When it comes to online gambling fun, there's definitely a lot to be had at Planet 7 Casino. The internet casino offers a plethora of casino games ranging from Slots, Video Poker and table games and more. And aside from its games, you can expect to be treated with the utmost respect as a player as Planet 7. They've got fantastic customer care, an array of payment options to help users deposit their bankrolls at ease and superb casino bonuses to provide everyone with that extra boost they need to enjoy gambling for real money. Not convinced yet? Find out all you need to know by reading through our Planet 7 Casino Review below, then grab your bonus and start playing your favorite game.
Planet 7 Casino has graced the online gambling world with its presence since 2009. The casino, which is licensed in Costa Rica, is owned and operated by Ace Revenue Group a subsidiary of Virtual Casino Group which owns several online casinos. The website design, with its red on black color scheme, is very standard to what you might at any online casino, so there's not too much that stands out here – but it is excellently optimized to accommodate mobile users, so there is evident merit in bringing that standard casino experience to the modern market. Planet 7 Casino's 97.8% payout percentage is also a really great incentive for anyone to start playing without the risk of feeling short changed.
We can definitely commend Planet 7 Casino for other features that should help players feel supported, even if indirectly. For example, there's an in-depth explanation of how the casino utilizes top of the range security measures, such as SSL. In terms of casino accessibility, we think that slight improvements could be made. While navigation is pretty easy all round, it's only easy to users who speak English. We'd list more positives in this introduction, but if we did that there would be nothing else to post in the actual review. So let's get right to it.
There's not much to be said about the registering process for Planet 7 Casino, and that's a good thing, as it means that you're in for a very standard experience with virtually no extra steps that could ruin the whole fun of joining an online casino. Fundamentally, all you have to do is press the 'Sign Up' button and you'll be instantly transported to the casino's sign up page where you'll be required to fill in the necessary fields. One thing that you might find somewhat hassling – although you shouldn't, really – is that you'll need to fill out a Credit Card Agreement Form, as well as send a copy of their IDs and utility bills. Yet, Planet 7 Casino is somewhat lenient about all this, as it is stated that players might be allowed to make multiple deposits before they're even asked for these documents, but there's really no reason why you shouldn't just get it out of the way right away, or as soon as possible.
Provided that you've set up your account, you'll then be able to login. In order to do so, simply press the 'Log in' button and we'll get these things going either through the site itself or its download counterpart.
When it comes to casino bonuses and promotions, Planet7 offers loads. The bonus bonanza doesn't stop at registration. Bonuses on planet7casino.com are frequently updated, offering players various bonuses on different games from the 150+ selection. Other than their Welcome Bonus, you'll be able to find No deposit bonuses, match bonuses, new game bonuses and VIP bonuses and more.
Planet 7 welcomes all its gamblers who sign up at its casino with their very own Welcome Bonus. All you have to do is and create an account and deposit your bankroll really. At this stage you will receive a confirmation email with a coupon code. Log in to your account and make your first deposit in the cashier, then click on "Redeem Coupon" and enter the code. This bonus is available every day without rules or restrictions, subject to certain terms and conditions. The bonus amount must be wagered a minimum of 30 times, and 60 times in the case of Table Games and Video Poker. Play in Baccarat, Craps, Roulette, Pai Gow Poker War and Sic Bo does not contribute towards these wagering requirements. Before making a withdrawal that exceeds the deposit, an amount greater than the sum of the deposit + bonus amount must be available in the account.
One of the wonderful things about Planet 7 is the No Deposit Bonuses they offer. In order to be eligible to receive this bonus, all you need to do is register, enter the No Deposit Bonus code offered and start playing to win the prize.
Other than the promotions we've just mentioned above; you can expect to find plenty more at Planet 7. We recommend checking their site every so often because this online casino loves changing it up every now and again. Other casino bonuses you'll find in their promotions section include daily, monthly and special games bonuses.
Planet 7 Casino hosts an exciting suite of 150 casino games for keen gamblers to enjoy playing. And while there is enough variety here, there are other online casinos out there that do offer a large array of games. This online casino's games are exclusively provided by Real Time Gaming which is one of the best and most popular casino software companies providing their games in the U. And although the company's games are not phenomenal, RTG is a very reputable, secure company that focuses on a pretty interesting take on online casino gaming which means that the quality here is something that can be objectively vouched for.
Like most internet casinos out there, Planet 7 mostly focuses on online Slots games. On browsing through their array of games, you'll find everything from aquatic themed Slots games to Egyptian themed games and much, much more. The lack of 3D animation might be off-putting to some, but the relatively simple look of the games is largely what lets Planet 7 have such a high payout percentage (less flash, more substance – literally). Plus, if you can't get behind fun titles like Cash Bandits, Count Spectacular, Builder Beaver, and Caesar's Empire, that's a shame!
If you're a Video Poker fan, you'll also be able to find many great titles in Planet 7's suite of casino games. Among the array of games, you'll find their most popular variant, Joker Poker, and loads of others including Jacks or Better, Deuces Wild, Double Bonus Poker, Sevens Wild, Aces & Eights and a few more variants.
If Video Poker and Slots games are not your thing and table games are, you'll be glad to know that there's a great variation of table games at Planet 7 Casino. Of course, their selection of games includes none other than the most popular games such as Blackjack, Baccarat, Roulette, Craps. There are also some other lesser-known games including Pai Gow Poker, Face Up 21, Let Em Ride, Super 21, Tri Card Poker and more. In regards to Blackjack and Roulette, you'll also be able to find a few variants other than the classic form.
Other than the games we've just mentioned above; you can also find a few other games to play for real money. These include the game of luck, Keno, Treasure Tree and more.
Playtech also offers a number of free casino games that you can play in play mode. So, if you're unsure of whether to sign up or not, we recommend trying a few games in free play mode so you won't need to commit to the casino before you're absolutely sure you want to play their suite of casino games. We don't want that to come off as a caution, though, because the games here are indeed plenty of fun. The thing with Real Time Gaming, particularly with regard to the slots games, is that they fuse the colorfulness of modern themes with a rather 2D feel. So in that sense the vibe you'll get is both new and somewhat old-school, and we don't find it detrimental.
Planet 7 has one of the best records in the iGaming industry when it comes to successful and risk-free deposits and withdrawals. The online casino hosts a small variety of online casino payment options for users to be able to deposit and withdraw their bankrolls easily.
Among the different methods you'll be able to choose from are e-wallets, credit/debit cards, cryptocurrency and lastly offline deposit methods. In terms of e-wallets, you'll only be able to find Skrill and Neteller. However, if you prefer using credit/debit cards, you'll be happy to know that Planet 7 Casino also offers Amex, Visa and Mastercard too. Should you wish to use cryptocurrency, this virtual casino also offers Bitcoin as a payment method. Provided that none of the payment methods we've mentioned suit your needs, you'll also be able to find the offline casino payment option available, Bank Wire too. How long do you need to wait for deposits to be fully processed? It varies. Although they are usually instantly processed, you might need to wait up to 20 minutes. In very rare cases you might have to wait up to a day – but only in one-in-a-blue-moon situations.
As for withdrawals, there's a lot of flexibility too. While withdrawal options change depending on availability, you can always bet that there will be the usual popular methods in addition to constant ones like Bank Wire, Cash Transfer, and Bank Cheques. For queries regarding minimum and maximum deposit/withdrawal amounts, you're better off checking the casino site for more detail as there is noticeable variation between the different methods involved.
When it comes to withdrawal times, this may vary due to processor availability. Withdrawal requests are made through the casino cashier by simply entering the amount you wish to withdraw and selecting a withdrawal method from the left hand side of the cashier screen. You will be notified by email once your withdrawal has been requested, approved and paid. The Casino will make every effort to process your payout request as quickly and efficiently as possible. While relatively uncomplicated, there are a few terms and conditions related to the withdrawal process which require your attention. Also, all withdrawals may be subject to a processing fee, depending on the payment processor and/or withdrawal amount. While deposits are usually instant, withdrawals may take some more time to complete. Withdrawal requests are reviewed and approved (or denied) within 3 business days of your request, while your payment will be made within 7 business days after approval.
One of the more interesting aspects regarding Planet 7's payment facilities is that the casino has a partnership with the Players Rewards Card, which you can use as a credit card just like you would with your VISA card, with the sole exception that using this card gives you added perks. All you need to do is apply for the card by adding yourself to the mailing list.
At Planet 7, safety and security is of primary importance to both its staff as well as its users. In order to keep everybody happy, the company uses a combination of important factors including high-end SSL encryption and the testing out of its games. All its casino games also certified by GLI, an expert testing lab with an established team of professional mathematicians, quality assurance specialists and engineers (working in compliance, hardware, software and communications) engaged in the testing and certification of equipment.
Player support is not necessarily the first consideration you might think of when you're hunting for online casinos – but it probably should be pretty high on your list. Think about it. You can have great games available to you, and equally great payment options. But what are you going to do when the nasty brown stuff hits the fan, if the customer support options aren't there? Luckily, Planet 7 Casino's support service is pretty comprehensive. The online casino has a dedicated customer support team which is available daily, and around the clock. They will look into any concerns you might have and make sure you're satisfied. Aside from email, you can get through to them via live chat and phone. The Live Chat option is also available for both registered players or those who would like to know more about Planet 7 before opening their account.
Provided that you'd like to take your online gambling experience on the go, you'll be glad to know that Planet7 Casino has its very own mobile version of its site. The mobile version is ultimately a more compact version of its desktop site. Find out more information about it through our Planet 7 Mobile review below.
To log in on mobile, you'll need to have signed up before. All you need to do in this case is go to their website and click on the 'Log In' button. Once you have, enter your username and password and voila you're ready to play your casino game of choice.
Provided that you haven't already signed up to Planet 7 Mobile, you'll need to sign up to its site before heading off to play your favorite casino game. To do so, you should first head to Planet 7 Casino's homepage and click the 'Join Now' button. Once you have, select your username, create your password and your e-mail, then click the 'Continue' button. Next, go on and enter your first name, last name gender and date of birth into the fields provided. During the final phase, simply fill in your contact details and address and head off to claim your mobile casino bonus.
As far as casino bonuses go on mobile, you can expect to find all the same ones that you'd typically find at Planet 7 Casino on desktop. These include the casino's welcome bonus, daily, monthly and VIP casino bonuses. Occasionally, the casino also gives players the opportunity to cash in on a mobile bonus too.
There's some good news for mobile casino fans out there who enjoy playing at Planet 7 – most of its online casino games are all available in its suite of games on desktop are available to play on mobile too. So no matter if you'd like to play Slots, Blackjack, Roulette, Baccarat or anything else, you'll find it in its mobile variant.
With a casino game selection of more than 150 titles, Planet 7 Casino prides itself on being the World's #1 Casino. Yet, whether it is or not is definitely a matter of opinion really. At CasinoTop10, we give this casino a big thumb up though.
A very good range of bonus options that don't feel over-saturated.
A very enticing payout percentage.
A rather limited selection of games.
Only one language is available.
Perhaps the entire casino experience here is a bit too normal and lacks identity.


