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Nicolás de Prato O.P. (en italiano, Nicolò Albertini, Niccolò Alberti; Prato, Toscana, h. 1250 - Aviñón, 1 de abril de 1321) fue un cardenal italiano, miembro de la orden de los dominicos.

Primeros años
Albertini nació alrededor del año 1250 en la ciudad de Prato, entonces el condado de Prato, parte del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, de padres que pertenecían los dos a ilustres familias de Toscana.

La educación inicial de Albertini fue dirigida por sus padres. A los 16 años de edad (1266) entró en el noviciado de la orden dominica del priorado de Santa Maria Novella en Florencia, y, al profesar sus votos religiosos al año siguiente, fue enviado a la Universidad de París para completar sus estudios.

Carrera
Albertini predicó por toda Italia con éxito, y sus lecturas teológicas recibieron especial atención en Florencia y en Roma. Sirvió como lector en el studium en Santa Maria sopra Minerva que se había desarrollado a partir del studium el primer studium romano dominico en el convento de Santa Sabina, y que se desarrollaría hasta ser la Universidad Pontificia de Santo Tomás de Aquino, Angelicum. Sus superiores le confiaron varios deberes importantes y gobernó diversas casas. Fue nombrado procurador general de toda la Orden de Santo Domingo por el Beato Nicolo Bocassini, entonces maestro general, y fue después elegido prior provincial de la provincia romana. En 1299 el papa Bonifacio VIII lo nombró obispo de Spoleto y muy poco tiempo después lo envió como legado papal ante los reyes de Francia e Inglaterra, Felipe IV y Eduardo I, con la perspectiva de reconciliarlos, una tarea aparentemente imposible.

Albertini tuvo éxito en su misión. El papa y todo su consistorio se lo agradeció, y lo hizo vicario de Roma. El papa Benedicto XI fue particularmente cercano a Albertini, con quien había vivido largo tiempo en el mismo claustro. Poco después de su ascenso al papado (22 de octubre de 1303) hizo a Albertini obispo de Ostia, cargo que mantuvo durante casi 18 años.

Las guerras civiles que en los siglos XIII y XIV habían devastado gran parte de Italia, especialmente Toscana, la Romaña y la marca de Treviso, hicieron que el papa de nuevo nombrara al nuevo crdenal apostólico legado, y lo envió a restaurar la paz en aquellas provincias perturbadas.

La autoridad de Albertini también se extendió a las diócesis de Aquila, Rávena, Ferrara, y las del territorio de Venecia. Fue bien recibido por el pueblo de Florencia, pero después de muchos esfuerzos inútiles para lograr la reconciliación entre los güelfos y los gibelinos, dejó la ciudad y la puso bajo interdicto.

El 29 de junio de 1312, en el nombre del papa Clemente V, Albertini coronó a Enrique de Luxemburgo como Sacro Emperador de Roma. Fue más tarde el principal juez del juzgado que exoneró al fraile dominico, Bernardo da Montepulciano, del cargo de asesinar a Enrique a través de una hostia envenenada en una misa. Coronó a Roberto de Nápoles, hijo y sucesor de Carlos II de Nápoles, como rey de Sicilia.

Como cardenal obispo de Ostia e Velletri y decano del Colegio Cardenalicio, Albertini fue elector en el cónclave de 1314-16, el más largo de la historia, que eligió a Juan XXII.

Albertini fue decano del colegio cardenalicio desde agosto de 1312 hasta su muerte en Aviñón. Está enterrado en la iglesia dominica de ese lugar.

El cardenal de Ostia fue conocido por su gran amor por los pobres, especialmente los pobres de la ciudad de Prato. También hizo generosas donaciones a casas de religión y para que se erigieran iglesias. En Aviñón estableció una comunidaad de monjas similar a las que fundó Santo Domingo en la Iglesia de San Sisto Vecchio de Roma. Obtuvo para su orden el cargo de Maestro del Sacro Palacio, que ha mantenido desde entonces un fraile dominico.

