Aegilops variabilis No.1 is highly resistant to cereal cyst nematode (CCN). However, a lack of genomic information has restricted studies on CCN resistance genes in Ae. variabilis and has limited genetic applications in wheat breeding.
Using RNA-Seq technology, we generated a root transcriptome at a sequencing depth of 4.69 gigabases of Ae. variabilis No. 1 from a pooled RNA sample. The sample contained equal amounts of RNA extracted from CCN-infected and untreated control plants at three time-points. Using the Trinity method, nearly 52,081,238 high-quality trimmed reads were assembled into a non-redundant set of 118,064 unigenes with an average length of 500 bp and an N50 of 599 bp. The total assembly was 59.09 Mb of unique transcriptome sequences with average read-depth coverage of 33.25×. In BLAST searches of our database against public databases, 66.46% (78,467) of the unigenes were annotated with gene descriptions, conserved protein domains, or gene ontology terms. Functional categorization further revealed 7,408 individual unigenes and three pathways related to plant stress resistance.
We conducted high-resolution transcriptome profiling related to root development and the response to CCN infection in Ae. variabilis No.1. This research facilitates further studies on gene discovery and on the molecular mechanisms related to CCN resistance.
Cereal cyst nematode (causal agent Heterodeta avenae) causes cereal disease in many regions of the world [1–5], and results in economic losses of billions of dollars annually . Although CCNs have caused serious economic losses over the last 40 years , only a few CCN resistance genes have been genetically mapped on the genomes of wheat (Cre1 and Cre8) and its relatives, such as those in the genus Aegilops (Cre2-7), Secale cereale (CreR) (reviewed in Smiley and Nicol (2009) ) and Hordeum vulgare (Ha1-4) (reviewed in Bakker et al. (2006) ). The molecular mechanism of CCN resistance remains unknown.
Members of the genus Aegilops readily hybridize with bread wheat as the male parent . Aegilops species are valuable genetic resources for breeding for disease resistance in wheat; for example, for resistance to Cochliobolus sativus (spot blotch), Tilletia indica (Karnal bunt), and powdery mildew [10, 11]. Ae. variabilis accession No.1 (2n = 4x = 28, UUSvSv) (syn. Triticum peregrinum (Hack In J. Fraser) Marie & Hackel) was reported to harbor resistance genes to both CCN and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne naasi) [12, 13]. A greater understanding of the mechanism of CCN resistance in Ae. variabilis is necessary for wheat breeding. However, the major barrier against using genomic approaches to improve Ae. variabilis is that the genome sequence, cDNA libraries, EST databases, and microarray platform information are not available .
Recent developments in RNA-Seq technology have enabled very efficient probing of transcriptomic data [15–19]. This method not only detects transcripts that correspond to existing genomic sequences, but it can also be used for de novo assembly of short reads for gene discovery and expression profiling in organisms for which there is no reference genome [17, 20–26].
In the present study, we analyzed the root transcriptome of Ae. variabilis using RNA-Seq technology. We used two methods, SOAPdenovo and Trinity, for de novo assembly of the transcriptome, and compared their results. Characterization of the transcriptome data assembled by Trinity give a high-resolution insight into the genes involved in several major metabolic pathways associated with root development and plant defense. This research will serve as a public information platform for further studies on the evolution and function of genes in Ae. variabilis, and provides a thorough insight into the gene expression profiles associated with the response to CCN infection in Ae. variabilis.
Ae. variabilis accession No.1 was used for transcriptomic profiling of genes expressed in roots. Grains of Ae. variabilis No.1 were surface-sterilized in a solution containing 3% (v/v) hypochlorite and 0.01% (v/v) Tween 20 for 5 min and rinsed three times with sterile water . The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes (5-cm diameter) on wet paper at 20 C under a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod. After 10 days, seedlings were divided into two groups. One group was inoculated with 1,000 second-stage juveniles (J2) of CCN per plant, and the other group (negative control) was not inoculated with CCN [28, 29]. Thirty hours after inoculation, the roots were thoroughly washed three times with sterile water (each 10 min) to remove CCNs adhering to roots. Then, plants were transplanted into 500-ml glass containers filled with sterilized perlite, and were grown at 20 C under a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod. These conditions prevented further CCN penetration and ensured synchronized development of syncytia [27, 30].
Successful CCN inoculation was confirmed by observing roots under a microscope (Additional file 1). Roots of CCN-infected and non-infected plants were sampled at 30 hpi (hours post inoculation), 3 dpi (days post inoculation) and 9 dpi for RNA extraction [27, 31, 32]. Each sample consisted of 15 individuals. Total RNA was extracted with a Biomiga RNA kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Biomiga, San Diego, CA, USA). The concentration and quality of each RNA sample was determined using a NanoDrop 2000™ micro-volume spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Equal amounts of total RNA from each sample were pooled to construct the cDNA library. Pooling is a cost-effective strategy when the primary research goal is to identify gene expression profiles. This strategy was well-justified based on statistical and practical considerations [33–35].
The cDNA library was constructed using an mRNA-Seq assay for paired-end transcriptome sequencing. The library construction and sequencing were performed by the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. Briefly, mRNA was enriched from 20 μg total RNA using oligo dT magnetic beads, and was then cleaved into 200–700 nt fragments by incubation with RNA Fragmentation Reagent. The fragmented mRNA was converted into double-stranded cDNA by priming with random hexamer-primers, purified with a QiaQuick PCR extraction kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA, USA), and then washed with EB buffer for end repairing and single nucleotide adenine addition. Finally, sequencing adaptors were ligated onto the fragments, and the required fragments were purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and enriched by PCR amplification to construct the cDNA library. The library was loaded onto the channels of an Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 instrument for 4 gigabase in-depth sequencing, which was used to obtain more detailed information about gene expression. Each paired-end library had an insert size of 200–700 bp. The average read length of 90 bp was generated as raw data. The data sets are available at the NCBI SRA database with the accession number of SRA050454.
The clean reads were obtained from raw data by filtering out adaptor-only reads, reads containing more than 5% unknown nucleotides, and low-quality reads (reads containing more than 50% bases with Q-value ≤ 20). Then de novo assembly of the clean reads was performed to generate non-redundant unigenes. We used two methods for de novo assembly; SOAPdenovo 63mer-V1.05  with optimized k-mer length of 41, and the Trinity method  with optimized k-mer length of 25.
Sequence directions of the resulting unigenes were determined by performing BLASTX searches against protein databases, with the priority order of NR (non-redundant protein sequences in NCBI), Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG), and COG (E-value ≤ 1e-5) if conflicting results were obtained. ESTScan software  was also used to determine the directions of sequences that were not aligned to those in any of the databases mentioned above.
The expression levels of unigenes were measured as the number of clean reads mapped to its sequence. The number of clean reads mapped to each annotated unigene was calculated and then normalized to RPKM (reads per Kb per million reads) with ERANGE3.1 software  and adjusted by a normalized factor .
The unigenes assembled by the Trinity method that were longer than 200 bp were annotated according to their sequence similarity to previously annotated genes. We used sequence-based and domain alignments to compare sequences. Sequence-based alignments were performed against three public databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, and KEGG; significant thresholds of E-value ≤ 1e-5). Domain-based alignments were carried out against the COG database at NCBI with a cut-off E-value of ≤1e-5.
The resulting BLAST hits were processed by Blast2GO software  to retrieve associated Gene Ontology (GO) terms describing biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components . By using specific gene identifiers and accession numbers, Blast2GO produces GO annotations as well as corresponding enzyme commission numbers (EC) for sequences with an E-value ≤1e-5.
KEGG mapping was used to determine the metabolic pathways [41, 42]. The sequences with corresponding ECs obtained from Blast2GO were mapped to the KEGG metabolic pathway database. To further enrich the pathway annotation and to identify the BRITE functional hierarchies, sequences were also submitted to the KEGG Automatic Annotation Server (KAAS) , and the single-directional best hit information method was selected. KAAS annotates every submitted sequence with KEGG orthology (KO) identifiers, which represents an orthologous group of genes directly linked to an object in the KEGG pathways and BRITE functional hierarchy [43, 44]. Therefore, these methods incorporate different types of relationships that exist in biological systems (i.e. genetic and environmental information processing, cellular processes, and organism systems).
We constructed a cDNA library of pooled RNA samples to generate a transcriptomic view of genes expressed in the root of uninfected and CCN-infected Ae. variabilis. Approximately 4,687,311,420 base pairs of raw data were generated, yielding a total of 54,267,786 clean reads that were 90 bp in length (Table 1). Of the clean reads, 91.63% had a Phred quality score of ≤ Q20 level (error probability of 0.01).
All trimmed reads were de novo assembled by SOAPdenovo and Trinity programs (Table 1). SOAPdenovo produced 336,641 contigs of 60 to 3,911 bp with an average length of 200 bp and an N50 of 229 bp (i.e., 50% of the assembled bases were incorporated into contigs of 229 bp or longer). The majority of the contigs were shorter than 200 bp (71.97%), and 2,722 contigs (0.81%) were longer than 1,000 bp. Trinity generated 481,672 contigs ranging from 75 to 3696 bp with an average length of 192 bp and an N50 of 250 bp. Similar to the SOAPdenovo assembly, most contigs were shorter than 200 bp (79.65%) but there was a greater number of longer contigs—11,394 contigs (2.37%) were longer than 1000 bp. The size distribution of these contigs is shown in Table 2. A total of 130,487 unigenes were further generated by SOAPdenovo. The unigenes had an average length of 351 bp and an N50 of 392 bp. Among the unigenes, 37,828 (28.99%) were shorter than 200 bp and 4,702 (3.60%) were longer than 1,000 bp. The Trinity method generated fewer unigenes (118,064). These unigenes had an average length of 500 bp and an N50 of 599 bp. Among the unigenes, 64,330 unigenes (54.49%) were 200 to 400 bp in length. There were no unigenes shorter than 200 bp and 9.00% (10,622) of all generated unigenes were longer than 1,000 bp (Table 2).
To assess the quality of the data set, we evaluated the assembled unigenes to determine the presence and length of gaps in the sequences. The analysis showed that 1.56% of the unigenes assembled by SOAPdenovo contained gaps, whereas those assembled by Trinity contained no gaps (Figure 1a).
Quality of the unigenes assembled. a, Length ratio of the gap to unigenes assembled by SOAPdenovo and Trinity method, respectively. The x-axis indicates the number of unigenes containing gaps; the y-axis indicates the percentage of the gap length to unigenes length. b, A histogram of the average read-depth coverage for unigenes. The x-axis indicates the number of unigenes, and the y-axis indicates folds distribution of read-depth coverage.
Because there is no transcriptome profile of Ae. variabilis available for comparison, we used a web-based tool, ESTcal , to evaluate the depth and breadth of our data set. The read-depth coverage for 35.29% of SOAPdenovo-generated unigenes and for 22.79% of Trinity-generated unigenes was greater than 20 fold (Figure 1b), with an average read-depth coverage of 33.54-fold and 33.25-fold, respectively.
To validate and annotate the assembled unigenes, the 118,064 unigenes generated by Trinity were subjected to BLASTX searches (E-value ≤ 1e-5) against public protein databases. As a result, 72,170 (61.13%), 52,630 (44.58%), and 37,993 (32.18%) unigenes had homologous sequences in NR, Swiss-Prot, and KEGG databases, respectively (Figure 2). Among the unigenes, 50,336 (42.63%) were synchronously annotated by NR and Swiss-Prot, 37,630 (31.87%) by NR and KEGG, and 35,379 (29.97%) by Swiss-Prot and KEGG, and 35,259 (29.86%) unigenes were simultaneously annotated by all three databases. Also, 43,357 (36.72%) unigenes showed no homology to known sequences deposited in these databases (Figure 2).
