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Archive for the 'Ohio' Category
The Frontier Forts of Anthony Wayne, Part 1
Posted in Anthony Wayne, Frontier warfare, Native Americans, Ohio, William Clark on February 10, 2012|
Fort Washington, 1791, by Major Jonathan Hart. The city of Cincinnati grew up around the fort, which was active from 1789-1808. It is a major setting for our novel The Fairest Portion of the Globe.
As detailed in our novel The Fairest Portion of the Globe, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark met and had their first experiences as leaders of men while serving in the U.S. Army on the Ohio frontier. Their world was essentially defined by log forts, which stood as bastions of American military power amidst a vast wilderness dominated by Indians. The more I've learned about the frontier forts of the Wayne's Legion period, the more I've been impressed by just how much Lewis & Clark were influenced by Anthony Wayne and his "by the book" approach to surviving on an Indian frontier.
The forts of the Ohio frontier varied in size, but were all built along the same general model, as log stockades that rose at least 12 feet high with four- and six-pound cannons protruding from the bastions, ready to blast grapeshot at any Indians attempting to scale the walls. Inside the fort's walls lay the barracks and storerooms of the garrison. The roof sloped inwards so that the fort could capture rainwater in the event of a siege. When peaceful conditions prevailed, the men (and often their wives) planted vegetables and raised livestock outside the forts.
The first forts erected in the Ohio territory, such as Fort Harmar in 1785, allowed the army to establish a presence to repel the advance of settlers into the Ohio territory. Thanks to the efforts of George Rogers Clark, Ohio was part of the United States under the treaty that ended the American Revolution. However, the territory was considered indefensible with the small army of the fledgling republic. But nothing, not the Army and not even repeated massacres, seemed to deter the pioneers from venturing into Ohio's cold, rough, rich terrain.
St. Clair's Defeat. From Stories of Ohio, by William Dean Howells, 1897.
Eventually, the conflict developed into a brutal quagmire, with British-backed Indians essentially carrying on the war of the British against American independence by other means. In 1791, President Washington decided to do something about it, sending out virtually the entire United States Army — some 1400 men — under the leadership of Arthur St. Clair to punish and defeat the Indians. The result, as we detailed in a previous post, was complete disaster for the United States.
The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Part 1
Over 600 of St. Clair's men were killed by the forces of Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, and another 258 wounded—an astounding 62% casualty rate. (For comparison, about 200 died at Custer's Last Stand in 1876 out of 2400 assigned to the campaign.) In essence, the United States Army was wiped out, a defeat comparable in magnitude to the Navy's losses at Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Anthony Wayne, a retired hero of the American Revolution, was called in to rebuild the Army (which he designated the Legion of the United States) practically from scratch. It was at this time that 22-year-old William Clark joined up and was commissioned an infantry lieutenant as Wayne worked to rebuild his officer corps.
Clark had a ringside seat as Wayne methodically trained his army, then moved them to Fort Washington at present-day Cincinnati to prepare for his mission, which was to avenge St. Clair's Defeat and make Ohio safe for Americans once and for all. Clark kept a journal which is now one of the most important primary sources on the campaign. (It also exposes young Clark's naive infatuation with none other than our old friend General James Wilkinson, whose machinations against Clark's brother George Roger Clark helped lead to his final ruin, and who much later may have played a role in the death of Meriwether Lewis).
"William Clark's Journal of General Wayne's Campaign" was published in 1915 by the Mississippi Valley Historical Review and can be read on Google Books. One thing the journal documents is that Clark really didn't like Anthony Wayne very much. Unbeknownst to Clark or anyone else in the officer corps, Wayne had sweeping authorization to wage total war against the Indians, even if it meant reigniting war with the British, who had built Fort Miamis in American territory near present-day Toledo in clear violation of the Treaty of Paris.
View of Fort Greeneville, active 1793-1814
With that kind of responsibility under his belt, and with an understanding of his opponent (namely, Little Turtle, one of the greatest military geniuses the American continent ever produced), Wayne proceeded with extreme deliberation. A primary reason for St. Clair's defeat was poor preparation, and Wayne built a new fort, Greeneville (present-day Greenville, Ohio). Wayne promptly took the Legion into winter camp here and spent the cold months of 1793-94 drilling his army.
Provisioning the fort (as well as others built by previous generals) was always a challenge on the frontier. Though still young, William Clark was an experienced leader, woodsman, and river man, and was tasked with a great deal of responsibility during this period, leading large groups of troops and traders on long missions to and from centers of civilization like Louisville and Vincennes. With his usual flair for bluntness and creative spelling, Clark described his duties as "corn halling," but it was dangerous work by any standard. In March 1794, Clark was in command of a pack train of 700 horses, 70 soldiers and 20 dragoons when it was attacked by Indians. Clark's quick thinking and self-possession saved the day and the Indians were driven away after a battle lasting just 15 minutes.
According to his journal, Clark didn't get the attaboys he expected from General Wayne after this incident, leading him to believe the general was playing favorites. "Kissing goes by favor," he noted bitterly. In fact, Wayne was paying more attention than Clark realized, and within weeks he had named Clark as quartermaster for the entire Fourth Sublegion, in charge of seeing to the supply needs of some 500 men.
Coming soon: Wayne's forts of the Fallen Timbers campaign
Young William Clark
Posted in Anthony Wayne, Frontier warfare, Native Americans, Ohio, William Clark on August 2, 2011|
Have you seen me? This portrait of young William Clark has been missing since the mid-1950s, when it was known to be in the possession of Mrs. William Bryce, who purchased it from the estate of Clark's granddaughter Eleanor Voorhis. If you know anything of its whereabouts, contact Carolyn Gilman, the special projects director at the Missouri History Society.
Our novel The Fairest Portion of the Globe is about how Lewis and Clark became such good friends. They met as young officers under the command of "Mad" Anthony Wayne during 1795-96, a time in which the army was occupying the Ohio territory and guarding against the many intrigues, foreign and domestic, that imperiled the western United States.
Before he met Lewis, Clark was involved in one of the most significant and underrated military campaigns in American history. Following the American Revolution, the British never withdrew their troops from the western territory of the United States. Instead, they formed an alliance with the Indian tribes of the region–Chippewa, Ottawa, Pottawatomi, Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, and Wyandot–and waged unrelenting warfare against the civilian populace in the West (mostly settled in Kentucky). This war became a brutal "eye-for-an-eye" quagmire with seemingly no possible end.
The early campaigns to strike back against the Indians were led by militia leaders (including Daniel Boone and George Rogers Clark). Any success these campaigns had never lasted; the Indians, armed by British might, would regroup and launch more attacks. Finally, after the present Federal government was formed, the United States took on the responsibility for combating the Indian-British menace.
In 1790, General Josiah Harmar's punitive expedition against the Wabash and Miami Indians was beaten badly by the forces of Little Turtle, the Miami chief whom historians consider one of the great military geniuses ever produced on the North American continent. Stung by the humiliating defeat, President Washington authorized a huge force under General Arthur St. Clair. St. Clair moved out of Cincinnati in the fall of 1791 at the head of 1400 men–virtually the entire United States Army as it existed at that time.
The result was utter disaster. Indian forces under Little Turtle and Blue Jacket ambushed St. Clair's army and inflicted a defeat so overwhelming that it far eclipses Custer's Last Stand in scope. Over 600 of St. Clair's men were killed and another 258 wounded–an astounding 62% casualty rate. (About 200 died at Custer's Last Stand in 1876 out of 2400 assigned to the campaign).
In essence, the United States Army was wiped out, a defeat comparable in magnitude to the Navy's losses at Pearl Harbor. In the aftermath, international observers predicted that it was only a matter of time before the United States lost the west to Britain; the credibility of George Washington's government was in a shambles.
The Fallen Timbers monument near Toledo, Ohio depicts Mad Anthony Wayne along with a Kentucky militiaman and an Indian combatant.
Enter Anthony Wayne, known since the Revolution as "Mad Anthony." Wayne was named commanding general of the newly-formed Legion of the United States and given carte blanche to recruit, train, and outfit a force. While the Washington Administration tried and failed to negotiate a settlement with the Indians, Wayne meticulously prepared a campaign to seize the Ohio territory, defeat the Indians, and lay the groundwork for a lasting peace based on military might.
William Clark, who had previously served in the Kentucky militia and was lucky to have escaped getting mixed up in St. Clair's Defeat, joined Wayne's Legion as a lieutenant in March 1792, at the age of 21. It is interesting to note that Clark didn't like Wayne very much. The army waited at Cincinnati and prepared for war until the summer of 1794. Young, eager for glory, and under the influence of Wayne's arch-rival James Wilkinson, Clark was an enormously frustrated young man who complained constantly that Wayne was a sick, timid old granny who was unwilling to fight.
How do we know? Because Clark kept a journal at this time, now one of the only contemporary records of Wayne's campaign. In the journal, William Clark at ages 23-24 comes off very differently than the thoughtful, loyal, and fun person that we know and love from the Lewis & Clark journals, written when he was 32-36 years old. Quite simply, Clark was immature. Like many a young person before and after, Clark was immensely critical of his elders, bitterly sarcastic, and in the thrall of a manipulative mentor (Wilkinson). Take this passage in which Clark alleges that Wayne has allowed the Indians to escape:
The head of the long talked of Hydra might have been so easily severed from his body, one of his heads at least, which must have greatly wekened him & perhaps saved the effusion of much blood, but this is no consideration with some Folks. I am now lead to a reflection which if indulged, would perhaps give me two great a disgust to a Military life, and embiter my present situation — Were subalterns of this army, in general, to forego such oppertunities of rendering theire Country a service & absolutely so far neglect their duty, as do some officers of higher rank, what merit would they find. Non.
