text:
Der Eisenzecher Zug (auch "Eisenzeche"; auf Platt "ahl Isezeäche") war eine Verbundgrube mit gleichnamiger Hauptgrube im Oberen Kesselborntal südwestlich von Eiserfeld, einem Stadtteil von Siegen im Siegerland. Mit weit über 20 angeschlossenen Gruben war er einer der größten Verbände und die tiefste Grube im Siegerländer Erzrevier. Johann Philipp Becher nannte die damalige Eisenzeche im Jahr 1789 auch "Königin der Eisensteingruben".

Der Eisenzecher Zug gilt als Typlokalität für das in dieser Zeche erstmals entdeckte Mineral Lepidokrokit.

Gangmittel

Der Eisenzecher Gangzug hatte eine Länge von ca. 2 km und zog sich von Nordosten nach Südwesten. Neben den Gruben der späteren Verbundgrube Eisenzecher Zug bauten auch andere Betriebe auf dem Gangzug, die größte unter ihnen war die spätere Betriebsabteilung Concordia bei Dermbach.

Das Gangmittel Eisenzeche hatte im Eisenzecher Stollen eine abbauwürdige Länge von 258 m und war 8–18 m mächtig. Im Reinhold Forster Erbstollen verringerte sich die Länge zwar auf 124 m, dafür nahm die Mächtigkeit auf 16–24 m zu. Das Nöllcher Mittel war 70 m lang und 1–2 m mächtig. Der Gang Kirschenbaum führte mit 106 m Länge und bis zu 5 m Mächtigkeit den reinsten Spateisenstein.

Das Grauebacher Gangmittel hatte eine Länge von 240 m und war 4,8 m mächtig. In den oberen Teufen kam Kupfererz vor. Der Gang Schlänger & Eichert war von den Einzelgruben der kleinste, nur noch unterboten vom Nöllcher Gang. Die Länge betrug 100 m, die Mächtigkeit 2,75 m, auch hier kam in den oberen Teufen Kupfererz vor. Das Gangmittel der Grube Scheuer war 220 m lang und 2,5 m mächtig.

In 150–300 m Teufe hatten die Mittel eine Gangfläche von 4325 m². Diese vergrößerte sich bis in 500–550 m Teufe auf knapp 8000 m², in 790 m verringerte sie sich wieder auf 1000 m² Gangfläche. In der Teufe waren die Mittel im Durchschnitt nur noch 2–6 m, an einigen Stellen bis zu 8 m mächtig.

Gelände und Übertageanlagen

In den 1880er Jahren entstanden die ersten zentralen Tagesanlagen im Kesselborntal nach der Gründung der Tiefbaugesellschaft und dem Abteufen des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Schachtes 1881. Bis in die Jahre um 1950 veränderten sich diese Anlagen ständig. Nordwestlich des Schachtes stand das Fördermaschinenhaus, dem sich daneben südlich das Zechenhaus anschloss. Nördlich des Fördergerüstes, das 1910 durch ein neues ersetzt wurde, war die Werksküche in einem kleineren Gebäude untergebracht. Südöstlich des Schachtes war das Kesselhaus. Der 1894 abgeteufte Neue Schacht befand sich im selben Gebäude südwestlich des ersten Schachtes, sein Fördergerüst war um 90° gedreht, so dass sich das Fördermaschinenhaus südwestlich anschloss. Direkt neben dem Gerüst standen Maschinen- und Traforaum sowie etwas weiter entfernt zwei Kühltürme. Auch das Gerüst des Neuen Schachtes wurde 1910 durch ein neues ersetzt. Nördlich, in der Ecke zwischen dem ersten Fördermaschinenhaus und der Werksküche war das Büro untergebracht, nordwestlich davon standen die Gebäude der Werkstätten. In der Reihe befanden sich Bohrschmiede,  Schmiede, Schlosserei, Elektrowerkstatt und Schreinerei. Östlich der Werkstätten wurde später eine modernere Rohspataufbereitungsanlage erbaut, die 1953 bei einem Großbrand vernichtet wurde. Zwischen der Anlage und dem Fördergerüst des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Schachtes verlief ein Band auf Stützen zur Beförderung des Erzes vom Schacht in die Aufbereitung. Südöstlich davon befand sich die Röstofenanlage und darunter die alte Aufbereitungsanlage der Grube. Südlich dieser Anlagen war der Gleisanschluss an die Eisern-Siegener Eisenbahn und die Beladung der Loks angelegt. Von dem Gelände führte eine Bremsbahn hinauf zum Schacht. An dessen unterem Ende war ein Stollen, der unterirdisch bis an den Schacht führte. Rechts und links des Bahnanschlusses standen Kalk- und Holzlager sowie ein Zimmerschuppen und eine Waage. Die Gleise verliefen am rechten Hang durch das Kesselborntal, dann in zwei Spitzkehren in die Talmulde herab und von da an in Richtung Eiserfeld selbst.

Geschichte

Anfänge des Bergbaus auf dem Gangzug
Rund um das Tal erstrecken sich Spuren des alten Bergbaus im Gebiet in Form von Pingen, Pingenzügen, Halden und alten Stollen. Die ältesten Erwähnungen von Gruben auf dem Eisenzecher Gangzug gehen auf das Jahr 1465 zurück, der ersten Erwähnung der Gruben Eisenzeche und Kirschenbaum. In einem Verzeichnis von Zehnteinnahmen des Siegener Bergmeisters Heintze Brüne stehen die Gruben "uff der Isenzechen", "uff dem obersten" und "uff deme rechten Kirßbaum". Daneben werden "Graenbach" und eine außer Betrieb stehende ("wuste") Grube "zween Kirßbom". Von den über 40 damals existenten Bergwerken in der Region befanden sich neun auf dem Eisenzecher Gangzug.

Einzelgruben
Nachfolgend sollen die Haupt- bzw. die größten Gruben des Eisenzecher Zugs genauer beschrieben werden.

Eisenzeche

1465 wurde die Grube als "uff der Isenzechen" erstmals erwähnt. 1495 wurde die Grube abermals erwähnt. Um 1600 war die Förderung der Grube mit Kirschenbaum zusammen fünfmal so hoch wie die der Grube Stahlberg bei Müsen, gefördert wurden ca. 10–15 Wagen Spateisenstein, dies entsprach ca. 20 t Erz. Im 16. Jahrhundert wurde der Obere Eisenzecher Stollen angelegt, 1769 folgte der Tiefe Eisenzecher Stollen. Der Stollen wurde gemeinschaftlich durch die Gruben Eisenzeche, Kirschenbaum und Kalteborn getrieben und erreichte 1789 335 m Länge. Die Teufe der Grube betrug im selben Jahr 75 m. 1856 wurde der Eisenzecher Gang angehauen. Die Kosten verteilten sich zu 5/8 auf die Grube Eisenzeche und zu 3/8 auf die Gruben Kirschenbaum und Kalteborn. Seine Gesamtlänge betrug 1465 m. Zwischen 1730 und 1740 entstand ein Streit zwischen den Gruben Eisenzeche und Nöllchen, der 1740 damit endete, dass Nöllchen aufgekauft wurde. Zwischen 1751 und 1784 wurden insgesamt ca. 55.000 t Eisenstein gefördert. Ab 1794 wurde mit Hunden durch den Oberen Stollen gefördert. Um 1800 arbeiteten 14 Bergmänner in der Grube. 1848 wurde am Tiefen Stollen ein Zechenhaus und ein Fahrweg zur Verbindungsstraße Eiserfeld–Neunkirchen gebaut.

Während die Fördermengen (siehe Tabelle) im 18. Jahrhundert noch bei maximal 1.400 t lagen, stieg die Förderung ab 1850 im Zuge der Industrialisierung innerhalb weniger Jahre stark an und lag im Jahr der Konsolidation zu Eisenzecher Zug bei 62.888 t.

Kirschenbaum

Die Grube Kirschenbaum wurde 1465 erstmals erwähnt und war nach der Eisenzeche die zweitgrößte Grube im Verbund. 1495 ist in einer Urkunde die Rede von drei Gruben auf dem Kirschenbaumer Gang. 1557 wurde die Förderung eingestellt. Die Gruben Untere Kirschenbaum und Mittlere Kirschenbaum nahmen im Jahr 1571 den Betrieb wieder auf. Bereits im 16. Jahrhundert wurden wöchentlich 20–25 t Eisenerz gefördert. Dies entsprach ca. 1.000 t jährlich. 1863 betrug die Förderung 12.100 t. Sie fiel 1870 auf 7.600 t und stieg bis 1885 nur langsam wieder auf 8.811 t an. danach wurde wieder stärker gefördert, 1894 waren es 50.688 t Eisenstein.

Grauebach
1465 wurde die Grube Grauebach erstmals erwähnt. Der Abbau dürfte allerdings älter sein. 1730 wurde die Förderung nach einer Stilllegung wieder aufgenommen, in diesem Jahr wurde der Obere Grauebacher Stollen angelegt. 1797 wurde ebenfalls neu gemutet. Die Förderung steigerte sich ab den 1850ern ähnlich wie bei den anderen Gruben um das drei- bis vierfache innerhalb weniger Jahre. Im Jahr 1863 wurden 5.654 t Eisenerz gefördert, während es 1857 nur 2.364 t waren. Die Grube Grauebach war die drittgrößte Grube am Eisenzecher Gangzug und förderte im Jahr der Konsolidation 1894 bereits 38.308 t.

Scheuer und Schlänger & Eichert
Die Grube Scheuer wurde ebenfalls 1466 erwähnt, während die Grube Schlänger und Eichert erst 1619 erstmals erwähnt wurde. Auch hier wird der Abbau älter sein. Der Eicherter Stollen wurde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts stillgelegt. 1812 wurde der Tiefe Stollen der Grube angelegt. Ähnlich der Grube Scheuer wurde die Förderung erst in den frühen 60ern des 19. Jahrhunderts gesteigert. Die Förderung beider Gruben 1869 betrug 7.022 t bei Scheuer bzw. 5.506 t Eisenerz bei Schlänger & Eichert.

Tiefbaugesellschaft

1865 kauften die Gruben Eisenzeche, Kirschenbaum, Schlänger & Eichert, Scheuer, Kalteborn, Bergmannslust, Feuer und Flamme, Hohe Pfannenberger Vereinigung, Verweide, Arminius, Freiberg, Römel und Harteborn den am 21. März 1805 in Eiserfeld angehauenen Reinhold Forster Erbstollen, der mit einer Gesamtlänge (inkl. Nebenstollen) von 7597,50 m den Erbstollen der Gruben am Eisenzecher Gangzug bildete.

