated with intermittent fevers and postulated that mosquitoes might have a role in transmitting them (Lancisi 1717). Lancisi gave the word malaria its present medical meaning. The word began to be adopted in Italian and English medical texts in the eighteenth century, the word itself reflecting the popular belief that malaria was caused by stagnant air ('mal'aria') rising from swampy areas.
Identifying the mode of transmission of malaria
Although numerous authors postulated a link between mosquitoes and malaria, no proof of this way of transmitting a disease was forthcoming until the end of the 19th century. In 1880, the French military physician Alphonse Laveran described the parasite (Plasmodium) that causes malaria, later (1907) receiving the Nobel prize for Medicine for his discovery. The Italian pathologist Camillo Golgi (Nobel Prize 1906) studied the parasite's cycle in human blood, linking the onset of intermittent fever with the breakdown of red blood cells and the spread of parasites into the blood. After the development of a method for staining malaria parasites in blood smears, Ettore Marchiafava and Amico Bignami investigated the suspicion that different species of Plasmodium might be responsible for different clinical manifestations of the disease. This led in 1892 to the identification of Plasmodium falciparum as the species responsible for fatal cases of malaria.
Meanwhile, British researchers had shown that human filariasis and blackwater fever in cattle could be transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks (Manson 1878; Smith and Kilborne 1893). These observations prompted Patrick Manson to consider Lancisi's earlier and Laveran's more recent suggestion that mosquitoes might have a role in the transmission of malaria. He encouraged Ronald Ross (Nobel Prize 1902), a medical officer in the British Colonial Medical Service, to perform experiments in India to investigate whether malaria in birds was transmitted through mosquitoes. These studies demonstrated the development of the malaria parasite in mosquitoes, thus identifying how the disease was transmitted.
The specific species of mosquito responsible for malaria transmission to humans was discovered in Italy by Giambattista Grassi, a zoologist at La Sapienza University in Rome. Between 1898 and 1899, in collaboration with Amico Bignami and Giuseppe Bastianelli, Grassi showed that Anopheles claviger was the specific carrier of malaria in Italy, and described the development of the Plasmodium in the mosquito. Bignami and Bastianelli sent populations of infected mosquitoes to London (where there was no Plasmodium falciparum), and where Manson transmitted the infection to his son and to one of his colleagues. Manson's findings thus confirmed on a firmer experimental basis Grassi's earlier discovery that malaria was caused by infected Anopheles (Manson 1900).
These observations extended to malaria the insect vector theory of the transmission of diseases. Italy, which was already the main centre of malaria research, became the dominant place in Europe for studying the disease under field conditions, and a Society for the Study of Malaria was created there in 1898 to promote dissemination and application of the new discoveries. Over the following 15 years, more than 500 articles covering basic research and interventions to prevent and treat malaria were published in the Society's proceedings. As Bruce-Chwatt and Zulueta remarked nearly a century later:
To speak of malaria in Italy is to speak of the fundamentals in our knowledge of the disease. The Italian contribution in this field is immense. Not only is the now almost universally accepted name of the disease Italian, but the basis of the science of malariology is Italian as well. The malariologist from other lands when treading upon Italian ground can only do so with admiration and respect (Bruce-Chwatt and de Zulueta 1980).
Italian research on the prevention of malaria
A map showing the distribution of the disease in Italy was first published in 1882, and a nationwide census in 1887 showed that malaria was present in almost a third of the Italian peninsula. It was estimated that two million Italians (out of a population of 30 million) suffered from the disease, and that it was killing over 20,000 of them every year. Malaria affected various provinces of Italy differently: in the north (except for the Venetian coast), a mild form of the disease prevailed; in the south (including the Tuscany and Latium coasts), the disease was more severe. About 10 per cent of the population in the south lived in permanently endemic areas, and the case fatality rate in parts of Calabria, Basilicata, Sicily and Sardinia was sometimes as high as 20-30 per cent. Furthermore, since malaria affected the cultivation of around two million hectares of land, the economy of the south suffered badly, the disease exacting a heavy burden from the agricultural workforce. These circumstances meant that the motivation for developing and applying policies to prevent malaria were particularly strong in Italy.
At the end of the 19th century, Giambattista Grassi showed that avoiding mosquito bites conferred protection from malaria. He sent 112 volunteers to the Capaccio Plains (a malarious area in south west Italy), and protected them from mosquito bites from dusk till dawn. Only five of the protected volunteers contracted the disease, compared to all 415 members of a comparison group (method of assembly not specified) who were unprotected (Grassi 1900). The Italian hygienist Angelo Celli, director of the Department of Hygiene at La Sapienza University in Rome was concerned by the impact of economic and social factors on health (Pazzini 1958). He noted that the mild form of malaria in the north of Italy did not prevent industrial and agricultural development there, while the more severe cases in the south impeded both economic and social development. In collaboration with physicians, engineers, farmers, and teachers, Celli proposed a variety of public health interventions, including adequate drainage and water management interventions, full local employment, and public education. He argued for combined efforts, not only against the direct causes of malaria (the parasite and mosquitoes), but also against the concomitant causes of the disease – the environmental and living conditions of the affected populations. In a book published in 1899, he recommended that malaria prophylaxis should be based on blood disinfection, patient isolation, physical protection from mosquitoes of exposed parts of the body and of homes, and mosquito extermination. As Celli recognized the practical difficulties of disinfecting blood (the concept of disinfecting blood was probably derived from Behring's earlier suggestion of in vivo disinfection (Simon 2007)) and exterminating mosquitoes, he decided to concentrate on testing ways of preventing mosquito bites.
Angelo Celli's controlled intervention study
Celli established a research centre in Casale della Cervelletta, a small town in Latium, 8 km from Rome on the railway line to Tivoli (Figure 1). After an initial trial during the summer of 1899, he conducted a study in the summer of 1900 to assess the effectiveness of a package of measures to prevent malaria by preventing mosquito bites. He began by recording the numbers of malaria cases in the local railway workers and their families living near five malarious railways lines (Figure 2). Then, in some of the homes, he screened the porches, doors and chimneys with wire mesh and covered the windows with thick muslin (Figure 3). The inside walls of these homes were whitewashed, as mosquitoes appear to be repelled by reflective surfaces and also could be better seen and subsequently killed. To prevent bites at night in houses in which mosquitoes were noticed, families were told to burn special powders (probably pyrethrum, an effective insecticide). Railway workers from these homes who were working on night shifts were equipped with veiled hats similar to those used by beekeepers, and given large leather gloves to prevent mosquitoes biting them (Figure 4). Quinine was administered to some of these workers. None of these interventions were used in the remaining, control families (Celli 1901; and Lindsay 2002, for discussion).
Celli's report (1900a) does not provide a clear account of how families were chosen for assignment to the experimental and control groups, although it gives some insights into his thinking. He describes the importance of comparing like with like in terms of exposure and outcome:
Out of similar staff with similar living conditions those who were defended by us have remained immune from fever, while the remaining exposed staff were almost all sick. It is as if in a book we had a white page and a black page, the first would represent our protected dwellings and families, the second would represent our unprotected dwellings and families…(Celli 1900a, p 1604).
However, other elements of his text make clear that experimental and control groups sometimes differed. For example, there were new and old railway dwellings along the Castelgiubileo line.
Old [dwellings] do not lend themselves to have protective modifications made, and as a consequence were left as controls. This is all the more important as old and new are located almost in alternate positions (Celli 1900a, p 1603, col 2).
Later in the text Celli describes a cross over in exposure and outcome which had resulted from an administrative decision by the railway company at the height of the 1900 malaria 'season':
We also observed two control episodes. On the 23rd of August, for service reasons, the family in dwelling 17 was moved. The family (made up of father, mother and son), which had always been well, was moved to the nearby dwelling 16. About a month later the mother and child became ill with fevers. The incoming dwelling 17 family (parents and 6 offspring) had all been unwell with malaria. We immediately instituted a prolonged and plentiful quinine cure followed by a tonic cure with arsenic and iron. This family blossomed, convalescing and recovering during the height of the malaria season in a dwelling protected from the poisonous flies. Only one child who had resistant episodes is still quite weak. So that in this Castelgiubileo line, proof the new prophylaxis has been more decisive and clear than ever (Celli 1900a, p 1604, col 1).
Celli provided detailed results in some elaborate Figures (Figure 5):
To provide an overview of the experiments carried out during 1899-1900 I have drawn tables 3-10 where unprotected railway workers dwellings, in other words controls, are in black ink, and protected dwellings are in red ink: the respective dwellers are displayed as larger disks for adults and smaller disks for children. The disk representing the head of the family is circled and the red outline shows those which didn't have fever and black outline those who did (Celli 1901b, p 111).
The difference in malarial parasitic incidence was dramatic: 92 per cent of the families left unprotected contracted malaria compared to only 4 per cent of those in the protected group (and several of this minority had ignored Celli's advice to cover themselves when outdoors).
Table 1*. Effect of physical anti-mosquito measures for preventing malaria
Railways lines n persons (Intervention houses) cases (%) n persons(Control houses) cases (%)
Prenestina – Salone 52 (8) 2 (3.8) 18 (3) 16 (88.9)
Castegiubileo 57 (7) 0 51 (8) 44 (86.3)
Pontegalera 35 (5) 3 (8.6) 53 (10) 49 (92.4)
Anzio 8 (2) 0 58 (10) 55 (94.8)
Terracina 29 (4) 2 (6.9) 37 (8) 36 (97.3)
Total 181 (26) 7 (3.9) 217 (39) 200 (92.2)
* Table based on data in Celli 1901b.
For the first time since the railways had been constructed, the families of railway workers in endemic areas were able to spend the summer and autumn protected from malaria. As Celli concluded:
… For the present I wish to conclude that with the mechanical [physical] preventive treatment -protecting the houses and the exposed part of the body – a great stride has been made in the field of practice among railway hands, keepers, peasants even, in the malarial districts. The experience of recent years has been so successful that all those who acted as controls want protection during the forthcoming fever season. Now before long all houses in malarious districts will be protected against the entrance of these insects; and in this way during the day there will be no more trouble from flies and from other dirty or vexatious or injurious insects; at night there will no longer be the inconveniences and the evil results of the mosquito. And in all low, hot, moist places where myriads of insects of all kinds thrive, the mechanical [physical] protection against their invasion will become the best of all preventive rules against malaria and against other diseases (Celli 1900a, p 1606).
The difference between treated and untreated families in Celli's study was impressive, but Patrick Manson (1900) was concerned that physical protection was not the only way in which the protected families had differed from control families. His concerns about possible biases had led him previously to repeat Grassi's experiment of malaria transmission using the malaria infected anopheles brought to London (Manson 1900). Although he had been impressed by the results of Celli's 1899 study, he was concerned that, in addition to physical measures of protection, some workers had been prescribed quinine.
This led Manson to conduct a smaller controlled experiment in Italy in 1900, concurrently with Celli's main study. He sent five people from the UK to live in wooden huts that he had had constructed in England, shipped to Italy, and then erected in Fiumaroli, in the countryside around Rome. The only protection against malaria afforded to the volunteers was mosquito netting – wire mesh screens on the doors and windows of the huts, and muslin nets around the beds. Quinine was not administered (Manson 1900). None of the five volunteers contracted malaria, unlike their neighbours, who did. This could reasonably be taken as a further demonstration that these simple practices could help prevent malaria effectively. By withholding quinine Manson's experiment provided the additional control needed to exclude possible bias due to the drugs used in addition to protective clothing by the night workers in Celli's study.
Manson's paper in the British Medical Journal presents results confirming Grassi's findings but does not mention Celli's research. It is dated 29 September 1900; Celli's conclusions are dated 19 October 1900. These two important reports were thus made public – in different languages – at the same moment. A translation of Celli's report was published in The Lancet on 1 December 1900 (Celli 1900b).
The use of physical protection against mosquitoes
The use of physical protection against mosquitoes and other flies has a history that antedates Grassi, Manson and Celli by a long time. Muslin and bednets had been used for centuries as physical protection of individuals and houses, and wire gauze has been proposed as a protection against flies in general and mosquitoes in particular for at least two centuries. In general, these measures were not promoted for protection against any specific diseases, although a brief note in the Encyclopaedia Americana in 1835 reports that a doctor in Connecticut had proposed using wire gauze to isolate houses and protect their inhabitants against malaria. After the manufacture of wire gauze had been industrialized and costs had fallen, particularly after the 1830s, its use became increasingly widespread. By the end of the 19th century, it was being used widely in the south of France to protect people and food from flies, and US patent records confirm its popular use to protect inhabited areas and people against mosquitoes.
The insect vector theory of disease transmission which was developed at the end of the 19th century provided a medical rationale for an already widely accepted use of physical protection, initially against yellow fever, specifically. In the 1880s, in Cuba, Carlos Finlay recommended using physical measures as a barrier to the mosquitoes that he assumed were transmitting yellow fever (Finlay 1886). There is no evidence that his recommendations were adopted during the 1880s, but in 1899-1900 physical protection was introduced at the Hospital Las Animas in Habana (as discussed by Juan Guiteras at the 1st International Sanitary Conference of American Republics, in Washington DC, on 2-5 December 1902). At more or less the same time, in Brazil, the Sao Sebastian Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, which specialized in the treatment of yellow fever, introduced similar equipment. Wire gauze caging (named Marchoux' chambers after 1903) soon spread from Latin America to the French Antilles and Senegal to protect people at risk of yellow fever, and was extended to Algeria in 1902, to protect railway workers against malaria.
A few months before Celli's principal report had been published, the use of wire gauze for physical protection against malaria was added to the British Pharmacopeia, and an English summary of Celli's work was produced in February 1901 'By command of CH Harley Moseley, Acting Colonial Secretary', for distribution throughout the British Empire (Celli 1901c). The Italian experience led to widespread screening of homes against mosquitoes in malarious areas, not only in Italy, but around the world (Lindsay 2002).
In spite of this enthusiastic promotion, physical measures to prevent malaria received less attention than Celli's pioneering evaluations suggest they deserved. The reasons are complex. Physical barriers are certainly more difficult to install and maintain than alternative approaches, like insecticide spraying, for example. There may also be socially and culturally unacceptable. Celli noted that attempts to implement these public health interventions sometimes met with 'apathy, ignorance, and prejudice', and that some people commented that they 'were not wild animals and did not want to sleep in cages' (Heid 1944). Furthermore, some Italian peasants distrusted medical doctors and the quinine used to treat malaria: they considered traditional folk medicine superior.
Within a few years of Celli's reports, however, physicians responsible for health policies (and possibly patients and the public as well) began to think in terms of drugs and vaccines for preventing malaria. As early as the 1920s and 1930s, attention had started to switch to mass medication with commercially attractive synthetic anti-malarial drugs, not only in Italy (Bastianelli et al. 1937; Garattini, in preparation), but in many other countries as well (Gachelin, in preparation).
The physical protection measures against mosquito bites to prevent malaria which Grassi, Manson and Celli pioneered over a century ago remain as important today as they were then (Lengeler 2004; Kirby et al. 2008). As recently as 2009, a randomized trial showed that house screening reduces anaemia in children, an important finding because anaemia is the main cause of malaria deaths in children under two years old (Kirby et al. 2009). Indeed, Celli's combined strategy against malaria can be considered an early manifestation of the Integrated Vector Management adopted by WHO today for the control of vector borne diseases (WHO 2004).
We thank Dr Rosella Del Vecchio (Library of the Sanarelli Public Health Department, Sapienza University, Rome), and Dr Michele Catarinella (University Library of Bologna) for providing us with very useful material; and to Prof Paul Garner and Prof Steve Lindsay for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article.
This James Lind Library commentary has been republished in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2012;105:35-40. Print PDF
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Figure 1: Cervelletta experimental centre. Vintage and recent photos.
Figure 2: Map of Cervelletta.
Figure 3: Photos of houses equipped with physical protection.
Figure 4: Photo of the physical protection used by the people.
Figure 5: Tables.


