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2-11-2015: The Church Has Not Failed and Cannot Fail
© Copyright 2013, revised 2015; T. Stanfill Benns (This text may be downloaded or printed out for private reading, but it may not be uploaded to another Internet site or published, electronically or otherwise, without express written permission from the author. All emphasis within quotes is the author's unless indicated otherwise.)
It has been a matter of debate since before the convening of the Vatican Council what precisely the Church's definition of itself would be. Unfortunately, however, the council ended before officially determining many of those things about the Church's true existence, although a draft on the Constitution of the Church gives a preview of what the council fathers taught on this doctrine at that time. A quick read of this draft will show that it does NOT say what Traditionalists claim it says and does not even address the situation in which we find ourselves today. Nor could it possibly have anticipated all the teachings on the Church that would issue after the council's closing. Commentators on the draft note that many of the topics it addresses can be found in "later papal pronouncements on the nature and properties of the Church," ("The Church Teaches," various editors, 1955, p. 87). What these editors fail to point out is that while the draft is not official Church teaching, the papal pronouncements are binding documents of the ordinary magisterium, and these documents would supersede anything said in the draft. A draft document drawn up by bishops and theologians but never formally debated or approved by the pope and promulgated cannot be considered official Church teaching,
In postponing the definition of the Church and focusing on the primacy, we have from Henry Cardinal Manning the reasoning of the council fathers: "The doctrine of [concerning] the Church does not determine the doctrine of the Primacy, but the doctrine of the Primacy does precisely determine the doctrine of the Church," ("The Vatican Decrees in Their Bearing on Civil Allegiance," 1875). In other words, the tail does not get to wag the dog. Christ Himself, not the apostles (with or without the laity, "the Church"), conferred the primacy on St. Peter, who was, personally and in his successors, the Vicar of Christ. The entire purpose of the Vatican Council, according to Manning, was to define infallibility in order to stamp out once and for all the pernicious error of Gallicanism in all its many forms. This was stated in the official document released in 1869 just prior to the convening of the Vatican Council. It begins: "Those who maintain that the time is ripe and that such a definition [of infallibility] is opportune justify their opinions on the following reasons: …15. Because the full and final declaration of the Divine authority of the Head of the Church is needed to exclude from the minds of pastors and faithful the political influences which have generated Gallicanism, Imperialism, Regalism and Nationalism, the perennial sources of error, contention and schism," (Ibid.) But unfortunately these errors did not die with the Council.
Gallicanism still very much alive
The Catholic Encyclopedia under Gallicanism tells us this error was diametrically opposed to the teaching of the "Ultramontanes," and Cardinal Manning was the quintessential example of this position. Gallicanist teaching "tended chiefly to a restraint of the pope's authority in the Church in favour of that of the bishops and the temporal ruler…According to the Gallican theory, then, the papal primacy was limited, first, by the temporal power of princes, which, by the Divine will, was inviolable; secondly by the authority of the general council and that of the bishops, who alone could, by their assent, give to his decrees that infallible authority which, of themselves, they lacked; lastly, by the canons and customs of particular Churches, which the pope was bound to take into account when he exercised his authority…When the Vatican Council opened, in 1869, it had in France [its point of origin] only timid defenders. When that council declared that the pope has in the Church the plenitude of jurisdiction in matters of faith, morals discipline, and administration that his decisions, ex cathedra, are of themselves, and without the assent of the Church, infallible and irreformable, it dealt Gallicanism a mortal blow." The Vatican Council clearly taught that "Peter alone" received his jurisdiction directly from Christ, (DZ 1822). And further, it taught, the "unity of faith and communion" can be preserved ONLY when the successor of St. Peter rules the others in Christ's stead.
"So in the Church, He wished pastors and doctors to be 'even to the consummation of the world,' (Matt. 28:20). But that the episcopacy itself might be one and undivided, and that the entire multitude of the faithful through priests closely connected with one another might be preserved in the unity of faith and communion, placing the blessed Peter over the other apostles, he established in him the perpetual principle and visible foundation of both unities upon whose strength the eternal temple might be erected…The apostolic primacy [is] the strength and solidarity in which the whole Church consists," (DZ 1821). Here is where the tenet held by most Traditionalists — that the Church constituted by Christ with the full complement of its hierarchy, at all times, must last unto the consummation — crumbles to the ground. To promote this teaching they wrench its wording directly from a draft of the Constitution of the Church submitted to the Vatican Council by the Council fathers, but never debated or approved. It reads: "The Church of Christ is an everlasting and indefectible society…Consequently His Church, the only society of salvation, will last until the end of the world ever unchangeable and unchanged in…the constitution it received from Christ, Therefore Christ's Church can never lose its properties and its qualities, its sacred teaching authority, priestly office and governing body…"
The Catholic Encyclopedia teaching is basically identical, and is most likely taken from this same document: "The Church can never undergo any constitutional change, which will make it, as a social organism, something different from what it was originally. It can never become corrupt in faith or in morals; nor can it ever lose the Apostolic hierarchy, or the Sacraments through which Christ communicates grace to men." It must be remembered that mere men elect the pope, and mere men can err or can become evil, intent on disobeying God. Man ignores and frustrates God's will on a daily basis. Why would it not be possible that even though Christ "willed" or "wished" that the "episcopacy be one and undivided" and the primacy the "entire strength and solidarity of the Church," that evil men might not deliberately frustrate His will or wish? God gave man free will, and He will not withdraw it. The bishops and the cardinals betrayed the Church, and this fact cannot be denied. The Church that Christ intended to last until the consummations was the SAME Church He established on earth, not a cheap imitation. We know the Church cannot change her doctrines, and that they must forever be understood in the same sense as they have always been taught, (Pope St. Pius X's Oath Against Modernism). The canons of the Church governing papal elections must always be followed in electing a pope, and this did not happen after Pope Pius XII' death, (see—) And here is the part that foils Traditionalism.
So how can the bishops be one and undivided?
Now, can it possibly be, in light of the infallible teaching of the Vatican Council above, that the Church can be said to exist; to maintain "the Apostolic hierarchy" and "its sacred teaching authority, priestly office and governing body," without a canonically elected pope?! That was the entire purpose of calling the Vatican Council — to define the very fact that all these properties and qualities, its sacred authority and governing body, first in the Roman Pontiff and only then, through him, in the others. It is not that what the draft constitution on the Church or the Catholic Encyclopedia says is untrue, but that it has been taken out of context and craftily redirected by Traditionalists. The "Apostolic hierarchy" cannot exist without its head bishop, the pope. The "sacred teaching authority …and governing body" exists first and primarily in the Roman Pontiff, NOT in the body of bishops. At the time the Vatican Council was held and the Catholic Encyclopedia was written, Pope Pius XII had not yet issued his encyclicals Mystici Corporis Christi and Ad Sinarum Gentum, which teaches:
"12. By virtue of God's Will, the faithful are divided into two classes: the clergy and the laity. By virtue of the same Will is established the twofold sacred hierarchy, namely, of orders and jurisdiction. Besides – as has also been divinely established – the power of orders (through which the ecclesiastical hierarchy is composed of Bishops, priests, and ministers) comes from receiving the Sacrament of Holy Orders. But the power of jurisdiction, which is conferred upon the Supreme Pontiff directly by divine right, flows to the Bishops by the same right, but only through the Successor of St. Peter, to whom not only the simple faithful, but even all the Bishops must be constantly subject, and to whom they must be bound by obedience and with the bond of unity." Because they did not observe Pope Pius XII's election law, the cardinals did not validly elect. This is proven in the link listed above regarding John 23rd. A pope not canonically elected is not valid. And no pope whose electors went on to destroy the Church and allow Her doctrine to be interpreted in a different sense could ever be considered valid.