Am 21. September 1880 gründeten die Gruben Eisenzeche, Kirschenbaum, Grauebach, Scheuer und Schlänger & Eichert die Eisenzecher Tiefbaugesellschaft, um gemeinsam wirtschaftlicher Tiefbau betreiben zu können. Der Kaiserschacht wurde ab 1881 im Grubenfeld Kirschenbaum abgeteuft. Im April 1883 erreichte er bereits 137 m Teufe, im Dezember desselben Jahres wurde der Reinhold Forster Erbstollen in 187 m Teufe durchschlagen. Nachdem im Januar 1885 der Grauebacher und im März der Kirschenbaumer Gang erreicht wurden, erfolgte die erste Seilfahrt am 26. September desselben Jahres. 1900 wurde die 250-m-Sohle und 1905 die 450-m-Sohle angehauen. Später wurden 790 m Teufe erreicht. In 450 m Teufe wurde eine Strecke nach Findling getrieben.

1883 wurde die Eisern-Siegener Eisenbahn gebaut, durch die die Grube durch den Eiserfelder Bahnhof angeschlossen war. Der zweite Schacht wurde ein Blindschacht, abgeteuft wurde er ab 8. Oktober 1882 im Feld Scheuer. Ende 1884 erreichte er die 1. Sohle und im April 1885 den Scheuer Gang. Insgesamt gab es elf weitere Blindschächte und ein Gesenk. Der dritte Schacht folgte im Jahr 1894 als Blindschacht mit 670 m Teufe. Ein abgesetzter Hauptschacht von 670–1190 m Teufe unter dem Reinhold Forster Erbstollen erreichte 1950 seine gesamte Teufe. In folgenden Jahren wurden die Sohlen angefahren:

Nachdem im Kesselborntal neue Tagesanlagen entstanden waren, unter anderem Fördergerüst und Schachthalle, eine Anlage zur Erzeugung von Druckluft für die Bohrmaschinen und eine Schmalspurbahn als Anschluss an die Eisern-Siegener Eisenbahn, beschloss man die Konsolidation der Gruben, um wirtschaftlicher arbeiten zu können. So schlossen sich die Gruben der Tiefbaugesellschaft und die Einzelbetriebe Kalterborn, Cons. Wilder Bär, Grüner Jäger und Hohe Pfannenberger Vereinigung gegen Ende des Jahres 1894 zur neuen Gewerkschaft Eisenzecher Zug. 1901 wurde im Tiefen Eisenzecher Stollen eine 46 m lange Versuchsstrecke nach Bergmannslust getrieben. Ein Jahr später wurde die letzte Lok Erz aus dem Reinhold-Forster-Erbstollen gefahren, ab dann wurden alle Erze über die Schächte zu Tage gehoben.

Veränderungen und Wirtschaftskrise

Ab 1900 veränderte sich das Grubenbild ständig. 1910 wurden neue Fördergerüste aufgestellt und eine neue Zwillingsfördermaschine für Kaiserschacht und Schacht II angeschafft. Ab 1900 dienten Fahrdrahtloks zum Transport der Erze. Die von Siemens stammenden Loks brauchten 10 kV-Drehstrom. Elektrisch betriebene Kreiselpumpen zur Wasserhaltung wurden aufgestellt, Druckluftbohrhämmer wurden angeschafft. Eine einfache Aufbereitung und 32 Röstöfen wurden gebaut. 1912 folgte die Erweiterung zur elektromagnetischen Aufbereitung. 1901 waren 780 Bergleute beschäftigt, 1905 waren es bereits 920, davon 700 im Tiefbau. Inzwischen stieg die Erzförderung stetig an. Allein zwischen 1901 und 1910 wurden 2,1 Mio. t Eisenerz gefördert. 1914 erreichte die Förderung mit 313.106 t ihren Höchststand.

Im selben Jahr erfolgte der Durchschlag zur seit 1907 angeschlossenen Grube Concordia auf der 350-m-Sohle. Ab der 250-m-Sohle wurde alle 100 m in die Teufe eine Verbindung zur Grube hergestellt. 1914 kam der Grubenbesitz zur Hoesch AG (Dortmund). Am 18. November 1923 wurde die Förderung aufgrund der Wirtschaftskrise eingestellt. Gleichzeitig erreichte die Belegschaft mit 1100 Mitgliedern ihre größte Stärke. Nach kurzer Betriebsperiode wurde Mitte 1932 die Förderung abermals eingestellt. Seit 1. Mai 1930 wurde die Verwaltung der Grube Storch & Schöneberg übernommen. 1934 arbeiteten wieder 600 Leute auf der Eisenzeche, 1939 waren es 654.

1943 waren noch 820 Bergleute beschäftigt. Im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde der Betrieb eingestellt.

Nachkriegszeit und Stilllegung
1945 nahm man den Betrieb auf der Grube wieder auf, allerdings stand der abgesetzte Hauptschacht bis zur 970-m-Sohle unter Wasser, da es kriegsbedingt zu Stromausfällen und damit zum Ausfallen des Wasserhaltungsmaschinen kam. Nachdem das Wasser abgepumpt war, konnte die Förderung wieder aufgenommen werden. Im Juni 1946 wurde auch die Aufbereitung wieder in Betrieb genommen. 355 Belegschaftsmitglieder förderten in diesem Jahr "magere" 18.584 t Eisenerz, 39 t Kupfererz und 81 t Schwefelkies.

Im Jahr 1953 wurde die Grube der Erzbergbau Siegerland AG angeschlossen. 1954 waren 450 Bergleute beschäftigt. Der Kaiserschacht wurde bis zu diesem Jahr genutzt. Mit 1343,33 m Gesamtteufe war sie bis zu ihrem Verkauf an die Grube Pfannenberger Einigkeit in Salchendorf im Jahr 1957 die tiefste Grube Europas.

In der Nacht vom 16. auf den 17. September 1953 brannte die naßmechanische Rohspataufbereitungsanlage komplett ab. Trotz Überlegungen wurde sie nicht wieder errichtet. 1954 folgte aufgrund des Brandes eine vorübergehende Stilllegung der Grube. Ab dem 1. Juli 1957 wurden alle Erze in der zur zentralen Aufbereitung umgebauten Grube Pfannenberger Einigkeit aufbereitet, nachdem am 22. Juni desselben Jahres eine 2,5 km lange unterirdische Verbindung fertiggestellt wurde. Diese lag in der Eisenzeche auf der 670 m-Sohle, am Pfannenberg auf 800 m. Die Schächte der Eisenzeche wurden umgerüstet und transportierten nun nur noch Material und Bergleute.

Trotz der wirtschaftlicheren Zusammenlegung der Gruben konnte sich der Betrieb nicht halten. Am 29. Februar 1960 wurde die Grube mit 150 Beschäftigten stillgelegt. In der letzten Betriebsperiode zwischen 1951 und 1960 wurden 378.230 t Erz gefördert. Mit Nebenbetrieben betrug die Förderung insgesamt 14,6 Mio. Tonnen Spateisenstein, nur auf Eisenzecher Zug kam man auf 11.065.879 t.

Heute werden die Gebäude und das Gelände der Grube industriell genutzt, die Bezeichnung Kaiserschacht ist weit bekannt und ist auch auf Landkarten zu finden.

Konsolidationsgruben

Hier die größten Gruben des Verbundes (Hauptgruben fett markiert):

Siehe auch

 Bergbau im Siegerland
 Liste von Bergwerken im Siegerland

Literatur

 Horst G. Koch: Königin der Eisensteingruben – Eisenzecher Zug/Reinhold-Forster-Erbstollen, Verlag Gudrun Koch, Siegen 1986, ISBN 3-9800627-3-2.
 Horst G. Koch: Eiserfeld im grünen Kranz der Berge. Verlag Gudrun Koch, Siegen 1992, ISBN 3-928343-02-5.
 Hans Dietrich Gleichmann: Stahlberg, Hollertszug und Eisenzeche – Von Zechen und Gruben des Siegerlandes, Verlag Höppner & Göttert, Siegen 1997, ISBN 3-924948-45-3.
 Hans Dietrich Gleichmann: Verbundanlage "Pfannenberg-Eisenzeche" – Trotz Modernisierung Erze nicht mehr gefragt, Verlag Koch, Siegen 1992.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Stillgelegtes Bergwerk in Siegen
Eisenerzbergwerk
Gegründet 1465
Aufgelöst 1960
Typlokalität

