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Home » Summer 2007
Taking the Measure of Measure 37
OSU economists examine Oregon's land use laws.
By: Peter Weber
It was Nov. 3, 2004, and Andrew Plantinga was scratching his head. The day before there had been national and local elections, and the most important thing decided in the election was probably not Oregon's Ballot Measure 37. But Plantinga, an economist in Oregon State University's Agricultural and Resource Economics Department, is an authority on the economics of land use policy, and something about Measure 37 didn't compute for him. Down the hall, a colleague, William Jaeger, was also mulling over the implications of the new law that allowed landowners in the state to seek "just compensation" or a waiver if Oregon's land use planning laws had lowered the value of their property. But what worried Plantinga and Jaeger was that the measure was unclear about how to judge whether land use laws had lowered a property's value. And as Measure 37 claims started rolling in, so did confusion.
For the people or companies filing Measure 37 claims––and there have been more than 7,500 of them so far––the new law worked like this: if their land would be worth $6,000 an acre without a particular land use restriction, and was worth only $4,000 an acre with the current regulation in place, the governing jurisdiction had to either pay them $2,000 for each of their acres or waive the regulation. However, Plantinga explained, such a "single exemption" approach ignores that the value of one property is intricately linked to the value of neighboring properties and of property miles away.
Plantinga and Jaeger have spent much of their time since the 2004 election helping jurisdictions understand the economics behind Measure 37. They've used a variety of scenarios to illustrate their points. Like this one: Imagine a small town with 1,000 houses, where the government is going to seize all of the houses, using eminent domain, to create a wildlife preserve. Under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, in what is known as the "takings clause," the government has to compensate the landowners for confiscating their land. So in this case, how would you determine how much compensation the government should pay each landowner?
"Most reasonable people would agree that you'd take the current value for each property, and pay each landowner what their land is currently worth," Plantinga said. Now imagine that the government condemns only 900 houses, leaving 100. Under the law of supply-and-demand, those 100 houses would now be worth more than when there were 1,000 houses. And if the government seizes 999 houses and leaves just one? "Measure 37 is applied as if all 1,000 homeowners were to be compensated for what their land would be worth after the government had already confiscated the other 999 houses," Plantinga concluded. "That approach gives a monopoly to the first claim, and the compensation would be way too high. But, essentially, that is how Measure 37 is being applied."
To really know whether a landowner's property value was reduced by a land use regulation, Jaeger said, "you have to know how the world would look if the regulation had never gone into effect. Then you could compare the real world with that imaginary world." In other words, you have to study a world that doesn't exist.
JunJie Wu, an economist in OSU College of Agricultural Sciences, examines map-like models that simulate what Eugene, Oregon, might look like under various land-use regulations. Photo: Dennis Wolverton
"That is very, very challenging," said JunJie Wu, another land use expert in OSU College of Agricultural Sciences. "It is very hard to construct a counterfactual." But Wu has created economic models of hypothetical worlds, and he thinks that important insights on the effects of land use planning can be gained from a model that simulates the world as it would look without certain regulations. So he and a graduate student, Ivan Hascic, gathered reams of data and constructed an exploratory model of a section of the Eugene area, trying to figure out what it would look like had various land use rules never gone into effect. According to Wu, their model found that, "in most cases relevant to Measure 37, the costs of regulation are considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions."
Plantinga and Jaeger have developed an alternate method to test the validity of a Measure 37 claim: look at the value of a piece of land before a regulation was enacted, adjust for inflation, and compare that inflation-adjusted value to the current market value. They call it the "before and after" method. A man named Sonny Conder calls it the Plantinga-Jaeger method. Conder, an economist and the chief regional planner for Portland Metro, and his colleague Karen Hohndel had independently reached similar conclusions about the inherent problems in Measure 37. Conder learned of Plantinga and Jaeger's work, and after he attended a May 2005 research presentation by the two OSU researchers, he concluded that Portland Metro should use their method to adjudicate Measure 37 claims.
Most other Oregon jurisdictions have evaluated their Measure 37 claims using the single-exemption method. And in almost every case, they have found that a regulation lowered the value of the land in question, and they opted to waive the regulation. Portland Metro, using the Plantinga-Jaeger method, determined that land use regulations had not lowered property values in any of the six claims it adjudicated in 2006, and it denied all six petitions.
To be sure, there are times when land use regulations have lowered a property's value, the economists say, and there are certainly times when regulations have prevented landowners from building a house on their rural acres. That is what land use zoning does. And as with most things having to do with government, honest people disagree over how to balance the needs of society and the rights of individuals. As Wu put it, "All regulations create some losers and winners.
William Jaeger (left) and Andrew Plantinga, OSU agricultural economists, have developed a method for municipalities to calculate the economic impact of land use laws on property values. Photo: Dennis Wolverton
"Governments often impose regulation for the public good, and the private landowner can sometimes suffer," Wu explained. "From the perspective of landowners, governments tend to over regulate because they don't bear the cost of regulation." Wu and Hascic looked at the effects of six different types of land use regulation in their model of Eugene, for example, and they found that while some land gained value under the six regulations and some lost value, the aggregate loss of land value was larger than the gain in the area they studied.
For their part, Jaeger and Plantinga say they are puzzled by widespread perceptions that Oregon's land use scale is tipped too far toward regulation, excessively restricting growth. "Oregon's land use regulations don't try to limit the amount of development; they try to contain it," Jaeger said. "They determine where development happens, not how much happens. People are often surprised when they learn that the law requires each municipality to maintain a 20-year supply of vacant land inside its urban growth boundary."
Individual landowners, understandably, think mostly about the value of their own property, and maybe to a lesser extent their neighbors' property. Economists, on the other hand, are more interested in the larger, intersecting network of properties––the whole Monopoly board, if you will.
There are some indications that public opinions of Measure 37 are changing. A statewide poll, released in March 2007 by the governor's office, found that 49 percent of respondents agreed that Measure 37 had significant flaws and should be fixed as soon as possible, 20 percent supported repealing the measure outright, and 19 percent wanted the measure kept in force unchanged.
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text:
Doris Sloan
Doris Sloan's articles on the geology of the Bay Area have been appearing in Bay Nature since our first issue. Her book Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region was published by UC Press in 2006.
Rocking Out at Kehoe Beach: A Trip Through Time on the Pacific Plate
July 3, 2015 • by Doris Sloan
A visit to Kehoe Beach takes you on a journey to one of the Bay Area's most dramatic geologic sites, where you can see rocks that have traveled far through time and space to pause temporarily in the Bay Area.
The Story of Salt Point State Park is Written in Stone
You'll find some of Central California's most remarkable rocks at this state park on the Sonoma coast. Waves, fault lines, and changes in sea level have left sublime stories written into the landscape.
The Fremont Peak Experience
April 1, 2008 • by Doris Sloan
Discover rare rocks, distant stars, beautiful wildflowers, and a bit of California history all at one small state park south of San Juan Bautista.
All of the familiar landforms we see here in the Bay Area—ridges, cliffs, lakes, and even San Francisco Bay itself—are products of the same titanic encounters between tectonic plates that produce our frequent quakes. Through a geologist's trained eye, we learn to interpret the signs these forces have left on the land around us.
Down to the Sea Again
January 1, 2005 • by Doris Sloan
Daly City's cliffs hold tales of ancient seas and volcanic eruptions. But don't count on them to stand still under your feet, or your home.
What, and where, are the oldest rocks in the Bay Area?
October 1, 2002 • by Doris Sloan
A: The oldest rocks in the Bay Area are metamorphic rocks associated with the granitic rocks at Point Reyes, Bodega Head, and Montara Mountain. They have traveled a long way in space and time to get here. They all occur … Read more
Goat Rock State Beach
The Pacific Coast north of San Francisco is justly renowned for its scenic beauty. It is also geology writ large, where evidence of powerful forces still at work on our region is exposed at many places. Goat Rock State Beach … Read more
Every story from Bay Nature magazine is the product of a team of people dedicated to connecting our readers to the world around them and increasing environmental literacy. Please help us keep this unique regional magazine thriving, and support the ecosystem we've built around it, by subscribing today.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
National Training Institute of Education, Science and Technology (NEST) is a training institute set up by the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST). It is located in Bangbae 3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

See also
 Education in South Korea

External links
 교육과학기술연수원 (nest-was3)
 Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Education in South Korea
Educational organizations based in South Korea
Research institutes in South Korea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Abuja residents has reported that police officers have clashed again with suspected Shiites on Tuesday, April 17.
According to Premium Times, residents reported police vehicles chasing the protesters who threw stones and other objects at them.
At the time of filing this report, details are still sketchy. Most of the violence occurred close to the Wuse market area of the capital. However, traders at the market said there is calm inside. There are reports that teargas has been used to disperse the protesters, causing panic among road users.
Yawnaija earlier reported that protesters were forcefully dispersed by the police in Abuja after members of the Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) clashed with the police.
The incident which occurred at the Unity Fountain, beside Transcorp hotel, in Abuja, saw police firing tear gas on the protesters who are believed to be Shiites demanding the release of their leader, Ibrahim El-Zakzaky who has been detained without trial for over two years.
Recall that the leader of the sect, Sheikh Ibrahim El-Zakzaky, was arrested by the authorities after a clash with the convoy of the Chief of Army Staff in December 2015. He has been in detention ever since.