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ST. PETERSBURG – The Rays made official the final change to manager Kevin Cash's coaching staff, naming Paul Hoover as the new field coordinator.
The Rays also named Jonathan Erlichman as "process and analytics" coach and hired Justin Su'a as a mental skills coach.
Hoover, 42, was the Rays minor-league catching coordinator the past six years, and managed the rookie-level Gulf Coast League team before that in 2012. He played 14 years mostly in the minors at the Triple-A level, reaching the majors for short stints in seven seasons, appearing in 40 big-league games, eight for the Rays.
He fills the field coordinator position opened when Rocco Baldelli was hired as manager of the Twins.
Manager Kevin Cash said Hoover made a solid impression in the minors and will bring a lot to the staff.
"Just the work that he's done with our catching corps," Cash said. "The impact that he's had, ultimately the buy-in he's had, the relationships he's built. The way he's continued to develop develop catchers, help catchers get to the big leagues whether with us or somebody else. If you go ask any catcher Hoov has come across, there's a pretty consistent message of how instrumental he has been with so many people catching wise. Now he's going to get the opportunity to do that at the big-league level, not just with catchers but kind of evolving into coordinating our strategy on a daily basis and bringing a lot of things that sometimes can fall through the cracks."
Hoover started his pro career with the Rays after being a 23rd-round pick in 1997 out of Kent State and made his big-league debut in 2001. He played briefly with the Rays again in 2002 but was released and started bouncing around, making it back to the majors with the Marlins in 2006-08 and the Phillies 2009-10.
Hoover began his coaching career in 2012 with the Rays as manager of the rookie-level Gulf Coast League team, then moved to catching coordinator in 2013.
Hoover joins third-base coach Rodney Linares as newcomers to Cash's staff, with Matt Quatraro moving from third base to bench coach to replace Charlie Montoyo, who was hired to manage the Blue Jays.
Hoover's exact responsibilities are still being worked out; he said he welcomes the named Blue Jays manager) and hired Rodney Linares to take over at third.
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Erlichman, 28, has been with the Rays for six years, serving the last two as director of analytics, which the team said included "overseeing the club's research efforts and coordinating improvements to decision-making processes." He previously was an assistant and an analyst in baseball research and development and holds a degree in mathematics from Princeton.
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text:
of the grantee to enjoy the easement would move them to one of the free states, and purbe no more significant in its bearing upon his chase for them stock, implements, and utenrights than the neglect to enjoy the freehold sils needed for farming, and procure for them to which the easement was appurtenant." To some land, the title of which should be setthe same effect are Riehle y. Heulings, 38 N. tled in such way that the emancipated slaves J. Eq. 20; Lindeman v. Lindsey, 69 Pa. St. and their children and issue should "have a 93. There is no evidence in the record of common use and benefit of the said land dur. any act of the plaintiffs inconsistent with the ing the time they may live on it; but if any of right of the defendants and their grantors un- them shall remove from said land, and cease til the strip was fenced up at the end. Even to live upon it, then in that case the right and this could hardly be said to amount to such title of such of them as shall remove and cease a hostile assertion of right adverse to the de- to live upon it shall be determined, and he, fendants as would set the statute of limita- she, or they shall no longer hold right to any tions running against their deed. The de part of said land." A fund was set apart, fendants neither had nor claimed to have, by with which the executor was to purchase the virtue of the deed to Mrs. Mather, the full land, and also pay the expenses of the removal title to the land. They were under no obli- of the emancipated slaves to the free state. gation to use the easement until they desired Shortly after the making of the will, Joshua to do so, nor were they bound to take any ac- Pennell died in North Carolina, leaving eight tion to protect their rights so long as there slaves, emancipated by the will, who were was no occupancy of the land inconsistent generally known by the name of the testator, with them. While the deed from Mrs. Math- a part of whom were removed to Kansas, in er to Hoag does not specifically mention the accordance with the directions of the will, right of way, it grants the land and appur- and some of them sold themselves back into tenances thereto. There is no question that slavery, while others declined to avail themthis easement was appurtenant to the land, selves of the provisions of the will, and never and passed to the grantee of Mrs. Mather. came to Kansas. In 1869 a partition suit was The judgment is reversed, with direction to | brought in the district court of Doniphan enter judgment, on the special findings and county, in which all of the Pennells who were undisputed facts of the case, in favor of the named in the will, and who had been brought defendants. All the justices concurring. to Kansas, were parties. In that proceeding
the land which was purchased for them, and
upon which they had resided until that time, (55 Kan. 78)
was partitioned among them, and the parties PENNELL et al. v. FELCH.
to the proceeding took possession of the por(Supreme Court of Kansas. April 6, 1895.) tions respectively assigned to them in severPARTITION-RES JUDICATA-APPEAL-PRESUMP- alty, and thereafter occupied the same. Un
der this proceeding, Augustus Pennell obtain1. In an action of partition, where the title ed the land in controversy in this action, and to land and the right to divide and dispose of the same in severalty are put in issue or might
afterwards, in 1877, upon a mortgage given have been litigated therein, the judgment ren
by him and his wife, a judgment of foreclosure dered is binding upon all the parties to the was rendered, under which the land was approceeding and those holding under them, as
praised and sold. The purchaser at the sherto such issues. 2. In the absence of the testimony, or of
iff's sale took possession of the land, which a special finding upon a material question in the was continued until January 8, 1881, when it case, it will be presumed that the facts dis- was conveyed to the plaintiff below, who reclosed in evidence were such as to support the general finding and judgment of the court.
mained in possession of the land for a time; (Syllabus by the Court.)
but subsequently some of the Pennells gained
possession of the land, and hence she comError from district court, Doniphan county;
menced this action, naming as parties Charles R. C. Bassett, Trial Judge.
Pennell, Newton Pennell, and Felix Pennell, Action by Hattie C. Felch against Charles
as well as several other parties who disclaimPennell and others, to recover land. Plaintiff
ed, or were dismissed from the action. The had judgment, and defendants bring error.
trial court found that the plaintiff was enAffirmed.
titled to the possession of the land, and also S. L. Ryan, for plaintiffs in error. Albert gave' judgment against Charles, Newton, and Perry, C. D. Walker, and J. L. Berry, for de- Felix Pennell for $105, for the rents and proffendant in error.
its of the land during the time they were in
possession of the same. JOHNSTON, J. This was an action to re- It is manifest that the rights of the parties cover a 40-acre tract of land in Doniphan under the will and under the purchase of land county, which is a part of a body of land pur- made for the Pennells by the executor were chased in 1859 and 1860 for persons who, be- / adjusted and determined in the partition suit fore that time, had been the slaves of Joshua in 1870. That proceeding involved an interPennell, of North Carolina. In 1855 Joshua pretation of the will, and the kind of title acPennell made a will by which he gave to all quired under the will, and the conveyances of his slaves their freedom; and he directed that were executed. The judgment in that acthat his executor, Joshua Winkler, should re- tion is conclusive upon the parties thereto,
TIONS.
not only as to the matters actually determined, but also as to every other matter which might have been litigated and decided in the action. All of the plaintiffs in error in this case were parties to that proceeding, except Felix Pennell. He is a son of Sophronia Pennell, who was a party to the proceeding, and to whom a share of the land was allotted. The record does not affirmatively show that he was a party, nor does it show that he had been born when the partition was made. The testimony is not here, and the findings are silent upon that subject. In this state of the record the general finding will be treated as a finding of every special thing necessary to sustain the judgment, and is conclusive in this court on all doubtful or disputed questions of fact. We cannot assume the exist. ence of facts that would impair the validity of the judgment, but should rather presume the facts to be such as are not inconsistent with those specially found, and yet will sustain the judgment that was given. It does not appear that any request was made for other and more specific findings, and none of those given can be said to be inconsistent with the judgment. Kellogg v. Bissantz, 51 Kan. 418, 32 Pac. 1090. The land in controversy was allotted, and each of the parties has received the share apportioned to him. The acceptance and disposition of the share so allotted estops any of such parties from questioning the adjudication and division that was made of the property. The judgment of the district court must therefore be affirmed. All the justices concurring.
Error from district court, Washington county; F. W. Sturges, Judge.
Action by Lyman Lacy, Jr., to recover from A. L. Comstock, as executor of the estate of Bernard Rodgers, rent money for the use of land previously purchased by him. Defendants had judgment, and plaintiff brings error. Affirmed. On July 5, 1887, Bernard Rodgers owned a tract of land and rented the same for three years from March 1, 1888, at an annual rental of $200, for which three promissory notes were executed by the tenants and delivered to Rodgers. On December 27, 1887, Bernard Rodgers gave a portion of the land to his son, Charles D. Rodgers, by an instrument of which the following is a copy: "The grantor, Barnett Rodgers, also known as Bernard Rodgers, a widower, now of the city of Havana, in the county of Mason and the state of Illinois, for and in consideration of one dollar and for mutual love and affection, in hand paid, conveys and warrants to Charles D. Rodgers, of said city of Havana, of the county of Mason and the state of Illinois, the following described real estate, to wit: The southwest quarter of the northeast quarter, and the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter, both in section thirty-two (32), town four (4) south, range five (5) east, containing in all 80 acres, more or less, including all improvements and buildings of every nature and kind in or upon the same.
The grantor herein reserves, however, all the rents, issues, and profits arising from said premises during the lifetime of him, the said grantor, and also the privilege and right to dispose of said premises by deed, during his lifetime. In all other respects this deed of conveyance is absolute. Situated in the county of Washington, in the state of Kansas; hereby releasing and waiving all right under and by virtue of the homestead exemption laws of said state. Dated this 27th day of December, A. D. 1887. Barnett Rod. gers." This instrument was acknowledged. and also filed for record with the register of deeds. On February 23, 1889, Bernard Rod. gers died testate, and A. L., Comstock was duly appointed as the executor of his last will and testament. His will, among other bequests, contained the following provision: "Also that my daughter, Ellen Morrissey. have the rent of my farm for three years, 1888, 1889, and 1890, two hundred dollars each year, after paying the above legacies and my funeral expenses, and all other just debts." On February 28, 1889, Charles D. Rodgers conveyed the land given to him by Bernard Rodgers in his lifetime to persons who on March 1, 1890, conveyed the same to Lyman Lacy, Jr. The parties to whom the land was rented used and occupied the premises under the lease, and had paid two of the rent notes before the commencement of the action. Comstock, as executor, collected the note due March 1, 1890, for $200, which he has in his possession, and he also holds, as such executor, the last rent note, due March 1, 1891. At the death of Bernard
(55 Kan. 82)
FRANKHAUSER v. EDWARDS. (Supreme Court of Kansas. April 6, 1895.)
Error from district court, Osage county; William Thomson, Judge.
Action between N. Frankhauser and Myra A. Edwards. From the judgment rendered, Frankhauser brings error. Atlirmed.
Pleasant & Pleasant and R. C. Heizer, for plaintiff in error. B. F. Hendrix and Ellis Lewis, for defendant in error.
PER CURIAM. We find no error in the record in this case, nor anything requiring especial mention. As the case of McNamara v. Culver, 22 Kan. 661, declares the law applicable to the facts appearing in this record, the judgment is atlirmed.
LACY V. COMSTOCK et al. (Supreme Court of Kansas. April 6, 1895.) DEED-CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVATIONS.
Where R. conditionally gave a tract of land to a relative by an instrument which reserved to R. not only the rents. issues, and profits of the land while he lived, but which also reserved to him the right to dispose of the land during his lifetime, it was competent for him thereafter to bequeath to another relative the use of the land, and the rents and profits of the same, for a period of time extending two years after his death.
(Syllabus by the Court.)
Rodgers these notes were in possession of not seek a trial and judgment under the proviand were taken charge of by the executor as a
sions of section 184 of the Civil Code, he is not
thereby precluded of his full remedy upon the part of the personal estate. All of the legacies
bond. mentioned in the will have been fully paid 2. Where the bond in a replevin action, exby the executor. Upon these facts the dis- ecuted by the plaintiff with sureties, provides trict court ruled that Lacy was entitled to
that the plaintiff "shall duly prosecute the ac:
tion," the defendant is entitled to recover all no part of the rent money for which he had
the damages he has sustained, upon a breach sued, and gave judgment in favor of the of that condition. defendants. The plaintiff brings the case
3. The amount of damages in an action on
a replevin bond depends materially on the right here for review.
of the plaintiff to the property.
If the plainOmar Powell, for plaintiff in error. Joseph
tiff in a replevin action fails to prosecute the
same, and it is not determined in that case that G. Lowe, for defendants in error.
the right of possession of the property belongs
to the defendant, then, in an action on the bond, JOHNSTON, J. (after stating the facts). if it appears that the plaintiff (defendant in reIt is contended that the instrument by which plevin) had no title or right of possession to the Bernard Rodgers conditionally gave 80 acres
