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Lead Poisoning in Rome - The Geoarchaeological Evidence
In March, a new study came out in PNAS discussing "Lead in ancient Rome's city waters" (Delile et al. 2014). It was quickly covered by major science news outlets, largely because of a mention of lead poisoning in Rome on the new Neil deGrasse Tyson-helmed Cosmos, with venues like TIME stating, "Lead didn't bring down ancient Rome," but others like Discover inaccurately commenting that "Lead in ancient Rome's water was 100 times natural level." Now that I've gotten through the SAA conference and submitted final semester grades, I wanted to take a close look at the paper in advance of talking about lead poisoning in a talk I'm giving in San Antonio on Monday.
Lead pipe from Ostia Antica.
(photo credit: Chris 73 CC BY-SA 3.0)
The Delile et al. study is very well designed. The authors used sand and silt from a 9m-long core drilled into a channel between the Claudian and Trajanic basins at Portus Romae, the port city of Rome that lay about 25 km west on the Tyrrhenian Sea. They also used soil from a 13m-long core drilled into what used to be a man-made branch of the Tiber River, now called the Canale Romano. Based on sedimentology, the authors were able to identify several time periods when the soil was accumulating. They tested several dozen samples from each of these soil cores, and they also took samples from five Roman fistulae (water pipes) dating to the 1st-2nd centuries AD.
This project involves Pb isotope values (not concentrations) to test whether the Pb present in the cores was naturally occurring or the result of anthropogenic (man-made) Pb use. Pb isotopes, like Sr, O, and S, can actually be used to investigate mobility and migration of humans and animals. We all ingest at least trace amounts of these elements because they occur normally and naturally in our environment. Different ratios of these elements give us information, therefore, into the kind of environment in which a person grew up, allowing us to see if people or animals changed locations after they were born. But testing the soil for Pb isotopes gave these researchers information into whether the soil's Pb was from the local environment or from imported Pb (and therefore anthropogenically-caused introduction of Pb).
Using the Pb isotopes, the authors found two major components when they tested the soil: first, there was naturally-occurring Pb likely from the Alban Hills (volcanic rock) and from Mediterranean seawater as a result of erosion of Apenninic limestone. But second, there was a component that could not be explained using the local geology. Specifically, the Pb component they found is called Hercynian Pb, which is not found in the Italian peninsula. It's normally found in SW Spain, parts of France, Germany, England, Greece, and the Alps. This anthropogenic or human-introduced Pb component is also, they say, consistent with four of the five fistulae they tested.
So what does this mean for the levels of Pb pollution in the Roman water system? Here's where some of the news coverage gets some of the interpretations wrong. Delile and colleagues (2014:4, emphasis mine) calculate that, given an estimate of Tiber River water running through fistulae at the height of the Roman Empire:
It can therefore be deduced that fistulae increased Pb in the water distributed in Rome over the natural level by a factor of about 40, 14, and 105 for the Early Empire, Late Empire, and High Middle Ages, respectively. [...] These levels are maximum values because they characterize the final output of the water system to the Tiber, while most Roman citizens would have used drinking water that was tapped, whether legally or illegally, all along the water distribution system. The inferred increases of Pb in the water of the Roman distribution system unquestionably attest to general lead pollution of Roman drinking water, but the Pb concentrations at issue are unlikely to have represented a major health risk.
Now, go back and read the Discover story if you're so inclined. I'll wait. Did you notice how the author cherry-picked the largest number, which represents the High Middle Ages (whereas "ancient Rome" generally means the Roman Empire when talking about lead poisoning)? See how the author cherry-picks a quote about lead being a major public health issue, only to admit at the end that the authors of the study don't discuss health problems (except that they do in the sentence I've highlighted above)? Lead is present in our environment, of course, and although 14 and 40 times sound scary, those numbers may not mean much if the natural level of lead is very low. That's basic math. Definitely the worst coverage of this article I've seen.
Getting back to the elegant study, though, the authors further show (Delile et al. 2014:5) using the chronology of the sediment cores and the fluctuating Pb isotope values that their data line up with written history:
The isotopic contrast between the fractions rapidly diminishes, although quite smoothly, from the Early to the Late Roman Imperial periods. This change is largely accounted for by the dramatically smaller contribution of anthropogenic Pb to leachates and therefore by a lesser pollution of Tiber water. One interpretation of this may be a redirection of spring water away from the lead pipes of Rome, in some way related to the controversial decline of the population or to a poorly documented deterioration of the water distribution system.
The later fifth and sixth century transition is coevel with Belisarius' fixing of the decommissioned aqueducts of Rome at the end of the Gothic Wars (535-554 AD). Byzantine repairs of the water distribution system may have remobilized massive amounts of corrosion products from abandoned lead pipes in which water may have stagnated for protracted lengths of time. Although a causal relationship cannot be formally demonstrated, the discontinuities in the cores at Portus seem contemporaneous with historically documented events such as the struggle for the control of the port between Gothic and Byzantine forces (536-552 AD) and the damages inflicted to the water distribution system during the Arab sack of Rome in the mid-ninth century.
Really, really good stuff!
This paper, of course, makes me think of the Pb concentration (and isotope) data from my Romans buried at Casal Bertone and Castellaccio Europarco, just outside of Rome, in the 1st-3rd centuries. Here's a chart of Pb concentration data from Britain and Rome, with data coming from Montgomery et al. 2010:
Lead concentration from skeletons from Britain and Rome.
(Raw data from Montgomery et al. 2010, Tables 11.2, 11.3, 11.4.)
If we could take the pre-Roman Britain lead level (0.08 median) as possibly analogous to pre-anthropogenic-Pb Rome, then you could have a 40-fold increase and not have widespread lead poisoning. 105 times (the possible level above natural Pb levels in the High Middle Ages for the Tiber basin), however, is pretty darned high. Medieval Europe clearly liked their lead.
The most fascinating thing to come out of the Delile et al. paper for me is the idea that the Tiber was the source of the Pb pollution. This isn't particularly surprising, since waste from the various industries within the urbs and the suburbium would flow into the Tiber. And the Romans knew not to drink Tiber water or eat fish out of it; they were well aware of pollution, even if they didn't quite understand the mechanisms. But these results give me pause because they could indicate that Romans whose skeletons held high levels of lead grew up playing and possibly drinking and eating close to the Tiber. Since we have little information that links dead bodies buried in the suburbium with living quarters in the urbs, knowing that proximity to Tiber waters could result in high Pb values is a good bit of data to store away for when Sr/O analysis can give me a finer resolution for residence and mobility in the Empire. That is, I hope that someday I can figure out where in Rome people lived by looking at their skeletons, historical information, geological data, and other contextual factors. Skeletons are all well and good, but being able to understand living communities in Rome has always been my goal.
The Delile et al. article represents a massive step forward in helping all of us who research the ancient world understand more about the variation in environment and health in the Roman Empire.
Delile H, Blichert-Toft J, Goiran JP, Keay S, & Albarède F (2014). Lead in ancient Rome's city waters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 (18), 6594-9. PMID: 24753588.
Killgrove K (2012). Lead poisoning in Rome - the skeletal evidence. Powered by Osteons.
Montgomery J, Evans J, Chenery S, Pashley V, & Killgrove K (2010). 'Gleaming, white, and deadly': using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain. Roman Diasporas, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Suppl 78, 199-226.
Rachel Perash said…
Great post! It provided myself with an excellent example of how to correctly critique and review several articles.
XI = Z said…
Seneca, the 1st century Roman Stoic Philosopher may make be making a reference to acute Lead poisoning after a drinking party here. : "Our pleasures themselves become torments; banquets bring indigestion, carousals paralysis of the muscles and palsy, sensual habits affect the feet, the hands, and every joint of the body".
. ca·roused, ca·rous·ing, ca·rous·es
1. To engage in boisterous, drunken merrymaking.
2. To drink excessively.
Historians argue over the extent of lead poisoning amongst Romans, with some academics suggesting lead poising played a major role in the decline of the Roman Empire. It is certainly plausible, with most blaming lead pipes of the Roman aqueducts for poisoning, and not Sugar of Lead. However, calcium carbonate would likely build up inside the pipes, creating a lining within that would prevent leaching of lead into the water supply. If lead poisoning did play a role on the fall of Rome, it did so as an artificial sweetener, and not as an accidental additive to the water supply.
A lead derivative is included in roughly 90 of the 450 recipes included in the Apicius, a late 4th century Roman cook book. Symptoms of lead poisoning include a metallic taste and loss of appetite, leading the patient to consume more food to overcome the poor aftertaste and absence of feeling full.
Romans also used defrutum and sapa to sweeten fermented wines. A typical Roman might drink a liter of wine in a day, and, in doing so, ingest up to 20 mg of lead in the process.
Exposure to lead can have a wide range of effects on a child's development and behavior. Even when exposed to small amounts of lead levels, children may appear inattentive, hyperactive and irritable. Children with greater lead levels may also have problems with learning and reading, delayed growth and hearing loss. At high levels, lead can cause permanent brain damage and even death.
"Therefore, each element of the triad of unexplained anemia, abdominal cramps, and bilateral wrist (or foot) drop should lead any physician to consider the diagnosis of lead intoxication. This case also illustrates the importance of a careful and meticulous social history in patient management."
Thank you for your review of the Delile & al. article. I am currently writing my M.A. thesis in Ancient History on lead poisoning in ancient Rome and I was wondering why Delile & al. concluded from lead in the sediment in Rome's harbor and Tiber river that this lead had come out of the pipes conducting drinking water? Weren't there many other ways in which the river/harbor water could have been polluted? I am thinking mainly of ships that were sheathed in lead and maintained (i.e. scrubbed) usually inside harbors. Cf. Rosen, Baruch & Ehud Galili: »Lead Use on Roman Ships and its environmental Effects«. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2007(2). pp. 300–307. Couldn't ships have been the main source of lead in harbor/river water?
Martin, that's an interesting suggestion. I don't think the authors of this study tested ships. Their results comparing the Pb in the harbor with the Pb that made up aqueduct piping showed similarities, leading them to conclude that pipes were the culprit. But I agree that there were so many different sources of Pb in Rome that this study is not conclusive in tying Pb pollution to pipes.