Getting email delivered has become an overtly complex job. As large email service providers generate more restrictive spam filters and email blocking technologies, it is vital to any email marketer to stay on top of recipient's feedback. One crucial tool that the largest email service providers employ is Feedback Loops. Deploying the use of feedback loops effectively will help reduce spam complaints, identify active users, and improve deliverability.
In order to create value from feedback loops, recipient identity, message identity, and server identity must link to the feedback report. This poses a problem as providers redact a recipient's contact information, and in many circumstances corrupt the body content of the message before sending a report. To get around this hurdle, insert a separate recipient identifier tag into all messages sent. Test the tag by embedding it in the body of the email, then sending it through major email providers to ensure that the tag maintained its integrity while in transit. Once a working tag is in place, a program could parse through your feedback reports, extract the identity tag, and insert the tag information into a database with a timestamp to derive further data later.
It is important to recognize that just because an end user activated a feedback report, this does not necessarily mean the report should be treated as an unsubscribe request. In fact, typically, users that click the "report spam" button are generally your most active recipients; they are opening, reading, and clicking your content. These users are taking action, albeit that action is a complaint; that action is just a report stating the recipient did not want the message. Using this report identifies the user and the message you sent them. Take steps to ensure the recipient does not receive that category or type of mailing again; change the frequency in which you mail the recipient, and then mark that user as an active recipient. After adjusting the mail to that recipient, it would be possible to conclude either of the following: they initiated another report and they do not want the mail, or they got the mail and it was something that sparked their interest. Regardless, it is possible to generate demographical data by looking at the email content to see what topics the recipient shows interest or lack thereof. Store the demographical data and then use it to target mailing more effectively in the future.
Beyond identifying active users through a feedback loop, it is important to get recipients that clearly do not want mail off the distribution list. A repeated complaint from the same user flags a mailer as a spammer. This can cause a message to deliver directly into a bulk folder, or even worse, cause delivery to fail all together. Avoid this situation by unsubscribing the user from future mailings, after receiving several reports from this recipient in a short amount time.
Mail providers use many complex algorithms to filter email. The largest and most sophisticated networks monitor sender reputation using the following elements: past mail volume, current mail volume, complaint rates, bounce rates. By identifying active recipients and sending them offers they prefer to receive, complaints per volume sent drops; this results in better delivery rates. On the other hand, removing repeat complainers will also cause the complaint rate to drop.
Email delivery is a headache for email service providers, marketers, end users and most likely, everyone in between. There are many ways to improve deliverability. Breaking this down to the simplest of terms "do not send people email they don't want"; feedback loops offer a valuable tool to accomplish that goal. Implementing them effectively will improve user response, delivery rates, and most importantly, a profit margin.
But here is a link to a page with a navigation bar installed on it.
The effect is the navigation bar that is loading its contents from other html pages when you click on the tab.
The elements creating this effect in the html is as follows.
Include in your header to include the stylesheet and jquery elements.
Note when you actually click on the links above jquery loads the external page under the tab. This can allow you to build navigation menus that do not require the page to be load just the single element that is changing.
There is of course a ton of different ways to do the same thing but this one was pretty quick and hardly any code..


text:
Sancha de Portugal foi um nome comum a algumas infantas portuguesas da primeira dinastia:

 Sancha de Portugal (1097-1163), filha do conde Henrique da Borgonha e Teresa de Leão;
 Sancha de Portugal (1160-?), filha de Afonso I de Portugal;
 Beata Sancha de Portugal (1180-1229), filha de Sancho I de Portugal e declarada beata no século XVIII;
 Sancha de Portugal (1264-1279), filha de Afonso III de Portugal;

Desambiguação


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Tuesday 6 Dec 2022, 18:30
Minister for Climate Change Julie James
Wales at the forefront of UK action as Senedd says no to single-use plastics
Cymru ar flaen y gad o fewn y DU wrth i'r Senedd wahardd plastigau untro
Wales will become the first part of the UK to legislate against a thorough list of single-use plastics as the Senedd approves legislation to ban selling unnecessary, disposable products to consumers.
The new law is a key step in reducing the flow of damaging plastic waste into the Welsh environment and is being introduced following consultation with the public and other stakeholders.
Taking effect in autumn 2023, it will give local authorities the power to enforce the offence of supplying or offering to supply the commonly littered items – even when they are free.
Wales is currently ranked as the world's third best domestic recycler and the new law demonstrates how the Welsh Government is continuing to take ambitious steps to tackle the climate and nature emergencies.
Moreover, the Bill allows the Welsh Government, working with the Senedd, to revise the current list of banned or restricted products meaning Ministers will be able to ban other types of environmentally harmful single-use plastic products in the future, by passing regulations.
Speaking after the vote, Climate Change Minister, Julie James, said it puts Wales in the driving seat for future action:
"As well as being unsightly, single-use plastics are extremely destructive to our wildlife and environment.
"Building a greener Wales requires a team effort. This new law builds on the efforts of communities, businesses and young people who have already chosen to go plastic free.
"Now is the time for all of us to think differently and change our habits to avoid leaving a legacy of plastic waste for future generations."
Most plastic is made from fossil fuels. Reducing it can assist efforts towards net zero and help to minimise the worst impacts of climate change.
The Minister added: "We will continue to work with industry, businesses, third sector bodies, academia, and others – ensuring we say goodbye to the scourge of this littered plastic from our streets, parks and seas for good."
Owen Derbyshire, Keep Wales Tidy Chief Executive said: "Keep Wales Tidy welcomes legislation to ban single-use plastics. It is a positive step on our journey towards transforming the way we consume plastics and reduce waste as a nation. Crucially, it paves the way for industry to move away from polluting practices which are damaging our environment and harming our wildlife.
"We hope that the powers granted in the Bill will allow Wales to respond to emerging threats of other single-use products as consumer trends continue to evolve."
Louise Reddy, Policy Officer, Surfers Against Sewerage said: "As more plastic floods into the ocean every year, Wales' ban on single use plastic is a great step to ending plastic pollution. We look forward to Wales continuing to stop plastic in its tracks by transitioning to a circular economy and ensuring polluters pay for the good of people and planet." – Louise Reddy, Policy Officer, Surfers Against Sewerage.
The Environmental protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Bill bans or restricts
Drinking straws (with an exemption for people who need straws to live independently)
Plastic-stemmed cotton buds
Balloon sticks
Expanded and foamed extruded polystyrene fast-food containers
Expanded and foamed extruded polystyrene cups
Polystyrene lids for all cups and fast-food containers
Thin plastic single-use carrier bags (with exemptions e.g. for food hygiene)
All products made of oxo-degradable plastic
The decision to include these products follows a consultation in 2020, with all having non-plastic or reusable alternatives.
Welsh Government will work closely with businesses, manufacturers, public sector groups, communities and protected characteristic groups to develop comprehensive guidance to support the implementation and enforcement of the legislation. This will include clear communication to help raise awareness of products no longer available and how to access alternatives.
Cardiff Bay Litter Pick SUP-2


