text:
The raised access floor is already well known and largely diffused worldwide, obviously following different levels of knowledge by the users.
to say always the truth not envisaging the impossible
to explain the differences and illustrate the rules
Every country has his own national rules and its own producers who, sometime, arise possible technical problems, emphasising too much their own supposed quality or the defects given by others…
JVP have chosen to certify all its products as per the most diffused and respected International Rules & Standards.
JVP offer to everybody should be interested a wide range of analysis, observations and clarifications about the actual Standards and technical matters more often discussed.
the JVP 4x4 raised access floor, reason for a choice
Space saving.
The expected life span of a building is generating costs like maintenance and management that sometimes are much bigger than the initial cost of construction( heating and cooling, power distribution and lighting are clear example).
The use of a raised access floor with self bearing gravity laid panels such as the JVP 4x4 allow the reduction of the total height of the building. In fact thanks to the combination of reduced space required for the MEP (Mechanical, Electric Plumber)service's systems and the stringer-less support structure and the slim robust construction of our panels significantly reduces the void space to the point that it contributes greatly terms of savings in build cost.
Cost saving.
The use of raised access floor self bearing gravity laid bare panels such as the JVP 4x4 will shorten the construction programme because it removes the requirement for a floor screed which is an unwanted "wet trade". In fact due to its robust construction it can be installed just after the external cladding, and used as a working platform particularly considering that for all void heights of below 700mm it can be used without stringers which avoids any delay to the service's system and provides a level surface for the removable or dry wall and the movement of the wheeled internal scaffolding towers.
An important aspect of the cost saving is the possibility to use loose lay floor-covering at second stage fit-out, reducing early financial burden and increasing the flexibility of customer choice and use greatly reducing the potential for wastage.
The construction of a system that will suit the requirements of the service's structural grid layout combined with the application of a covering finish that will satisfy the need of good aesthetic content; will clearly save considerable wastage, and time.
Time saving.
The use of a raised access floor as a working platform during the construction period will reduce the time taken to install MEP (Mechanical, Electric Plumber) service's components and will speed up the fitting out of interior of the building. This is only possible if the full system of the raised access floor can bear the function of working platform. The JVP floor is made with high performance cores enhanced by fully encasing with a hot dipped galvanized steel envelope fabricated with a special welted pressing joint at the top edge of each panel. This type of fabrication results in a strong robust surface upon installation. The use of fully adjustable pedestals provided with substantial locking nuts enhances the strength and stability of the system to handle the rigorous conditions of the building site.
The previously mentioned reduction of time for interior fit out installation added to the ease of circulation for pedestrians and the convenience for storage of materials on top of the raised access floor provides remarkable saving in time and money on construction, leaving a finished building ready for occupancy earlier than other type of construction techniques.
Maintenance saving.
The use of a raised access floor naturally creates the ability to access and replace the MEP (Mechanical, Electric Plumber) service's system in the floor void whilst at the same time conveniently maintain, repair/refurbish the existing system.
A wide range of gravity lay coverings are available to be applied immediately before the incoming tenant takes occupation of the building. In addition to the tried and tested finishes of carpet tile, rubber, vinyl and linoleum, we have developed an even wider exclusive range of finishes such as; ceramic tiles, marble, granite, timber parquet all gravity lay without any limitation in size, grid and design.
The tenant client will be able to choose the quality and the type of coverings for its new premises, just prior to occupation completely alleviating the risk of damaging these finishes during the main construction. Moreover, if in the future there is a need to change the image of the company; then the cost of changing the covering will be limited to the cost of a new covering only.
the load bearing capacity, analising the standards
Load bearing capacity: standards EN 12825 & PSA MOB, introductory note.
The EN 12825 Standard also defines the load bearing capacity classification of raised access floor systems.
The load baring capacity of a raised access floor is a most important parameter for the future use of the system and should be related to the type of activity managed within the building where it is installed.
Nevertheless consideration for use of most commercial working space needs a balance between technical performance and consequent costs.
In fact the ergonomics of a building is directly related to the proper use of each single component's performance criteria.
Within EN 12825 the use of a specific class of load bearing capacity for the final application is not clearly stated while within the more consolidated specification format K41 based on PSA/MOB from the United Kingdom the general indication of load bearing capacity versus environment use is considered.
Specifically K41 gives details of the concentrated loads applicable on each raised access floor system to produce a maximum elastic deflection that the system has to sustain for general commercial use: Considering the maximum allowable deflection (elastic temporary deformation of the system components under load) of 2.50 mm K41 is giving an idea of the type of application suitable for the load requirements.
Within K41 there are four classes b(Grades) of load bearing capacity with their final use indications:
Light Grade
Standard application for office space equipped with filing cabinets, standard office equipment with average density of occupancy, without the need of application of heavy machinery and or archive storage, generally defined as normal use private office space without heavy volume of pedestrian foot traffic.
1.50 kN concentrated load (25 mm square) with deflection below 2.50mm
The above data corresponds with Class 1 and 2 of EN 12825
Medium Grade
Standard application for commercial office space equipped with filing cabinets, general office equipment with average density of occupancy including flexibility for the future changes in application. Normally used for private and public commercial offices, Banks, Retail Shops, Libraries, etc.
Generally defined as heavy volume foot traffic circulation and medium machinery equipment and/or heavy filing/archive storage.
Heavy Grade
Specific use of technical spaces like electrical cabinet, server room, telephone exchanger cabinets, industrial laboratory, light industrial production.
Generally defined as space where the loading of machinery is and will be higher than general offices.
The above data do corresponds with Class 5 and 6 of EN 12825
Extra Heavy Grade
Normally used for heavy plant rooms and or particularly heavy machinery and or extreme heavy rolling loads (car showrooms).
EN 12825 does not have a classification corresponding with Extra Heavy Grade.
A further element considered by the K41 is Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) capacity which is not mentioned or considered by EN 12825.
The UDL it is not an important element to qualify a raised access floor performance, because the limit of the performance of a raised access floor is the performance of the concrete slab of the building, which is normally limited to the UDL range of 2 to 8 kN per square metre. This value is considerably lower than the load bearing capacity of a raised access floor light grade performance.
Following an analysis of the considerations of EN 12825 we underline the maximum and minimum limit of performance:
According to EN 12825 the best achievable result of a system is : 6/2/A/1
Failure load class 6, safety factor time 2, deflection class A, size tolerance class 1
According to EN 12825 the minimum achievable result of a system is: 1/3/C/2
Failure load class 1, safety factor time 3, deflection class C, size tolerance class 2
Article 4.1 – chart of failure load on the weakest point of the system
lilmit kN
The general class of the system is determined by the failure load on the weakest point of the panel and then compared by deflection at the maximum allowed load of each class.
For example; a failure load of 9.18 kN anywhere on the panel will be classified at class 4, a failure load of 4.82 kN anywhere on the panel will be classified at class 1. To be sufficiently verifiable the test should be done on at least three points of the panel i.e. centre of panel, centre of edge and on the corner diagonal and the higher the declared class the better the performance of the system.
To omit some of the results or use only the more improved ones gives incomplete information and results that cannot be relied upon!
Article 4.2.2 – Safety Factor
The limit load of each class divided by the safety factor will determine the minimum value in kN that the panel has to sustain on its weakest point with a specific acceptable deflection.
For example; a failure load of 9 kN of class 4 divided by the safety factor 3 determines a minimum load of 3.0 kN in order to generate a stated limit deflection on the weakest point of the panel.
To be sufficiently verifiable the test should be done on at least three points of the panel i.e. centre of panel, centre of edge and on the corner diagonal.
The adopted safety factor can not improve, in any case, the original general class which is linked in principal to the failure load.
Article 4.2.2 - Class of deflection on the weakest point
limit mm
The load limit of each class divided by the safety factor will determine the minimum value in kN that the panel has to sustain on it's weakest point with a specific acceptable deflection.
For example: the class of deflection A of a panel of class 4 with a safety factor 3.0 require a minimum load bearing capacity on the weakest point of 3.0 kN with the same load a class B require a maximum deflection of 3,00mm and the class C will allow a deflection of 4,00 mm. To be sufficiently verifiable the test should to be done on at least three points on the panel i.e. centre of panel, centre of edge and on the corner diagonal.
The higher the deflection, the lower the class of load bearing capacity of the panel, the declaration of class B or C is the clear confirmation of lower performance panels.
Article 4.4 – Dimensional tolerances of the panels +/- in mm
Class of tolerances
Side dimension
Side straightness
Thickness of bare or faced panels
max 0,5
Concavity convexity
Height difference within edge of panels
The tolerances class determine the dimensional allowed tolerances of thickness, squareness, planarity convexity etc of the panels.
Class 1 on the side dimension allows a tolerance of 0.2 mm,
Class 2 on the side dimension allows a tolerance of 0.4 mm.
The higher is the dimensional tolerance class and more irregular and inconsistent are the panels, the installation of a non consistent product will strongly affect many aspects of the performance of the floor in a negative manner; creating difficulties in accessibility, noise attenuation and safety in use.
the fire, analising the standards
Fire reaction & resistance: standard EN 13501-1 e 13501-2, introductory note.
The European Standard EN 13501 defines the class of materials on their reaction in the case of fire.
This standard is given in two parts:
13501-1 fire reaction and smoke emission
13501-2 fire resistance and insulation
They have been received by the vast majority of the European National Institute of Standardisation, and within a maximum of two years all the member of CEN (Central European Normalisation) will be bound by the new standard with the intention that it is to be the only reference of reaction in case of fire, replacing and cancelling all the previous national standards.
For all the construction elements, raised access floors included, the reaction in the case of fire becomes a very important matter. Our introductory note on this page tries to give a clearer explanation of the considerations beside the National attitude towards fire reaction and resistance.
The EN 13501-1 Standard is focus on fire reaction, evaluation and classification once materials and/or systems are in contact with flames, analyse their contribution to the fire by the single elements as well as the fire loading contribution of the whole system. Special attention is given also to the smoke emission of an element which is in contact with fire (it is commonly known that in the case of most fires toxic smoke claims the first casualties).
The EN 13501-2 Standard is focused on fire resistance, evaluation and classification once material and or systems are involved in a fire. They set out to analyse the capacity of the system to be a fire barrier and/or a thermal insulation barrier.
Both standards classify the performance of a material and/or system on their reaction in case of fire, the test procedure and the classification method are part of different European Standards related to this main one and the test report and the Classification obtained are valid only and exclusively if the tests are performed by authorized Independent Test laboratory.
The following information gives an analysis and method of interpretation for the elements of the EN 13501 standard.
EN 13501-1.2007 fire reaction, article 12 and chart 2: Classification for Floors
Generally the class of fire reaction are expressed in letters. A will be the best performance
(Non-combustible), and F the lowest ( impossible to be determined ).
To make a definition for a comparison the monogram fl (floor ) is used.
So a further element to identify class A is a number 1 totally incombustible with no smoke production, number 2 is resistant to combustibility with some production of smoke. No other classes are permitted to have the same sub-classification.
The last element that identifies the material; is smoke emission resulting from combustion. Classification s1 is compliance with a specific strict test criteria and classification s2 is for all other results that cannot be classified on s1.
So according to this, the best performance for a floor will be the class A1fl, the second best will be A2fl-s1, the third best will be Bfl-s1 and so on to the worst classification being Ffl-s2.
Clearly mentioned in the chapter 12 of the standard and on the chart n. 2, is the allocation of each class derived from the results of each total test.
Single elements that can be classified within a specific class does not allow the entire product to be classified on the same class i.e. the use of a core material in class A1 do not means that the panels could be classified A1.
A simple example: the presence of a minimum quantity of organic glue oil derivative will prevent an A1 classification due to the calorific power of the substance and the consequent smoke production. Similarly, the smallest presence of plastic edge trim will forbid the product to be classified in A1 class.
All the calcium sulphate core products of JVP 4x4 panels are certified in class A1fl and A2fl-s1, while all the chipboard core products are certified in class Bfl-s1.
The technical test to determine the fire reaction is undertaken according to EN ISO 1716, EN ISO 1182a, EN 13823 and EN ISO 11925-2 only full compliant test results will be considered before issuing a fire reaction classification.
EN 13501-2.2008 fire resistance, article 7.3.4: raised access floor classification
Generally the raised access floor performance when under test is expressed by two or three alphabetical letters; R, E and I;
R means the mechanical resistance of the tested elements that are subject to a specific load once on fire. The raised access floor is normally loaded with a 50 kg load placed at the top centre point of each panel under test and during the test the panel has to carry consistently this load consistently and not fail under it.
E means the flame emission through the connection within the single elements. In the case of a raised access floor the flames are not supposed to pass through the joints within the panels during the whole period of the tests.
I means the thermal insulation of the tested elements. With a raised access floor, the quantity of heat created underneath it has to be limited in transmission to the top surface. During the whole test the temperature at the top must not pass the stated limits.
The second element of the classification is a number that quantifies the time of the test in minutes taken to satisfy the criteria of each of the letters and in the case of a raised access floor only two classes are considered i.e. 15 and 30 minutes.
The third element required (not always mentioned) is the limit of the temperature of the test furnace, which in the case of a raised access floor could be at a reduced temperature curve identified with the letter R and the maximum temperature reached on the furnace will be 500°C. According to this, the best performance for a raised access floor will be class REI30, the second will be RE30, the third I30 while the lowest will be I15.
In summary; to achieve the class REI30, which is the highest required class for a raised access floor, means that after 30 minutes of constant flame which burns underneath the raised access floor none of the following must occur:
Failure of the panels loaded with 50 kg.
Passage of flame or smoke from within the edge of the panels.
The temperature at the top of the floor is above the required limits.
The fire reaction classification does not mean that the product has a good fire resistance or vice versa, the results of the two parts are the consequence of complex factors, only the total sum of the results can qualify the full system for classification on reaction in case of fire.
All JVP 4x4 panels with calcium sulphate core and or with chipboard core are certified in class REI30r by a recognised and authorised independent test laboratory. The technical test to determine the fire reaction is done following the UNI EN 1366-6 guidelines and the fully compliant test results have to be considered before issuing any fire resistance classification.
the conductivity & earthing, evaluating the facts
Raised Access Floor JVP 4x4, electrical conductivity.
The design of our Raised Access Floor has received considerable attention dedicated to the electrical earthing characteristics, as a result we are able to give total security regarding electrical earthing of the system for equi-potential bonding of buildings as required by the European Directive 106 within its 5th character "safety on use"and the EEC 17th edition for the security on electrical leakage and connection to the building general earth.
Our panels, fully encased in hot dipped galvanized steel are conductive by concept, irrespective of the type or quality of the core component. The electrical contact within the top and bottom surface, as well to the edge is secured by contact between the two steel sheets press formed by "welted pressing design" into a continuous steel envelope.
The pedestals, produced entirely in steel with corrosion protection by zinc passivation have full mechanical adjustment together with a substantial locking nut. Electrical continuity for the system is achieved through the pedestal head gasket which has four brass connectors which create an electrical bridge between each panel and the pedestal system.
This fully secures the electrical conductivity of our Raised Access Floor and will allow the simplest connection to the earthing system of the building to grant the equipotential bonding required by European rules.
With regard to EEC 17th edition the JVP 4x4 raised access floor system enables a simple and easy connection to the earth complying with the requirement to earth all the metallic components on a building that are at risk of being in contact with leakage of electricity.
A straight forward earth connection of one pedestal every 30m2 of floor area facilitates electrical resistance below 0, 5 ohm.
The advantage with the JVP design is that we can guarantee earthing for every single vertical pedestal.
the zincwhiskers phenomena, analysing the facts
Raised Access Floor JVP 4x4, electroplating and hot dipped galvanization.
Access floor systems designed with fully steel encapsulated panels, a fabrication type used in the majority of the worldwide markets to the extent of many millions of square metres each year, are finished with different types of top surface protection treatment such as: varnishing, electroplating and in our case; the hot dipped pre galvanization method, Sendzimir.
Protection by varnishing could potentially cause risks of dangerous toxic vapour and the generation of flames in the case of fire, whilst the other two treatments are totally incombustible.
However, in many cases particular study about zinc electroplating has been undertaken concerning the phenomena of "zincwhiskers" a reaction to stresses, which although this has never been irrefutably confirmed by scientific documentation or actively supported by any official international harmonisation of European Technical Standards, point out potential risks which might result from electroplated zinc particles which might over time break free from steel surfaces treated in this way and cause severe problems within the operation of highly sensitive electronic equipment.
The hot dipped galvanization treatment Sendzimir completely eradicates any kind of problems whatsoever, because the surface treated in this way is unable to suffer any adverse reaction by way of stresses and particles do not break free from this finish.
We only use galvanised steel in the production of panels for the JVP 4X4 access floor system and this is type: DX51Z100 steel protection with Sendzimir hot dipped pre galvanization a steel passivation made during steel manufacturing; is completely free from any risk of the generation of "zinc whiskers".