Heather Garbers, CVBS. is Vice President of Voluntary Benefits & Technology with HUB International, where she is responsible for driving Voluntary Benefit sales. She is also responsible for partnering with our clients to build optimal enrollment and communication solutions that enhance employee understanding of and engagement in voluntary plan options.
Heather has also a Certified Voluntary Benefit Specialist (CVBS) designation from the Voluntary Benefits Association, is a member of the National Advisory Board for the Voluntary Benefits Association, recipient of Employee Benefit News 2015 Voluntary Advisor of the Year Award, and was named one of the "15 Women in Insurance You Need to Know" by LifeHealthPro in March 2016.


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Marketing Dietary Supplements
Manufacturing Dietary Supplements: cGMPs
Labeling Dietary Supplements
Advertising Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplements Postmarketing Safety
Tainted Dietary Supplements
FAQs About the Regulation of Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplements Are Regulated Products (fact sheet)
Summary of the key differences between the FDA's Drug and Dietary Supplement GMPs
Side-by-side comparison of 21 CFR Parts 110
Regulation > Regulation of Dietary Supplements > FAQs About Dietary Supplements Regulations
FAQs About Dietary Supplements Regulations
What is a dietary supplement?
Are dietary supplements regulated by the federal government?
Does FDA approve dietary supplements?
Why should consumers feel secure about the safety of the dietary supplement products they purchase?
Should consumers discuss what dietary supplement products they are taking with their doctor?
How can consumers be sure the products they are taking contain what is indicated on the labeling?
What type of claims can be made about dietary supplement products?
Are dietary supplement products allowed to claim to treat diseases?
Do dietary supplements have an expiration date?
Why would a dietary supplement have more of an ingredient in it than what is claimed on the label?
How do I know if I am taking too much of a dietary supplement (or an ingredient contained in a dietary supplement)?
What efforts has CHPA taken to help ensure quality in the manufacturing of dietary supplement products?
For more information about dietary supplements please visit the FDA website.
A dietary supplement is a product that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the human diet. Dietary ingredients include: vitamins; minerals; herbs or other botanicals; amino acids; and other substances such as enzymes, extracts, or concentrates. Dietary supplements, including probiotics, which contain potentially beneficial bacteria or yeasts, may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, soft gels, gel caps, liquids, or powders.
Yes. Dietary supplement products are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This is probably the most commonly misunderstood fact about the dietary supplements industry. Most of the misunderstanding occurs when people confuse dietary supplements with prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medicines and expect them to be regulated in the same manner.
Dietary supplements are meant to supplement the diet; accordingly, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) defines them as a subset of foods, and they are regulated as such. As is the case with foods, FDA regulates the types of ingredients allowed in dietary supplements and the types of claims that can be made about an ingredient and/or a product. FDA also has detailed requirements for the labeling of dietary supplements (e.g., nutrition labeling, allergen labeling, statement of identity, and a net quantity statement, among others).
While dietary supplement manufacturers must ensure that their products are safe prior to marketing, FDA also has several post-marketing responsibilities to ensure the safety of dietary supplements. Among those is enforcement of the final rule on dietary supplement Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs), released on June 25, 2007. This rule is mandatory for all dietary supplement companies and it became effective for all companies in June 2010 following a three-year, phase-in period. cGMPs establish uniform standards needed to ensure quality throughout the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storing of dietary supplement products.
FDA also oversees mandatory adverse event reporting by dietary supplement manufacturers. In 2006, Congress passed the Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act, requiring that dietary supplement manufacturers promptly communicate serious adverse events to FDA. This requirement went into effect December 22, 2007. Serious adverse events associated with the use of a dietary supplement should be reported to FDA's MedWatch Program.
In addition, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates dietary supplement advertising. More information on FDA's and FTC's responsibilities are available online.
FDA does not review and approve dietary supplements based on their safety and effectiveness. Dietary supplements containing a dietary ingredient not marketed in the U.S. before October 15, 1994 (also known as a "new" dietary ingredient), require a notification to FDA 75 days before marketing. The notifcation must include information regarding the safety of the dietary supplement. FDA evaluates the safety of marketed dietary supplements through adverse event monitoring and research.
Consumers should feel secure that dietary supplement manufacturers are responsible for ensuring a dietary supplement product is safe before it is marketed. The manufacturer must ensure that the Supplement Facts label and ingredient list are accurate, the ingredients are safe, and the content matches the amount declared on the label. Manufacturers of dietary supplements with new dietary ingredients (defined as a dietary ingredient that was not marketed in the U.S. before October 15, 1994) must provide FDA with the information used to conclude that the product containing the new dietary ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe.
It is important for consumers to find out as much as possible about a dietary supplement before they take it. While the Internet provides a great deal of helpful information, often times it is difficult for a consumer to discern whether the information is accurate or not. The basic rule of thumb is for consumers to remember that if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Consumers can always speak to their healthcare professional or contact the manufacturer of the product directly if they have any questions.
Yes! Consumers should always be sure to inform their healthcare professional about ALL of the products they are taking—prescription drugs or OTC medicines—AND dietary supplements, even if they are not asked. Dietary supplements, just like conventional foods, may potentially interact with some OTC medicines or prescription drugs, so it is very important for consumers to keep their doctor apprised.
A dietary supplement manufacturer must ensure that the Supplement Facts label and ingredient list for each product is accurate, that the dietary ingredients are safe, and that the content matches the amount declared on the label. On June 25, 2007, FDA published a final rule on Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) for dietary supplements. This uniform set of standards, which became effective for all companies in June 2010, establishes the procedures that dietary supplement manufacturers must undertake to ensure quality throughout the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storing of dietary supplement products. CHPA members have long had exacting quality standards in place, and this rule will help ensure that all manufacturers comply with stringent standards designed to prevent contaminants and impurities, and to certify that all products are accurately labeled with the type and amount of dietary ingredients they contain.
CHPA, in collaboration with the Council for Responsible Nutrition and the United Natural Products Alliance, participates in the Standardized Information on Dietary ingredients (SIDI) Workgroup, which is composed of expert volunteer member company representatives. The SIDI workgroup has developed a set of guidelines to assist dietary supplement manufacturers and ingredient or component suppliers with determining the acceptability of a potential vendor or supplier, ingredient or component for use in the manufacture of a dietary supplement. The guidelines are intended to help dietary supplement companies develop their own programs as part of complying with the Good Manufacturing Practices regulations.
Under the law, manufacturers of dietary supplement have three different categories of claims that can be used for dietary supplements: health claims, structure/function claims, and nutrient content claims. Of course, all of these claims must be truthful and not misleading. FDA provides more information on the types of claims that can be used on conventional foods and dietary supplements.
Health claims describe the connection between a nutrient or food substance and reduced risk of a disease or health-related condition and are regulated by the FDA. FDA can authorize a health claim in one of the following three ways:
Authorized Health Claim—These claims result from an extensive review of the scientific literature and the determination that the nutrient/disease relationship is well established. There must be significant scientific agreement among qualified experts regarding the relationship between the nutrient and the disease. An example of a health claim is: "Development of cancer depends on many factors. A diet low in total fat may reduce the risk of some cancers". FDA has prepared a Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide, which provides a summary of approved health claims for food and dietary supplement labels.
Authoritative Statements—The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 allows health claims based on authoritative statements from a scientific body of the U.S. government or the National Academy of Sciences. Currently, this type of claim cannot be used for dietary supplements.
Qualified Health Claims—When the strength of the scientific evidence falls below that required for FDA to issue an authorizing regulation, a qualified health claim may be allowed. As with a standard health claim, qualified health claims are reviewed for accuracy and to ensure that they are not misleading to consumers. The Agency permits their use provided they are accompanied with appropriate disclaimers to ensure their truthfulness.
Nutrient content claims describe the level of a nutrient in a food or dietary supplement. For example, a supplement containing at least 200 milligrams could carry the claim "high in calcium." Percentage claims for dietary supplements, used to describe a percentage level of a dietary ingredient for which there is no established Daily Value, are another category of nutrient content claims. A summary of the rules for use of nutrient content claims can be found in the FDA Guidance on Food Labeling.
Structure/function claims are statements that describe the role of a nutrient or a dietary supplement intended to affect the structure or function of the body, the mechanism of how it helps to maintain that structure or function, or general well being. Because FDA does not pre-clear structure/function claims, they must be accompanied by the disclaimer: "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." An example of a structure/function claim is: "Ginseng will help maintain your natural energy."
FDA's website provides additional information about the three categories of dietary supplement claims.
Are dietary supplements allowed to claim to treat diseases?
No1. But like any other industry, the dietary supplement industry is susceptible to fraudulent or disreputable marketers. The good news is that under the auspices of DSHEA, FDA has the authority to stop any company from making a claim that a product cures or treats a disease. In fact, FDA and FTC often work in concert with the support of reputable manufacturers, to chase down the industry's "bad actors". Over the past decade, the FTC has filed over one hundred cases challenging health claims made for supplements. FTC's website provides a list of more recent actions taken against false or misleading health claims. Visit FTC's webiste to report a claim that you think may be false or misleading.
View FDA's latest series of warning letters.
View FTC's dietary supplement advertising guidelines for industry.
While federal regulations do not require dietary supplement manufacturers to include an expiration date on their products, most dietary supplements have some type of expiration or "use by" date on the label.
Dietary supplement manufacturers must ensure that their products contain at least the labeled amount for each of the ingredients up until the expiration date (if there is an expiration date listed). As some ingredients in dietary supplements, such as vitamins, can naturally lose activity and or potency over time, dietary supplement manufacturers may need to increase the amount of the ingredient they add at the time of manufacturing to maintain compliance with the law. As is true for all dietary supplements, the manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the product is safe.
Always check with your healthcare professional and read the label before taking any dietary supplement product. The Institute of Medicine has defined the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for 24 different nutrients. The UL is the maximum amount of daily nutrient you can take that is unlikely to pose any risk of adverse health effect for most people in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, your risk of experiencing an adverse event increases.
Prior to the initial implementation of FDA-enforced cGMPs in 2008, CHPA established a number of voluntary guidelines for dietary supplements that members agreed to follow. These include a number of ingredient specific guidelines, as well as additional guidelines on disclosure of added constituents, and a pregnancy/nursing labeling statement. More recently, CHPA, in collaboration with member companies, developed a guideline for use by manufacturers of dietary supplement products containing probiotic ingredients as well as one for caffeine-containing dietary supplements. In concert with the Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations, these guidelines help to ensure quality in the manufacturing, packaging, advertising, and labeling of dietary supplements.
1With the exception of classical nutrient deficiency diseases which are exempt from the "disease" definition under 21 CFR 101.93