On August 20, 1794, Clark and the Legion met the Indians in the forest near present-day Toledo, Ohio. After a short, pitched battle, the Indians realized they were up against a superior force and ran. Though not a spectacular fight, the Battle of Fallen Timbers would go down as one of the turning points in American history. What Clark hadn't realized in his inexperience is that Wayne and the Legion had seized and fortified every significant portage point and river junction in the territory during their slow march north. Realizing this, the British declined to help the Indians, casting them back on their own devices. In the meantime, Wayne's troops destroyed the Indians' fall harvest and prevented them from regrouping in the villages over the winter.
The tribes had been outsmarted and had no choice but to come to the bargaining table. In the summer of 1795, Wayne and the Indian leaders negotiated the Treaty of Greeneville, which secured America's hold on the Ohio territory. In terms of historical consequence, it was one of the great victories in American history.
This mural in Cincinnati's Union Terminal shows the town's beginnings as a military outpost. Fort Washington, where Lewis and Clark met and lived, is in the background.
And what did Clark and his new friend Meriwether Lewis think about all this as it unfolded? You'll just have to read The Fairest Portion of the Globe to find out. Why not "Buy Now" at the top of this page? You know you want to.
The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Part I
The Battle of Fallen Timbers, Part II
Three Diaries of William Clark
Mad Anthony Wayne at Fallen Timbers
Signing of the Treaty of Greeneville (includes the epic painting that hangs in the Ohio State House that depicts Lewis and Clark among the crowd — scroll down for the key)
George Croghan: Tragic Hero of Fort Stephenson, Part 2
Posted in Clark family, Frontier legends, Ohio, War of 1812 on June 13, 2011| 6 Comments »
As we recounted in Part 1 of this post last week, young George Croghan, the 21-year-old nephew of William Clark, had just hurled defiance in the face of 20-1 odds as the British commander Henry Proctor demanded that he surrender Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River, August 1, 1813 …
The Battle of Fort Stephenson
In accordance with the etiquette of war, as soon Lieutenant Shipp was back within the walls of the fort, Proctor opened fire with three cannons and two howitzers. He concentrated his fire on the northwest corner of the fort, and Croghan guessed correctly that the assault would come there at dawn. He loaded up Old Betsy with grapeshot, slugs, and broken pottery, put his Kentucky sharpshooters in place, and waited.
Sure enough, Croghan was right. Proctor hurled his men against the little fort without waiting for scaling ladders to throw against the sixteen-foot pickets or even giving the men a chance to sharpen their axes. The dry moat was soon filled with struggling redcoats. The Indians, seeing the folly, retreated to the nearby woods and watched as disgusted spectators as Croghan rained terrible fire down upon the British troops. About 50 British soldiers were dead within minutes; on the American side, one man died, a drunkard who foolishly climbed to the top of the palisade. The attack failed and the British were forced to pull back.
After a fair amount of local skulduggery, Old Betsy was liberated from a government arsenal and returned to Fremont, Ohio, site of the battle of Fort Stephenson, in 1852.
General Harrison was stunned and amazed and the nation electrified by the news of Croghan's audacious repulse of the huge British force. The War of 1812 was woefully short of good news on the American side, and the youth was hailed as a national hero and promoted to lieutenant colonel. At war's end, he had been transferred to the southern front where he fought alongside Andrew Jackson at the astonishing Battle of New Orleans, and made a lifelong friend of the irascible master politician.
Back in Louisville, where Croghan had grown up, his family celebrated with joy and astonishment the advent of another national hero in their midst. Old General George Rogers Clark, by then severely disabled and living with Croghan's mother Lucy at Locust Grove, is said to have muttered proudly, "The little game cock, he shall have my sword." And for a time it appeared that Croghan's fame and responsibility might equal that shouldered by his famous uncles. He married Serena Livingston of the famous New York family and accepted a lucrative postmaster job in New Orleans.
Unfortunately, by the time he was 30, Croghan was well on his way to ending up more like wild Uncle George than steady Uncle William. He had terrible financial problems, Serena apparently grew to dislike him heartily and refused to live with him, and he feuded publicly and constantly with Harrison about their roles in the war (it seems that Harrison never forgave Croghan after the ladies of Chillicothe, Ohio, commemorated the Battle of Fort Stephenson by presenting Croghan with a sword and sending Harrison a petticoat).
When Jackson became president, he appointed Croghan to the post of inspector general of the army, a post he held from 1829 until his death 20 years later. Croghan spent most of his time traveling to various army forts in the West, and his work was often brilliant. He never lost the respect of his fellow military officers or the common soldiers he helped with his reports. But his personal life was increasingly tragic. He drank very, very heavily, and his wife obtained a legal separation from him, apparently to prevent him from selling or pawning her possessions. But Jackson, at least, never wavered in his allegiance to Croghan. When it was suggested that Croghan be court-martialed for drunkenness, Jackson said, "George Croghan shall get drunk every day of his life if he wants to, and by the Eternal, the United States shall pay for the whiskey."
The 1885 Soldier's Monument in Fremont pays tribute to the men of Croghan's command
In 1846, at the age of 54, Croghan was called to Mexico to join the staff of General Zachary Taylor, who in spite of his "rough and ready" reputation had actually grown up in a fashionable home next door to Croghan's boyhood home of Locust Grove. While in Mexico, Croghan, like many American soldiers, contracted dysentery; his weight dropped from about 168 pounds to 148. He fought in the Battle of Monterey, where a Tennessee regiment recalled him riding ahead, his gray hair tossing in the wind, and reminding them, "Men of Tennessee, your fathers conquered with Jackson at New Orleans – follow me!" He was never able to shake the illness, and he died in New Orleans in January 8, 1849, the 35th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans.
There is a touching footnote to Croghan's final resting place. Croghan was buried at Locust Grove in the family cemetery, but in 1906 he was reinterred at Fort Stephenson with "Old Betsy" standing guard over his grave. The story of Croghan's feats would have been well-known to several generations of schoolboys, and some believe that Davy Crockett's famous rifle was named for the Fort Stephenson gun.
More great reading: Forgotten Giant: William Henry Harrison, Part 3
Posted in Clark family, Frontier legends, Frontier warfare, Ohio, War of 1812 on June 8, 2011| 1 Comment »
George Croghan. Courtesy of Birchard Public Library of Sandusky County.
One nice thing about Lewis & Clark from the point of view of the historical fiction author is that together they provide two of the most popular types of heroes. For those who like lonesome cowboys, Meriwether Lewis is your man. And for those who prefer multi-generational family sagas, you've got William Clark, who cannot be understood separately from his sprawling, heroic, and often tragic family.
The year was 1813. Throughout the spring, the British had besieged commander William Henry Harrison at Fort Meigs (near modern-day Perrysburg), a critical outpost for the American hopes of recapturing Detroit and ending the war. The failure of the siege left the British commander Henry Proctor, known to history as an inept and "by the book" commander, looking for a way to save his spring campaign. He set his sights on Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River, just 30 miles from Fort Meigs (near modern-day Fremont).
Fort Stephenson might have been small but its mission was critical: it guarded the transfer point between the Sandusky River and Lake Erie; the water route was the only real highway from Pittsburgh to Detroit. The garrison of just 160 U.S. regulars was under the command of Major George Croghan, a debonair 21-year-old with the brooding good looks of young Marlon Brando. Croghan (pronounced Crawn) was the son of Lucy Clark Croghan of Locust Grove and her husband William, himself a distinguished veteran of the American Revolution, and the nephew of William Clark and George Rogers Clark. Before the war, Croghan had studied law at William & Mary, but he enlisted at the beginning of the trouble in 1811, just in time to take part in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Since then the young man had become a seasoned veteran of several campaigns.
Fort Stephenson
When he learned that Proctor was on the march, Croghan swore to "defend this post to the last extremity." Imagine his surprise then, when he received a message from General Harrison ordering him to blow up the fort and evacuate his command. Harrison had learned that Proctor had taken to the river with 500 British regulars and 700 Indians, while the legendary Shawnee commander Tecumseh was heading Croghan's way overland with 2000 additional warriors. To Harrison's shock, Croghan responded to his message not by showing at Fort Seneca as ordered, but by writing back:
Sir, I have just received yours of yesterday, 10 o'clock P.M., ordering me to destroy this place and make good my retreat, which was received too late to be carried into execution. We have determined to maintain this place and by heavens we can.
Harrison had Croghan arrested and brought to Seneca to account for himself, where Croghan proved himself the equal of his fighting uncles, somehow persuading the general that he could take on the British with his one piece of artillery (a Revolutionary-era cannon named "Old Betsy,"), along with modifications to the fort which included a moat, new blockhouses, and a log booby trap. Not quite believing the fort could be held, Harrison agreed to let Croghan try.