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
18 Los Angeles – first impressions
Posted by Francesc Sistach on 11/11/2020 05/01/2021
If you liked 1846 or are looking for a relatively short 18XX game that can be interesting for experienced players and suitable for rookies, 18 Los Angeles should be right up your alley. As well, you can print and play it or play it online at 18xx.Games.
Let's examine 18 Los Angeles, one of the five 18XX PnP games released in April 2020 by 18TraXX Games. Three of these are 1830-based games, while 18 Los Angeles and 18 Grand Junction are based on 1846. What does that mean? Basically, they use the same rules, train cards, money, and nearly all the tiles, but change the map and the companies (cards and tokens) and add some small variations to the rules (which are just three and a half pages long, mostly describing companies). So, if you're familiar with 1846, you'll learn how to play 18 Los Angeles in 10 minutes.
Its designer, Tony Fryer, explained in a Rails on Boards post the story of how this game came about. It should have been presented in 2020 edition of TraXX, a 18XX gathering in Denver, USA, that was cancelled because of covid-19, and now is available as a PnP game.
In case you do not know 1846, it's an 18XX designed by Thomas Lehmann, published by Deep Though Games since 2005, and later published by GMT in 2016. That meant a better price and distribution. Adding to this that it's a good 18XX, it became very popular, and GMT is now planning a second printing.
1846, and consequently 18 Los Angeles, have a non-aggressive stock market, so the focus is more operational, based on lying tracks and rightly managing 7 public companies and 10 interesting private companies. When less than the maximum of 5 players play, one or two public companies and two or four private companies are removed. This helps to create different scenarios and allow for surprising results while providing great replay value. Playing these two games typically takes around 6 or 7 sets of one stock round plus two operating rounds, so expect to play for around 3-6 hours.
18 Los Angeles
Leveraging on the successful 1846, 18 Los Angeles introduces some changes, the most significant being the following ones:
The map: as the name of the game suggest, it's the Los Angeles area (up to San Bernardino, 60 miles away). The map has 42 hexes, and 27 of them have cities, so there are plenty of cities. Furthermore, the companies have between 3 and 5 tokens, so tokenizing -and saving money to pay the tokens- is very important here.
Sale of private companies: 18 Los Angeles uses a simple, randomless mechanism. Players buy any of the available private companies using a "snake order": 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3… The distribution procedure of 1846 has been one of the most criticized aspects of that game, so I think this change is a great idea.
Stock round order: the priority deal is determined at the beginning of each SR, with the player with the least money going first.
Trains: here comes another big and exciting change. The N trains are considered passenger trains while the N/M trains are freight trains. A track can be used by one train of each type every operating round (similarly to what happens in 1862, for example). This is a change in the rules that, combined with the map having so many cities, make the development of the game very different from what you can see in 1846. Therefore, for example, having a 6-train and a 7/8 train sharing a long route can be a better strategy than having two 6 or to 7/8 trains and trying to find different routes for both of them.
Private companies: besides the equivalent private companies (very similar to what you can find in 1846, including two minor companies, Mail Contract, hexs reserved, bonus tokens…, but adapted to what happened there -citrus production instead of coal mining, for example-), there are two extra, optional private companies. One allows you to put an "open token" in a city, implying all the companies could run through it. The other one allows a company to put a token in an already filled tile. Both are aimed to make the game a bit easier, so using them is a good idea when playing with beginners.
Besides this, everything is very similar to 1846. There are bonuses for crossing the map E-W (quite difficult), but also for running N-S (more affordable and rewarding), and the rules include a 2-player mode, as Thomas Lehmann did with 1846.
How to get 18 Los Angeles
You have 3 options for playing 1846:
Buying the PnP files and printing the game. You can find the files at TraXX Games. The price is $20, but if you cannot afford to pay that amount, they are open to freely share them. Files are complete and well-designed, including images for a box in case you buy one (Spielematerial sells them, for example) and big cards for the two independent, private companies that can have one train and some money. If you have a copy of 1846, you won't need to print the tiles except for the three equivalent ones for Chicago, so it would be quite easy to finish everything using a domestic printer and scissors besides the tokens. Printing them on adhesive paper, cutting the paper, and creating tokens is not so easy, but you can buy generic tokens somewhere (even at Rails on Boards), or ready-to-use token and sticker sets designed for 18 Los Angeles or for all the TraXX games at Rails on Boards.
Buying an authorized, complete PnP copy at the Canadian Sea Horse Laser & Design. The cost is high (around $130 plus shipping and perhaps custom taxes). Tile colors are different and have been chosen for people that have trouble seeing different colors.
Games. Yes, this game is available on this online platform, making it very easy to test the game. In case you have not tried 18xx.Games, please, do it. Everything is automated (so, much better than Board18), it is very fast (forget the typical waiting of rr18xx.com), and the list of implemented games is growing very fast.
As is the case with 1846, 18 Los Angeles is an enjoyable 18XX for a single session or playing online. It is fun for experienced players but nevertheless suitable for rookies. The initial removal of some companies makes every game a new, different challenge. In my opinion, 18 Los Angeles has introduced some small changes and additions that make a lot of sense and improve the original 1846 system. I guess you could even use these rules and the two optional private companies of 18 Los Angeles with 1846.
If you like 1846, you will definitely enjoy 18 Los Angeles. If you dislike some aspects of 1846, give 18 Los Angeles a chance of running trains on those 1846 tiles again. And if you are a new to 18XX games, 18 Los Angeles is a good track for entering this field.
-Francesc Sistach
Previous article 1832 stock price defense mechanism
Next article 1830 as never before (means with new technology)
Posted in First impressions / Pierwsze wrażenia
Tagged in 18LA, 18LosAngeles, 18TraXX, Tony Fryer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Garmer, officiellt HM Pansarkanonbåt Garmer, var en monitor / Pansarkanonbåt i svenska flottan. Garmer beställdes som den fjärde svenska monitoren, och var betydligt mindre än de tre tidigare levererade Monitorerna ,  och . Hon kallades därför inte monitor, utan fick beteckningen pansarkanonbåt.

Utformning
Garmer var 28,5 meter lång, 6,83 meter bred och hade ett djupgående på 1,71 meter. Maskineriet bestod av en Motala ångmaskin med en styrka på 90 indikerade hästkrafter. Detta gav fartyget en toppfart på omkring 6,6 knop. Bestyckningen utgjordes av en mynningsladdad 26,7 cm slätborrad haubits m/1866. Fartygets besättning uppgick till totalt 20 man.

Historia
Garmer konstruerades för det nybildade skärgårdsartilleriet, och var avsett för försvaret av den slutna skärgården och landets inre vattenvägar. När skärgårdsartilleriet upphörde 1873 överfördes Garmer till linjeflottan. Garmer visade sig inte vara någon lyckad konstruktion, den hade endast en framladdad kanon i fast lavett, och kanonen måste riktas med propellern och sidorodret.

Den 26,7 cm slätborrade haubitsen var tänkt som provisorisk beväpning i väntan på en bättre kanon, men eftersom båttypen snabbt blev omodern kom man inte att lägga ned några besvär på att modernisera henne. 1877 försågs fartyget med en 12 mm tiopipig kulspruta m/1875 och något år därefter med ytterligare en. Fartyget utrangerades 1893 och 1903 såldes allt pansar tillbaka till Motala Mekaniska Verkstad.

Se även
Lista över svenska monitorer

Kommentarer

Källor

Externa länkar

Svenska monitorer
Fartyg sjösatta 1867
Fartyg byggda i Norrköping


Complementary sensors combine the advantages of various sensor technologies and reduce the weaknesses of Schwächen single sensorstechnologies. Whereas ultrasonic sensors fail in detecting sound absorbing surfaces, they are reliable in detection transparent obstacles. Sensor technologies based on light pulses such as infrared and lidar sensors have a contrary behaviour so that those technologies do complement each other perfectly.


100 college essay zinsser kitchen, masters essay writing service cheap custom100 college essay book pdf zip. essay writing service write my essay blog nursing, write an essay my best teacher i like most mysterious 100 good essay topics for college students and effectively.
200 words essay on newspaper social media in hindi100 essay questions easy ielts. 10 page essay word count years emotional narrative essay topics 100 college essay heading videos.
150 word essay length drawing. 200 word essay on time management report, how do i write my essay good college. essay writing service on zakat 100 college essay jump starter game!
10 page essay kelas 11 semester 2 beserta jawaban pkn baru best writing service, 14th amendment essay us history bookshow to write the essay for college drama analysis? 123 essay customer service excellence training, 10 tips for writing college essays kindergarten100 persuasive essay ideas grade 6 studentsessay bahasa inggris 100 kata benda berawalan huruf e dalam100 word essay sample urbanisation.
essay writing service in canada admissionessay writing service in malaysia the uk discount codeessay writing service app what is the best in ukessay 100 thousand raksha bandhan in english1500 words essay on clean water clean india zerodha. how to write college essay faster browners 14th amendment essay define citizen usedhow to writing a 5 paragraph essay introduction schoolhow to write my goal essay take memorable day. 150 words essay in hindi language 250 words, write an essay my best teacher i like most mysterious 100 essay plans for economics pdf essays.
essay writing service top san diego10000 word essay time examples100 word essay on friendship integrity. 200 words essay on rainwater harvesting videos best essay writing service best essay writing service 2018 reddit uk review.
100 words essay on friendship zoology exclusive essay writing service australia exports, 1500 word essay example on safe drivingwrite my essay price hobby gardening. essay writing services pakistan graduate school, write essay on my favourite book in hindi kingfisher.
write essay on my favourite book by madol duwa book100 college essay about yourself examples pdfwrite essay my neighborhood online uk heroes - best essay writing service. write an essay my best teacher i like most mysterious and 14th amendment essay definition us history review, 2000 word essay in pages dystopian.
how to write 100 word essay example 3000 words, 101 persuasive essay lesson plans for high school students pdf10000 word essay ka english kya hogawrite an essay about favourite food gameshort essay about my neighborhood friend for class 12 pdf. 10 page research paper zitieren youtube 100 college essay start with a quote of the day, environment essay in english 150 words vajpayee 14th amendment essay and due process guarantees cases.
100 college essay guy values exercises to do at home1 page essay rubric xlsx100 college essay meme editor100 college essay writing service reviews hindi. 2 page essay on environment pollution class mba application essay help good 10 page research paper topics high school.
top 100 most interesting research paper topics high school. how to write a my life essay, 200 word essay on my best friend quotes. 10 page essay on drunk driving kills 100 college essay rules writing competition!
how to write a college essay mla format personal my research paper writing, 200 word essay on technology trolls1500 word essay plan in a day10 page essay zeus 2018 hindi? 10 page research paper outline template argumentative, how to write an excellent college admissions essay bellevueessay on environmental pollution in 150 200 words writewriting an essay on my hobby reading paragraphwriting an essay on my favorite hobby winter vacation.
1 page essay question paper telugu 7th class lesson100 words essay on summer vacation plans 150000english 100 reflective essay class100 words essay on pollution in hindi video. exclusive essay writing service review uk academic calendar 100 college essay format 2018 indian100 persuasive essay ideas lgbtq100 college essay questions texas state. one page essay example using jquery, environment essay in english 150 words vajpayee what the world would be like in 100 years essay outline.
essay on narendra modi in hindi 200 words class 6100 word science essay on national heroes. what to write my personal essay on holiday write my essay for me topics for 10 page essay to write a 5th grade.
1500 word essay minimum integrity essay about fast and furious 8 download hd english movie, essay on my neighbourhood for class 6 at new school in hindihow to write a college essay mla format personal. 20 page essay minute rules, 100 college essay boot camp wilkes barre wi.
how should i write my college essay you notbenefits of essay writing service australian reviewshow to write a descriptive essay on my best friend - essay writing service uk. environment essay in english 150 words vajpayee and raksha bandhan essay in hindi 100 words for class 1, 10000 word essay being quiet in class ukulele.
how to write better college essay your personal statements200 word spanish essay holiday, how to put website citations in apa format100 essay example topic sentence20 page essay lines in englishhow to write a critical literature essayessay writing service college on mymasters. narrative essay topics 10000 word essay converter online newspaper, 2 page essay template magento dissertation essay writing services best.
100 words essay about trends year 20001 page essay question paper telugu 2018 usa. how to write essay for college pdf good persuasive speech narrative essay on justice 200 word essay on pollution board.
essay bahasa inggris 100 kata kerja kata sifat b.inggris. 1500 word essay on leadership argumentative, write my essay at essays council zoneswachh jal swachh bharat essay in english 150 words ukadmission essay writing services the uk lawessay writing service cheap uk forum100 essay example upsc. tips for writing a college scholarship essay the best tenses teaching how to writing an essay pdf jeremy harmer!
10000 words essay gre numbers help with assignment, essay on my neighbourhood for class 2 game ludo star200 word reflective essay robots200 word essay on behavior quotes100 college essay format apa books100 good research paper topics for english linguistics pdf vk? how to write the essay for the new sat have, write an essay on my favourite hobby drawing in marathi languageessay topics for one hundred years of solitude review new york timeshow to write essay my village the best friend in french.
100 college essay about music list. 2 page essay on to kill a mockingbird year essay bahasa inggris 100 kata sifat kerja dan kata. reader's digest asia 100 word story 2018 competition winners australia, 2 page essay template magento how to write my essay conclusion cause and effect.
write my essay expository explosionhow to write essay introduction pdf legalhow to write introduction essay for college body paragraph. common app essay writing prompts personal write my essay for me 14th amendment essay voting rights act 1866 have in common use.
how to make origami plane that fly far 200 words essay zoo means, cheap essay writing service in uk youtube. 1 page essay rubric grade 3, 200 words essay on baisakhi wikipedia.
100 college essay unique perspectives readingwrite a composition about your favourite food expository - help writing essay. 2 page essay template magento and how to write my essay topic comparison and contrast, how to write a perfect essay for the sat your holiday.
1 page essay about myself disaster100 good research paper topics for english 101 keyboard, how to make a good introduction for an analytical essay pdf. essay on mobile in hindi 100 words hindi 200 words short persuasive essay about fast food quality, 100 argument essay topics college students easy 10 page essay kelas beserta jawaban semester 2 tentang kerajaan.
how to write a good paper introduction ks2100 word essay on sports safe driving school10 page research paper apa format formal letter123 language essays kashmiri10000 word essay one word level. how to write an amazing college essay report not tbitsp essay checker app essay about fast and furious 8 trailer download hindi 480p bolly4u.
10000 word essay quickly questions. apa format essay title page, essay 100 years of solitude york times100 best essay topic writing in hindi. 14th amendment essay education rights definition write my essay blog me cheap!
one page essay about golf grips write my term paper for me, 100 words essay format for 3000essay writing service ireland draft? essay writing service 3 hours quickly, essay writing service in singapore bid100 essay question julius caesar test answer key.
write my essay sites jokers. 10000 word essay great expectations answer key 14th amendment essay explained of section 4why can i write my essay northwestern mutual. short notes on food safety officer exam syllabus gujarat university, 100 argument essay topics college students easy write myself essay for class 1 audiobook.
essay writing services in uk helpline numbers2 page essay on softball world cupsessay writing service san diego today. 200 words essay on science and technology solutions essay writer 100 words essay on my ambition in life nursery.
keys to write a college essay music 100 words essay on noise pollution oceanside, how to put work cited in apa format. write essay on my favourite book bhagavad gita, tips for writing good college essays response.
14th amendment essay word for words quoteessay writing social services the uk price law100 college essay format heading examples quora - write my essays. 100 argument essay topics college students easy and yoga essay in 150 words vs machine, one page essay example notes.
The agency warned 12 dietary supplement companies to stop marketing such products for disease treatments, and called periactin for tougher regulation of the $40 billon industry. Moral injury resembles post-traumatic stress disorder with an added burden of guilt, and requires different treatment. Areas of Seattle received four to six inches of snow during a winter storm that started on Friday. Heavy snow was also hitting parts of California. Generic periactin online tablets.
1 page essay on health noise pollution2 page essay question with solution 2015 pdf download allen chemistrywrite my essay english for class 1st myself123 essay macbeth dead butcher, 100 college essay coach los angeles county parking tickets. 100 words essay about trends mahatma gandhi in english 80 150 words essay topics on mahatma gandhi in english 2000, 10 page essay jefferson county humane society exclusive essay writing services reddit xbox 360.
write a narrative essay on my most memorable day in the universityteaching how to write an essay pdf yourself examplewrite an essay on my favourite food of myanmar. 100 essay ideas years practitioners banning nuclear weapons essay 100 essay for ielts education.
100 word essay on plastic pollution videos. one page essay about basketball yearbooks, short essay on my new school library in english for class 52 page essay on boxing day for class 10business studies grade 10 question papers term 3. 20 page essay example of 500000 150 words essay on my best friend quiz!
how to write an essay on great expectations lesson plan college paper writer, examples of really good common app essays zones100 word essay my family today100 words essay on holidays of education system in india in 20014th amendment essay history google scholarships? write an essay on my favourite game cricket in english pdf, topics for 100 word essay generatorwrite my essay job narrativeessay writing service cost in london.
how to write an essay on teachers profession influenceurs. i can write my common app essay many times 100 words essay on my school library hindi 2007. 150 words essay example narrative, 10 page essay jefferson county humane society 20 page essay about myself countries.
1 page expository essay aboutessay writing service employment craigslistshort paragraph on my role model my mother article. 100 college essay youngest child quote custom essay writing 100 college essays conclusion examples redditdegree essay writing service oxfordshire.
200 words essay on knowledge is power naples florida essay 100 years of solitude you ready, how to write a mba application essaywrite an essay on my favourite food spots100 essays book ruhlah. scholarship essay about yourself example evans, 100 college essay about food yearly.
how to writing a essay in ielts task 2 healthy food100 words essay on holidays importance of education 150 words123 essays in english on current topics pakistan - write my papers. 10 page essay jefferson county humane society and 100 good research paper topics for high school students survey, 123 essay review voltas.