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sean Vendy (Kirkwall, 18 de mayo de 1996) es un deportista británico que compite en bádminton por Inglaterra. Ganó una medalla de bronce en el Campeonato Europeo de Bádminton de 2022, en la prueba de dobles.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Jugadores de bádminton del Reino Unido
Jugadores de bádminton en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020
Deportistas del Reino Unido en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


While we all want our property to recoup our initial cost in the shortest time possible, it may be detrimental to set very high rents to your tenants. Setting your property rents too high will make most of your tenants stay for a short period of time. You will definitely lose money the moment they vacate your property. You cannot afford to lose money through vacant property. Good tenants will stay as long as the rent is reasonable for them to pay in the long run.
It is also a good idea not to set the rents too low. As a property owner, you could be tempted to undercut the market by lowering your rents so that you can get more tenants. This could be dangerous in the long run in that you will find it difficult to raise the rental fees to the market rates. You see, your tenants will simply flee once you make the adjustment to the higher market rates.
It is true that tenants want to stay in a clean environment and in property that is well maintained. It is expensive to keep your property adequately maintained without the need for you to raise the rental fees. However, when you keep your property free of wear and tear, you can be assured that your tenants will be happy.
Rental markets in places such as Bayonne and Guttenberg in Hudson country may be tight. This is the case in most parts of the country. However, this does not mean that you should underestimate the tenants' need for quality housing and properties that are well kept and maintained.
When you keep your property in good condition all the times, it is possible for your tenants to keep the same property in good condition too. They will simply reciprocate the good gesture that you will show them by keeping the property in the best condition possible.
Many property owners are not aware of the roles their property managers play in bringing in good tenants and keeping them. How the manager relates with the tenants will determine how long they will stay in your property.
If you are in a good relationship with your manager, you can be sure that the manager will take good care of your tenants.


