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(Redirected from Instinctive)
For other uses, see Instinct (disambiguation).
Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a corresponding clearly defined stimulus.
A baby leatherback turtle makes its way to the open ocean.
Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that is, in the absence of learning), and is therefore an expression of innate biological factors. Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean. A marsupial climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born. Honeybees communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behavior, internal escape functions, and the building of nests. Though an instinct is defined by its invariant innate characteristics, details of its performance can be changed by experience; for example, a dog can improve its fighting skills by practice.
An instinctive behavior of shaking water from wet fur
Instincts are inborn complex patterns of behavior that exist in most members of the species, and should be distinguished from reflexes, which are simple responses of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped. The absence of volitional capacity must not be confused with an inability to modify fixed action patterns. For example, people may be able to modify a stimulated fixed action pattern by consciously recognizing the point of its activation and simply stop doing it, whereas animals without a sufficiently strong volitional capacity may not be able to disengage from their fixed action patterns, once activated.[1]
1.1 In animal biology
1.2 In psychology
2 The existence of instincts in humans
4 Maturational
5 In evolution
Primitive reflexes
In animal biology[edit]
Jean Henri Fabre (1823-1915), an entomologist, considered instinct to be any behavior which did not require cognition or consciousness to perform. Fabre's inspiration was his intense study of insects, some of whose behaviors he wrongly considered fixed and not subject to environmental influence.[2]
Instinct as a concept fell out of favor in the 1920s with the rise of behaviorism and such thinkers as B. F. Skinner, which held that most significant behavior is learned.
An interest in innate behaviors arose again in the 1950s with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen, who made the distinction between instinct and learned behaviors. Our modern understanding of instinctual behavior in animals owes much to their work. For instance, there exists a sensitive period for a bird in which it learns the identity of its mother. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose imprint on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whoever wore the boots. This suggests that the identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behavior towards what it perceived as its mother was instinctive.
In psychology[edit]
The term "instinct" in psychology was first used in the 1870s by Wilhelm Wundt. By the close of the 19th century, most repeated behavior was considered instinctual. In a survey of the literature at that time, one researcher[who?] chronicled 4,000 human "instincts," having applied this label to any behavior that was repetitive.[citation needed] In the early twentieth century, there was recognized a "union of instinct and emotion".[3] William McDougall held that many instincts have their respective associated specific emotions.[4] As research became more rigorous and terms better defined, instinct as an explanation for human behavior became less common. In 1932, McDougall argued that the word 'instinct' is more suitable for describing animal behaviour, while he recommended the word 'propensity' for goal directed combinations of the many innate human abilities, which are loosely and variably linked, in a way that shows strong plasticity.[5] In a conference in 1960, chaired by Frank Beach, a pioneer in comparative psychology, and attended by luminaries in the field, the term 'instinct' was restricted in its application.[citation needed] During the 1960s and 1970s, textbooks still contained some discussion of instincts in reference to human behavior. By the year 2000, a survey of the 12 best selling textbooks in Introductory Psychology revealed only one reference to instincts, and that was in regard to Sigmund Freud's referral to the "id" instincts.[citation needed] In this sense, the term 'instinct' appeared to have become outmoded for introductory textbooks on human psychology.
Sigmund Freud considered that mental images of bodily needs, expressed in the form of desires, are called instincts.[6]
Psychologist Abraham Maslow argued that humans no longer have instincts because we have the ability to override them in certain situations. He felt that what is called instinct is often imprecisely defined, and really amounts to strong drives. For Maslow, an instinct is something which cannot be overridden, and therefore while the term may have applied to humans in the past, it no longer does.[7]
The book Instinct: an enduring problem in psychology (1961)[8] selected a range of writings about the topic.
F.B. Mandal proposed a set of criteria by which a behavior might be considered instinctual: a) be automatic, b) be irresistible, c) occur at some point in development, d) be triggered by some event in the environment, e) occur in every member of the species, f) be unmodifiable, and g) govern behavior for which the organism needs no training (although the organism may profit from experience and to that degree the behavior is modifiable).[9]
In a classic paper published in 1972,[10] the psychologist Richard Herrnstein wrote: "A comparison of McDougall's theory of instinct and Skinner's reinforcement theory — representing nature and nurture — shows remarkable, and largely unrecognized, similarities between the contending sides in the nature-nurture dispute as applied to the analysis of behavior."
In Information behavior: An Evolutionary Instinct (2010, pp. 35–42), Amanda Spink notes that "currently in the behavioral sciences instinct is generally understood as the innate part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans." She claims that the viewpoint that information behavior has an instinctive basis is grounded in the latest thinking on human behavior. Furthermore, she notes that "behaviors such as cooperation, sexual behavior, child rearing and aesthetics are [also] seen as 'evolved psychological mechanisms' with an instinctive basis."[11][12][13] Spink adds that Steven Pinker similarly asserts that language acquisition is instinctive in humans in his book The Language Instinct (1994). In 1908, William McDougall wrote about the "instinct of curiosity" and its associated "emotion of wonder",[14] though Spink's book does not mention this.
M.S. Blumberg in 2017 examined the use of the word instinct, and found it varied significantly.[15]
The existence of instincts in humans[edit]
The simplest instincts in humans is a widely debated topic.
Congenital fear of snakes and spiders was found in six-month-old babies.[16]
Infant cry is a manifestation of instinct. The infant cannot otherwise protect itself for survival during its long period of maturation. The maternal instinct, manifest particularly in response to the infant cry, has long been respected as one of the most powerful. Its mechanism has been partly elucidated by observations with functional MRI of the mother's brain.[17]
The herd instinct is found in human children and chimpanzee cubs, but is apparently absent in the young orangutans.[18]
Testosterone (main male sex hormone) primes several instincts, especially sexuality; also dominance, manifest in self-affirmation, the urge to win over rivals, to dominate a hierarchy, and to respond to violent signals in men, with weakening of empathy.[19] In men, a decrease in testosterone level after the birth of a child in the family was found, so that the father's energies are more directed to nurturing, protecting and caring for the child.[20][21] Unduly high levels of this hormone are often associated in a person with aggressiveness, illegal behavior, violence against others, such phenomena as banditry, etc.[citation needed] This is confirmed by studies conducted in prisons.[22][23] The amount of testosterone in men may increase dramatically in response to any competition.[24] In men, the level of testosterone varies depending on whether it is susceptible to the smell of an ovulating or non-ovulatory woman. Men exposed to the odors of ovulating women maintained a stable level of testosterone, which was higher than the level of testosterone in men exposed to non-ovulatory signals. This is due to the fact that an ovulating woman is capable of conceiving, and therefore a man who feels the smell of an ovulating woman is given a signal to sexual activity.[25]
Squeamishness and disgust in humans is an instinct developed during evolution to protect the body and avoid infection by various diseases.[26]
Reflexes[edit]
Main article: Reflex
A real gecko hunts the pointer of a mouse, confused with prey.
Examples of behaviors that do not require conscious will include many reflexes. The stimulus in a reflex may not require brain activity but instead may travel to the spinal cord as a message that is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the reflex arc. Reflexes are similar to fixed action patterns in that most reflexes meet the criteria of a FAP. However, a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well; a male stickleback's instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example. Examples of instinctive behaviors in humans include many of the primitive reflexes, such as rooting and suckling, behaviors which are present in mammals. In rats, it has been observed that innate responses are related to specific chemicals, and these chemicals are detected by two organs located in the nose: the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE).[27]
Maturational[edit]
Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.[28]
In evolution[edit]
Imprinting provides one example of instinct.[15] This complex response may involve visual, auditory, and olfactory cues in the environment surrounding an organism. In some cases, imprinting attaches an offspring to its parent, which is a reproductive benefit to offspring survival.[29][30] If an offspring has attachment to a parent, it is more likely to stay nearby under parental protection. Attached offspring are also more likely to learn from a parental figure when interacting closely. (Reproductive benefits are a driving force behind natural selection.)