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Becoming a Trailblazer!
Home Becoming a Trailblazer!
+800.591.1673 [email protected]
After flying 35 different aircraft as a Naval Aviator, how does one turn to inspiring the next generation of leaders as an educator and author? Join us on Women Lead Radio as Knight Campbell, your host of Leading on the Edge, has a conversation with CAPT Barbara Bell Ed.D., Vanderbilt Leadership Professor and author of Flight Lessons: Navigating Through Life's Turbulence and Learning to Fly High, on how to develop the gritty mindset required to push through barriers and take flight in any situation. CAPT Bell was one of the first women to graduate from the US Naval Academy and helped spearhead the movement to allow women to fly combat missions in the US military. Her bottom line? "When you don't fit in, choose to stand out."
About Your Guest
Captain Barbara Bell, U.S. Navy (ret) is an inspiring speaker, author and leader who empowers women, men, and teens, encouraging and teaching them to fly high in their personal and professional lives. Growing up in small-town Michigan, Barbara Bell, Ed.D., Capt. U.S. Navy (ret), had her head in the clouds. "As a kid, lying on the grass, seeing planes go by, I wasn't thinking about being a pilot, because there was no context for that for women in the 1960s," she remembers. "When I dreamed of flying, I was always the airplane." An accomplished student and athlete, she received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy at a time when only six percent of the student body was female. ("While the law said we could be there, most of our experience said we could not," Bell explains.) After becoming one of Annapolis' first woman graduates, she continued on to a distinguished career as an aviator and Naval Flight Test Officer, during which she flew more than 1,600 hours in 35 different types of U.S. and Allied aircraft.
Knight Campbell, your host of The Leading Edge: Women Pushing Boundaries in Life, Adventure and Leadership. In Knight's show, he and his guests explore how women thrive in traditionally male dominated areas, support each other, and bring values to organizations despite implicit sexism. Knight is a Guide, a Coach & the Founder and CEO of Cairn Leadership Strategies LLC. Cairn Leadership Strategies is a leadership development and consulting company centered around women advancement and encouragement through rock climbing retreats.
Sponsor Appreciation!
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"I thoroughly enjoyed your meeting and agree, the caliber of the group was several notches above the typical networking events. The women made efforts to draw one another into the conversations and are generous in sharing their knowledge and contacts. Kudos to you for starting and maintaining such a quality organization!"
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Living the Life of a Travel JournalistHow Business is Done Today in Spite of the Economy, Inflation and the News! | Women Lead TV

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Q: Power Automate and SharePoint Online I have created a library and added several folders in it (SharePoint Online). Whenever a document has been uploaded or edited, I would like to receive an email with a button/link to that document.
But this email needs to be just like the one Microsoft sends when you share a document with someone.
The thing is that we make use of Adobe Document Cloud. So opening the link, the pdf needs to open with Adobe Document Cloud. As of this far, I could only manage to get the document link as in "https://[tenant].sharepoint.com/sites/testsite/testlibrary/doc.pdf"
This link opens in the browser, but not in Adobe Document Cloud.
So if anyone here managed to get this working, please let me know.
Thank you.