Detection of Homologous genes in public databases. The numbers of annotated and unmapped unigenes were indicated in the ellipses, respectively.
The unigenes homologous to known sequences in NR, Swiss Prot, and KEGG were further annotated with GO terms using Blast2GO . A total of 31,789 (26.93%) unigenes were assigned 141,172 GO term annotations, which could be classified into three categories; biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. The biological process category consisted of 42,509 GO terms, which were assigned to 17,953 (15.21%) unigenes. The molecular function category consisted of 70,401 GO terms, which were assigned to 23,381 (19.80%) unigenes, and the cellular component category consisted of 28,262 GO terms, which were assigned to 23,798 (20.16%) unigenes. In addition, 12,340 (10.45%) unigenes were simultaneously annotated in all three categories (Figure 3). Within the biological process category, unigenes were assigned to "metabolic process" (11,659 terms), "cellular process" (10,593 terms), "response to stimulus" (3,121 terms), "localization" (2,716 terms), and "establishment of localization" (2,487 terms). In the cellular component category, most unigenes were assigned to "cell" (23,598 terms), "cell part" (21,720 terms), and "organelle" (18,647 terms). In the molecular function category, the major GO terms were "catalytic activity" (13,251 terms) and "binding" (12,728 terms).
GO annotations of unigenes by Blast2GO. The x-axis indicated the sub-categories and the y-axis indicates the number of unigenes, and the unigene numbers assigned with same GO terms were indicated on the top of the rectangle bars.
The five subcategories, "response to stimulus", "death", "immune system process", "cell killing" and "antioxidant activity", are all involved in resistance-related biological processes in the responses to abiotic and biotic stimulus/stress, based on their function explanations (Additional file 2).
To identify biological pathways activated in the root of Ae. variabilis, the assembled unigenes were annotated with Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers from BLASTX alignments against the KEGG database (E-value ≤ 1e-5). The assigned EC numbers were subsequently mapped to the reference canonical pathways. As a result, 37,993 unigenes (32.18% of 118,064) matched 57,975 members involved in 119 KEGG pathways (Additional file 3). Of the 37,993 unigenes, 9,596 were related to metabolic pathways, 4,815 to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, 3,355 to spliceosome, 3,216 to plant-pathogen interaction, and 2,275 to ribosome.
Furthermore, 3,798 (including 3,712 individual unigenes) of the 57,975 members were sorted into the plant immune response pathways category, which includes plant-pathogen interaction, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and ABC transporters (Additional file 3). These pathways are closely related to plant defense against biotic/abiotic stress.
All assembled unigenes were further annotated based on COG category . A total of 28,126 unigenes were assigned 64,441 functional annotations, which could be grouped into 25 functional categories (Figure 4). The largest category was "General function prediction only" (7,888 COG annotations, 12.24% of 64,441). Approximately 36.5% of the COG categories were associated with root development, including "Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis" (6,540, 10.15%), "Transcription" (5,482, 8.51%), "Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones" (4,366, 6.78%), "Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis" (3,688, 5.72%) and "Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning" (3,415, 5.30%), etc. In addition, 5,361 (8.32%) unigenes belonged to the "Function unknown" category.
COG function classification. All unigenes were aligned to COGs database at NCBI to predict and category possible functions. Total of 28,126 unigenes were assigned to 25 classifications. The capital letters in x-axis indicates the COG categories as listed on the right of the histogram and the y-axis indicates the number of unigenes.
The category of "Defense mechanisms" (629, 0.98%) is closely related to plant defense. The most abundant type of sequence in this category was ABC-type multidrug transport system . A total of 486 unigenes belonged to ATPase and permease (Additional file).
In summary, 78,467 (66.46% of 118,064) unigenes were annotated in the four public databases. Among them, 74,707 unique unigenes were annotated in NR, Swiss-Prot, and KEGG databases through sequence-based alignments (Figure 2). Further, 22,522 unigenes were annotated in the COG database via domain-based alignments (Figure 3), which provided a further 3,760 annotated unigenes. Approximately one-quarter (18,762) of the annotated unigenes were simultaneously annotated with defined functional annotations in the four public databases. Their functional assignments are summarized in Additional file 5.
Among the annotated unigenes, 839 (0.17% of 118,064) showed high homology to sequences of nematode species, e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans, Brugia malayi, and Globodera rostochiensis, etc. (Additional file 6).
Gene expression levels were estimated by RPKM values. The distribution of RPKM values indicated that most genes were expressed at low levels. Among 118,064 unigenes, 31,484 (26.67%) had RPKM values of less than 1, and 96,687 (81.89%) had RPKM values of less than 10. The RPKM values of 2152 unigenes (1.82%) were greater than 100 (Additional file 5).
Ae. variabilis accession No.1 is a valuable resource for development of CCN-resistance in wheat breeding [12, 13]. However, it is difficult to screen for genes associated with CCN resistance when genomic information is not available. Transcriptomic profiling provides abundant information for a wide range of biological studies. Transcriptomic data gives fundamental insights into biological processes. It can reveal gene expression profiles after experimental treatments or infection, and analyses of conserved orthologous genes can be used for phylogenomic purposes, etc. . Here, we used high-throughput deep sequencing technology to profile the root transcriptome of Ae. variabilis using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this subject for Ae. variabilis. The cDNA library was constructed using pooled RNA samples from CCN-infected and non-infected plants at three time points. This maximized the number of expressed transcripts included in the analysis, especially those related to CCN resistance.
Accurate sequencing and reliable read assembly are essential for downstream applications of transcriptome data . In this study, we used two popular assemblers, SOAPdenovo and Trinity, for de novo assembly of the transcriptomic data of Ae. variabilis. The SOAPdenovo program has been widely used in many studies [25, 50], while the Trinity method is a newly developed tool. Trinity was reported to recover more full-length transcripts across a broad range of expression levels, and to provide a unified, sensitive solution for transcriptome reconstruction in species without a reference genome, similar to methods that rely on genome alignments . The two methods showed similar average read-depth coverage values. SOAPdenovo produced more unigenes than Trinity; however, many of the sequences assembled by SOAPdenovo were shorter than 200 bp (37,828 out of 130,487). On the other hand, Trinity generated 118,064 unigenes, the unigenes did not contain gaps, and the average unigene length was nearly twice that of those produced by SOAPdenovo (mean length of 599 bp using Trinity, 351 bp using SOAPdenovo). Therefore, Trinity was a better approach than SOAPdenovo for assembly in this research.
The Roche 454 GS FLX platform produces long reads (≫400 bp), whereas the Illumina sequencer generates more reads with a shorter length (90 bp). In this study, however, most of the assembled unigenes (130,487 from SOAPdenovo (≥150 bp) or 118,064 from Trinity (≥200 bp)) achieved a higher coverage of ~33×. This indicates that short-read sequencing combined with an in-depth sequencing strategy and an effective assembly tool is an appropriate strategy to analyze transcriptome profiles.
Compared with other transcriptome studies, the length distribution of the 130,487 and 118,064 unigenes generated in this work tended towards shorter-length reads. There are several possible explanations for this. First, Ae. variabilis (2n = 4x = 28, UUSvSv) is an allotetraploid species of the tribe Titiceae and it has an enormously expanded repeated genome. This may present a substantial barrier to assembling short unigenes into long ones using current and upcoming sequencing technology [51, 52]. Second, the total RNA for sequencing in our work was pooled from six samples, which may negatively affect read assembly . The high dynamic range of mRNA expression is a problem for comprehensive de novo mRNA sequencing and assembly . Third, high frequencies of alternative splicing and fusion events may have restricted the assembly of short sequences into longer ones [54, 55]. Another important reason is that more than 80% of unigenes in this study were expressed at low levels. Therefore, there would be fewer reads corresponding to these unigenes for sequencing and for use in sequence assembly. Even so, the de novo transcriptome of Ae. variabilis provided abundant unigene information without gaps in sequences. This genetic data enriches the genomic resources for the tribe Titiceae.
A total of 7,408 individual unigenes (6.27% of 118,064) were associated with plant defense and resistance (Additional file 7). These unigenes could be classified into five GO sub-categories, three pathways, and a COG function group. More attention should be paid to the three pathways related to plant defense, which included 3712 unigenes. In the "plant-pathogen interaction" pathway, unigenes were mainly involved with the hypersensitive response, cell wall reinforcement, stomatal closure, and defense-related gene induction (Additional file 8). In the "phosphatidylinositol signaling system" pathway, unigenes were mainly related to reactions involving phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives (Additional file 9). In the "ABC transporters" pathway, unigenes were related to eukaryotic-type transporters only, such as the ABCA subfamily, ABCB subfamily, ABCC subfamily, ABCG subfamily, and other putative ABC transporters (Additional file 10). These pathways provide a starting point to explore the genes related to CCN resistance and to understand its molecular mechanism.
Interestingly, 839 unigenes showed high homology to genes from nematode species (Additional file 6), probably because the root had been invaded by CCNs. As there is no genomic information available for CCN, we cannot thoroughly filter sequences of H. avenae genes from the transcriptome database. However, the detection of CCN unigenes confirmed that the method used for CCN inoculation was successful. More importantly, these unigenes represent those expressed during the interaction with a resistant host. Therefore, this experimental system and the unigene dataset obtained from it build a platform for combining genetic, genomic, and expression information on the interaction between CCN and its host in future studies .
This is the first report of transcriptome profiling of Ae. variabilis using high-throughput deep sequencing technology. The sequencing was at a depth of 4.69 gigabase pairs. A total of 118,064 unigenes were assembled and 78,467 unigenes were functionally annotated. By including RNA samples from CCN-infected plants, the dataset shown here may reveal important information about gene expression related to the plant response to, and defense against, CCN invasion. Consequently, the large number of transcriptomic sequences and their functional annotations will provide sufficient information to discover novel genes and to explore the molecular mechanism of CCN resistance in Ae. variabilis. Therefore, the results of this study will be useful for improving CCN resistance in wheat breeding programs.
We thank Associate Prof. Feng Liu of ShanDong Agricultural University for CCN supply, Associate Prof. Wen-Kun Huang of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for technique aiding in CCN inoculation, Prof. Xiang-Zhen Li, CIB of CAS, for kindly suggestions on the manuscript. We also thank for the patience of Editor Board and constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers to improve our manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971903) and the National S&T Key Project of China on GMO Cultivation for New Varieties (2008ZX08009-003).
MQY and HL conceived this study. DLX and HL designed the experimental plan, drafted and revised the manuscript. DLX, HL, JJL, JZ, XC, JLL, ZFP and GBD participated in sample collection, RNA preparation, performed experiments, analyzed and interpreted the sequence data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