Once the above-mentioned encyclicals were issued, and they both teach the same doctrine, the bishops could no longer maintain, according to the Gallican contention, that they also rule directly by divine right. No; their authority comes only through the Roman Pontiff, and Pope Pius IX taught that "without the Pope there is no Church, and there is no Catholic Society without the Holy See," (Allocution to religious superiors, June 24, 1872). This is why Msgr. J. C. Fenton, in his commentary on the definition of epsicopal power in Mystici Coproris wrote: " [Pius XII's decision] signifies that any bishop not in union with the Holy Father has no authority over the faithful," ("Episcopal Jurisdiction and the Roman See, American Ecclesiastical Review, January-June, 1949). All the bishops following the election of John 23 accepted him as pope, did not protest the changes, signed documents from the false Vatican 2 council and thereby abandoned any jurisdiction they once possessed by embracing a new, schismatic sect. It was no different than following Henry VIII versus the true pope of that day. Lefebvre and Thuc were no exceptions to this rule as many pretend; they also followed these false popes and signed Vatican 2 documents. They followed the beast in wonder, just as all the rest.
Christ's promise to St. Peter
It is necessary to explore the source of the confusion on the power of the bishops. First, many do not understand that Christ promised the power of the papacy to St. Peter when He said "Thou are Peter…," but that the actual grant of this power would not come until after His Resurrection, when the Ascension was near. The Church could not have two heads; Peter could become head only after Christ's death, even though He was yet with His Apostles in glorified form. Christ predicted that Peter would fall from this promised dignity by denying Him three times (Luke 22: 31-32) and also predicted his restoration. The verse reads: "And the Lord said: 'Simon, Simon, behold Satan hath desired to have you, that he might sift you as wheat. But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not; and thou being once converted, confirm they brethren.'" Rev. Leo Haydock comments: "That the disciple might not lose courage, He promises him pardon before he has committed the crime, and restores him again to his apostolic dignity, saying 'confirm thy brethren.'" As St. Thomas Aquinas teaches in his catechism, what Christ prays for is always granted; Christ's promise to Peter alone, that his faith would never failed, must ever be seen as unfailing itself. By virtue of this promise and pardon when he received the keys, following the Resurrection, Peter then was to confirm his brethren, the Apostles. He was to grant them a share in the jurisdiction imparted to him by Christ. Thus must the very words of Christ be seen to confirm pope Pius XII's decision on the bishops.
Traditionalists are saying, by the very fact that they maintain it to be so, that the Church can indeed exist as promised without Peter, but in this they deny the very faith they pretend to profess. In saying that the governing body of the Church could never cease to exist, they excluded the pope when it is Catholic doctrine that the Church cannot exist without HIM, not the bishops. Whatever bishops exist cannot possess any authority unless they are in union with him and were created in union with him. What Traditionalists must realize, especially sedevacantists, is that by claiming the See is vacant they are admitting that at present the Church cannot function hierarchically. They hesitate to mention the arrival of Antichrist, even though clearly the Antichrist has most likely come and gone in Paul 6, although the system of the beast remains. But the end of the world has not been reached yet, and Holy Scripture tells us that there will definitely be a disastrous disruption in the Church at the time of Antichrist.
Antichrist will crush the saints
"The event may come to pass that as our Divine Lord, after His three years of public ministry were ended, delivered Himself of His own free will into the hands of men, and thereby permitted them to do that which before was impossible, so in His inscrutable wisdom He may deliver over His Vicar upon earth, as He delivered Himself, and that the providential support of the temporal power of the Holy See may be withdrawn when its work is done…when the whole number of those whom He hath chosen to eternal life is filled up. It may be that when that is done, and when the times of Antichrist are come, that He will give over His Vicar upon earth, and His Mystical Body at large, [for a time]…The Church would, as in the beginning, again be made up of members voluntarily uniting themselves together throughout the whole world, having indeed a legal recognition here and there, but wandering up and down the earth, without any contact with the nations of the world as such. The state of the world before Constantine would be reproduced; the Church would descend again, if I may say so, into the Catacombs, and would be hidden from society; it would cease to take its place with the powers of the world, having an existence beside and above them. It would cease to be seen in the council of princes, in the legislatures of states, to have a status in the world; it would no place in the public legislature except to be prohibited," (p. 55-57).
"The gates of Hell may war against [the Church]; they may strive and wrestle, as they struggle now, with the Vicar of Our Lord; but no one has the power to move Him one step until the hour shall come when the Son of God shall permit, for a time, the powers of evil to prevail. That He will permit it for a time stands in the book of prophecy. But the imperishable Church of God…will live on still through the fires of the times of Antichrist," (p. 139; Henry Cardinal Manning, "The Temporal Power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ," 1861).
Louis-Edouard Cardinal Pie of Poitiers, a contemporary of Cardinal Manning's and a crafter of the Vatican Council proclamation on infallibility wrote: "The Church, though of course still a visible society, will be increasingly reduced to individual and domestic proportions. She who in Her young days cried out: "the place is strait: give me room wherein to dwell," will see every inch of Her territory under attack. Surrounded on all sides, as the other centuries have made Her great, so the last will strive to crush Her. And finally the Church on earth will undergo a true defeat: '…and it was given unto him to make war with the saints and to overcome them.'" (Apocalypse 13:7) The insolence of evil will be at its peak."
Hilaire Belloc says the same in his, "The Great Heresies": "The Church will not disappear, for the Church is not of mortal stuff; it is the only institution among men not subject to the universal law of mortality. Therefore we say, not that the Church may be wiped out, but that it may be reduced to a small band almost forgotten amid the vast numbers of its opponents and their contempt of the defeated thing. One of the most intelligent of French Catholics, a converted Jew, has written a work to prove (or suggest) that the first of these two possible issues will be our fate. He envisages the last years of the Church on this earth as lived apart. He sees a Church of the future reduced to very few in numbers and left on one side in the general current of the new Paganism," (Pope Pius XII calls this resurgence of former errors "the current of Black Paganism"). "He sees a Church of the future within which there will be intensity of devotion, indeed, but that devotion practised by one small body, isolated and forgotten in the midst of its fellowmen."
Even Pope Pius XII said that, "History gives clear evidence of one thing: the gates of Hell will not prevail," (Matt. 16: 18). But there is some evidence on the other side too; the gates of hell have had partial successes," ("Preaching the Word of God," address given during the Sixth National Week on New Pastoral Methods, Sept. 14, 1956). In an allocution to the cardinals given Dec. 4, 1943, he reminded Catholics that it is true "the Church's indefectibility is visible, inasmuch as it is demonstrable;" and that this indefectibility evidenced from the past is "the gauge of Her future." Nevertheless, he cautions, "But if this indefectibility is a matter of experience, it remains, nonetheless, a mystery (emph. the Pope's); for it cannot be explained naturally, but only by reason of the fact, which is known to us by divine revelation, that Christ who founded the Church is with Her in every trial until the end of the world." Now if the pope was supposed to exist till the end of time, why did Pius XII not indicate this? And if indefectibility is a mystery, doesn't this leave some room for its interpretation that we mere mortals cannot fathom?
"The Marian Church remains inviolable and indestructible till the very end of time, for the gates of hell shall not prevail against HER [Mother of Christ and her spouse, the Holy Ghost, united to His Mystical Body, the Church]. God will intervene to sustain her, both with angelic assistance and divine judgments on the Satanic hordes. In her special place prepared by God [in the wilderness] Satan will not enter, nor shall he overcome her…In the greatest sufferings, the Mother of Christ is most fruitful in Christ. It was in the wilderness that Israel as a nation first became the people of God, (Ex. 19: 6). Here in the wilderness, perhaps, Israel shall be readmitted to the people of God and born anew in Christ, to be sustained in life miraculously by God," (Bernard J. Le Frois, S.V.D., in his "The Woman Clothed with the Sun," 1954).