Henry Proctor. Tecumseh, never one to be shy with his opinions, called him "a fat animal which slinks away, its tail between its legs."
Meanwhile, Proctor had managed to back himself into a corner, not an easy feat while sporting a 20-1 advantage. His dithering at Fort Meigs had alienated the Indians, who preferred not to waste their time on campaigns that ended in failure. Proctor felt pressured to attack the fort without delay in order to prevent a mass desertion by his Indian allies. On August 1, 1813, as soon as he arrived at the fort, Proctor sent an aide to demand Croghan's surrender. The war had been characterized by several terrible massacres of American soldiers by Indian troops, and some Indians roughed up Croghan's representative in full view of the fort to make their point about what would happen if surrender was not immediately forthcoming. Croghan called to his man to return: "Shipp, come in and we will blow them all to hell."
Coming Monday: The battle and its tragic aftermath
More great reading:
The Clark Brothers as Prisoners of War
Lewis & Clark road trip: Locust Grove
Forgotten Giant: William Henry Harrison, Part 2
Posted in Frontier legends, Frontier warfare, Native Americans, Ohio, War of 1812 on November 11, 2010| 8 Comments »
William Henry Harrison, the poor man's friend
Somewhat unjustly, William Henry Harrison is remembered by history for two things: that he died only one month after being sworn in as president, and that he ran the first modern campaign for that office, complete with the mindless slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too."
Most military heroes who ride their exploits into higher office do so not long after the war that made them famous. After all, people have short memories and new idols come along every day. Yet Harrison had to wait a whopping thirty years after Tippecanoe before his successful campaign and doomed presidency. What happened? What took so long?
William Hull at Fort Detroit, by David Geister
As we saw in the last post, Harrison's "victory" at Tippecanoe in 1811 propelled him to fame and popularity in the western United States, which was thirsting for a war with Great Britain that would extinguish the British and Indian threat to westward expansion. So when war did arrive the following year, Harrison was appointed commander-in-chief for the Army of the Northwest. His first task was to round up enough troops to rush to the aid of Detroit, a small but critical garrison on the Great Lakes that had been surrendered to British forces in August without a shot (the fort's commander, William Hull, was court-martialed and sentenced to death for his failure, a sentence that was later commuted).
Now age 40, Harrison was no Hull. He was aggressive, decisive, and extremely popular with his men. As one Kentuckian wrote, "Harrison, with a look, can awe and convince." Although short of food, clothing, equipment, weapons, and ammunition, he left Cincinnati in September 1812 with 3000 men and immediately began to lay waste to the countryside, burning Indian villages, destroying crops, and desecrating graveyards. Harrison's troops made no distinction between tribes at war with the United States and those who had attempted to remain neutral.
But these early successes were fleeting. With short rations and a long supply line, morale began to break down in spite of Harrison's actorly abilities. And as the troops reached Michigan, they found themselves mired in frigid winter rains. By the time he reached a planned base at the Upper Sandusky, Harrison had lost a thousand horses (worth over $6 million in today's dollars) and tons of abandoned supplies. Forced to act as beasts of burden in place of the horses, men were suffering from exhaustion and frostbite.
The Battle of Frenchtown, better known as the River Raisin Massacre
In January 1813 came one of the worst disasters in the history of the United States military, and Harrison, though only 65 miles away, was powerless to prevent it. Harrison's second-in-command, a kindly and sedentary Revolutionary War veteran named James Winchester, had suffered bruised feelings over being placed in a subordinate position to the younger political general. Now he saw an opportunity to redeem his reputation by attacking the British and Indians at Frenchtown south of Detroit. Harrison immediately recognized the folly of Winchester's idea and personally attempted to ride to stop him; when his horse fell through the ice in a frozen swamp, he forged on on foot through the night.
But it was too late. After initial success in chasing British forces across the River Raisin, Winchester's forces found themselves trapped in a nightmarish counterattack. The Battle of the River Raisin was one of the worst defeats ever suffered by the United States Army. Seven hundred men were taken prisoner. Two hundred men were killed or wounded, with the wounded men then tomahawked or set on fire by the Indian victors, who warned the civilian survivors that anyone who touched the "Harrison men" would meet the same fate. Only 33 escaped to tell the tale. The sight of the frozen corpses scattered around Frenchtown was searing and unforgettable, and any hopes of an early, easy victory in the West were doomed.
The Siege of Fort Meigs
Harrison was sick about what happened at the River Raisin, and for the rest of the war, it made him a cautious commander. That spring, Harrison and 1200 men settled in for a long British siege at Fort Meigs (present-day Perrysburg, Ohio). The truth was that Harrison could not afford another disastrous adventure with the Indians. A defeat at Fort Meigs would not only open the Ohio country for an Indian war such as hadn't been seen since Fallen Timbers, it would destroy the frantic American effort to build a naval force on Lake Erie to defeat the British and seize control of the Great Lakes.
Harrison constructed a set of earthworks at the fort that enabled the men to spend most of their time underground, to the great frustration of his long-time nemesis, Tecumseh, who wanted the general to come out and fight like a man. Though Harrison held the line (resulting in the great victory by Commodore Oliver Perry in September 1813 that led to the recovery of Detroit), the campaign was marked by another massacre of impetuous Kentucky troops who recklessly engaged the Indians against Harrison's orders.
The Battle of the Thames
Harrison's last hurrah in the war came shortly after Perry's great victory. Like Fallen Timbers, the Battle of the Thames is a much-neglected turning point in American history. Once Harrison received word of Perry's victory ("We have met the enemy and he is ours") he marched on Detroit. Disgusted with his British allies and alarmed at the realization that the Indians were about to be abandoned to the Americans, Tecumseh did everything he could to slow the British retreat into Canada and force a showdown.
It came near Moraviantown in Ontario. Spurred on by cries of "Remember the River Raisin," Harrison's 3500 troops fell upon the enemy (about 800 British and 500 Indian). The demoralized British folded quickly, but hand-to-hand combat with the Indians was fierce. In the end, though, the outcome was decisive. Detroit was recaptured and the Americans reestablished control over the entire Northwest frontier. Tecumseh was killed, and with him the last spark of Indian resistance in the territory was crushed. Harrison is said to have been sickened by the desecration of Tecumseh's corpse.
Surprisingly enough — probably most surprising of all to Harrison — the victory did not lead to the White House or anything like it, for a long, long time. In fact, within months, Harrison was forced to resign as major-general, the result of a falling-out with Secretary of War John Armstrong, who hated Harrison, nit-picked his decisions relentlessly, and encouraged outrageous and false rumors that Harrison had not behaved courageously during the battle. As his biographer Robert Owens writes, Harrison was extremely bitter about the resignation: "His was the burning rage of the aristocrat whose honor had been repeatedly and wantonly slighted. It was probably best for Armstrong that the general did not believe in dueling."
William Henry Harrison, by James Reid Lambdin
He did, however, believe in self-preservation, thus avoiding the stunning fall from grace that afflicted George Rogers Clark and engulfed Meriwether Lewis at the end of his life. However, being out of the limelight allowed others to step in — most notably, Andrew Jackson, whose smashing victory at the Battle of New Orleans filled Americans with wild pride at the close of the war.
Readjustment to ordinary political life could not have been easy for Harrison. Between 1816-1828 — years that coincided with the rise and domination of Andrew Jackson in national politics — he ran for and held various offices, while running his estate in North Bend, Ohio, near Cincinnati. He served in the U.S. House and the Ohio state senate, ran unsuccessfully for governor of Ohio, and in 1824 was elected to the United States Senate. In 1828, President John Quincy Adams appointed him United States minister to Columbia, a post that required an arduous journey of many weeks to Bogota, then one of the most remote capitols in the world.
Harrison had been in Bogota about six months when he received shocking news. He was being recalled by the new president, who was none other than Andrew Jackson. Historians note that the recall was protested not only by numerous allies of Harrison's, but by Secretary of State Martin Van Buren. But Jackson was adamant that no appointee of the hated Adams was going to represent him in South America — much less a military man and potential rival. Postmaster general William T. Barry recalled telling Jackson that if he had seen Harrison at the Battle of the Thames, he would leave him where he was. Jackson replied with satisfaction, "I reckon you may be right, but thank God I didn't see him there."
Jackson refused to send a naval vessel to bring Harrison back to the United States, and the general spent a good nine months making his way back home. By now 56 years old, he returned home to Cincinnati and, it seemed, permanent retirement. After all, he was obviously persona non grata to the Jackson administration. But Harrison had a few more tricks up his sleeve.
Harrison as a simple farmer in a campaign broadside
In 1836, Jackson was leaving office, and the Whig party turned to Harrison as a leading candidate to replace him. The complicated politics of the campaign are too tedious to relate here, but suffice to say that the thin, wiry 63-year-old rose to the challenge like an old boxer to the bell. Departing entirely from the convention of the day, Harrison barnstormed the country, speaking everywhere, even hosting an enormous party of the grounds of the Tippecanoe battlefield itself. He literally pioneered modern campaigning, blanketing battleground states with newspaper advertisements calling himself "The People's Candidate" and "Farmer Harrison."
It was a little too late before the Whigs realized what they had in Harrison. They split up their support among the regions of the country, and delivered the election to Jackson's hand-picked successor, Van Buren. But Harrison carried Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. He was clearly the front-runner for 1840, especially after the economic collapse of 1837 more or less strangled Van Buren's presidency in the cradle.