A new writer has been added to the season 5 cast! Nick Confalone has taken part in various cartoons across Disney and WB according to his IMDB page and Twitter Profile. It's going to be interesting to see what he brings to the world of MLP!
You can find his announcement tweet over here.
Thanks to Leon, Nick, and everyone else for sending it!


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Brooklyn man fatally shot in face on residential block: NYPD
By Emily Davenport Posted on November 7, 2022
Photo by Lloyd Mitchell
The NYPD is investigating a shooting that left a man dead in Brooklyn on Monday morning.
According to police, at 11:35 a.m. on Nov. 7 officers from the 75th Precinct responded to a 911 call regarding a person shot in the vicinity of Euclid Avenue and Sutter Avenue in East New York. Upon their arrival, officers found a 35-year-old man who had multiple gunshot wounds in his face at the location.
Paramedics rushed to the location and declared the man, whose identity has yet to be released, dead at the scene.
Police say that two unknown men, described as being in their 20s, fled the scene on foot following the shooting.
No arrests have been made at this time. The investigation is ongoing.
Updated at 4:12 p.m. on Nov. 7, 2022.
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NYC SHOOTINGS: Eight men in the hospital as bullets fly in Brooklyn again

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jamal Crawford May Retire If No Team Decides To Sign Him Until Next Season
by David Guillermo · 4. July 2020
Photo Credit: AP Photo
Veteran shooting guard Jamal Crawford has been on the free agent market since last year's summer and is still looking for an NBA return for the resumption of the NBA season in Orlando, Florida.
As there's no guarantee that Crawford will be signed by another team, he now was asked if he has already set up a timetable to call it a career, during his appearance on 'The Court Vision' podcast.
"I don't know if I have a timetable but I would think for me, it would probably be at some point next season. Like it may not be the beginning of next season, maybe a team that fighting for the playoffs later on in the season. And at that point, probably if it doesn't happen, I would probably say, 'Okay, that's it'."
There have been several NBA players that chose to skip the NBA bubble for personal issues that matter outside of basketball. This situation has opened up the window for Crawford to get the call he has been waiting for all season long.
Crawford last played for the Phoenix Suns, and was still in good shape. Last year, Crawford became the oldest player to ever score 50 points in any single game in NBA history; putting up 51 points against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 39.
Tags: Jamal CrawfordPhoenix Suns
Tim Duncan May Retire in the Most Tim Duncan-esque Way
by oc_webmaster · Published 13. May 2016
The Lakers Are Planning To Ask UCLA About Dealing with LaVar Ball, According To Coach Walton
by Len Werle · Published 20. May 2017
Duke Comes Back From Being Down 23 With 10 Minutes To Go Against Louisville
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Eternally stinky city? Rome garbage crisis sparks health fears
Agence France-Presse / 05:59 PM July 15, 2019
Landfills in flames and rats feasting on waste in the streets have sparked health fears in Rome, as doctors warn families to steer clear of disease-ridden curbside garbage and locals launch a disgusting dumpster contest online.
Crowds of summer tourists are forced to navigate overflowing bins in the stifling heat, as the pungent perfume of neglected garbage draws scavenging animals and the threat of disease to the Eternal City and locals fume over the city's refuse management.
Residents walk past overflowing trash bins in the Centocelle district of Rome. Image: AFP/Tiziana Fabi
Rome's chief physician Antonio Magi has issued a "hygiene alert," telling Agence France-Presse this could be upgraded to a health warning, with disease spread through the feces of insects and animals banqueting on rotting waste.
His warning prompted local prosecutors to open an investigation this week into the city's refuse collection.
In the meantime, furious Rome residents have launched a contest on Twitter to find the most foul dustbins.
Discarded pizza boxes or the remains of spaghetti lunches and fruit rinds draw opportunistic seagulls, rats and even wild boars to the streets of Rome, with wolves also spotted closer to the city's outskirts than ever before.
Adding to the indignation of Rome residents is the steep price they are paying for their garbage to rot in the streets.
The city spent more than 597 euros ($670, about P34,o00) per inhabitant on household waste treatment in 2017 — by far the highest in the country, ahead of Venice at 353 euros ($398, about P20,000) and Florence at 266 euros ($299, about P15,o00), according to a report by the Openpolis Foundation.
But the city lacks infrastructure. Of its three main landfills, one has closed and the others were ravaged by fire in recent months.
And two biological treatment sites have reduced their activities for maintenance work.
'Degradation and abandonment'
Some residents make matters worse by simply dumping their old mattresses, fridges and sofas next to garbage bins.
But local Salvatore Orlando, 50, told Agence France-Presse the council was entirely to blame.
"Of course it's the mayor's fault. You certainly can't blame the citizens," he said.
"They produce waste, they have to throw it away, and the public services have to collect it. It's simple. We pay taxes for it".
Rome's mayor and the president of the Lazio region both assured Italy's environment minister Tuesday, July 9 that the crisis would be resolved "within 15 days."
But to do so, more of the city's 5,000 tons of daily waste will have to be sent for incineration elsewhere.
"Everyone complains about waste but no one wants an incinerator. Instead, we take the waste abroad, to Austria, to Germany!" another aggrieved resident said, declining to give his name.
Even Pope Francis has commented on the decline, lamenting Rome's "degradation and abandonment."
Italy's Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, head of the far-right league, has jumped on the chance to use the crisis as a political weapon against mayor Virginia Raggi, who hails from the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S).
The stench and sticky pavements have given him ammunition ahead of the next municipal elections, scheduled for 2021.
But in a city where key sectors are riddled with inefficiency and corruption, residents will wonder whether Salvini has a magic recipe for resolving a situation that has stumped parties over the years across the political spectrum.
In the meantime, rubbish is just one more daily challenge in a city with countless potholes, trees that topple at the first gust of wind and buses that catch fire — if their engines start at all. RGA/JB
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TAGS: Garbage, Italy, landfills, Pope Francis, Rome