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text:
package main

import (
	"./sessions"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"database/sql"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/gorilla/securecookie"
	"html/template"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
)

const (
	maxConnectionCount = 256
	memosPerPage       = 100
	listenAddr         = ":5000"
	sessionName        = "isucon_session"
	tmpDir             = "/tmp/"
	markdownCommand    = "../bin/markdown"
	dbConnPoolSize     = 10
	memcachedServer    = "localhost:11211"
	sessionSecret      = "kH<{11qpic*gf0e21YK7YtwyUvE9l<1r>yX8R-Op"
)

type Config struct {
	Database struct {
		Dbname   string `json:"dbname"`
		Host     string `json:"host"`
		Port     int    `json:"port"`
		Username string `json:"username"`
		Password string `json:"password"`
	} `json:"database"`
}

type User struct {
	Id         int
	Username   string
	Password   string
	Salt       string
	LastAccess string
}

type Memo struct {
	Id        int
	User      int
	Content   string
	IsPrivate int
	CreatedAt string
	UpdatedAt string
	Username  string
}

type Memos []*Memo

type View struct {
	User      *User
	Memo      *Memo
	Memos     *Memos
	Page      int
	PageStart int
	PageEnd   int
	Total     int
	Older     *Memo
	Newer     *Memo
	Session   *sessions.Session
}

var (
	dbConnPool chan *sql.DB
	baseUrl    *url.URL
	fmap       = template.FuncMap{
		"url_for": func(path string) string {
			return baseUrl.String() + path
		},
		"first_line": func(s string) string {
			sl := strings.Split(s, "\n")
			return sl[0]
		},
		"get_token": func(session *sessions.Session) interface{} {
			return session.Values["token"]
		},
		"gen_markdown": func(s string) template.HTML {
			f, _ := ioutil.TempFile(tmpDir, "isucon")
			defer f.Close()
			f.WriteString(s)
			f.Sync()
			finfo, _ := f.Stat()
			path := tmpDir + finfo.Name()
			defer os.Remove(path)
			cmd := exec.Command(markdownCommand, path)
			out, err := cmd.Output()
			if err != nil {
				log.Printf("can't exec markdown command: %v", err)
				return ""
			}
			return template.HTML(out)
		},
	}
	tmpl = template.Must(template.New("tmpl").Funcs(fmap).ParseGlob("templates/*.html"))
)

func main() {
	runtime.GOMAXPROCS(runtime.NumCPU())

	env := os.Getenv("ISUCON_ENV")
	if env == "" {
		env = "local"
	}
	config := loadConfig("../config/" + env + ".json")
	db := config.Database
	connectionString := fmt.Sprintf(
		"%s:%s@tcp(%s:%d)/%s?charset=utf8",
		db.Username, db.Password, db.Host, db.Port, db.Dbname,
	)
	log.Printf("db: %s", connectionString)

	dbConnPool = make(chan *sql.DB, dbConnPoolSize)
	for i := 0; i < dbConnPoolSize; i++ {
		conn, err := sql.Open("mysql", connectionString)
		if err != nil {
			log.Panicf("Error opening database: %v", err)
		}
		dbConnPool <- conn
		defer conn.Close()
	}

	r := mux.NewRouter()
	r.HandleFunc("/", topHandler)
	r.HandleFunc("/signin", signinHandler).Methods("GET", "HEAD")
	r.HandleFunc("/signin", signinPostHandler).Methods("POST")
	r.HandleFunc("/signout", signoutHandler)
	r.HandleFunc("/mypage", mypageHandler)
	r.HandleFunc("/memo/{memo_id}", memoHandler).Methods("GET", "HEAD")
	r.HandleFunc("/memo", memoPostHandler).Methods("POST")
	r.HandleFunc("/recent/{page:[0-9]+}", recentHandler)
	r.PathPrefix("/").Handler(http.FileServer(http.Dir("./public/")))
	http.Handle("/", r)
	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(listenAddr, nil))
}

func loadConfig(filename string) *Config {
	log.Printf("loading config file: %s", filename)
	f, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	var config Config
	err = json.Unmarshal(f, &config)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	return &config
}

func prepareHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if h := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Host"); h != "" {
		baseUrl, _ = url.Parse("http://" + h)
	} else {
		baseUrl, _ = url.Parse("http://" + r.Host)
	}
}

func loadSession(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (session *sessions.Session, err error) {
	store := sessions.NewMemcacheStore(memcachedServer, []byte(sessionSecret))
	return store.Get(r, sessionName)
}

func getUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, dbConn *sql.DB, session *sessions.Session) *User {
	userId := session.Values["user_id"]
	if userId == nil {
		return nil
	}
	user := &User{}
	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=?", userId)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return nil
	}
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&user.Id, &user.Username, &user.Password, &user.Salt, &user.LastAccess)
		rows.Close()
	}
	if user != nil {
		w.Header().Add("Cache-Control", "private")
	}
	return user
}

func antiCSRF(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, session *sessions.Session) bool {
	if r.FormValue("sid") != session.Values["token"] {
		code := http.StatusBadRequest
		http.Error(w, http.StatusText(code), code)
		return true
	}
	return false
}

func serverError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
	log.Printf("error: %s", err)
	code := http.StatusInternalServerError
	http.Error(w, http.StatusText(code), code)
}

func notFound(w http.ResponseWriter) {
	code := http.StatusNotFound
	http.Error(w, http.StatusText(code), code)
}

func topHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()
	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)

	var totalCount int
	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT count(*) AS c FROM memos WHERE is_private=0")
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&totalCount)
	}
	rows.Close()

	rows, err = dbConn.Query("SELECT * FROM memos WHERE is_private=0 ORDER BY created_at DESC, id DESC LIMIT ?", memosPerPage)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	memos := make(Memos, 0)
	stmtUser, err := dbConn.Prepare("SELECT username FROM users WHERE id=?")
	defer stmtUser.Close()
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	for rows.Next() {
		memo := Memo{}
		rows.Scan(&memo.Id, &memo.User, &memo.Content, &memo.IsPrivate, &memo.CreatedAt, &memo.UpdatedAt)
		stmtUser.QueryRow(memo.User).Scan(&memo.Username)
		memos = append(memos, &memo)
	}
	rows.Close()

	v := &View{
		Total:     totalCount,
		Page:      0,
		PageStart: 1,
		PageEnd:   memosPerPage,
		Memos:     &memos,
		User:      user,
		Session:   session,
	}
	if err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "index", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
	}
}

func recentHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()
	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)
	vars := mux.Vars(r)
	page, _ := strconv.Atoi(vars["page"])