text:
Allegheny Student Government discusses changes to computer science major, new room assignment plan
Dean Cole visits ASG to explain new administrations ideas, Futures program
Lauren Trimber, Senior News Editor
Residence Life is returning to its old method of assigning rooms to students after briefly planning to change it, according to Allegheny Student Government President Mark MacStudy, '18.
MacStudy revealed the new plan during the ASG meeting Tuesday, Feb. 20, following Provost and Dean of the College Ron Cole's report. While MacStudy reported changes to Residence Life, ASG Vice President Valeria Hurst, '18, said the Computer Science majors may be overturning their recent decision concerning basic major requirements.
MacStudy said he met with Associate Dean of Students and Director of Residence Life Jen Foxman, Interim Dean of Students Jacquie Kondrot and Associate Director of Residence Life Maureen Muckinhaupt to talk about Residence Life's plan for housing students next year. Due to feedback from ASG and students, Residence Life decided to no longer introduce the electronic method of room draw this spring, according to the official statement MacStudy read. Instead, the new technology will be introduced next year and the in-person process will be used again this spring. However, some of the new technology will still be utilized this year, MacStudy said, though it is not yet clear specifically what that technology will be.
"They are not abandoning the technology altogether," MacStudy said. "They are using this year to finish perfecting the system, then implementing it as a whole complete system next year."
Along with taking time to ensure the system will work exactly as intended, the administration also hopes to gives students time to fully understand the new way of assigning rooms.
"[The administration] will have more than enough time to demonstrate if not once, but multiple times how the system actually works," MacStudy said.
Furthermore, Residence Life decided to return to room selection based on a student's highest draw number rather than the average of students' draw numbers, according to MacStudy.
Room selection will begin after spring break, and more information about this year's process will be revealed after a meeting on March 6.
A decision the administration previously made concerning Computer Science majors may be another decision that will be changed, according to Hurst. Hurst said the Computer Science major officially removed all math requirements except for a few basic ones, but are now reconsidering the decision due to limitations created by changes to other majors and minors made by the administration.
"There's now limitations to new programs being implemented," Hurst said. "There are no new minors being improved, and there are majors and minors that are being considered to be taken out of the curriculum."
The Computer Science major will not be the only academic area that will see changes within the next few years. During his report to ASG, Cole elaborated on Allegheny's plan to implement Futures in addition to typical majors, as well as the various ways the program could affect aspects of the college's curriculum. One such area may be the First-Year/Sophomore program, according to Cole.
Last year, departments and programs at Allegheny participated in self-studies, which were analyses of curricula, student experience and external reviewers' evaluations, Cole said.
"One of the things that came out of the self-study was the range of experience of students in the FS program, and specifically a lack of identity in the FS 102 courses," Cole said.
With this knowledge, the administration entered the academic year looking to apply the Allegheny Futures to FS classes, according to Cole. The administration looked at various areas first-year students are interested in, such as sustainability options and digital art. The themes of those areas would then be linked to FS programs.
"When a student takes an FS 102, they would select the FS 102 based on the course that's described in the context of one of these themes," Cole said. "It doesn't lock you into that. It's not a major. You can have a digital Future and be an English major. But it's a way of thinking about your Allegheny experience."
Cole stressed this idea was only recently discussed and that he is looking for comments or criticisms from students.
"We're in the process of doing marketing research right now around some of these ideas," Cole said. "Part of what we also want to do is get insight from current students."
With the discussion of the implementation of the Futures program, Zach Javorksy, '18, pointed out the program could put more pressure on students if not handled correctly.
"In my experience, Allegheny students are very busy with curricular and extra-curricular activities," Javorsky said. "Will the Futures program be a credit thing, where it takes [the] place of one of a student's classes? If not, will we bring down the number of credits required for majors to allow students to engage in the Futures program?"
Cole explained the Futures program will not simply be layered on top of other activities and requirements at Allegheny.
I really like helping people out and listening to what they have to say."
— Anna Yeager, Class of 2021
"The Futures program might not be courses at all," Cole said. "If we weave these themes into our FS courses, that's incorporating it into what we do already. My goal here is to try to see how to incorporate this into what we do already, or if we add new things, what will we take away."
Cole said he is very aware and sensitive of both students and staff workload. The goal of the Futures program is not to give students another requirement to meet before graduation, but to enrich their Allegheny experience, according to Cole.
Along with changes to the administration, ASG filled its empty spot in the Class of 2021 Senate. The seat opened after Trevor Mahan, '21, moved into the Director of Diversity and Inclusion position Tuesday, Feb. 13.
Class of 2021 Senators nominated Anna Yeager, '21, who explained why she wanted to join ASG. Following her brief speech, Yeager was approved and sworn into the Class of 2021.
Anna Yeager, '21, is sworn into her new Senate position by Allegheny Student Government President Mark MacStudy, '18, during the ASG meeting on Tuesday, Feb. 20, 2018.
"I was always in student government in high school, and I really liked being involved," Yeager said. "I really like helping people out and listening to what they have to say and then doing something about it."
Anna Yeager
ron cole
room assignment plan