property when the replevin action was com
menced and dismissed, he has sustained only of land to Charles D. Rodgers operated as a nominal damages, and can recover only such conveyance of the land in praesenti, and damages. that as the use or issues and profits are in- (Syllabus by the Court.) cidental, and follow the land, Charles D. Error from district court, Wyandotte counRodgers and his grantee are entitled to the ty; 0. L. Miller, Judge. rents of the same, or at least to so much of
Action by W. H. Bliss against A. W. Litthe rents as accrued after the death of Ber
tle. Plaintiff had judgment, and defendant nard Rodgers. The instrument, as will be brings error. Reversed. seen, is not an absolute conveyance. Ber
W. H. Bliss commenced his action against nard Rodgers not only reserved the rents, A. W. Little on the 28th day of July, 1890, issues, and profits arising from the land
alleging in his petition that on August 21, while he lived, but he also reserved to him
1889, he was the owner and in peaceable posself the right to dispose of the land during session of certain personal property; that his lifetime. It is plain that the transfer
Cornelia Mackey, falsely pretending he was was not to be effective until his death, and
indebted to her in a large sum, to wit, $237, it is urged with much plausibility that the and that the same was secured by mortgage instrument is testamentary in its character.
on the property, on August 21, 1889, deReed v. Hazleton, 37 Kan. 321, 15 Pac. 177; manded possession of the same from him, Hazleton v. Reed, 46 Kan. 73, 26 Pac. 450.
which he refused to comply with; that thereBut, whether it is or not, it is manifest that
upon she commenced an action in replevin the purpose of the grantor was to reserve
against him, in the district court of Wyanthe title to and dominion over the land while
dotte county, for the possession of the prophe lived. It was his own property, and he erty; that she and defendant executed a was at liberty to give it upon such terms and
replevin bond in the usual form; that the conditions as his judgment and desires might
property was taken from him by the sheriff, prescribe. As was his right, he reserved to
and delivered to Mrs. Mackey; that the achimself the use of the land, and also the con
tion stood regularly for trial; that on De. trol and disposition of the same.
It was
cember 16, 1889, it was dismissed for want competent for him to have transferred the
of prosecution, Mrs. Mackey not appearing; entire interest in the land by gift, grant, or
that judgment was rendered against her for bequest, and certainly he had ample power the costs; that, since the action was disto make a like transfer of the use or rents
missed, Mrs. Mackey has not returned the arising from the same. While the title and
property to him, nor paid him the value dominion of the property remained in him,
thereof,-and praying judgment for $4,039, he bequeathed to his daughter the rent of
with costs. On August 18, 1890, defendant the farm for the three years for which it
answered the petition, denying each and evhad been leased. This act was certainly
ery allegation not expressly admitted. The within the reserved power of Bernard Rod
answer admitted, however, the execution of gers, and sufficient, under any view, to give
the replevin bond; that the action brought to the daughter the use of the land and the
by Mrs. Mackey was dismissed by the court rent notes which had been given for the
in the absence of herself and her attorneys, years mentioned. We think the conclusion
and that judgment was rendered against her of the trial court was just and correct, and
for costs; that she did not return the proptherefore its judgment will be affirmed. All
erty, nor pay the value thereof. And the the justices concurring.
allegation was added that she had paid all
the costs, and that neither the title to the (50 Kan. 9)
property nor the right of possession was ad. LITTLE V. BLISS.
judicated in her action, nor any return of the (Supreme Court of Kansas. April 6, 1895.)
property awarded to Bliss. Defendant fur. REPLEVIN-Action on Bond-DAMAGES.
ther alleged in his answer that Bliss, on April 1. Upon the dismissal of a replevin action
8, 1889, for value received, executed and de at the costs of the plaintiff, if the defendant does livered his promissory note to Mrs. Mackey,
v.39P.no.10465
payable one month after date, in the sum were instructed, that the note and mortgage of $237, with interest thereon from maturity were executed by W. H. Bliss to Mrs. C. at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum; that Mackey on the 8th of April, 1890. The note the note was executed in and payable at was for $237, payable May 8, 1889, with 10 Kansas City, in the state of Missouri; that per cent. interest after maturity. The morta copy of the note was attached to the an- gage to secure the note contained the followswer, as a part thereof; that, to secure the ing provisions: "The party of the first part payment of the note, Bliss mortgaged to Mrs. [W. H. Bliss] hereby agrees to keep the propMackey all of the personal property men- erty constantly insured for the benefit of the tioned in the petition; that a copy of the second party (Mrs. Mackey); and if the note, mortgage was attached to the answer, as a or any part of the same, or any interest therepart thereof; that the mortgage provided, if on, shall not be paid according to the terms the indebtedness should not be paid accord- thereof, or if the goods and chattels, or any ing to the terms of the note, Mrs. Mackey of them, shall not, in the opinion of the party might take possession of the mortgaged of the second part, be properly cared for, or 'property, and remove and sell the same, in shall, in the opinion of the party of the secany manner she should think fit, and, out ond part, become deteriorated or damaged, or of the proceeds, pay the amount then due if the same, or any part thereof, shall be reon the note, $15, attorney's fees, and all nec- moved or sold, or any interest therein be in essary costs of taking and caring for the any manner disposed of, or any attempt be property. It was also alleged that on Au- made to remove or sell the same, or any part gust 21, 1889, the mortgage indebtedness thereof, by the party of the first part, or any was past due; that Bliss then owed Mrs. other person, or if any one shall levy on said Mackey thereon $237, with interest from July goods and chattels, or any part thereof, then 8, 1889; that Mrs. Mackey on August 21, and in any of the above events all of the note 1889, and several times prior and subsequent not then paid shall become immediately due to July 8, 1889, demanded of Bliss the pos- and payable, and the party of the second session of the property, which he refused, part, or her heirs, executors, administrators, and that by reason of the premises she was, assigns, or authorized agents, may enter upat the date of the commencement of the re- on the premises where the goods and chattels plevin action, entitled to the possession of may be found, and take possession of the the property, to sell and dispose of it to satis- same, and may remove, sell, and dispose of fy the mortgage indebtedness and expense of all the property, or any part thereof, in any sale; that the replevin action was based on manner they shall think fit, without notice to the note and mortgage; that, after obtaining any one, and, out of the proceeds thereof, possession of the property in the replevin pay the amount then due on the note, toaction, Mrs. Mackey caused the same to be gether with $45 attorney's fees, and shall also sold, under and by virtue of the chattel mort. pay out of the proceeds of the sale all the necgage, for the best price that could be ob- essary costs incurred in pursuing, searching tained in Kansas City; and that the same for, taking, removing, keeping, storing, and brought $198 only. There were other alle- selling the property, and may pay all the gations in the answer, relating to the dis- liens thereon having precedence over this missal of the replevin action, and abandon- mortgage, and shall pay the remainder, if ment by Bliss of his demand in the action any, to the party of the first part, or his legal for trial of right of property, or for any or- representatives." The jury allowed Bliss, as der for return to him of the property. Plain- the value of the property, $273. They found tiff filed no reply to this answer, because, as there was due Mrs. Mackey, when the restated by his attorney on the trial, he did plevin suit was commenced, $129.09. Under not consider a reply necessary. Trial had the instructions of the court, they deducted November 7, 1890, before the court, with a this $129.09 from $273, leaving $143.91, to jury. The jury returned a general verdict which they added interest thereon at the rate for the plaintiff for $154.34, and also special of 6 per cent. per annum from August 22, findings of fact. The defendant moved the 1889; making $154.34, the amount of the gencourt to render judgment in his favor, upon eral verdict. the pleadings and special findings, for nom- Under the conceded facts and the findings inal damages only. This motion was over- of the jury, when Mrs. Mackey brought her ruled. Defendant filed his motion to set aside action, on the 21st of August, 1889, to recover the judgment, for various grounds therein possession of the goods and chattels in constated, which was also overruled. Subse- troversy, she was entitled, under her morta quently judgment was rendered upon the ver- gage, to the possession of the same. On Dedict for the plaintiff for $154.34. The de- cember 16, 1889, when the replevin action fendant excepted, and brings the case here. was called for trial, Mrs. Mackey was also
entitled, under her mortgage, to the posses. Muckle & Winn, for plaintiff in error. Hale sion of the property. It appears, when the & Fife, for defendant in error.
case was called, W. H. Bliss was present by
his attorney, but neither Mrs. Mackey nor her HORTON, C. J. (after stating the facts). attorneys appeared. Thereupon the case was Upon the trial it was conceded, and the jury dismissed, and the costs taxed to her. These
ror.
she paid. When the replevin action was dis- sidered as a part of such case made unless it missed, Bliss, under the provisions of section
is actually incorporated therein. 184, Civ. Code, might have demanded that
(Syllabus by the Court.) the court proceed to inquire into the right of Error from district court, Cloud county; F. property, and the right of his possession W. Sturges, Judge. thereto. This was not done. The replevin Action by George L. Parkhurst against the case was not tried upon its merits. Bliss First National Bank of Clyde. There was failed to claim a return of the property, and judgment for defendant, and plaintiff brings only a judgment for costs was rendered.
Affirmed, Notwithstanding the dismissal, Bliss was not
Kennett, Peck & Matson, for plaintiff in er. precluded of his full remedy upon the bond.
Pulsifer & Alexander, for defendant in One of the conditions of the bond was that the plaintiff "shall duly prosecute the action." This is a separate and independent condition. JOHNSTON, J. George L. Parkhurst Upon breach of that condition, Bliss was en- brought an action against the First National titled to recover all the damages he had sus- Bank of Clyde, Kan., alleging that he was tained. Manning v. Manning, 26 Kan. 98.
the owner of certain personal property which As Bliss was indebted to Mrs. Mackey upon he had advertised to be sold at public auchis note, secured by the mortgage, for about tion on February 15, 1889, and that when $130, she was entitled to the possession of the the prospective purchasers had assembled, property at the time her action was dis
and the sale was about to proceed, the demissed. The amount of damages in an ac- fendant bank, by its agents, appeared and tion on a replevin bond, must depend mate- warned said purchasers that the bank was rially upon the right of the plaintiff bringing the owner or had mortgages upon the prophis action to the property. But, as it appears erty advertised to be sold, and that Parkthe plaintiff had no legal title or right of pos- hurst had no right to sell the same, and that session to the property, he sustained no ac- those who purchased the property would actual damages by the refusal of Mrs. Mackey quire no title thereto. It was alleged that to deliver the same to him. Cobbey on the this interference prevented the sale of a Law of Replevin states the rule thus: "Where large part of the property, and that that the defendant had no title, he can only re- which was sold was disposed of at a much cover nominal damages on the bond.
In an
lower price than it would have sold for but action by the obligees against the obligors in for the action of the defendant. The defenda replevin bond, where the title to the proper- ant bank admits attending upon the sale and ty was not determined in the replevin action, warning purchasers of its interest in the and the title thereto and the right of posses- property, claiming that it held mortgages upsion are in a person other than the obligees, on the same which were unpaid. A further they are only entitled to nominal damages." defense was that in a former action brought Section 1355. Brookover v. Esterly, 12 Kan. by Parkhurst against the bank to recover 149; Wells, Repl. p. 234, $ 458; 2 Suth. Dam. penalties for a refusal to discharge the chat46; Smith v. Wuiting, 100 Mass. 122.
tel mortgages held by the bank covering the On August 6, 1890, the defendant below of
same property which the bank warned profered, in writing, to confess judgment for one spective purchasers at the public sale was dollar and costs. As plaintiff was entitled to covered by its mortgages, in which action the judgment on the bond for nominal damages bank recovered a verdict and judgment only, he can recover no costs since the date of against Parkhurst. It is claimed that in that that offer. It ought to be observed that the action it was fully litigated and determined plaintiff below has not appeared in this court -First, that Parkhurst was not the owner of by brief or otherwise. Judgment of the dis- the property in controversy; and, second, trict court will be reversed, and the cause re- that the mortgages held by the bank then manded, with direction to that court to ren- were unpaid. The trial court sustained the der judgment upon the findings of fact in fa- defense of res adjudicata, and directed a vervor of plaintiff below for one dollar, and the dict in favor of the defendant. An exception costs accruing to August 6, 1890. The subse- was taken to this ruling, and the cause has quent costs will be taxed against him. All been brought here for review. the justices concurring.
The defendant insists that the record in the case is so defective that the rulings of the trial court upon the question of res ad
judicata cannot be reviewed. From the rec(55 Kan, 100)
ord it appears that all of the proceedings in PARKHURST v. FIRST NAT. BANK OF
the first case were introduced in evidence in CLYDE.
this case, for the purpose of showing what (Supreme Court of Kansas. April 6, 1895.)
had been adjudicated in the former case, but
no part of such proceedings have been inAPPEAL-SUFFICIENCY OF RECORD.
corporated in the case made before us. An The record in one proceeding in the su
attempt was made to bring them to the at. preme court cannot be made a part of a case made in another proceeding in the same court
tention of this court by reference to another by a mere reference, nor can anything be con- cause between the same parties in the su