A: It seems to be an open behavior setting issue for PDF files.
Here's the test result in my environment:
Since I don't have access to Adobe Document Cloud, I have disabled the Adobe PDF Reader add-on in IE so that PDF files from SharePoint libraries will be opened in Adobe Reader client application.
The link sent by email is formatted as following: https://tenant.sharepoint.com/sites/Teamsite/Library/xxx.pdf
When I click the link, I get redirected to IE first, then the PDF file gets opened immediately in Adobe Reader client application.
So, I suggest you check if you have configured the open behavior for PDF files. You can also prevent the files from being opened in browser via IE > Settings > Managed add-ons > Adobe PDF Reader > Disable.
Reference:
Using Adobe Document Cloud for SharePoint and OneDrive.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Writer of fact or fiction – or a combination of both! Festival Director for the Rochester Literature Festival .
I've been writing stories since I was tiny but would never have described myself as a writer – to be a writer you had to publish a novel, I thought. Happily, growing up and enrolling on a creative writing course made me realise that the very act of writing is what makes you a writer, whether successful or not, and that writing about factual events was just as valid as fiction.
As a freelancer, I've enjoyed a diverse career with the opportunity to write about my passions, as well as lend my skills to multiple businesses looking to engage their customers.
However, I decided it was now time to concentrate on the writing I'm most passionate about – screenwriting.
I now have a 'proper' day job again, as part time manager of a community space, which is ticking an awful lot of boxes in terms of job satisfaction. This gives me the time to investigate the screenwriting craft and finally put my ideas down in writing – and even begin to pitch! There may even come a time when I get time to blog on my own blog again! (See 'Tingles').
Current projects include a crime thriller, a warmhearted family drama, and a coming of age road trip.
My entertainment review blog, The Rhythm of Life was marketed effectively and found by a number of PR companies, including the Royal Academy of Dance, Mischief for Barclays Live, Neoco for Ubisoft's Just Dance 2 Wii game, Warner's Strictly Come Dancing weekends, Butlin's Streetdance Festival and Jam for Sky One HD's Louie Spence show and the South Bank Sky Arts Awards. I have also guest blogged for MSN and had many articles placed in local press publications.
This is the archived, first incarnation of 'A tingle in my fingers …' which I began many years ago. You'll find fiction, music, dancing, chocolate sport and more – and hopefully will begin to find more of those here too!
Blogging, copy writing and social media clients include the Kent Digital Conversation 2013 for Kent County Council, Project Encounter, Become Known, BSK and some of its associated projects. I was also the online editor for Kent's premier arts and culture website, WOW.
I have also contributed to Going on in Medway, coFWD, and was the original Community Publisher for Rochester People, feeding into This is Kent (now Kent & Sussex Courier).