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Lychee fruit Nutrition facts
Delicious and juicy lychee or "Litchi" heralds the arrival of summer. Besides being sweet and nutritious, these berries bring cooling effect on the human body to beat the scorching summer heat. Botanically, this exotic fruit belongs to the family of Sapindaceae and named scientifically as Litchi chinensis.
The L. chinensis is a tropical fruit tree native to the low elevations of the Kwangtung and Fukien provinces in the Southern China.
Lychee, Fresh berries
It is a slow-growing, medium-sized evergreen tree with dense, round-topped foliage and smooth, gray, brittle trunk and branches. It may reach 40 to 50 feet in height.
Litchis are not just eye-catching trees when a huge spray of flowers adorn during spring but also a stunning sight for fruit-lovers when attractive, maroon-colored berries cover by early summer.
In structure, the fruit is a drupe, oval, heart-shaped, or nearly round, measures about 3 to 5 cm long and 3 cm across, and weighs about 10 g. In appearance, litchi has a close resemblance to longan and rambutans.
Its outer skin is rough, leathery, pink rind (peel) that can be peeled easily in ripe berries. Inside, its flesh consists of an edible flesh (aril) that is white, translucent, sweet, and juicy.
Litchi has a sweet taste and fragrant flavor that everyone from children to the elderly is looking forward to relishing! Its flesh envelopes around a single, glossy, brown seed, 2 cm long, and 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The seeds, like that in the case of sapodilla, are not poisonous but should not be eaten. Fresh lychees can be readily available in the markets from May to October, about 120-140 days after flowering.
Health benefits of Lychee
100 g of lychee fruit carries 66 calories, almost the same as that of the table grapes. It has no saturated fats or cholesterol but composed of excellent amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins and antioxidants.
Research studies suggest that Oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol, is found abundantly in lychee fruit. Oligonol is thought to have antioxidant and anti-influenza virus actions. Also, it helps improve blood flow to organs, reduce weight, and protect skin from harmful UV rays. (Takuya Sakurai (Kyorin University, Japan), Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72(2), 463-476, 2008).
Litchi, like citrus fruits, is an excellent source of vitamin-C; 100 g fresh fruits provide 71.5 mg or 119% of daily recommended value. Studies suggest that consumption of fruits rich in vitamin-C helps the human body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals.
Further, it is a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, niacin, and folates. These vitamins are essential since they function by acting as co-factors to help the body metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
Litchi also carries many minerals like potassium and copper. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that help control heart rate and blood pressure; thus, it offers protection against stroke and coronary heart diseases. Copper is required in the production of red blood cells.
Lychee fruit (Litchi chinensis), Fresh, Nutritive value per 100 g, (Source: USDA National Nutrient data base)
Carbohydrates 16.53 g 12.7%
Total Fat 0.44 g 2%
Dietary Fiber 1.3 g 3.5%
Folates 14 µg 3.5%
Niacin 0.603 mg 3.5%
Choline 7.1 mg 1%
Pyridoxine 0.100 mg 9%
Thiamin 0.011 mg 1%
Vitamin A 0 mg 0%
Vitamin C 71.5 mg 119%
Vitamin E 0.07 mg 0.5%
Vitamin K 0.4 µg 0.3%
Sodium 1 mg 0%
Potassium 171 mg 3.5%
Calcium 5 mg 0.5%
Copper 0.148 mg 16%
Manganese 0.055 mg 2.5%
Phosphorus 31 mg 4.5%
Selenium 0.6 µg 1%
Zinc 0.07 mg 0.5%
Carotene-ß 0 µg --
Crypto-xanthin-ß 0 µg --
Lutein-zeaxanthin 0 µg --
Lychee berries in a bundle as displayed by a seller in India.
Litchis dry off sooner if kept open at room temperature for a few hours; should often be moistened to keep them afresh. Fresh fruits can be stored at room temperature for up to 2-3 days and can be stored for up to five weeks in the refrigerator. They can also be frozen or dried and canned for the purpose of exporting.
Separate each fruit from the stalk and wash them in cold water. To peel, gently pinch at the stem end and peel away the outer coat slowly. Alternatively, using a small paring knife, make an incision lengthwise all the way to the tip on its tough outer skin. Take care not to squeeze the flesh, or else you may squirt and end up losing juice! Next, gently peel away outer tough skin along with the thin inner membrane to expose beautiful, jelly textured translucent white flesh inside.
Eat peeled berry just like you do table grapes. Do not bite. To enjoy, gently suck its divinely sweet juice by rolling between your tongue and palate. Seeds are inedible. Just spit it out.
Lychee fruits with other summer treats; mango and melon.
Fresh lychee arils or flesh should be enjoyed all alone without any additions or seasonings.
Litchi slices can be a great addition to fruit salads and dressings.
Lychee juice can be a refreshing drink during the summer season.
Litchis can be used in jellies, jams, sorbet, sauces, and syrups.
Litchi fruit allergic reactions are quite rare to occur. Its seeded, sweet pulp can be safely given to children. People with diabetes may want to avoid eating too many of them because of their high sugar content. (Medical disclaimer)
Facts qoute
Research studies suggest that oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol, is found abundantly in the lychee fruit. Oligonol is thought to have antioxidant and anti-influenza virus actions. Besides, it helps improve blood flow to organs, reduce weight, and protect skin from harmful UV rays.
Also read ≻≻-
≻≻-Lanzone (langsat) fruit nutrition facts and health benefits.
≻≻-Rambutan nutrition facts and health benefits.
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Shi (Instruction)
Michel Foucault's The Order of Things, a thorough account of categories or classification in the history of Western literacy (in other words, a grammatological approach to metaphysics), begins with this declaration:
This book first arose out of a passage in Borges, out of the laughter that shattered, as I read the passage, all the familiar landmarks of my thought - our thought, the thought that bears the stamp of our age and our geography - breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things, and continuing long afterwards to disturb and threaten with collapse our age-old distinction between the Same and the Other.
This passage quotes a `certain Chinese encyclopedia' in which it is written that `animals are divided into:
(a) belonging to the Emperor,
(b) embalmed,
(c) tame,
(d) sucking pigs,
(e) sirens,
(f) fabulous,
(g) stray dogs,
(h) included in the present classification,
(i) frenzied,
(j) innumerable,
(k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush,
(1) et cetera,
(m) having just broken the water pitcher,
(n) that from a long way off look like flies'.
In the wonderment of this taxonomy, the thing we apprehend in one great leap, the thing that, by means of the fable, is demonstrated as the exotic charm of another system of thought, is the limitation of our own, the stark impossibility of thinking that. (xvi)
Jullien's Propensity of Things removes the mystery of this effect when he explains that such collections are indeed an alternative system of knowledge, functioning not like Western abstract categories that unify by genus and species according to shared properties, but a series of positions (shi) for performing some skill, anything from playing the flute to the equivalent of the kama sutra. Chinese knowledge does not work with concepts and definitions, but gathers into coherence by means of networks of affinities and contrasts, correlations.
The relay for a heuretics of electrate metaphysics is the refinement of the very notion of "apparatus" itself, the resonance between the "disposition" or configuration of a situation, producing a potentiality, with dispositif and the Wide Image matrix. Works of art, especially landscape painting, are the prototype for actualizing and exploring a specific "set-up," and set-up as such. The formal coherence of relationships within a set up, the design of tensions, the style (efficacy) of the design, create an effect of vitality. This vitality or dynamism has metaphysical significance, emblematized in the dragon as the icon of a Chinese disposition. The vitality or dynamism experienced in making and contemplating art directly concerns our inquiry into metaphysics, with ontology as the study precisely of being (life). The feeling of vitality in art expresses the force of being.
A rule for heuretic instructions is to note in Jullien any points of analogy, as well as direct comparison/contrast between East and West. The categorial theme concerns shi as the guiding notion for observing Chinese metaphysics (despite Jullien claiming that Chinese landscape painting evokes the invisible force governing reality without resorting to metaphysics). The instruction is first to locate the relationship, and then to ask: what is that for electracy (to be answered by means of the CATTt)? There are numerous useful analogies, but the one featured here as instruction is the following (commenting on the list of shi or positions for learning a skill such as playing a musical instrument).
These positions in movement (and of movement) defy thought cast in the mold of dichotomies. For us too, the only way to describe them is through metaphor, by resorting to a cinematographic technique, for instance, and envisaging these series of shi as so many "freeze frames." Alternatively, using the terms of graphic representation, one might liken them to "sections" made for a drawing of an object imagined as divided across planes; the series of shi could thus be thought of as so many different sections cut through a continuous movement. Each section reveals in itself a fixed plane, but one reads it as a "configuration" matching the dynamic force invested in it (114).
The choice of this particular analogy (shi as cinematographic freeze frame), is motivated by our CATTt Analogy-- a book on "Cinematics," treating artists's explorations of relations between photography and cinema. The instruction is: Art forms capture and realize potential set-ups, even in an experimental way. Specifically, be alert for a pattern (a configuration) emerging across the CATTt referencing freeze frame and related photographic and filmic devices.
Labels: Analogy3, CATTt, Contrast3, Metaphysics
Designing a Metaphysics for Electracy
The Propensity of Things
Generating Instructions


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1 days agoIn Six Months, Israel Arrest 2759 Palestinians
Author: Rana Setiawan
Commemorative photo of the peace conference held at the Plenary Hall of the Romanian Senate.(Photo: HWPL)
Burakes, MINA- Romania as the presidency of EU in 2019 held peace conference for 2 days from April 1st with the presence of the heads of state, governments, civil society, and international NGOs registered under the United Nations.
It was hosted by the Institute of Advanced Studies on Levant Culture and Civilization (ISACCL) in cooperation with Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Romania, Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL), Center for BBS, University of Bucharest, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Romanian Foundation for Democracy – FRD, and Inter-Parliamentary Coalition for Global Ethics.
Starting with the inaugural session at Plenary Hall of the Romanian Senate, the conference held with the title of "The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Approaching the Protracted Conflicts: Culture of Peace through Understanding the Other".
The 2 days event included 6 sessions such as Interreligious Dialogue – Instrument of Cultural Diplomacy; Western Balkans; 6th Baltic-Black Sea Forum; Korean Peninsula – Prospects for Reconciliation and Peaceful Reunification; Levant Initiative for Global Peace; Perspectives of Cultural Diplomacy in Conflict Areas: Practices, Instruments, Projects.
Interreligious dialogue contributing to peace through the possibility of expanding cultural diplomacy
On April 1, about 80 religious leaders from Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Sikhism, Hinduism, Romanian Orthodox, Catholic, and Bahaism gathered in a religious peace forum in the theme of "The Role of Religion for Global Peace".
Mr. Shin Chang Kim, the General Director of Department of International Relations of HWPL, said, "Religion has the greatest influence than any other cultural elements. Not only does it establish a mental foundation in people, but it brings about changes in their behavioral patterns. When cultural diplomacy actively develops through religion, realizing peace and harmony can be advanced."
The WARP Office that has been carried out in 128 countries to strengthen the communication among religious leaders based on mutual respect and open dialogue was introduced as a new platform for religious cultural diplomacy.
Chairman Man Hee Lee of HWPL said, "If we cannot understand the significance in religious scripture that contains the essence of religion, religions will not serve as a good example of virtue to humanity. The first duty as a religious leader is to understand the true meaning of religion. That is why religious leaders should gather in the interfaith dialogue meeting, the WARP Office, to discuss based on the religious scriptures."
Imam Amir Aziz from Islam of Ahmadiyya-Moschee in Wilmersdorf, Berlin stated in his speech that the WARP Office is "a phenomenal instrument as a new approach to peace building by religion." "The religious scripture comparison held in WARP Office is an unprecedented type of discussion based on the standard of a trustworthy scripture. And I am convinced that it will unite us as one," he added.
Expanding support from the international community for the peaceful reunification of the Korean Peninsula
On April 2, a forum for the peaceful reunification of the Korean Peninsula was held in the Royal Palace of Bucharest in attendance with five former heads of state from Eastern European countries, peace activists in Europe and Asia, heads of human rights organization, and journalists.
As the issue of security in the Korean Peninsula has been considered as an influence on global peace agenda, the participants discussed the peaceful measure for inter-Korean reconciliation by expanding the support and cooperation from the international community.
Mr. Nicolai Sprekels, President of SARAM (meaning "people" in Korean), a human rights organization for North Korea, said, "Peace that requires a sacrifice of humanity is only assumed as half peace. Peace doesn't only refer to the unarmed state, but it is perfectly accomplished when it is consistently kept. Currently, the situation of North Korean human rights is getting worse. As an NGO in Europe, we will keep supporting the unification between the two Koreas."
Hon. Emil Constantinescu, Former President of Romania, suggested the direction in peacebuilding on the Korean peninsula by saying, "It is necessary to have political and military cooperation based on the mutual trust for the unification. If we plan with the foundation of the precedents of Eastern Europe's transition from communism to democracy, along with international exchange, it will be of great help for us to establish worldwide governance that the whole world needs."
Gathering support for peace-building international law as a foundation of international regulation for world peace
On April 2, the session, "Levant Initiative for Global Peace", was held to discuss the establishment of an international norm for peace. The agenda of the session was based on the Declaration of Peace and Cessation of War (DPCW) consisting of 10 articles and 38 clauses that address the fundamental principles such as the prohibition of the use of force, peaceful dispute settlement, freedom of religion, and spreading a culture of peace.
It has been supported by Seychelles, eSwatini, and Comoros at the governmental level as well as the inter-governmental organizations such as PARLACEN (Central American Parliament), PAP (Pan-African Parliament), and Centre for BBS (International Centre for Black Sea-Baltic Studies and Consensus Practices).
Former presidents and political figures of Europe who participated in the event agreed to urge for the national support to present the DPCW to the United Nations Assembly as a resolution.
According to the official of HWPL, the support from citizens including women and youth from more than 170 countries that builds a massive network to urge national leaders for peace has been driving the peace-building initiatives of HWPL.
Cultivating citizens of peace through peace education
On April 2, '2019 Peace Education Conference' was hosted by HWPL, organized by Master Peace, Youth Group of Romania, and sponsored by the International Peace Youth Group (IPYG).
Starting from the schools and teachers of Master Peace, the peace education with the materials and curriculum suggested by HWPL has been carried out in the European countries.
Mr. Dragomir Marian, President of Master Peace, presented the progress report of the peace education program. "Through Peace Education over 5 terms, we have educated children how to prevent and resolve conflicts and violence. Peace exists in the context of family, fellow groups, and societies. Through education, we have realized that teaching the principles of peace in the early stage of life can transform the youth to embrace peace."
In response, Chairman Man-Hee Lee of HWPL said, "Likewise, who must be the teachers to the children in the world? It is family. It is neighbors. And it is society. It is never too late to start doing the work of peace for a peaceful world."
'Peace Education', one of HWPL's core initiatives, is aimed to leave peace as a legacy to the future generations by implanting the value of peace to children. To spread a culture of peace by peace education, HWPL has signed MOUs with 208 education institutes in 21 countries as HWPL Peace Academies.
HWPL, the ISACCL, and Romania's Think Tank agreed to continue their cooperative relationship to build peace network through cultural diplomacy such as peace campaign and peace education.(AK/R01/P2)
Mi'raj News Agency (MINA)
Tags: Romania peace HWPL
First Time, Indonesia Exports Buses to Bangladesh