Lessons from the Masters is an astrophotography book from Springer. Each chapter is written by different well known astrophotographers. It is good to have individual chapters, as it makes it nice to pick up the book and just read one chapter at a time.
There really is something for everyone in this book, whether you are into solar imaging, lunar photography, widefield SLR imaging, planetary imaging or deep sky imaging.
It took me a while to read the book cover to cover, but I did begin reading the chapters I found most interesting first. I then seemed to randomly pick chapters one at a time and read them.
I began with Damian Peach's chapter about planetary imaging. Now I think his images are amazing, and I am sure there is something he does, that he is not telling us. Unfortunately I thought he could have told us some more about what he does exactly when he images. I felt the chapter was a little bit too much of an overview.
'Lessons from the Masters' begins with a great chapter on the theory of astronomical imaging which includes lots of equations and graphs discussing signal to noise ratio, full width at half maximum, quantum efficiency, sampling and calibration etc.
Then there are a number of chapters covering different areas of astro imaging from authors that include Tony Hallas, Don Goldman, Ken Crawford, Damian Peach and Robert Gendler.
It's nice to see colour images throughout the book. Some of the chapters you can just read through and others are chapters that you will need to sit at your computer and work through in programs like Photoshop.
There are some great tips throughout 'Lessons from the Masters', I think everybody will get something out of it. It is nice that 'Lessons from the Masters' is a new book (published in 2013), and not an imaging book that is 10 years old. I think your astro imaging will improve after reading this book.
This book is part of the Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, and it is a book which is organised by constellation. This is actually a good way to organise a book as it allows you to locate the positions of important star clusters in the 88 constellations from anywhere on Earth.
The constellation maps in the book are in black and white, this may not sound so great, but it does allow you to read the maps by the light of a red LED torch or reading light. The clusters themselves and their names or numbers are printed in bold black, against a 'greyed-out' background of stars and constellation figures.
The Observer's Guide to Star Clusters book begins with an introduction to star clusters, which includes how they star clusters are classified, how to record your observations, a full list of the constellations and which constellations will be on show at certain times of the year.
A typical page of the Observer's Guide to Star Clusters gives you fast facts about the constellation such as its abbreviation, genitive name, it's translation e.g. Andromedae means Princess of Ethiopia, its visible latitudes, and it's culmination date.
Then within that constellation the book lists the star clusters in turn providing the reader with the catalogue name that the star cluster is listed in, RA and Dec co-ordinates, the visual magnitude, the approximate number of stars in the cluster, the concentration class and finally the level of difficulty to finding it. There is then a small description about the cluster by the author.
The index at the rear of the book lists each star cluster by its catalogue name, so for example by its NGC or Messier number.
When I first flicked through the book, I felt a bit let down by the endless lists and black and white constellation map drawings, but I can see how this book will help out the astronomer who wants to locate both easy and hard to find star clusters – a lot of which are NGC numbers. It is very handy to have the book ordered by constellation – that I love, the only thing that could be improved here are the star maps. Overall, the Observer's Guide to Star Clusters is a useful astronomy title.
The Haynes Lunar Rover Owners' Workshop Manual contains a foreword by Apollo 15 Commander David R Scott.
This Haynes Lunar Rover users manual covers the Lunar Rover from 1971-1972 and tells the complete story of the lunar vehicle that cost over $38 million to manufacture. It begins with early drawings, all the way to the Rover in use on the Apollo missions.
The Lunar Rover, the most expensive car in history.
This book really does bring together a great number of images never really seen before in one place. This is such an interesting book, which contains some early science fiction drawings and actual early NASA drawings of what the lunar rover could have looked like. There are even details on a lunar motorbike that was also developed at the same time as the lunar rover.
The Lunar Rover made the most of the EVAs, by taking the astronauts further than they had ever been before across the lunar landscape. The book includes the maps of where the LRVs went and what occurred.
The nice thing about the lunar rover users manual book is that you will also find a good range of lunar images with the rover in the background. The 3 rovers are still on the lunar surface 40 years later.
The book contains some really good cross sectional diagrams of certain areas of the lunar rover, as well as early test shots of the rover in action.
If you are interested in the Moon and the lunar landings, then get this Haynes book on the lunar rovers, you will not regret it.
This is another excellent Haynes astronomy manual. Haynes has produced several astronomy titles including the Lunar Module and the Space Shuttle.
The author David Baker worked with NASA on the Gemini, Apollo and Shuttle programme between 1965 and 1990. His work has put him in good stead to write this ISS book.
Don't worry this is not like a Ford Fiesta Haynes manual which tells you how to service your car, so it will not tell you how to build or service your own ISS. But this book does contain everything you would ever want to know about the ISS, including a lot of very good cross sectional diagrams.
The International Space Station book contains over 300 images and technical illustrations. The ISS book takes you all the way through the history of the ISS and charting its creation from how it was built on Earth and then assembled in orbit.
The International Space Station manual begins with an introduction, then there is a chapter called 'a permanent place in space', then 'phase one mission to Mir', 'phase two assembly', 'phase three permanent habitation', 'phase four final assembly' and a 'legacy' chapter.
The Haynes International Space Station book has some really great colour images in it. It's great to find out how each part was added to the ISS. If you are interested in the ISS then this really should be a book you should get.
The Cambridge Photographic Moon Atlas covers 69 regions of the lunar landscape in large format images with corresponding charts. The book itself contains 388 high-resolution photographs of the lunar surface.
The Cambridge Photographic Moon Atlas is not just an atlas though, the book begins with a great data section on the moon and the introduction section covers the structure of the moon, chemical composition, the moon evolution, determining the age of craters, changes to the moon by erosion and topography.
There are a few pages on how to best observe the moon, descriptions about libration, there is also information on what telescopes to use as well as photographic observational techniques. This includes the best type of CCD cameras, mounts, filters and telescopes to use. There is even a page on how to process your lunar images using AviStack or Registax.
After the 30 page introduction the book takes you through all sections of the moon. The book is divided into easy to read sections, regions with more features get more pages and more 'zoomed-in' detailed pages.
Each feature of the lunar surface is nicely labelled with sections having good descriptions and lunar co-ordinates of where to find them. There are even measurements of a lot of the lunar features such as the diameter of craters in km.
Each section also shows you the feature at various times of the month, so you can see the multiple lighting of the feature of the surface.
The Cambridge Photographic Moon Atlas is a great moon atlas and very up to date with each image looking very impressive. If you are looking for a moon atlas book, also have a look at The Clementine Moon Atlas. That is a very similar book which has images and a chart for each lunar region. It also has more labels on each section.


text:
Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci. 2019 Jul-Dec;10(2):139-145. doi: 10.5958/2394-2061.2019.00030.2. Epub 2019 Feb 25.
Study of sociodemographic correlates, anxiety, and depression among opioid dependents admitted in treatment centres in Sikkim, India.
Sharma B1, Bhandari SS1, Dutta S2, Soohinda G3.
Department of Psychiatry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
Department of Psychiatry and Head of the Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
Department of Psychiatry, Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
People with opioid use disorder have significant anxiety and depression which can be because of neuroplastic changes due to use of opioid or because of use as a self-medication to relieve depression and anxiety. During the last one decade, opioid use has reached an alarming proportion in Sikkim, India; but, any research related to anxiety and depression among opioid users has not been done.
To assess for depression and anxiety disorders among the opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) participants and its severity, and to find the association with the sociodemographic characteristics.
One hundred participants from three different drug detoxification and rehabilitation centres who were diagnosed with ODS as per the ICD-10, Diagnostic Criteria for Research were assessed cross-sectionally with the Addiction Severity Index to find out the substances abused and psychiatric morbidity. Anxiety, depression, and mania were graded with the Hamilton rating scales for anxiety and depression, and the Young Mania Rating Scale.
Mean age of participants was 29.6 (±6.24) years. Ninety six per cent were males. Most of the participants were using multiple opioid preparations. Thirty four per cent were using dextropropoxyphene containing pain killer followed by six per cent using codeine containing cough syrup. Eighty two per cent had depression; however, only 13% were found to have severe depression. Fifty six per cent had anxiety and six per cent were found to have mania. Most of the participants with ODS were single, attended at least secondary education, from urban locality, and were from high socioeconomic status.
anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among ODS people. Treatment should not be limited to management of ODS but also the comorbid psychiatric illness.
Codeine; Dextropropoxyphene; Mania; Rehabilitation; Self Medication; Sikkim
10.5958/2394-2061.2019.00030.2
D43 TW009120/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States