Environment is an important factor in how innate behavior has evolved. A hypothesis of Michael McCollough, a positive psychologist, explains that environment plays a key role in human behaviors such as forgiveness and revenge. This hypothesis theorizes that various social environments cause either forgiveness or revenge to prevail. McCollough relates his theory to game theory.[31] In a tit-for-tat strategy, cooperation and retaliation are comparable to forgiveness and revenge. The choice between the two can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on what the partner-organism chooses. Though this psychological example of game theory does not have such directly measurable results, it provides an interesting theory of unique thought. From a more biological standpoint, the brain's limbic system operates as the main control-area for response to certain stimuli, including a variety of instinctual behavior. The limbic system processes external stimuli related to emotions, social activity, and motivation, which propagates a behavioral response. Some behaviors include maternal care, aggression, defense, and social hierarchy. These behaviors are influenced by sensory input — sight, sound, touch, and smell.
Within the circuitry of the limbic system, there are various places where evolution could have taken place, or could take place in the future. For example, many rodents have receptors in the vomeronasal organ that respond explicitly to predator stimuli that specifically relate to that individual species of rodent. The reception of a predatory stimulus usually creates a response of defense or fear.[27] Mating in rats follows a similar mechanism. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium, together called the olfactory system, detect pheromones from the opposite sex. These signals then travel to the medial amygdala, which disperses the signal to a variety of brain parts. The pathways involved with innate circuitry are extremely specialized and specific.[27] Various organs and sensory receptors play parts in this complex process.
Instinct is a phenomenon that can be investigated from a multitude of angles: genetics, limbic system, nervous pathways, and environment. Researchers can study levels of instincts, from molecular to groups of individuals. Extremely specialized systems have evolved, resulting in individuals which exhibit behaviors without learning them.
Genetic memory
Human ethology
Innatism
Nature versus nurture
Prey drive (hunting instinct)
Psychological nativism
Unconscious mind
^ Lorenz, Konrad (1977). Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-111699-7.
^ Raffles, Hugh (2010). Insectopedia. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42386-4.
^ James Rowland Angell, J.R. (1906). "The Important Human Instincts", Chapter 16 in Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Structure and Function of Human Consciousness, Third edition, revised. New York: Henry Holt and Company. https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Angell/Angell_1906/Angell_1906_p.html
^ McDougall, W. (1928). An Introduction to Social Psychology, 21st edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. vii.
^ McDougall, W. (1932). The Energies of Men: a Study of the Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology, second edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. 99.
^ Hjelle, Larry; Ziegler, Daniel (1981). Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications. McGraw-Hill. p. 494. ISBN 9780070290631.
^ Maslow, Abraham H. (1954). "Instinct Theory Reexamined". Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row.
^ Birney, R.C., Teevan, R.C. (1961). Instinct: an enduring problem in psychology, Van Nostrand, Princeton NJ.[page needed]
^ Mandal, F. B. (2010). Textbook of Animal Behaviour. PHI Learning. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-203-4035-0.
^ Herrnstein, R. J. (1972). "Nature as Nurture: Behaviorism and the Instinct Doctrine". Behaviorism. 1 (1): 23–52. JSTOR 27758791.
^ Buss, D. (2008). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
^ Dickens, W. T.; Cohen, J. L.. (2003). Instinct and choice: A framework for analysis. In C. Garcia Coll (Ed.), Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
^ Geary, D. C. (2004). The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
^ McDougall, W. (1928). An Introduction to Social Psychology, 21st edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. xxii.
^ a b Blumberg, Mark S. (2017). "Development evolving:The origins and meanings of instinct". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 8 (1–2): e1371. doi:10.1002/wcs.1371. ISSN 1939-5078. PMC 5182125. PMID 27906515.
^ Hoehl, Stefanie; Hellmer, Kahl; Johansson, Maria; Gredebäck, Gustaf (2017). "Itsy Bitsy Spider…: Infants React with Increased Arousal to Spiders and Snakes". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1710. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01710. PMC 5651927. PMID 29093687.
^ Bornstein, Marc H.; Putnick, Diane L.; Rigo, Paola; Esposito, Gianluca; Swain, James E.; Suwalsky, Joan T. D.; Su, Xueyun; Du, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Kaihua; Cote, Linda R.; De Pisapia, Nicola; Venuti, Paola (2017). "Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (45): E9465–E9473. doi:10.1073/pnas.1712022114. PMC 5692572. PMID 29078366.
^ Haun, Daniel B.M.; Rekers, Yvonne; Tomasello, Michael (2012). "Majority-Biased Transmission in Chimpanzees and Human Children, but Not Orangutans". Current Biology. 22 (8): 727–731. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.006. PMID 22503497.
^ Weierstall, Roland; Moran, James; Giebel, Gilda; Elbert, Thomas (2014). "Testosterone reactivity and identification with a perpetrator or a victim in a story are associated with attraction to violence-related cues". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 37 (3): 304–312. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.016. PMID 24367977.
^ Gettler, L. T.; McDade, T. W.; Feranil, A. B.; Kuzawa, C. W. (2011). "Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (39): 16194–16199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105403108. PMC 3182719. PMID 21911391.
^ Grebe, Nicholas M.; Sarafin, Ruth E.; Strenth, Chance R.; Zilioli, Samuele (2019). "Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: A meta-analytic review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 98: 221–233. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.010. PMID 30639674.
^ Dabbs, J. M.; Frady, R. L.; Carr, T. S.; Besch, N. F. (1987). "Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in young adult prison inmates". Psychosomatic Medicine. 49 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1097/00006842-198703000-00007.
^ Dabbs, James; Hargrove, Marian F. (1997). "Age, Testosterone, and Behavior Among Female Prison Inmates". Psychosomatic Medicine. 59 (5): 477–480. doi:10.1097/00006842-199709000-00003.
^ Goetz, Stefan M.M.; Tang, Lingfei; Thomason, Moriah E.; Diamond, Michael P.; Hariri, Ahmad R.; Carré, Justin M. (2014). "Testosterone Rapidly Increases Neural Reactivity to Threat in Healthy Men: A Novel Two-Step Pharmacological Challenge Paradigm". Biological Psychiatry. 76 (4): 324–331. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.016. PMID 24576686.
^ Miller, Saul L.; Maner, Jon K. (2010). "Scent of a Woman". Psychological Science. 21 (2): 276–283. doi:10.1177/0956797609357733. PMID 20424057.
^ Curtis, Valerie; Aunger, Robert; deBarra, Mícheál (2011). "Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 366 (1563): 389–401. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117. PMC 3013466. PMID 21199843.
^ a b c Sokolowski, Katie; Corbin, Joshua G. (2012). "Wired for behaviors: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 5: 55. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00055. PMC 3337482. PMID 22557946.
^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-75054-6. [page needed]
^ Jaynes, Julian (1957). "Imprinting: The interaction of learned and innate behavior: II. The critical period". Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 50 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1037/h0044716. PMID 13406129.
^ Kim, Young-Joon; Žitňan, Dušan; Galizia, C. Giovanni; Cho, Kook-Ho; Adams, Michael E. (2006). "A Command Chemical Triggers an Innate Behavior by Sequential Activation of Multiple Peptidergic Ensembles". Current Biology. 16 (14): 1395–1407. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.027. PMID 16860738.
^ Hogan, Michael (2010). "Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct, by Michael Mc Cullough". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5: 97–100. doi:10.1080/17439760903509614.
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Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1973). "Instinct (or Drive) (pp. 214-7)". The Language of Psycho-analysis. London: Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-946-43949-2.
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Sheffield Place Anti-Bullying Program
Sheffield Place Anti-Bullying Program — What Does It Mean To Be Kind?
Joe Loudon • COMBAT Communications Administrator
Start with kindness.
When she began developing Sheffield Place's anti-bullying program 2½ years ago, Heather Berry deliberately sought to avoid focusing solely on the negative: Don't be mean. Don't hurt others. Don't be a bully.
Don't… Don't… Don't…
Instead, "Miss Heather" emphasizes the positive qualities that can help anyone any age be a better person. The Children's Program Coordinator for Sheffield Place seems to have an endless reservoir of patience. She's calmly in charge as the kids around her, hungry for attention, call out her name repeatedly—and respectfully.
"We begin with the basics. What is bullying? How do you identify it?" says Berry. "Then we really get started, especially with the younger kids, by teaching kindness and mindfulness. What does it mean to be kind?"
Teaching The A-B-C's & About Bullying
Among the textbooks Berry consults is one intended for kids as young as 3. The Kindness Curriculum's chapter titles include "Creating Calm," "Gentleness," and "Love." The book's introduction poses a philosophical question: "Can we teach happy?"