A testable case for ID?
This is in response to a Secular Outpost post by Keith Parsons.
I am afraid you don't have Lewis right here at all. In fact, when you read him, and when I read him, it is as if we are reading the same words, but getting an entirely different message. Now I could be being exasperatingly generous, or maybe you aren't giving him a fair shake, but somehow we just aren't seeing the same things. Lewis isn't romanticizing dryads, etc. What he is doing is pointing out the problems with taking successful scientific developments and extrapolating from those to other areas of discourse where treating something else in the same way as science treated another area results in bad conclusions.
In the case of psychology, I take it that since you and I are close to the same age, you remember what psychology departments were like in the early 1970s. They were filled with people, following B. F. Skinner, who thought to really treat human beings in a scientific manner we had to stop talking about consciousness. It's the extrapolation from previous successes in science, the idea that we can look at the trajectory of science and make confident predictions about how science is going to have to treat certain types of subject matter, that we get into trouble.
Now the reason this is not an attack on science is because this history of science should really teach us that we can't plot the course of future scientific success. Science progresses sometimes by coming up with successful reductions, and sometimes progresses by recognizing that reductionism isn't going to work. Cognitive science, while not going anti-naturalistic, has come to reject the idea that consciousness has to be denied (although it is still very much a scientific mystery). The behaviorist hegemony which seemed to pervasive in psychology in my undergraduate days (the entire ASU philosophy department was one huge rat lab) is now considered a Dark Age.
This passage, from the Abolition of Man, helps to see that Lewis is complaining about extrapolations from science, not about science itself.
From this point of view the conquest of Nature appears in a new light. We reduce things to mere Nature in order that we may `conquer' them. We are always conquering Nature, because `Nature' is the name for what we have, to some extent, conquered. The price of conquest is to treat a thing as mere Nature. Every conquest over Nature increases her domain. The stars do not become Nature till we can weigh and measure them: the soul does not become Nature till we can psychoanalyse her. The wresting of powers from Nature is also the surrendering of things to Nature. As long as this process stops short of the final stage we may well hold that the gain outweighs the loss. But as soon as we take the final step of reducing our own species to the level of mere Nature, the whole process is stultified, for this time the being who stood to gain and the being who has been sacrificed are one and the same. This is one of the many instances where to carry a principle to what seems its logical conclusion produces absurdity. It is like the famous Irishman who found that a certain kind of stove reduced his fuel bill by half and thence concluded that two stoves of the same kind would enable him to warm his house with no fuel at all. It is the magician's bargain: give up our soul, get power in return. But once our souls, that is, ourselves, have been given up, the power thus conferred will not belong to us. We shall in fact be the slaves and puppets of that to which we have given our souls. It is in Man's power to treat himself as a mere `natural object' and his own judgements of value as raw material for scientific manipulation to alter at will. The objection to his doing so does not lie in the fact that this point of view (like one's first day in a dissecting room) is painful and shocking till we grow used to it. The pain and the shock are at most a warning and a symptom. The real objection is that if man chooses to treat himself as raw material, raw material he will be: not raw material to be manipulated, as he fondly imagined, by himself, but by mere appetite, that is, mere Nature, in the person of his de-humanized Conditioners.
I originally brought this up in connection with a passage from Richard Swinburne about how some of these past scientific successes were achieved.
There is a crucial difference between these two cases. All other integrations into a super-science, or sciences dealing with entities and properties apparently qualitatively distinct, was achieved by saying that really some of the entities and properties were not as they appeared to be; by making a distinction between the underlying (not immediately observable) entities and properties and the phenomenal properties to which they give rise. Thermodynamics was conceived with the laws of temperature exchange; and temperature was supposed to be a property inherent in an object. The felt hotness of a hot body is indeed qualitatively distinct from particle velocities and collisions. The reduction was achieved by distinguishing between the underlying cause of the hotness (the motion of the molecules) and the sensations which the motion of molecules cause in observers. The former falls naturally within the scope of statistical mechanic—for molecules are particles' the entities and properties are not of distinct kinds. But this reduction has been achieved at the price of separating off the phenomenal from its causes, and only explaining the latter. All reduction from one science to another dealing with apparently very disparate properties has been achieved by this device of denying that the apparent properties (i. e. the 'secondary qualities" of colour, heat, sound, taste, etc.) with which one science dealt belonged to the physical world at all. It siphoned them off to the world of the mental. But then, but when you come to face the problem of the sensations themselves, you cannot do this. If you are to explain the sensations themselves, you cannot distinguish between them and their underlying causes and only explain the latter. In fact the enormous success of science in producing an integrated physico-chemistry has been achieved at the expense of separating off from the physical world colours, smells, and tastes, and regarding them as purely private sensory phenomena. The very success of science in achieving its vast integrations in physics and chemistry is the very thing which has made apparently impossible any final success in integrating the world of the mind with the world of physics.
It was Lewis who said, "It is the glory of science to progress." But progress may not go in the same direction as past progress.
I need to go back over what the Steve argument is. It is a response to the "anti-causal" reply to the argument from reason, or, more particularly, the problem of mental causation. Actually, it's one of a few arguments I use against this position, which goes back to Anscombe's critique of Lewis. I have to give kudos to Clayton for keeping focused on what this post is about.
The Steve argument is an illustration of the fact that when we say that someone is rational, we are saying that evidential relationships are relevant to the actual occurrence of beliefs as psychological events. In particular, when we try to explain why we are rational in believing something, we make counterfactual claims about the relationship between evidence and our beliefs, such as "If the evidence for evolution weren't so strong, I wouldn't believe in it." A typical way in which people impugn the rationality of others is to say that smart people believe things for not-so-smart reasons, and then use their reasoning powers to justify what they have already committed themselves emotionally to believe. In fact, people like Loftus very often charge that Christians are something like Steve; that is, they for a belief in Christianity through processes that could just as easily produce a false belief as a true belief, and then find whatever arguments they can to undergird those beliefs which were really reached in a non-truth-conducive way.
But what we are saying when we say we believe something for a good reason is that the presence of reasons is relevant to the production of our beliefs, that, unlike those benighted folks over there, we have actually paid attention to the evidence and are following it wherever it leads, whether it makes us feel good or not.
But what that means is that evidential relationships are relevant to what beliefs we hold, and therefore, what states our brains get themselves into. But evidential and logical relationships are abstract states. They are not physical things, and they do not have particular locations in space and time. Yet they are, apparently, causally relevant to the beliefs we form. Or, at least they can be.
But these same people will say that the mind is the brain, and that what goes on in the brain is simply physical causation playing itself out. Abstract objects don't, they say, cause anything to happen in the brain, since the brain is a physical system and events in the brain are caused just like any other events. It's just the laws of physics playing themselves out.
It seems to me that this points to something paradoxical in the naturalist's view of reasoning.
Apparently this was written by Charles Echelbarger of SUNY Oswego, though it never quite says anywhere.
But I wonder how he handles my "Steve" case?
A pro-gay Christian perspective on the Bible.
This is really excellent work on Lewis. It was completed the same year my book was published.
Maybe this will help us get an idea of what the delusion-rhetoric is all about.
A redated post from a couple years back.
At Wayne, the late Hector Neri-Casteneda, George Nakhnikian, and Edmund Gettier confronted me with antitheistic argumetns of a depth and philosophical sophistication and persistence I had never encountered before....Nakhnikian was our chairman; he thought well of my powers as a budding young philosopher, but also thought no intelligent person could possibly be a Christian. He would announce this sentiment in his usual stentorian tones, whereupon Robert Sleigh would say "But what about Al, George? Don't you think he's an intelligent person?" George would have to admit, reluctantly, that he thought I probably was, but he still thought there had to be a screw loose in there somewhere."
Many people have made the argument that difficulties for materialism need not be difficulties for ontological naturalism. But that leaves an important question: what is a non-materialist naturalism supposed to look like?
I can imagine a form of naturalism in which God, angels, and what we used to call human souls are part of nature. But then we could even imagine the physical in such a way that all these things are physical. When I took a course on physicalism with Hugh Chandler, who eventually became my doctoral dissertation advisor, he suggested that the physical is whatever is quantified over in an ideally completed physics. Since some theories in physics quantify over God, on that view, God would be physical.
Such definitional liberality, however, would make it difficult to define even methodological naturalism, since it would then no longer exclude what most of typically think it is supposed to exclude.
This piece, from Internet Monk, suggests that the besetting sin that people today are failing to notice is homophily, the restriction of our love to people who are like us.
An ethical genius from two millennia ago told us when we ask ourselves who we should love, in other words, who is my neighbor, we have to ask that question from a position of dire need, the kind of need one would be in if one had just been mugged and left for dead on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. From that vantage point, try thinking that the person who takes care of you is too Samaritan, too feminist, too Republican, too Democrat, too rich, too poor, or too gay, or too immoral, or too illegal, to be my neighbor.
I have often reflected on world-views and disconfirmation. Many non-believers will tell me that they would believe if God were to do something miraculous. God could provide a dramatic, Spielbergian confirmation of his existence which would disconfirm atheism, perhaps decisively. The galaxies in the Virgo cluster spelling out "Turn or Burn: This Means You, Parsons" is my personal favorite. Though Perezoso has been pointing out Christine Overall's argument that miracles wouldn't confirm the goodness of God, and might be one more piece of evidence that the Infinite One is not good, even if he exists.
Can the theist point to something similar that would decisively refute his own theism? After all a God who doesn't exist can't dramatically demonstrate his non-existence. In most atheist post-mortem scenarios, both the theist and the atheist have gone out of existence, so no one will be around to collect their bets. But there is no Spielbergian scenario that the theist can point to. Most people who come to believe, or disbelieve, do so for a variety of reasons put together, and so I can offer a vague suggestion that a lot of things going south with respect to my faith might undermine it decisively, without being able to specify exactly what that would amount to.
It is somewhat easier to think of a circumstance according to which my Christian beliefs might fall apart, though this is a post-mortem scenario.
I die, and stand before an august figure who is carrying a curved sword, and a gong mallet. The august figure asks me who my God is. I tell him "The triune God, the Father, on and Holy Spirit." The august figure scowls and bangs the gong. This isn't going so well. "The true God is Allah, he says." Oops. Then he asks "Who is your prophet?" I answer, "There were many prophets. There were the nonliterate prophets, like Elijah and Elisha, there were the Major Prophets, and the Minor Prophets. The gong bangs again. "And Muhammad is his prophet." I then find myself falling into a desert. There are lots of mirages but no water. And lots of demonic laughter whenever I realize there is no water. I'm really thirsty.
Then I reach a canyon, which I can't cross. I see all of the 9/11 hijackers enjoying...uh... the fruits promised them in the Muslim paradise, and praising Allah. I mean, this is serious damnation.
After awhile it will get through to me that this is not a bad dream, and the logical conclusion would have to be that Islam was true and Christianity was not.
Do naturalists use the principle of faith seeking understanding. In this old post, Bill Vallicella argues that they do, rebutting some objections that I have heard from time to time from naturalists.
Scientists, according to this article, have no clue as to how life began. But the author thinks this doesn't support a theistic account, because theists can't answer the question "Who made God?"
Interesting because McGinn is a "mysterian" about the mind.
1) If Billy Graham were to fall ill, many Christians all over the world would pray for his recovery.
2) If Billy were to recover, they would all praise God and credit him with the healing.
3) If Billy were to die, they would say that it was not God's will for Billy to recover.
4) But if God can be used to explain why something occurs but also why something does not occur, then it really does not explain it at all.
5) But if this is so, the appeal to God explains nothing.
6) If God explains nothing, then we should simply deny God's existence.
7) Therefore, we should believe that God does not exist.
This passage in the review is especially interesting from the point of view of some of the things we have heard of late.
Oh wait. There are no ex-atheists.
Doctor Logic: Expectation assumes induction. If I give up induction as a principle of reason, I wouldn't expect anything at all. I certainly couldn't expect that God would keep things regular because that would involve induction somewhere along the line.
VR: My expectation that God would keep things regular is a direct inference from the immediate knowledge I have of my own mind (about the only thing, perhaps, that I have immediate knowledge about). I know what it is to have a mind. And a mind that prefers disorder to order is simply not a mind. Hence there is something incoherent about the idea of a disordered and chaotic universe that was made by a mind, but there is nothing incoherent about the idea of a chaotic universe that was not made by a mind.
This is Carrier's blog entry, from a few years back, on the negative role that Christianity has played in the development of science. The combox is worth reading, since he faces some challenging discussion from J. D. Walters and J. L. Hinman.
A couple of things off the top of my head. First, the major advances of modern science, when it became clear that science could really make a difference not only in the way we view the world, but also the way in which we live our lives, happened in Christian Europe, not Hindu India, or Buddhist Japan, or Islamic Arabia. To say that it would have arisen in Ancient Greece if things had been different strikes me as sheer speculation.
Second, it seems to me that a polytheistic view would have made it impossible to formulate, say, a law of universal gravitation. If Zeus is in control of the sky, but Poseidon is in control of the sea, then to me it just wouldn't make sense to say that the same law of gravity operates in both realms. I suppose if someone accepted modern naturalism, then you could just affirm that the laws of physics are just there and that's all, but even here I wonder if should expect stable laws of nature on naturalistic assumptions. It's always been my view that there is no reason to believe that the laws of nature will remain stable unless there's a God.
Can be read at this site.
This is a government of the people, by the people and for the people no longer. It is a government by the corporations, of the corporations, and for the corporations.
History is written by the winners, but Michael Flannery thinks history has been unfair to Alfred Russel Wallace.
Because they won't repeal their law that forbids lying in the news. Actually, it's a Fox-like channel called Sun News.
HT: Mr. Veale. This looks like an interesting read. Apparently the science of sociology debunks something other than Christianity.
He compares materialist philosophy of mind to alchemy. A redated post.
Does John 14:6 support exclusivism?