Obras
Dos trabajos menores son todo lo que se conoce de los escritos de Albertini. Uno es un tratado sobre el Paraíso, y el otro la forma en que se deben celebrar asambleas de obispos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cardenales creados por Benedicto XI
Cardenales obispos de Ostia
Cardenales obispos de Velletri-Segni
Cardenales de Italia del siglo XIV
Papado de Aviñón
Dominicos de Italia del siglo XIII
Alumnado de la Universidad de París
Diplomáticos de la Santa Sede
Decanos del Colegio de Cardenales
Nacidos en Prato
Fallecidos en Aviñón
Cardenales dominicos
Obispos católicos del siglo XIV
Obispos dominicos
Obispos de Italia del siglo XIV
Dominicos de Italia del siglo XIV

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The new composer participants in CANOE (Composer Apprentice National Outreach Endeavor) are going strong. The next composing sessions will occur after spring break happening next week, with the participants starting their own individual compositions. Each participant has a unique idea for their composition, some starting with melodic ideas, some starting with ideas about harmony, and others beginning with rhythmic ideas. Creativity is everywhere with these composers, and it will be an exciting event to go hear their finished works performed by the Civic Symphony of Green Bay in the fall!
CANOE program entering phase 2!
It's not the easiest of pursuits to compose written music. A good friend of mine, who would later become a Senior Ethnomusicologist with the Smithsonian, now Emeritus, once commented that he had taken a couple years of composition in college—and quit. He admired what I did, he said, because he knew how hard it really was. However, several aspiring composers have started their own studies this year, in Bowler and Gresham high schools, and from the Stockbridge-Munsee reservation too. They will succeed!
The program transpires in basically three phases. The first phase is a group orientation on the CANOE program, and a beginning practicum on written notation. Phase One of the 2015 program is now complete, and the participant composers will start Phase Two next week: individualized composition studies. Over the next several weeks, the composers will create a seed of some music idea: perhaps a few notes, possibly some chords, or maybe a conceptual thought such as a scenic sunset. From this starting point, whatever it may be, they will enhance and develop a longer, fully-conceived composition, before moving to the third and final phase, adapting their compositions for string quartet.
2015 is off to a great start! If you personally know any of these students, please encourage them with their ambitious task. The finished compositions will be performed in concert by the Civic Symphony of Green Bay in the orchestra's fall season. We should all be there with bells on!
At Bowler High School, Lyndsey and Drew put pencil to music manuscript paper.
The Composer Apprentice National Outreach Endeavor (CANOE) is off the ground. There are five 2015 participants, and we'll have our first orientation meeting next week. I'll be facilitating the sessions throughout the semester, in the various participant's locations. It would be great to support and encourage our first round of participants, who are on the road to composing their first works for string quartet. Each participant will write their music by hand on paper (without a computer program) resulting in their more meticulous and thorough understanding of music notation. So, if you would, encourage, support and applaud our CANOE participants!
Sharpen your pencils, CANOE fires up!
CANOE 2015 will be officially underway next week! The Composer Apprentice National Outreach Endeavor, also known by its acronym CANOE, will begin the student composer orientation sessions during the week of March 9th, followed by weekly private lessons thereafter.
Several hopeful composers are joining the ranks of our CANOE program, coming from Bowler High School, Gresham High School, and the Stockbridge-Munsee community. Participants are high school students and adults who will undergo rigorous training in composing written music, training occurring over several weeks, and culminating in a live performance of their finished compositions.
Special thanks go to our Bowler and Gresham high school faculty, who are assisting this new program: Alan Marquardt (Bowler H.S. Band), Amanda Hein (Bowler H.S. Chorus), Amy Doefer (Gresham H. S. Band), and Lee Clasen (Gresham H. S. Chorus). And, special thanks to Seong-Kyung Graham, conductor of the Civic Symphony of Green Bay. If all goes to plan, the finished compositions will be performed by the symphony at a future date (to be determined).
Advice to participants — find a ruler, sharpen those pencils, and get ready to immerse yourselves in the power of composing your own music!