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This continues my analysis of a draft of a revision to Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics. I commented Friday on the changes to the "Seek Truth" section of the code. Here I'll address the next three sections: Minimize Harm, Act Independently and Be Accountable.
I remain disappointed in the revisions and hopeful that SPJ members will insist on a more thorough update. My primary criticisms from Friday's post still stand: The Ethics Committee went into this process with most members having already decided that the current Code of Ethics, adopted in 1996, just needed a little tweaking. I argued in 2010 and on various occasions since that the code needs an overhaul. I don't know if we're in a majority of journalists, but lots of people have told me privately that they agree (a poll on that 2010 post showed a vote of 138-22 in favor of updating, but I'm under no illusion that my blog readers are a cross-section of journalists.
I struggled to come up with a name for my blog and I've changed it several times. But I'll keep this one for at least a month.
When I left Cedar Rapids, I sort of needed to get "Gaz" out of the name, so it became "Pursuing the Complete Community Connection," a nod to my vision for transforming news organizations but a cumbersome title for a blog.
With the 2010 launch of TBD, I decided on "The Buttry Diary," working my name into the title as well as the initials of my new organization. Well, Allbritton Communications decided to kill TBD in the cradle, but I kept the name. After all, my name hadn't changed. And I thought most people wouldn't notice the initials. And, if they did, I was happy to honor a great news team and a vision that, I'm certain, would have succeeded if we had been given a chance.
Well, people with my surname don't make it through junior high without a thick skin. I was Butthead before anyone thought of Beavis. And I was Buttface and Assbush and any number to plays on the part of my name that reminds people of their rear ends. I played along. In my fantasy baseball days, my team was the Kissmy Buttrys (league champions two out of four years before I decided to take my money and run). Posterior plays on my name are so easy to make that few have thought of playing on the dairy sound to my name.
So I decided to turn Gene's suggestion into a challenge: If people would donate $500 or more to the American Copy Editors Society Education Fund, which provides scholarships for editing students, I would change the name one month for every $1,000 raised.
Want to rename my blog? It's gonna cost you!
For the right price (donated to a worthy cause), I will rename my blog.
We need to overwhelm @stevebuttry with entreaties to REALLY change the blog to "Mmm. Smooth, Buttry Goodness." It's way butter. Er, better.
.@geneweingarten I'm a longtime editor used to rebuffing "entreaties." Kickstarter campaign?
I've started a Crowdrise campaign to change the name of my blog to "Mmm. Smooth Buttry Goodness." (In reading the rules, I learned that Kickstarter isn't for fundraising for causes.) Update: When I first posted this, I didn't yet have the fund's taxpayer ID number, so the campaign wasn't live yet. It is live now. Grab your credit card and donate.
I'll change the name for one full month for every $1,000 raised with a starting threshold of $500. If we raise at least $500 in the next week, I'll change the name for a month. If we raise one dollar more than $1,000, then I change for two months. If you give $2,001 I change the title for three months, etc.
And, if I can't even raise $500 to change the name of my blog, that might be a little humbling. And that would probably be OK with Gene, too.
Awwww yeah. Slow-jamming the Buttry blog. RT @geneweingarten: .@stevebuttry should re-name his blog: "Mmm. Smooth Buttry Goodness."
Oh boy. @stevebuttry renamed his blog to something hilarious.
@stevebuttry When the email alert came in I was like "WHAT IS THIS?!"
We need to overwhelm @stevebuttry with entreaties to REALLY change the blog to "Mmm. Smooth, Buttry Goodness." It's way butter. Er, better.
I led a workshop Wednesday on presentation skills for board members of the American Copy Editors Society.
Many of the workshop's tips are reflected in my 2010 post on preparing and delivering workshops and presentations.