Harrison and Tyler banner from 1840
John Quincy Adams would later call the campaign of 1840 "the Harrison whirlwind." American life, especially in the west where Harrison had spent his entire adult life, was still a hard and often bitter existence, especially in this time of economic hardship. Harrison, that Reagan-esque actorly figure, had prepared his whole life for what the people needed. They needed glee clubs. They needed brass bands. They needed parades and buttons and badges and lanterns and shouting and banners and barbeques. They needed TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO.
With so much at stake, the campaign of 1840 was one of the most bitterly partisan in American history. The Democrats made a tremendous blunder (one not atypical for the party even today), when they attacked Harrison by staying that if he were given a pension and a jug of hard cider, he would be content to stay home in North Bend in his log cabin. Since most people in the country either lived in a log cabin or had grown up in one, the Harrison forces gleefully pounced on the error, blanketing the countryside with images of a humble log cabin with a coonskin nailed to the wall and a barrel of hard cider being served up by old General Harrison hisself.
Harrison — scion of Berkeley, son of a signer of the Declaration of Independence — was now a man of the people, assailing Van Buren (son of a tavern keeper and the only president to speak English as a second language) as an extravagant wastrel who spent the people's hard-earned shekels on French china, fancy curtains, and fresh roses delivered daily to the White House. Or as one number from the campaign song book had it, "Van-Van-Van, Van is a used up man!"
1840 Harrison ribbon
The country had never seen anything like it. At the battlefield at Tippecanoe, some 60,000 people gathered. Routinely around the country, Harrison rallies drew 10,000 to 12,000 attendees, whether the general could attend or not. At Dayton, Harrison addressed an estimated "ten acres" of spectators. On a procession from Cincinnati to old Fort Meigs, he addressed 35,000 people. These numbers are the more astounding considering the population of the United States was then only 17 million (as opposed to 308 million today).
Harrison won by a landslide. Everyone knows what happened next. By the time he made it to his inauguration, Harrison was completely worn out. He spoke that day bareheaded in the snow. His feet got wet. Now 68 years old, he caught a cold. His doctors swung into action, bleeding him, blistering him, feeding him calomel and laudanum, ipacac, castor oil, even "seneca" (pure Pennsylvania petroleum). They rubbed him with mercury. It is little wonder that after a month of such treatment, the old man expired on April 4, 1841.
With his death, Harrison passed into history as a punchline, his achievements destined to be forgotten by the country he served for 50 years. We really enjoyed learning about Harrison for The Fairest Portion of the Globe. This amazing character is truly one of the forgotten giants of American history.
Posted in Frontier legends, Frontier warfare, Ohio on October 1, 2010| 2 Comments »
Tomb of William Henry Harrison in North Bend, Ohio, near Cincinnati. Courtesy Ohio Historical Society.
I am drunk this evening in 1961,
In a jag for my countryman,
Who died of crab meat on the way back from Alaska,
Everyone knows that joke.
James Wright's great work, "Two Poems About President Harding," perfectly captures our relationship with some of our deceased presidents. A tremendous outpouring of grief turns to embarrassment:
His grave, a huge absurdity,
Embarrassed cops and visitors,
Hoover and Coolidge crept away
By night, and women closed their doors.
Once the man bestrode the political scene like a colossus. Now obscurity overtakes him. Finally he is forgotten:
America goes on, goes on
Laughing, and Harding was a fool.
Even his big pretentious stone
Lays him bare to ridicule.
I know it. But don't look at me.
By God, I didn't start this mess.
Whatever moon and rain may be,
The hearts of men are merciless.
William Henry Harrison, by Rembrandt Peale
Perhaps of all our presidents who died in office, William Henry Harrison had the most absurd death, expiring from a cold he contracted at his own inauguration after just a month in office. (Zachary Taylor, who died from medical malpractice after falling ill from eating a bad bowl of cherries, comes in a close second.) He is also the most unjustly forgotten. In this series of posts, we'll take a look at the life and legacy of the ill-fated ninth president of the United States.
For while Harrison may have been a punchline as a president, he was a giant of his day who led a fascinating life. An exact contemporary of Lewis and Clark's, he served with both men in the army and in government, and in his own way, was equally instrumental in adding vast amounts of western land to the United States. Harrison is also a major character in our new novel The Fairest Portion of the Globe, and he was really fun to write about!
George W. Bush's detractors sometimes wrote sarcastically that the former president was "born to royalty, chosen by God." The same might be said of William Henry Harrison. His parents, Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Bassett, were ultimate examples of the "First Families of Virginia," that elite class also known as FFVs. The senior Harrison, a passionate patriot and intimate friend of both George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. A rollicking man of Falstaffian girth, Harrison served as one of Virginia's revolutionary governors from 1781-1784.
William Henry was the youngest of Benjamin and Elizabeth's seven children. Born in 1773, he grew up the little lord of Berkeley, the family's manor house in Virginia's Tidewater country. Needless to say, the Revolutionary War was the biggest influence on young Harrison's life. At one point, Berkeley was sacked by British troops under Benedict Arnold, who dragged out the family's paintings and other treasures and burned them in the yard. And in later years Harrison would vividly recall how at age 9, he witnessed his father leaving the house in sword and uniform to go fight at Yorktown.
Berkeley Plantation in Charles County, Virginia. The home of the Harrisons for generations, it was occupied by Union troops during the Civil War. The bugle call known as Taps was composed on the grounds.
Harrison was old enough to know what this meant, and he grew up to think of war as a natural part of life. He dreamed of being a soldier, but perhaps unsurprisingly, his father had other plans for him. Berkeley was rapidly declining, a victim of the war, soil depletion, and the senior Harrison's own high living. Besides, as a younger son, William Henry would have to make his own way in the world. His father was determined that the slightly built and intellectual boy would instead study to become a doctor.
William Henry began his education at Hampden-Sydney College in the Blue Ridge mountains, at that time the most fashionable college in the state. There he developed a lifelong love affair with Shakespeare, military history, and classical literature. In many other ways, he was a typical college-age male. Only 5'8" and well short of 150 pounds, the dark-haired, dark-eyed boy enraged his father by joining a Quaker abolitionist society, probably to impress a young lady. His father shipped him off to medical school in Philadelphia. A few months later, the 18-year-old received word that his father had died.
With his name and connections, he was welcome anywhere in the city. Naturally the young man sought advice from an old friend of his father's. George Washington just happened to be president of the United States. He was only too glad to arrange an Army commission for the promising and gung-ho William Henry.
Monument to the fallen from St. Clair's Defeat in Fort Recovery, Ohio
God knew that the Army needed officers — for in essence, the United States Army was about to be wiped out. A terrible Indian war was raging in the Ohio country. General Arthur St. Clair had taken 1400 men–virtually the entire Army–into the wilderness to defeat the Indian confederacy under Little Turtle and Blue Jacket. Instead he met with utter disaster. Over 600 of St. Clair's men were killed and another 258 wounded—an astounding 62% casualty rate. (For comparison, about 200 died at Custer's Last Stand in 1876 out of 2400 assigned to the campaign.)
The United States would not suffer another military defeat of such magnitude until Pearl Harbor in 1941. Just three weeks after St. Clair's defeat, on November 21, 1791, young Ensign Harrison arrived at Fort Washington (today's Cincinnati). The humiliation, grief, and disgrace he found there was his real introduction to Army life, and he never forgot it. The survivors of the massacre thronged the fort, many of them next-to-naked after having thrown away their coats and all their equipment in their mad flight from death. The fort itself was in utter disarray, with remaining supplies deteriorating rapidly in the harsh Ohio weather. And there was more. As Harrison wrote, "I certainly saw more drunken men in the forty-eight hours succeeding my arrival than I had in all my previous life."
Harrison was assigned to establish a new fort, Fort St. Clair, at present-day Eaton, Ohio. For the son of privilege, the three-week project was a stern introduction to the hardships of the wilderness and the realities of Army life. The slender, beardless, Shakespeare-quoting aristocrat was received derisively by his fellow officers as a political appointee who had, in Harrison's own words, "come in through the cabin window." But he won respect and made connections.
Even at this young age, Harrison seems to have had many of the personality traits that would eventually propel him to fame as a general and politician. Though slight and not particularly handsome, Harrison had a vigor and confidence that stemmed both from upbringing and intelligence. Despite his aristocratic roots, he had a methodical, practical mind, not unlike that of William Clark, whom he was soon serving beside as a fellow officer. Both Clark and Harrison could churn out large amounts of routine work — always a plus with superior officers — and pitch in beside their men even on manual labor when the occasion called for it.
And despite presenting a somewhat grim appearance in portraits (contemporaries compared his gaunt features to those of an Renaissance priest), the real-life Harrison had a charm and wit reminiscent of Ronald Reagan. A master of witty one-liners, he could also regale his listeners with dramatic stories, a friend recalled, "more entertaining than the most stirring romance."