"Again, the infallibility of the Church is proved from the necessity of divine faith for salvation. "He that believeth not shall be condemned." An act of faith is a supernatural act; its certainty is absolute and unconditional. Faith precludes doubt. You may have an opinion, an inclination, a disposition, but can have no faith unless you have absolute certainty. Has God given us any authority upon which to base our belief as certain? If He has, we have an infallible Church. If He has not, we have no saving faith. How could we become perfect, if the Church were liable to teach us untruth, and if we were bound to believe it? How could our Lord say, as He does, that the gates of hell shall not prevail against His Church, if it could be conquered by error? If the Church could teach the world a lie, if it could teach us error, the Devil would laugh: for then he would have gotten God's instrument of salvation to do his work of damnation. The Church is infallible because the Spirit of truth is with it," (Father Thomas E. Cox: The Pillar and Ground of the Truth, 1900).
"Belief in the Holy Catholic Church is a solemnly-defined article of the Creed, without which no one can be saved. One, holy, universal, and apostolic, the Church is indefectible because she is the Mystical Body of Christ, against whom the gates of hell have no power whatever to prevail. Her soul is the Spirit of Christ, which is the Holy
Ghost. For the Church to defect, God himself would have to defect," (Solange Hertz, The Wanderer. This is no endorsement of Hertz or the Wanderer, but her words are true.)
St. Francis de Sales wrote: "That which was written in the Apocalypse, (12:6) that the woman fled into solitude…prove and certify, loudly and clearly, that the Church shall never be in the desert thus hidden until that extremity and for that short time; that she will be seen to flee thither and be seen thence to come forth," ("The Catholic Controversy," p. 63-64). And the ante-Nicene Fathers taught in their commentary on Apoc. 6: 14: "…the Church shall be taken away;" and also, on Apoc 15: 1: "…when the Church shall have gone out of the midst." Only at this time will the Church seem to have disappeared; to be overcome by the enemy. Yet in reality she can never be overcome as we well know, and we believe with the common opinion of theologians and holy people that She will rise again more gloriously than before. This is one of the most onerous of the false miracles performed by Antichrist; that the Church as she always existed should seem to have been destroyed. Yet it is not whether the Church remains alive and visible, but how. It is otherwise than many believe.
For always, as Fr. Le Frois says above, She will be with the Virgin Mary and the Holy Ghost, as foretold by St. John in his Apocalypse, comprising the Mystical Body. This was foreshadowed by Jesus turning over the care of His Mother to St. John on Calvary. It was the Beloved Disciple who would chronicle Our Lady's flight to the desert, accompanied by the Holy Ghost. Remnant Catholics today are left to cling blindly to the very essence of faith itself; the belief in things unseen, spoken of by St. Paul. Christ consoles them, however, with the words spoken to the apostle St. Thomas the Doubter, who He told following His Resurrection: "Because thou hast seen me Thomas, thou hast believed; blessed are they that have not seen and have believed," (John 20:29).
The Church will be restored
As Rev. Edmund O'Reilly S. J. pointed out in his, "The Relations of the Church to Society — Theological Essays," there is no assigned theological limit to the length of an interregnum. "That the Church should remain thirty or forty years without a thoroughly ascertained Head and representative of Christ on earth, this would not be [Catholics reason]. Yet it has been, and we have no guarantee that it will not be again…We must not be too ready to pronounce on what God will permit…We, or our successors in future generations, may see stranger evils than have yet been experienced…contingencies regarding the Church, not excluded by the Divine promises, cannot be regarded as practically impossible, just because they would be terrible and distressing."
Rev. E. S. Berry says the same in his "The Church of Christ": "It is evident that the Apostolic Succession cannot fail in the Apostolic See so long as the Church Herself continues to exist. For although the See be vacant for many years the Church always retains the right to elect a legitimate successor, who then obtains supreme authority according to the institution of Christ."
"The pious and learned author, [Fr.] Edward Healy Thompson, says: 'In respect to the great calamities which [Bd]. Anna Maria Taigi announced as impending over mankind, as well as the splendid triumph which will follow for the Pope and the Church, together with the renovation of the entire world, one may say that such is the general object and the common end of all the prophecies, whether ancient or modern, which bear upon these latter times. Each seer, it is true, has added or dwelt more at large on some special circumstances, but they all agree in two leading features.
'I. First, they all point to some terrible convulsion, to a revolution springing from most deep-rooted impiety, consisting in a formal opposition to God and His truth, and resulting in the most formidable persecution to which the Church has ever been subject.
'II. Secondly, they all promise for the same Church a victory more splendid and complete than she has ever achieved here below.
"III. We may add another point in which there is a remarkable agreement in the catena of modern prophecies, and that is the peculiar connection between the fortunes of France and those of the Church and Holy See, and also the large part which that country has still to play in the history of the Church and of the world, and will continue to play to the end of time.'" ("The Christian Trumpet," compiled by Pellegrino [Gaudentius Rossi], 1800s).
And Mother Mary Potter, in her "To Jesus Through Mary," (1952) writes: "It is the general opinion of saintly people that after the Church has passed a time of trial and persecutions, there will be a glorious time when infidelity, schism, errors, etc., will have passed away, when 'all will be good.' As, unknown to one another, so many holy people concur in this prophetic view of the future, it is useful to think about it and likewise to ask ourselves, is it not probable that this happy time will be in 'that great age of the Church which is to be the age of Mary'?…Since Mary was the instrument God used to begin His regeneration of the world, it is by the same means He will complete it." Mother Potter was a nursing sister born in London who died in Rome in 1913. Her cause for Beatification was pending at the death of Pope Pius XII.
We have saints, saintly seers, a pope, the Church Fathers, saintly cardinals and Catholic theologians approved by the Church telling us this. The Church will appear to have been overcome, just as our Lord died on the cross. Then the period in the tomb, roughly corresponding to the present time, followed by the glorious Resurrection. It is the Mystical Body of Christ living out the passion of its Savior, filling up in sufferings what is wanting to Christ's own Passion. Even if it requires a miracle, Christ will be true to His promises. Either true bishops and priests exist in hiding and He will see that they are released, or Christ will supply them Himself to elect a pope. It is not for us to puzzle out HOW He will fulfill His promises; it is only for us to believe He will do so. This is our dark night of faith: "My God, My God, why has thou forsaken Me?" If the Mass is predicted to cease, as it is by none other than the unanimous opinion of the Church Fathers, then how else was this to occur than that the priests offering it were either all killed and/or imprisoned or fell from grace? Most have assumed the former but why, when the latter is every bit as possible and even predicted by Our Lady, at La Salette and elsewhere?
Holy Scripture tells us: "Strike the shepherd, and the flock will be dispersed." This prophecy appears in Zach. 13:7 and Matt. 24. The shepherd has been struck and we see the results. The remaining clergy who wished a different outcome should have obeyed Canon Law and Church teaching and rushed to elect a pope as soon as they realized we did not have one, although only bishops could have done this. Where were the shepherds? All abandoned the flock. If any remain they are prevented from acting by their failure to defend the Church and in signing the heretical documents of the false V2 council. If the Church is left during Antichrist's reign with only the assistance of Our Lady and the Holy Ghost, as indicated in Apoc. 12, then how is it that She still has Traditionalist "priests and bishops"? If you read this ENTIRE site, and I realize that is a difficult task, it becomes clear that these "clergy" have no connection whatsoever to the true Church, and actually deny the necessity of the papacy. They violate many Canon Laws of Divine institution, namely jurisdiction. They are doubtfully valid at best and as such can never be approached for the Sacraments. They are hirelings and wolves in sheep's clothing, however "holy" they may appear to be. For as Cardinal Pie notes, holiness consists in orthodoxy, not a pious exterior. Orthodox they are not and probably will never be.
As long as the hierarchy is restored to the Church after these terrible times, and immediately proceeds to elect a pope, or a pope comes with the hierarchy, the Church has not failed; the gates of hell have not prevailed. There are prophecies that predict a holy pope in the latter days after a great upheaval. As Christ and His apostles warned us, false christs and antichrists would abound in these days, and they do. As Scripture tells us, the Church will undergo a true defeat; Antichrist will overcome the saints. The fact that sedevacantists refuse to accept this is proof that they have succumbed to the operation of error and believe lies. How did the faithful Jews survive their captivity during the Babylonian exile without the Temple and the Ark? How did they keep their faith? Was their priesthood destroyed? As we read from Scripture: "You are in error because you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God," (Matt. 22:29). The Old Testament prefigured our own time.