The woman at the center of a racially tinged firestorm involving the Obama administration and the NAACP said Wednesday she doesn't know if she'd return to her job at the Agriculture Department, even if asked.
"I am just not sure how I would be treated there," Shirley Sherrod said in a nationally broadcast interview.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said Wednesday he would reconsider the department's decision to oust Sherrod over her comments that she didn't give a white farmer as much help as she could have 24 years ago.
She said later in a broadcast interview that she might consider returning if she had the chance, saying she's received encouraging calls, including one from the NAACP.
The White House called the Agriculture Department Tuesday night after more information about Sherrod's remarks emerged, a White House official said. The official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss the call, said the White House and the department agreed that the case should be reviewed based on the new evidence.
The Rev. Jesse Jackson called on the administration Wednesday to apologize for Sherrod's treatment, saying he had talked to Vilsack Tuesday night before the secretary said he'd take another look at her ouster.
A conservative website posted video of Sherrod's remarks, causing a furor which led to her condemnation by the NAACP and her ouster by Vilsack. Until Tuesday, she was the Agriculture Department's director of rural development in Georgia. Then, she said, she was pressured by superiors to resign.
Sherrod said her remarks, delivered in March at a local NAACP banquet in Georgia, were part of a larger story about learning from her mistakes and racial reconciliation, not racism, and said they were taken out of context by bloggers who posted only part of her speech.
Vilsack's statement came after the NAACP posted the full video of Sherrod's comments Tuesday night.
"I am of course willing and will conduct a thorough review and consider additional facts to ensure to the American people we are providing services in a fair and equitable manner," Vilsack said.
The Obama administration's move to reconsider her employment was an absolute reversal from hours earlier, when the White House official said President Barack Obama had been briefed on Sherrod's resignation after the fact and stood by the Agriculture Department's handling of it.
But growing calls for the administration to reconsider the decision put pressure on Vilsack, who stressed that the decision to ask for her resignation was his alone. The NAACP, which initially condemned Sherrod's remarks and supported her ouster, later said she should keep her job. The civil rights group said it and millions of others were duped by the conservative website that posted partial video of her speech on Monday.
Appearing in a nationally broadcast interview Wednesday morning, Sherrod said she "couldn't get the people I was working with" to listen to her explanation.
"… If they would have looked at the entire tape, I don't see how they could have come away thinking I was a racist," she said.
Sherrod said she was "particularly hurt" by the NAACP's condemnation.
The white farming family that was the subject of the story stood by Sherrod and said she should stay.
As Sherrod reached out to media to plead her case and more people came to her defense, the administration faced criticism that officials nervous about racial perceptions overreacted to her comments and made her a political sacrifice amid dueling allegations of racism between the NAACP and the tea party movement.
In the clip posted on BigGovernment.com, Sherrod described the first time a white farmer came to her for help. It was 1986, and she worked for a nonprofit rural farm aid group. She said the farmer came in acting "superior" to her and she debated how much help to give him.
"I was struggling with the fact that so many black people had lost their farmland, and here I was faced with helping a white person save their land," Sherrod said.
The two-minute, 38-second clip posted Monday by BigGovernment.com was presented as evidence that the NAACP was hypocritical in its recent resolution condemning what it calls racist elements of the tea party movement. The website's owner, Andrew Breitbart, said the video shows the civil rights group condoning the same kind of racism it says it wants to erase. Biggovernment.com is the same outfit that gained fame last year after airing video of workers at the community group ACORN counseling actors posing as a prostitute and her boyfriend.
In his original statement on the matter Tuesday morning, Vilsack said he had accepted Sherrod's resignation and stressed that the department had "zero tolerance for discrimination." Later in the day, after Sherrod spoke to the media about the intention of her comments, Vilsack sent out a second statement that said the controversy surrounding Sherrod's comments could, rightly or wrongly, cause people to question her decisions as a federal employee and lead to lingering doubts about civil rights at the agency, which has a troubled history of discrimination.
Sherrod said officials showed no interest in listening to her explanation when she was asked to resign. She said she was on the road Monday when USDA deputy undersecretary Cheryl Cook called her and told her to pull over and submit her resignation on her Blackberry because the White House wanted her out.
Sherrod appeared on ABC's "Good Morning America," CNN and NBC's "Today" show.


Katharine Morris, a class of 2020 honors student, studies Cognitive Science and Anthropology here at UConn. As a BOLD scholar of the 2019 Cohort, she plans to explore how students navigate their intersecting identities and engage with cultural centers on campus. As a Fast-Track MPP student, Katharine will obtain a Masters in Public Policy a year after completing undergrad. Her goal is to tackle social justice issues through policy work and ultimately become a professor of Cognitive Anthropology to bridge the gap between research theory and application. She also plans to join the Peace Corps before diving into the world of academia.
Works in the Health Education Office and presents around campus on Bystander Intervention as a Pack Leader for Protect Our Pack!


text:
"No matter what anybody tells you, words and ideas can change the world." — John Keating to his students in Dead Poets' Society
God spoke. He said, "Let there be light," and light appeared. He said, "Let us make man," and man was created.
Jesus spoke. Whenever the gospels record Jesus healing an individual, Jesus speaks before the healing occurs. The same holds true for his calming wild winds, the feedings of thousands, for turning water into wine, and even for his death and resurrection.
It should amaze us that God's very words bring about their intention. He says, "Let this be so," and it is. Jesus says, "You are well," and you are. He says, "Come out from the grave," and a man steps through the door of mortality.
When Jesus tells a common thief dying in a public execution, "You'll be with me in paradise today," he speaks the truth. When he says, "Your sins are forgiven," we can believe they are. He has an authority such that his very words change physical and spiritual states. Those who witnessed him in action recognized his authority.
The miracles themselves – the healings, the stilling of storms, the feasts he provided, his rising from death – might all have had a second purpose. He saw blind and crippled men and wanted to restore them; he saw nature in need of control; he saw families wanting for food; and he saw a need to deal with death. But he needed us to believe his ability to restore our lives and souls, to calm hearts in turmoil, to feed our spirits, to deliver us from the living dead into the living living.
If he can accomplish these things in his life, we can believe him when he speaks into our lives. He told us we're blessed exactly when we think we're cursed (see the Beatitudes, Matt. 5: 1-12); he told us we're forgiven when we think we've exceeded grace's grasp; he told us the kingdom is at hand; he told us he'd not leave us alone; he said that he's with us and that he'd never leave.
His healing of bodies foreshadowed the greater healing of persons. He could make the body right, and so he could make the person right.
"Which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? But so that you may know the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins …"
Healing a broken body might be easier to believe. That's why he started there.
Jesus says we find life in him. Can you believe this?
Is there a value conferred on us because God has spoken to us directly?
How do you see the physical representing the spiritual?
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This section will address the safety and usability of the fireplace. If the fireplace is not considered safe, corrections will need to be made to correct the unsafe issues. It will also address the Central Air or Heat Pump and the viability of the system as well as any possible issues that may require a repair person. Read the questions, check those that may need attention.
The inspection of the bathrooms will consider ventilation, caulking around showers and tubs, cracks in showers, mold or mildew in moist places. Examine each area, check the possible problem areas.
This section will address drains, secured cabinets, ventilation over cooking appliances, leaking from any pipes and floors that are solid and not dangerous. Read each question and check any box whereas the situation may be questionable.
Read the General Questions and answer in sentences.