Get the latest Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy cheats, codes, unlockables, hints, Easter eggs, glitches, tips, tricks, hacks, downloads, hints, guides, FAQs, walkthroughs, and more for Game Boy Advance (GBA). CheatCodes.com has all you need to win every game you play!
Use the above links or scroll down see all to the Game Boy Advance cheats we have available for Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy.
Goto Fire Mountains and when you pass Crunch look for two unlit torches. What you do is put them on fire and pass the lava pits and you'll see a orang portal. This portal will say Gem Chaser you don't need to pay to go inside.
At the cheat entry screen type "spyro".
At the cheat entry screen type "PORT4L"
After you choose a saved game hold down L and R for a while until you reach the cheat code screen. Enter B41S0KV and your flame will be replaced with flying sheep. Have fun with sheep!
Hold L and R while game is turning on to play crash dancing. To exit you have to turn the game off.
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We have no easter eggs for Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy yet. If you have any unlockables please submit them.
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text:
Bill would freeze tuition at Tenn. colleges, universities
News Sentinel Staff
State Rep. Martin Daniel, R-Knoxville
State Sen. Dolores Gresham, R-Somerville, chairman of the Senate Education Committee. (Photo: Erik Schelzig/AP)
NASHVILLE — A pair of state legislators have filed a bill that would freeze tuition and mandatory fees at Tennessee's public universities until the 2018-19 school year and after that require full governing-board approval for increases greater than 2 percent above the consumer price index.
The bill would also institute a tuition-freeze program, starting with freshmen entering college in 2018, in which students' tuition and mandatory fees would remain fixed at their freshman-year rates through their undergraduate degrees as long as they remain enrolled in school and graduate on time.
The Tuition Stability Act, SB2308/HB2069, was filed by state Sen. Dolores Gresham, R-Somerville, chairman of the Senate Education Committee, and state Rep. Martin Daniel, R-Knoxville, to slow tuition rates at the state's public colleges and universities, Gresham said in a statement.
"College tuition is out of control in Tennessee and everyone knows it," Gresham said. "Any college student or their family who attended a Tennessee college or university during the last decade understands all too well the problem this bill addresses."
State higher education officials for years have attributed much of the steep increases in tuition and fees to the failure of state appropriations — set by the state Legislature in the yearly state budget — to keep pace with rising costs, forcing colleges and universities to raise tuition after cutting campus spending. In some years, state appropriations for colleges and universities have been cut, as they were in the recession when more than $300 million was cut from higher education's budgets from 2008 to 2012.
Inflation-adjusted data compiled by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission indicates that state appropriations per full-time student enrolled at the state's universities dropped 27 percent in the 10 years from 2004-05 through 2014-15 — while revenue from student tuition and fees increased 56 percent.
During the same decade, the student-funded share of the cost of education rose from 51 percent to 69 percent.
State appropriations per full-time student at the state's 13 community colleges dropped 21.5 percent in those same 10 years, while student tuition and fees rose 45.3 percent. The students' share of the costs of community colleges rose from 43 percent to 58 percent in that decade, according to THEC.
Over the past 25 to 30 years, higher education officials say, the ratio of state appropriations to student tuition and fees has reversed. The state previously paid 70 percent of the costs at its public universities, and students paid 30 percent. Today, students pay 70 percent, and the state pays 30 percent.
At the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, student tuition and mandatory fees for an in-state undergraduate have risen from $733 per semester in 1988 to $5,393 in the current semester, excluding residence halls, meal plans, and special course and class fees.
At the University of Memphis, instate undergraduates paid $610 per semester in 1988, compared to $4,818 this semester for students taking 18 semester hours, excluding room, board and other specialty fees.
"If the present rate of tuition increases were to continue, an affordable college education would soon be out of reach for all but the most affluent Tennesseans," Gresham said in the statement. "That is simply unacceptable."
Top higher-education officials expressed concerns about the bill Friday.
UT President Joe DiPietro said the system has worked hard to cut costs to deal with budget reductions.
"We prefer that our trustees, who actively monitor and review all financial operations and trends of the university, continue to govern tuition levels, rather than have those politically set by the Legislature. As always, we are very open to working with the Legislature to identify a more reliable mechanism or approach that works for Tennesseans. I welcome that opportunity because I know we can help," DiPietro said.
Board of Regents Chancellor John Morgan, who is retiring Jan. 31, said he shares Gresham's "interest in keeping the price of postsecondary education from being a barrier to meeting the state's completion goals. However, artificial limits on fee increases may be more likely to produce the opposite result.
"Over the past decade, the total dollar amount available per student has remained relatively constant. What has changed is that the amount of funding provided by the state has decreased. With this state divestment, greater tuition increases have been necessary to maintain a relatively flat total funding amount per student. Today students must pay about two-thirds of the cost to attend college, with the state providing only one-third. Just 10 years ago, that cost share was 50 percent. And 20 years ago, students covered just 30 percent of the cost through tuition and fees."
DiPietro said UT launched an internal, multiyear effort two years ago to deal with "the state's limited ability to adequately fund higher education. The solution requires UT and all of public higher education to own the problem ourselves and develop strategies to limit tuition increases as much as possible."
That effort, DiPietro said, "comes on the heels of an internally-driven efficiency and reprogramming effort from 2008 to 2013 that yielded $60 million in enhanced efficiencies and also follows a $120 million baseline budget reduction between 2008 and 2012 due to the Great Recession."
Morgan said state initiatives like Gov. Bill Haslam's Tennessee Promise for new high school graduates and Reconnect for adults with some college to return and complete their degrees provide funding for students to pay their share of the cost "but not to fund the institutions' costs for that increase in enrollment. Stable and predictable support from the state would likely be more effective in holding price increases to manageable levels."