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Global standards support first nations property assessment
Now in his fourth year on the Americas Board, Paul Campbell is a veteran leader for RICS in Canada.
Build back better: Why this must include improving existing building stock
Whether in response to the immediate public health crisis or pressing pre-existing mega-trends such as climate change, there is an opportunity to work towards a more a resilient built environment than what we had before the pandem...
News & opinion 3 Jun 2020
In an age of unpredictability, quantity surveyors provide solutions
Recovery from the pandemic will rely on the skills of quantity surveyors as government's will look to infrastructure development will kick-start the economy.
Chartered surveyors assess new sets of risks thanks to COVID-19
Darren Cash of Turner and Townsend discusses how, in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic, chartered surveyors are now having to assess new day-to-day risks
Candy Lai talks about her achievements in UK and Hong Kong construction
Candy Lai speaks to RICS about challenges and achievements as a woman in construction
News & opinion 27 Mar 2020
Not so subtle words: Women in construction, by Marie Foley
Marie Foley MRICS reflects on her experiences as a woman in the construction industry
We brought together six surveying figures from across the professional spectrum, and asked them how the industry needs to adapt to stay relevant amidst a digital revolution.
News & opinion 5 Mar 2020
Role Models: Gender diversity in the Latin American Infrastructure sector
Marcia Ferrari, Head of Development LatAm & FM Americas at RICS, writes about her experiences championing change and empowering women in Brazil
Meet Tammy Harrison-Round MRICS, winner of the Inclusive Leader Award 2019
We spoke to Tammy Harrison-Round about her journey in the profession, with a focus on Diversity and Inclusion
Inspirational women in the profession
We spoke to women who are members of RICS from around the world to find out about their journeys in the profession
New governance to deliver confidence for the future
Today marks the beginning of a new streamlined structure of governance for the RICS with new boards introducing more diverse and global expertise and independent-led oversight.
News & opinion 26 Feb 2020
Coronavirus to weigh on Q1 construction activity, despite recent pick-up
International construction activity picked-up in the last quarter of 2019, according to the latest findings of RICS' series of international Infrastructure and Construction Surveys.
Building a business case for the circular economy in real estate
RICS and Arup and the Ellen Macarthur Foundation have collaborated on five circular economy real estate business models to help build a business case towards sustainability
At the age of 25, Rosanna Lawn MRICS has already had a whirlwind career. From president of her university's Property Society, to helping to take hi-tech modular houses to the masses with start-up Project Etopia. What's next in her...
Going overseas for work can be daunting – but it's also an opportunity to broaden your skills and gain experience. We ask five people who have made the move to share their expert advice.
A grid for Guyana
Surveying in Guyana for a road upgrade and a river crossing meant one UK-based team of contractors had to resort to more traditional techniques


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Posts filed under 'Πυγμαχία'
Ingemar Johansson, 76, dies; Swedish boxer stunned world by knocking out Floyd Patterson
Ingemar Johansson stands over the fallen Floyd Patterson in their 1959 heavyweight title fight. at Yankee Stadium in New York. Johansson, from Sweden, became only the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States.
By associated press, Los Angrles Times, January 31, 2009
Reporting from Stockholm — Ingemar Johansson, the Swede who stunned the boxing world by knocking out Floyd Patterson to win the heavyweight title in 1959, has died, a longtime friend said today. Johansson was 76. Johansson died at a nursing home in Kungsbacka on Sweden's west coast, said Stig Caldeborn, a close friend who sparred with Johansson when they were in their teens.Caldeborn said he didn't know the cause of death but told the Associated Press that Johansson had recently returned to the nursing home after being hospitalized with pneumonia.
Johansson's daughter, Maria Gregner, told the Swedish news agency TT that the former champion died just before midnight Friday. Johansson was diagnosed with Alzheimer's and dementia more than 10 years ago, when he lived in Stockholm. He spent the rest of his life in Kungsbacka, only a few miles from the house where he grew up. On June 26, 1959, Johansson knocked out Patterson in the third round at Yankee Stadium to win the heavyweight title. He floored the American seven times in the third round before referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight 2:03 into it. Back home, hundreds of thousands of Swedes listened to the live radio broadcast at 3 a.m. as Johansson became only the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States. His feat earned him the Associated Press' Male Athlete of the Year in 1959, the second Swede to win the award.
Ingemar Johansson stunned the boxing world by knocking out Floyd Patterson on June 26, 1959.
(Associated Press)
Patterson avenged the upset loss a year later in the rematch in New York, knocking Johansson out in the fifth round. In March 1961, the Swede floored Patterson twice in Miami before being knocked out in the sixth round of the rubber match. Johansson had four more fights — all wins, one of them a knockout of England's Dick Richardson for the European title in 1962 — before retiring the following year. Johansson was married and divorced twice, and is also survived by five children.
January 31, 2009 at 11:33 am Leave a comment


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After completing our interview sessions before practice today, most of us stayed in the media room to write our stories.
When I was done, shortly after UW's practice ended, I headed down the hallway behind the court just in time to look up and see Jon Brockman walking on crutches into the training room.
It was almost exactly 48 hours before tipoff of UW's Pac-10 tournament game against Cal, and it seemed hard to believe he'd be able to play. Brockman expressed his own doubts when he talked to reporters before practice, though still holding out hope.
It seems a bleak way for the Huskies to enter a tournament in which they may need to win at least one game to assure some sort of post-season bid.
If there are any good omens in any of this it's UW's history this season against Cal.
The Huskies have more experience playing without Brockman against Cal than against any other conference team as he recorded two of his three lowest-minute outings of Pac-10 play against the Bears (the lowest was in the blowout at Oregon State). Those were also two of his least-productive games.
Brockman played 24 minutes in the first game against Cal and 23 in the second, limited each time due to foul trouble (he averages 31.7 minutes for the season).
In the first game, Brockman had 15 points and just four rebounds. In the second, he had 10 points (tying his lowest of the season) and again just four rebounds (which made it somewhat ironic that Cal coach Ben Braun speculated aloud afterward that it had to have been a long time since Brockman had managed only four rebounds in a game). The two four-rebound games against Cal were his two lowest-rebound totals of the season, and two of only nine in single-digits all year.
In the first game, besides battling foul trouble, Brockman was at about his lowest ebb in dealing with a groin injury. With Brockman ailing and in foul trouble, Artem Wallace turned in his best game of the year with 17 points and 10 rebounds, a performance that might have been good enough lift UW to the win had the Huskies shot better than 8-18 from the three throw line (or 7-27 from the three-point line).
Brockman picked up his second foul with 5:14 left in the first half of the second meeting with Cal and was replaced with the Bears ahead 27-26. He sat out the rest of the half, and the Huskies then went on a 23-17 run to take a 49-44 halftime lead, a lead UW never gave up.
Brockman picked up his fourth foul with 16:07 left in the game and then sat until the 6:14 mark during which time the Huskies and Bears played to a standoff — UW led by seven when left, and by seven when he returned.
So while his teammates would obviously rather Brockman be out there Wednesday, at least it won't be a completey unfamiliar feeling being without him against the Bears.