We know that you have many options when it comes to choosing a place to live. We want to thank you for deciding to rent from Chico Sierra Real Estate Management Inc. We will do everything in our power to make sure that you have a safe and enjoyable living environment during your tenancy with us. In order for us to do that, please make sure that you have completely read and understood all of the terms and conditions of your lease. We want to make sure that you know what is expected on our end, and that you have a clear understanding of the rules and policies that apply to your rental property. Please know that you are always welcome to call or stop into the office with any questions or concerns that you may have, and know that we will do our best to help where we can.
All move-ins are scheduled with our office. On the move in date, you will be required to provide our office with a check or money order for any/all fees that are due. This will include any outstanding security deposit not already paid, pet deposits (if accepted), and prorate rent. YOU MUST HAVE ALL MONIES PAID TO RECEIVE A KEY. At the scheduled time, you will meet one of our representatives to complete a move in inspection. The purpose of this move in is to make a checklist of the condition of the unit. Any item that is damaged will be noted. Our representative will do their best to catch everything, however, it is up to the tenant to make sure that they are comfortable, and agree with what is listed. Your signature will reflect that agreement. All items not listed will be considered to be in good condition. Once the move-in is completed, any/all changes will need to be authorized by Chico Sierra Real Estate Management before they will be added to the original form. These changes will need to be brought to our office within 24 hours of the move in.
Tenants are given 1 key per person at move-in. If individuals are not able to be at the move in, they will need to make arrangements with our office to pick up their key during office hours.
If tenants do not have the full amount due on the day of the move in, we will be unable to give you keys to the unit. Please also be aware that we can reschedule a move in date/time, but you will be charged from the original move-in date. NO EXCEPTIONS.
Make sure that you read your lease. For many Summer/Fall move in's, you are given an approximate date. This may not be your actual move-in date. Approximate dates are given based on the time that we expect we will need to turn a unit over. If additional time is needed, then your move-in date will be pushed back. We request that you call us, 1 week prior to the date listed on the sheet. At this time we should be able to quote you an actual date. Please do not show up on the doorstep with your parents and a moving van unless you have scheduled a day and time for the walkthrough.
All House rules are listed on your lease agreement. It is our understanding that you have read and understood all of these rules. It is also understood that you are aware that you are to abide by all City, State, and Federal laws and regulations.
All work orders must be submitted through our website. Once you submit a work order you will receive a confirmation email for your records. We are unable to take work orders in the office or over the phone. If you have an emergency request during office hours, please submit the online request and then call our office to confirm it has been received.
Non-emergency work orders will be handled in the order that they were received. Once a work order is turned in you should expect to hear from someone within 1-3 days.
If this does not happen, you will need to call the office back immediately to follow up. Vendors will attempt to contact the phone number listed on the work order 1 time and will leave a message. It will then be up to you, to call back and schedule a time to let them in. If several unsuccessful attempts are made to get in, vendors may also post a 24-hour notice to enter.
Emergency work orders — If you turn in an emergency work order, you should be contacted by someone within 24 hours or sooner. If that does not happen, call our office immediately to follow up. If you have any emergency during weekend or evening hours, you will need to call the office phone at (530) 899-2296, listen very carefully to the message which will explain in detail what to do. Make sure that you leave a message on our office phone first, then follow the instructions.
You are only to call the emergency service for maintenance emergencies. Calls made to the service that are non-emergency items will be billed $10 to the tenant.
All tenants are to complete a move out inspection with our office. We will hand deliver a notice to your property weeks prior to your move out. This will tell you the date and time of the scheduled inspection. If you do not receive one of these notices you will need to contact our office at least 2 weeks before the termination of your lease. Your move in will be scheduled on the last day or the day after the end of your lease. This will be determined by the day of the week that this falls on. A walk through inspection will take approximately 30-45 minutes to complete. If you are not at the walkthrough, we will assume that you have forfeited your right to be there and we will complete the inspection as normal.
If you are unable to make the walk through that we have scheduled, you are welcome to call our office and reschedule as long as we have time slots available on the date that you need. If you need additional days, this will first need to be approved by the office. If we are able to accommodate you, you will be charged a prorated amount based on a per day basis. Rent will continue to be charged until we receive possession of the unit back.
If you do not plan to be at the move out inspection you will need to notify the office. All keys will need to be left on the kitchen counter along with a forwarding address for each person on the lease. If the unit is vacant, but not all keys have been returned, we will call a locksmith that day to rekey the unit and tenants will be charged. If the unit is not empty, the move in inspection will be canceled and rescheduled. Tenants will be charged rent up unit the final move out inspection. If tenants fail to provide us with a forwarding address, all security deposit information will be sent to the rental address for the post office to forward.
All Security Deposits and pet deposits are split equally among all individuals on the lease. There will be no exceptions to this unless all tenants sign and date a letter with specific instructions. This is to be accompanied by copies of the tenant's driver's licenses. This form will need to be given to us at the move out inspection. Any documents, keys, forwarding address given to us after the move out inspection will not be accepted.
All tenants are welcome to call our office and schedule a PRE- Walkthrough. These inspections are scheduled based on time slots available, so please call several weeks before your move out.
We do not terminate leases. Please read over the copy of your lease, which will explain the ways that you may be able to transfer your lease.
If you are on a month to month contract and you plan to vacate the property, you will need to supply our office with a written 30-day notice. This notice is to include your name, address, and the current date. We suggest that you request a copy, with our signature on it, for your records.
If you are on a lease, please read the above information listed under move outs for more detailed information.
Our office accepts checks, money orders and cashier's checks. I am sorry but we are not able to take cash. Tenants will be encouraged to make a payment through their Tenant Portal.
We do not take postdated checks. No matter what date is listed on a check, all checks given to our office will be cashed within 3 days of receipt. If checks are returned, tenants will be responsible for a late fee and an NSF fee. All fees are described in your lease agreement.
We also have a mail slot in the door but remember we do not accept cash.


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Tim D'Silva memorializes his CatholicU Sweetheart with an endowed scholarship
Dr. Themistocles "Tim" D'Silva, Ph.D. Chemistry 1964, has made a gift to Catholic University in memory of his late wife, Dr. Rose Marie D'Silva, also Ph.D. Chemistry 1964, who passed away in June of 2019. The Rose Marie D'Silva Endowed Scholarship symbolizes her commitment to quality education for all.
What a nativity scene at Christmas must mean for us
While Saint Francis did not invent the nativity scene or Christmas créche, he did popularize it, and as a Franciscan, I have a strong attachment to what this very familiar scene represents. It is a cherished tradition, and a family's nativity scene becomes a very personal and very particular expression of familial faith.
Meet Chris Pierno, B.A. 2011, M.S.M. 2017, the new Alumni Association president
For Chris Pierno, B.A. 2011, M.S.M. 2017, and new Alumni Association president, Catholic University permeates every aspect of his life. Pierno has been an undergraduate and graduate student, alumnus, employee, CatholicU Sweetheart, and now president of the Alumni Association.
Groundbreaking ceremony for the new nursing and sciences building
On Monday, December 6, Catholic University and the Conway School of Nursing celebrated a special milestone: the groundbreaking for the new nursing and sciences building. The event was attended by University leadership, Board of Trustees members, project donors, friends, faculty, staff, and students, as well as by representatives of the firms involved in the building's design and construction.
Giving Tuesday raises $75,000 for student scholarships
On Giving Tuesday 2021, 189 donors contributed more than $75,000 to student scholarships at The Catholic University of America. These generous donors have opened the University's doors to even more young people.
"Filling" fine with the Phanord fraternal twins
Kevin and Kyle Phanord, both B.S. 2016, biology, don't play much basketball these days. While they both played guard on the courts at the DuFour Center for the Cardinals, today they can be found working at their father's dental practice in South Florida.
2021 Cardinal Athletics Giving Challenge fuels tomorrow's legends
This year, 2,317 donors raised $313,614 for our athletics programs during the two-week Cardinal Athletics Giving Challenge.
The Church is the communion of saints: All Souls' Day
Throughout the month of November, we offer Masses for anyone in our Catholic University community who has died. We know by faith that our alumni in heaven are interceding for us as well.
Cardinal Weekend 2021: Welcoming alumni back to campus after two years
Two years was too long! From Oct. 15-17, we welcomed our alumni family back to campus for our first in-person Cardinal Weekend since 2019.
Now accepting gifts of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other crypto
The Catholic University of America now accepts gifts of cryptocurrency, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and dozens of others.
Campaign extended through 2023 with increased goal of $500M
On October 18, The Catholic University of America announced it will extend Light the Way: The Campaign for Catholic University through 2023 with a new goal of $500 million.
Cardinal Weekend 2021: Virtual Activities
Cardinal Weekend 2021 includes two virtual activities: a virtual tour of campus and a virtual 5K and fun run. Participate in them now!
Cardinal O'Lantern: Halloween Pumpkin Stencils 2021
Oh my gourd! This Halloween, light the way with your very own Cardinal O'Lantern! Use our Halloween pumpkin stencils to carve a Catholic University-themed jack o'lantern.
Faith through dialogue: Feast of St. Francis of Assisi
True dialogue creates understanding and casts out fear. […] Dialogue and encounter are not experiences to be feared or threats to our own faith life; rather, they enrich everyone's life and education.
Sock Campaign 2021: Support The Fund for Catholic University
Proudly wear your support for Catholic University on your feet! From September 28 to October 16, you can elect to receive a pair of limited edition Catholic University socks with your gift of $25 or more to The Fund for Catholic University.
Who wore it best: Cardinal Weekend 2021 T-shirt
We're proud to present our Cardinal Weekend 2021 T-shirt! Inspired by the baseball jerseys once worn by Brian Cashman, B.A. 1989; Ross Natoli, head baseball coach; and other greats from the Catholic Baseball program, this shirt features an iconic, retro design with modern sensibilities.
Students create bonds with 1887 Society members
With the Cardinal Connections program, members of the Student Philanthropy Council (SPC) are matched with mentors in the 1887 Society with the goal of providing career advice and guidance to current students.
Starting the academic year: Mass of the Holy Spirit
On September 2, the University community gathers to celebrate the Mass of the Holy Spirit with His Eminence, Wilton Cardinal Gregory, archbishop of Washington and chancellor of Catholic University.
CatholicU in Minneapolis for "Angels Unawares"
On Friday, August 13, we celebrated with members of the CatholicU community in the Minneapolis region.
Calm waters ahead: The Assumption of Mary
God is always with us and hears our prayers, even throughout the stormy seas of life. All of us experience these rough waters, maybe with our physical health, or within our family, our career, or in our friendships.