The laws are clear concerning the jurisdiction and validity of Traditionalist priests. They do not possess apostolicity because they do not come from the same apostolic line, but from schismatic lines declared by Pope Pius VI and other popes unable to produce priests and bishops who could validly confer the Sacraments. Even if their orders were certainly valid, which they are not, they could not claim apostolicity without jurisdiction. And without a true pope there is no one to supply this jurisdiction. If they claim Christ supplies it they are no better than Protestants, for this was their contention. St. Francis de Sales (The Catholic Controversy) says that only if they proved their mission with miracles could Catholics accept them.
God will not leave us orphans but will restore His Church. In the meantime She remains under the protection of Our Lady and the Holy Ghost; the Mystical Body can never perish. As Pope Pius XII taught in Mystici Corporis Christi: "Our Lord is the Head, the Founder, the Support and the Savior of this Mystical Body…." Christ rules His Church visibly through the Pope, but no one can say he abandons it during an interregnum. Nor can they say that he operates outside the normal channels without the hierarchy to sustain His Church. Pius XII continues: "No act conducive to salvation can be performed unless it proceeds from Him as from its supernatural source. 'Without Me,"' He says, 'you can do nothing.'…When the Sacraments of the Church are administered by external rite, it is He who produces their effect in souls. He nourishes the redeemed with His own flesh and blood…gives increase of grace and prepares future glory for souls and bodies…For in virtue of the juridical mission by which our Divine Redeemer sent His Apostles into the world, as He had been sent by His Father, it is He who through the Church baptizes, teaches, rules looses, binds, offers, sacrifices." Traditionalists pretend that Christ cannot act without them, when in truth He will not act among those not descended from His Apostles. He has established jurisdiction and tells us through the Vatican Council He will not act outside of it. Instead He will nourish us Himself but only during this short time of persecution until a true Pope rules again, when, for that space of time, "he who withholdeth" is taken out of the way, as St. Paul predicted.
Christ and the pope are one head, but just because the visible body of the Church is temporarily missing does not mean Her soul, the Holy Ghost and Christ Her invisible Head, have departed. This IS denying the teaching that the gates of hell will not prevail, and in essence Traditionalists are asking us to deny it by accepting them as true priests and bishops when all that the Church Christ established on earth teaches says they are not. Mystici Corporis condemns many of their errors. It is up to us to pray for the gift of discernment in order to avoid their contagion and save our souls.


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Words and Alphabets of the Anglo Saxons
Old Anglo Saxon Writings
Just like the alphabets of the modern English language, it is obvious that there was also presence of the Anglo Saxons words, Anglo Saxon alphabet. This not only frames the literature of the Anglo Saxons but is also the basic of literacy for anyone learning. The language broadly used by the Anglo Saxons was initially their very own runes which later evolved into old English. Thus, the alphabets were also in accordance with the same.
Let us now go through the detailed study of the alphabets used by the Anglo Saxons which contributed to their words, sentences, literature and literary senses.
History of the Runes of the Anglo Saxons
The alphabets which were used by the Anglo Saxons was collectively known together as futhorc. This term 'futhorc' was developed from the sound values or the phonetics of the first six runes belonging to the old English.
Another term given to the futhorc was the Anglo Frisian runes because of the fact that the same futhorc was put into use initially in Frisia, which marks a time period even before the Anglo Saxons invaded England and settles in England. This time period is recorded to be as from the very beginning of the 5th century and onwards. During the initial stages, the futhorc was developed from the Elder Futhark which consisted of a total of 24 characters.
From Frisia, the Anglo Frisian runes were then brought to England by the Irish missionaries and supplanted by the Anglo Saxons settled in England into the alphabets of the old English.
Being introduced in the 5th century, the futhorc was widely put into use and was understood by people until the 11th century, the time known the conquest of the Normans. However, after studying the different manuscripts and the entire literature of the Anglo Saxons, historians placed forward a fact that the runes were not used in a wide manner but was still understandable by the people till around the 20th century.
On the contrary, there are studies placed by archaeologists that the futhorc was not initially brought up from Frisia but was present in England from Scandinavia and later has been taken to Frisia.
Research on the studies by the archaeologists proves that both the theories have their own strong significance as well as their own weakness points also. This implies that there is yet no evidence as to a definite answer regarding the origination of the futhorc. The archaeologists can only wait for further investigations or studies to come out and place a definite answer.
Alphabets and their Phonetics
Anglo Saxon Alphabets
It is of uttermost importance to study the phonetics of each of the alphabets in order to understand and pronounce properly the words of the Anglo Saxons. But, the main point of problem occurs in the fact that till date there has been no unified list which is authentic which can actually prove the alphabets and their phonetics to 100%. This is only due to one factor that is the designing of the Anglo Saxons alphabets or the futhorc.
The unique point of the futhorc is that the phonetics of each of the alphabets used to fluctuate because of two factors, location and time. One particular alphabet could have more than one type of phonetics which depended on the location and time. Similar is the case with all the other alphabets of the futhorc.
On studying the alphabets used by the Anglo Saxons, there was a presence of a total 29 characters. Out of these 29 characters, the last 5 characters were the added vowels. The first 24 characters were the ones which continued to the Elder Futhark and their sequence was also the same in both, that is, not being changed.
Culture and Usage of the Anglo Saxons alphabets and words
In the field of style and contents, the inscription of the futhorc was diversely rich. What was not at all uncommon in the use of futhorc was the bind runes. This is because the purpose of the bind runes was to ensure that the runes of the Anglo Saxons fit into a space which is limited. This also made the bind runes one of the most commonly used alphabets by the Anglo Saxons in framing their words and sentences.
Another design was the logography of the futhorc, which was comprehended by giving a rune stand for the particular name or a word which had a similar sounding. Attestation of this logography of the futhorc was also found in few of the manuscripts.
Looking at an example, we have already heard about one of the legendary works of literature of the Anglo Saxons, the poem, Beowulf. In that poem, the rune ēðel was put to use to as a logogram to describe the word "ēðel", which in today's modern English translation means estate or homeland according to the paraphrase.
There is also another manuscript of the Anglo Saxons, where a writer beautifully makes use of the futhorc runes in terms of numerals of the Romans and the number looked something alike "ᛉᛁᛁ⁊ᛉᛉᛉ" which in the present modern English may mean '12&30'.
There is also the attestation of magical or stylized runes found in some of the literature of the Anglo Saxons. Similar type of symbols can be noted in the Holborough Spear as well as the Buckland Spear where the use of t-runes is found which are stylized.
Perhaps, it can also be akin to the victory runes which are spoken of in the Norse myth. The sequence of alu of the Anglo Saxons alphabets are most likely found on the Spong Hill which is in cryptic spiegelrunes.
Further, archaeologists have found the use of futhorc rings which appear to be like the enchanted inscriptions reflecting the "stanching of blood". In a story in the "Ecclesiastical History" (which is written in Latin) written by Bede, Imma is a man known to be not bounded by the captives and he is also interrogated if he makes use of the "litteras solutorias" (which means letters which are loosening) to break the binds of the captives. Translating in modern English, it simply means if Imma is using any kind of magic in order to break the binds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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CCNI | Clinical Computational Neuroimaging Group
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Yichuan Liu, PhD
Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School
Research Fellow, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital
yliu91_at_mgh.harvard.edu
William A Copen, MD
Dr. Copen studies clinical applications of advanced neuroimaging techniques in the care of patients with acute ischemic stroke, global hypoxic-ischemic...