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Marketing companies aren't just about clicking buttons and bringing you clients. It's hard work!
Marketing companies are often overlooked, and seen as unnecessary or money hungry. That's not always true.
It's a marketing company's job to grow your company. Depending on what type of marketing company it is, they will use the money you pay them to get your business new customers and clients.
Nowadays, the most common form of marketing is digital marketing. This is where a marketing company will advertise your brand or business online, using SEO, social media campaigns, influencers, and other effective techniques.
What is SEO? Can I do it without a marketing company?
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimisation. Lots of marketing companies will overemphasise what it means, but to put it simply, it puts your site or product at the top of search engines for related search keywords.
Anyone can use SEO/AdWords, but, you're probably better off spending a little extra money on a marketing company to make sure you get as much for your buck as possible.
What about advertising with influencers?
It's all about influencers in 2018. Advertising via social-superstars isn't uncommon in 2018, and is really effective.
It's often best you work with a talent management or digital marketing company when you work with influencers, as they can direct you to who they think may be the best fit for your product and brand.
There are a lot of advantages of using a marketing company instead of doing it all in-house. Here's just a few.
Marketing companies are typically ran by people with experience marketing and growing brands, so it's often better to place your trust with them and let them grow your brand for you.
Often, marketing companies can have a very fast turnaround — with clients noticing results in as little as a few hours. It's often not the same when done in-house, as people are focused on multiple projects and tasks.
Despite what you may have heard, marketing companies are often cheaper than working in-house. Even if it isn't, take experience and ease of use in to account. They work on the entire campaign for you.
At Tide, we work with all companies — large and small, new and old — to grow their brand and company via digital marketing. Reach out to us for more details.