Mad Anthony Wayne triumphs in politically incorrect fashion as depicted in this 1930s post office mural in Wayne, Pennsylvania
In short, Harrison was well-connected, intelligent, hard-working, and fun to be around. So it shouldn't be surprising that by age 19 he was aide-de-camp to the new commander of the U.S. Army, General "Mad Anthony" Wayne. Mad Anthony (also a major character in The Fairest Portion of the Globe) was a Patton-esque retired general who had been brought in by George Washington to rebuild the Army after St. Clair's Defeat, and then do what St. Clair couldn't: defeat the Indians and make the Ohio country safe for settlement.
In July 1794, Harrison was with the Army as it finally moved out for the long awaited offensive. And on August 20, 1794, at Fallen Timbers–the most significant American battle you've probably never heard of–Lieutenant Harrison led one of the charges and was everywhere on the field, carrying the general's orders. Harrison was singled out for mention as having done the most dangerous riding. While he loved the accolades, the battle was also a sobering experience for the youth. A close friend and fellow officer died after lingering in agony for hours. Harrison was haunted by guilt about the death and his own inability to recover his friend's body until well after the battle.
Harrison remained Wayne's chief aide all during the historic treaty negotiations at Fort Greenville, which delivered the Ohio country into the hands of the United States for good–or so it seemed. Some two decades later, when the issue was again in doubt, it would be William Henry Harrison who would take up the sword again against the native forces, at a place called Tippecanoe.
Stay tuned for Part 2, in which William Henry Harrison takes command of the newly-created Indiana Territory, with sweeping civil and military power over a country that included the future states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. He was 27 years old.
William Clark and the Notorious Simon Girty
Posted in American Revolution, Frontier legends, Frontier warfare, Native Americans, Ohio, William Clark on November 18, 2009| 33 Comments »
On Monday, March 26, 1804, William Clark made a remarkable journal entry:
a verry Smokey day I had Corn parched to make parched meal, workmen all at work prepareing the Boat, I visit the Indian Camps, In one Camp found 3 Squars & 3 young ones, another 1 girl & a boy in a 3rd Simon Girtey & two other familey— Girtey has the Rhumertism verry bad those Indians visit me in their turn, & as usial ask for Something I give them flour &c.
Clark's attitude about encountering Simon Girty is remarkably nonchalant. A 21st century equivalent would be: "You'll never guess who I saw at Starbucks. Osama bin Laden! He was reading the paper and drinking a vanilla latte." For in the early 19th century, Simon Girty was one of the most vilified, feared, and hated men in America.
Simon Girty
Born in 1741 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Girty personified the era of frontier violence. His father, an Irish drover and trader, was killed during a drunken frolic by an Indian named The Fish, who was in turn killed by a man named John Turner, who later married Simon's mother. During the French and Indian War in 1756, the family was captured at Fort Granville by a band of Delaware, Shawnee and Seneca Indians. They burned the stockade and marched the captives away to a nearby Indian village. Girty's stepfather was tortured, scalped, and burned at the stake, while his wife and her five sons watched in horror. Simon was adopted by the Seneca Indians and readily learned their language, though he could neither read nor write English.
Released as part of a peace agreement in 1759, Girty found work as an interpreter and scout. He was involved in translating the famous speech of Logan, chief of the Mingoes, during the conflict known as Lord Dunmore's War. At one point, Lord Dunmore asked Girty and his brother to dance in the Indian fashion, which they did, to the astonishment of an observer: "They interspersed the performance with Indian songs and yells that made the welkin ring."
When the revolution broke out, Girty wavered in his loyalties. He joined the American army, but in the spring of 1778, he deserted Fort Pitt and struck out for Indian country, determined to help the British and Indians fight the Americans. Hired as an interpreter by the "Hair-Buyer" General Henry Hamilton at Detroit, Girty took up the hatchet and participated enthusiastically in marauding and raiding parties against settlers on the Kentucky frontier.
As the Revolution dragged on in the west, Girty returned to live with the Wyandot Indians. He participated in raids and supported the Wyandot chief, known as the Half-King, in his efforts to harass, persecute, and drive out Moravian missionaries in the area who were trying to Christianize the Indians. In May 1782, a force of about 500 mounted men under Colonel William Crawford marched against the Wyandots. With the help of British agents, the Indians along the Sandusky River quickly mobilized and defeated the Americans on June 5, 1782. Colonel Crawford ended up a prisoner. When Crawford learned that Girty was at the Half-King's town, he asked to be taken there, somehow hoping that Girty would persuade the Indians to spare his life.
Colonel William Crawford
Crawford's fate was related later by the only surviving witness, Dr. John Knight, who did more than anyone to seal the reputation of Simon Girty in the American mind. According to Knight's account, when he and Colonel Crawford reached the Half-King's town on the Upper Sandusky, they were stripped naked and forced to sit on the ground, while a crowd of sixty or seventy Indians beat them with sticks and fists. Crawford was tied by his wrists to a post. The Indians took up their guns and shot powder into his naked body. The mob then cut off his ears. They built a fire six or seven yards from the post to which he was tied, and the men took turns picking up burning hickory poles and touching them to Crawford's body, surrounding him. They also threw hot coals at him, so soon he had nothing to walk on but burning coals and ashes. In the midst of this torture, Crawford called to Girty and begged him to shoot him. Girty replied, laughing, that he had no gun.
Crawford lasted about two hours before he gave out and lay down on his stomach, at which point the Indians fell upon him and scalped him. They threw the scalp in Knight's face. As Knight was dragged away from the dreadful scene to be taken to the Shawnees, Crawford was roasting alive in the slow fire. After he died, it was said the Indians heaped sticks upon his body and danced around his charred remains for hours. According to Knight, Girty made no effort at all to end Crawford's suffering.
When the Revolution ended, Girty returned to Detroit, still in the pay of the British. He played a prominent role in agitating among the frontier Indians for the next ten years. Girty led a force of 300 warriors against the Ohio River settlement of Dunlap's Station in January 1791. Girty's party killed several soldiers outside the fort, captured another, and fiercely but unsuccessfully laid siege to the fort. The captured prisoner was tortured within earshot of the fort, so the soldiers within could hear his agonized screams as flaming brands were "applied to his naked bowels" and the Indians kindled a fire on his belly.
After Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, Girty tried to dissuade as many chiefs as possible from going to the treaty negotiations at Greenville, but most of the chiefs were tired of fighting and wanted to bury the hatchet. In November 1794, John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain, which stipulated that the Western posts should be vacated by British soldiers.
Simon Girty memorial stone, Detroit Riverfront, Malden, Ontario
When the Americans arrived to take possession of the fort at Detroit, they found that "the wells had been filled with stones, the windows broken, the gates locked, and the keys deposited with an aged Negro, in whose possession they were afterward found." There were no British officers on hand to transfer possession of the fort, but Simon Girty was in the town, drunk and raving, declaring that he would not stir one inch unless driven out. However, at the sight of American troop boats coming up river, Girty became so alarmed that he plunged his horse into the stream without waiting for the ferry-boat, and, at the risk of drowning, made for the Canada shore.
The last known sighting of Girty in America—besides the March 1804 account of William Clark—occurred during the War of 1812, when Detroit was temporarily recaptured by the British. As the redcoats took possession of the town, Girty crossed the river, exclaiming, "Here's old Simon Girty again on American soil!" He visited the town frequently over the next few months.
After Commodore Perry's victory over the British fleet in September 1813, Girty's friends persuaded him to leave before American troops invaded Canada. Old, nearly blind, and crippled with rheumatism, Girty sought refuge with a band of Mohawks on the Grand River. He returned to his home in Canada in 1816, blind and depressed. In February 1818, he died in the presence of his wife and family, having asked forgiveness for his sins. He was buried on his farm, and British soldiers fired a salute over his grave.
The British see it differently than we do.


Microfficina is not just a workshop, but an actual small study/gallery in the historic centre of Florence that has been making and selling contemporary and avant-guard jewels since 1982. They use materials, together with gold and silver, that are not normally used in traditional jewellery, like iron, plastic, wood and all that can spur the imagination of the craftsman. One-of-a-kind pieces or small collections created using ancient techniques, modern technologies and….above all passion and careful experimentation. The owner, Federico Vianello, Master Craftsman recognised by the Chamber of Commerce of Florence, also teaches jewellery making classes accredited by US Universities and for other public and private institutions. From 2002 to 2008 he taught the course in jewellery accessories for the Department of Architecture at the University of Florence. Some of his jewels are in the permanent collection at the Museo degli Argenti in Palazzo Pitti in Florence, others have been featured in magazines and books, also internationally.


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Home»Pup Breeds»From The CC Vault: What is the purpose and use of morph shows?
From The CC Vault: What is the purpose and use of morph shows?
By Pup Admin January 24, 2023 7 Mins Read
by Dr. Gerry G. Meisels
photo ©Lisa Croft-Elliott
Improving breeding stock was the innate reason for the creation of dog conformation shows, as well as many other domestic animal shows. Improving anything must have a goal, and for breeders that goal is clearly to get as close as possible to the "ideal" dog as described in the standard, a dog that is uniquely suited to the job this breed was created for. , whether it be pulling or retrieving birds, pulling carts, protecting property, going to the ground after vermin, running alongside a horse-drawn carriage, or sitting on the sleeve of a Chinese emperor. Breed standards are the specifications that tell us what specific characteristics will make a dog most successful at its job. Identification of dogs whose conformation is closest to the standard should provide valuable information for decisions in a carefully designed breeding program. It is a classic and romantic image that about 150 years ago dogs did their work during the week and attended a conformation dog show on the weekend. This model corresponded to a society in which half of the workforce was employed in primary agriculture and a third in domestic service for the remaining 17% of the elite. It was a time when many breeds were developed in large kennels owned by a privileged few.