Read more about William A Copen, MD
Ona Wu, PhD FAHA
Associate Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School
Associate Neuroscientist, Massachusetts General Hospital
Director of Clinical Computational Neuroimaging, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital
The research goals of Dr. Wu's group are to improve the diagnosis, prognosis and management of patients with brain injury by quantifying and monitoring... Read more about Ona Wu, PhD FAHA
Clinical Computational Neuroimaging Group
International Stroke Database
Harvard Catalyst Profile
ona_at_nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
Wu O, Batista LM, Lima FO, Vangel MG, Furie KL, Greer DM. Predicting clinical outcome in comatose cardiac arrest patients using early noncontrast computed tomography. Stroke 2011;42(4):985-92.Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early assessment of the likelihood of neurological recovery in comatose cardiac arrest survivors remains challenging. We hypothesize that quantitative noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) combined with neurological assessments, are predictive of outcome. METHODS: We analyzed data sets acquired from comatose cardiac arrest patients who underwent CT within 72 hours of arrest. Images were semiautomatically segmented into anatomic regions. Median Hounsfield units (HU) were measured regionally and in the whole brain (WB). Outcome was based on the 6-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Logistic regression was used to combine Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score measured on Day 3 post arrest (GCS_Day3) with imaging to predict poor outcome (mRS>4). RESULTS: WB HU (P=0.02) and the ratio of HU in the putamen to the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) (P=0.004) from 175 datasets from 151 patients were univariate predictors of poor outcome. Thirty-three patients underwent hypothermia treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that combining median HU in the putamen (P=0.0006) and PLIC (P=0.007) was predictive of poor outcome. Combining WB HU and GCS_Day3 resulted in 72% [61% to 80%] sensitivity and 100% [73% to 100%] specificity for predicting poor outcome in 86 patients with measurable GCS_Day3. This was an improvement over prognostic performance based on GCS_Day3≤8 (98% sensitive but 71% specific). DISCUSSION: Combining density changes on CT with GCS_Day3 may be useful for predicting poor outcome in comatose cardiac arrest patients who are neither rapidly improving nor deteriorating. Improved prognostication with CT compared with neurological assessments can be achieved in patients treated with hypothermia.
Copen WA, Morais LT, Wu O, Schwamm LH, Schaefer PW, González GR, Yoo AJ. In Acute Stroke, Can CT Perfusion-Derived Cerebral Blood Volume Maps Substitute for Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Identifying the Ischemic Core?. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0133566.Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In the treatment of patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke, increasing evidence suggests the importance of measuring the volume of the irreversibly injured "ischemic core." The gold standard method for doing this in the clinical setting is diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), but many authors suggest that maps of regional cerebral blood volume (CBV) derived from computed tomography perfusion imaging (CTP) can substitute for DWI. We sought to determine whether DWI and CTP-derived CBV maps are equivalent in measuring core volume. METHODS: 58 patients with suspected stroke underwent CTP and DWI within 6 hours of symptom onset. We measured low-CBV lesion volumes using three methods: "objective absolute," i.e. the volume of tissue with CBV below each of six published absolute thresholds (0.9-2.5 mL/100 g), "objective relative," whose six thresholds (51%-60%) were fractions of mean contralateral CBV, and "subjective," in which two radiologists (R1, R2) outlined lesions subjectively. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of each method, threshold, and radiologist in detecting infarction, and the degree to which each over- or underestimated the DWI core volume. Additionally, in the subset of 32 patients for whom follow-up CT or MRI was available, we measured the proportion of CBV- or DWI-defined core lesions that exceeded the follow-up infarct volume, and the maximum amount by which this occurred. RESULTS: DWI was positive in 72% (42/58) of patients. CBV maps' sensitivity/specificity in identifying DWI-positive patients were 100%/0% for both objective methods with all thresholds, 43%/94% for R1, and 83%/44% for R2. Mean core overestimation was 156-699 mL for objective absolute thresholds, and 127-200 mL for objective relative thresholds. For R1 and R2, respectively, mean±SD subjective overestimation were -11±26 mL and -11±23 mL, but subjective volumes differed from DWI volumes by up to 117 and 124 mL in individual patients. Inter-rater agreement regarding the presence of infarction on CBV maps was poor (kappa = 0.21). Core lesions defined by the six objective absolute CBV thresholds exceeded follow-up infarct volumes for 81%-100% of patients, by up to 430-1002 mL. Core estimates produced by objective relative thresholds exceeded follow-up volumes in 91% of patients, by up to 210-280 mL. Subjective lesions defined by R1 and R2 exceeded follow-up volumes in 18% and 26% of cases, by up to 71 and 15 mL, respectively. Only 1 of 23 DWI lesions (4%) exceeded final infarct volume, by 3 mL. CONCLUSION: CTP-derived CBV maps cannot reliably substitute for DWI in measuring core volume, or even establish which patients have DWI lesions.
Copen WA, Yoo AJ, Rost NS, Morais LT, Schaefer PW, González GR, Wu O. In patients with suspected acute stroke, CT perfusion-based cerebral blood flow maps cannot substitute for DWI in measuring the ischemic core. PLoS One 2017;12(11):e0188891.Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging may guide acute stroke treatment by measuring the volume of brain tissue in the irreversibly injured "ischemic core." The most widely accepted core volume measurement technique is diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI). However, some claim that measuring regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) with CT perfusion imaging (CTP), and labeling tissue below some threshold as the core, provides equivalent estimates. We tested whether any threshold allows reliable substitution of CBF for DWI. METHODS: 58 patients with suspected stroke underwent DWI and CTP within six hours of symptom onset. A neuroradiologist outlined DWI lesions. In CBF maps, core pixels were defined by thresholds ranging from 0%-100% of normal, in 1% increments. Replicating prior studies, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to select thresholds that optimized sensitivity and specificity in predicting DWI-positive pixels, first using only pixels on the side of the brain where infarction was clinically suspected ("unilateral" method), then including both sides ("bilateral"). We quantified each method and threshold's accuracy in estimating DWI volumes, using sums of squared errors (SSE). For the 23 patients with follow-up studies, we assessed whether CBF-derived volumes inaccurately exceeded follow-up infarct volumes. RESULTS: The areas under the ROC curves were 0.89 (unilateral) and 0.90 (bilateral). Various metrics selected optimum CBF thresholds ranging from 29%-32%, with sensitivities of 0.79-0.81, and specificities of 0.83-0.85. However, for the unilateral and bilateral methods respectively, volume estimates derived from all CBF thresholds above 28% and 22% were less accurate than disregarding imaging and presuming every patient's core volume to be zero. The unilateral method with a 30% threshold, which recent clinical trials have employed, produced a mean core overestimation of 65 mL (range: -82-191), and exceeded follow-up volumes for 83% of patients, by up to 191 mL. CONCLUSION: CTP-derived CBF maps cannot substitute for DWI in measuring the ischemic core.
Cardiac Arrest (14)
Coma and Consciousness (13)
Traumatic Brain Injury (17)
White Matter Structural Integrity (9)
MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
149 13th Street CNY 2301
Charlestown, MA 02129


Meterologist Kevin Fitzgerald with the National Weather Service in State College says a roof was ripped off a lumber company along with damage to steel doors of the building. Fitzgerald says they'll send investigators to the scene later today to determine if a tornado occurred. As for Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties, the Buffalo Weather Service office reports storm damage at disperate locations, including Findley Lake, Mina, Salamanca, Little Valley and Delevan, but no suspected tornadoes. There have been no reports of personal injury from any of the storms.
State Police in Corry say troopers were called to the scene on Sutton Road in Freehold Township shortly before 11 PM last Friday and, found the unidentified, 33 year-old man had died. Police say they are still investigating the cause and manner of death of the victim. The Warren County Coronor's Office, and District Attorneys Office are also involved.
Officers were called to 102 McKinley Avenue just after 8:30 AM on a report of a suspicious man there and, found the man at the scene. However, police say 34 year-old Tony Fish initially lied about his identity because he was wanted on a Felony warrant. Fish was arrested without incident, but, was found in possession of marijuana, and drug paraphernalia. He was arrested for second-degree burglary, false personation, unlawful possession of marijuana, and criminally using drug paraphernalia.