"We've got to start teaching kids about bullying when they're preschoolers," Berry says. "We need to call out their actions, ask them what's going on, why do they feel the need to be mean to someone else.
"And start asking them to make better choices to resolve conflicts: 'Instead of pushing Johnny, what else could you have done?'"
NOTE: Jackson County COMBAT funds both the anti-bullying and residential substance abuse treatment programs at Sheffield Place in Kansas City.
sheffieldplace.org
"We've got to start teaching kids about bullying when they're preschoolers."
REVEALING MASK — Among the activities that Heather Berry has had the older kids and adults involved in the Sheffield Place anti-bullying program do is creating masks that reflect the persona they project to the world on the outside ("caution," "yield," a brick wall) and how they feel on the inside ("broken," "mother," "abandoned").
A COMBAT-Funded Program
Even the youngest kids in the Sheffield Place anti-bullying program, which COMBAT has funded since its inception, may have already witnessed or even endured being the direct target of violence.
Sheffield Place serves homeless mothers and their children, with as many as 17 families living at its residential facility and others in homes that the Kansas City non-profit organization has acquired then refurbished. Among Sheffield Place's clients, 100% live below the poverty line, 95% have a mental health diagnosis, and 88% have struggled with addiction.
And the background of three in four includes domestic violence.
"We serve families that are hard to serve—that others won't serve," stresses Sheffield Place Executive Director Kelly Welch. "Most of our moms have multiple issues, such as substance abuse and domestic violence. When we considered where we had a gap in our services, we looked at bullying. A lot of our kids have been bullied or have been bullies.
"Their moms have had a lot of violence in their lives, and the kids have seen a lot of violence."
'An Escalation Of Bullying'
The Sheffield Place's anti-bullying initiative is all-encompassing. Therapists work with not only the children, but also the moms.
Berry and Shelby Hansard, a therapist, plan monthly activities for the mothers and their teenagers centered around topics such as self-esteem, mental health, personal safety and forming healthy relationships. The immediate objective is simple: starting a dialogue. Long-term Hansard says the goal is to "build an alliance" between the mothers and kids to help them cope with bullying and other issues after they've completed their time at Sheffield Place.
"Ultimately," Welch says, "we want to break the generational cycle of being bullied and/or being a bully." Bullies and their victims frequently share many traits, among them low self-esteem, and Welch notes if bullying behavior isn't stopped early on the consequences can be catastrophic.
"Domestic violence is an escalation of bullying," she states. "Bullies don't just stop being bullies when they grow up. Their bullying often becomes abuse."
Effects Of Bullying
"For a lot of our moms and their kids the way to survive living on the streets was by being aggressive. Bullying behaviors became a defense mechanism."
Helping Instead Of Hurting
Berry worries about bullied kids finding "someone smaller" who they can bully. "For a lot of bullied kids becoming a bully is a way of taking back some control in their lives," she says. (Welch notes, "For a lot of our moms and their kids the way to survive living on the streets was by being aggressive. Bullying behaviors became a defense mechanism.")
Berry will occasionally pair the older, bigger kids with the younger, littler ones. They're currently collaborating on a mural (below) depicting the bully-bullied dynamic. An imposing hand—all we see of the bully—is balled into a fist, except for the index finger pointing down at the victim. The figure's outlines are filled with words representing each person's self-image.
"This is about getting kids helping, instead of hurting, each other," Berry says. "The older kids help the little ones understand the meaning of those words. They can see how the bully is 'mad' and feels 'different,' but that the person being bullied is also 'enraged' and 'angry.'"
Being 'Nice'—Two Times Over
Words matter, Berry continues. The older kids at Sheffield Place are taught about cyberbullying, learning a lesson many adults have not: thinking before pressing the "post" or "submit" buttons, trying to only send out into the world social media content that is "true, helpful, inspiring, necessary, kind."
Meanwhile, Berry has encouraged all the children to find uplifting substitutes for all the negatives terms—"insensitive," "coldhearted," "scum"—she's written around "How Do I Want To Be Remember?" on the marker board.
Isabella grasps a pinkish-orange marker and stretches to reach the bottom of the board. She slowly writes out, "N-I-C-E." The 5-year-old has written it before on the board, just a few inches over in green.
It's one of the little girl's favorite words—a word worth repeating.
REPEAT AFTER ME — Isabella stretches to write "N-I-C-E" on the "How Do I Want To Be Remembered?" board at Sheffield Place.
The number of participants in the anti-bullying program varies as families seek help through Sheffield Place, which served 129 families in 2018.
Bullying & Suicide
Dealing With Bullies

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Rube Waddell
The Zany, Brilliant Life of a Strikeout Artist
Rube Waddell quantity
SKU: 9780786407866 Categories: Baseball, People, Sports Tag: biographies
George Edward "Rube" Waddell was one of the zaniest characters ever to play baseball. The legendary Connie Mack, who saw quite a few cards during his nearly seven decade stint in the majors, once observed that no other screwball he ever saw could hold a candle to Rube. Mack also said that Rube's curveball was the best he'd ever seen. Indeed, Waddell was one of the greatest pitchers in the history of the game. Rube won 191 games in 13 seasons, had four straight 20-win seasons for Mack and the Philadelphia A's, and claimed six consecutive strikeout titles. In 1904 he struck out 349 batters, a record that held for six decades. This biography traces his early life in western Pennsylvania, the fits and starts of his first years in professional baseball, his big years with the A's, and his subsequent fade into obscurity and his early death in a sanatorium on April Fool's Day, 1914.
Longtime baseball fan Alan H. Levy is a professor of American history at Slippery Rock University in Pennsylvania. He is the author of Joe McCarthy (2005), Tackling Jim Crow (2003) and several books on American music, including a biography of the noted composer Edward MacDowell.
Alan H. Levy
"a most compelling, valuable addition"—Nine; "the saga of the A's star hurler of the early 1900s"—USA Today Sports Weekly; "this is the study of a man and his times"—Today's Librarian.
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Was the GFC a Once-in-a-Lifetime Event?
What you believe America can build—or rebuild—as a collective society hinges on how you answer one fundamental question: When the U.S. government issues a treasury bond, is it "borrowing" money that must be repaid with future tax-dollars—or is it "creating" money that can be spent to accomplish big and important collective goals?
Getting the right answer to this question could be existentially important. As I'm writing, for example, Hurricane Florence is unleashing historical damage to the U.S. Atlantic coast and inland areas. Over the next weeks and months, the inevitable debate will unfold over how much America can afford to "pay" to make the lives of tens of thousands of families and thousands of local communities whole and functional again. This time, perhaps, the debate will go even further: it might begin to earnestly ask the bigger questions about the future of our coastal cities and infrastructures in an unfolding era of climate change. These bigger questions will not involve billion-dollar budgets, but trillions of dollars of federal expenditures.
This is why my opening question is so important. What we can allow ourselves to do—indeed, what can we pay ourselves to undertake and accomplish as a collective society—depends on the answer.
Before examining the question in more detail, let's outline the basic puzzle we're talking about. The U.S. treasury is the spending apparatus of the federal government. Congress democratically agrees upon and tells the treasury what to spend money on, and the treasury duly spends the necessary dollars. If it does not have enough dollars in its tax accounts at the various Federal Reserve banks to meet the expenditures stipulated by Congress, the treasury issues bonds to make up the difference. The bonds are traded (usually to financial institutions) for dollars (bank reserves) which the treasury then uses to pay out the balance of the spending obligations it has been assigned.
This is the common understanding of the puzzle—and the reason most people will initially answer that when the U.S. government issues a treasury bond it is "borrowing" dollars (from the financial institutions who trade for the bond) which must be repaid with future tax-dollars (when the bond matures). What other interpretation could there be? And it's an interpretation that makes it difficult for America to commit to large, expensive undertakings—such as rebuilding (better and smarter) after a major hurricane, rather than fecklessly dabbing at the wounds (as we've done with Katrina, Sandy, Harvey and Maria).