	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT count(*) AS c FROM memos WHERE is_private=0")
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	var totalCount int
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&totalCount)
	}
	rows.Close()

	rows, err = dbConn.Query("SELECT * FROM memos WHERE is_private=0 ORDER BY created_at DESC, id DESC LIMIT ? OFFSET ?", memosPerPage, memosPerPage*page)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	memos := make(Memos, 0)
	stmtUser, err := dbConn.Prepare("SELECT username FROM users WHERE id=?")
	defer stmtUser.Close()
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	for rows.Next() {
		memo := Memo{}
		rows.Scan(&memo.Id, &memo.User, &memo.Content, &memo.IsPrivate, &memo.CreatedAt, &memo.UpdatedAt)
		stmtUser.QueryRow(memo.User).Scan(&memo.Username)
		memos = append(memos, &memo)
	}
	if len(memos) == 0 {
		notFound(w)
		return
	}

	v := &View{
		Total:     totalCount,
		Page:      page,
		PageStart: memosPerPage*page + 1,
		PageEnd:   memosPerPage * (page + 1),
		Memos:     &memos,
		User:      user,
		Session:   session,
	}
	if err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "index", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
	}
}

func signinHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()
	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)

	v := &View{
		User:    user,
		Session: session,
	}
	if err := tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "signin", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
}

func signinPostHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()

	username := r.FormValue("username")
	password := r.FormValue("password")
	user := &User{}
	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT id, username, password, salt FROM users WHERE username=?", username)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&user.Id, &user.Username, &user.Password, &user.Salt)
	}
	rows.Close()
	if user.Id > 0 {
		h := sha256.New()
		h.Write([]byte(user.Salt + password))
		if user.Password == fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil)) {
			session.Values["user_id"] = user.Id
			session.Values["token"] = fmt.Sprintf("%x", securecookie.GenerateRandomKey(32))
			if err := session.Save(r, w); err != nil {
				serverError(w, err)
				return
			}
			if _, err := dbConn.Exec("UPDATE users SET last_access=now() WHERE id=?", user.Id); err != nil {
				serverError(w, err)
				return
			} else {
				http.Redirect(w, r, "/mypage", http.StatusFound)
			}
			return
		}
	}
	v := &View{
		Session: session,
	}
	if err := tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "signin", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
}

func signoutHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	if antiCSRF(w, r, session) {
		return
	}

	http.SetCookie(w, sessions.NewCookie(sessionName, "", &sessions.Options{MaxAge: -1}))
	http.Redirect(w, r, "/", http.StatusFound)
}

func mypageHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()

	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)
	if user == nil {
		http.Redirect(w, r, "/", http.StatusFound)
		return
	}
	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT id, content, is_private, created_at, updated_at FROM memos WHERE user=? ORDER BY created_at DESC", user.Id)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	memos := make(Memos, 0)
	for rows.Next() {
		memo := Memo{}
		rows.Scan(&memo.Id, &memo.Content, &memo.IsPrivate, &memo.CreatedAt, &memo.UpdatedAt)
		memos = append(memos, &memo)
	}
	v := &View{
		Memos:   &memos,
		User:    user,
		Session: session,
	}
	if err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "mypage", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
	}
}

func memoHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	vars := mux.Vars(r)
	memoId := vars["memo_id"]
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()
	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)

	rows, err := dbConn.Query("SELECT id, user, content, is_private, created_at, updated_at FROM memos WHERE id=?", memoId)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	memo := &Memo{}
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&memo.Id, &memo.User, &memo.Content, &memo.IsPrivate, &memo.CreatedAt, &memo.UpdatedAt)
		rows.Close()
	} else {
		notFound(w)
		return
	}
	if memo.IsPrivate == 1 {
		if user == nil || user.Id != memo.User {
			notFound(w)
			return
		}
	}
	rows, err = dbConn.Query("SELECT username FROM users WHERE id=?", memo.User)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	if rows.Next() {
		rows.Scan(&memo.Username)
		rows.Close()
	}

	var cond string
	if user != nil && user.Id == memo.User {
		cond = ""
	} else {
		cond = "AND is_private=0"
	}
	rows, err = dbConn.Query("SELECT id, content, is_private, created_at, updated_at FROM memos WHERE user=? "+cond+" ORDER BY created_at", memo.User)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	memos := make(Memos, 0)
	for rows.Next() {
		m := Memo{}
		rows.Scan(&m.Id, &m.Content, &m.IsPrivate, &m.CreatedAt, &m.UpdatedAt)
		memos = append(memos, &m)
	}
	rows.Close()
	var older *Memo
	var newer *Memo
	for i, m := range memos {
		if m.Id == memo.Id {
			if i > 0 {
				older = memos[i-1]
			}
			if i < len(memos)-1 {
				newer = memos[i+1]
			}
		}
	}

	v := &View{
		User:    user,
		Memo:    memo,
		Older:   older,
		Newer:   newer,
		Session: session,
	}
	if err = tmpl.ExecuteTemplate(w, "memo", v); err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
	}
}

func memoPostHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	session, err := loadSession(w, r)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	prepareHandler(w, r)
	if antiCSRF(w, r, session) {
		return
	}
	dbConn := <-dbConnPool
	defer func() {
		dbConnPool <- dbConn
	}()