That from Jamestown Mayor Sam Teresi, who says, while there were cuts, the Consolidated Highway Improvement Program, or CHIPS Aid and, "Extreme Weather" road aid remains intact. Teresi adds there's also more fairness with sales tax being imposed on most Internet sales.
Teresi says there were some items the legislature "punted on..." including an increase in funding for Jamestown to maintain state highways in the city. However, he says there are bills in both the Senate and Assembly now that would rectify that situation. On the issue of additional aid, Teresi says they've been told that one-million dollars the city has received the past two-years is in this spending plan. However, it's not in the normal state aid catagory. He says they have to apply for the funding, and that creates some delays. In fact, he says last year's payment was just released two weeks ago.
Sheriff's officers were called to the scene just after 5 PM last Friday on a report of an unresponsive male and, deputies administered what's also commonly known as narcan and, the unidentified male soon after became alert and responsive. Officers say the subject was taken to Lake Shore Hospital for further treatment. No charges were filed.
District Business Manager Cindy Mackowiak presented the board with a spending plan that totals $47.8-million, a 4.6 percent increase over the current budget. Mackowiak says there were several factors that led to the increase, although the budget calls for no change in the tax levy. Those include some special education costs and, salary increases. Mackowiak says the proposed budget also includes an increase in State foundation aid of just over 5-percent, or about $1-million. The budget vote is scheduled for May 21st.
Sheriff's officers were called to the scene on Route 474 in Ashville about 4 PM last Wednesday and, arrested 27 year-old Shawn Battle. Deputies found Battle was trespassing and, damaged a cell phone that did not belong to him. Battle then fled the scene but, officers say they later found Battle and, he was taken into custody on charges including third-degree criminal mischief, second-degree harassment criminal mischief and, seventh-degree criminal possession of a controlled substance. Battle was taken to the county jail pending arraignment.
Immigration advocates say sanctuary cities typically make it easier for migrants to put down roots and stay in the country. The plan would put thousands of immigrants in cities that are not only welcoming to them, but also more likely to rebuff federal officials carrying out deportation orders. Many of these locations have more resources to help immigrants make their legal cases to stay in the United States than smaller cities. Trump blames troubles on the border on Democrats and their inaction in Congress.
Late last week, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a multi-agency initiative that includes public awareness campaigns and greater resources for law enforcement. The Democrat says the effort includes additional drug-sniffing dogs who will search for the illicit substance in state correctional facilities. Officials say the strategy also includes clinical guidance for mental health professionals and emergency room staff who treat users of the drug. Known as synthetic cannabinoids or synthetic marijuana and sold under brand names such as K2, the lab-made drugs are intended to mimic the effects of marijuana but can have far more dangerous side effects. The state has outlawed several different chemical formulations of the drug, but Cuomo says more must be done to discourage use and hold dealers accountable.


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Meet the Fellows for 2022
From left to right: Wycliffe Raduma, Hanna Castrén-Niemi, Annika Järvelin, Tanja Tervonen
Wycliffe Raduma M.Sc.
Wycliffe is a design-driven engineer, entrepreneur, and teacher with a background in engineering design and production. Wycliffe has 15 years of experience as a product developer within the medical-, security, and climate-tech sectors. Wycliffe has worked as an engineer in established organisations, such as Philips and Kavo Kerr, where he learned and applied skills in delivering product from conception to production while following lean manufacturing practices and navigating through regulatory requirements. Recently he has been following an entrepreneurial path within his own practice, as a co-founder Hyperion Robotics, and now as a Biodesign Finland Fellow. Wycliffe Enjoys team sports, baking pizza, traveling, making, traveling and spending time with the Family.
Hanna Castrén-Niemi, MBA.
Hanna has a master's degree in business administration, major in business operations management. She has completed medical technology specialization courses at the Open University of Applied Sciences at Metropolia. Over the last 15 years, she has taken different roles in digital B2C service business development as a leader, developer, and consultant. Hanna has an extensive experience in commercialization, new business development and management in several industries e.g., media, ICT, and healthcare. Most recently she has worked for a healthcare company owned by doctors as in a business and development management role.Hanna has a curious mind and bursts with ideas, entrepreneur by heart and open to try new things. Her mission is to make an impact for women's health. On her free time, Hanna enjoys sewing, arts, outdoors and spending time with her family.
Annika Järvelin, MA
Annika is a brand strategist, design thinker and service designer. She has studied International Design Business Management in Aalto University and has a Master's degree in visual communication. Annika has a background as a senior level strategic designer in the leading design and branding agencies in Finland. Before joining Biodesign, she was running her design & communication consultancy where she was, among other projects, in charge of developing digital tools for medication optimisation for a health tech startup. Before pandemic, she was running a sustainable, off-the-beaten-path travel platform as a co-founder. Annika has two daughters and is passionate about creating global impact on child and maternal health. Her book for well-being of new mothers was published in 2021. On her free time, Annika enjoys various culture events, travelling, dancing and outdoor sports.
Tanja Tervonen, MBA
Tanja has a master's degree in business administration from LAUREA University of Applied Sciences. The curiosity and eagerness to seek new challenges have led Tanja to work and study in different positions and countries, leading her to gain a customer-oriented mindset and strong experience in project and operational work in an international environment. She is interested in business innovation and developing new solutions based on customer-oriented research. This interest can be seen in her master's degree thesis, which aimed to understand the future customer profiles in Finland's sports and fitness industry after the COVID-19 pandemic, and this way help small and medium-sized companies innovate their business models and lead the change. During her free time, Tanja enjoys playing the flute in Aalto University's Polytech Orchestra, going to the gym, doing outdoor activities, and traveling.
Top row: Nuno Nobre, Jukka Planman, Oguz Tanzer, Pauli Tuovinen
Bottom row: Outi Merilahti, Juliana Harkki
For the first time Biodesign Finland is joined with the new NeuroBiodesign.
Biodesign Fellows
Nuno Nobre, RN, PhD (health care)
Nuno Nobre, RN, M.Sc (Health care, University of Tampere), PhD (Health care, Faculty of medicine, Helsinki), has 15 years experience as a ER nurse in Helsinki. Nuno has done research on aging with HIV and quality of life of people living with HIV. HIV and quality of life is his expertise area. In his spare time Nuno trains and compete at an international level on powerlifting.
Oguz Tanzer, D.Sc. (Tech)
Oguz is an innovator in healthcare technology. His passion to improve healthcare led him to be a medical technology professional as an engineer, international project leader, consultant, business development director and entrepreneur. Previous to his industry career, he worked as a researcher in HUS Biomag Laboratory and Low Temperature Laboratory developing tools for brain research. Recently, Oguz has been an assistant professor, teaching topics in medical device technology, medical imaging, healthcare IT and contributed to radiotherapy research with several publications. Oguz holds a Doctor of Science degree in biomedical engineering and computer science from Helsinki University of Technology (Aalto University) and Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. Oguz enjoys spending time with his family and outdoor sports such as skiing and cycling.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/oguztanzer/
Outi Merilahti, M.Sc. (Tech), MBA
Outi Merilahti holds master's degrees in both technology and business, complemented with skills in customer-centric design. This mix helps Outi fluently connect tech, business and customer perspectives. Driven by curiosity, Outi has switched between variety of roles, organizations and even countries. These experiences particularly in sales, marketing, business and product development helped Outi develop skills to see the bigger picture and work on the grass root level. Keen interest in turning innovations into business led Outi to work on innovation projects and co-found a startup. Outi is looking forward to working on meaningful projects that have potential to make a positive impact. Most of her spare time Outi spends with her family and adds in some exercise and the odd art and handicraft projects.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/outikentta/
NeuroBiodesign Fellows
Juliana Harkki, M.Sc. (Med.)
Juliana Harkki has a Master's degree in Translational Medicine with a specialization in neuroscience and psychobiology and Bachelor's degrees in pharmacy and photography. Juliana has worked in research groups investigating the induction of brain plasticity and doing preclinical studies on mechanism of action of psychedelic drugs in treatment of alcohol addiction. Before switching to medical science and pharmacy she has concentrated on her career as a photographer and an entrepreneur. On her free time, Juliana enjoys arts, exercise and spending time with her family.