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News from Ukraine
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Revival of fascism
Videos from Ukraine
Essence of Time
Concept of American domination
Texas's Chronicles
"Essence of Time" unit in Donbass
Letters from the frontline
Political Tsunami
EoT TV
Soviet songs
Schism between Russian Orthodox Church and Constantinople: What will Georgian Orthodox say?
October 17, 2018 Avis Krane
Fortress and church. Ananuri, XVI-XVII. Georgia.
Andrey © Rossa Primavera News Agency
17.10.2018, Tbilisi.
The Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) will express its position regarding the schism between the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the near future, the church's press service said on October 16, RIA Novosti reported.
The GOC will make a decision on this matter, and it will be communicated at the next meeting of the Holy Synod, the patriarchate said, adding that the exact date of the Synod meeting has not yet been set.
On October 15, the ROC decided to break off relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople because the latter violated has canon law.
Constantinople decided to grant autocephality to church structures that formed as a result of schismatic activity in the ROC. On October 11 it lifted the ROC's anathema from Filaret and Makary, the heads of the so-called Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Patriarchate of Kiev (UOC KP) and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC).
Filaret, former metropolitan of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, went into schism in 1992 when he refused to obey the decision of the Primates' Council of the UOC; instead of removing his Patriarch's vestment and retiring, he announced the creation of the UOC KP. The UAOC led by Makary split from the ROC in 1920.
According to Archpriest Aleksandr Ilyashenko, Director of the Pravoslavie i mir (Orthodoxy and the World) portal, this situation is catastrophic for all sides involved. He believes that it will result in a profound confrontation.
On September 27, the head of the UOC, Metropolitan Antony, expressed a similar judgment to the current events.
The Patriarchate of Constantinople has crossed the line by its heavy-handed, unacceptable intervention into the affairs of the Patriarchate of Moscow. The Orthodox world cannot avoid giving a judgment to this event, and such judgments will be communicated by the local churches.
What is absolutely clear is that the Patriarchate of Constantinople's actions lead to schism and weakening of Orthodox positions around the world, and that these actions are not in the best interests of Constantinople. They are inspired by pressure from Istanbul, which, in turn, is under pressure from the United States.
The United States is the real interested side seeking to break up the Orthodox world, which would also deepen the dissent within the Russian world and escalate the situation in Ukraine.
Source: Rossa Primavera News Agency
This entry was posted in News from the West and tagged Georgia, Georgian Orthodox Church, Patriarchate of Constantinople, Political War, Russia, Russian Orthodox Church.
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Essence of Time. Chapter 17
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1. The immediate policy priority should be to restore emphasis on exports: Liberalise the trade and investment framework to attract FDI.
2. Public sector reforms to cut costs are vital. While tax increases may be unavoidable, the additional burden on the public must be minimised: Reforms for the public sector to reduce its size, cut corruption and improve efficiency are essential.
3. The current tax structure is incoherent and chaotic. It must be reviewed and policy grounded on sound fiscal and tax principles including fiscal adequacy, administrative feasibility, simplicity, transparency and stability.
Despite a significant improvement in the first half of the year, meeting Sri Lanka's budget deficit for 2016 will be challenging. A significant amount of fiscal consolidation will still be needed over the next few years if the government is to achieve its stated goal of reducing the budget deficit to 3.5% of GDP by 2020 or indeed meet its commitments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which is likely to create considerable uncertainty over the likelihood of further tax increases.
Given the difficult environment and ambitious targets, the government may be tempted to resort to ad hoc, short-term measures to deal with fiscal crises as they arise, creating a volatile business environment, eroding confidence and leading to a lack of predictability in revenue targets. This, in turn, results in further 'quick fixes'.
This is a vicious cycle that must be broken if consistency and predictability is to be restored to the tax system. This is possible if the government adopts a framework of evidence-based policymaking, and we urge that this be done as a matter of priority.
Making policy that is based on evidence is not easy, but it is possible to draw on the experience of countries such as the UK, which have adopted such an approach. Frameworks that governments can follow to build and support a system of evidence-based policymaking are available, and the government should seek specialised assistance to implement a structured approach. This will help ensure consistency and predictability in policy, improving business confidence.
Policy making must be an ongoing process, and consultation and assessment should not be limited to a period a few weeks before the budget. Poorly researched policy may cause unintended consequences and result in policy reversals. While all suggestions must be considered, many are likely to come from sectors seeking privileges. These must be carefully researched, subjected to wider consultation and adopted only if overall benefits to society outweigh costs. Some of the complexity and anomalies in the tax code may be traced to the accommodation of various special interest groups.
In achieving its fiscal targets, the government cannot limit its focus to raising taxes. Breaking from the pattern of the past, equal or even greater emphasis must be placed on the reduction of expenditure, reviewing not only the scale of spending but also the scope of the government.
An economy drive eschewing extravagance, the elimination of corruption and waste through increased transparency, and open processes must necessarily form a part of this exercise. Sri Lanka's leaders frequently cite the example of Singapore. Fiscal prudence has been a hallmark of Singapore's governing philosophy and successful management of the economy – an ethos that must become a watchword for Sri Lanka's rulers. The Singapore Civil Service's "Cut Waste Panel" and "Economy Drive" offer useful practical lessons in managing costs and could be adapted for Sri Lanka.
The tax system must be simplified, widening the base and increasing compliance. The finance minister's commitment to this is laudable. The remainder of this submission seeks to outline a few key issues and offer avenues for the administration to explore. We believe these ideas are worthy of careful study and could yield outcomes that will assist in stimulating growth, reducing the budget deficit, and simplifying and rationalising the tax system.
Lacking a large domestic market and possessing few natural resources, exports offer the best opportunity for rapid development.
Successful integration of the manufacturing sector into global production networks has played a key role in employment generation and poverty reduction in China and other high-performing East Asian countries.
The market-oriented policy reforms of 1977/8 were based on this rationale and served the country well, resulting in a notable diversification of the commodity composition of Sri Lanka's exports and a consistent improvement in share of world manufacturing exports until the late 1990's.
However, protectionist pressures began to build in 2001, and from 2004, the relatively open trade policies of the past were explicitly and systematically reversed. A policy paper by the World Bank titled "Increase in Protectionism and Its Impact on Sri Lanka's Performance in Global Markets" shows that, today, through the proliferation of a variety of para-tariffs, Sri Lanka's tariff policies are just as protective as they had been more than 20 years earlier.
The present protectionist import tax structure has serious costs for Sri Lanka's economic welfare and growth; Sri Lanka's exports relative to GDP have declined, as has its share of world exports. Sri Lanka has fallen significantly behind its competitors. Vietnam, which was on par with Sri Lankan exports in 1990 with $2 billion per annum, today exports $162 billion versus Sri Lanka's $10.5 billion.
A bulk of Vietnam's exports is driven by foreign investment and a globally competitive agriculture sector that emerged in the wake of a liberalisation drive that moved away from 'self-sufficiency'. FDI firms account for 71% of Vietnam's and 44% of China's exports. The lesson is clear: To boost growth and create productive employment, Sri Lanka should cut barriers to trade and investment, and focus on attracting export-oriented FDI.
• Unify the existing Customs duty and the plethora of para-tariffs (PAL, VAT, CESS, Customs Surcharge) into a single Customs duty at the individual Customs code level, and then reduce Customs duties across the board to a uniform nominal rate of 15%. Moving towards a low, uniform tariff structure has the potential to increase tariff revenues. This would speed up Customs clearance and reduce the potential for corruption as it reduces the discretion of Customs officials and makes the trade regime predictable.
• On the export side, remove all cess as it reduces the effective price received by exporters, and thereby discourages exports. There is no evidence to suggest that these cesses promote local downstream processing of primary products that are now exported in 'raw' (unprocessed) form.
• Join the Information Technology Agreement of the WTO to create free trade in electronics, which will attract FDI to this sector.
• Restore the role of the Board of Investment as the 'one-stop shop' for investment approval/promotion (as envisaged in the BOI charter). This requires repealing the Revival of Underperforming Enterprises and Underutilized Assets Act (2011) and the Strategic Development Projects Act (2011), or passing new legislation to supersede these two acts.
• It is, of course, necessary to rationalise the fiscal incentives offered to investors, but there is a strong case for providing export-oriented foreign investors with time-bound tax holidays and investment tax allowances beyond the tax holiday period. There is evidence that tax incentives play an important role in influencing location decisions of export-oriented (efficiency-seeking) FDI, especially where competing countries still offer them, provided of course that the other preconditions are 'reasonably' met. (The evidence used in recent policy reports by the World Bank to argue against tax incentives comes from studies that have not made a distinction between 'market seeking' and 'export-oriented' FDI). Removing all tax incentives, while other negatives continue to weigh on the overall competitiveness in investment and trade, may be counterproductive.
• Sri Lanka has to improve property rights to draw investment. The guarantee against nationalisation of foreign assets without compensation provided under the Article 157 of the present Constitution needs to be maintained under the ongoing constitutional reforms.
• Avoid the current practice of 'domestic value added' [which is defined as per unit of domestic retained value (wages + profit + domestically procured intermediate inputs) as a percentage of growth output] as an evaluation criteria in approving investment projects.
The very nature of the ongoing process of global production sharing (production fragmentation) is that per unit value added of production plants located in a given country within vertically integrated global industries (such as electronics and electrical goods) is usually very thin. The contribution of such production to domestic output (GDP) depends on the volume factor and the ability to produce for the vast global market, not on per unit value added.
In some traditional industries that use diffused technology (such as garments, footwear, travel goods), there is opportunity to increase per unit value added by forging backward linkages, but this is a time-dependent process and depends on export volume expansion. In the garment industry, per unit value added was around 20% at the beginning, but is now over 60%. Backward-linked knitted textile production and other ancillary input industries (hangers, buttons, labels, packaging material) have emerged as the volume of export expanded, creating sizeable demand for such inputs.
Trade, investment and labour market reforms need to be accompanied/complemented by macroeconomic policies to regain international competitiveness of the economy. Relying solely on nominal exchange rate depreciation for this purpose is not advisable, given the massive build-up of foreign-currency denominated government debt. Also, given the increased exposure of the economy to global capital markets, large abrupt changes in the exchange rate could shatter investor confidence, triggering capital outflows.
What is required is a comprehensive policy package encompassing some exchange rate flexibility and fiscal consolidation, which requires both rationalisation of expenditure and widening of the revenue base.
The current import-substitution policy retards growth and hurts consumers.
The present policy stance and import tax structure have drawn capital, labour and land to high cost, and highly protected import substitution farming and agricultural processing activities with low or negative economic rates of return. Sri Lanka's food prices are higher than in the region due to high tariffs imposed to achieve self-sufficiency, hurting the poor and possibly contributing to malnutrition particularly of poor children. At a time when the government is burdening people with higher taxes, it is imperative that attempts be made to reduce food costs; revising this policy could contribute significantly to lowering the cost of living.
An example of this policy is rapid growth of maize and soybean cultivation over the last 10 years. These are not traditional crops and were not cultivated on any scale prior to 1998. These are used primarily as raw materials for the production of animal feed. Subjected to heavy protective tariffs, the cost of these locally produced crops are far in excess of world prices and directly related to the high cost of local poultry products. Instead of reviewing a flawed agricultural policy, the government has reacted to high retail prices of poultry by introducing price controls.
The policy of protecting the local sugar industry has had a similar impact and should also be subjected to review. The protective policy toward wheat imports has resulted in increased retail prices of bread, despite a collapse of world wheat prices by 50% since 2013.
The above highlights just a few key issues; there are many others. The government needs to study the impact of its trade and agricultural policies on consumer prices, and review its policies to maximise benefits to society as a whole. The ill effects of poor agricultural policy are not limited to higher prices, and their unintended consequences may extend to the human-elephant conflict and the recent spread of chronic kidney disease. The review of policy needs to be holistic.
Cumulative public debt and the high budget deficit have been key drivers of macroeconomic instability in Sri Lanka. Higher government borrowing not only wreaks havoc in the government's finances, but also crowds-out private investment by pushing up interest rates. Sri Lanka also operates a "Mega State" apparatus, with a massive public sector, unproductive/loss-making state enterprises and an oversized peacetime military that further diminishes the fiscal position.
The massive increase in public sector employees starting from about 850,000 in 2005 to around 1.27 million by 2016 also has knock-on effects on the political economy, with both major parties now having to pay homage to this large voting bloc by promising unfunded and unsustainable goodies such as salary increases and other benefits – what analysts term 'an auction of non-existent resources' – at each election.
While most commentators emphasize enlarging the tax net to address fiscal imbalances, Advocata believes that reducing the size and scope of the state is more pressing. While political space for reforms may be limited, public opinion is increasingly skeptical of loss-making state enterprises, which is an argument reformists in government could use.
The government's debt/GDP ratio is 75%. Debt service costs (interest and capital) accounted for 90% of government revenue in 2014. The previous year's debt service cost actually exceeded revenue; the ratio in 2013 was a whopping 102%. Interest cost alone amounted to 37% of government revenue in 2014.
Sri Lanka regularly runs a primary (before interest payments) budget deficit, which means recurring expenditure is being funded by debt, a situation that is clearly unsustainable. Sri Lanka's debt ratios bear some uncomfortable parallels with those of Greece, just before the outbreak of the debt crisis.
Restructuring the debt to extend its maturity and reduce interest rates could provide some relief, but disposing of unproductive state assets and using the proceeds to reduce debt is a more permanent solution and we offer a few ideas below.
Disposing of loss-making and unproductive state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is a way of easing the debt burden and preventing further deterioration of the fiscal position. The outstanding SOE debt to banks is at Rs757 billion, more than four times what the government spent on health services in 2015. Some SOEs have accumulated so much debt that even privatisation may not be possible. These could simply be shut down with generous severance payments to employees, which will be cheaper in the long run.
Reform of SOEs need not be limited to loss-making enterprises. SOE's often employ significant resources in terms of labour, land and other factors of production, which could be better utilised. Conducting a comprehensive productivity study would allow the government to determine which ones to shut down, which ones to privatise and which ones could be held under ownership at a government holding company in the model of Singapore's Temasek Holdings.
The Land Reform Commission was vested with about 987,000 acres, some of which could be used for more productive purposes. Additionally, government ministries, schools and other facilities occupy prime real estate blocks in major cities like Colombo, which greatly outweighs their economic value.
As an initial step, accounting of property rents at market values would allow the government to get an accurate sense of the value of the dead capital that the government is occupying, which could be put to more productive use. The Colombo Dutch Hospital project and the clearing of the Army headquarters for commercial activity are examples of how dead capital in government-held land could be activated for more productive use. The government should draw up a Land Asset Sales Programme, an orderly and coordinated programme to dispose of surplus or underutilised land. The proceeds from these sales should be used to reduce national debt. The sales programme must be run in an open and transparent manner by an independent body free of political influence to minimise corruption.
Converting existing infrastructure such as highways into Public-Private Partnerships could raise funds to pay down the loans that were used to finance them. Operational rights could be auctioned in a transparent manner to private investors. New infrastructure projects should be on the basis of a Build Own and Operate (BOO) model or Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) model, which has been used successfully all over the world to finance infrastructure projects.
The NPA was established in 2004 to streamline procurement, reduce waste and corruption, and ensure better transparency and governance by centralising procurement under an independent body. The agency was believed to have been effective, which lead to it being shut down, allegedly for political reasons, in 2007. Its operation should be revived and its independence guaranteed.
Spending on defence has grown from around Rs144 billion in 2009 to an estimated Rs306 billion in 2016, a massive increase in a time of peace. Due to the politically charged nature of the expenditure, this has been the 'elephant in the room'. While acknowledging that immediate demobilisation or salary cuts are not feasible, continuous growth in defence expenditure seven years after the end of the war is something that requires questioning.
It is one of the largest items of expenditure, and discussion of this subject must no longer be avoided. Cutbacks in capital expenditure and hardware are necessary. More generally, a national plan to downsize the military should serve the long-term interest of all communities in Sri Lanka.
The state currently employs over a million people and an additional estimated 220,000 workers employed in SOEs. Some analysts put the figures much higher. In total, the public sector accounts for about 15% of the total labour force.
The public sector pensions and salaries bill for 2015 was Rs717 billion, representing 49% of government revenue. The weight of the wage and pension bill has crowded out priority expenditure in education, health and essential infrastructure, and even operational expenditure necessary to enable employees' effective functioning. Not only do the salaries and entitlements of these workers burden the fiscal position of the government, it also mops up scarce labour from the private sector. By this account, Sri Lanka probably has the largest state sector in the world.
The dependence on excess labour also means that state agencies become reluctant to invest in new technologies or procedures in fear of backlash or simply not knowing where to allocate the labour.
Reforms in this area are not going to be easy, as the 2002 UNP government discovered to its peril. However, the current levels of state sector cadre places a massive strain on the fiscal position.
The government should commission a report on the labour requirement for the state sector. While attrition and a hiring freeze are preferred methods of cadre management, for some sectors and institutions, Voluntary Retirement Schemes (VRS) may be possible. To manage pension liabilities, a new contributory pension scheme should replace the current defined benefit scheme for any new recruits to the public service.
Sri Lanka's energy utilities are a source of macroeconomic instability, and reforms to the sector are long overdue. While detailed studies for longer-term reforms must be undertaken as an interim measure, re-introducing the pricing formula for fuel and extending the formula to electricity will prevent large imbalances from building up. For the electricity sector, an immediate move to daylight saving time could reduce night peak load demand by as much as a third, with consequent reduction in thermal energy generation. In Sri Lanka, the discussion is private participation in electricity centres around fixed contract IPPs. In many other countries, however, this model is now considered outdated, the world has moved on to integrated energy markets. A study by the Pathfinder Foundation carried out in 2007 provides a useful starting point for ideas on moving to energy markets.
Recent budget statements by successive governments, including the present one, have not been in keeping with sound principles of taxation. While recognising the unique political moment in which the new administration operates and the politically expedient measures that were taken to create that political moment, continuing to ignore principles of fiscal discipline can only lead to further imbalances.
The overarching objective should be that sources of revenue, taken as a whole, should be sufficient to meet the demands of public expenditure. Revenue should be elastic or capable of expanding or contracting annually in response to variations in public expenditure. Most crucially, any new benefit or relief measures offered must be fully funded. Government finances are in a dire state, they should not be made worse; ill-conceived proposals in the past have contributed to the structural weakness of the fiscal position.
The adoption of a medium-term budget framework to prioritise, present and manage both revenue and expenditure over a multiyear framework is desirable. It can help demonstrate the impact of current and proposed policies over the course of several years, and ultimately achieve better control over public expenditure.
Rules in the Fiscal Management (Responsibility) Act may be tightened to reinstate budget discipline, and ensure fiscal responsibility and debt sustainability.
Tax laws should be capable of convenient, just and effective administration. Tax codes should be easy for taxpayers to comply with and for governments to administer and enforce. It is far simpler to adjust rates to existing taxes than bring in new types of taxes.
Any changes needed to the tax code should be made with careful consideration of established practices and open hearings. Each tax in the system should be clear and plain to the taxpayer. Disguising tax burdens in complex structures to deceive the public, the preferred approach by politicians in the past, should be avoided. Simplicity will close loopholes for tax evasion, reduce the scope for corruption and minimise administrative costs.
By and large, taxes should neither encourage nor discourage personal or business decisions. The purpose of taxes is to raise needed revenue, not to favour or punish specific industries, activities and products. Minimising tax preferences broadens the tax base, so the government can raise sufficient revenue with lower rates.
Taxpayers deserve consistency and predictability in the tax code. Governments should avoid enacting temporary tax laws, including tax holidays, amnesties and retrospective changes. The periodic revision of taxes via gazette notifications should be avoided. Put simply, a good tax policy promotes economic growth by focusing on raising revenue in the least distortive manner possible.
While our proposals are mostly concerned with broad issues of policy, we have made an exception for 'sin taxes' because of their importance to the exchequer.
'Sinful' items such as alcohol and tobacco have traditionally been taxed heavily and are the second-largest source of tax revenue for the state. A review of these policies could develop their effectiveness and improve collection. The present government, continuing the practices of the past, has now raised taxation to prohibitive levels. This may be counterproductive because, while high taxes do deter consumption, excess taxation may drive consumers to dangerous illicit substances, and support a thriving illegal alcohol and cigarette industry.
The link between higher taxes and substance abuse is that the use of highly hazardous home brews concocted from medicinal drugs, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals also need to be examined.
Both in Sri Lanka and even in developed countries, it is a tendency for lower income groups to consume cigarettes. In Sri Lanka, there is an additional tendency for lower income groups to consume cottage industry products and items like beedies. Further research needs to be done on the link between education and awareness as opposed to the assumption that cigarette and alcohol consumption is merely a function of affordability or a broader lifestyle/environment and an awareness issue.
High taxes on cigarettes have lead to a massive increase in the lightly taxed Beedi industry, as well as expansion in illegal cigarettes. Customs statistics indicate that beedi volumes have risen from 1.1 billion sticks in 2007 to 3.2 billion sticks in 2013, while cigarette volumes declined from 4.6 billion sticks in 2007 to 4.0 billion during the same period.
Studies carried out by the Institute of Policy Studies make a case for rethinking alcohol taxes, principally to move to a structure of taxation by volume, which will increase state revenues while modifying consumption habits.
The government needs to reconsider its policies for the taxation of both alcohol and tobacco in light of all available evidence. Recent experiences in India and Pakistan highlight the problems with outright prohibition.
The Prime Minister's statement on the economy to parliament on October 27 struck many a right note and has the ingredients to take the country to the goal of doubling per capita income by 2025.
Most important was the promise of reforms to liberalise trade and investment, to attract foreign investment and restore emphasis on exports.
It is important that the sentiments expressed in the Prime Minister's statement must follow with practical yet bold economic policy reform. A detailed policy document has been promised and would hopefully contain the necessary implementation plans.
The rest of this brief note is aimed at understanding the policy pronouncements in the context of Sri Lanka's political and socio-economic priorities.
The statement promises a lot: simplifying the process of registering a business, getting construction permits, electricity connections and bank credit, registering property, protecting minority investors, the payment of taxes, trading across borders, the enforcement of contracts, the resolution of insolvency and reforming labour laws.
The Prime Minister's target to bring Sri Lanka into the top 70 countries in the World Bank's Doing Business Index by 2020 is welcome. Sri Lanka currently languishes at 110 in the index amongst 185 countries and its position has actually dropped by one place under the current administration. Policy reform to increase the ease of doing business is uncontentious and will draw broad political support from across the spectrum.
However the government must be bolder. Whilst ease of doing business has improved in the last few years, Sri Lanka can do much more to expand general economic freedom in the economy. The Fraser Institute, which publishes the annual index of economic freedom ranked Sri Lanka 111 among 160 countries. The index now ranks countries in the region like Nepal higher in terms of economic freedom than Sri Lanka with India only just behind. Beyond just looking at ease of doing business, Sri Lanka should also focus on other aspects of economic freedom including removing of outdated and arbitrary regulation, reversing recent follies such as Soviet-style price controls and truly living up to the promises of liberalising international trade and investment. In this vein, the proposed establishment of a single window for investment approval in the Prime Minister's speech is a welcome move.
The Government promises to repeal this archaic piece of legislation and replace it with new legislation based on that of Singapore. If implemented in the true spirit of Singapore's legislation, this would be extremely positive.
Singapore is generally regarded as a free port and the Government only restricts the import of goods seen as posing a threat to health, security, safety and social decency. Around 99% of imports to Singapore are duty-free.
The policy statement makes reference to "a low tax regime", the lessons from East Asia and other parts of the world is that the tariff regime needs to be low and uniform. This minimises loopholes, corruption and simplifies customs processing. A low uniform rate of duty eliminates disputes with classification and enables documents to be processed on a self-declared basis (with customs only focusing on misstatements of price and quantities) which results in faster, simpler clearing of goods.
While sentiments to keep a low tax regimes are laudable, a commitment for a low uniform tariff policy should be the goal.
The proposed debt/equity swaps of the Mattala Airport and the Hambantota mark an important step towards reducing the Government's debt burden. The Government should also convert other infrastructure projects such as the highways into PPP projects by auctioning operational rights.
The statement promises investment in infrastructure in logistics to improve connectivity to global supply chains. Whilst we all welcome investments in critical infrastructure, all new projects should be implemented through public private partnerships to prevent further accumulation of public debt.
The report published by the Advocata Institute on "The State of State Enterprises in 2015" shows that the state has over 245 enterprises in its books, of which only a small number actually reported their financial position. The proposed formation of a Public Commercial Enterprise Board to manage SOEs and the creation a Public Wealth Trust, a centralised body to hold the shares in SOEs is therefore timely. Hopefully these mechanisms may prove to be the first step in imposing accepted reporting practices and better management of State enterprises. Sri Lanka can learn from Singapore's state enterprise holding company Temasek and other experiences around the world.
Additionally, the listing of the shares of SOE's on the Stock Exchange would also impose discipline in reporting and is something the Government should explore. Minority stakes could be offered to the public which would raise revenue to the state, allow public participation in SOE's and broad-base the CSE; even while the majority stake is still controlled by the Government.
The recent announcements regarding the closure and amalgamation of Mihin Lanka into SriLankan Airlines is encouraging but the previously announced partial privatisation of the debt-ridden airline has not yet materialised.
The proposed Public Enterprise Commercial Board should be given a wide mandate to restructure and reform SOE's including assessing the strategic need for such enterprises, the closure of unviable enterprises and to privatise enterprises where there's enough commercial interest. The new structure will hopefully be just the first step on the long road to improve overall accountability and governance of these state enterprises.
It is unlikely a one size fits all solution would work for reforming all state enterprises in what would inevitably become a politically charged issue. However the public appetite for bold reform in this area is high with the realisation that the cumulative losses over the last ten years amongst the 55 strategically important enterprises amounted to Rs.636 billion.
Several proposals including the one to expand SME finance through quantitative targets enforced by the Central Bank must be viewed with caution. Dirigiste lending to push bank exposure further to higher-risk sectors may boomerang on lenders, especially public sector banks, resulting in losses. Any difficulties SME's may face with access to credit need to be examined carefully and appropriate solutions developed in consultation with financiers.
The establishment of rural modernisation boards and agricultural marketing boards will need to be examined more closely. No details are available so the exact role of these bodies is not clear but the current flawed agricultural policies have pushed up food prices for consumers. Sri Lanka's food prices are the highest in the region and the priority should be to lower the cost of living through appropriate reforms to the sector.
Apart from a few areas of doubt the overall economic statement is broadly in the right direction and if properly implemented could boost growth and improve the welfare and prosperity of Sri Lankans. The government however has a demonstrable problem with policy inconsistency over the last few years, even amongst its own ministries and between Ministers of the same party. Whilst some diversity of opinion is expected from a coalition government, some of the policies enacted in the recent past have run counter to this and other broad policy pronouncement from the Prime Minister.
These broad ideas will hopefully pass the implementation test and we await the publication of the detailed strategy document.