The problem with this "obvious" answer to my question (in addition to the fact that it saddles us with an endless and hopeless austerity) is that, if it were true, the U.S. federal government would not have been able to spend—in real dollars—over $21 TRILLION more, over the years, than it has collected in taxes. For that is, in fact, the case: the national "debt" clock in New York City—which tracks the difference between government spending and tax-collections—currently tallies the number of dollars of over-spending to be $21,477,342,250,762. Are those really dollars the financial institutions "loaned" to the U.S. government? If so, why aren't they beating the bushes to get paid back? And if they aren't getting paid back, why do they continue to "loan" such extravagant amounts of dollars to the government? Finally, does anyone really imagine the U.S. government is going to "repay" that vast sum of dollars by collecting taxes? From several different perspectives, then, the common explanations we think make sense don't add up.
There is another perspective, however—just a slight shift—which causes all the puzzlement to disappear. Not only that, but it is a perspective that clearly makes it possible for us, as a collective society, to undertake and accomplish things we heretofore have not allowed ourselves to pursue, or perhaps even consider.
This alternative framework answers my opening question as follows: When the U.S. government issues a treasury bond it is NOT "borrowing" money but, instead, is "creating" money. It is not incurring a "debt" that must be repaid with future tax revenues but, instead, is "creating" money that can be spent to pay America's private sector to undertake and accomplish very large, and important, collective goals.
To see how this answer can be valid, visualize a U.S. treasury bond as a container filled with dollars that has a time-lock on it. When the treasury issues the bond, it comes—already filled—with a stipulated number of "future" dollars, and a time-lock with a stipulated date when those dollars can be accessed. When that date arrives, the lock opens, and you (the bond owner) can take out the new dollars and spend them. Until that date arrives, you cannot put your hands on, or spend, the dollars.
Even though you cannot immediately spend the dollars in the bond, it has a "value" that can be traded (if you choose to do so) for dollars you can spend now—but at a discount. This means that if your bond contains, say, 100 "future" dollars, someone might give you only 90 "present" dollars in trade for the bond. They might then choose to hold the bond until the time-lock opens, whereupon they'd remove the 100 dollars—making 10 dollars in profit.
This is essentially what occurs when the U.S. treasury initially issues the bond: It trades the bond (containing a stipulated number of "future" dollars)—typically to a bank or financial institution—for a discounted number of "present" dollars (reserves) which the bank or financial institution owns. The U.S. treasury then uses those "present" dollars it has received in trade to make payments for things which Congress has authorized it to make: it buys goods and services from the private sector, pays federal employees, sends out social security payments, pays local contractors to rebuild hurricane washed-out roads and fallen power-grids, etc. The "present" dollars the treasury has traded its bond for, in other words, are spent back into the private economy and end up in the bank accounts of private citizens and businesses.
The treasury bond operation results in the federal government purchasing goods and services which benefit the good of collective society. In other words, the things that Congress authorizes the treasury to spend dollars on—which causes it to issue treasury bonds—are usually things that the democratic process has determined will benefit society at large. These are the necessary and desirable things that, in general, cannot or won't be provided by the profit-oriented market economy (for the simple reason they are goods and services that don't generate profits, or are goods and services needed by citizens who don't have the financial resources to pay for them—as in disaster relief).
When the bond matures (and the time-lock opens) there is no need for the U.S. treasury to collect tax-dollars to honor the bond—the dollars are already there. When the time-lock opens, the bond owner simply reaches in and takes them out—or, more often than not, simply uses them to trade, at a discount, for a new treasury bond.
Creates money which enables the federal government to pay U.S. citizens and businesses to undertake and accomplish large, collective goals.
The money "created" is not a debt that must be repaid to anyone—and does NOT require the federal government to collect additional tax dollars.
You may object that this is sophistry. How can you create something (money) that doesn't exist? But remind yourself that the U.S. treasury has, in fact, created—and spent—to date over $21 trillion by this very process. Furthermore, the $21 trillion created and spent thus far now resides in the bank and investment accounts of American families and businesses—and the results of much of that spending are real things that have benefited, and continue to benefit, our collective society: roads, bridges, airports, electric grids, satellite networks, health and science research. (The list could obviously go on and on.) Sophistry does not produce concrete results such as these.
As you watch the aftermath of Hurricane Florence unfold over the next weeks and months—and as you listen to the debate about what America can "afford" to do in response to the overwhelming damage imposed upon East coast families, businesses and communities—and as you read the continued news reports about families in Houston still without housing, or the miserable conditions left unaddressed in Puerto Rico—think about the alternative perspective we've just diagrammed.
America is not short of money—or the ability to create it as necessary to pay ourselves to undertake and accomplish our most pressing goals. What America is short of is visionary leadership with a true understanding of modern macro-economics.
Brian Romanchuk — Minsky Versus Steindl Debt Dynamics?


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GSA Administrator Resigns – What is his Legacy?
Did Tangherlini leave a positive mark on federal acquisition? Reviews are mixed.
By Jill R. Aitoro, Washington Business Journal January 15, 2015.
The General Services Administration, in its summary of outgoing administrator Dan Tangherlini's accomplishments, points to more effective acquisitions. But in two years, did he actually make that happen?
Most I've spoken to say he got some interesting things started, but it remains to be seen if they proceed as he might have intended. As one source in the contracting community put it, "say what you will about him, he was the kind of leader who could and was not afraid to break serious China."
GSA points to a few of those initiatives that he got underway:
Category management, which essentially clumps types of buys by category, to be managed as a strategy business unit and more easily enable collaboration with industry. (This is related to strategic sourcing, of course, which seeks to leverage government's buying power by pulling like acquisitions under a single umbrella. That is a rather contentious issue, with many in the contracting community arguing it causes too many acquisitions to become price shootouts, without enough consideration paid to best value.)
Common Acquisition Platform, or CAP, which supports the concept of category management with tools that the acquisition communication can use to simplify buying.
Office Supplies Third Generation, or FSSI OS3, which is one example of strategy sourcing that focuses on office supplies. It's also the one that GSA has held up as the poster child for why it's a smart model for buying.
"Dan deserves a lot of credit for pushing new ideas and new thinking," said Stan Soloway, CEO of the Professional Services Council, an Arlington-based trade group that represents contractors, in a statement. "We didn't always agree, but he was always open to dialogue and focused on delivering quality for the government."
Read the full article at: http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/fedbiz_daily/2015/01/did-tangherlini-leave-a-positive-mark-on-federal.html?ana=lnk


This wiki is for the Storium game called "Pantheons." Hopefully it will become a searchable repository of all the neat stuff we come up with as the gods shape and battle over Natura.
Pantheons is a Storium game about two ideologically opposed pantheons and their struggle to shape the mortal world to their own liking, while preventing the other pantheon from doing the same.
The player characters are members of the Pantheon of Principality, a pantheon with humane mindsets and morals. Members of this pantheon are called Princes. Princes are gods derived from a cosmic divine force called the Principle.
The Princes are opposed by the Pantheon of Anathema, a pantheon with alien mindsets and morals. Members of this pantheon are called Adversaries. Adversaries are gods derived from a cosmic divine force called the Antithesis.
The game itself is about shaping the mortal world, Natura, as well as combating the Adversaries in their efforts to do the same. There is building, politics, war, and tons of creativity. This record contains all known information about the Pantheons, their realms, creations, and history.


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Eurasia Group publishes Top Risks 2015
#1 is "The Politics of Europe" - The ties that bind Europe are fraying on multiple fronts
NEW YORK, 5 January -- Eurasia Group President Ian Bremmer and Chairman Cliff Kupchan are pleased to announce this year's Top Risks report, which identifies the most challenging political and geopolitical trends and stress points for global investors and market participants in 2015, as well as a few red herrings-issues that, despite media attention, are unlikely to pose a significant threat or instability in the coming year.
"A global risk is one where the outcome on politics and economics is unexpected," said Bremmer. "It is not a question only of downside because each story creates problems for some and opportunities for others. This ranking reflects our forecast on which stories are most likely to play out over the next 12 months, which will have the biggest impact, and where we can expect surprises."
At the top of the list in 2015 is the politics of Europe. "Europe's economics are in substantially better shape than at the height of the Eurozone crisis, but the politics is now much worse," according to Bremmer and Kupchan. "That's true on three different levels: bottom-up, intra-EU, and outside-in."
Following is a summary of all ten Top Risks for 2015. The full report is available here: http://www.eurasiagroup.net/pages/top-risks-2015.