text:
Mary Melton
Editor-in-Chief of Los Angeles magazine
Mary Melton on KCRW
Trouble or transformation for LA journalism
Journalists at the L.A. Times voted overwhelmingly today to unionize, the first time they have done so in more than 130 years.
Jan. 19, 2018 from The Mixer
One Month Left until Election Day in Los Angeles
Labor unions are taking center stage in the race for Mayor of Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Times has obtained recordings of candidates Wendy Greuel and Eric Garcetti making…
Feb. 5, 2013 from Which Way, L.A.?
David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report for December 24, 2020
David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report for December 24, 2020.
Dec. 24 from David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report
David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report for January 6, 2021
David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report for January 6, 2021.
Jan. 6 from David Lynch Theater Presents: Weather Report


We've taken a look at Password Manager for the Windows Phone and now we'll shine the spotlight on eWallet GO. Ilium Software is offering the Windows Phone app over at the Marketplace to help you keep track of your usernames/passwords, financial accounts, credit cards, PIN Numbers and other information that needs to be secure but readily available.
eWallet GO makes it easy to get started, with 29 ready-to-use templates for you to enter all your critical information. The app supports multiple categories, so you'll never have to second guess where you saved any of your information. eWallet Go's philosophy, "It's your info - save it however you like, and access it fast without worry."
eWallet GO also supports Google Docs or Dropbox to help make saving your file easily. Not only can you back up and restore your wallet to your phone, but if you also purchase eWallet GO! for Windows (available from Ilium's website) you can back up and restore between your phone and your PC.
There isn't a trial version for eWallet Go and the full version is running $4.99. You can download it here (opens Zune) at the Marketplace.


Responsible Exploration | Lupaka Gold Corp.
Lupaka Gold is committed to conducting its business responsibly, which means respecting the safety and health of our employees, protecting the environment, respecting the human rights of our employees and the residents of the communities in which we operate and contributing to the sustainable development of those communities.
Our strategy for advancing as a responsible exploration company is to work in partnership with community bodies, government officials and other stakeholders to increase understanding and encourage open, constructive dialogue and trust.
Furthermore, Lupaka Gold is committed to the highest standards of sustainable practices in all that we do.


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Бразилия — второй по объёму производитель биоэтанола в мире. Бразилия и США уже несколько лет лидируют в промышленном производстве этанолового топлива, и в 2017 году на их долю приходилось 85 процентов мирового производства. В том же году Бразилия произвела 26,72 миллиарда литров (7,06 миллиарда жидких американских галлонов), что составляет 26,1 процента от общего объёма этанола в мире, используемого в качестве топлива.

В период с 2006 по 2008 годы Бразилия считалась первой в мире «устойчивой» биотопливной экономикой и лидером производства биотоплива, моделью политики для других стран. Бразильский этанол из сахарного тростника считается «наиболее успешным альтернативным топливом на сегодняшний день». В то же время, другие авторы рассматривают успешную бразильскую этаноловую модель стабильной только для Бразилии, ввиду её продвинутых сельскохозяйственных технологий, а согласно другим автором это решение применимо только для некоторых стран тропической зоны Латинской Америки, Карибского бассейна и Африки. Однако в последние годы появилось биотопливо более поздних поколений, в котором не используются пищевые культуры, выращивающиеся исключительно для производства топлива.

Бразильская 40-летняя программа по производству этанола основана на самой эффективной сельскохозяйственной технологии выращивания сахарного тростника в мире, использует современное оборудование и дешёвый сахарный тростник в качестве сырья. Остаточные отходы тростника (жмых) используются для производства тепла и электричества, в результате цена становится  очень конкурентоспособной, а также к высокому энергетическому балансу (выходная энергия / входная энергия), который варьируется от 8,3 для средних условий до 10,2 для передового производства. В 2010 году Агентство по охране окружающей среды США определило бразильский этанол из сахарного тростника в качестве передового биотоплива из-за его сокращения на 61% общих выбросов парниковых газов в течение жизненного цикла, включая прямые косвенные выбросы, связанные с изменением землепользования.

В настоящее время в Бразилии больше нет легковых автомобилей, работающих на чистом бензине. С 1976 года правительство сделало обязательным использование смеси безводного этанола с бензином в диапазоне от 10% до 22% что требует лишь незначительной регулировки на обычных бензиновых двигателях. В 1993 году обязательная смесь была установлена законом на уровне 22% безводного этанола (E22) во всей стране, но с возможностью власти на местах устанавливать различные проценты этанола в заранее установленных границах. В 2003 году эти пределы были установлены на уровне минимум 20% и максимум 25%. С 1 июля 2007 года обязательные пределы установлены в 25% безводного этанола и 75% бензина или смеси E25. В апреле 2011 года нижний предел был опущен до 18% из-за периодической нехватки этанола и высоких цен в период между сезонами сбора урожая. К середине марта 2015 года правительство временно увеличило содержание этанола в обычном бензине с 25% до 27%.