text:
A tunnel has been chiseled out of the old ice of Juvfonne in Jotunheimen, to take tests for analysis. Photo: Rune Strand Ødegård, NTNU
Norway's oldest ice found in Jotunheimen
By	Maria Lillemoen
Some of the ice in the Juvfonne glacier in Jotunheimen National Park in central Norway has been dated to be 7600 years old, currently the oldest dated ice on mainland Norway.
"We were a little surprised to find that the ice from Juvfonne was that old," says Rune Strand Ødegård, an associate professor at NTNU's Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering in Gjøvik.
About 10000 years ago, the ice in this area melted as the climate warmed, which was at its warmest between 7000-95000 years ago. The new results from Juvfonne suggest it might be possible to find ice from the last ice age in the high-mountain areas of southern Norway.
Juvfonne and the oldest ice
Juvfonne is found at the base of Galdhøpiggen
A number of studies are being done on and around Juvfonn as part of "Klimapark 2469"
Klimapark 2469 is an outdoor experience that partly focuses on climate history, hunting and gathering.
"There is likely even older ice, as this 7600 year old ice was found at an elevation of 1850 meters. The old ice found in Juvfonne is dated to the warm period after the last ice age, so it's really exciting to have found ice that survived the last warm period," Ødegård said.
Juvfonne is a small ice patch at the base of Galdhøpiggen in Jotunheimen National Park, in mid-Norway. Photo: Helge J.Standal
Ice samples to be analysed in Switzerland
Juvfonne is a small ice patch at the base of Galdhøpiggen in Jotunheimen. A tunnel has been chiseled into the ice at the base of the field. Samples were taken from this tunnel and sent to the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland for carbon dating. The results came back that the ice was 7600 years old.
So far, the ice has only been dated. No other analysis has been done, as the age of the ice was unknown.
"The results mean that organic material could have been frozen into the ice field for 7000 years, which will lead to new knowledge. However, we haven't done a detailed analysis for organic material yet," Ødegård said.
The results will hopefully lead to the possibility of finding even older ice and organic material preserved under the glaciers in Jotunheimen.
The most well-known archaeological find from Jotunheimen's glaciers is Norway's oldest shoe, which is 3500 years old.
Researchers have been measuring the age, internal structure, mass balance and climate sensitivity of the ice in Juvfonne since 2010. Bad winters seem to have been eating away at the snow and ice depths, although the studies show that large winter storms still help the ice patches grow.
"Six years of measurements gives us too little data to say anything about long-term effects, but the development is worrying," Ødegård said.
Ødegård worked with researchers at the University of Bergen, the University of Oslo, the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, NVE and the Paul Scherrer Institute on the research conducted on Juvfonne.
Reference: Ødegård, Rune Strand; Nesje, Atle; Isaksen, Ketil; Andreassen, Liss Marie; Eiken, Trond; Margit, Schwikowski; Uglietti, Chiara. (2017) Climate change threatens archaeologically significant ice patches: insights into their age, internal structure, mass balance and climate sensitivity. The Cryosphere. vol. 11.
Rune Strand Ødegård
[email protected]	, +47 99225273
Archaeology Climate Energy and environment climate change Galdhøpiggen glaciers ice Jotunheimen Jotunheimen National Park Juvfonne Norwegian Meteorological Institute Rune Strand Ødegård
Another climate summit that changes almost nothing – again?
World leaders have gathered in Glasgow to discuss climate change. But the most likely outcome is that actions won't extend beyond the talk.
A future for skiing in a warmer world
As the world struggles to make progress to limit climate change, researchers are finding ways to adapt to warmer winter temperatures — by developing environmentally friendly ways of producing artificial snow.
Ancient snow patches melting at record speed
Climate change is about to wipe out snowfields that have survived in the Norwegian mountains for 5,000 years.


Hindustani Raga-s Index will prove quite useful to all musicians, scholars and students of music who need to consult the main contemporary Devanagari texts on Raga-s descriptions, compositions and Vistara-s. Browsing through the many tables of contents of these works (often in several volumes or parts) in order to extract required information is a time- consuming activity and Moutal's books, although non-exhaustive, will be a tremendous time saver for consultation.
The present work covers 2821 bibliographical references of 665 names of Raga-s found in 33 Devanagari texts (in 79 volumes) by 22 major authors.
Patrick Moutal is professor of Indian Masic at the Conservatoire National Superieur de Musque de Paris. He started studying instrumental music (sitar) at Banaras Hindu University from 1970 and completed a Doctorate in Performance and compositions (DMus) in sitar in 1983. In france he was awarded the French distinctions of "Chevalier des Arts et des letters." He is a member of the French Ethno musicological society and has also produced a number of L.P. recordings and radio broadcasts. He has published Hindustani Raga Sangita. Une etude de quelques mecanismes de base (CEMO). His another book A Comparative study of Selected Hindustani Raga-s based on Contemporary practice is also published by us.
The idea of such a work came to me quite some time ago as I was a student of the faculty of performing Arts, Banaras Hindu University, where I remained from 1970 to 1983 until completion of a doctorate of performance and Compositions (sitar).
During all these blessing years, my teacher, Dr. K.C. Gagrade (former head of instrumental Dept. and Dean of the Faculty), taught us (and succeeded in transmitting) his love and appetite for permanent research into Raga-s not only through attentive listening, singing and instrumental playing but also through the study of the best contemporary literature on Raga-s.
These major, outstanding works have been, for the greater part, written in Hindi and bring Raga analysis to an extremely high level. That is how we find, within arm's reach, Raga descriptions, calana-s comparative studies and superb Bandisa-s all for the taking if we know where to took and that is where the problem starts.
Books like V.N. Bhatkhande ji's Sangita Sastra analyse a great number of Raga-s which you find at several places in the four volumes, other works give only descriptions, or compositions, or descriptions and compositions and also Vistara's sometimes at different places therefore, it quickly becomes a tire some affair to look through the contents of each and every book to fish out the required information.
That is why, like other students and teachers, I came to organize al the available data into a bristol card classification system which was troublesome, not always handy and slow to consult.
The story continues in Europe, in the midst of a computerized environment where I quickly found out that these modern technologies could be more than gadgets and become very useful for such types of classifications. Moreover, word processors, could give a fairly clean presentation of the text and thus, greatly help in reducing publication costs.
Recomposing a comparative study of Hindusthani Raga-s on a Macintosh computer and, need of accurate bibliographical references, I finally decided to undertake the task of writing this Hindusthani Raga Index.
It covers 2821 bibliographical reference of 665 names of Raga-s found in 33 Devanagari texts by 22 major authors.
Sorting out in alphabetical order has been operated on three levels: name of the Raga, author's name title of work.
Referances have been sorted out into three types Raga's description, compositions, Vistara-s.
For rapid consultant, a general Raga Index, referring to the page number has been included at the end of the book.
Making a Raga Index is not an easy task when it comes to organizing a selection of the authors and their works.
It may seem at first that a certain amount of subjectivity will naturally creep in, but things quickly get clear a number of Hindi books irrespective of their Gharana-s are outstanding in the real sense of the term. They are the contemporary bibles of Gaga Sangita and cannot be bypassed. Of course, the choice was also guided by their availability and, in this respect, I regret not having taken into account the works of Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar which have been out of print for quite some time. Fortunately, his disciples and more particularly, Pandit Vinayak Rao Patwardhan, have left us a great amount of literature of Raga-s and I pray that it will partially make up for this omission.
Actually, the subjectivity problem arose for a number of secondary texts which could have been or not included in this book. Thus, I originally entered a number of authors which I finally discarded as they would have been out of place in the midst of great scholars such as Pandit V.N. Bhatkhande, Pandit S.N. Ratanjankar, Pandit Vinayak Rao Patwardhan, Pandit Om- Karnath Thakur and the like.
Morever, I had to face the same problem regarding the very few texts in English, language on the subjection. At the risk of offending their authors, I could not compel myself to take into consideration such books which either by total lack of erudition or because of out dated information would have misled the reader more than helped him get a deeper insight into the analytical world of Raga.
Therefore, out of these texts written in English, I only retained B. Subba Rao's Raganiddhi and even so with a certain restraint because his work, a catalog of Hindustani and Karnataka Raga-s is not devoid of shortcomings. They deserve to be reviewed.
Of all the authors cited, he has undoubtedly itemized the greatest number of Raga-s and is mainly responsible for the incredible number of 665 names of Raga-s attained Indeed, while going through this Hindustani Raga Index, the reader will a great number of Raga-s which have not been described by anyone else.
Many of the Raga-s cited, product of some weird mixtures, must have only been played once by a musician and have not come to be accepted by the Hindusthani versions of Karnataka Raga-s which he may have heard being experimentally performed once by some musicians on.
Last of all, B. Subba Rao has not given the names of Raga-s in a transliterated form (with diacritical marks) or in Devanagari. Moreover, he did not standardize his anglicized way or writing. Thus, his approximate spelling becomes a very confusing affair at times.
But, despite all its shortcomings, his work commendable attempt to catalog all Northern and Southern Raga-s deserved to be respected and included and included in this bibliographical Raga-s Index.
In conclusion the impressive number of Raga-s found is quite indicative of a major problem. Many Raga-s hybrid, bastards or dissymmetrical, totally lack of intrinsic beauty. They are what Dr. K.C. Gangrade calls Brain teasers their only pole of attraction resides in what they borrow from other forms. Many of those are the product of an unhappy mistake, of the excentricity of an artist who craves to amaze his fans, or of a faulty transmission. The worst is that some of them manage to find their way into the sastra and thus, pass on to posterity. Actually such Raga-s does not bring anything and unnecessarily burden Hindustani repertoire already so rich in gems. It does not mean that a number of modern creations will not rightfully be adopted by the tradition time alone will tell but it is high time to leave aside these freaks and to pusue the efforts of standardization of Raga forms first undertaken by Pandit V.N. Bhatkhande.
In conclusion and despite the none exhaustively of its sources, I hope that the present text, comprising of 33 works, in 79 volumes, by 22 authors, can rightfully offer most of outstanding contemporary bibliographical references on Raga-s.