1 - The politics of Europe: Anxiety is again on the rise over Europe's economics, but there is no sense of crisis to force political leaders to work together. Anti-EU political parties will continue to gain popularity, undermining the drive for much-needed reform. Friction is growing among European states, as peripheral governments increasingly resent the influence of a strong Germany unchecked by a weak France or absent Britain. Russia and ISIS will add to Europe's security worries.
2 - Russia: Sanctions and lower oil prices have weakened Russia, but they will not force President Vladimir Putin to reverse course in Ukraine. US and European sanctions could well tighten. As Russia's economy sags, Putin's approval ratings will depend increasingly on his willingness to confront the West. Western companies and investors are likely targets-on the ground and in cyber-space.
3 - The effects of China slowdown: President Xi Jinping's ambitious economic reform efforts demand a transition toward a consumer-driven economic model that requires a shift toward lower levels of growth. The continuing slowdown will likely have little impact inside the country, but that's cold comfort for the expanding list of economies that depend on booming trade with a commodity-hungry China.
4 - The weaponization of finance: To achieve foreign policy goals without military might, Washington is weaponizing finance on a new scale. It is using carrots (access to capital markets) and sticks (varied types of sanctions) as tools of coercive diplomacy. But this strategy will damage relations with allies, particularly in Europe, and US companies will find themselves caught in the crossfire between Washington and sanctioned states.
5 - ISIS, beyond Iraq and Syria: ISIS faces military setbacks in Iraq and Syria, but its ideological reach will spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa in 2015. It will grow organically by setting up new units in Yemen, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, and it will inspire other jihadist organizations to join its ranks. The risk to neighboring states will worsen.
6 - Weak incumbents: Voter fatigue with Brazil's Dilma Rousseff, Colombia's Juan Manuel Santos, South Africa's Jacob Zuma, Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan, and Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan will ensure that each faces determined opposition and formidable obstacles as they try to push their respective political agendas.
7 - The rise of strategic sectors: Success and failure for business in 2015 will depend increasingly on governments that are focused more on political stability than on economic growth, benefiting companies that operate in harmony with their political goals and punishing those that don't. In emerging markets, the state already plays a more substantial role in the economy. We'll also see this trend in rogue states that want to fight back against more powerful governments. And we'll see it in the US, where national security priorities have expanded the military industrial complex to include technology, telecommunications, and financial companies.
8- Saudi Arabia vs Iran: The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia will drive more conflict in the Middle East this year. Washington and other outside powers will remain reluctant to intervene, and mounting anxiety over the outcome of the Iran nuclear negotiations will ensure that these two countries use proxies to fuel trouble in more Middle Eastern countries than ever in 2015.
9 - Taiwan/China: Domestic political turmoil in Taiwan will ensure that relations with the mainland will deteriorate sharply this year. In particular, if Beijing determines that engagement with Taipei has failed to bring progress toward reunification, Beijing will probably back away from trade and investment deals that have already been signed and significantly toughen its rhetoric, provoking considerable public hostility in Taiwan. Any US comment on this controversy will quickly harm US-Chinese relations.
10 - Turkey: President Erdogan will continue to attack political opponents and tighten his hold on power to try to remake Turkey's political system. But he's unlikely to win the new powers he wants this year, forcing more political infighting, less policy coherence, and more political unpredictability. Refugees from Syria and Iraq will inject more radicalism into the country's politics and add to its economic troubles.
As for the Red Herrings, Bremmer and Kupchan expect that the pre-occupation of political leaders with domestic reform will help China, Japan, and India avoid market-moving conflict in 2015. While ISIS will continue to cause problems and inspire new followers this year, the Islamic state it hopes to create is highly unlikely to remain viable. Risks of instability for oil-exporting states are overblown, and Bremmer and Kupchan remain bullish on Mexico's reform process.


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WASHINGTON -- Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) said Wednesday that she will vote against President Obama's top international trade nominee Michael Froman, over his refusal to make negotiations over a major trade agreement more transparent to the public.
"I am voting against Mr. Froman's nomination later today because I believe we need a new direction from the Trade Representative -- A direction that prioritizes transparency and public debate," Warren said on the Senate floor Wednesday. "The American people have the right to know more about the negotiations that will have dramatic impact on the future of the American economy. And that will have a dramatic impact on our working men and women, on the environment, on the Internet."
Warren has been pressing the Obama administration to release more information on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a free-trade agreement with 10 other nations that has been in the works for about three years. Members of Congress have been given only limited access to negotiation documents, which the administration has labeled classified, barring them from discussing the specific terms of the deal with outside experts or their constituents.
The only public information on the agreements has come from leaks. Consumer advocates, public health experts and environmentalists have decried a Trans-Pacific document leaked in the summer of 2012 that would allow corporations to directly challenge government laws and regulations in international courts. Similar language was included in the 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement, and has been used by major corporations to challenge Canadian regulations against fracking, pesticides and offshore oil drilling.
Unelected corporate officials and some representatives from organized labor, environmental groups and consumer advocates have also been given access to negotiation documents due to their status as "cleared advisors" on official trade panels. There are about 500 corporate officials who can see trade documents, and about 100 representatives of other public interest groups, but the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative has not disclosed what information different advisors can access. The head of the labor advisory panel complained to USTR in a recent letter that it was being confronted with "severe restrictions" when attempting to access information on the deal.
Last week, Warren sent a letter to Froman asking whether he would make negotiation texts available to the public, or provide clarity on what information different "cleared advisors" access. Warren said Wednesday that Froman declined to do so.
"Mr. Froman's response was clear: No, no, no," Warren said. "He will not commit to make this information available so the public can track what is going on."
Warren's decision to vote against Froman, who Obama nominated to replace outgoing U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk, comes as progressives in Congress are amplifying pressure on the administration to change course on trade policy. In a Monday interview with HuffPost, Rep. Alan Grayson (D-Fla.) criticized the Obama administration's secrecy policies on the Trans-Pacific Pact, calling it an "abuse of the classified information system." Grayson further said that the draft agreement would undermine democratic governance to the benefit of multinational corporations -- but he could not speak on specific policies since the terms of the deal are considered classified.
"It's all about tying the hands of democratically elected governments, and shunting authority over to the nonelected for the benefit of multinational corporations," Grayson said. "It's an assault on democratic government."
USTR declined to comment, but has said in the past that secrecy is required to ensure that it can negotiate the best deal possible for Americans. Warren addressed that line of reasoning in her floor speech.
"I have heard the argument that transparency would undermine the Trade Representative's policy to complete the trade agreement because public opposition would be significant," Warren said. "In other words, if people knew what was going on, they would stop it. This argument is exactly backwards. If transparency would lead to widespread public opposition to a trade agreement, then that trade agreement should not be the policy of the United States."


Come along as I run through the service, repair and overhaul of one of the biggest, meanest monster receivers ever – the Sansui G-9000DB Stereo Receiver!
A very quick update to give you a look inside a stunning and very rare Sansui AU-919 integrated amplifier I've just serviced.
There'll be a full article coming soon, but in the meantime, enjoy this look inside the amazing Sansui AU-919!
Visitors to my website will know how much I enjoy working on classic and vintage electronics. One category of gear I love is monster receivers from the 70's and 80's. The Sansui G-8000 Pure Power DC Stereo Receiver is one of the biggest and baddest monster receivers, read on to take a look!
Sansui SR-929 NOS Turntable Unboxing and Set-Up!


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Home Airlines TUI Group Completes Corsair Sale to INTRO Aviation
TUI Group Completes Corsair Sale to INTRO Aviation
Corsair Boeing 747-422. CC BY-SA 2.0.
LONDON – The TUI Group has announced that a sale for French-based carrier Corsair has been made.
German aviation investor INTRO Aviation will be the company to now be in charge of the airline.
This is another step of TUI's approach to become a "pure play Tourism" company.
Commenting on the sale was TUI CEO Fritz Joussen who stated the reasoning behind the sale as a vision to "consistently transforming TUI".
"Here, we are investing in hotels and cruise ships, and increasingly in holiday experiences in the destinations. These are segments in which we are growing, and where we are continuing to expand our global activities. We are exiting non-core business areas that do not leverage any synergies for the Group. The sale is the right move for TUI and will also benefit Corsair and its staff,"
Under the deal, INTRO will acquire a majority 53% stake in the airline as a first step. The agreement also states that TUI will retain a minority stake of 27% in the carrier, with the Employee Benefit Trust holding a 20% stake.