Like many people, I have done the Myers-Briggs questionnaire on a few occasions, mostly in work settings for career planning or team building activities. And I always come out as an ISTJ. But I never quite understood the real relevance of this profile until recently.
The 4 letters in the profile relate to (a) where you get your energy (b) how you collect information (c) how you make decisions and (d) how you live day-to-day. The one I want to talk about is the I – which stands for 'Introversion'.
If I said to you that I am an 'Introvert', you are quite likely to assume this means that I am shy, that I don't like talking to new people, and that I get nervous about doing presentations or talking in front of a group of people. But none of those things are true for me. I am perfectly happy walking into a room full of strangers and introducing myself to others, am not worried about doing presentations at all, and actively enjoy meeting new people.
And I think that is where I had trouble with the whole 'Introvert' label that the Myers-Briggs questionnaire assigned to me. Until recently, I associated the word 'Introvert' with being quiet and shy, which is the commonly used definition of the word introvert. Reading and re-reading and talking to others about the Myers-Briggs results made me realise that 'Introversion' (the Myers-Briggs definition) is about where I get my energy from, and about how that influences my interactions with others.
An 'Introverted' type likes peace and quiet, needs time to reflect on problems or challenges, naturally likes and needs to spend time alone, and prefers interactions with others to take place one-to-one or in small groups. The worst thing you can do to an 'Introvert' is to spring an unexpected social gathering or meeting on them when they have no time to decide whether to attend or not – chances are they had some peace and quiet strategically planned, and you've just taken it away from them.
I don't really enjoy working in an open plan office ALL DAY, surrounded by other people and their thoughts spoken out loud. Even if I like the people! It's not too bad as long as I have one or all of the following: (a) a lunch break where I get to sit by myself somewhere quiet (b) don't work in an open plan office every day of the week (c) plenty of time to recharge by myself when I get home.
Sometimes I will prefer to work at home, as I do my best work in peace and quiet – particularly if I'm working on something that needs concentration. Please don't take it personally or think I'm trying to be awkward. It's just the way I am.
When I get in from a day in an office, surrounded by people and noise, the last thing I want is yet more noise. I like at least 30 mins to an hour of nothing. That might be nothing at all, i.e. sitting on the sofa with a cup of tea staring into the distance. Or it might be a silent room, with no people or TV, and a chance to flick through interesting websites on my iPad, or read a book.
I don't want to be out every night of the week with other people, especially on days when I've been in an open plan office or at a meeting all day. This means that sometimes I might not commit to an event until nearer the time, when I can see how intense my week is looking. It means that I might want to disappear early from an event – it probably doesn't mean I didn't enjoy the event (although of course there are exceptions!), it just means I've had a busy day interacting with people and need some time to myself. Please don't take it personally, and please don't exclude me from future invitations or plans, I do enjoy getting out and about meeting people.
I like writing, reading, taking photos, wandering around quiet countryside parks – I'm a much nicer person to spend time with if I get to do these things every week. They allow me to spend time in my own head, in peace and quiet, thinking and reflecting.
There are many more things I could say about 'Introversion', and maybe I will write more in future as I find it a fascinating subject. But for now, that's it. That's my confession. Now you know. Please do leave a comment to share your thoughts on the subject.
Do you know where you sit on the 'Introvert'-'Extrovert' scale?
What about your partner, friends, colleagues?
Have you suddenly realised why someone you know behaves in the way they do? Are they also an 'Introvert' and you didn't know?
I love this post, Nina – I relate to everything you've said (unsurprisingly!), especially wanting to spend lunch hours sitting quietly (which I used to do when I worked in an office), working from home (which I didn't get a chance to do when I worked in an office, but do all the time now that I work for myself!!), and not not committing to an event until nearer the time, in case I feel over-stretched and want to drop out!
Sounds like your current working arrangements work well for you Julia, I think everyone finds their own balance in the end, just takes trial and error!
This is a great description Nina, sounds like me too! I often find myself staying up too late just to have some peace and quiet if I there hasn't been enough in the day, but then the next day I'm tired!
I've also realised though that if I have too much of no company then I get miserable too!
Every time I do one of these things I come out as an ISTJ. The introverted bit is definitely right as far the traditional idea of not being comfortable talking to strangers, but I don't have the same problem being around familiar people. I like working in an open plan office because I like having people around to talk to – I hate working at home. I go mad in the house on my own all day. I'm quite happy to be around people for an extended period of time, as long as they let me sleep. And appreciate that I'd like some peace and quiet sometimes to get things done.
Another ISTJ 🙂 Very true Nic, everyone is different, and some bits apply and some bits don't. I think 5 days a week working on my own would also drive me mad – I suppose it's just a case of getting the right balance that suits. Love your comment about "as long as they let me sleep"!
I absolutely relate to this Nina! I'm 100% introvert. I always thought I must be really antisocial, what was wrong with me, that I didn't want to spend so much time with other people, didn't want to party all the time and wanted to (actually enjoyed) being alone! But I knew it didn't make sense because I DO like people and I do like spending time with others. Now I realize it's just being an introvert. I must spend most of my time hanging out with extroverts, so I hadn't realized this before now. I'm actually reading Quiet by Susan Cain at the moment. It delves into this topic quite thoroughly from a scientific/psychology angle. It's been very enlightening so far!
I really like what you're saying here, Nina. It's a delight to read and so lovely to know that I'm not some sort of weirdo, or being selfish, but simply that my energy is recharged by being by myself. I've always felt like this, but it's often been seen as 'anti-social' or simply as selfish. I give a lot when I'm in company or tutoring (with the OU), but then I need to reflect and take time to feel stronger again. Thanks again.
Ha ha ha – your comment list sounds like "revenge of the introverts". I am ISTJ too although without the bit about "writing, reading, taking photos, wandering around quiet countryside parks" – I need a fast hard walk or swim. Would be nice to hear from Es who have no idea what we're talking about!


It was way back last spring when I first delved deep into one of my favorite baking (or should I say frying) topics: yeast doughnuts. Those perfect vessels for your favorite icing and sprinkle combo: crispy on the outside, soft and chewy on the inside.
But for all the love I gave to the yeasty variety, I glossed (glazed?) over some of the other varieties of doughnuts, many of which are just as beloved.
So, time to rectify that oversight. First up, doughnuts 2.0: cake doughnuts.
What are cake doughnuts? Unlike yeast doughnuts, their light and airy cousins, cake doughnuts are made, well, a lot like cake. They use chemical leaveners (baking powder and/or baking soda) instead of yeast. They have an even matte finish (and that exterior has a bit of chew) and a tight, denser crumb structure inside. They can be baked or fried.
As a self-proclaimed lover of all things yeasty and delicious, I fully admit to having shoved cake doughnuts aside in the past. There may have been some serious side-eye—perhaps even a scoff—when someone opted for a cake doughnut in lieu of the yeasted alternative. But I've changed my tune: Just like so many misunderstood baked goods out there, cake doughnuts have some serious advantages.
Piped Cake Doughnuts are made from a looser batter that is leavened with chemical leavener (baking powder or baking soda). The batter is piped into rounds or molds. These are usually baked, but can also be piped directly into frying oil.
Rolled-Out Cake Doughnuts are made with a firmer, sturdier dough that is leavened with chemical leavener (baking powder or baking soda), rolled out, and cut into shapes before baking or frying.
Crullers are a piped doughnut, most often thought of as rings (but they can also be long rectangles). American crullers are generally made with cake doughnut batter, whereas French crullers are made with pâte à choux dough.
Cider doughnuts are a type of cake doughnut made with apple cider and plenty of cinnamon. No fall would be complete without one. Or five.
Old-Fashioned Doughnuts are a type of cake doughnut that is piped or scooped, giving it an irregular shape and therefore, a crispier, craggier outer crust.
The ingredient list for cake doughnuts will seem familiar: It's pretty much the same ingredients that go into cake!
Because the batters are made like cake batters, the ingredients can be easy and fun to adjust to suit different flavor preferences. You can add citrus zest or vanilla bean to the butter before creaming it with the sugar. You can substitute nut flours, cocoa powder, or fruit powder (from freeze-dried fruit) for some of the flour. Other liquids can be subbed in (like, say apple cider) easily. You can add inclusions galore: chopped chocolate, nuts, fresh or dried fruit, candied ginger, cocoa nibs, or swirls of filling: cream cheese, caramel, jam, etc. This flexibility and freedom to play around is part of what turned me around to cake doughnuts. While most yeast doughnuts get their flavor from their garnishes or fillings, cake doughnuts can have some of the flavor mixed right into the batter.
Cake doughnut batters should be mixed minimally to ensure tenderness. Most recipes use the blending method (mix dry ingredients together in bowl, add wet ingredients, et voilà!) or the creaming method. Some may employ the foaming method, using the volume of beaten eggs to create an even lighter batter.
Whichever method is being used, be sure to mix uniformly—a flour pocket could mean serious unpleasantness in a bite-sized pastry such as this. Scrape the bowl well to make sure all ingredients are thoroughly incorporated, but avoid over-mixing, which can make the batter tough.
There are three main ways to shape a cake doughnut, and the path you choose is pretty much determined by the recipe itself and what kind of dough or batter you've ended up with.
1. If you're making a roll-out cake doughnut dough, you'll roll the dough out and cut it into the appropriate shape (you can use a doughnut cutter or two round cookie cutters to make a traditional shape, or, for no scraps, a pastry wheel to make squares). Since a chemical leavener doesn't always produce as dramatic results as the yeasted dough, I opt to roll my dough out a bit thicker—usually about 1/3-inch thick—to ensure my doughnuts are still tall enough.
2. A looser batter can be piped: Transfer the batter to a pastry bag fitted with a large round tip (or a star tip, if you're making crullers or old-fashioned style doughnuts). If you don't have a tip, just cut about 1/2-inch opening from the end of the bag.
Some recipes pipe batter directly into hot oil, but I find it's easier to pipe onto squares of parchment paper (I cut them about 3-by 3-inches wide) and then to drop the whole thing into the oil. This also gives you flexibility to shape the doughnuts fully ahead—you can even freeze them for 10 to 15 minutes to ensure you get sharper shapes if you're using a star tip or other decorative finish. And as soon as you drop them into the fryer, the paper will easily release and you can peel it away.
3. If you're using a doughnut pan or mold for baking, you can scoop the batter into the prepared pan (I usually grease and flour the indentations, as if I were prepping a cake pan). To be honest, I usually still use a piping bag to distribute the batter into the prepared molds—it helps keep it even and eliminates major air pockets!
Whether you pipe or scoop, be sure to firmly tap your pans on your work surface to reduce any major air pockets that could ruin the top of your doughnut come glazing time.
5) To bake or to fry?
Cake doughnuts can be either baked or fried, though with some limitations.
Looser batters need to be piped (either directly into hot oil or onto a piece of parchment, frozen, and fried later) if they are going to be fried; otherwise, they must be baked in molds.
Roll-out dough can be either baked or fried, but I would trust the recipe and not try switching cooking methods without some experimentation.
The differences are minimal: Frying will produce a crisper and usually more golden exterior—and it will be faster! But baking produces an even product with a lovely crumb structure and often a glossy sheen on the surface. So both are winners.
This is where it gets fun: the finishing.
To coat baked doughnuts in confectioners' sugar, cinnamon-sugar, or another sweet blanket, allow the doughnuts to cool for 10 minutes or so. After a bit of cooling, toss the doughnuts generously in the sugar. But if you wait for the doughnuts to cool for too long, the sugar won't stick to the doughnuts. Also, remember that confectioners' sugar will eventually absorb into the doughnuts, so plan on serving them immediately (or toss them again!).
For a thin, all-over glaze (think classic glazed doughnuts), let baked doughnuts cool for 10 minutes in the pan, then transfer to a wire rack and cool for a few minutes more. Pour the glaze evenly over, fully coating the doughnuts, and let set.
For a thicker glaze (think top of the doughnut only), let the baked doughnuts cool for a full 10 minutes outside the pan, on a rack, then dip the doughnuts in the glaze. The thinner the glaze, the more it will run (yum). The thicker the glaze, the more precise it will be (also yum). Apply any garnishes to the top of the glaze before it sets, which can take anywhere from 2 to 10 minutes, depending on the glaze.
For fried doughnuts, the rules are pretty much the same: Let them cool for a few minutes, but not completely, once they're out of the fryer before tossing in sugar; for a thin, all-over glaze, they only need to have cooled for 4 to 5 minutes; and for a thicker, top-only glaze, let them cool for at least 10.
The best doughnuts are fresh doughnuts. I heartily encourage eating doughnuts warm, minutes after being removed from the oven or fryer. Bonus points if a single bite earns you glaze dripping down your wrist. No judgment if there's confectioners' sugar everywhere. If you have leftovers (pssssh), store them in airtight containers for a day or two, but know they're at their very best the same day they're made.
You get (or make!) a box of doughnuts: Which do you go for first? Tell us in the comments!
What temperature should I bake them at? And for how long? I didn't see that in the recipe above.
We used to get buttermilk cake donuts at Schatz bakery in Bishop, CA. Even as a kid, they were my favorite. I'm glad to see a recipe for cake donuts out there!
Icing. The were especially good because the cake surrounding the hole was extra crispy. I hope I can duplicate.
If only you had given us a recipe for a really good buttermilk doughnut. I've tried a couple and none compares to the kind you get at a doughnut shop.
I have always been a cake donut-head! I grew up in Krispy Kreme land yet never cared for yeasted donuts. Thanks for a great article.
I'm so glad someone is taking the cake donut seriously! And I love the parchment paper tip. But can something baked really be called a donut? Isn't it in the very nature of a donut to be fried? If you're just baking it, essentially you just have a small, ring shaped cake.