	user := getUser(w, r, dbConn, session)
	if user == nil {
		http.Redirect(w, r, "/", http.StatusFound)
		return
	}
	var isPrivate int
	if r.FormValue("is_private") == "1" {
		isPrivate = 1
	} else {
		isPrivate = 0
	}
	result, err := dbConn.Exec(
		"INSERT INTO memos (user, content, is_private, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, now())",
		user.Id, r.FormValue("content"), isPrivate,
	)
	if err != nil {
		serverError(w, err)
		return
	}
	newId, _ := result.LastInsertId()
	http.Redirect(w, r, fmt.Sprintf("/memo/%d", newId), http.StatusFound)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Diabetes care provision and glycaemic control in Northern Ireland: a UK regional audit
Community child health, public health, and epidemiology
C R Cardwell1,
C C Patterson1,
M Allen2,
D J Carson2,
on behalf of the Northern Ireland Paediatric Diabetes Study Group
1Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
2Department of Child Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
Mr C R Cardwell
Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland, UK; c.cardwellqub.ac.uk
Aims: To assess the care received, compared to national guidelines, and to investigate factors associated with glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes attending clinics in Northern Ireland.
Methods: An audit of the care provided to all patients attending 11 paediatric diabetes clinics commenced in 2002. A research nurse interviewed 914 patients completing a questionnaire recording characteristics, social circumstances, and aspects of diabetes management, including the monitoring of complications and access to members of the diabetes team. Glycaemic control was measured by glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), determined at a DCCT aligned central laboratory.
Results: The average HbA1c concentration was 8.8% (SD 1.5%), with 20% of patients achieving recommended HbA1c levels of less than 7.5%. In the year prior to the audit, 76% of patients were reviewed by a diabetes specialist nurse and 42% were tested for microalbuminuria. After adjustment for confounding factors, better glycaemic control was identified, particularly in patients who had attended exactly four diabetes clinics in the previous year, were members of the patient association Diabetes UK, and lived with both natural parents.
Conclusions: In Northern Ireland only a minority of patients achieved recommended HbA1c levels. Furthermore, children and adolescents with diabetes were reviewed by fewer specialists and were less intensively monitored for microvascular complications than recommended. There was evidence of better control in children who were members of Diabetes UK, suggesting that parental attitude and involvement could lead to benefits.
glycaemic control
clinical standards
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.061150
Good glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes has been associated with better quality of life1 and reduced or delayed development of long term complications.2,3 The structure of an appropriate multi-professional team was recommended in the UK by The principles of good practice for the care of young people with diabetes.4 The provision of these services has been surveyed on three occasions between 1988 and 1999,5–7 and although few clinics achieve all standards, results have improved over time. However, information was obtained from questionnaires completed by paediatricians without reference to individual patients or their medical records.
The provision of a motivated multi-disciplinary team of diabetes specialists8,9 is thought to be vital in attaining optimal glycaemic control. However, international10 and national cross-sectional studies11–14 continue to report glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) results for the majority of patients above the levels desirable to minimise the risk of complications in adulthood. Various factors have been identified which are associated with glycaemic control,10,12,13,15–20 but further work is required.21
The goals of this audit were to identify all patients attending paediatric diabetes clinics in Northern Ireland and obtain information about the care received over the previous 12 months directly from patients and/or their parents and from medical records. The audit also determined HbA1c levels for these patients and investigated factors associated with glycaemic control.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Between April 2002 and June 2003 all children and adolescents attending 11 paediatric diabetes clinics in Northern Ireland were invited to participate. An estimated ascertainment rate was calculated as the percentage of patients on the Northern Ireland childhood type 1 diabetes register22 on 1 January 2002, under 15 years of age, still resident in Northern Ireland, and not attending adult clinics, who were included in the audit. A single research nurse collected information during routine outpatient visits. Families missing their appointments were interviewed at a subsequent appointment. For each patient a structured questionnaire was completed recording characteristics (including age, weight, height, duration of diabetes, postcode of usual address, clinical history, and family history of autoimmune disease), aspects of diabetes management (including insulin dosage, blood glucose monitoring, attendance at clinics, occurrence of severe hypoglycaemia, and other complications), and social factors (including social class and family circumstances). This questionnaire also recorded contacts with healthcare specialists and the monitoring of complications over the previous 12 months; simultaneously, this information was independently retrieved from hospital case notes. Hypoglycaemic episodes were considered severe if intramuscular glucagon or intravenous glucose was administered. Finally, a 50 μl blood sample was taken and HbA1c measured at the Special Investigations Haematology Laboratory, Royal Group Hospitals Trust, Belfast by a DCCT aligned HPLC method.
Audit criteria were adapted from the third national UK survey7 and from the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommendations.23 Analysis of audit criteria were conducted in patients whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least 12 months prior to interview, as many criteria refer to care in that period.
Analysis of glycaemic control, severe hypoglycaemic episodes, and readmissions for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) were restricted to patients interviewed prior to their 16th birthday as coverage of older patients was considered less complete. Patients whose diabetes had been diagnosed for less than 12 months who may be in a phase of partial remission were also excluded. A deprivation score was calculated for each postcode based on the Carstairs index, derived from four 1991 census indicators: unemployment, car ownership, social class, and household crowding.24
Height, weight, and BMI were converted into standard deviation scores (SDS) to take account of children's gender and age using the 1990 British Growth Standard25 and then divided by quintiles into fifths. The mean and standard deviation of HbA1c was obtained for each category of potential explanatory variables and compared using t tests and one way analysis of variance. Multiple regression analysis was conducted controlling first for sex, age, and duration (in categories), as these were factors over which clinics had no control, and then for other factors on a variable-by-variable basis. Rates of DKA and severe hypoglycaemic episodes were calculated and a χ2 test used to compare severe hypoglycaemia by HbA1c level (categorised as >7.5% or ⩽7.5%).
Statistical analyses were performed using STATA release 8.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas).
There were 914 patients included in the audit, all Caucasian, and none with type 2 diabetes. Other patient characteristics are shown in table 1. The estimated ascertainment rate was 97.4%.
Characteristics of all patients included in the study attending paediatric diabetes clinics in Northern Ireland (n = 914)
There were 778 patients whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least one year. Review and monitoring of complications by healthcare specialists are shown in table 2.
Compliance with audit criteria, taken from hospital charts, of patients attending paediatric diabetes clinics in Northern Ireland whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least one year (n = 778) and for children over 11 years of age (n = 452)
Mean HbA1c was 8.8%, standard deviation 1.53%, in the 95% (621/651) of patients, interviewed prior to their 16th birthday whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least one year, for whom this was available. Comparison of HbA1c levels in subgroups of these 621 patients are shown in table 3 (sociodemographic factors) and table 4 (clinic related factors). These tables show comparisons with a reference category for each patient characteristic after controlling for sex, age, and duration.
Comparison of HbA1c results by patient characteristics in patients interviewed prior to their 16th birthday whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least one year (n = 621)
Comparison of HbA1c results by aspects of diabetes management in patients interviewed by the research nurse prior to their 16th birthday with duration of diabetes over 1 year (n = 621)
In table 3 the unadjusted analysis shows that age, pubertal status, duration of diabetes, SDS height, and SDS weight were all significantly associated with HbA1c level. The association with age was independent of sex and duration (p < 0.0001) and the association with duration was independent of age and sex (p = 0.01). Patients who were not living with both their natural parents had a significantly higher HbA1c by an estimated 0.55% (95% CI 0.22% to 0.88%) after adjusting for sex, age, and duration. Although parental occupation was significantly associated both before (p = 0.0004) and after adjustment (p = 0.005), the effect was attributable to high HbA1c levels in those patients where the head of the household's occupation could not be classified (for example, never worked, long term unemployed, or armed forces).
In table 4 the crude analysis shows that the number of blood glucose tests per day, number of HbA1c tests, number of doses of insulin, and total insulin dose were all associated with HbA1c level. However, some of these associations could be attributed to other factors. After adjustment for sex, age, and duration the associations between the number of doses of insulin per day and the total insulin dose were no longer significant. After additionally adjusting for the attended diabetes clinic the associations between both number of blood glucose tests per day (p = 0.21) and number of HbA1c tests (p = 0.10) were no longer significant.
The number of diabetes clinic attendances was associated with HbA1c level both before and after adjustment. Specifically, after adjusting for sex, age, and duration, those patients attending less than four clinics in the last year had a significantly higher HbA1c level by an estimated 0.42% (95% CI 0.14% to 0.70%) compared to those attending exactly four clinics, while those attending more than four clinics had a higher HbA1c level by an estimated 0.32% (95% CI 0.03% to 0.61%) compared to those attending exactly four clinics. Members of Diabetes UK had a significantly lower HbA1c by an estimated 0.49% (95% CI 0.26% to 0.73%), after adjustment for sex, age, and duration. Other factors investigated for which no association between HbA1c was detected included season of visit and time from home to clinic. The model containing sex, age, duration, clinic attendance, natural parents, and Diabetes UK membership explained 13% (R2 = 0.13) of patient-to-patient variation in HbA1c levels; adding clinic to this model raised the figure to 21%, indicating that clinic-to-clinic differences in HbA1c values remained that could not be explained by the available patient characteristics.