Jukka Planman, MA
Jukka has a master's degree in industrial design and has extensive experience in new business development as well as user-centric product development based on entrepreneurship. Jukka has founded and managed a medical company as the founder of Mendor, which introduced a new blood glucose meter to the diabetes self-monitoring market. Jukka has held several leading roles in the development of both physical and digital products in design- and creative industries through his own companies and in several collaborative projects with companies such as Planmeca, GE Healthcare and Nokia.
Pauli Tuovinen, M.Sc. (Tech.)
Pauli graduated from Aalto University with a Master's in Biomedical Engineering focusing on the mechanisms of noninvasive stimulation and imaging of the brain and medical ultrasonics. He has collaborated on TMS coils' product design with academics and corporation representatives at the University of Tokyo and explored the interactions of ultrasound and microstructures at Aalto University. Pauli also has an entrepreneurial background, co-founding computer game company Boreal Foundry Oy. He is interested in understanding information flow in networks of neurons and developing noninvasive solutions to healthcare. Pauli likes to learn about machine learning, does bouldering, and practices martial arts.
From left to right: Salla Keränen, Harriet Stenvall, Mikko Seppänen
Biodesign Finland project of 2020 was launched in the beginning of February. The theme of this year is psychiatry, more specifically psychosis.
The project is organised by Aalto University, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital. Get aquainted with our new Biodesign Innovation Fellows:
Salla Keränen, MA
Salla has a background in healthcare as a physiotherapist and a master's degree in industrial design where she majored in usability. She has created and developed an interactive blood glucose monitor for juveniles, led investment rounds and gathered a board of health tech investors and doctors to bolster and strengthen her innovation. Through her own company Salla has gathered a solid experience in user-centric design and business development. She enjoys all kind of sports, especially spinning and family yoga with her two children.
Mikko Seppänen, MA
Mikko has a master's degree in industrial design and minor degree in International Design Business Management (IDBM). For the last 10 years Mikko has worked in the two biggest and award-winning Finnish design agencies and carried out projects from sketches to real products. While product and service design being his strong assets, Mikko has also worked widely in the areas of business strategy and portfolio management. In his spare time Mikko loves challenging himself physically and mentally, outdoor life, cooking and crossfit.
Harriet Stenvall, MD
Harriet has a degree in medicine from the University of Uppsala, Sweden, and has worked in internal medicine and geriatrics. She has also years of experience of working as a doctor in telemedicine. Harriet has done medical research on a novel self-sampling device for human papillomavirus and is undertaking a PhD at the University of Helsinki focusing on health-related quality of life outcomes and adverse events in treatment of coronary artery disease. She is passionate about patient safety and patient reported outcome measurement in routine care. Her precious children keeps her spare time busy and she enjoys cross-country skiing and archipelago life.
Front: Jaakko Vallila (left), Eija Raussi-Lehto, Alexis Kouros. Back: Jani Kuula, Kai Kronström, Aki Laakso.
Biodesign Finland projects of 2019 was kickstarted in the beginning of February. We are growing - first time in the history of Biodesign Finland we have two teams during the same year. The projects of the two teams are organised by Aalto University, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital and Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. Meet our new Biodesign Innovation Fellows:
Jaakko Vallila, M.Sc. (Econ.)
Jaakko Vallila is an expert in digital business development. He has a Master's degree from Aalto University School of Business, where he majored in Information Systems Science. Over the last ten years, he has taken different roles in digital business development as a developer, consultant, and researcher. In previous development projects, he has supported numerous startups with business development, as well as developed digital business solutions for large corporations. His research and development interest focus on innovation management and service commercialization. Jaakko has also acted as a Nordic coordinator of EU eHealth SME competition in 2012 – 2015. In wintertime, Jaakko enjoys skiing on the mountains, Nordic skating on the Baltic Sea, and regular winter swimming. During long summer days, he enjoys cottage life with his wife at Helsinki archipelago, and diving into the Baltic Sea.
Eija Raussi-Lehto, M.Sc. (Health Care)
Eija Raussi-Lehto, RN, Midwife, M.Sc. (Health Care, University of Helsinki), has over 15 years teaching experience in the field of education of nurses and midwives. She is working as a Senior Lecturer at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences (Research, Development and Innovation) and as a Visiting Researcher at National Institute of Health and Welfare. She has experience in working with strategic development advisory role in this field. Eija has also experience in working with national authorities - both in Finland and abroad. She has experience for carrying out development projects concerning health of women and children. Since 2014, Eija has been acting as a coordinator and an editor for the Action Plan on Sexual and Reproductive Health. She is continuously publishing professional textbooks and organizing seminars and events with care of the related reporting. Her special area of interest is health care education and the research of maternity care structures and healthcare services. In her spare time, Eija enjoys music and outdoor sports.
Alexis Kouros, MD
Alexis is a medical doctor with 28 years of experience in different fields of clinical and academic medicine. He graduated from Pecs Medical University in Hungary in 1990, after which he moved to Finland for postgraduate studies. He studied public health and epidemiology in University of Kuopio. Alexis has been a serial entrepreneur, with a long CEO experience. His latest Startup, EternAll Sciences focused on remote diagnosis in thefields of Radiology and Pathology. In addition to medicine, Alexis is also an award-winning writer, film-maker, publisher and Editor-in-Chief. His first novel, Gondwana's Children was the first book written in Finnish by an immigrant in the Finnish literary history. The book won the prestigious Finlandia Junior award and has been translated to several languages. He established The SixDegrees and The Helsinki Times, which were the first English language newspapers in Finland. He is a solution oriented thinker and an entrepreneur who enjoys new challenges with an emphasis on bringing value to the society. In addition to reading and writing, he enjoys sports such as Judo, archery and horseback riding in his spare time.
Jani Kuula, M.Sc (Tech.)
Jani Kuula has a wide experience in programming and Information Technology. Currently he is working with challenging data analysis and data visualization projects. He has close to ten years entrepreneur experience. His educational background is from Aalto University, Espoo, Finland. Jani has graduated as a Master of Science in Engineering with a major in Bioinformatics. In his spare time, Jani enjoys reading novels.
Kai Kronström, M.Sc. (Tech.)
Kai is an experienced and entrepreneurial minded med-tech professional. He has been leading several start-ups, some of which he has also been a founder of, including Injeq(tissue identifying needles), Elsi Technologies (sensor floors for elderly care centres) and Moodmetric (ring and app for the nervous system monitoring). In addition to generic responsibilities he has personally led patenting activities, organised pre-clinical and clinical studies, build teams with external research collaboration, led sales and investment rounds and managed post-acquisition integrations. Kai spends his spare time with his family, onhouse / boat maintenance, sailing or simply wondering how the world works.
Aki Laakso, M.Sc. (Tech.)
Aki is an entrepreneur and a mechanical engineer with a Masters degree from Aalto University, where he majored in machine design and minored in mechatronics. Before joining the Biodesign project, Aki worked as a freelance mechanical engineer in various product development projects in the technology industry, for companies such as Rocla, Outotec and Valmet. His areas of expertise include computer aided design, product development, structural optimization and mechatronics. Outside of his work, Aki can be found in the studio or on a stage playing the guitar, or practicing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.
Left to right: Sakari Lukkarinen, Tuomas Hyytiä, Elina Palovuori, Tuomas Klockars
Sakari Lukkarinen, D.Sc. (Tech)
Sakari is an engineer with a doctorate in electrical engineering from Aalto University. His Master's degree is from Helsinki University of Technology, where he majored in biophysics, medical technology and information sciences. From previous works Sakari has gained experience from entrepreneurship, research and development, technical sales and marketing. For the last 7 years he has been a Senior Lecturer at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences teaching information, health and wellbeing technology, mostly for the bachelor of engineering students, but also visited at nursing degree programmes. In his spare time Sakari enjoys travelling, reading, playing floorball, practicing yin and flow yoga at gym's group lessons, and going outdoors with his wife and two rescue dogs.