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Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges
Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges Bignante*, Elisa 2017-09-09 00:00:00 Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges Elisa Bignante* University of Torino, Italy It is well known in human geography that Indigenous knowledges are often too simplistically associated with "tradition," with the risk of crystallizing alleged "traditional identities" without taking into account their dynamic nature and the historical, socioeconomic, and political processes in which these develop (Bebbington 1993; Jackson and Warren 2005). Indigenous Figure 1.—Katoonarib, South Rupununi, Guyana. A woman roasting cassava. The Guiana Shield region of South America is largely inhabited by thriving Indigenous communities, whose knowledge and skills are indispensable for effective conservation of the region and are a great asset to world culture. *Photography by Andrea Borgarello, unless otherwise noted. © 2017 by the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. All rights reserved. Bignante: Being Amerindian Today knowledges have been in constant and close contact (and contrast) with Western culture and Western capitalism since at least the fifteenth century. Figure 2.—Wowetta, North Rupununi, Guyana. Along the centuries, and through the action of missionaries, Christian religion has spread among the Indigenous communities of the Amazon forest. Technological change and new products and ideas have long spread within Indigenous communities (Agrawal 1995), as part of a http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers University of Hawai'I Press http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/university-of-hawai-i-press/being-amerindian-today-livelihoods-technology-and-dynamic-indigenous-8r0DYbzFxs
Bignante*, Elisa
Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
, Volume 79 – Sep 9, 2017
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Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast... /
Volume 79: September
Copyright © University of Hawai'i Press.
Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges Elisa Bignante* University of Torino, Italy It is well known in human geography that Indigenous knowledges are often too simplistically associated with "tradition," with the risk of crystallizing alleged "traditional identities" without taking into account their dynamic nature and the historical, socioeconomic, and political processes in which these develop (Bebbington 1993; Jackson and Warren 2005). Indigenous Figure 1.—Katoonarib, South Rupununi, Guyana. A woman roasting cassava. The Guiana Shield region of South America is largely inhabited by thriving Indigenous communities, whose knowledge and skills are indispensable for effective conservation of the region and are a great asset to world culture. *Photography by Andrea Borgarello, unless otherwise noted. © 2017 by the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. All rights reserved. Bignante: Being Amerindian Today knowledges have been in constant and close contact (and contrast) with Western culture and Western capitalism since at least the fifteenth century. Figure 2.—Wowetta, North Rupununi, Guyana. Along the centuries, and through the action of missionaries, Christian religion has spread among the Indigenous communities of the Amazon forest. Technological change and new products and ideas have long spread within Indigenous communities (Agrawal 1995), as part of a
Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers – University of Hawai'I Press
Bignante*, E. (2017). Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 79, 188-210.
Bignante*, Elisa. "Being Amerindian Today: Livelihoods, Technology, and Dynamic Indigenous Knowledges." Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 79 (2017): 188-210.