There were 92 patients (14%), interviewed prior to their 16th birthday whose diabetes had been diagnosed for at least one year, who reported 191 severe hypoglycaemic episodes in the previous year, which corresponded to 29.5 episodes per 100 person-years. In contrast, the hospital chart recorded a total of 13 severe hypoglycaemic episodes, a rate of 2.0 per 100 person-years, occurring in 1% (8/648) of patients. There was no significant difference (p = 0.27) in the prevalence of severe hypoglycaemia by HbA1c; patients with HbA1c ⩽7.5% experienced a rate of 25.0 episodes per 100 person-years compared with 31.1 in patients with HbA1c >7.5%. There was little difference between the chart and interview record of readmissions for DKA; overall the chart recorded 7.1 DKA episodes per 100 person-years, which occurred in 6% (36/649) of the children.
This is the first audit of the care provided to children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Northern Ireland. Glycaemic control, mean HbA1c 8.8%, was roughly comparable to other similar national audits from Scotland,13 France,12 and two audits from Denmark11,14 (mean HbA1c 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, and 8.7%, respectively). However, the small percentage, 20%, of patients achieving recommended HbA1c levels,23 ⩽7.5%, is a cause for concern.
The lack of patients receiving an annual review by all members of the paediatric diabetes specialist team may reflect the failure to meet healthcare staffing recommendations. In particular, throughout Northern Ireland there were only 2.5 whole time equivalent (WTE) diabetes specialist nurses in post compared with the 9 diabetes specialist nurses recommended26 for a clinic population of 914. Similarly, the low proportion of patients reviewed by a clinical psychologist may also reflect staff shortages rather than a lack of need for psychological input among children with persistently poor glycaemic control.27
Monitoring of children and adolescents for microvascular complications, particularly microalbuminuria and retinal examinations, fell below recommendations.23 This study shows how the deficiencies in diabetes services, based on a recent UK survey of consultant paediatricians,7 translate to deficiencies in the care received by patients. Importantly, this is the first study that is likely to accurately reflect the levels of care provided in the UK as information was directly recorded from parents/carers and was confirmed by chart review. In contrast, the previously mentioned survey relied on the perceptions of consultant paediatricians who were responsible for providing diabetes services. Two other UK audits,13,28,29 to our knowledge the only UK audits of similar size and ascertainment rate, did not present information on care received directly recorded from the patient/carer.
The observation that less than 10% of children stating they had experienced severe hypoglycaemic episodes in the past year had this recorded in their hospital chart suggests that these episodes may not be receiving adequate attention at clinic visits. Furthermore, this result indicates that comparisons of severe hypoglycaemia between centres must be interpreted with caution.
The observed associations between HbA1c level and age and diabetes duration and the lack of association with gender, were mostly consistent with previous large cross-sectional studies.10,12,13 Earlier studies have also observed HbA1c associations with total insulin dosage12,13,16,18,20 and the number of insulin doses per day,12,13 but in this study these associations could be explained by the duration of diabetes and the age of the patients. However, poorer control was noted in children prescribed four doses of insulin per day, which may reflect that this insulin regime is used for children with poor control or that it may be associated with poor compliance. The evidence supporting the concept that increased blood glucose testing improved control, a consistent finding in previous studies,12,16,18 was less conclusive. An increase in the number of blood glucose tests was associated with a decrease in HbA1c, but after adjusting for the attended diabetes clinic this effect was no longer apparent, suggesting that it may be explained by other clinic practices.
Glycaemic control was independently associated with Diabetes UK membership, diabetic clinic attendance, and living with both natural parents. The reduction in HbA1c with Diabetes UK membership suggests that parental attitude and involvement in the disease could lead to benefits in control. This study confirms an association between infrequent diabetes clinic attendance and worse control that has been noted previously.16,17,19 However, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results in the most frequent category of attendance, as increased attendances could be a consequence rather than a cause of worse control. The worse control of children whose parents have separated has been observed in various studies;13,18,19 the consistency of this finding indicates that single parents may merit assistance to meet the challenges involved in attaining good control.
In addition to previously mentioned advantages, this study also benefited from a relatively large sample size, a high ascertainment rate, and a detailed questionnaire on established and potential risk factors of poor control. This allowed not only the testing of previous hypotheses but also the adjustment for other risk factors of poor control. This study does have limitations; the cross-sectional design allows the association of factors with good control but not the ability to determine causation which would require a prospective study. Furthermore, the 21% of HbA1c variation that was explained by available variables was similar to a Scottish study,13 which accounted for 16% of HbA1c variation, but indicated that knowledge of factors which establish good control remains incomplete.
In conclusion, the percentage of children and adolescents achieving recommended levels of glycaemic control was disappointing. Furthermore, annual reviews by healthcare specialists and monitoring of microvascular complications fell below recommended levels. Some of these failures may reflect staff shortages, in particular a lack of diabetes specialist nurses and clinical psychologists. There was evidence of better control in children who were members of Diabetes UK, who lived with both natural parents, and who attended diabetes clinics regularly.
The audit was undertaken with the support and participation of the following members of the Northern Ireland Paediatric Diabetes Study Group: M Allen, T Blair, R Blakely, M Brock, C Cardwell, D Carson, C Corkey, P Cosgrove, N Craig, M Doherty, M Allen, C Gaston, S Griffin, V Gleadhill, C Halahakoon, L Irwin, O McGlone, J Newell, C Patterson, M Quinn, M Rollins, C Stewart, and H Tennet.
Hoey H, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, et al. Good metabolic control is associated with better quality of life in 2,101 adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care2001;24:1923–8.
McNally PG, Raymond NT, Swift PG, et al. Does the prepubertal duration of diabetes influence the onset of microvascular complications? Diabet Med1993;10:906–8.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr1994;125:177–88.
British Diabetic Association. The principles of good practice for the care of young people with diabetes. London: British Diabetic Association, 1995.
Anon. The organization of services for children with diabetes in the United Kingdom: report of the British Paediatric Association Working Party. Diabet Med1990;7:457–64.
Haines LC, Swift PG. Report of the 1994 BPA/BDA Survey of Services for Children with Diabetes: Changing Patterns of Care. British Paediatric Association/British Diabetic Association. Diabet Med1997;14:693–7.
Jefferson IG, Swift PG, Skinner TC, et al. Diabetes services in the UK: third national survey confirms continuing deficiencies. Arch Dis Child2003;88:53–6.
Drash AL. The child, the adolescent, and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care1993;16:1515–16.
Santiago JV. Lessons from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes1993;42:1549–54.
Mortensen HB, Hougaard P. Comparison of metabolic control in a cross-sectional study of 2,873 children and adolescents with IDDM from 18 countries. The Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Diabetes Care1997;20:714–20.
Mortensen HB, Marinelli K, Norgaard K, et al. A nation-wide cross-sectional study of urinary albumin excretion rate, arterial blood pressure and blood glucose control in Danish children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood. Diabet Med1990;7:887–97.
Rosilio M, Cotton JB, Wieliczko MC, et al. Factors associated with glycemic control. A cross-sectional nationwide study in 2,579 French children with type 1 diabetes. The French Pediatric Diabetes Group. Diabetes Care1998;21:1146–53.
Anon. Scottish study group for the care of the young diabetic. Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population-based study (DIABAUD2), Diabetes Care2001;24:239–44.
Nordly S, Jorgensen T, Andreasen AH, et al. Quality of diabetes management in children and adolescents in Denmark. Diabet Med2003;20:568–74.
Tubiana-Rufi N, Moret L, Czernichow P, et al. Risk factors for poor glycemic control in diabetic children in France. Diabetes Care1995;18:1479–82.
Dorchy H, Roggemans MP, Willems D. Glycated hemoglobin and related factors in diabetic children and adolescents under 18 years of age: a Belgian experience. Diabetes Care1997;20:2–6.
Kaufman FR, Halvorson M, Carpenter S. Association between diabetes control and visits to a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes clinic. Pediatrics1999;103:948–51.
Levine BS, Anderson BJ, Butler DA, et al. Predictors of glycemic control and short-term adverse outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr2001;139:197–203.
Thompson SJ, Auslander WF, White NH. Comparison of single-mother and two-parent families on metabolic control of children with diabetes. Diabetes Care2001;24:234–8.
Craig ME, Handelsman P, Donaghue KC, et al. Predictors of glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from NSW and the ACT. Med J Aust2002;177:235–8.
Kaufman FR. Searching for glycemic control in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a long way to go. J Pediatr2001;139:174–6.
Patterson CC, Carson DJ, Hadden DR. Epidemiology of childhood IDDM in Northern Ireland 1989–1994: low incidence in areas with highest population density and most household crowding. Northern Ireland Diabetes Study Group. Diabetologia1996;39:1063–9.
ISPAD Guidelines 2000. Zeist, Netherlands: Publ, Medforum 2002.
Carstairs V, Morris R. Deprivation and mortality: an alternative to social class? Community Med1989;11:210–19.
Freeman JV, Cole TJ, Chinn S, et al. Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child1995;73:17–24.
Paediatric Diabetes Special Interest Group. The role and qualifications of the nurse specialising in paediatric diabetes. London: Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom, 1993.
National Institute of Clinical Excellence. CG15 type 1 diabetes: diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes in children, young people and adults—NICE guideline. National Institute of Clinical Excellence 2004.
Baumer JH, Hunt LP, Shield JP. Audit of diabetes care by caseload. Arch Dis Child1997;77:102–7.
Baumer JH, Hunt LP, Shield JP. Social disadvantage, family composition, and diabetes mellitus: prevalence and outcome. Arch Dis Child1998;79:427–30.
Funding for the study was provided by the Regional Multi-professional Audit Group, Department of Health, Social Services, and Public Safety. CRC was in receipt of a Department of Education and Learning grant.
Competing interests: none declared
Ethics approval: ethical approval was obtained from Queen's University Belfast Research Ethics Committee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'''
Collection of the image paths.