Tuomas Hyytiä, M.Sc. (Tech.)
Tuomas is an engineer with a curious mind and a Master's degree from Aalto University, where he majored in Bionics and minored in Economics. During the last few years, Tuomas has worked both in a big corporation and in high-growth startups. At Ericsson, he was part of an innovation team that brought together engineers, design professionals and business people to create new product concepts and to grow innovation culture within the company. More recently, Tuomas has been responsible for customer relationships in B2B software startups. He believes in the power of modern product development methods, such as lean startup, and is thrilled to dig into the problem space of healthcare. In his spare time Tuomas enjoys doing sports such as floorball, football and orienteering.
Elina Palovuori, M.Sc. (Tech.)
Elina is a textile professional with a Master's degree in Fibre and textile technology from Tampere University of Technology. For 11 years she has worked on body-monitoring wearables in developing, manufacturing, and B2B selling of textile-integrated electronics. Having background also in traditional textile industry as well as in arts and crafts, she is a passionate fibre and textile material enthusiast with vast interest on everything new. Elina spends her spare time with family including three kids and a husband. She enjoys reading, going to theatre, visiting art galleries, practicing pilates, and bokashi gardening.
Tuomas Klockars, MD, Ph.D., Docent
Tuomas Klockars is a specialist in Ear, Nose and Throat diseases. Last years he has been working as a specialist and as Clinical Associate Professor in the Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki. His clinical interests include pediatric ENT diseases and especially inborn head and neck anomalies . In addition to clinical work Tuomas has done more than 20 years of medical research. He has over 50 scientific publications ranging from molecular genetics to medical detection dogs. During his spare time Tuomas enjoys mountain biking, kayaking and fishing.
From left to right: Jari Rantala, Kalle Kotilahti, and Sami Elamo. Picture: Mikko Raskinen, Aalto University
Jari Rantala, M.Sc.
Jari is an innovation and technology transfer professional with a M.Sc. degree from Tampere University of Technology, where he majored in Physics and minored in Biomedical Engineering. Jari has wide experience from di􀀄erent aspects and roles of research-based innovation development, including intellectual-property creation, start-up coaching, entrepreneurship, licensing negotiation, business development, and funding preparation. Jari believes in multidisciplinary co-creation and in the fact that today's blue ocean innovations are born on the edges of different disciplines. In his spare time, Jari enjoys "torturing" himself in the gym, traveling, drawing, and taking long walks with his two old best friends
(dogs) plus one younger (wife) ;). https://www.linkedin.com/in/jarirantala/
Kalle Kotilahti, Ph.D.
Kalle is an engineer with a doctorate in Engineering Physics from Aalto University. For the last 13 years, he has worked as a researcher developing functional brain imaging suitable for small children. Kalle has a constant drive to develop easier, faster, and more efficient solutions for research as well as for everyday problems. He sees the Biodesign Finland project as a unique chance for an engineer to innovate by starting from the actual clinical needs. When not working, Kalle enjoys cycling, trekking, and traveling with his family. https://www.linkedin.com/in/kalle-kotilahti-b3472111/
Sami Elamo, M.D., M.Sc.
Sami is a medical doctor with a specialist degree in orthopedics and traumatology from the University of Turku. He also holds a degree in the field of industrial engineering from Tampere University of Technology. In addition to clinical work, Sami has worked along the way in IT industry for companies like Logica and CGI. He has also participated in projects concerning patient record systems and registries in Turku University Hospital. Sami is pursuing a Ph.D. degree; his study deals with the operative treatment of traumatic anteroinferior instability of the shoulder. Sami spends his spare time with his family with two little boys and wife doing sports and travelling. Floorball, cross-country and telemark skiing, snowboarding, and running keep him going. https://www.linkedin.com/in/sami-elamo-857673a6/
From left to right: Katja Ivanitskiy, Anssi Mikola, Jukka Kärkimaa and Sakari Nikinmaa
Katja Ivanitskiy, M.D.
Katja is a medical doctor with a specialist degree in Public Health Medicine at the University of Helsinki. In addition to clinical experience gained as a physician in primary health care, Katja has worked in the pharmaceutical industry in the areas of clinical trials and drug safety and as an investigator in clinical vaccine trials at the Vaccine Research Center of the University of Tampere. Katja has also wide regulatory experience on medicinal products that she gained while working in pharmacovigilance at the Finnish Medicines Agency in close collaboration with the European Medicines Agency. Katja is interested in entrepreneurship and, in her spare time, dedicates herself to equestrian sports and competes in show jumping. https://linkedin.com/in/katjaivanitskiy
Anssi Mikola, M.Sc.
Anssi is a serial entrepreneur with a master's degree in Naval Engineering. For the last 15 years, he has been working on making health and social care more eficient. Anssi's strengths are an endless appetite for leaning about new problems and solutions and combining them into new solutions. After numerous years of healthcare consulting projects in UK, Scandinavia, and India, Anssi co-founded Megaklinikka, which commercialized a process innovation of turning dental care patient- rather than dentist-driven. The result was a 40% reduction in cost and doubling the productivity of the dentists. The company is treating over 30,000 patients a year. In his spare time, Anssi enjoys biking, skiing, sailing, and travelling –when not inventing new products or businesses. https://linkedin.com/in/anssi-mikola-87324
Jukka Kärkimaa, M.Sc.
Jukka is a passionate engineer with a M.Sc. degree in Engineering Physics from Aalto University. In addition to experimental physics he has a solid understanding of how to best extract relevant information from data, based on his minor in Information and Computer Science and several years of industry experience from practical, data-intensive applications. Before joining Biodesign Finland, he worked at Eniram Ltd delivering performance-optimization systems and analytics to the maritime industry, helping large vessels to save fuel. Driven by his curiosity of systems thinking, Jukka sees Biodesign as the best way forward in developing healthcare systems and as an ideal platform for talented people to contribute to the society. In his spare time, Jukka enjoys running, dancing, yoga, and spending time in nature with his friends and family. https://linkedin.com/in/jukka-kärkimaa
Sakari Nikinmaa, M.Sc.
Sakari received his master's degree at Aalto University in 2016 majoring in bioelectronics and minoring in industrial management. He has gained substantial research and work experience by working three years at the HBBG laboratory at Aalto University and by doing an internship in the Andino Lab at UCSF in California. During his studies and work, Sakari has specialized in design and manufacturing of microfluidic systems with embedded electronics and in the research of biological systems. Sakari is a team player who believes that interdisciplinary teamwork is the greatest source of innovation. He loves mountain biking, climbing, and spending time outdoors with his dog. https://linkedin.com/in/sakari-nikinmaa
Biodesign in practice
In Biodesign, systematically identified medical needs are solved by inventing and implementing new biomedical technologies.
Developed at Stanford University, Biodesign aims at improved medical care by providing a novel entrepreneurial program to selected interdisciplinary teams and by creating new businesses. After initial training,the team is immersed in a clinic for a month to observe its processes. The team's sole task during immersion is to identify 100–200 needs that have not been optimally met. After immersion, the team will brainstorm and analyze these needs in order to determine the most important and solvable ones. Eventually, one need will be chosen and a solution developed for clinical use and commercialization.
During the brainstorming and development phase, the team will be aided by a network of mentors, coaches, and stakeholders: clinicians, patient group representatives, scientists, engineers, IT experts, designers, and entrepreneurs. Depending on the technical or medical problem at hand, volunteer experts are asked to participate in some of the brainstorming sessions. One or two teams will participate in Biodesign training in each year; most of them are expected to lead to commercialization either in startups or existing companies.
Heikki Nieminen
heikki.j.nieminen@aalto.fi
Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
Rakentajanaukio 2 C 02150 Espoo, Finland
Project coordinator:
Salla Keränen
salla.keranen@aalto.fi
Impact & communications coordinator:
Otto Olavinen
otto.olavinen@aalto.fi
WEB DESIGN: NORTHBAY