Бразильская автомобильная промышленность разработала автомобили с гибким выбором топлива, которые могут работать на любой пропорции бензина (смесь E20-E25) и водного этанола (E100).Появившиеся на рынке в 2003 г. такие автомобили имели коммерческий успех, доминируя на рынке легковых автомобилей с долей рынка 94% всех новых автомобилей и легковых автомобилей, проданных в 2013 г. К середине 2010 года на рынке было доступно 70 таких моделей, а по состоянию на декабрь 2013 год в общей сложности 15 производителей автомобилей производят двигатели с гибким выбором топлива доминирующие во всех сегментах рынка легковых автомобилей, кроме спортивных автомобилей, внедорожников и минивэнов. В марте 2010 года  совокупное производство автомобилей с гибким выбором топлива и легких коммерческих автомобилей достигло показателя в 10 миллионов автомобилей , показатель в 20 миллионов единиц был достигнут в июне 2013 г.  По состоянию на июнь 2015 года совокупный объем продаж легковых автомобилей с гибким топливом составил 25,5 миллионов единиц, а производство мотоциклов с гибким выбором топлива в марте 2015 года составило 4 миллиона.

Успех автомобилей с гибким выбором топлива  вместе с обязательной смесью E25 по всей стране позволил в феврале 2008 года увеличить потребление этанола в стране до 50% рынка бензиновых автомобилей. В энергетическом эквиваленте этанол из сахарного тростника составлял 17,6% от общего потребления энергии транспортным сектором страны в 2008 году.

Примечания

Литература

  See Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience

Ссылки
 BBC News video segment on ethanol in Brazil
 Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks. The World Bank's World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
 Biofuelwatch on Ethanol in Brazil
 Brazil Institute: Biofuels Central.WWICS
 Brazil priming ethanol initiative to supply fuel-thirsty Japan
 Brazilian Ethanol Policy: Lessons for the United States
 The Brazilian biofuels industry (2008 status)
 "Carbonômetro" - Tool to estimate how much CO2 emissions have been avoided by ethanol used by flex-fuel cars in Brazil since March 2003.
 CDM Potential in Brazil, by S. Meyers, J. Sathaye et al.
 CNBC's Yergin: What the U.S. Can Learn From Brazil About Ethanol By CNBC.com|07 Jun 2007|12:33 PM ET
 Cogeneration in Ethanol Plants by P. M. Nastari
 Corporate Sustainability in the Brazilian Sugar-Ethanol Sector, conducted by the Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development in a partnership with CSM/IMD
 Ethical Sugar
 From Alcohol to Ethanol: A winning trajectory History of ethanol fuel use in Brazil (English and Portuguese)
 Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) March 2010
 Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning - Brazilian Federal Government
 Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016.
 Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels, United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009
 GLOBIOM model: ILUC Quantification Study of EU Biofuels

Экономика Бразилии
Биотопливо

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Lung Cancer Case Studies
Case Overview: A Man With Stage IIIA NSCLC
Mark A. Socinski, MD
Published Online:Feb 22, 2019
Mark A. Socinski, MD, reviews the presentation and treatment of a 52-year-old man who presents with stage IIIA non–small cell lung cancer.
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NSCLC: Take-Home Messages and Unmet Needs
Mark A. Socinski, MD: The case for discussion today is a 52-year-old gentleman who presented with some weight loss and some chest symptoms. He was found to have a left upper lobe mass. On his CT [computed tomography] scan there was a suggestion of some left paratracheal adenopathy. The patient had a PET [positron emission tomography] scan, which did show the absence of activity outside the chest. The patient also had a brain MRI [magnetic resonance imaging], which was appropriate to do, showing no metastatic disease involvement in the brain. That's my standard workup, a brain MRI and a PET scan to exclude extrathoracic disease. This was done, and in this patient there was no evidence of extrathoracic disease.
I think one of the important aspects of this case is that the patient had an EBUS [endobronchial ultrasonography] and there was documentation that the enlarged lymph nodes we saw in the CT and PET scans were actually cancer. The squamous carcinoma was detected at the EBUS in the left paratracheal lymph nodes. And so we had a firm diagnosis and we had a firm stage. This patient was a T2N2, well-staged with a secure diagnosis of squamous carcinoma. So the physicians in charge of this patient did their job. They defined the diagnosis beyond a shadow of a doubt. It's squamous carcinoma, and they defined the stage. It was T2N2, stage IIIA. Because it had multistation N2 disease that was on the bulky side, this was by definition not a patient who should undergo surgical resection. So it would be in our vernacular unresectable stage IIIA disease.
In stage III disease we don't know how to use the molecular markers or PD-L1 [programmed death-ligand 1] status. Now, I can tell you that many stage III patients do undergo molecular testing and PD-L1 testing. I don't think it's wrong to do that. What I do think is we should be honest and admit that we don't know how to use that information clinically, and we don't know whether any of those should factor into our decision making about what to do with a patient like this.
When we went to the 8th edition of the staging system, there were several changes. Size has always been an important aspect in how big your primary tumor is. And there was lots of detail about that in the T-staging of this. One of the areas that we saw improvement in—certainly not a perfection of the staging system—was in stage III disease. Where formerly we had stage IIIA and IIIB disease, in the 8th edition we added stage IIIc disease, which was based upon more extensive primary tumor or N3 contralateral disease. So it further subcategorized the very heterogeneous group of stage III patients.
Now this is the 8th edition, and it is in stage III disease far from perfect. I applaud the committee doing this for thinking more critically about different subsets in stage III disease. One of the things that we don't yet have in the staging system, and this is particularly pertinent to stage III disease, are the size of the lymph nodes, the number of lymph nodes, the exact location of lymph nodes, those sorts of things, which I think are important in stage III disease but aren't accounted for in the staging system. I think as we get to a 9th edition or 10th edition and gather more information about that, that's where we need to be going into further subsets, the stage III disease.
There have been a number of publications in the past that suggested you really could define 5 or 6 different subsets of stage III disease. Right now in the official AJCC [American Joint Committee on Cancer] staging system we have stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, which I think is the right direction, but certainly not a perfection of the staging system. Categorically I don't think it's changed practice. I don't think we necessarily use the changes or treat stage III any differently than we did before based on the staging system. But, again, I do think that we are going in the right direction in terms of improving our staging of non–small cell lung cancer [NSCLC].
As for the prognosis of this particular patient, if I saw this patient in my practice with bulky T2N2, stage IIIa disease and he was going to be treated with nonsurgical treatment—and that would be with chemoradiation, but I think there are a couple of different platforms that we'll talk about in a moment—my counsel to this patient would be that you have about a 25% chance of being cured with standard concurrent chemoradiotherapy. If patients were to ask me, "On average how long would I live?" I would say probably about 2 years.
The issue with that is the patient would then ask me, "Well, am I above average or am I below average?" And as doctors at that point we aren't very good at prospectively prognosticating. We do know that if we were to see 100 patients like this, 25 of them would be cured. But when we see 100 patients we wouldn't know whether it was 1 through 25, 35 through 60, or just scattered patients throughout who were the curative patients. Now the PACIFIC trial has changed that, which we'll talk about, but in terms of the standard of care pre-PACIFIC trial, those would be the discussions I would have with patients like this.
Transcript edited for clarity.
Case: A 52-Year-Old Male With Stage IIIA NSCLC
A 52-year-old man presented with a 15-lb weight loss and worsening dyspnea
PMH: HTN
SH: Computer programmer; Smoked a pack/day for 30 years; Quit smoking 2 years ago; Married with 4 kids
PE: Unremarkable
Clinical workup
Imaging:
Initial CT showed a 5-cm left upper lobe mass with aortopulmonary window and left paratracheal adenopathy measuring up to 2.5 cm
Subsequent PET scan showed activity in the left upper lobe mass and all nodal areas
No extrathoracic disease was identified
MRI showed no brain metastases
Mediastinal sampling: EBUS was performed and documented squamous carcinoma in the left paratracheal lymph nodes
Staging: T2N2M0
ECOG PS 1
Multidisciplinary tumor board deemed his tumor unresectable due to multistation N2 disease
Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide with external-beam radiotherapy
Repeat CT 4 weeks after completion of concurrent chemoradiotherapy showed a PR with no new sites of disease
KEYNOTE-048 Leads to First-Line Advances in Monotherapy, Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Enfortumab Vedotin BLA Seeking Approval in Locally Advanced/Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
Dose-Optimization Strategies Continue for Regorafenib in Colorectal Cancer With ReDOS Success
More Actionable Targets Improve Therapy in NSCLC