The module is meant to act as a singleton, hence the globals() abuse.

Image credit: kidcomic.net
'''
from functools import partial
import os
from gooey.gui.util.freeze import get_resource_path

_image_details = (
  ('program_icon', 'program_icon.ico'),
  ('success_icon', 'success_icon.png'),
  ('running_icon', 'running_icon.png'),
  ('loading_icon', 'loading_icon.gif'),
  ('config_icon', 'config_icon.png'),
  ('error_icon', 'error_icon.png')
)

def init(image_dir):
  ''' initalize the images from the default directory path '''
  defaults = {variable_name: os.path.join(image_dir, filename)
              for variable_name, filename in _image_details}
  globals().update(defaults)

def patch_images(new_image_dir):
  '''
  Loads custom images from the user supplied directory
  '''
  pathto = partial(os.path.join, new_image_dir)

  if new_image_dir != 'default':
    if not os.path.isdir(new_image_dir):
      raise IOError('Unable to find the user supplied directory {}'.format(new_image_dir))

    new_images = ((varname, pathto(filename))
                           for varname, filename in _image_details
                           if os.path.exists(pathto(filename)))
    # push the changes into module scope
    globals().update(new_images)

default_dir = get_resource_path('images')
init(default_dir)


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The For Less Guides originated in 1994 as a physical travel guide booklet produced to help travelling tourists find their way around the world's top city destinations. The birth of the for less app allows tourists access to hundreds of discounts at attractions and restaurants. Furthermore, all the user has to do is show the app when they pay with no pre-pay.
Specifically designed for tourists as an easy-to-use, downloadable and offline way to explore major international cities without incurring any data-roaming charges; the app is tailored towards making travel planning exciting and more manageable.
Our apps supply a fully searchable street map, an official and interactive map of any underground rail services and a Travel Guide to top tourist attractions in the area; all of these without interruption from those annoying app adverts. It also includes simple access to hundreds of discounts for some of the most popular places in your city of choice.
Translated into 5 languages, the international for less app gives users the opportunity to get discounts at a huge variety of attractions, restaurants, leisure activities, hotels, entertainment venues and shopping outlets in America and Europe.