You had a great idea – for a blog, an e-commerce store, a personal portfolio, whatever – and you grabbed yourself the perfect domain name. What's next? It's the "next" part where many people start to get tripped up.
Maybe it's because you don't have a lot of time on your hands, what with work, school, kids, or binge watching Mr. Robot. Maybe it's because you don't have any web design experience. Maybe it's because you don't want to pay someone huge amounts of money to design a site for you. It's time to throw those reasons out of the window, because Rebel is excited to announce that we have partnered with website design gurus Weebly!
Right now, Rebel customers can add a free one-page Weebly website to their domain(s) and get access to some ridiculously sweet features that will have their online presence looking super fly in no time. Without further adieu, here are the top 5 reasons why you need to try Rebel's Weebly website builder immediately.
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Referral traffic from LinkedIn to BBC News has doubled in a year as it's honed its strategy and published more broadly. The post How BBC News is using LinkedIn appeared first on Digiday.
Technically speaking, Apple's truly wireless in-ear headphones, the AirPods, have supported Siri right out of the gate. With the first-generation model, though, you had to double-tap to invoke the digital personal assistant and get something done. For someone like me, that meant not having the ability to quickly double-tap to skip a song or play a track again, which meant that wasn't an option.
The Mars InSight lander has sensed the a quake within the planet.The news: On its 128th day on the red planet, the lander picked up the first definitive sign of shaking from within Mars.


Feels so nice to be writing the Captains article after a week's hiatus owing to the international break. Our recommendation for the Captain's armband for this week is Diego Costa (11.2).
Technically speaking, on paper there is only one player who fares slightly better than Costa wrt Points per game. Angel Di Maria (10.1) has averaged 8.6 POINTS per game this season, but his other stats are far lesser than his Chelsea counterpart. We believe that it the probability of scoring increases if you take more chances, and that is exactly why we choose Costa over ADM to bear our captain's armband for GW8.
The most logical next alternatives is Angel Di Maria. An easy fixture and fantastic form hold his case for the armband. Choose him as your captain if you naysayer in general.
Graziano Pelle (7.9) is our second captain alternative. The Saints striker continues on the back of his form which helped Italy secure a win during the international break. A Dark horse, if you ask me.
This entry was posted in Captain and tagged captain, Costa, Diego, EPL, Fantasy, football, FPL, Gameweek 8, league, premier, tips, Transfer Tips, Transfers. Bookmark the permalink.


The Internet of Things (IoT) is, arguably, the hottest topic in IT. Every organization wants to participate in the IoT, and many IT professionals want to know how to add IoT skills to their resume. There are lots of options for learning about IoT, but nothing really beats the hands-on experience with Raspberry PI.
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Japanese firms' outward push continues
A recent uptick in Japanese outbound M&A transactions has fuelled appetite for foreign expansion for the country's major firms. One of Japan's 'big four' firms, Mori Hamada & Matsumoto, is the latest to make its move into Myanmar with a planned office opening in the spring. It is the firm's latest expansion in the South […]
President Obama announces surveillance reforms: key points for businesses
By Aravind Swaminathan, Jim Halpert and Michelle J Anderson In a speech that garnered worldwide attention, US president Barack Obama has announced important reforms in the ways the US government will gather, store, use and retain signals-related information. These changes will quickly affect many companies, both in the US and globally. In this alert, we identify […]
The Guardian's Gill Philips on steering the paper through choppy waters
It isn't often that a US president changes policy based on stories in a UK newspaper. But that is exactly what President Obama did when he set out reforms for data collection and surveillance on Friday following a series of revelations about the National Security Agency in The Guardian. Getting those global stories into print […]
S Chelvan from No5 Chambers discusses challenges faced by LGBTI refugees
On 22 January 2014, S Chelvan from No5 Chambers gave a presentation at Oxford University's Refugee Studies Centre as part of the 'Human rights, asylum and refugee protection: exploring the confluences, constraints and contradictions' public seminar series. Chelvan's presentation was entitled 'At the end of the rainbow: where next for the LGBTI refugee?' and discussed […]
Debevoise & Plimpton
Like a bat out of Shell
By Hannah Gannage-Stewart	 20 January 2014 00:00
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Tax Issues around Brexit
Our European tax team recentlydelivered a breakfast seminar exploring the tax issues and challenges posed by the result of the EU Referendum. The team covered a range of issues, including: the European framework, including overview of the EU, EEA, Eurozone and other European groupings; the process of the UK's withdrawal from the EU; and the […]
India shuts down Mauritius route
Time to rethink investment structures On May 10 the Indian government issued a press release announcing the signing of a protocol to amend the India-Mauritius tax treaty.1 As a result of these amendments, Mauritius tax residents will no longer be exempt from Indian capital gains tax on sales of shares of Indian resident companies that […]
Insurance: new assessment method for GSIIs
The International Association of Insurance Supervisors ("IAIS") has published its updated assessment methodology for designating global systemically important insurers ("G-SIIs") (the "Revised Methodology"). As part of the review cycle of the IAIS and following consultations in 2015 the Revised Methodology now comprises five phases and adopts absolute reference values for certain indicators. Additionally, the Revised Methodology incorporates a […]
Outlook in enforcement actions against foreign banks at the new NYDFS
By Matthew L. Biben, Courtney M. Dankworth, Eric R. Dinallo, Mary Beth Hogan, Gregory J. Lyons, David Sarratt, David G. Sewell, Harriet M. Antczak On June 15 Maria Vullo was confirmed as the new Superintendent of the New York State Department of Financial Services ("NYDFS"), solidifying the first permanent change in leadership at the agency. Since the departure last summer of […]
Date set for Clydes Supreme Court whistleblowing case
A one and a half day Supreme Court hearing is scheduled to begin on 24 March to decide whether LLP members should be protected by whistleblowing legislation. It is the latest phase of the legal battle between Clyde & Co and former partner Krista Bates van Winkelhof, in which she alleges she was unfairly dismissed […]


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Tag: Morbius: The Living Vampire
Review of Morbius: The Living Vampire #1
Morbius the vampire has returned and with another comic of his very own – Morbius: The Living Vampire. I have been eyeing this comic since Marvel announced it way back when, and at long last, it's here and I have it. The long-awaited Issue #1. Check out my review below! Description: "Morbius….the hunted, haunted fugitive.…Continue readingReview of Morbius: The Living Vampire #1
Tags Marvel Universe, Morbius, Morbius: The Living Vampire, vampire comic
Vampire Books Coming January 2013
Happy New Year! It's a whole new year, a new beginning, one hopefully full of vampires! Now it's time to look at all of the fangtastic books being released this month. There are a lot of highly anticipated books coming out this January. And even better, we have a lot of awesome comics heading our…Continue readingVampire Books Coming January 2013
Tags Alina Urusov, American Vampire, Andrea Sorrentino, Andrew Fukuda, Blue Bloods: The Graphic Novel, Brigid Cherry, Cat Adams, Eighth Grade Bites #1: The Chronicles of Vladimir Tod, Elisabeth Staab, Francesco Francavilla, Gates of Paradise, Heather Brewer, I... Vampire, Joe Keatinge, Joshua Fialkov, Melissa de la Cruz, Morbius: The Living Vampire, Prince of Power, Rebecca Maizel, Richard Elson, Robert Venditti, Scott Snyder, Stolen Nights: A Vampire Queen Novel, The Eldritch Conspiracy, The Prey, Tony Lee, True Blood: Investigating Vampires and Southern Gothic, Vampire Book, vampire books
New 'Morbius: The Living Vampire' Comic Series Heading Our Way
Nobel Prize winning biochemist Doctor Michael Morbius is one of Marvel's famed comic book characters whose tragic story began in when he tried to cure himself of a rare blood disease and instead found himself transformed into a monstrous and bloodthirsty living vampire. Ever since his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man in the 70s,…Continue readingNew 'Morbius: The Living Vampire' Comic Series Heading Our Way
Tags Morbius, Morbius: The Living Vampire, spider-man, vampire comic
The Truth About Real Vampires Today


Mardi Himal Trek presents an overwhelming and picturesque adventure to Mardi Himal, where you will be completely soaked with the views of snowcapped peaks, green rolling hills and walking into pristine forest of lovely rhododendron-magnolia-pines and oak tree lines.
Pokhara Ghandruk Trek provides a nice opportunity to witness the culture and tradition of the Nepalese countryside as well as offering you great views of the Himalayas including Macchapuchre or Fishtail (6993m), Annapurna South (7219m) and Hiunchuli (6441m). Pokhara Ghandruk Trek starts at the beautiful town of Pokhara taking you along river valleys that are studded with rhododendron orchid bushes making stops at villages to interact with locals and their culture.
A little bit of Kathmandu Sightseeing will provide the visitor with quite a fascinating setting. Kathmandu Sightseeing will allow the visitor to have a glimpse of the green mountain walls and snowcapped peaks. During the Kathmandu Sightseeing tour, the visitor will have the chance to go to the three legendary cities of Kantipur, Patan and Bhaktapur that have quite an extensive history, religion and culture .
Himalayan High spirits Adventures offers organized trip to Kingdom of Mustang timed for the beginning of the harvest season and the spectacular three-day Tiji Festival. Located in the Himalayas of Nepal on the border with Tibet, this miniature royal domain answers to its own king even as its host country has rejected a national monarchy.
Himalayan High Spirits Adventure organized the trip in this region since 1999.This region is one of the nearest trekking destinations from Kathmandu and is an unparalleled combination of natural beauty and cultural riches.
Copyright © 2019 Himalayan High Spirits Adventures. All rights Reserved.