Ale Yeah! | Decatur's 5th Anniversary Saturday, June 11!
5, and a score, years ago we opened up in the sleepy burg of Decatur to bring our love of craft beer to you. It's been one helluva ride, one that we're looking to keep going for 5 more! On Saturday, June 11th we'll be celebrating this moment with some killer drafts, a commemorative coaster and some general good vibes. We've lined up the following kegs to high 5 our birthday: Ballast Point "Victory @ Sea Peanut Butter", Ballast Point "Victory @ Seas Coconut", Red Brick "Barrel Aged Thick & Silky", Founders "Misty Mountain Brown", Burnt Hickory "Noggin Knocker", Three Taverns "Heavy Bells", Creature Comforts "Cosmik Debris", Reformation "Atlas w/ Mango", Lost Abbey "Track #10 Bat Out Of Hell", Blue Tarp/Ale Yeah! collab "Durty South", Wild Heaven "DiOde" (a blend of Ode to Mercy & Dionysus aged in Heaven Hill barrels), Wrecking Bar "Cabernet BA In Quad We Trust", Victory "CBC Pils w/ Saphir hops" and possibly some others that we're working on.


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Mitchell's Ice Cream
60 Years In San Francisco
Standard Flavors
Seasonal Flavors
Sorbet Flavors
Cakes For All Occasions
Holidays & Other Occasions
Cakes For Children
Cakes For Sports Fans
In The Mission
San Francisco Treasure Video
Tribute To Larry Mitchell
Cakes, Gift Cards & Apparel
Driving Directions/Public Transportation
Mitchell's Tops List For San Francisco In Best Cities for Ice Cream Lovers
Posted on December 10, 2018 by sudeepjohnson
San Francisco rated #1 when Redfin researched which cities have the best ingredients to satisfy ice creamlovers across America. Mitchell's Ice Cream was rated first in the list of sixmentioned by Redfin for San Francisco. In all there are 61 ice cream shops in San Francisco,making this a great honor for Mitchell's! Be sure to stop by to sample our special holiday flavors or to pick up gift cards for family members and friends.
Ever wonder what the difference is between Ice Cream and Gelato?
Posted on September 19, 2017 by Adam Carter
There are ice cream shops and gelato shops all over the Bay Area these days. Since "gelato" is the Italian word for ice cream, it would make sense that ice cream and gelato are one and the same. There are differences, however, which you probably noticed when you tried gelato for the first time after eating ice cream most of your life.
One big difference between the two is that gelato is made with more milk and less cream than American style ice cream. Gelato has between 4% and 9% butterfat, while ice cream is a minimum of 10% butterfat. Most ice cream stores in the Bay Area have 14% butterfat ice cream, and Mitchell's has 16%. That means that gelato is lower in fat, and ice cream is richer and creamier.
Another difference between the two is that ice cream is churned at a much faster speed than gelato, so ice cream has more air, which makes it lighter in texture. Gelato is churned at a very slow speed, which allows less air into the base, thus making it denser than American style ice cream.
Since gelato is denser and lower in butterfat than ice cream, it must be served at a higher temperature. Ice cream is usually served at about 5 or 6 degrees above zero, while gelato is best served at between 10 and 12 degrees above zero. If the temperatures for each were reversed, the ice cream would be melted and the gelato would be hard as a rock!
While there are definite differences between the two, they also have a lot in common, and some recipes are so similar that it's hard to tell whether you're eating ice cream or gelato. One thing's for sure, everyone loves ice cream, whether it's American style or Italian style!
Peach, Cantaloupe, and Espresso Toffee Crunch: Our Summer Flavors Are Here!
Posted on August 4, 2017 by Adam Carter
Summer is here and you know what that means! Mitchell's eagerly awaited summer flavors, Peach, Cantaloupe, and Espresso Toffee Crunch, have finally arrived and are better than ever! You will love these rich, sweet, and decadent treats.
Indulge in our Peach ice cream, made with luscious, juicy peaches from Clovis, California. The peaches are blended with our rich cream base to create an undeniably delicious flavor. If you want ice cream that reminds you of a warm summer's day, we highly recommend you try Mitchell's Peach ice cream!
Our ice cream makers spend a lot of time peeling, chopping and deseeding cantaloupes at this time of year — all for our fabulous Cantaloupe ice cream. After the cantaloupes are peeled and chopped, they're poured into a food processor and diced to ensure that they'll be evenly spread throughout each 10 gallon batch of ice cream. The end result is sweet, dreamy cantaloupe heaven!
Our third summer flavor is called Espresso Toffee Crunch. We blend ground espresso beans with dark chocolate enrobed English toffee and chocolate espresso flakes to create a really rich, creamy jolt of flavor. The sweet, rich flavor will overwhelm your taste buds with creamy goodness!
When you stop by our shop, be sure to ask for a taste of our three summer favorites. They won't be here forever, and we think you'll really love them!
Mitchell's Ice Cream opened for business on June 6th, 1953. Founders Larry and Jack Mitchell started out making 19 traditional American flavors, but a few years after they opened, one of their customers convinced them to try making a flavor that no one else in San Francisco had ever made before –Mango! It was an immediate success, and it convinced them to add more and more tropical flavors to their menu board over the years. We now have over 40 flavors on our board every day, and Mango is still our top seller. Ube, Macapuno, Buko and many of the other tropical flavors Larry and Jack created are still among our most popular flavors today.
For more information about Mitchell's history or our summer flavors visit our website at mitchellsicecream.com/ or give us a call at 415) 648-2300!
Our Tradition Since 1953
Posted on February 28, 2017 by sudeepjohnson
A Delicious Glimpse at Making Ice Cream
Envisioning the process of creating delicious frozen ice cream treats may bring to mind visions of Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory. While making ice cream is a passion for our family, the process takes a lot of hard work.