Now let's fast forward to the present. Few of these large kennels remain, and the vast majority of dogs in competition come from "small" breeders who have only a few dogs. They often live in communities that have ordinances that limit the number of dogs allowed in each home, and many current breeders hide that they have more dogs than allowed, but there is still a limit to what can be done. The shift is representative of what happened from the inception of dog shows to its peak in the mid-to-late 1990s, when the sport turned from elitist to populist. You may be wondering why I said mid 90's instead of today, because I see the sport change very slowly again. I don't know where it will "land", but it seems to me that it may return to a more elitist or dual purpose approach. At least in part, that change is a result of conformation shows now being used for purposes other than the reason they were created for.
The work for which most breeds were developed has now faded, and the vast majority of purebred dogs in most breeds are now kept as companions. The dogs in the conformation ring do not leave the ring on Sunday to work in the fields on Monday. Breeding to a standard that optimizes traits for a job that no longer exists is increasingly reserved for the connoisseurs between breeders and owners. Many dog owners are now primarily interested in how well their dog can compete in performance events. The driving force behind their breeding programs is to produce dogs that do best in said competition, a competition that is unrelated to the purpose for which the breed was developed. The importance of standard and conformation shows diminishes since a dog is registered as her breed on the basis of her pedigree.
Today's morph shows fill roles beyond their intended purpose, and I don't mean to list them all. Of course, there is the inherent satisfaction of having bred or shown your winning dog. For others, it may be like gambling, except there is no monetary reward. I don't know how to classify owners who hand over control of their entire program to a professional handler, including breeding, whelping, puppies, and showing their dogs. This is obviously reserved for those who are quite wealthy, and it harkens back to the bygone era when the laird turned the dogs over to his resident kennel manager in an outbuilding on his property. Some breeders use show records as a basis for choosing what or who to breed with. Such use mistakenly substitutes success in the ring for suitability for a breeding program, which must be based on careful analysis of the bitch's and boar's strengths and weaknesses (compared to standard), considering phenotype and genotype. as far as possible. be determined. Another use of conformation shows is for the committed fancier for whom exhibitors, vendors, etc. they become an extended family and a social outlet.
The most commonly recognized use of conformation shows is to provide "bragging rights" to the owner, breeder, and handler. For a novice exhibitor, that might be a blue ribbon. For the more experienced exhibitor, it could be the Winners or Best of Breed ribbon for her. For others, it's the ranking compared to others in their breed, or even all breeds by the rating system that counts the number of dogs beaten in the breed and across breeds. For the breeder, it may be the success of the dogs he has bred, and the Award of Merit given in some breeds to a bitch or dog that has whelped or sired a number of champions. The place for bragging is not the same for everyone: it can be at shows, in all-breed kennel clubs, or at the annual meetings of the parent club. It's not that common outside of dog show circles. My co-workers and non-dog friends have no idea what the difference is between a blue ribbon and a Best in Show rosette, and it becomes awkward explaining it to someone who basically doesn't care. Personal wealth also plays an important role. To get anywhere near the top of the rankings, a dog must be in top condition and shown every weekend. It is very unusual for a high ranking dog to not be a very good dog of her breed. When you have ambitions to campaign your dog at the highest levels of the sport, because you truly believe your dog is exceptionally good, you must have enough money to pay your handler and essential advertising bills. The competition for the top dog is clearly a return to a sport for the elite. The increasingly popular Owner-Handler (NOHS) series provides an outlet for do-it-yourselfers and the less well-heeled, but still requires frequent display at shows where there is enough competition. In any case, the dogs are not shown to be judged, but to win. As one manager says: "winning is not everything, it is the only thing". Professional handlers must win or lose their clients and eventually their livelihood.
These different uses of conformation shows have made our events less useful to most breeders and prospective breeders for breeding stock evaluation. This gap is being addressed by several breed parent clubs that have instituted non-competitive testing programs. Typically, these programs create panels of breed experts who are not necessarily AKC judges. These panels rate individual dogs against the standard and provide feedback and explanation of their opinion to the dog owner. The value of a non-competitive approach is that opinions come from breed experts who are thoroughly familiar with the breed standard, and that several good dogs in the same venue can receive passing grades and comments, while in conformation it shows that a good dog can be late. finishing the championship of another good and deserving dog. One drawback is that it is difficult to scale up this approach to all parts of the country.
Our conformation show situation today is very fluid. It is difficult to foresee where it is going. It seems reasonably safe to speculate that conformation shows will continue their differentiation as they have already begun to do with the addition of the owner-handler series, and alternative measures of conformance to the breed standard, such as non-competitive testing, may fill a gap. much. necessary gap.
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Anyone who would like to discuss the Consecration to Jesus through Mary is invited to come and talk about it Fridays at 6pm in the Teen Hall. Bring your thoughts and questions or just come to hear what it's all about. We will finish in time to Stations of the Cross at 7pm.
For more information on the Marian Consecration taking place at St. Patrick's, Please Click Here.
To receive your own copy of "33 Days to Morning Glory" by Fr. Michael E. Gaitley, MIC, for FREE please contact the Church Office, or pick one up in the Church's vestibule.


The growing demand for urban living has led to a surge in developments in Toronto's real estate market. Designed to support the discerning taste levels and valued experiences of young, urban professionals, a well-travelled, sophisticated audience who values meaning and authenticity and who seek quality over mere consumption, this new high-rise residential project is tailored to speak the language of global relevance.
Highlighting the developer's focus on amenities and the seamless integration of lifestyle and architecture, the interconnectivity and thoughtful programming of the project's design elevates the Westside lifestyle and sales centre experience. As a retrofit of an existing luxury car dealership, the new space presented various site challenges such as multiple level changes and fishbowl windows around the building's perimeter. The design firm embraced these constraints in their design, for a unique sales centre experience.
The reception emulates a favourite hotel check-in experience, paying homage to the well-travelled experiences of the targeted young, professional audience. A 10-foot long reception desk and key marketing messages articulated in a sculptural text installation greet every guest. To embrace the site's level changes, registration occurs at grade while the rest of the sales centre is elevated with a few steps – accessible only after registration – to establish the entire lifestyle experience.
The warm, approachable atmosphere is designed to entice every visitor who enters and its comfort encourages interaction with the space. A curated selection of classic pieces mixed with modern art and accessories express an elevated design sensibility of a cultured style.
Because the sales centre is located at a busy traffic intersection, the fishbowl windows were reduced to strategically reveal the vignettes as an active billboard to passersby, while showcasing various aspects of the apartment and public spaces. Technical building information is placed at the end of the customer journey, providing information after the Westside lifestyle experience. The project was well-received, meeting pre-sales targets and progressing into construction on time.


NGP RO100 Modular Ramp is designed to transition offset floor conditions and is wheelchair accessible. This ramp has a 6" top plate to ensure a smooth transition for an offset of 1". Available in choice of aluminum finishes and length is custom cut to size.


I have been following the progress of the proposed SEC regulations for incidental financial planning advice given by brokerages.
I believe that financial advice should only be given by those who are qualified to do so. If employees of brokerages believe they are competent to give such advice or if the brokerages themselves believe their employees have the required competence, then these employees should come under the same regulations as financial planners/investment advisers.
All financial planning advice is important. Oftentimes, crucial life decisions are made by the public based on advice given, including that given by employees of brokerage firms. Anyone giving such advice, upon which the public relies, should be held to the full level of responsibility and disclosure of the U.S. securities laws.
To have more than one set of laws for people offering financial advice is a monumental disservice to the public. The public has the right to be protected from and well informed about those individuals providing advice.
No financial planning advice can be incidental. All who give financial advice must be held to the same standards.


By now, you're probably already tired of hearing "Ford Everest." We've published practically everything there is to know about the much-awaited midsize SUV, including specs, photos and even a video. We almost know what you're thinking: JUST GIVE US THE LOCAL VARIANTS AND PRICES ALREADY!!!
We feel you. So here they are: the variants, the prices and even the colors of the Philippine-spec 2016 Everest. These were revealed at the official launch tonight in Alabang, and we will give you more details about the SUV later. In the meantime, here are bits of information we're sure you've been dying to know since, like, forever.
Three things are immediately obvious: Only one variant has a manual transmission, and that is the base one; the 2.2-liter four-cylinder Duratorq TDCi diesel engine is only available in 4x2 guise; and the top-of-the-line variant with the 3.2-liter five-cylinder Duratorq TDCi diesel mill comes only in 4x4 and AT version.
Now, the range-topping 3.2-liter 4x4 Titanium variant has an optional Premium Package, which includes HID projector-type headlamps, LED daytime running lights, eight-way power-adjustable passenger seat, power-folding third-row seat, power liftgate, 240V power inverter, panoramic moonroof, head-up display, cruise control, lane-keeping system, collision mitigation system, and active park assist. The cost of this package is an additional P100,000.