MedEx answers any queries you might have regarding Kisqali-100 purchase, shipping and payment terms.
Kisqali 100 mg is used together with an aromatase inhibitor as an initial endocrine therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced/metastatic breast cancer.
It should be used in conjunction with an aromatase inhibitor (such as letrozole) as a primary endocrine-based treatment for postmenopausal patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced/metastatic breast cancer.
Kisqali comes in the form of pill for oral intake. The common dose of Kisqali is 600 mg (six 100 mg film-coated pills) taken by mouth, once a day for 3 consecutive weeks followed by a week off treatment, which results in a full cycle of 4 weeks.
The main active component of Kisqali 100 mg is called ribociclib. It impedes the activity of enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, responsible for the growth and division of cells. By preventing the above-mentioned Kisqali 100 mg delays the progression of cancer cells.
This drug can be taken irrespective of the mealtime. In combination with letrozole, the dose is 2.5 mg once a day during the 4-week cycle. Carefully read the prescribing information of letrozole. For dosage and use with other medications, study the drug instructions. It is recommended to take the medications at the same time every day (better before breakfast).
If you experience vomiting after taking the drug, or skip the dose, don't take it the same day. Just take the next dose in due time. Try to swallow the pill whole instead of chewing or crushing it.
The most widespread adverse effects of Kisqali (affecting about 20% of patients) are leukopenia, head pain, pain in the back, sickness and vomiting, loose bowels, blockage, exhaustion, hair loss and hives.
The most widespread serious adverse effects of Kisqali (affect about one out of fifty patients) are neutropenia, sickness and vomiting, weakness, pain in the back, liver problems and hypophosphataemia (serum phosphate concentration lower 2.5 mg/dL).
Kisqali 100 mg shouldn't be taken by the patients who have allergy to any of its components, as well as soya or peanuts.