It is unclear how much money has been spent on this sale by INTRO Aviation as it hasn't been disclosed at this time.
TUI stated another reason for selling Corsair as an inability "to delivery any synergy effects for TUI Group, TUI tour operators and cruise companies, and the Group's five European charter airlines".
INTRO Aviation will also acquire seven long-haul aircraft from TUI as a result, being Corsair's three Boeing 747-400s, two Airbus A330-200s and two A330-300s accordingly.
Corsair was founded in May 1981 as Corse Air International by the Corsican Rossi family and has been based at Paris Orly since operating to 12 destinations.
In the 1990s, the firm was acquired by Nouvelles Frontieres, a tour operator that then changed the carrier's name to Corsair. By 1991, the airline successfully gained worldwide traffic rights to operate.
Just nine years later, TUI AG took over Nouvelles and therefore gained control of the airline.
The airline held a record for most seats on a passenger aircraft at 587 seats on its Boeing 747-400s until cabin refits brought the capacity back down to 533.
A Turbulent Decade…
It could be suggested that the TUI Group are in a level of relief to sell the airline, especially with the last ten years not being very easy for Corsair.
May 2010 saw the airline announce the "Takeoff 2012" modernisation plan, which had aims to reduce the workforce by a quarter, the replacement of three Boeing 747-400s with Airbus A330-300s, the refurbishment of all aircraft cabins, leaving the charter market, and termination of routes to the likes of Kenya, Dominican Republic, Quebec City, Moncton and Israel.
This was ultimately costing the carrier chunks of money, hence the plans in the first place.
March 2012 saw the airline name change again to Corsair International, with a brand new livery to correspond with the new operational changes that were put in place at the time.
2015 was the first time that the TUI Group tried to sell the airline, which was undergoing heavy losses.
There were talks with Air Caraibes for a take-over bid but the deal didn't formulate positively as advanced talks with Corsair's staff unions were voicing opposition as it would result in further cost reductions and layoffs.
In that same year, the TUI Group announced that all TUI companies with the exception of Corsair would be able to use the TUI name.
Earlier last year saw the talks begin with INTRO Aviation over selling the loss-making airline to them.
Finally, May 2018 saw the airline announcing it would retire the last three Boeing 747-400s by September 2021 due to fleet renewal and replacement plans.
The airline has not confirmed which aircraft will be substituting the outgoing jumbo jets, but speculation suggests Airbus A350-900 or -1000s as replacements.
Whilst it is unclear the actual depth of loss that the airline is going through, it obviously suggests it is negative enough for the likes of TUI, a very successful conglomerate to sell off the airline.
All eyes now will be on INTRO Aviation to see whether it can turn the airline around into a profit as soon as feasibly possible.
That being said, fleet renewal will be another big thing on their agenda, especially with upcoming aircraft retirements in the next two years.
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New Zealand: Former Prime Minister James Bolger
Startzman · October 22, 1998
New Zealand's New Ambassador to the U.S.
By Joanne Haahr
The Right Honorable James Bolger was Prime Minister of New Zealand from October 1990 to December 1997. He led the National Party for almost 12 years and had three consecutive terms as the country's head of government.
Under his leadership the New Zealand economy was transformed from having the lowest growth rate among the 29 OECD nations, to today having one of the strongest. New Zealand is now recognized as being among the most open and competitive economies in the world.
Mr. Bolger's administration pursued an outward-looking foreign policy to strengthen New Zealand's relationships, especially in the Asia/Pacific region. New Zealand is active in international peacekeeping and at the U.N.
Born in Taranaki in 1935, he was a beef and sheep farmer before entering national politics in 1972 when elected to Parliament for King County.
In 1975 he became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary, in 1977 the Minister of Fisheries, and following the 1978 election, Ministers of Labor and Immigration. He went on to serve as President of the International Labor Organization and Leader of the National Party and Opposition. In 1990 he led the National Party to the biggest electoral victory in history.
He retired as Prime Minister in December, 1997, and was appointed Minister of State and Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In March of this year he was named as the new ambassador to the U.S., and he arrived in Washington in June.
Today he lists part-time farming, watching sports (especially rugby), fishing, tramping and reading as his pastimes.
He and his wife, Joan, have nine children and four grandchildren.
I asked Mr. Bolger how the economic downturn in Asia has affected his country.
Ambassador Bolger: It has had a significant, direct impact on New Zealand, and the flattening of these fast-growing markets has resulted in lost market opportunity. The secondary impact is that Australia was also significantly exposed, and that is a major market in itself. So the resultant slow growth in New Zealand, down to little more than zero, is forecasted to last until at least the end of the year. Then we predict a strong bounce back. With the reforms in the New Zealand economy over the last two years, we can face this with confidence in that government, the banking system, and private sector accounts are sound. We'll bounce back, but the immediate impact will be quantitative.
Q: What are your primary goals in your new position?
A: There are many, but the overall ambition is to maintain the best possible relationship between Wellington and Washington in issues of mutual interest. In most instances, we will be working together in international forums. We would like the administration to achieve fast track negotiation authority so they can play a leading role in international trade talks, and to pursue a Free Trade Agreement between New Zealand and Washington.
In the security area there are still matters of disagreement in principle. But we want, and I want, a prompt solution to ensure that New Zealand and the U.S. have the best possible security arrangements and defense force cooperation, given our disagreement on nuclear issues. I am delighted that we have progressed in this area to a very good relationship. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright said in New Zealand recently that the relationship with New Zealand was one of the best the U.S. had.
With strong trade relations, it is much less likely to have differences on security issues. Trading links and trading opportunities are very important to the state of the world, and you don't want segments of the world locked out.
Q: When you look back on your achievements as Prime Minister, what makes you most proud ?
A: There are many things about which we can be proud. The New Zealand economy is perfectly sound, and I am proud of our strong, robust tradition that enables us to weather the difficulties of the world economy. I am pleased with the role I played in providing the resources to continue to improve education and health. I am also proud of the up-front way we've dealt with our Maori people. We have made great progress in this area of tremendous importance to us as a country, progressively settling claims outstanding for over a hundred years. And I can point to the enthusiasm with which New Zealanders are embracing the liberating force of new technology. What we have done is to reduce to zero the impact of distance; we're very proud of that.
Republic of China: Stephen S. F. Chen
Republic of China: Premier Lien Chan--STATEMENT


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Judge dismisses Gardens lawsuit
Rose Krebs
rkrebs@thebct.com
U.S. District Court Judge Noel L. Hillman found no evidence that the township intentionally discriminated against the residents when it started its redevelopment project in 2003.
CAMDEN - A federal judge has dismissed a lawsuit filed against the township by residents of the Mount Holly Gardens.
In a 29-page decision handed down Monday, U.S. District Court Judge Noel L. Hillman ruled that the township did not violate the residents' fair housing, civil or constitutional rights or discriminate against them by redeveloping the 25-acre neighborhood at Levis Drive and the Route 541 Bypass.
Hillman dismissed all charges against the township, closing the federal case for now.
"We think the judge is wrong on his analysis," said attorney Olga Pomar of South Jersey Legal Services, which represents some of the residents. "We are disappointed by the decision, obviously."
Pomar said she is not sure if there will be an appeal.
"(We need to) review and digest the opinion and confer with our clients," she said.
"We are pleased with the ruling," said James Maley, special redevelopment counsel for the township. "Now the federal and state courts have validated the township's redevelopment plan. We hope the litigation is over and that we can work on a smooth transition for the residents (who remain) and for the betterment of the township."
Hillman found no evidence that the township intentionally discriminated against the residents when it started its redevelopment project in 2003. Since then, the township has been purchasing the 350 1950s-era row homes in the Gardens to make way for a new neighborhood with 292 townhouses, 228 apartments, and 54,000 square feet of commercial space.
Less than 80 homes remain at the Gardens. Some already have been purchased by the municipality and are awaiting demolition. If purchasing deals cannot be reached with the remaining homeowners, the township plans to move forward with eminent domain to acquire the properties.
In the federal lawsuit, residents - many of them minorities - contended that the township was violating their fair housing, civil and constitutional rights by targeting their properties for redevelopment with more expensive homes.