Millfield Prep is extremely proud of its international character. Our pupils from around the world live together in boarding houses and share all aspects of school life, including sports and extra-curricular activities. Millfield Prep currently teaches overseas pupils from approximately 20 different nationalities.
When a new pupil arrives, they are warmly welcomed and introduced gently to the school routine, which may at first feel unfamiliar to them. If English is not the child's first language, the EAL (English as an Additional Language) department is here to help. Our specialist staff provide English language tuition in small groups, allowing pupils time to acquire English language skills at their own pace, until they are confident enough to move into their subject lessons.
We believe that excellent pastoral care is central to the experience at our school. As a boarder, each child is part of a family structure that ensures they feel welcome and cared for. Initially, there may be an unsettled time due to culture shock, language difficulties and homesickness but each of our staff has a deep understanding of these feelings and will take the time to talk to and support them. Parents can approach the houseparent, teacher or group tutor about any difficulties or concerns. Each child will have a guide or 'buddy' for the first weeks in school and they are there to help in any way they can.
The school is a multi-faith community and religions other than Christianity are embraced with a spirit of tolerance and understanding.
We realise it can be a difficult decision for parents to send a young child overseas to board, often with very little knowledge of the English language and a different culture to experience. We do all we can to support their integration and our Head of EAL, Nadine Henson, co-ordinates their individual academic programmes and is always available as a listening ear. The return of the boarders to school after the summer holidays is hectic and time does not always allow for in-depth conversations with key staff. We, therefore, hold an Overseas Boarders' Induction Day. It takes place the Saturday before the start of the new school year and gives parents the opportunity to meet senior staff, to learn more about the EAL programme and to purchase uniform. However, the main objective is to meet your child's houseparents and visit the boarding house.
Millfield Enterprises offers international pupils excellent courses in a variety of subjects, including English language, drama, sport and swimming.
Specific dietary needs are catered for in the school's dining hall with a daily range of options available including an excellent choice for vegetarians.
There is a coach service arranged for exeat weekends and holidays. There is also a minibus for airport transfers at the beginning and end of term.


Repair Dynasty Gas Grills and Jenn Air BBQ Grills By Replacing Burners With Cast Iron or Stainless Steel H Burner.
Dynasty gas barbecue grill models were among some of the best BBQ grill models of their time. Even though today Jade no longer exists and Dynasty grills, appliances and parts no longer exist there are other barbecue manufacturers who fabricate the cast iron burners, stainless steel burners, valves, radiant briquette heat shields and other replacement parts to keep repairing Dynast barbecue models. Many of these incredible Dynast barbecue grills were built in to custom outdoor kitchen islands that are made to last as long as the home where they are built as an outdoor kitchen. Instead of replacing an American made 304 stainless barbecue grill Dynasty gas grills should be repaired because they are going to last a very long time with minimal problems if treated halfway decent.
Original cast iron barbecue grill burner for Dynasty gas grills.
See Dynasty Grill Repair Parts.
At the time Dynasty gas grills were being manufactured most gas grill companies using high-end 304 stainless steel were also still using a lot of cast iron.
Cast iron is one of the best heat conductors and heat distributors on our planet and is a great metal material for burners and cooking grates in barbecues that build up conductive and convectional heat. The only problem can be if the parts are not de-greased enough because cast iron has a lot of iron-oxide which in turn oxidizes which is a fancy word for rust.
Dynasty control valve do not line up with burner connections but have a stainless gas line to link valves to orifices to burner.
When the burner is installed the venturi tube slides over the gas orifice. While most barbecue grill models position the control valve so the orifice slides into the burner the Dynasty design seems somewhat arbitrary. If the valves were positioned a few inches left or right the controls would feed into the burner. What is nice about these offset valves in that common grease fires that ruin DCS and Alfresco and other gas grill valves cannot easily damage the Dynasty control valves because of this offset design.
Also the elbow fitting that connects the orifice can be easily loosened in place which makes the H burners very simple to install without using tools. When we choose to adapt a stainless steel H burner to fit eh Dynasty we can easily install clips to the corners of the H shaped burner so the repair is complete once the orifice slides into the H burner venturi tube and the adjustable clips drop into the back support beam.
Dynasty control valves thread into manifold pipe and attach to corrugated gas hose to connect burner just like other bbq models connect a rotisserie but these valevs connect the main burners in this manner.
When threading any valve into any manifold pipe Always use a pipe wrench so the stem is not stressed. As you could guess the small ball-valve inside a barbecue grill control valve can be damaged easily. Use putty or teflon to seal the threads and a pipe wrench to install the valve into the threading so the valve is not harmed and is tightly connected to the gas manifold.
The stainless steel corrgated gas line attaches the control valve to the elbow with the gas orifices to feed LP or NG to these Dynasty burners.
Install stainless steel H burner into Dynasty gas bbq grill.
Once the cast iron or stainless steel H burner is installed and clipped level in the back of the fire box, always remember to adjust the air shutter. At the end of every gas burner venturi tube is an adjustable air shutter which is essentially a carburetor. Adjust the flow of fuel mixing with oxygen into the Dynasty H burner for best results.
Also inside the control valve stem is a adjustment for the ball valve itself which can be used to adjust the control movement for more or less gas flow.
Previous post: Replace Control Valve Igniter In Emperor, Olde Native, Imperial Barbecue Brands.
Next post: Replace OCI U Burner To Repair E36 and E48 BBQ Grill Models.


The various Combinatorial czars who help out.
Next semester, we will use Herb Wilf's wonderful Generating Functionology, which he has made freely available.
The thought-provoking Class-D (pdf). is online, and eagerly awaiting your Ideas.
Below, are the quizzes from Combo1 and Combo2.
Curious onlookers marveled at Class-B (pdf) and its clean, minimalistic two-tone format. Folks exclaimed in pleasure at the familiarity of first question, and the shortness of the exam.
Whatever you do, Don't look at Past courses with notes, exams and links….
Our Combinatorics Syllabus (txt) is available. We also have a course-archive at a private URL, only for the use of the students in our class.
There will be not be a final exam . Here is the thought-provoking end-of-semester Project-E (pdf), to be done individually. The project is be due, slid u n d e r my office door (Little Hall 402, Northeast corner) , no later than noon, Friday, 07Dec2012.
The final project must be carefully typed. I recommend learning the free mathematics-typesetting language . (It is the archive language of the American Mathematical Society.) It can be learned in a week. It is very good for typesetting homework.
Our textbook is A Walk Through Combinatorics (3rd edition).
The book is QA164 .B66 2002 at Marston. A link to this book at The Publisher's site.
There was a test of prerequisite knowledge Friday, 24Aug2012. The Prereq encouraged students to self-evaluate if they should be in the course. The mini-test will count for 4%—8% of course grade.
It also asked you to know the Math-Greek alphabet (pdf), which we will use in class frequently.
Here is a sample test (pdf) which was much longer than the actual prereq.
Greetings. This is a continuation of my Combinatorics 1 (above).
Quantifiers ∀ and ∃ ("for all" and "there exists") are like nitroglycerin, in that one little mis-step leads to the whole thing blowing up in your face.
There is no partial credit when it comes to Explosives and Quantifiers.
There is no final exam . Here is the thought-provoking end-of-semester Project-H (pdf), to be done individually. The optional project is be due, slid u n d e r my office door (Little Hall 402, Northeast corner) , no later than 3PM, Tuesday, 23Apr2013.
The much-beloved Home-G (pdf), coloring our view of polynomials, was following by Class-G (pdf), which asked: If a spanning-tree falls a spanning-forest.... .
Here are a few Solns to Generating-Function problems (pdf), which are good to go through, before the exam. Please email me about errors or infelicities in my writeup. Ta.
Inspiring! , was the word some folk used to describe Class-F (pdf). Others preferred Galvanizing! . Also heard were A succinct synopsis of the semester so far and After this chapter, I now feel Generally Functional….
Our Combinatorics 2 Syllabus (txt) is available. We also have a course-archive at a private URL, only for the use of the students in our class.
"How To Write Proofs" (html), by Prof. Larry W. Cusick, [INTERMEDIATE]. Excellent. Examples mostly from Elem. Number Theory; some from Calculus.
Prof. Christopher Heil's page (pdf) [4 pages, INTRO]. A well written survey of the structure of proofs. Has one example of induction (recursion).
Always use a word/phrase, and never a comma, for then ; e.g then or necessarily or we discover to our delight that .
She has proof snippets in her examples, but remember that your proofs must be written as a sequence of complete, grammatical sentences, correctly punctuated, structured into coherent paragraphs.


Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero will face no action for his two-footed challenge on Chelsea's David Luiz.
The Football Association has confirmed that the Argentina striker will not be charged retrospectively for the incident in Sunday's FA Cup semi-final at Wembley. It follows confirmation that referee Chris Foy had at least seen part of the incident and acted on it during the match - Chelsea were awarded a free-kick.
Both of Aguero's boots made contact with the upper part of Luiz's left leg but under current FA rules only off-the-ball incidents or those viewed as "exceptional" - which would, for example, warrant more than a three-match ban - are dealt with retrospectively.
There was an outcry when the FA took a similar view on Wigan's Callum McManaman after his studs-up challenge on Newcastle's Massadio Haidara, who was carried from the field on a stretcher, last month.
This was slightly different in that, unlike Haidara, Luiz suffered no serious harm and played on until the end of the match - but the Chelsea man himself has called on Aguero to apologise.
Luiz said: "Aguero is a great player but he needs to be honest with himself and say, 'I don't like to do bad tackles'.
"Kids see the game and they want to see the good things and not the bad - I would apologise. Football is beautiful, but sometimes in games people have five seconds like that - I forgive him because I have a good heart. I don't like to beat people.
"Sometimes in a game people have five seconds when they are angry and do things they don't like to do. I think it was that.
"I never saw Aguero do a bad tackle on other players."


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Worth A Look: 6.82%
Pretty Bad: 4.55%
Total Crap: 75%
3 reviews, 26 user ratings
See another review of this film:EricDSnider (Total Crap) brianorndorf (Total Crap)
September Dawn
"�September Yawn� is more like it."
I wish I could admire a filmmaker like Christopher Cain for taking on a challenging subject like the Mountain Meadows massacre of September 11, 1857. The incident was a tragic, but important event that a lot of history books have ignored. 'September Dawn' could have used this incident to raise some worthwhile points the dangers of misguided religious zeal in our own age. Instead, Cain has co-written and directed a film that only the most bigoted of Mormom detractors could enjoy. Most viewers, if any are willing to part with their money or time, will simply laugh derisively.
The actual event involved the murder of a group of 137 people from Arkansas who had stopped in Utah on their way to California. Approximately 40 miles from Cedar City, a group of Paiute Indians and local settlers who belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints attacked the travelers. Some of the attackers later offered the Arkansas emigrants safe passage to Cedar city but instead killed all but the youngest children in the party.
Only the leader of the attackers, John Doyle Lee (Jon Gries, "Napoleon Dynamite"), an adopted son of Brigham Young, was ever brought to justice, nearly 20 years after the crime.
Historians have disagreed over whether Young ordered the attack, tried to prevent it or was unaware until it was too late. As a filmmaker, Cain has the option of reaching his own conclusions about how the Mormon Church behaved in 1857. As a result he has created questionable history and boneheaded drama.
A logical decision might be to focus the film on Lee or somebody in his party. It might have been interesting to examine if he was simply a bloodthirsty madman or if he thought the attack might stave off Federal troops from Utah territory.
Instead, Cain and co-writer Carole W. Schutter focus on an implausible love story between a young Mormom named Jonthan Samuelson (Trent Ford) and an Arkansas woman named Emily Hudson (Tamara Hope). Their match is as unconvincing as Hayden Christensen and Natalie Portman in "Star Wars: Episode II: Attack of the Clones" and a little bit sillier.
Opposing the attraction is Jonathan's intolerant father Jacob (Jon Voight). Jacob is the local Bishop who also serves as a secular authority and assumes any non-Mormon heading through the area must have ill intent.
Schutter and Cain paint all of their characters in broad strokes, so the performances range from stiff to vein-bursting hysteria. The senseless deaths of the Mountain Meadows victims are dramatic enough, so we don't need the clumsily florid prose that stumbles out of the actors' mouths.
Try to keep a straight face when you hear an earnest thespian bellow, "Don't die! You can't die, because if you die, I die!" Even normally terrific performers like Voight and Terrance Stamp, who plays Young, recite their lines as if they were paid by volume. Voight's raspy voice prevents him from reaching the annoying crescendos that Stamp reaches, so he comes out slightly better.
Stamp's lines reportedly come from Young's actual speeches, but they often seem like digressions instead of part of the story. Young never interacts with a single character in the rest of the film, so he becomes more of bogeyman instead of a convincing character.
Cain's best known film is the forgettably shoddy western "Young Guns." Nothing he has made before indicates he has the ability to craft a story like this subtly enough to be convincing or even compelling.
Early in the movie, he cross cuts between the Arkansas party's grateful, gentle prayer with the hate-filled ranting of Jacob Samuelson. It's an attempt to make viewers sympathetic to the victims, as if their needless deaths weren't already tragic.
�September Dawn� has had Washington pundits talking for months. Thanks to a cheap production (boy, Alberta doesn't look much like Utah) and even cheaper thinking, anyone who has seen the movie knows that there�s nothing to discuss.
3/24/10 walter not very good
12/21/08 Shaun Wallner This movie stinks!!
1/04/08 riding high extremely onesided. All bad or all good. No such thing. More accuracies
1/04/08 action movie fan could have been great-too slow masscare scene wasted in slow motion-potential not develpoed
9/07/07 Patty Norris I am descended from the victims. I LOVE this film and was very pleased it was so factual!
9/02/07 Exmormon What a shame... As a historical perspective hardly factual as a movie PUKE
9/02/07 anouka the mormons did it, and brigham young allowed it.
9/01/07 Ken very bad fiction and bad acting. The event deserved a better written and better acted film
8/31/07 mike Religion is a scam. How does anyone know what happend in the past they wern't there!
8/30/07 joyhope extreamly untruthful, no fact based, very onesided.
8/29/07 ME Where are the FACTS? horribly inaccurate account
8/29/07 Dave As a JD Lee relative, I had to go. Bad enough to be fun.
8/27/07 anonymous True story well told. The side story of young love is not the main plot here!
8/27/07 Evil Bishop Guy Jehovah created ME... to tell you this movie is a steaming pile!
8/27/07 Sean Miller As a historian & not a mormon I had to laugh at this film. Dramatization to the max!
8/27/07 JoshBeamen Worth seeing; well done period piece and strong emotional impact.
8/27/07 Diana Terrible acting. Ridiculous portrayal of the Mormons, and I grew up with them!
8/27/07 Nate So bad it's funny
8/27/07 anon Accurately portrays the attitude of Mormons towards "Gentiles" that continues even today.
8/27/07 Emily I laughed and I laughed, and then I realized it wasn't supposed to be a comedy.
8/27/07 Truth Laughably bad. I laughed all the way through it, and I'm an exmormon! Absolute tripe.
8/27/07 exmormon.org September Dawn was easy on the mormons
8/26/07 Oscar Worth seeing, reminder of downside of religions in general, and Mormonism in particular.
8/26/07 ss very good
8/26/07 Winifred M. Mitchell One of the best movies ever - so much truth.
8/26/07 Vid Terrible movie that tries to make complex story black and white.
24-Aug-2007 (R)
DVD: 01-Jan-2008
Christopher Cain
Carole Whang Schutter
Trent Ford
Tamara Hope
Jon Gries
Lolita Davidovich


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Q: Proper usage of Task { } in SwiftUI I would like to understand the proper usage of Task { } in the following SwiftUI code. My goal is to get a fundamental understand to avoid memory leaks.
This is the sample code for the SwiftUI part:
struct MyView: View {
    @ObservedObject var viewModel: ViewModel

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text(viewModel.publishedString)
        }
        .onAppear(perform: {
            Task {
                viewModel.resetUI()
                await viewModel.doSomeAsyncStuff()
            }
        })
        .onDisappear {
            Task {
                await viewModel.doAnotherAsyncStuff()
                viewModel.resetUI()
            }
        }
    }
}

The .onAppear { … } and .onDisappear { … } modifier will call a synchronous and asynchronous function of the ViewModel class. The Text(viewModel.publishedString) is representing a published property (using @Published) that is modified by viewModel.doSomeAsyncStuff() and viewModel.doAnotherAsyncStuff().
Keep in mind that I need to be backwards-compatible to SwiftUI 2.0, which is why I am not using the .task { } modifier.
Can you please confirm, if my understanding is correct with regards to memory leaks and retain cycles for this example:

*

*During call of Task { … }, a copy of the MyView type value will be created inside the Task closure

*The copy of that struct type value is holding a reference to the ViewModel class

*The hold reference to the ViewModel is not allocating new memory (because it is just a pointer, whereas the copy of struct will allocating new memory that is freed up upon completion of the Task closure

*Function calls to the ViewModel class and updates of the published publishedString property inside the Task closure will update the SwiftUI view because all copies of the View struct holding the same reference to the ViewModel class

*Completing the Task closure will de-allocate the copy of the View struct

*If the initial MyView value (not the copy inside the Task closure) has to be de-allocated from memory because it is not needed anymore, but the Task closure has not been completed yet, a strong reference is hold to the ViewModel reference only until completion of Task closure. As soon as the Task closures (in .onAppear { … } and .onDisappear { … }) are completed, all allocated memory for View struct and ViewModel class references are freed up.

A: @StateObject is designed to remove the need for using onAppear. The object is init before the view appears the first time and deinit when it disappears. So you could start your task inside the object's init and cancel it in deinit. Note, we usually call this object a "Loader" and not a "View Model", because in SwiftUI the View struct plus @State is already the view model.
If you want to run your task every time it appears instead of just the first time then you can add a restart func to cancel and start the task again, and call that from onAppear.
Update: I was thinking about this more and I believe it is possible to store the Task handle in a @State thus reimplementing something like to .task:
struct TaskTestView: View {
    @State var task: Task<Void, Never>?

     var body: some View {
        Text("Test")
        .onAppear {
            task = Task {
                try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(3))
                if Task.isCancelled {
                    print("cancelled")
                    return
                }
                print("complete")
            }
        }
        .onDissapear {
            task?.cancel()
        }
    }
}

Test with this:
struct TaskTestView2: View {
    @State var showing = false

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            if (showing) {
                TaskTestView()
            }
            else {
                Text("Not showing")
            }
        }
        Button("Show/Hide") {
            showing.toggle()
        }
    }
}

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