Improve quality and maintainability by producing uniform standardized code.
Aid in readability and comprehension of developed source code by providing an unambiguous, easy to read standard to follow.
Help avoid common errors that would not be picked up by a compiler by using these as a framework for good coding practices.
Provide an objective reference point for the code authors, maintainers, and reviewers.
Construct literal strings using only graphic ASCII characters . For non-graphic characters, use the $CHAR() or $ZCHAR() functions to build strings, use a resource file, or build them from comments in the source code using $TEXT().
Use VIEW "BADCHAR" in production environments.
Use standard M functions - $ASCII(), $CHAR(), $EXTRACT(), $FIND(), $JUSTIFY(), $LENGTH(), $PIECE(), and $TRANSLATE() - for character-oriented operations. Use analogous byte-oriented functions - $ZASCII(), $ZCHAR(), $ZEXTRACT()/$ZSUBSTR(), $ZFIND(), $ZJUSTIFY(), $ZLENGTH(), $ZPIECE(), and $ZTRANSLATE() when the logic calls for byte, rather than character operations. Use $ZSUBSTR() to ensure the byte-oriented operation produces a valid character result and $ZEXTRACT() when the operation is strictly byte-oriented, with no character implications.
Use $ZCONVERT() rather than $TRANSLATE()/$ZTRANSLATE() for case conversion.
Use Alias Variables and Containers where they promote modularity and an appropriate object-like approach.
Use parameter passing to minimize scoping risk and to implicitly document [sub]routine interfaces. Place variables that are optionally passed at the end of the parameter list. Choose pass-by-reference variable names for clarity and to avoid side effects. Note that using the same name in the actuallist and the formallist may have implications.
Avoid naked references except when they reduce the width of the line and materially improve readability. In such cases, ensure any naked references follows the full reference, on the same line with no intervening invocation of other code.
Use the top entryref for invocation from the shell rather than from another routine. Where there is a risk of inadvertent execution from the shell of a routine intended only to be called from M code, protect the top entryref with code that uses $STACK to validate whether or not it is invoked from the shell. Existing utility routines with interfaces documented as not requiring a label are exempt from this requirement.
Use lines with multiple, related commands to improve readability as long as they are not too long. Avoid lines with multiple, unrelated commands.
Limit lines to no wider than 132 columns.
The line oriented nature of M means that sometimes a single long line can be more readable than a block of code. Such occasional long lines are permissible where justified.
All product code must have an error trap. Unless the intent of the code is to invoke Direct Mode, the error handler must never use a BREAK explicitly or implicitly to do so. The base error handler in a program suite, and possibly some other error handlers, must provide a way to appropriately preserve the context of unpredictable errors.
New code should generally use $ETRAP error handling rather than $ZTRAP error handling. As changing error handling can be risky (for example, indirect references in databases), retain error handling in existing code unless you have tested and verified the safety of the change.
Except for tests, code transactions as restartable, avoid non-Isolated actions (BREAK, JOB, LOCK ZSYSTEM or I/O) within transactions; minimize transaction size, use TRANSACTION="BATCH" for better performance where the solution doesn't require strong Durability or provides Durability with application logic. When LOCKs are appropriate, place them outside the transaction.
To prevent applications from inadvertently falling into direct mode, only use the BREAK command when there is a specific requirement for its use. When circumstances require BREAK commands more persistent than those placed with ZBREAK, or in places within lines, conditionalize them on a debug setting, for example BREAK:($get(debug)&(<condition>)).
This language construct provides a way to code an embedded subroutine, which stacks $TEST - something extrinsic functions ($$) also do, but DO with an entryref argument does not. It also provides some relief from the line-oriented structure of the language, albeit at some cost.
When the logic calls for multiple invocations of a subroutine avoid using multiple copies of the same argumentless DO body.
Leave a space between the last level indicator (li) and the first command or a comment delimiter.
Be careful with level indicators, as any reduction in number, even for a comment, terminates one or more levels.
Except for handling logic to effect an exit from nested logic and nested function calls or where appropriate in test code, avoid the use of GOTO and ZGOTO commands. When using these commands outside of test code, you must include a comment explaining why such use works better than any refactoring that would eliminate the [Z]GOTO.
Choose QUIT, rather than HALT, to terminate a routine, unless there is a clear requirement to the contrary.
Account for the difference in QUIT from a FOR, which does not change the stack level of the M virtual machine and QUIT from a [sub]routine which does change the stack level. This may require the use of a state flag to terminate a FOR that invokes a subroutine.
Choose the argumentless (which requires a following double space) or value form of QUIT as appropriate. When a subroutine can be invoked with either a DO or extrinsic ($$), explicitly code the alternative exits, rather than relying on a setting of $ZQUIT_ANYWAY.
QUIT at the end of a [sub]routine is required unless the [sub]routine ends in a HALT. QUIT at the end of an argumentless DO level is optional.
Use ZHALT to return an invocation to the shell that the termination is abnormal.
Always specify a timeout on LOCK or LOCK+ commands.
Use a protocol for resource name order to minimize deadlocks. Use the standard incremental LOCK (+/-), rather than ZALLOCATE and ZDEALLOCATE.
Minimize use of argumentless and exclusive NEW except to satisfy requirements. These variants may be appropriate at the beginning of the base routine of an application.
Always use a timeout, except when READing from a file in NOFOLLOW mode. Except when collecting raw or externally validated data, READ into a local variable and validate that the value is appropriate - check for length, range, delimiters and any value restrictions. Always validate input before using it in ways that assume it meets expectations; this is critical when using it in indirection or XECUTE, or storing it durably in a global variable.
When setting several nodes to the same value, specify a list of names within parentheses, rather than separately, e.g., SET (A,B,C)=0 vs. SET A=0,B=0,C=0.
To minimize run-time errors and prevent out-of-design user induced outcomes, ensure strings for use by the indirection operator, the XECUTE command, the ZSYSTEM command and PIPE device commands are valid, either by program design and implementation, or by validating the value prior to use.
Use ELSE with care. Because YottaDB stacks $TEST only at the execution of an extrinsic or an argumentless DO command, any XECUTE or DO with an argument has the potential side effect of altering $TEST.
When conditionalizing a single command or transfer of control argument, and there is no need to set $TEST, use postconditionals, as they provide a slight performance advantage and tend to improve readability by tying the condition closely to the action. For example, choose SET:<condition> over IF <condition> SET.
Use $ZDATA() rather than $DATA() unless the logic needs to ignore alias implications.
You may use an IF to discard the result of INCREMENT() in order to take advantage of the INCREMENT() side-effect.
Use $ORDER() rather than $NEXT(), which is deprecated.
If using a piece of data more than once, extract the data to a local variable for reuse, rather than using repeated invocations of $PIECE() to extract the same piece of data.
$RANDOM(1) always returns 0 and so is never appropriate. Adjust $RANDOM() results with appropriate arithmetic to achieve the desired range.
Use the standard $ORDER(x,-1), rather than $ZPREVIOUS(x).
Use $ETRAP rather than $ZTRAP unless there are good reasons not to.
Use $KEY rather than $ZB, unless code must run on old versions of YottaDB which do not maintain $KEY for the target device.
Use $STACK rather than $ZLEVEL, unless it eliminated arithmetic or existing uses of $ZLEVEL are so numerous as to make a change high risk.
Validate all input from $ZCMDLINE as if it were from a READ for user input.
When a subroutine needs to return a single value or an an array of values, choose an Extrinsic invocation over a DO in order to minimize scoping risks.
While YottaDB does not restrict trigger code from performing I/O operations, avoid using OPEN, USE, READ, WRITE and CLOSE within trigger application code. Such operations may be useful for development and diagnostic purposes. Triggers implicitly run as TP transactions and I/O violates the ACID property of Isolation , as do JOB, LOCK, ZSYSTEM and external calls.
Use comprehensive and strong coding conventions for trigger code or rely on user-specified names in managing the deletion and replacement of triggers.
Except when using triggers for debugging, use journaling on any region that uses triggers.
Use ydb_malloc/ydb_free in the external functions for enhanced performance and better debugging capability in case memory management problems occur with external calls.
Use ydb *t types defined in libyottadb.h instead of the native types (int, float, char, etc) to avoid potential size mismatches with the parameter types.
Either auto-relink-enable or auto-relink-disable the directory in $zroutines for the life of the process.
Use the same value of $ydb_linktmpdir for all processes. All processes that share a directory whose contents are subject to ZRUPDATE use the same value for $ydb_linktmpdir so that all processes see update notifications - with different values of $ydb_linktmpdir, a ZRUPDATE by a process with one value of $ydb_linktmpdir would not be observed by a process with a different value of that environment variable.
Never change the name of an object file.
When forming routine names, the compiler truncates object filenames to a maximum length of 31 characters. For example, for a source file called Adatabaseenginewithscalabilityproven.m the compiler generates an object file called Adatabaseenginewithscalabilityp.o. Never let YottaDB routines file names exceed 31 characters.
Killing a process with kill -9 may cause database damage. Use MUPIP STOP or MUPIP INTRPT instead. Use kill -9 as the last resort if the process does not respond to MUPIP STOP. kill -9 terminates the process abruptly and may leave database files improperly closed and require a MUPIP RUNDOWN. Because kill -9 may cause database damage, perform a MUPIP INTEG immediately after a kill -9.
Never run a routine as root.
Other than YottaDB installation, never perform any YottaDB operation as root.
Never use chained and nested triggers that potentially update the same piece of a global variable. You should always assess the significance of having chained triggers for a database update especially because of the arbitrary trigger execution order.
Never access ^#t with DSE, except with guidance from your YottaDB support channel. Manage trigger definitions with MUPIP TRIGGER and $ZTRIGGER().
Never use exponential numeric form in the subscripts. It may lead to ambiguities. Because numeric subscripts collate ahead of string subscripts, the string subscript "01E5" is not the same as the numeric subscript 01E5.
Never SET $ZWRTACn "variables". They are used by YottaDB to make ZWRITE output more useful but are not supported for any other purpose. They are only mentioned here because you may see them in the output of ZWRITE and ZSHOW "V".
You can use SET @ to process ZWRITE or ZSHOW "V" output containing $ZWRTACn variables for restoring an alias container variable to a prior state. While processing the output, never attempt to inject or manipulate $ZWRTACn lines as it may lead to unintended consequences or undermine the benefit you might achieve from using alias containers. Lines containing SET $ZWRTACn=<value> are no-ops unless they have a preceding SET $ZWRTAC="" and an alias container variable association. In the ZWRITE or ZSHOW "V" output of an alias container, SET $ZWRTAC lines appear in the order that YottaDB expects for restoration. YottaDB can change the use of $ZWRTAC in YottaDB at any time.