Pulte Homes will develop the townhouses, which are expected to be priced in the mid-$200,000s or cost about $1,300 a month in rent. Also, 56 affordable units are planned at the site. In recent testimony to the Planning Board, it was indicated that the one- and two-bedroom apartments would include between 650 and 1,180 square feet of space.
In 2003 the township declared the Gardens a blighted area in need of redevelopment. The neighborhood long suffered from problems with crime, drugs and absentee landlordism.
"Redevelopment is a modern facet of municipal government," Hillman wrote. "Soundly planned redevelopment can make the difference between continued stagnation and decline and a resurgence of healthy growth. + It is clear that the township has a legitimate interest in the redevelopment of the Gardens."
The judge also wrote that the residents failed to "acknowledge the extensive deterioration, crime and overall unsafe living conditions the township was endeavoring to cure."
During the decade-long legal battle over the project, residents had time to gather evidence to prove discrimination by municipal officials but failed to do so, Hillman found.
The residents "tell a story long on accusations and suppositions but short on proof of the township's 10-year, insidious desire to displace the minority population of Mount Holly," Hillman wrote.
"As this court has previously expressed on several occasions, we recognize the Gardens redevelopment has had an effect on low-income families and correspondingly minority families," the judge wrote. "The court also recognizes that being forced from one's home is a difficult and emotional issue, compounded by the fear of being able to afford a comparable place to live. However + plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that the township + has implemented a plan that has a disparate impact on the Gardens residents as the law defines it."
Hillman made reference to the "emotional" nature of the battle at the Gardens, but wrote that the court "must view the case under the legal framework + of these issues."
The close of the federal case, barring an appeal, marks the end of outstanding litigation related to the Gardens. The next likely court proceedings would involve the acquisition of the remaining homes.
Maley said appraisals of 57 units slated for possible taking through eminent domain continue to be sent out. He expects all the appraisals to be sent to property owners by month's end.
"As we get them, we send them right out," Maley said.
The township is sending out letters offering the appraised amount and giving homeowners a week or so to respond. If an agreement is not reached, the township will pursue court proceedings, the letter indicates.
Rose Krebs can be reached at 609-871-8064, rkrebs@phillyBurbs.com or twitter.com/rosekrebs.


Our restaurant is without doubt one of the historical local buildings in the Pistoise mountains. From the onset in 1929 the family methods of cooking and traditions have been handed down and this makes the "Melini" a MUST for whoever decides to visit our area.
The local cusine updated in a modern key is a mixture of Tuscan and Emilian food culture without losing anything of its genuine aromas and flavours that the surounding areas offer.
You can enjoy traditional food accompanied by fine wines either inside our dining room alongside the banks of the river Reno or in summer outside on our terrace "alfresco".


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Evaluation of the use of plasma rich in growth factors with immediate implant placement in periodontally compromised extraction sites: a controlled prospective study
This study was conducted to evaluate the use of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGFs) with immediate implant placement in periodontally compromised extraction sites. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis were included. Each received two implants placed immediately after extraction in the anterior region of the mandible. One of the two implants was treated with PRGFs (group I), while the other was not and served as a control (group II). Implant survival, plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were evaluated for both groups. Complete soft tissue healing occurred in all patients and all implants were successfully osseointegrated over 12 months. At 12 months, results showed mean PPD values of 3.8 ± 0.3 mm at the control site (group II) and 3.4 ± 0.4 mm at the test site (group I); the mean MBL values were 1.1 ± 0.1 mm at the control site and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm at the test site. There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control groups regarding PI or BI, while there were statistical differences between the test and control groups regarding PPD and MBL throughout the follow-up period.
Severe periodontitis leads to the loss of alveolar bone. In such cases, the extraction of a tooth and its replacement with an implant-supported prosthesis may be the appropriate treatment option for some patients. The standard protocol requires a delay of at least 6 months before the placement of an implant in the extraction socket. However, immediate implant placement in post-extraction sites, without waiting for the site to heal, is a treatment modality that has received much attention and has shown favourable results, such as the preservation of aesthetics, shorter total treatment time, maintenance of socket walls, and reduced surgical time. In some studies, periodontal disease has been considered a risk factor in implant therapy; a statistically significant, greater long-term peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL) has been observed in those with periodontal disease compared to periodontally healthy subjects.
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGFs) is derived from autologous blood by sequestering and concentrating the platelets by centrifugation. It is suggested that platelet concentrations can enhance oral wound healing by releasing abundant growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Recently, PRGFs have been applied clinically to facilitate bone and tissue healing. Some trials have shown that the use of PRGFs during the placement of dental implants promotes osseointegration and bone regeneration. The use of autologous platelets appears to improve early bone apposition around the implant and thus results in an increased rate of osseointegration. Contradictory results have been reported in an animal study by Casati et al., who investigated the influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on bone regeneration in dehiscence-type bone defects around dental implants. They demonstrated that PRP alone does not enhance bone regeneration for peri-implant defects.
There is a lack of scientific evidence in the literature regarding the results of the use of PRGFs and immediate implant placement in terms of accelerating the rate of osseointegration or reducing crestal bone resorption around dental implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the use of PRGFs with immediate implant placement in periodontally compromised extraction sites.
The present study was conducted on 15 patients (eight females and seven males) who ranged in age from 30 to 55 years. The study protocol had the necessary ethics committee approval. All patients had to be in good health, with no chronic disease or smoking habits; all were physically able to tolerate the procedure. Patients were excluded if they had any disease, condition, or medication that might compromise healing or osseointegration, or if they were unable or unwilling to return for follow-up visits.
All implants in this study were Euroteknika implants (Euroteknika, Sallanches, France), which are compatible with the Astra system (Dentsply International, Waltham, MA, USA). Primary stability (torque 25 N/cm) of the implants was achieved during the surgical procedure. Preliminary diagnostic procedures included a digital panoramic radiographic evaluation.
The present study was conducted on patients with chronic periodontitis in the anterior region of the mandible. Treatment was required in order to replace the residual hopeless teeth, which had lost 75% of the supporting bone or had a probing depth (PD) >8 mm. A fixed partial implant-supported restoration was used in the presence of four bony walls of the remaining alveolus with at least 5 mm depth on both sides and the presence of 5 mm of bone beyond the root apex. Patients were excluded if there was a need for grafting of the implant site. Each patient received two implants in the region of the lateral incisors of the mandible, which were placed immediately after extraction. One of the two implants was treated with PRGFs (group I), while the other was not and served as a control (group II). The test and control sides were switched according to the order of patients.
Preparation of PRGFs
Before surgery and the administration of local anaesthesia, 10 ml of peripheral blood was drawn. The blood was deposited in laboratory glass tubes pre-treated with 3.8% trisodium citrate. The tubes were centrifuged at 270 rpm at room temperature for 7 min in a centrifuge unit specifically designed for use with this technique (PRGF System; BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain). This allows the separation of blood into distinct layers: a cellular layer at the bottom, PRP in the middle, and platelet-poor plasma at the top. The cellular components (mostly red blood cells and a thin layer of white blood cells) remain at the bottom of the tube, above which is the plasma component consisting of PRGFs and finally a layer of plasma poor in growth factors. The middle layer was collected and stored in a sterile glass container until use. Leukocytes were not collected in this preparation. At the time of the application, approximately 50 μl of 10% CaCl 2 solution was added per 1 ml of PRGF concentrate to enable clot formation. A platelet cell count was done before and after centrifugation.
One hour before the surgical procedure, the patient began a prophylactic regimen of 600 mg clindamycin. All procedures were performed after the administration of 3.6–5.4 ml of a combination consisting of local anaesthetic (mepivacaine HCl 2%) and a vasoconstrictor (levonordefrin) at a ratio of 1:20,000. A full-thickness mucosal flap was raised and the teeth extracted gently with extraction forceps, with minimum surgical trauma and without any damage to the adjacent hard tissues ( Fig. 1 A and B). The extraction sites were then carefully debrided with a sharp curette to remove any granulation or fibrous tissue that was present and were irrigated with sterile saline. The depth of the socket was measured to determine the drilling needed after the root apex. Osteotomies were performed via standard protocols in all cases, including slow-speed sequential drills and copious irrigation. At the test sites, the prepared PRGFs were injected slowly at low pressure into the drill holes immediately before implant placement ( Fig. 1 C). In addition, the implant was dipped in PRGFs before seating. Implants were manually screwed into the prepared osteotomies at the crestal ridge ( Fig. 1 D). Implant stability was monitored and noted upon placement. Closure of the wound was obtained by coronal repositioning of the flap.