The ice cream making process
The magic happens in a 40 quart Emery Thompson Freezer. We make about 550 gallons of ice cream each day throughout the warmer months (a little less in the winter). Our ice cream makers start bright and early every morning at 3 a.m. They work in teams of two and make about 15 to 20 flavors through the day, always starting with our very popular Madagascar Bourbon Vanilla.
The process starts by pouring five gallons of cream into the barrel of the freezer. The blades of the freezer rotate around inside the barrel, scraping the cream off the sides as it freezes. Fruit, nuts, chocolate chips and other ingredients are added to the machine at just the right time to ensure a smooth and creamy texture. Once the cream reaches the proper consistency, the gate on the front of the freezer is opened and ice cream containers are filled. It takes about 10 or 11 minutes to create each batch of ice cream. The soft, freshly made ice cream is then transferred to a walk-in freezer to harden for 24 hours before it is served.
Not all fun and games
While making ice cream sounds like a lot of fun, it requires a lot of hard work. Our ice cream makers must be focused and able to lift heavy containers of ingredients. It takes good preparation and experience to make our super-premium ice cream. The ingredients for each flavor must be carefully cooked, blended, chopped, and measured so that the perfect mixture is created. Additionally, if the process is not timed correctly, the final product could be icy or crumbly. While ice cream making is not always easy, seeing the happiness on our customers' faces when they enjoy their favorite flavors is worth all the extra work and effort.
At Mitchell's Ice Cream, that's the way it's been since 1953. Our goal today is the same as it was when we first started – to create the best ice cream in San Francisco. Stop by and visit us today!
More than "16,000 Likes" & growing!
Over 3,700 Yelpers give Mitchell's a 4.5 rating and they've posted more than 2,300 photos of Mitchell's ice cream on Yelp. See for yourself.
Open Daily 11:00am to 11:00pm
We're Closed Christmas Day, Thanksgiving and New Years Day.
688 San Jose Ave.
info@mitchellsicecream.com
Visit our store in the Mission District, or purchase Mitchell's Ice Cream from select Shops and Grocery Stores.
Visit our Online Store to order ice cream cakes, apparel and gift cards.
Over 16,000 likes
Celebrate with us at #Mitchells65
3,700+ reviews, 4.5 rating, 2,300+ images
Mitchell's Ice Cream, Inc.
688 San Jose Ave @ 29th Street,
© 2005-2019 Mitchell's Ice Cream, Inc.
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We can call it an attempt to spice up this season of Bigg Boss or maybe just another stratedy to raise the declining TRPs, the makers are ready to introduce yet another wild card entry in the house. Here's all you need to know about her. Gizele was a part of Gladrags model hunt and bagged a slot of top 5 contestants. She won the title of 'Miss Best Body' and 'Miss Potential' in Gladrags She was also featured in the Kingfisher Calendar 2011. Gizele will be soon seen in 'Mastizaade' opposite Tushar Kapoor. Gizele was just a teenager when she bagged the Miss Rajasthan title. We saw her last in the adventure reality show 'Survivor India' which she had to leave mid-way due to an injury. She will be seen in the upcoming adult comedy 'Kya Super Kool Hai Hum 3'.


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Alaska GOP Censures Sen. Murkowski – Vows to Recruit Primary Challenger
by Matt PalumboPosted: March 16, 2021
Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski isn't just facing criticism from Donald Trump – the Alaska Republican Party is now looking to replace her.
Murkowski is among the most liberal Republicans in Congress, with GovTracker's 2020 ideology score putting her to the left of Democrat Senators Kyrsten Sinema, Joe Manchin and now-former Democrat Senator Doug Jones.
Of the seven Republican Senators who voted to impeach Trump during the impeachment 2.0 charade, Murkowski is the only that faces her voters in the 2022 election cycle, and the Alaska GOP is capitalizing on that fact to try to replace her with an actual conservatives.
As Fox News reported, the party began by censuring her:
The Alaska Republican Party on Saturday passed a resolution censuring Murkowski for her impeachment trial vote, and for several other votes she took that have angered Republicans in the state.
Among those votes, according to the resolution, are her opposition to repealing the Affordable Care Act, better known as ObamaCare, voting "present" rather than in support of the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, and her support this month for the confirmation of Rep. Deb Haaland as interior secretary. Murkowski and Alaska's other senator – Dan Sullivan – were among four Senate Republicans who voted to confirm Haaland this week as the first Native American to serve as a Cabinet secretary.
The resolution states that Murkowski's "repeatedly spoken critically of President Trump throughout his term in office" and that "the Alaska Republican Party hereby separates itself from Sen. Murkowski's conviction vote of President Trump."
In addition to the censure, the resolution also states that "the party hereby will recruit a Republican primary challenger to oppose and prohibit Sen. Murkowski from being a candidate in any Republican primary to the extent legally permissible."
This comes after Trump promised to visit Alaska solely to campaign against Murkowski earlier this month. "I will not be endorsing, under any circumstances, the failed candidate from the great State of Alaska, Lisa Murkowski. She represents her state badly and her country even worse. I do not know where other people will be next year, but I know where I will be — in Alaska campaigning against a disloyal and very bad Senator" he said.
Murkowski survived a primary defeat in 2010 by winning as a write-in candidate, one of the only two senators in history to do so.
Matt Palumbo is the author of Dumb and Dumber: How Cuomo and de Blasio Ruined New York, Debunk This: Shattering Liberal Lies, and Spygate
Numerous Liberal Outlets Claimed to Independently Verify Debunked WaPo Story
California Church Begs Governor to Allow Them to Gather for Easter