Finally, the all-new Everest is available locally in seven body colors: Cool White, Black Mica, Sunset Red, True Red, Metropolitan Gray, Blue Reflex and Aluminum Metallic.
So there you have it. Your turn, Toyota and Mitsubishi.


What is International Service? International service exemplifies our global reach in promoting peace and understanding through a range of projects. In D9810 it comprises a number of Sub-Committees driving humanitarian service projects including Rotary Australia World Community Service (RAWCS), medical and emergency aid and goodwill programs. Further information on specific programs and contact persons can be sourced through web pages linked to this page. In addition, the Rotary Foundation pages also provide further information on various Rotary International humanitarian and education programs.
Effective 1 July 2016, the responsibilities of District International Service Chairs were redefined by the The Rotary Foundation Trustees and the Rotary International Board of Directors to enhance Rotary's impact in the community through all six areas of focus (known as the Project Enhancement initiative and calling for each District to establish a District Resource Network).
By identifying and increasing the use of local technical and project life cycle experts through the establishment of District Resource Networks, clubs and districts receive support for planning sustainable projects and large-scale global grants. This use of local expertise allows for long-term relationship-building and continuous mentorship and knowledge transfer.
While D9810 has had an informal Resource Network for many years, D9810 continues to strengthen its District Resource Network to encourage more Club's to participate in humanitarian service.
What is a District Resource Network?
The D9810 District Resource Network comprises local experts and resources that clubs can access to improve the quality, impact, and sustainability of their projects or global grant proposals.
D9810 Clubs are invited to take advantage of their network of experts by contacting them directly for assistance with projects, or by requesting an introduction from the District International Service Chair.
D9810 is progressively establishing Areas of Focus expert teams to help Clubs identify significant local and international projects, establish partnerships and source funds.
Team Leader / Chair - John Maddock [RC Box Hill Central - Global Education Expertise]; Annette Haworth [Early Childhood Development]; Judith Eadon [Primary Education]; Anthony Aulsebrook [Secondary Education]. The team is available as a resource / mentor to Clubs looking to carry out projects in this Focus area, including offering speakers for Club presentations.
If you serve as the club international service chair, work with your DISC to receive regular updates, communications, resources, and best practices for success.
Share your success stories. Send your inspirational success stories to your DISC for inclusion in an upcoming District newsletter or message.
DISCs serve as resources to District Rotary Foundation Chairs (DRFCs), District Rotary Foundation Grants Subcommittee Chairs (DGSCs) and other key district leaders directing them to resources for better projects and grants.
In a Nutshell - Why do we need a District Resource Network?
It establishes a District structure to mobilise our resources for a higher return on investment of The Rotary Foundation and Club funds.
It benefits Membership, Public Image and Service Projects and supports Rotarian effort to contribute to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Learn more about the D9810 District Resource Network by attending the following events in 2019.
Each year D9810 holds an International Service Seminar to inspire Clubs about the latest initiatives and opportunities for Clubs to participate in International Service. The 2018 Seminar outlined Human Centred Design methodology introduced by our partners Engineers Without Borders through a Vocational Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Training Team visit to D3420 Surabaya Indonesia in August 2018. The team comprised EWB representatives Heidi Michael, Katrina Bukauskas; Fatima Shehata, Mark Abela (TasWater) and Sally Wragg (QBE) plus Rotarians Bill Chapman (RC Moorabbin) and David Alexander - Team Leader (RC Manningham).
Clubs looking for an International Service Project are encouraged to review 2018 Seminar Project Opportunities.
Cadre members are accredited by TRF to review, monitor, and evaluate projects and ensure grant funds are being used responsibly.
available to assist Clubs to maximise their investments in international service projects.
Cadre of Technical Advisers, etc.
(project life cycle), and promotes resources and strategies for enhancing projects.
On 28 September 2018, a shallow, large earthquake struck in the neck of the Minahasa Peninsula, Indonesia, with its epicentre located in the mountainous Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi. The magnitude 7.5 quake was located 77 km away from the provincial capital Palu.
For over 2 years, Melbourne based EnTrust Foundation has been working in the Palu region of Sulawesi Indonesia, partnering with a Palu-based organisation through community development projects under the direction of a local project manager. EnTrust is directly connected with an organisation that specialises in Emergency Relief and sought funds to meet immediate humanitarian needs such as food, clean water, temporary shelter and provision of basic tools to clear debris. By 4th October D9810 and three Clubs had contributed $9,500, with Entrust assurance that 100% of every dollar would reach the survivors of the Palu tsunami.
[Postscript: The combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami led to the deaths of at least 2,256 people].
about how you can address the widespread critical humanitarian needs within these six areas.
Take a Course on Rotary Grants in the Learning Centre.
Learn 10 Ways to Improve Your Global Grant Application.
Join a Rotarian Action Group for impactful projects.
publicise club community service projects.
list of subjects to find the one for you, to connect with like-minded Rotarians.
Develop skills to deliver high impact and sustainable projects.


text:
Sound | 1960s
Sculptor Charles Umlauf
Applying clay to an armature
Building a plaster mould
Casting a hydrostone figure
Final changes to the full-size clay model
Constructing a plaster mould for the larger figure
Guilio Pogliani—one of the founders of the Founderia Artistica Battaglia in Milan, Italy—oversees the making of the mould
Applying coats of beeswax
Assembling sections of the master mould and filling with plaster to form the inner mould
Retouches to the wax figure
Attaching gates and vents and applying the outer mould
Melting the wax and pouring the bronze
The figure takes shape
The sculpture arrives at the Port of Houston for transport to the Texas Hill Country
Charles Umlauf Charles Umlauf
Cactus Pryor Cactus Pryor
Narrated by Austin broadcast personality Cactus Pryor, this 1960s educational film details the lost-wax method for bronze sculpting. To do so, the film follows the creation of a sculpture by Charles Umlauf. At his Austin studio, Umlauf designs, molds, and casts a figure out of clay and hydrostone. The piece is then shipped to the Fonderia Artistica Battalgia in Milan, Italy, where craftsmen construct a full-scale clay model. Following several stages of mould-building, the bronze sculpture is finally cast, assembled, and shipped back to Texas.
Sculptor Charles Umlauf was born on July 17, 1911, in South Haven Michigan. He studied under Albin Polasek at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1941, Umlauf accepted a teaching position at the University of Texas at Austin. He retired in 1981 as a professor emeritus. In 1985, Umlauf donated his home, studio, and 168 sculptures to the City of Austin. Six years later, the city built the Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum on adjoining public land to display the artwork.
Richard S. "Cactus" Pryor was a comedic television and broadcast personality from Austin, Texas. Cactus, an Austin native, was born in 1923, straight into the entertainment business. His father owned the Cactus Theater on Congress Avenue (hence the nickname), and starting at just 3 years old, Cactus made stage appearances before the shows began. Cactus attended the University of Texas and served in the US Army Air Corp. When he returned to Austin from his service in 1944, Cactus joined the broadcasting team at Lady Bird Johnson's KLBJ radio station, where he worked until 2008. He joined the world of broadcast television at KTBC in 1951 where he was program manager and hosted a variety of television programs, including a football program with Darrell K Royal and many celebrity interviews. Cactus appeared in two films with his friend John Wayne, Hellfighters and The Green Berets. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, he became a sought-after speaker and event host, famous for his roasts of entertainers and politicians, most of whom he counted as close friends. Cactus was also known for his disguises. He would appear at functions in character, often pulling a fast one on the crowd as he charmed them first in disguise, then again as he revealed himself and used his earlier conversations to entertain the crowd. As an active member of the Headliners Club of Austin, Pryor starred in many humorous television news satires alongside Texas politicians, some of which can be seen in his film collection, as well as the Gordon Wilkison Collection and the Wallace and Euna Pryor Collection. He was nationally-known, but kept Austin his home, helping put the city on the map in the 60s and 70s. Cactus Pryor announced to his KLBJ listeners in 2007 that he had Alzheimer's disease, and Austin's "original funnyman" died in 2011.
educational film
Umlauf Sculpture Garden
Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum
Charles Umlauf
Umlauf, Charles
Cactus Pryor
Pryor, Cactus
Pryor, Richard
Richard "Cactus" Pryor
narrated by
Earl J. Miller
Miller, Earl J.
Earl Miller
Miller, Earl
Michaelangelo
Chiellini
lost-wax casting
hydrostone
Fonderia Artistica Battaglia
Fonderia Battaglia
Guilio Pogliani
Pogliani, Guilio
KLRN-TV
KLRN
Southwest Texas Educational Television Council
Henderson-Wessendorff Foundation
Well Spring Center
Well Spring Retreat Center
Categories: 1960s | Austin | Travis County | Blanco County | Educational Films | Arts and Entertainment | Umlauf Sculpture Garden & Museum


When the Federal Communications Commission required TV stations in the top 50 markets to move their political disclosure files online just in time for the election, public interest groups were elated. Finally, they had a way to track the spending of all those PACs and special interest groups that were unleashed by the Citizens United case.
But the files haven't been all that easy to use as a tracking tool, the Sunlight Foundation discovered. The Washington, D.C. group, which took the time and effort to save all the files on a document cloud, found that about 2,100 (about 6 percent) of all 35,300 records have been taken down.