text:
Team Places Second, Earn Four Weight Class Victories at Championships
Courtesy of University of Chicago Athletics
By David Kerr
Chicago capped off a very competitive weekend at the UAA championship meet with a strong second-place finish after a close final match with NYU. Four Chicago wrestlers earned UAA championships individually on Saturday: second-year Devan Richter (125 lb.), first-year Mason Williams (141 lb.), second-year Nick Ferraro (165 lb.), and fourth-year Ryan Walsh (197 lb.) all finished first in their respective weight classes. As a team, the Maroons finished the dual meet portion of their schedule with a 5–10 record and a 1–1 record in the UAA.
The UAA championship meet opened up with Case Western dropping its first match against the top-seeded NYU 36–12. The Maroons were next up as they took on Case in the second match of the day. The squad came out strong as it took the first four matches against Case with Richter, first-year Louis DeMarco, and Williams all winning their respective matches. Despite third-year Justin Klein dropping his match 17–0 at 157 pounds, the Maroons were able to resume their streak, winning their next four matches. The Maroons would conclude their match over Case with a 36–11 win and the chance to compete against NYU for the UAA championship.
The South Siders went into the match looking to dethrone the Violets as NYU came into the day as the four-time defending UAA champions. The matches between the two teams were hard fought as each team was battling for every inch to claim a UAA championship for its squad. Both teams traded off pins to start off the match as Richter pinned third-year Wayne Yuan of NYU but third-year Nathan Pike of NYU pinned DeMarco. With the score knotted at 6–6, Williams provided a huge spark as he came from behind to win his match 4–3 with a takedown with 12 seconds left. The matches would go back and forth as the Maroons went into the 197- and 285-pound matches down 19–13. Walsh won decisively 4–3 at 197 pounds to cut NYU's lead down but first-year Santino Pelusi of NYU clinched a NYU victory by defeating first-year Patrick Mulkerin 5–2.
While the Maroons suffered a tough defeat to the Violets, there were many positive takeaways from the meet for the South Siders. Walsh came away with his first individual crown after he had many key wins for the Maroons in the both of the meets this weekend.
"I am happy with my performance, winning the individual crown and extending our chances of defeating NYU to the final match. Even though we did not pull out the team title, I could not be more proud of how our team wrestled," Walsh said.
The Maroons will look to continue their success at the NCAA Midwest Regional at Wabash on February 27. They will face a slew of teams that they have already competed against this season, including Wheaton, Elmhurst, North Central, Trine, and Wabash. The wrestlers will look to repeat or best their past performances.


text:
Tax rates rise for all in the new year
Rates rose by 2 percent in 2013, returning to the 2010 rate.
by Janice Bitters
As students return back to work after winter break, many may be surprised to see their first paycheck of 2013 is slightly smaller.
On Jan. 1, Congress passed the Taxpayer Relief Act, which will increase Social Security taxes by 2 percent. President Barack Obama signed the act into law the following day.
The measure — the result of months of debate over how to prevent higher taxes on the middle class — will bring the Social Security tax rate back to where it was in 2010.
While the increase back to 6.2 percent for Social Security has been on the horizon for the past two years, the tax raise catches some students, who have become accustomed to the lower tax rate, off guard.
"Living paycheck to paycheck, I don't think we will really notice, but over time if you go back and add it up, it is a bigger impact," speech-language-hearing sciences junior Kristi Schulz said.
Though all Americans will be paying slightly more taxes in 2013, the Taxpayer Relief Act reinstates many tax breaks that Americans have seen in past years. It also increases taxes for individuals making $400,000 or more annually.
The 2 percent increase may not impact students immediately in 2013.
All employers must withhold correct 2013 rates by Feb. 15. Employees who received checks with the 2012 Social Security tax rate will need to have extra taxes withheld from their checks by the last day of March to make up for under-deducted taxes.
While this additional amount may not have a large impact on individual checks, some students say they feel it's unfair to have extra taxes taken out later because too few were deducted in January and February.
"I feel like it would leave a bad taste in people's mouths, especially if they are getting their normal paycheck for 2013 and then to have an employer to go back and take more out later," Schulz said. "I think that would be harder for people than if they had just taken it out in the first place."
Another consequence of the late decision to pass the act is that the IRS and the state of Minnesota have postponed the beginning of their tax filing season by eight days to Jan. 30 this year. The IRS said the extra time was needed to update its computer systems to reflect the new provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act.
Paul Gutterman, senior lecturer of the University of Minnesota's Master of Business Taxation program, said he was impressed with how fast the IRS is working to update its system but cautioned that the quick turnaround time could have consequences.
"There are bound to be more errors or glitches than they have had in the past because they haven't had as much time to prepare as they usually have," Gutterman said. "I think all taxpayers and students, if they are getting back a refund, should check that they get the amount that is on the return to ensure that it is accurate."
The late start of tax filing season may delay refunds to taxpayers, including many who rely on tax refunds each year. The average refund for tax filers in 2012 was $2,707, according to the IRS.
Environmental sciences, policy and management senior Andrew Morrison said the delay will likely impact students who are paying off school as they go.
"There isn't as much disposable income," Morrison said. "They might really need that income to pay for books or living expenses."
Though the start of tax-filing season will be postponed by more than a week, the deadline for filing taxes will remain April 15.
The University of Minnesota will offer free tax-filing assistance for students this year from Feb. 4 to April 15. The volunteers will be available from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Saturday in Hanson Hall Room 2-180.
Tax filing is done through the Carlson School of Management by student volunteers who have passed the IRS certification test for tax filing.


text:
Hibernaspis is a genus of extinct amphiaspidid heterostracan agnathans whose fossils are restricted to Lower Devonian marine strata of Siberia near the Taimyr Peninsula.  In life, species of Hibernaspis were thought to be benthic animals that lived most of their lives mostly buried in the sediment of a series of hypersaline lagoons. All amphiaspids are easily distinguished from other heterostracans in that all of the plates of the cephalothorax armor are fused into a single, muff-like unit, so that, in the case of Hibernaspis, the forebody of the living animal would have looked like a large guitar pic with serrated edges, with  a pair of tiny, degenerated eyes, a pair of branchial openings for exhaling, and a simple, slit-like mouth at the anterior end.

There are two species of Hibernaspis, H. macrolepis, the type species, and H. tenuicristata.  Each species differs from each other through shapes of the serrated edges, and micrornamentation of the cephalothoracic armor.

References

Amphiaspidida
Devonian jawless fish
Early Devonian fish
Cyathaspidiformes genera
Fauna of Siberia
Fossils of Russia
Early Devonian first appearances
Devonian extinctions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The wheal areas obtained with Alt a 1 protein are significantly greater than with extract of total Alternaria alternata and extract without Alt a 1.
Alt a 1 is recommended for diagnosis and treatment of Alternaria alternata-sensitised patients. The major Alternaria alternata allergen is responsible for sensitisation of >90% of the allergic population.
Multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical trail to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of immunotherapy with purified major allergen Alt a 1 in patients with allergic rhinoconjenctivitis with or without mild to moderate asthma, sensitised to fungus Alternaria alternata.
The clinical trial is performed in three arms over 23 participating sites: 2 active at 0.25μg/mL and 0.458μg/mL, and a placebo.
A statistically significant decrease in papule size is obtained after one year of immunotherapy with Alt a 1, both with Alt a 1 and with Alternaria alternata versus the control group.
After one year of immunotherapy, a statistically significant increase in IgG 4 immunoglobulin is seen both in the Active 1 and the Active 2 versus the control group (placebo), where variation in the IgG 4 serum levels was not seen.
Alt a 1 is a safe treatment with a high level of tolerance; only mild or moderate adverse events were seen. No serious adverse events were reported. Previous clinical trials showed the same safety pattern.