text:
package com.wavesplatform.api.common

import com.wavesplatform.account.Address
import com.wavesplatform.api.common.CommonAssetsApi.AssetInfo
import com.wavesplatform.crypto
import com.wavesplatform.database.{AddressId, KeyTags}
import com.wavesplatform.state.{AssetDescription, Blockchain, Diff, Portfolio}
import com.wavesplatform.transaction.Asset.IssuedAsset
import com.wavesplatform.transaction.assets.IssueTransaction
import monix.reactive.Observable
import org.iq80.leveldb.DB

trait CommonAssetsApi {
  def description(assetId: IssuedAsset): Option[AssetDescription]

  def fullInfo(assetId: IssuedAsset): Option[AssetInfo]

  def wavesDistribution(height: Int, after: Option[Address]): Observable[(Address, Long)]

  def assetDistribution(asset: IssuedAsset, height: Int, after: Option[Address]): Observable[(Address, Long)]
}

object CommonAssetsApi {
  final case class AssetInfo(description: AssetDescription, issueTransaction: Option[IssueTransaction], sponsorBalance: Option[Long])

  def apply(diff: () => Diff, db: DB, blockchain: Blockchain): CommonAssetsApi = new CommonAssetsApi {
    def description(assetId: IssuedAsset): Option[AssetDescription] =
      blockchain.assetDescription(assetId)

    def fullInfo(assetId: IssuedAsset): Option[AssetInfo] =
      for {
        assetInfo <- blockchain.assetDescription(assetId)
        sponsorBalance = if (assetInfo.sponsorship != 0) Some(blockchain.wavesPortfolio(assetInfo.issuer.toAddress).spendableBalance) else None
      } yield AssetInfo(
        assetInfo,
        blockchain.transactionInfo(assetId.id).collect { case (tm, it: IssueTransaction) if tm.succeeded => it },
        sponsorBalance
      )

    override def wavesDistribution(height: Int, after: Option[Address]): Observable[(Address, Long)] =
      balanceDistribution(
        db,
        height,
        after,
        if (height == blockchain.height) diff().portfolios else Map.empty[Address, Portfolio],
        KeyTags.WavesBalance.prefixBytes,
        bs => AddressId.fromByteArray(bs.slice(2, bs.length - 4)),
        _.balance
      )

    override def assetDistribution(asset: IssuedAsset, height: Int, after: Option[Address]): Observable[(Address, Long)] =
      balanceDistribution(
        db,
        height,
        after,
        if (height == blockchain.height) diff().portfolios else Map.empty[Address, Portfolio],
        KeyTags.AssetBalance.prefixBytes ++ asset.id.arr,
        bs => AddressId.fromByteArray(bs.slice(2 + crypto.DigestLength, bs.length - 4)),
        _.assets.getOrElse(asset, 0L)
      )
  }
}


text:
Horror in Lake Victoria as killer crocodiles now target humans
From The Guardian/IPP Media, Dar es Salaam
By Lucas Lukumbo
The calm and tranquil waters of Lake Victoria belie a horrifying situation that people living near its banks are facing, in the form of ferocious killer crocodiles lurking in the shallows.
According to reports, hardly a month passes without these predators pouncing on and snatching human beings who venture to the edge of Africa's largest lake - also the world's largest tropical lake - to fetch water, wash domestic appliances, go fishing, or make other use of the available waters.
The latest recorded attack was on January 16 this year when eight-year old Avelina Vitus, a Standard Two pupil, was fatally ambushed by a crocodile while in the company of her sisters Mispina (16), Adventina (10) and Sophia (6) in Chelameno village, Nyamboge ward, Geita Region.
Narrating the ordeal, eldest sister Mispina said they were washing their school uniforms in the lake in readiness for class the next day when the crocodile pounced.
"We heard a big splash of water behind us. When I turned back, I saw a huge croc dragging my younger sister away as she struggled in vain to disentangle herself from its clutch," a tearful Mispina recalled.
The sisters backed away and yelled for help. Other local residents soon assembled at the scene, and a search for the crocodile and its victim was immediately launched, coordinated by the village chairman Majura Ruhwirabache.
Albino killers 'punished heavily'
DEPUTY Minister for Home Affairs, Hamad Masauni told the august House here yesterday that a total of 133 suspects have been apprehended out of whom 19 were condemned to death after they were convicted of killing people with albinism.
"Between 2006 and late last year, 43 people with albinism were murdered. Leading Regions with gruesome killings include; Mwanza, Shinyanga and Kigoma," Mr Masauni explained while responding to supplementary question by Special Seats MP, Ms Mgeni Jadi Kadika (CUF).
He said in efforts to curb the killings, the government has put in place several centres to protect people with albinism which have assisted to reduce the incidents.
"Through the police force, the government has conducted manhunt for perpetrators of the crime and brought them to justice," the Deputy Minister said.
Mr Masauni explained further that the police force has been conducting regular patrols against witchdoctors fond of misleading their customers that they can attain wealth or luck by acquiring body parts of people with albinism.
Horror in Lake Victoria as killer crocodiles now t...