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Home›Destinations›Caribbean and the Atlantic›Caribbean›Virgin Islands›Planning a Trip
Islands in Brief
Planning a Trip in Virgin Islands
If you live on the East Coast of the U.S., getting to the U.S. Virgin Islands is as easy as flying to Florida. If you plan to visit the B.V.I., you'll probably have to make a transfer in lieu of a direct flight. If you live elsewhere, you might have to fly to New York and then transfer to a flight going to the Virgin Islands. Those who reside in the U.K., Australia, or Canada often fly first to Miami or San Juan.
If you're an American citizen, visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands is relatively easy and hassle-free, as it is part of the U.S. territory.
Peering at the tiny Virgin Islands chain on a world map, you may find it difficult to distinguish the different islands. They vary widely, however, in looks and personality, and so will your vacation, depending on which island or islands you choose. It's important to plan ahead. For example, if you're an avid golfer, you won't want to spend a week on a remote British Virgin Island with only a rinky-dink 9-hole course or no course at all. But that same island might be perfect for a young couple contemplating a romantic honeymoon. By providing detailed information about the character of each inhabited island in both the U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands, we hope to guide you to your own idea of paradise.
U.S. vs. British Virgin Islands
American and British cultures have left different imprints on the Virgin Islands. The U.S. Virgin Islands, except for St. John, offer much of the commercial hustle-and-bustle of the mainland United States, including supermarkets and fast-food chains. In contrast, the British islands are sleepier. Except for a few deluxe hotels (mostly on Virgin Gorda), they recall the way the Caribbean was before the advent of high-rise condos, McDonald's restaurants, and fleets of cruise ships.
If you want shopping, a wide selection of restaurants and hotels, and nightlife, head to the U.S. Virgin Islands, particularly St. Thomas and St. Croix. With a little research and effort, you can also find peace and quiet on these two islands, most often at outlying resorts. But overall, among the U.S. Virgin Islands, only St. John matches the British Virgins for tranquillity. St. John is a rugged mixture of bumpy dirt roads, scattered inhabitants, and a handful of stores and services. It's protected by the U.S. Forest Service, and remains the least developed of the U.S. islands.
The British Virgin Islands seem to be lingering in the past, although change is in the air. Tortola is the most populated British isle, but its shopping, nightlife, and dining are still limited. It's more of a spot for boaters of all stripes -- it's considered the cruising capital of the Caribbean. To the east, Virgin Gorda claims most of the B.V.I.'s deluxe hotels. There are also attractive accommodations and restaurants on the smaller islands, such as Jost Van Dyke, Anegada, and Peter Island.
If you'd like to meet and mingle with locals, and get to know the islanders and their lifestyle, it's much easier to do so in the sleepy B.V.I. than in all the comings and goings of St. Thomas or even St. Croix. Again, the only U.S. Virgin Island that has the laid-back quality of the B.V.I. is St. John -- except that the "local native" you are likely to meet on St. John is often an expat from the U.S. mainland, not a Virgin Islander born and bred.
There are frequent ferry connections between St. Thomas and St. John, but traveling among the other islands is a bit difficult, requiring private boats in some cases or airplane flights in others. The day will surely come when transportation from island to island will be made more convenient and frequent, but that day hasn't arrived yet.
Frommer's EasyGuide to the Virgin Islands Buy Now
Frommer's EasyGuide to Cruising Buy Now


Scrapbooks compiled by Judge David Brofman.
David Brofman was born June 21, 1904. He received his JD from the University of Denver in 1929. He presided over probate matters as a Denver county judge since 1951. He became the first judge of Denver Probate Court in 1965. He died November 15, 1975. The Judge David Brofman Endowed Fellowship was established in 1992 in his memory. This scholarship supports continuing students of need with a demonstrated interest in trial advocacy.
Brofman Law Scrapbooks. Special Collections and Archives. https://duarchives.coalliance.org/repositories/2/resources/232 Accessed April 21, 2019.


text:
HomeNewsUpdates
Four new members of the Society of Arts
Updates Calendar Press information Publications
The Society of Arts will welcome four new members: actor Nasrdin Dchar, writer Adriaan van Dis, theatre director Ola Mafaalani, and soprano Claron McFadden. They will be inducted into the Society on 8 June 2017.
Nasrdin Dchar
Actor Nasrdin Dchar came to prominence for his work in the film Rabat, for which he won a 2011 Netherlands Film Festival Award. He has acted in several productions by the Ro Theater and produces his own plays, including DAD, in which he will appear starting in February this year. He has joined the cast of the drama series Zwarte Tulp. He also plays the lead in the series De 12 van Oldenheim, which will be broadcast in autumn 2017. Dchar is one of the initiators of IEDER1, a foundation whose purpose is to foster unity in society.
Writer Adriaan van Dis published his debut novella, Nathan Sid, in 1983. Among his other well-received works are his travel books Het beloofde land and In Afrika and the novels Indische duinen (in translation: My Father's War) and Tikkop. His most recent book is Ik kom terug, which he turned into a theatrical production featuring himself and actress Olga Zuiderhoek. A collection of his books, stories and essays about South Africa, entitled De Zuid-Afrika boeken, is due to appear in February.
Ola Mafaalani
Theatre director Ola Mafaalani was the artistic director of the Noord Nederlands Toneel in Groningen from 2009 to 2016. In addition to such classics as Medea and Hamlet, she has also directed a ten-hour theatrical version of Borgen. She has worked with the Toneelgroep Amsterdam, the Kölner Schauspielhaus, the American Repertory Theatre (ART) and the Koninklijke Vlaamse Schouwburg (KVS). Mafaalani believes that art and society cannot be separated; in her work, she reflects on social and political issues, such as the refugee crisis. In her view, artists must function as the conscience of society. She is the recipient of the 2016 Prosceniumprijs, a major Dutch theatrical award.
Soprano Claron McFadden is well known for making original choices in repertoire and presentation forms. She feels at home performing many different musical genres and often seeks to combine classical compositions with rock, jazz and non-European music. McFadden has sung with the Dutch National Opera, the Bayerische Staatsoper and La Scala in Milan. She also performed during the investiture of His Majesty King Willem Alexander in 2013. McFadden has been an Artist in Residence at Muziektheater Transparant since 2012. Her first production there, Lilith, premiered during the Holland Festival. In 2010 she gave a TEDxAmsterdam talk about the spontaneity of vocal expression. In 2016 she gave a talk with Robbert Dijkgraaf about chaos, structure, and the parallels between art and science.
About the Society of Arts
The Society of Arts was founded in 2013 and now has fifty members representing the full breadth of the arts. Each year, the Society organises a nomination round. Everyone is welcome to nominate candidates, and a committee selects the new members. Membership is for a five-year period, after which members are made lifelong fellows. The Society of Arts is a forum for discussing the value of art in society and the relationship between art and science. It is part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Janneke Visser
Society of Arts
Re-use of these photographs must be accompanied by proper attribution: the name of the photographer.
Nasrdin Dchar (photo: Janey van Ierland)
Adriaan van Dis (photo: Annaleen Louwes)
Ola Mafaalani (photo: Erik de Jong)
Claron McFadden (photo: Reyer Boxem)