The Minister for Agriculture, Michael Creed has said the Government would not provide funding to stave off a fodder crisis in parts of the country.
Farmers in the west and north-west are facing a potential two-month fodder deficit due to the summer rainfall that forced many to house stock much earlier than forecast.
On RTE Radio this morning, Minister Creed said he had established a task force including all the relevant stakeholders which only recently met for the first time and it has on it.
"There task is to do an assessment of the situation on the ground," he said.
Minister Creed also said he is 'pretty satisfied' that there is not have a national fodder crisis.
"What we have had particularly in the North West is a particularly wet summer and autumn. We have had difficulty in getting second cut silage in that area and an earlier housing of cattle.
"The problem is compounded by the fact that in 2016 there was a prolonged winter and housing period.
The Minister said the task force would report back in the new year on what the situation is on the ground and urged farm organisations to work within that structure.
It comes as IFA President Joe Healy has announced an emergency fodder initiative, where IFA will mobilise its national county and branch network to support those farmers in most difficulty.


text:
Larchipel Argentine ou îles Argentine est un groupe d'îles de la péninsule Antarctique, situé dans l'archipel Wilhelm, à 5 milles marins au sud-ouest de l'île Petermann et à 4 milles au nord-ouest du cap Tuxen. Découvert par la première expédition française en Antarctique conduite par Jean-Baptiste Charcot, qui s'est déroulée du  au . J.B. Charcot  l'a nommé en hommage à l'Argentine qui l'avait aidé dans la réalisation de son expédition.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Geographic Names of the Antarctic, , United States Board on Geographic Names, 1995
 Carte : Graham Land and South Shetland Islands, Scale 1:1 000 000, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, 2006,

Articles connexes
 Liste des îles de l'Antarctique
 Antarctique

Liens externes
 Geographic Names Information System

Île en Antarctique
Île de l'océan Austral
Archipel Wilhelm


From 26 March 2017, Disneyland Park presents Disney Stars on Parade, a brand new Parade, which is more stunning than ever, featuring a plethora of Disney Characters to celebrate the 25th Anniversary in style. Mickey and Friends journey through Disney and Pixar masterpieces to the land of imagination. New floats, new music, new costumes and never-before-seen choreography: the new Parade will dazzle guests in a whirlwind of joy, laughter, emotions and colour. It is now more than ever the highlight of any visit to Disneyland Park.
"In Disney Stars on Parade, we follow Mickey and Friends on a journey of discovery to the land of imagination" explains Emmanuel Lenormand, the Show Director. "We started with the words that are most frequently used by our guests when they talk about Disneyland Paris. This helped us to create a story with eight chapters, and as many emotions. We then associated these emotions with major Disney and Pixar animated films that have proved a huge hit with the public".
Featuring many Disney Characters and artists, the new Parade incorporates stunning, unique floats with vibrant colours and movements to surprise and delight our guests.
Discover the Magic– Disney Stars on Parade opens with Tinker Bell, who escapes from the pages of an enormous storybook. This is followed by an amazing float featuring Mickey and Friends dressed as explorers of the future… "A future in which technology retains a magical aspect" according to Olivier Dusautoir, the Set Designer.
Discover Friendship – The second highlight pays a dazzling tribute to children's games. Buzz Lightyear's rocket pulls an oversized truck in which Andy has placed all his toys in carefree disarray. The heroes of Toy Story celebrate true friendship and take us to infinity and beyond!
Discover Adventure – Who better than Simba and Nala or Baloo and Mowgli to embody the spirit of adventure? A high rock overlooks the exuberant jungle flora, while the percussion and shimmering colours release the wild instincts of an exotic world where, fortunately, it takes very little to be happy.
Discover Imagination – From one rock to another, this one is in the shape of a skull and serves as the throne of Captain Hook. Peter Pan is close by, at the helm of a ship suspended beneath an immense, dreamlike moon. "After all, Disneyland Paris is – quite literally – the Land of Imagination!", Emmanuel Lenormand reminds us.
Discover A New World – A large turtle swims above a majestic float, covered with coral. The heroes of Finding Nemo and Finding Dory remind us of their philosophy: "Just keep swimming!" and leave guests starry-eyed. Sea stars, of course.
Discover Enchantment – Water is followed by fire, in hot pursuit. Like Sleeping Beauty, the story of Disney Stars on Parade would not be complete without an epic battle starring Prince Phillip and the three fairies against an evil dragon, described by Olivier Dusautoir as "mechanical, made entirely of copper with visible mechanisms, as if it has been taken straight out of Jules Verne's imagination". Faced with a fire-breathing monster, will good win out?
Discover Romance – Fortunately in fairy tales, good… and love always triumph in the end. Contrasting beautifully with the impressive floats that precede them, Rapunzel, Cinderella and Snow White with their respective Prince Charmings make their entrance on three graceful carriages. A romantic moment which will melt the hearts of little girls… of all ages.
Like Elsa's silvery blue cape floating in her wake, a sense of wonder fills the air and remains long after the last float of Disney Stars on Parade has passed by.
With a pinch of adventure, imagination, friendship and romance, the new Disney Parade, Disney Stars on Parade is now more than ever the highlight of the Disneyland® Paris 25th Anniversary celebrations. This Parade will dazzle guests throughout this exceptional year.