text:
tenure-track position in Geobiology. McGill University
The Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences () at McGill University invites applications for a full-time, tenure-track position in Geobiology. McGill University is one of Canada's leading research and teaching institutions, located in the heart of vibrant Montreal, Quebec.
The position, with a start date of August 1, 2017 or later, is at the rank of Assistant Professor, although an appointment at a higher level will be considered in the case of an applicant with exceptional qualifications. We seek a candidate who uses quantitative field, laboratory, and/or modeling methods to study interactions between life and geologic, geochemical or hydrological processes. Applicants should have a doctorate at the time of appointment, a record of excellence in research, and the capacity for outstanding teaching.
Applications should include a detailed curriculum vitae, a research plan, a statement of teaching interests, a list of three references, and up to two examples of recent publications. The application package should be sent in electronic form to the Department Chair. Additionally, the applicant should arrange for the three letters of reference to be submitted directly to the Department Chair.
Review of applications will begin November 1, 2016 and continue until the position is filled.
Jeffrey McKenzie, Chair
Earth and Planetary Sciences- McGill University
3450 University Street Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8 Canada
jeffrey.mckenzie@mcgill.ca
tenure-track position in Geobiology. McGill Univer...


text:
The Geeky History of Your Favorite Gilmore Girls Alums
Posted by Heather Mason on November 13, 2015
Gilmore Girls is back! Well, kind of. Soon, we'll have four 90-minute episodes of Gilmore Girls to enjoy. Thanks, Netflix! So in case you're headed to binge-watch the first 7 seasons of this amazing show, you might be interested to know that plenty of the talented actors of Gilmore Girls have had parts in your favorite geeky TV shows and movies. And some might just be news to you! Check out the places your favorite residents of Stars Hollow have been.
Sean Gunn (Kirk)
On Gilmore Girls, Sean Gunn played one of Stars Hollow's most lovable characters, Kirk. But both before and after his time with the Gilmores he had plenty of parts on geeky TV shows like H+, Bones, and Angel. Sean has also voiced a part in the Lollipop Chainsaw video game and of course recently played the role of Kraglin (and the on-set Rocket) in Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy. Of course, Sean will be in the sequel to Guardians of the Galaxy as well. Wow, Kirk has really grown up!
Jared Padalecki (Dean)
Rory's very first boyfriend on Gilmore Girls was the sweet townie, Dean, played by Jared Padalecki, way back in 2000. Dean loved to surprise Rory and try to be the perfect gentleman but ended up being just too jealous of Rory's other potential suitors. Of course, Jared left the show and went on to star in Supernatural, which turned out pretty well for him and the rest of the world! He also had roles in the horror films Friday the 13th and House of Wax.
Sally Struthers (Babette)
Rory and Lorelei's next door neighbor Babette was one of the most entertaining residents of Stars Hollow. However, I was shocked to discover Sally Struthers' history of voicing some of my favorite geeky characters. Before landing on Gilmore Girls, Sally provided the voice of Charlene on Dinosaurs, that awesome show that ran from 1991-94 on ABC. In addition, she also voiced the very business-minded character of Rebecca Cunningham on TaleSpin. I bet Babette knew she was a dinosaur in another life.
Matt Czuchry (Logan)
Rory's college boyfriend, Logan, played by Matt Czuchry, was a little more of a bad boy than Dean. He and Rory certainly had a more adult relationship full of intrigue and adventure. In addition to his complex role on Gilmore Girls, Matt started was in an episode of Freaks and Geeks before gaining parts in Eight Legged Freaks and the Dark Shadows TV movie. He also starred as Logan Echoll's fake brother on Veronica Mars and voiced a character in the animated Justice League series. These days he's a fancy lawyer on The Good Wife.
Melissa McCarthy (Sookie)
I first enjoyed Melissa McCarthy's work as the frazzled cook and Lorelei's best friend, Sookie, on Gilmore Girls. Of course, she's now gone on to be a movie star appearing primarily in comedies, but she also happens to be starring in the upcoming Ghostbusters remake that we couldn't be more freaking excited about. Also keep an eye out for her in the upcoming B.O.O.: Bureau of Otherworldly Operations, which has just the best title ever. Before Gilmore Girls, she had parts in Charlie's Angels and The Kid with Bruce Willis. She even voiced the character of DNAmy in Disney's animated spy show Kim Possible!
Milo Ventimiglia (Jess)
Before Milo was saving lives on Heroes, he was Rory's second love interest and Dean-alternative on Gilmore Girls as Jess. Jess was the smart, literature-obsessed bad boy that moved into Stars Hollow to live with his uncle Luke. More recently, Milo has been in geeky favs Con Man, The Whispers, and Gotham. He has also voiced the character of Wolverine in animated series Ultimate Spider-Man and provided the voice of Green Arrow on Robot Chicken. Bonus: he was in one episode of Sabrina the Teenage Witch in 1996.
Who knew Stars Hollow was such a geek hub? Make sure to check out Gilmore Girls and look to see if any of your favorites pop up in town.
Images Credit: Gilmore Girls / Facebook
angel, bones, Con Man, dinosaurs, freaks and geeks, ghostbusters, gilmore girls, gotham, guardians of the galaxy, H+, heroes, jared padalecki, Matt Czuchry, Melissa McCarthy, Milo Ventimiglia, robot chicken, Sean Gunn, supernatural, talespin, veronica mars
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Blu Scents Tea Tree Natural Fever Rescue Kit can help to cool the body down, easing some of the discomfortness and it is far safer than over the counter fever reducers. This kit includes with Tea Tree therapeutic grade pure essential oil and an icing cool towel.
In fact, Tea Tree pure essential Oil is historically known for great antiseptic, antibacterial and antiviral infection. Besides that Tea Tree oil is beneficial for colds, fever, cough and sinusitis. Moreover, it is also very great in aiding the body's healing process, without causing any side effects. Thus, it is truly safe to be used in babies as well!
Get a bucket and fill quarter of it with tap water, simply add 3 drops of Blu Scents Tea Tree pure essential oil, mix around and soak the icing cool towel, wring out the excess water. Sponge down the body especially armpits, hands, feet, and groin.
Again, get a bucket and fill quarter of it with tap water, simply add 3 drops of Blu Scents Tea Tree pure essential oil, mix around and soak the icing cool towel, wring out the excess water. Then fold it and place on forehead. As soon as the compresses are warm, change them for cool ones. Repeat until the fever subsides.
Simply add 6-8 drops of Blu Scents Tea Tree pure essential oil, light up tea light candle in lower chamber then fill upper reservoir with water for a gentle diffusion of aroma & get the room fumigate. Don't let the oil burner burn dry, refill water as necessary and wash it with detergent after used.