text:
Museum January 21, 2019
Time Capsule of 1970 Revealed in Rauschenberg Print Series at Princeton
© Robert Rauschenberg Foundation/Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY
Robert Rauschenberg, American, 1925–2008, No. 48, from Surface Series From Currents, 1970. Screenprint. Gift of Arthur A. Goldberg.
PRINCETON, N.J. – In a burst of activity in early 1970, groundbreaking American artist Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) collaged newspaper clippings of the day, photographed the collages and ultimately silkscreened them to create three seminal print series. Considered Rauschenberg's first expressly activist work of art, these extraordinary series powerfully evoke the escalating turbulence and concerns of the times–from violent social unrest and the ongoing war in Vietnam, to economic pessimism and political assassinations. One of these portfolios of 18 large-scale screenprints, Surface Series from Currents, will be shown in its entirety for the first time since 1970, affording a rare opportunity to reevaluate the work of one of the most important American artists of the past half century.
The exhibition, Time Capsule 1970: Rauschenberg's Currents, will be on view at the Princeton University Art Museum from Jan. 19 through Feb. 10, 2019. It is co-curated by Calvin Brown, the Museum's associate curator of prints and drawings, and Juliana Dweck, the Museum's Andrew W. Mellon curator of academic engagement.
The 18 black-and-white screenprints in the exhibition, all 40 x 40 inches, are drawn from the collection of the Princeton University Art Museum. The Currents series premiered in 1970 at Dayton's Gallery 12 in Minneapolis, which supported a range of artists who were considered to be progressive or avant-garde at the time.
© Robert Rauschenberg Foundation Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY
"In anticipating the 50th anniversary of this important work, which we do not believe has been installed together since 1970, we are pleased to offer visitors the opportunity to come to grips with Robert Rauschenberg's inventiveness, his sophisticated creative vision and his incisive reportage," said James Steward, Nancy A. Nasher–David J. Haemisegger, Class of 1976, director. "Like many of the greatest prints of the modern period, these works combine formal invention with political engagement in a way that demands they be taken both as great works of art and as critical documents of one of the most tempestuous periods in U.S. history."
Rauschenberg's innovations as an artist blossomed in the 1960s as he mixed screenprinted images collected from popular media with an eclectic array of found objects, gestural painting and performance art to produce some of the most animated, daring works by any artist of his generation. By the end of the decade, Rauschenberg was internationally famous. At the same time, his work was becoming darker as he became more committed to social activism.
According to Rauschenberg, the Currents projects represented his "active protest attempting to share and communicate my response to and concern with our grave times and place . . . the most serious journalism I had ever attempted." The title, Currents, refers to both the significant undercurrents of social and political upheaval underway in 1970 and specific contemporary current events.
For the Currents project, Rauschenberg collected stories, headlines, ads and images cut from more than 15 newspapers and tabloids from around the country dating primarily from early 1970. These clippings, combined with drawn, printed and transferred images, were pasted together to make 36 collages that were then photographed. The photographic negatives were enlarged and used in a variety of combinations to create screens for three series of photomontage-screenprints.
In the first, entitled Currents, Rauschenberg created a continuous 54-foot-long by 6-foot-high handprinted silkscreen of the 36 collage studies – one of the largest such prints ever created. To reach a larger audience, Rauschenberg produced Features from Currents, which consisted of 26 of the collage studies printed on individual sheets of paper.
For the 18 screenprints in Surface Series from Currents, Rauschenberg superimposed two different negatives in making each of the screens, resulting in a cacophony of words and images that engulfs the viewer in a cascade of current events. The seemingly accidental patterns that are distinctive in this series are the result of having enlarged the negatives to the point where ben-day dots from the reproduced newspaper photographs become visible.
Rauschenberg said of the series, "The fact that you paid a quarter for your newspaper almost satisfies your conscience: Because you have read your newspaper, you have done your bit. And so you wrap your conscience in your newspaper just like you wrap your garbage ... I made that series [Currents] as realistically as I could, as austerely as possible, in the most direct way I knew how, because, knowing that it was art, people had to take a second look, at least, at the facts they were wrapping their garbage in."
About the Princeton University Art Museum
With a collecting history that extends back to 1755, the Princeton University Art Museum is one of the leading university art museums in the country, with collections that have grown to include over 100,000 works of art ranging from ancient to contemporary art and spanning the globe.
Committed to advancing Princeton's teaching and research missions, the Museum also serves as a gateway to the University for visitors from around the world. Intimate in scale yet expansive in scope, the Museum offers a respite from the rush of daily life, a revitalizing experience of extraordinary works of art and an opportunity to delve deeply into the study of art and culture.
The Princeton University Art Museum is located at the heart of the Princeton campus, a short walk from the shops and restaurants of Nassau Street. Admission is free. Museum hours are Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Thursday 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.; and Sunday 12 p.m. to 5 p.m. The Museum is closed Mondays and major holidays.


text:
Man-Cave/Escape-Room
Outdoor Skills for Kids in Todays World
by Robbo | Last updated Nov 29, 2018
The outdoor lifestyle is a huge experience for not only adults, but also our children Unfortunately, they are not getting the benefits of the outdoors in recent years. The advancement in technology has a lot to answer for when it comes to screen time.Okay, I get it....
How to Start a Woodworking Business From Home
by Robbo | Last updated Aug 16, 2018
Have you ever considered beginning your own woodworking business from home? Maybe it's crossed your mind but you don't have the right pathway or plan of attack to get up and running. Whether you're an experienced woodworker or you dabble in this type of passion, and...
OMG! The Best Man Cave Clocks Ever!
by Robbo | Last updated Feb 10, 2020
Surely you can't have a man cave without a character filled clock to be featured prominently above the bar. While it takes all sorts of styles to fit out a room like this, your clock is a feature piece that needs careful consideration. Some prefer a man cave….
How to Cook a Barbecue and WIN
by Robbo | Last updated Jul 12, 2018
Have you ever wanted to know the secrets behind barbecue cooking like a Pitmaster? Ever wondered why your recipes that you think are extraordinary, don't win competitions? Every year, men from all over the US compete for championship status as the Pitmaster grand….
Inexpensive Landscaping Ideas with Pictures
Wouldn't we all adore our own landscaped front garden. Or for that matter, back garden. But it's the front garden that most would love to show off to our neighbours and local visitors. The opportunity is available to have this achieved but the cost is a major one.
Build a Barn
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Your start into Jazz playing!
From general tips, over the explanation of style features that make Jazz become Jazz to samples and playalongs for one's own improvisations.
This app gives the student an understanding of the basics of improvisation, phrasing, rhythm and eartraining through special exercises, explanations and examples. Through practising check lists, which can be printed out, the student has the possibility of developing his technical skills systematically.
10 Jazz exercises train the different phrasing-techniques and rhythmic features of Jazz. They can be checked at any time by listening to the samples. This way the student always has the possibility of controlling whether he does the exercise properly and correcting any mistakes by (simply) listening.
4 Jazz tunes give the student the possibility of using the skills he got from the exercises at a "Jazz piece". These tunes are based on common song forms of Jazz (Blues, Rhythm Changes, ect. ) . Compositional elements and also basics of harmonics are made accessible to the student. He is encouraged to improvise in various ways over the song forms, to vary melodies or to compose and also to transcribe the soli played on the recordings.
Full interactivity of the app. Zooming, paging, jumping to content from every page.
General overview of the most important basics and style features needed in Jazz.
Systematic technical exercises to develop the basic techniques needed in Jazz.
Check lists (for printing out) to control your practising.
Listening examples for every exercise/tune.
Playalongs for you to improvise.


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text:
The death toll from floods in Balochistan has reached 336, PDMA
PDMA has said that the number of people who died due to floods in Balochistan reached 336.
According to the details, PDMA released a report on the situation of people affected by flood in Balochistan, in which the agency said that 149 men, 80 women and 107 children were among those who died due to flood in the province.
The agency said that 187 people were injured in accidents during the rains; The injured include 97 men, 40 women and 50 children.
PDMA said that in total, more than two and a half lakh houses have collapsed and suffered partial damage across the province, various highways covering more than 2200 kilometers have also been severely affected in the rains.
According to the PDMA report, 58 bridges have been broken at different places due to rains and 4 lakh 34 thousand 424 cattle have been killed.
The report said that solar plates, tube wells and borings have been damaged due to floods and crops standing on 4 lakh 75 thousand 721 acres of land have been washed away in floods.
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