Now, before everyone races to point fingers at the TV stations, the Sunlight Foundation says the stations aren't the problem. Rather, it's pointing the finger at the FCC's lack of clarity about what files the TV stations should keep online.
"Different stations are interpreting the regulation in different ways," said Kathy Kiely, the managing editor of Sunlight Foundation Reporting, the reporting unit of the foundation. "I don't think it's malice on the part of the TV stations, but we think it should be clarified."
More than likely, the files were taken down because the orders changed or were altered or pulled as candidates scrambled to heavy up on contested markets and lighten up on lost causes.
"I'm interested in when [advertising groups] make a change because it could be a change in strategy," Kiely said.
While that may be valuable information the Sunlight Foundation would like to have, they'll probably have to go elsewhere for it. According to the FCC rule, TV stations don't have to keep files online that have been updated.
"If the final order is later amended after being included in the online political file, a station can replace the previously final order with the amended final order or may simply upload the amended final order," the FCC rule states.
From the get-go, moving the TV political disclosure files online has always been about politics. Public interests groups advocated the files go online because they saw them as an opportunity to keep tabs on outside spenders in elections. Though the FCC seemed to go along with the transparency pitch, it has always maintained that it was a "common sense" move.
"[The Sunlight Foundation] wants the FCC to fix something it has no jurisdiction over," said Scott Flick, a partner with Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman. "The files are not something that are intended to be mined by advocates and academicians. The purpose of the files are so that political candidates can determine what their competitor is running and to monitor the lowest unit rate."


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This is an online millimeter length and distance converter that converts given input to several other units. This tool is an online utility. You can dynamically calculate the unit conversions.
Units of Length and Distance: millimeter(mm), cm, decimeter, Fathoms, mile, Fermi, Link, planck, pica, twip, chain, rod, perch, pole, yard, foot, hand, mil, point, arpent,aln, famn, caliber, ken, barleycorn.


For LastPass admins, it is recommended that you complete the steps for enabling Multifactor Authentication in the Admin Console. For LastPass users, you can begin by installing Google Authenticator on your iOS or Android device (more details for each device type can be found here ). how to become a big drug dealer LastPass Authenticator is a two-factor authentication app for your LastPass account and other supported apps. LastPass Authenticator offers simple, secure authentication to your accounts by generating passcodes for login or receiving push notifications for one-tap approval.
To save your QR code: Open and unlock 1Password, select the Login item for the website, and click Edit. Click ; the item type menu to the right of a new field and choose One-Time Password. how to choose paint brand LastPass is taking this feature seriously, releasing a new app to manage all your 2FA-enabled accounts. The app works much like our own favorite two-factor authentication app, Authy .
Two Factor Authentication (2FA) Most Viewed Article 2 Factor Authentication (2FA) adds an additional layer of security to your ProtonMail account by adding an additional verification to the login process to protect your account.
13/01/2019 · Password managers like Lastpass or 1Password are also not the right solution for me. Yes, I believe that their crypto is good, and they never see the passwords of their users, but the 2FA is only as good as the lost password/2FA reset feature is. I've read and seen to many attacks on that to rely on it.
LastPass is taking this feature seriously, releasing a new app to manage all your 2FA-enabled accounts. The app works much like our own favorite two-factor authentication app, Authy .
I recently put out a post explaining how to enable two factor authentication (2FA) across your accounts, including this handy checklist for enabling 2FA with Google and Slack. Today, we're going to look at password managers. 1Password vs LastPass vs all the rest!


text:
Thomas "Tom" Snodgrass
Published 12:00 am Friday, November 7, 2008
Thomas "Tom" Rogers Snodgrass, 55, of Faunsdale died on Saturday, Nov. 1, 2008, in Selma. He was born Jan. 30, 1953, in Butler. He was a truck driver and a member of Hoboken Baptist Church.
Funeral services were held at Hoboken Baptist Church on Nov. 5 at 2 p.m. with the Rev. Ronny Blankenship and the Rev. Warren officiating. Burial was in Hoboken Baptist Church Cemetery in Sweet Water.
He is survived by his wife, Nancy Kay Snodgrass; two daughters, Shea (Wayne) Flowers of Gallion and Amy Kay Snodgrass of Faunsdale; a son, Matthew Thomas Snodgrass of Faunsdale; four brothers, Joel (Elaine) Snodgrass of Uniontown, Grey (Marie) Snodgrass of Dickinson, Raymond Broderick of Montgomery and Amos (Betty) Snodgrass of Sweet Water; four sisters, Rebecca Lynn of Sweet Water, Kathy Johnson of Sweet Water, Melissa (L.J.) Averette of Uniontown and Joann (Ronald) Smith of Lamison; and one granddaughter, Brittney Faith Flowers of Gallion.
Active pallbearers were Billy Joe Snodgrass, Jimmy Snodgrass, Eric Snodgrass, Clint Broderick, Chris Snodgrass, Wayne Averette, Jim Smith and Benjamin Lynn.
Honorary pallbearers were Gene Miller, Eddie Miller, Winkle Walker, Kenneth Snodgrass, Heath Smith, Randall Lynn, Norman Gray Averette and Tim Snodgrass.
O'Bryant Chapel Funeral Home of Thomasville directing.
Connie Morgan
Mr. Connie Lee Morgan, of Jefferson, Alabama passed October 31, 2008 in Demopolis, Alabama. Funeral services will be held Friday,... read more


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Asian Scientist 100
See full list here
Previous profile Next profile
Hu Hailan
Hu received the 2022 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women In Science International Award for her research on the underlying neurobiology of mental health disorders like depression.
(Photo: Zhejiang University)
2022 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women In Science International Award
CITES Tackles Trade Of Snake Skins, Long-Tailed Macaques In Asia
At the 25th CITES meeting in Geneva, experts addressed the illegal trade of snake skins for luxury products, and raised concern that Southeast Asia had become a hotspot for wildlife trade.
Webometrics Web Ranking 2011: National Taiwan University Top In Asia
The latest results of the Webometrics Web Ranking of World Universities released on July 29, 2011 ranked National Taiwan University as number one in Asia for its web presence.
Funding Tertiary Education In Southeast Asia And Beyond
Many countries in Southeast Asia are finding it difficult to pay for the expansion of their higher education sector, writes Bruce Chapman.
Thai Buddhist Leaders Call For End To Ivory Use
Thai Buddhist leaders held on Friday the first-ever Buddhist merit-making ceremony to pray for the tens of thousands of elephants poached annually.
Lessons For Asia From The Horse Meat Scandal
What can we in Asia learn from the horsemeat contamination scandal in Europe? David Tan discusses.
Experts Discuss Rising Obesity In Asia Pacific
Experts discussed the rising epidemic of obesity at the 19th Asian Pacific Congress of Cardiology in Pattaya, Thailand.
Stem Cell Therapy In Southeast Asia: Where Are We Today?
Research into stem cells is taking place across Southeast Asia, but proven disease treatments are currently out of reach, says Crispin Maslog.
2,000 Smuggled Snakes Discovered On Chinese New Year's Eve
More than 2,000 rat snakes and cobras were discovered in Thailand on the eve of the Year of the Snake.
Will Nalanda University Be A Success?
Nalanda University's success will require the extended commitment of various government ministries and its international partners, writes Dr. Pushkar.


text:
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Home > News and articles > Press Release > Investment manager re-joins Parmenion
Investment manager re-joins Parmenion
Parmenion's investment team is delighted to welcome Harry Garrett, who re-joins in his former role as an investment manager supporting the management of Parmenion's suite of investment solutions.
Harry has spent six months as Head of Investment at a South West start-up.
Harry commented: "The challenge of taking a big role at a start-up is always an enticing prospect, and I couldn't say no when I was offered the role last spring.
"Prior to this, I had worked for Parmenion for six years and know how the business grew and evolved. And although this was a very tough decision, Parmenion is heading somewhere exciting and I definitely want to be part of that success again."
The re-hire marks a further strengthening of the investment team which added former Whitechurch Securities Head of Investment, Tom Sayers, to its ranks in 2019, to co-ordinate the management of over £6 billion across Parmenion's range of MPS solutions. Wealth manager Abika Martin also joined last year.
Managing Director, Peter Dalgliesh, added: "It is a ringing endorsement of all things Parmenion offers, that someone of Harry's experience, professionalism and client focus has chosen to re-join our business. Attracting such talent and expertise is testimony to our success, delivery and growth."
"I am delighted to welcome him back, as will many financial advisers, adding to my team's broad capability and supporting our commitment to our clients, in what promises to be an exciting period for markets."
The Parmenion investment team is made up of 11 experienced investment specialists with over 140 years of collective experience working within the financial sector. The Parmenion investment team are responsible for the oversight and management of £6bn for 1,500 financial advisers and 60,000 underlying UK investors.
"The above article is intended to be a topical commentary and should not be construed as financial advice from either the author or Parmenion Capital Partners LLP. If a client wishes to obtain financial advice as to whether an investment is suitable for their needs, they should consult an authorised Financial Adviser. Past performance is not an indicator of future returns."
Any news and/or views expressed within this document are intended as general information only and should not be viewed as a form of personal recommendation. All investment carries risk and it is important you understand this. If you are in any doubt about whether an investment is suitable for you, please contact your financial adviser.
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Parmenion Capital Partners LLP
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