(A) Before extraction. (B) After extraction. (C) Injection of PRGFs into the test site. (D) Implant placement. (Test: right side; control: left side.)
Postoperative phase
Postoperative instructions were given to the patient, which included the application of extraoral ice packs for 2 h on the first day in order to minimize oedema. Oral hygiene instructions included the use of warm 0.2% chlorhexidine HCl as an antiseptic mouthwash twice daily for 7 days, the use of a soft toothbrush, and gentle cleaning with dental floss. Patients were also required to take 300 mg clindamycin orally every 6 h for 5 days and to take ibuprofen 600 mg twice daily for 7–10 days. A direct panoramic radiograph was taken immediately after implant placement to evaluate the implant position. Patients were recalled after 1 week for the removal of sutures and to assess the presence of any pain, swelling, or infection. After a healing period of 3 months, the second-stage surgical procedure was performed with the placement of a healing abutment on the implant. Prosthetic rehabilitation started 2 weeks after the second-stage surgical procedure, in which the crowns were cemented with temporary cement.
Follow-up phase
All patients were examined immediately after surgery and during the first week to check if there was pain, discomfort, swelling, or infection. The plaque index (PI) and the bleeding index (BI) were used for clinical evaluation at 6 and 12 months after insertion of the final restoration. In accordance with Mombelli et al., the probing pocket depth (PPD) around the implant was measured at the four aspects of the implant (the facial, lingual, and proximal surfaces) using a probe graduated in millimetres, and the mean was then calculated. PPD was also evaluated after 6 and 12 months.
Radiographic evaluation
Radiographic examinations with digital panoramic radiographs were performed within 7 days after surgery as the baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months ( Fig. 2 ). An independent radiologist analyzed the radiographs without knowledge of which implant was treated with PRGFs. The saved image was opened in ImageJ program. The reference for measurements was the implant–abutment interface and the scale was determined in reference to the known implant length. From the 'Analyze' command, the 'Set Scale' command was selected to convert pixel dimensions into millimetres. A line was drawn from the implant apex to the implant shoulder. The length of the implant fixture was measured and compared to the real implant length to determine the magnification factor in the image. The distance from the implant apex to the first seen point of bone–implant contact was measured. The difference between this and the implant length represents a vertical marginal bone defect. The measurements were noted mesially and distally and the mean was calculated in millimetres according to the magnification factor of the image. In accordance with Buser et al., an implant was classified as having survived if the following parameters were met: (1) absence of recurring peri-implant infection with suppuration; (2) absence of persistent subjective complaints such as pain, foreign body sensation, and/or dysesthesia; (3) absence of a continuous radiolucency around the implant; and (4) absence of any detectable implant mobility.
Radiographic evaluation. (A) Before extraction. (B) Immediately after implant placement. (C) After 3 months. (D) After 1 year. (Test: right side; control: left side.)
The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Comparisons between quantitative variables were carried out by Student t -test of two independent samples. The results were considered to be significant at P -values of less than 0.05.
Each patient received two implants with a diameter of 3.6 mm and a length between 10 and 12 mm. All patients showed good compliance and the healing period was uneventful for both treatment groups, without infections or complications. The survival rate was 100% in both groups and none of the implants lost osseointegration. The baseline analysis showed no significant differences between group I and group II for any of the variables assessed, thus allowing the post-treatment results to be compared.
Plaque index (PI)
As shown in Table 1 , there were no significant differences between the control and test groups at 6 and 12 months, at the 5% level ( P > 0.05). Mean PI values were 0.5 ± 0.3 at the control site and 0.5 ± 0.4 at the test site after 6 months. These values were 0.9 ± 0.1 at the control site and 1.0 ± 0.4 at the test site after 12 months.
Plaque index (PI) and bleeding index (BI) of the tested groups at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. a
P -value
6 months 0.5 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.3 0.890 0.6 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.3 0.784
12 months 1.0 ± 0.4 0.9 ± 0.1 0.357 1.0 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.2 0.583
a Results are the mean ± SD ( n = 15). Group I, treated with PRGFs; group II, control.
Bleeding index (BI)
As shown in Table 1 , there were no significant differences between the control and test groups at 6 and 12 months, at the 5% level ( P > 0.05). Mean BI values were 0.6 ± 0.3 at the control site and 0.6 ± 0.4 at the test site after 6 months. These values were 1.0 ± 0.2 at the control site and 1.0 ± 0.3 at the test site after 12 months.
Probing pocket depth (PPD)
As shown in Tables 2–4 , there were significant differences between the control and test groups at 6 and 12 months, at the 5% level ( P < 0.05). Mean PPD values were 2.9 ± 0.2 mm at the control site and 2.4 ± 0.4 mm at the test site after 6 months. These values were 3.8 ± 0.3 mm at the control site and 3.4 ± 0.4 mm at the test site after 12 months.
Marginal bone loss (MBL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) in the tested groups (I and II) at the different follow-up assessments. a
MBL (mm)
PPD (mm)
Baseline 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.817 – – –
3 months 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.0 0.000 – – –
Mean probing pocket depth—group I (treated with PRGFs).
6 months 2 2.5 2.5 2 2.25 2.25 3 2.25 2.5 2.25 2 2.5 3 2.25 3.25
12 months 3.25 3.5 3.25 3.25 4 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.5 3.25 3.25 3 4.75
Mean probing pocket depth—group II (control).
6 months 3.25 2.5 3 3 2.5 3 3 2.75 3 3 3 3.25 2.5 2.75 3
12 months 4 3.5 3.5 3.75 3.5 3.75 4.25 3.25 3.75 3.75 3.25 4.25 3.75 3.75 3.5
Clinical performance and peri-implant parameters of 132 implants supporting Locator ®-retained overdentures: a case series of 33 patients
Microcirculatory consequences of chronic bisphosphonate treatment after tooth extraction in a rat model
Are success and survival rates of early implant placement higher than immediate implant placement?
Clinical outcome and bone healing of implants placed with high insertion torque: 12-month results from a multicenter controlled cohort study
Clinical evaluation of submerged and non-submerged implants for posterior single-tooth replacements: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial
Maxillary sinus lift with solely autogenous bone compared to a combination of autogenous bone and growth factors or (solely) bone substitutes. A systematic review
Local using a tetracycline in infected tooth socket at immediate implantation
Tags: International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Volume 44ue 4
Jan 17, 2018 | Posted by drzezo in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | Comments Off on Evaluation of the use of plasma rich in growth factors with immediate implant placement in periodontally compromised extraction sites: a controlled prospective study


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Weymouth Garage Conversions: Why not convert your garage into a usable living space if, like most people in Weymouth, you don't actually use it for keeping your car in. You could turn what is currently a cold, messy storage space into a comfortable and spacious room. In most cases you don't even need planning permission.
If you contact a professional garage conversion company to ask for assistance with your garage change of use, they will happily offer advice on the potential uses that your new room could be used for. Perhaps you want to create a new family bathroom, gain an extra bedroom for the kids or simply extend you liveable home space. Your local Weymouth garage conversion specialist will make your dream a reality, whichever of these you choose.
The extra room added by a garage conversion might make your home more attractive to potential buyers, if you have plans to sell it. However having off-road-parking in the shape of a garage can be a huge advantage in some areas. If converting is a disadvantage then any reputable Weymouth garage conversion company should advise you of this fact.
Your chosen garage conversion specialist in Weymouth will want to ensure that your garage structure had been designed and built in a way that will accommodate this change of use and may employ an architect for this purpose. Not all garages in Weymouth are built in the same way as residential structures and may need to be adapted. In order for the garage to satisfy current building regulations the replacement of footings may be necessary or perhaps the roof and structure will need strengthening and waterproofing.
Weymouth garage conversion specialists can normally help with garage conversion for a bedroom, garage conversion for a utility room, garage facelifts, decorating, fixtures and fittings, garage extension, planning applications, demolition, space planning, construction drawings, garage conversion for a games room, site surveys, garage makeovers, garage conversions for the disabled and other garage related stuff in Weymouth, Dorset.
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