text:
厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究
: Biocrude oil production via co-liquefaction of toilet feces and crude glycerol
Yingxian Wang, Xiangyang Wu, Meng Wang, Jianwen Lu, Yuanhui Zhang, Zhidan Liu
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Grainger College of Engineering
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel production. The rational utilization of crude glycerol is of great importance to reduce the cost and mitigate the environmental pollution in large-scale bio-diesel production. By doing this, we can achieve the harmless treatment of toilet feces, the reuse of crude glycerol, and energy production. In this study, the toilet feces and crude glycerol were used as the feedstock for biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The effects of different mass ratios of toilet feces to crude glycerol (1:0, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 0:1) on the liquefaction products (biocrude oil, aqueous phase, solid residue and gas) yield, liquefaction rate, energy recovery rate and biocrude oil properties were investigated at the optimal reaction condition (reaction temperature: 340℃, retention time: 10 min, and total solid: 25%) from the previous study. The highest biocrude oil yield of 40.6% reached under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:3, increased by 18% compared with using feces only. Meanwhile, the highest liquefaction rate was 94.8%, increased by 15%. Crude glycerol had a beneficial effect on the HTL conversion of toilet feces. This was due to the methanol and organic acids in crude glycerol, which could promote the formation of biocrude oil during HTL. The high heating value (HHV) of biocrude oil was 40.29 MJ/kg, increased by 97.8% compared with toilet feces. However, adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces had little effect on the HHV of biocrude oil. The lowest water content in biocrude oil was 0.23% under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:2. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was performed to understand the composition of biocrude oil. The hydrocarbons contents of biocrude were increased after adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces. The acids in biocrude oil were decreased significantly (26%-44%), indicating that the biocrude oil was more stable. However, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in biocrude oil increased after adding crude glycerol indicated that denitrogenation was required before the biocrude oil using as the transport fuel. A thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to simulate the distribution of boiling points in biocrude oil. The increase of the light fraction and the reduction of the residue fraction of toilet feces biocrude oil after adding crude glycerol indicated that crude glycerol could improve the quality of toilet feces biocrude oil via HTL. In addition, the energy recovery rate was 85% under the mass ratio of toilet feces and crude glycerol 1:3. It was 25% higher than that of using toilet feces only. From the perspective of environment and energy, adding crude glycerol to toilet waste during the HTL process is expected to be an effective way to solve the toilet feces problem.
Biocrude oil production via co-liquefaction of toilet feces and crude glycerol
Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
https://doi.org/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
Biocrude oil
Crude glycerol
Manures
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
Dive into the research topics of 'Biocrude oil production via co-liquefaction of toilet feces and crude glycerol'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Bathroom Equipment Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Glycerol Engineering & Materials Science 92%
liquefaction Agriculture & Biology 90%
Liquefaction Engineering & Materials Science 88%
Feces Medicine & Life Sciences 76%
Oils Medicine & Life Sciences 75%
glycerol Agriculture & Biology 62%
feces Agriculture & Biology 60%
Wang, Y., Wu, X., Wang, M., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2019). 厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 35(22), 181-186. https://doi.org/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究. / Wang, Yingxian; Wu, Xiangyang; Wang, Meng et al.
In: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 22, 15.11.2019, p. 181-186.
Wang, Y, Wu, X, Wang, M, Lu, J, Zhang, Y & Liu, Z 2019, '厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究', Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, vol. 35, no. 22, pp. 181-186. https://doi.org/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
Wang Y, Wu X, Wang M, Lu J, Zhang Y, Liu Z. 厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. 2019 Nov 15;35(22):181-186. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
Wang, Yingxian ; Wu, Xiangyang ; Wang, Meng et al. / 厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究. In: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. 2019 ; Vol. 35, No. 22. pp. 181-186.
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title = "厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究",
abstract = "Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel production. The rational utilization of crude glycerol is of great importance to reduce the cost and mitigate the environmental pollution in large-scale bio-diesel production. By doing this, we can achieve the harmless treatment of toilet feces, the reuse of crude glycerol, and energy production. In this study, the toilet feces and crude glycerol were used as the feedstock for biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The effects of different mass ratios of toilet feces to crude glycerol (1:0, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 0:1) on the liquefaction products (biocrude oil, aqueous phase, solid residue and gas) yield, liquefaction rate, energy recovery rate and biocrude oil properties were investigated at the optimal reaction condition (reaction temperature: 340℃, retention time: 10 min, and total solid: 25%) from the previous study. The highest biocrude oil yield of 40.6% reached under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:3, increased by 18% compared with using feces only. Meanwhile, the highest liquefaction rate was 94.8%, increased by 15%. Crude glycerol had a beneficial effect on the HTL conversion of toilet feces. This was due to the methanol and organic acids in crude glycerol, which could promote the formation of biocrude oil during HTL. The high heating value (HHV) of biocrude oil was 40.29 MJ/kg, increased by 97.8% compared with toilet feces. However, adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces had little effect on the HHV of biocrude oil. The lowest water content in biocrude oil was 0.23% under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:2. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was performed to understand the composition of biocrude oil. The hydrocarbons contents of biocrude were increased after adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces. The acids in biocrude oil were decreased significantly (26%-44%), indicating that the biocrude oil was more stable. However, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in biocrude oil increased after adding crude glycerol indicated that denitrogenation was required before the biocrude oil using as the transport fuel. A thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to simulate the distribution of boiling points in biocrude oil. The increase of the light fraction and the reduction of the residue fraction of toilet feces biocrude oil after adding crude glycerol indicated that crude glycerol could improve the quality of toilet feces biocrude oil via HTL. In addition, the energy recovery rate was 85% under the mass ratio of toilet feces and crude glycerol 1:3. It was 25% higher than that of using toilet feces only. From the perspective of environment and energy, adding crude glycerol to toilet waste during the HTL process is expected to be an effective way to solve the toilet feces problem.",
keywords = "Biocrude oil, Crude glycerol, Hydrothermal liquefaction, Manures, Wastes",
author = "Yingxian Wang and Xiangyang Wu and Meng Wang and Jianwen Lu and Yuanhui Zhang and Zhidan Liu",
doi = "10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021",
language = "Chinese",
journal = "Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering",
publisher = "Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering",
T1 - 厕所粪便与粗甘油共液化制备生物原油研究
AU - Wang, Yingxian
AU - Wu, Xiangyang
AU - Wang, Meng
AU - Lu, Jianwen
AU - Zhang, Yuanhui
AU - Liu, Zhidan
N2 - Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel production. The rational utilization of crude glycerol is of great importance to reduce the cost and mitigate the environmental pollution in large-scale bio-diesel production. By doing this, we can achieve the harmless treatment of toilet feces, the reuse of crude glycerol, and energy production. In this study, the toilet feces and crude glycerol were used as the feedstock for biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The effects of different mass ratios of toilet feces to crude glycerol (1:0, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 0:1) on the liquefaction products (biocrude oil, aqueous phase, solid residue and gas) yield, liquefaction rate, energy recovery rate and biocrude oil properties were investigated at the optimal reaction condition (reaction temperature: 340℃, retention time: 10 min, and total solid: 25%) from the previous study. The highest biocrude oil yield of 40.6% reached under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:3, increased by 18% compared with using feces only. Meanwhile, the highest liquefaction rate was 94.8%, increased by 15%. Crude glycerol had a beneficial effect on the HTL conversion of toilet feces. This was due to the methanol and organic acids in crude glycerol, which could promote the formation of biocrude oil during HTL. The high heating value (HHV) of biocrude oil was 40.29 MJ/kg, increased by 97.8% compared with toilet feces. However, adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces had little effect on the HHV of biocrude oil. The lowest water content in biocrude oil was 0.23% under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:2. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was performed to understand the composition of biocrude oil. The hydrocarbons contents of biocrude were increased after adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces. The acids in biocrude oil were decreased significantly (26%-44%), indicating that the biocrude oil was more stable. However, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in biocrude oil increased after adding crude glycerol indicated that denitrogenation was required before the biocrude oil using as the transport fuel. A thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to simulate the distribution of boiling points in biocrude oil. The increase of the light fraction and the reduction of the residue fraction of toilet feces biocrude oil after adding crude glycerol indicated that crude glycerol could improve the quality of toilet feces biocrude oil via HTL. In addition, the energy recovery rate was 85% under the mass ratio of toilet feces and crude glycerol 1:3. It was 25% higher than that of using toilet feces only. From the perspective of environment and energy, adding crude glycerol to toilet waste during the HTL process is expected to be an effective way to solve the toilet feces problem.
AB - Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel production. The rational utilization of crude glycerol is of great importance to reduce the cost and mitigate the environmental pollution in large-scale bio-diesel production. By doing this, we can achieve the harmless treatment of toilet feces, the reuse of crude glycerol, and energy production. In this study, the toilet feces and crude glycerol were used as the feedstock for biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The effects of different mass ratios of toilet feces to crude glycerol (1:0, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 0:1) on the liquefaction products (biocrude oil, aqueous phase, solid residue and gas) yield, liquefaction rate, energy recovery rate and biocrude oil properties were investigated at the optimal reaction condition (reaction temperature: 340℃, retention time: 10 min, and total solid: 25%) from the previous study. The highest biocrude oil yield of 40.6% reached under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:3, increased by 18% compared with using feces only. Meanwhile, the highest liquefaction rate was 94.8%, increased by 15%. Crude glycerol had a beneficial effect on the HTL conversion of toilet feces. This was due to the methanol and organic acids in crude glycerol, which could promote the formation of biocrude oil during HTL. The high heating value (HHV) of biocrude oil was 40.29 MJ/kg, increased by 97.8% compared with toilet feces. However, adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces had little effect on the HHV of biocrude oil. The lowest water content in biocrude oil was 0.23% under the mass ratio of toilet feces to crude glycerol 1:2. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was performed to understand the composition of biocrude oil. The hydrocarbons contents of biocrude were increased after adding crude glycerol to the toilet feces. The acids in biocrude oil were decreased significantly (26%-44%), indicating that the biocrude oil was more stable. However, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in biocrude oil increased after adding crude glycerol indicated that denitrogenation was required before the biocrude oil using as the transport fuel. A thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to simulate the distribution of boiling points in biocrude oil. The increase of the light fraction and the reduction of the residue fraction of toilet feces biocrude oil after adding crude glycerol indicated that crude glycerol could improve the quality of toilet feces biocrude oil via HTL. In addition, the energy recovery rate was 85% under the mass ratio of toilet feces and crude glycerol 1:3. It was 25% higher than that of using toilet feces only. From the perspective of environment and energy, adding crude glycerol to toilet waste during the HTL process is expected to be an effective way to solve the toilet feces problem.
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KW - Crude glycerol
KW - Hydrothermal liquefaction
KW - Manures
KW - Wastes
U2 - 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
DO - 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.021
JO - Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
JF - Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering


1.	Promotion depends on Child's performance throughout the year and not merely on Marks secured in the Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly and Yearly exams.
2.	Parents/guardian must sign the Progress cards. A child found with un-signed report will not be allowed to sit for the nest Exam.
3.	Promotion is decided at the teachers meeting, hence results are final and can not be reconsidered. Examination answer-scripts for the annual examination shall be shown only on the special request from parents, or a Xerox copy of the same, upto 3 subjects only after a payment of Rs. 100 per subject will be issued to the students.


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