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Home Other News Health Are the Spanish really as healthy as they think?
Are the Spanish really as healthy as they think?
The Spanish imagine they're the healthiest of them all thanks to their Mediterranean diet. But with over half the populace officially fat and unfit, does the looking glass lie? Iona Napier investigates
Iona Napier
29 Nov, 2015 @ 12:16
THE glass half full metaphor is a fitting one when talking to Spaniards about their health. And not only because 'salud' (meaning health) is also their word for 'cheers'…
Despite Spain being a country where a single measure of gin can pass the halfway mark on a tubo glass, some three in four young Spaniards are convinced they're fighting fit.
A major survey taking the pulse of 23,000 Spanish households this autumn sheds fascinating new insight into how the nation measures its health in terms of good and bad habits, from the sports they play and what they weigh to diet and health care.
And it appears that, despite some pretty shocking statistics to the contrary, the Spanish believe they're shining examples of well-being to the world, with almost three in four (71%) over-15-year-olds in Spain stating their health is either 'good' or 'very good'.
This begs the question: are we living in a society of health-obsessed Duracell bunnies or deluded optimists?
The plot – or make that the salmorejo – thickens when the same National Statistics Institute (INE) survey reports that almost 53% of Spaniards are either overweight or obese and over 54% don't exercise .
Across diverse socio-economic groups and all regions, a rich base of results has emerged that show how Spain moves, eats, ails and heals – and apparently it's a tad better (0.1%) than in 2009. But far from perfect.
The Mediterranean diet has been hailed for its miraculous health benefits for everything from Alzheimer's and cancer to heart conditions and all-round well-being. But not all the figures in the survey add up.
So what precisely is the state of the nation's health? The Olive Press ran its own stethoscope over the statistics to find out.
Smokeless zones the new habit
SMOKING is no longer an Olympic sport in Spain. The days when a Ducados smog hung over offices, shops and even hospitals are long gone, and whereas 26.2% of the population were smokers in 2009, the figure stands at 23% today.
The social smoker is also an endangered species, making up just 2.4% of the population, with almost half of Spaniards never having touched a cigarette.
But it's a habit that has taken time to stub out, especially for men, 27.6% of whom are daily smokers compared to 18.6% of women.
And it has not, yet, been phased out to the point where the young are not starting at all. Almost 20% of 15-to-24-year-olds light up daily.
Spain's most committed tobacco addicts live in Extremadura (25.6%) while the most abstemious reside in Melilla (15.3%) and Asturias in mainland Spain (19.1%).
WHETHER pumping iron at the gym, jogging through Parque Retiro in a pair of luminous Nikes or swimming in the limpid waters off the Costa del Sol, Spaniards are fairly active.
Almost one in three takes advantage of Spain's 300 days of sunshine to get out and get active, exercising more than twice a week in their free time.
However, the rest of the nation appears to be majoring in couch potato skills with a staggering 54.7% admitting they never exercise in their leisure hours.
And only one in 10 Spaniards get on their bike although eight in ten favour getting to places on foot. Presumably the other 10% are still in bed, contemplating a cab…
The health-wealth connection
IN spite of austerity cuts stripping Spain back to the bone with a 20% loss of social funding, some of the healthiest regions in Spain also enjoy the most generous public health spending.
The Basque Country, Asturias and Navarra lead Spain on the funding front, with the highest social spend: €3,026, €2,931 and €2,921 per capita respectively in 2013.
Navarra inhabitants sit near the top of the pile with 74.2% happy about their health, while 73.1% of Basques are also upbeat but the Asturians prove the exception to the rule, languishing behind at just 68.5%.
And, conversely, while the Basque Country dedicates 37% more funding towards health than our own region, Andalucians are sitting pretty at 70.8%.
At the bottom of the pile is Galicia, where just 60% of inhabitants think they're in good health.
Galicia saw its health spending drop dramatically by €569 per person between 2009 and 2013, to €2,399.
Madrid suffered too, with the third lowest public spending per person in the country, after the Canary Islands and the Balearics.
However, Madrid has the lowest obesity level in Spain and 74.8% of Madrilenos consider themselves healthy.
Fat man of Europe
ALTHOUGH a large stomach used to be the sign of a life well lived, 2012 statistics accused Spain of having the highest rate of obesity in Europe.
It's a far weightier matter when obesity becomes responsible for one in 12 deaths in Spain, as figures from 2007 revealed.
According to 2012 statistics, being of above average weight affects a massive 52.7% of over-18s in Spain.
It's a far bigger problem for men (60.7%) than women (44.7%) and proven to increase with age, especially in men of over 65 and women over 75.
Clinical obesity affects 16.9% of over-18s (17.1% of men and 16.7% of women). And while the lowest obesity rates are found in Madrid (9.4%) they've got a larger-than-life problem over in Extremadura, where a massive 18.4% of locals are obese.
Andalucia, too, weighs in heavily with an obesity ranking of 17%, making it the second fattest region in Spain at the time of the survey.
At the other end of the scales, 2.2% of over-18s are underweight, as well as an alarming 8.7% of 15-to-17 year-olds.
The gender disparity is clear and in the younger age bracket, 13.5% of girls are underweight versus just 4% of boys – the inference being that boys are not pressured into cultivating supermodel bodies.
Among adults, women are more likely to be underweight (3.4%) than men (1%).
Longlife Spaniards
WHEN all is said and done, whether they're fibbing about exercise or shamelessly scoffing down their 5kg of jamon serrano (per person, per year!), Spaniards have the last laugh.
They have the highest life expectancy in Europe, averaging 83, and Spanish mothers are the oldest on the continent.
Whereas life expectancy for men and women was 73.3 years in 1975, today it is 82.5 years. Spanish women live 85 years, almost the longest in the world, while men live to almost 80.
Cheers to that!
A healthy mindset
WE'VE always known Spanish men have a healthy belief in themselves. But they're also far more optimistic about their physical health than women.
Male pride? Or a sign that Spain's senores are paying closer attention to their wellbeing while their wives slave over their low GI, egg white revuelta breakfast?
While 71% of all Spanish believe they have 'good or very good' health, men hold themselves in healthier esteem than women in every single age bracket, at a ratio of 75.1% to 67% across the board.
Generation Y males are the proudest with a huge 93.1% of 15-to-24-year-olds believing they are in great health. Just 88.3% of their female peers feel the same way.
At the other end of the age spectrum, 36.8% of men over 85 fancy themselves fit compared to just 26.8% of women.
But the largest discrepancy was found in the 65-to-74-year age bracket, where almost 60% of men feel spritely, versus 45% of women. Is health in Spain a macho Iberico issue or just a state of mind, like age? Answers on a postcard.
Med diet: miracle or myth?
WHILE hailed for its oily fish, fresh fruit and vegetables, the Spanish diet still has its flaws.
Mayonnaise-rich salads, fried fish and a manana attitude to dieting have allowed the good life to swell many a waistline (see below).
And then, to add insult to injury, along came the latest World Health Organisation report connecting red meat to cancer.
Surely they couldn't mean Spain's nationally-treasured jamon Iberico too?
Those were precisely the thoughts of Nick Clegg's missus, Miriam Gonzalez. The Valladolid-born wife of the ex Lib Dem leader has been doing unofficial ambassadorial work to raise Spain's profile in the UK ever since her hubby came to prominence. And the elegant (and fit) 47-year-old has been up in arms at the suggestion that Spain's most famous food export is unhealthy.
In fact, with the couple's help, it took 24 hours for publications to dispel 'preposterous' rumours to that effect.
"Around the table in the village where my wife Miriam grew up, the report was greeted with disbelief," wrote Clegg in an Evening Standard column.
"Jamon bad for you? Come off it! The scientists, it was concluded, need to get out a bit more – less time in the laboratory and more time relishing the delights of Spanish cuisine," he added.
Med diet
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A golfing green that is well-maintained, somewhat quirky and tight 9-hole course sits on a spectacular piece of property overlooking Keurbooms lagoon at Plettenberg Bay.
Situated in the heart of the Garden Route only 2 Kms from Plettenberg Bay and bordering on the Keurbooms Lagoon.
Goose Valley Golf Estate is not yet in our pool of Golf Courses for orders.


Polsky, who recently served as EP of NatGeo's Genius and is known for his American-Russian hockey doc Red Army, brings us another sports story with In Search of Greatness. The film examines the importance of creativity in athletic ability as well as the discussion of nature versus nurture and the roles they play. Polsky interviews iconic athletes Wayne Gretzky, Jerry Rice, and Pele and features Serena & Venus Williams as well as the legend Ali.
Starting Nov. 2, In Search of Greatness will open in 12 major markets in the U.S. and Canada. AOS plans on expanding to more theaters in mid-November.
Polsky and producer Sean Carey, backed by a group of investors, are leading this new venture with a veteran theatrical distribution team including Jim Amos of Scout53, formerly President of Distribution for Sony Pictures. IMG Films co-financed and produced the film.
Watch the trailer for In Search of Greatness above.