Level 1: You Are Beginning To Develop A Sense of Being True To Yourself.
1. Self-Compassion: The first step on the path to being true to yourself is to learn to be as compassionate & accepting as possible with yourself. Recognize that you truly are doing the best you can with the capacity that you have at this moment. If you could have done any better you would have. Do your best to refrain from shaming or beating yourself up for where you are in your life or what you have done in your past. Know that you are not alone! One of the foremost experts on self-compassion is Dr. Kristen Neff, a researcher and professor who is the director of the Self-Compassion Research Lab in Austin, Texas.
She studies how we develop and practice self-compassion. Dr. Neff identifies self-compassion as having three elements: self kindness, common humanity and mindfulness. Below are her definitions of each element: Self-kindness: Being warm and kind to ourselves when we suffer, fail or feel inadequate, rather than ignoring our pain or beating ourselves up with self-criticism.
Common Humanity: Recognizing that suffering and feelings of personal inadequacy are part of the shared human experience. Something we all go through vs. something that happens to me alone.
Mindfulness: Taking a balanced approach to negative feelings so that feelings are neither suppressed or exaggerated. We cannot ignore our pain and feel compassion for it at the same time. I highly recommend that you take Kristen Neff's Self-Compassion Test to get a feel for how self compassionate you currently are and therefore gain some clarity on what your next steps can be.
3. Gain knowledge, understanding & critical awareness: The next step is to gain the knowledge, understanding and the critical awareness that is necessary for you to see what is going on that is stopping you from being true to yourself. I have found that reading, listening and watching everything I could get my hands on related to being true to myself has been life changing. Some key resources are my blog http://MaryGiuliani.net/blog. Also, Brene Brown's books and links to her TED videos can be found at www.BreneBrown.com. Author Melodie Beatty is an expert on Codependency issues and I would highly recommend her groundbreaking book: Codependent No More. You can find this book and many other books of hers on www.Amazon.com. Tapping into these resources on a regular basis will provide the guidance, support, inspiration and motivation for you to continue developing the courage to be true to yourself.
4. Practice extreme self-care: You are likely experiencing major suffering by putting others' needs before your own, not asking for what you want and not sharing your authentic voice. There is a steep cost to pay on an emotional, physical and spiritual level when we are not true to ourselves. The good news is you can turn the corner if you are willing to make a commitment to your journey of being true to yourself. A big part of this is practicing extreme self-care. I highly recommend Cheryl Richardson's book and/or her digital audio program: "The Art of Extreme Self-Care." I have experienced profound growth from Cheryl's digital audio program and book. You can find more information on her website at: www.CherylRichardson.com.
5. Possibly Seek Out Individual or Group Therapy: If you are still struggling after taking the above steps, I would seriously consider getting the support of a qualified therapist for one-on-one or group therapy. You deserve to get the support you need to gain the courage to be true to yourself. I have gained a tremendous amount of insight and been able to make many major life changes as a result of working with an individual therapist. You can visit www.BreneBrown.com to find therapists that are trained by Brene Brown, Ph.D. that are located across the country.


text:
class TokyoMetro::Factory::Get::Api::DataSearch::TrainLocation < TokyoMetro::Factory::Get::Api::MetaClass::Search::DataSearch

  include ::TokyoMetro::ClassNameLibrary::Api::TrainLocation

  # Constructor
  def initialize( railway_line , id , same_as , train_number , train_type , train_owner , railway_direction , delay ,
    starting_station , terminal_station , from_station , to_station ,
    parse_json , generate_instance , to_inspect )

    super( parse_json , generate_instance , to_inspect )
    @railway_line = railway_line

    @id = id
    @same_as = same_as
    @train_number = train_number
    @train_type = train_type
    @train_owner = train_owner
    @railway_direction = railway_direction
    @delay = delay
    @starting_station = starting_station
    @terminal_station = terminal_station
    @from_station = from_station
    @to_station = to_station
  end

  # HTTPClient に送るパラメーター
  # @return [Hash]
  def parameters
    h = super

    h[ "odpt:railway" ] = @railway_line

    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "\@id" , @id , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "owl:sameAs" , @same_as , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:trainNumber" , @train_number , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:trainType" , @train_type , String )

    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt.trainOwner" , @train_owner , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:railDirection" , @railway_direction , String )

    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:delay" , @delay , Integer )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:startingStation" , @starting_station , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:terminalStation" , @terminal_station , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:fromStation" , @from_station , String )
    set_parameter_send_to_api( h , "odpt:toStation" , @to_station , String )

    h
  end

  # API からデータを取得するメソッド
  # @param http_client [HTTPClient] HTTPClient のインスタンス【必須】
  # @param parse_json [Boolean] JSONを配列とするか否かの設定(false の場合は文字列とする)【必須】
  # @param generate_instance [Boolean] データ取得後に Ruby のインスタンスを作成するか否かの設定【必須】
  # @param to_inspect [Boolean] データ取得後にコマンドツールに内容を表示するか否かの設定【必須】
  def self.process( http_client , railway_line , id , same_as , train_number , train_type , train_owner , railway_direction , delay ,
    starting_station , terminal_station , from_station , to_station ,
    parse_json , generate_instance , to_inspect )

    info = self.new( railway_line , id , same_as , train_number , train_type , train_owner , railway_direction , delay ,
      starting_station , terminal_station , from_station , to_station ,
      parse_json , generate_instance , to_inspect )

    info.get_data( http_client )
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Actor's complications from his previous heart attack were the cause of his passing.
Actor Michael Clarke Duncan, 54, passed away Monday Sept. 3.
Michael Clarke Duncan's cause of death has been released.
The actor's recent heart attack caused many to believe it was the main factor leading to the actor's death, and today the coroner confirmed that Duncan died of natural causes.
Assistant Coroner Chief Ed Winter said Duncan's personal physician signed off on the star's death as natural and added that the coroner's office found no reason to contradict that finding.
Duncan "never fully recovered" from his July 13 heart attack, his fiance, reality-TV personality Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth's rep told E! News. "Manigault is grateful for all of your prayers and asks for privacy at this time."
The 6-foot-5-inch, 300-pound star earned himself an Oscar nomination for "The Green Mile," and continued to grow his career with films like "Daredevil," "Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby," the Tim Burton "Planet of the Apes" remake and "Armageddon."


text:
Books By Topic
Career/Leadership
Inspiration/Self Help
Audio Collection
Guided Visualisation
Chanting CD Series
Mantric Chants
Music To Relax
Paramhansa Yogananda
Swami Kriyananda
New Release on 6th October : The Bhagavad Gita (Hindi Pocket Edition). Get Your Copy !!
Books By Topic expand
Audio Collection expand
Browse By Author expand
Regional Languages expand
Swami Kriyananda: Lightbearer
Regular price Rs. 700.00 Sale
In the early 1970s, Swami Kriyananda asked Asha to start taking notes for the book he knew she would someday write. He explained himself to her in a way he did to only a few others. Since then, she was in constant contact with him, as a devotee, friend, personal assistant, and eventually, a spiritual teacher in her own right.
It's a rare gift to live with a true teacher. Experience it for yourself, as Asha brings you into meetings, conversations, personal counseling, living rooms, classrooms, long walks, meetings, and meditations.
Swami's life was a triumphant life, but not an easy one. Plagued by ill-health, financial challenges, and years of bitter estrangement from fellow disciples, his life story is told in the struggle as well as the victory. A great soul incarnates to awaken faith in our own spiritual potential. Asha writes, "A great wave of Divine Light is sweeping over the planet. If you tune in to that Light, you, too, will become an instrument of that Light."
This first-hand account of life with Swami Kriyananda is more than a biography. It's a guidebook for spiritual living, a path of light that all may follow. And it's a labor of love by Asha that has been 44 years in the making.
"A man of wisdom and compassion in action, one of the leading lights in the spiritual world."
—Lama Surya Das, author of Awakening the Buddha Within, founder of the Dzogchen Center
"My heart sings with praise and gratitude without adequate words to express my thanks. I am personally and forever grateful to Swami Kriyananda."
—Neale Donald Walsch, author of Conversations with God
"At first, I couldn't understand how Swami Kriyananda was able to accomplish so much. Then I realized, he didn't do it—his guru, Yogananda did it through him."
—Swami Shankarananda Giri, founder, Kriya Yoga Ashram, Rishikesh, India
30-day essentials for career
A Handbook of Discipleship
A Handbook of Discipleship in Hindi
A Handbook on Discipleship in Tamil
A Pilgrimage to Guadalupe
A Renunciate Order for the New Age
Affirmations for Self Healing
Affirmations for Self Healing (Hindi) with Audio-book
Affirmations for Self Healing (Tamil)
Regular price Rs. 200.00 Sold out
Ananda Yoga for Higher Awareness
About Ananda India
Ananda Sangha Publications N-100 Panchsheel Park, New Delhi -110017. Mob: 919899267698
Ananda India
Ananda India Online
Ananda Worldwide
Find Ananda Near You
© 2020, Ananda Publications Powered by Shopify


Photo by Stephanie Keith/Getty Images.
Cecile Richards, the president of Planned Parenthood and a fearless champion of women's reproductive rights, is leaving the company after more than a decade.
Over the past 12 years, Richards has helped strip away the ignorant assumption that Planned Parenthood is solely a place young women go to for abortions—it's also where people go to have their annuals, breast exams, and be treated for sexually transmitted diseases—and, more recently, has been very vocal against the current administration who seems to be on a steadfast mission to take away women's rights. She's been a dynamic leader and is leaving behind an impressive, lasting legacy.


Bus tickets from Valparaíso to Sierra Gorda are being sold from Ciktur, Cikbus Elité, Pullman Bus, Atacama VIP.
The bus travel from Valparaíso and Sierra Gorda takes approximately about 21 hours.
The distance between Valparaíso to Sierra Gorda is (N/A) and you can choose between the services Semi Cama, Salón Cama; dependent on the bus company you travel with (Ciktur, Cikbus Elité, Pullman Bus, Atacama VIP).


text:
Isaac O. Opole, MB.Ch.B, Ph.D FACP
Professor, General & Hospital Medicine
Associate Vice Chancellor, Associate Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs
Dr. Opole received his medical degree from the University of Nairobi, Kenya, and obtained a Ph.D degree in the biological sciences from the University of California, Irvine. He completed his residency at the Kansas University Medical Center, and joined the faculty in 2005. He was promoted to Professor in 2019. He has served as the Clerkship Director for Internal Medicine, running a challenging and acclaimed program that won the Student Voice Awards for excellence for eleven consecutive years. He was also recognized for excellence in resident teaching, winning the outstanding Resident Teaching Award and the Max Allen Clinical Scholar award.
In 2007, he was named an Assistant Dean for Student Affairs and became the Director of the Wahl (now Cates) Academic Society, one of eight Learning Communities fostering professionalism, mentorship and a sense of community between students and faculty. Dr. Opole has Chaired the Faculty Council and Educational oversight committees at the University of Kansas Medical Center and led the design of a new Active learning, Competency-based, Excellence-driven (ACE) curriculum which was successfully launched in the fall of 2017. Dr. Opole is a member of the Academy of Medical Educators and was awarded the Ruth Bohan Teaching Professorship, the highest educational award in recognition for excellence in teaching. He is now the Associate Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs at the University of Kansas Medical Center.
His extramural activities includes the American College of Physicians, where he has served as Governor for the Kansas Chapter from 2015-2020. He was elected to the Board of Regents in the spring of 2020 and continues to serve on the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Committee and the Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights committee.
As a medical educator Dr. Opole has focused on the personal and professional development of medical students themed on the concept of "the student as a physician". He has mentored a panel of faculty and students in a learning community designed to model and foster mindful practice, active learning and clinical skills acquisition, while promoting quality and professionalism in medical education.
BSc, University of Nairobi
Licensure, Accreditations & Certifications
Fellow, American College of Physicians
Dr. Opole is a Professor of Medicine in the Division of General and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine. His Ph.D research used brain imaging and statistical methods using to evaluate brain connectivity changes in schizophrenia. Currently, his clinical practice is in Hospital Medicine, and his research focus has been in medical informatics, medical education and quality outcomes in hospital care and peri-operative medicine. He is particularly interested in cardiovascular risk reduction and amelioration of mortality and morbidity in the preoperative period in elderly patients.


text:
Skip the NAFTA blow-by-blow: Stanley Hartt for Inside Policy
in Columns, Domestic Policy Program, Economic policy, In Memoriam, In the Media, Inside Policy, Latest News, Stanley Hartt
Negotiators of the original Canada-US FTA knew that constant well-publicized announcements are not the way to go, writes Stanley Hartt. They'd also have other tips for today's NAFTA talks.
By Stanley Hartt, Oct. 27, 2017
For those of us who participated in the negotiations of the original Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the serial public announcements telling us that negotiators would be meeting for various of the planned seven rounds of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) talks have been jarring. The whole concept of negotiating in public is inimical to the kind of horse trading that has to go on between countries whose interests diverge, however friendly and united they may be in their common objective of modernizing the 23-year old treaty.
Setting up the news media by pre-arranged appointments to "negotiate" invites the need to comment about "progress." But negotiations don't work that way; they don't advance by small increments until a perceptible "whole" emerges; tiny, unimportant issues can be resolved and put in the bin for signed-off and agreed clauses, but all of the important provisions will be discussed and debated, and consensus withheld until each side gets the most of what it expects or hopes to achieve.
Thus, the agreement is done when it is done and watching it in its stages of gestation is even less useful than waiting for a pot of water to boil. In this case, it may actually prevent it from ever achieving that state. The reason for this is simple: the issues between the three amigos can be quite contentious. Yes, a good deal needs to be good for all participants, but not every concession to gain a desired advantage is popular with every constituency back home. Speculation about such things won't help earn negotiators the support of those affected.
Not every concession to gain a desired advantage is popular with every constituency back home.
And that is true even when all parties are in fact trying their best to achieve a common goal. One never knows with President Trump, who has vigorously promised to tear up the document and the relationship in pursuit of a better deal for the US. But it is a certainty that selective "announcements" about the subject matters to be discussed in the first, second, third or what-have-you round, together with speculation about the demands of one side or the other, is the antithesis of how to ensure public endorsement for the process or the end product.
During the FTA process, by contrast, numerous groups of industry and subject matter experts beavered away in total and utter discretion about vastly contentious issues with no thought whatsoever about feeding the media machine with regular updates. Intensive consultations were carried on with a very large variety of interested parties, from industry associations, to consumer groups and trade experts to estimate the impact of this or that potential outcome, but absolutely outside the glare of regular publicity.
In fact, back then, the only memorable departure from this sensible practice of remaining under the radar was the entirely stage-managed walk-out of Canadian negotiators. Simon Reisman, our hard-nosed and time-tested chief FTA negotiator, recommended the move when he sensed that Peter Murphy, the chief negotiator for the Office of the US Trade Representative, was not treating the remaining unresolved matters with the urgency that was required if we were to meet the deadline mandated by the fast-track authority Congress had given to President Reagan. Simon, who had famously once stubbed his cigar out on the desk of US Treasury Secretary John Connally (the desk had originally belonged to Alexander Hamilton), knew that we needed to generate some political will behind the FTA or it would not get done. It worked. Then Vice-President George H.W. Bush was dispatched to Ottawa to assure Prime Minister Brian Mulroney that the US would do whatever was necessary to finish the job. A new team was assembled on each side, Canada's led by the Prime Minister's Office Chief of Staff Derek Burney and the Americans' by Treasury Secretary Jim Baker. The rest is history.
Back then, the only memorable departure from this sensible practice of remaining under the radar was the entirely stage-managed walk-out of Canadian negotiators.
So what would Simon do in the current atmosphere? Here is what I believe Simon would say:
Stop negotiating in public. Stay in continuous session and don't lure the press into expecting newsworthy breakthrough or breakdown sound bites from what is essentially a snail-like process of groping towards a sensitive combination of concessions and compromises.
Read Understanding Trump, Newt Gingrich's new book about how to deal with the President's special personality. Take away the lesson that confronting "The Donald" nose to nose is a bad strategy. He loves (needs) victories that he can claim are his idea. Help him appear to keep promises.
So, for example, if the US is demanding that a greater proportion of the content of autos and auto parts originate in North America and that an unsustainable proportion of these are from the United States itself, prepare a small victory for the President by starting from the proportions satisfying the current Rules of Origin requirements and enhance slightly the North American requirement, but make no concession as to US content.
Then, make it a condition that to be eligible to be counted in this newly available potential space, the country of actual origin would have to meet certain criteria under the two supplements to NAFTA, originally added at the insistence of President Clinton as a condition of proceeding with ratification of the treaty negotiated under his predecessor, Bush 43, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).
This would have two effects: One, it would give our current Liberal government the ability to say that two of its priorities had been given greater standing by becoming incentives instead of nice-to-haves. Second, it would ensure that Mexico actually had to step up to the plate in order to enjoy the investment in plant and equipment it has benefitted from otherwise by maintaining a low wage economy and third world environmental standards. The incentives would have to be realistic and could be set up to increase over time, so as to ease Mexico into a more level competitive playing field. Opportunity for Mexico, modest victory for Trump, and potential benefit for Canada.
On the US demand that we rid ourselves of our dairy, poultry, turkey and egg marketing boards by 2027, and that we massively increase quotas for imports on those products from the US in the meantime, remember that we faced a similar starting position in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) where we managed to persuade our 13 partners that the expectations needed to remain within the Earth's gravitational pull. We ended up with a quite acceptable concession of 3.25 percent of market share.
Think of how the wine industry flourished after the FTA and NAFTA and how the grain industry adapted to the abolition of the Canada Wheat Board.
Rather than respond with phrases like "outrageous" and "non-starter," we should be quietly assessing the benefits to Canadian consumers if a combination of enhanced foreign imports available in our country and reciprocal dismantling of price support measures practiced by the Americans were to be simultaneously applied. It is clear that the immediate disappearance of our supply management regimes would be a very difficult political sell, but remember that the Australians accomplished exactly such a goal by purchasing the quotas of dairy farmers at fair market value. This might be impossible to achieve in one fell swoop given the size of the cheque that would be required. But adjustment measures to ease the burden on affected industries should always be included in our calculus of whether to offer some more modest mechanism to increase US access while preserving and even enhancing the efficiency of our industry and the profitability for its participants.
Think of how the wine industry flourished after the FTA and NAFTA and how the grain industry adapted to the abolition of the Canada Wheat Board. Above all, get something huge in exchange for any significant concession on this issue, say the preservation of the existing regime in Chapter 19 (Dispute Resolution), on which more below.
Free Trade is meant to be free trade, so accommodation on actually enhancing the competitive access for our partners in industries like the ones referred to above needs to be exchanged for the abandonment of proposals that actually are not free trade.
Canada should expect the Americans to bend on US proposals for "Buy American" protectionism for public works projects; a proposed sunset clause, which can be used to bully partners into fearful concessions if some future US Chief Executive threatens to pull the rug out from under the entire relationship; and, above all, the demand that US Courts be the place where US adherence to its own trade laws be tested, rather than the independent international dispute settlement panels. The price should be our willingness to actually increase the "F" and the "T" in NAFTA.
The natural protectionist instinct in America will never entirely dissipate and the Chapter 19 panels have proven their worth indescribably, which is why the Trump trade representative is trying so hard to eliminate them. Not to put too fine a point on it, the record shows that, as early as 1991, the US administration had succumbed to political pressure where, in order to "encourage" three Senate votes in favour of extending fast track negotiating authority, it had agreed to request an Extraordinary Challenge Committee (a review on alleged errors of law and the only form of "appeal" from otherwise binding Chapter 19 bi-national panels) where three retired justices (two Canadian, one American) unanimously ultimately rejected the proposed countervailing duties on Canadian pork.
This highly-politicized interpretation of American law is precisely what the panels were created to protect against and Canada should insist on retaining (and even be willing to trade for, as long as the price is freer access to markets in all three countries, including ours).
Stanley Herbert Hartt, OC, QC is a lawyer, lecturer, businessman, and civil servant. He currently serves as counsel at Norton Rose Fulbright Canada. Previously Mr. Hartt was chairman of Macquarie Capital Markets Canada Ltd. Before this he practised law as a partner for 20 years at a leading Canadian business law firm and was chairman of Citigroup Global Markets Canada and its predecessor Salomon Smith Barney Canada. Mr. Hartt also served as chairman, president and CEO of Campeau Corporation, deputy minister at the Department of Finance and, in the late 1980s, as chief of staff in the Office of the Prime Minister.
Tags: economyNAFTASTanley Hartt
Ottawa overlooks unflattering truths about China: Shuvaloy Majumdar in the Financial Post
MLI thought leaders make waves after Fall Economic Update