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HomeCanadaCanadian crude oil exports by rail reach a 3-year high – NEB
Canadian crude oil exports by rail reach a 3-year high – NEB
June 15, 2018 Energi Staff 2 Canada
Source: NEB Description: This bar graph shows exports of crude oil by rail in thousand barrels per day from January 2015 until March 2018. Exports by rail averaged 134.62 Mb/d in January 2015, reached a low of 43.20 Mb/d in in June 2016, and reached a high of 170.62 Mb/d in March 2018.
Refineries in US East Coast have minimal pipeline access so bring in Western Canadian crude oil by rail
In March of 2018, Canadian oil volumes exported by rail reached a 3-year high of over 170,000 barrels per day (Mb/d). The differential between light and heavy crude oil benchmark prices also reached a 3 year high in March 2018, averaging $23 per barrel, according to the National Energy Board.
Crude-by-rail exports were more economic because the relatively high cost of rail transportation was offset by the lower cost paid for the Canadian oil by refiners in the United States (U.S.). Additionally, major crude oil export pipelines have been operating at, or near, capacity over this period.
Earlier in the year, Canadian crude producers struggled to get their oil to market. Production rose, but pipelines were operating at capacity and rail companies were focussed on transporting agricultural goods instead of oil.
Approximately 75% of Canadian crude-by-rail exports were destined for the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, with the remainder going elsewhere in the U.S, such as the West Coast and Rocky Mountain regions.
As a result, Canadian crude was trading at a heavy discount compared to US West Texas Intermediate. The crude transportation crunch has eased recently and the discount is closer to average levels.
However, shipments to the US Gulf Coast are still being impacted by a regulator-mandated reduction in capacity on TransCanada's Keystone pipeline following a leak late last year in Marshall County, North Dakota.
The Gulf Coast is the largest refining region in the U.S. and has a large capacity to process Canadian heavy crude oil. Refineries in the U.S. East Coast have minimal pipeline access, and therefore bring in crude oil from western Canada by rail (in addition to imports from eastern Canada via marine tanker).
EIA expects Brent crude oil prices to average $71 in 2018, $68 in 2019

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Home » BLACKPINK COMEBACK BORN PINK ALBUM 2022 » "PINK VENOM" Becomes The Fastest MV to Hit 100 Million Views by Any Female Artist in YouTube History
"PINK VENOM" Becomes The Fastest MV to Hit 100 Million Views by Any Female Artist in YouTube History
BLACKPINK UPDATE August 21, 2022 59 0
BLACKPINK UPDATE – August 21, 2022 KST
BLACKPINK "PINK VENOM" becomes the fastest Music Video to hit 100 million views by any female artist in YouTube history.
According to Soompi, "On August 20, 2022 at approximately 6:36 p.m. KST, BLACKPINK's music video for their new pre-release single 'Pink Venom' hit 100 million views on YouTube—meaning that it took just one day, five hours, and 36 minutes to reach the milestone."
"Pink Venom" is now the fastest music video by any female artist in YouTube history to hit the 100 million views, breaking the previous record by BLACKPINK 'How You Like That' that hit 100 million views in one day, eight hours, and 22 minutes.
Congratulations BLACKPINK and BLINKs for the new record!
Share This Update!
[UPDATE] JENNIE For SOONHARI, Premium Korean Flavored Soju Brand


Hello, my name is Sophie and I am a happy, hard-working illustrator living and working in the picturesque Yorkshire countryside. I am extremely passionate about creating detailed watercolour illustrations and surface pattern designs and specialise in life-like yet modern watercolour using expressive and saturated colour palettes.
Since graduating with a First Class Honours degree in Surface Pattern and Printed Textiles Design in 2014, I went on to set up as an independent freelance illustrator and greetings card publisher.
Sophie Brabbins is an established luxury greetings card and stationery brand based specialising in creating original, beautifully designed watercolour paper products of outstanding quality. Best known for life-like yet modern hand-painted watercolour Greeting Cards, the range now includes Wrapping Paper, Art Prints and more, which can be seen in a number of luxury and independent retailers including; The Conran Shop, Harvey Nichols, and Le Bon Marché. All of our products are responsibly made in the UK with incredible care and attention to detail at every stage.


Yeovil Town manager Darren Way spoke to local journalist Chris Spittles, in an interview for BBC Somerset, after his side had beaten Southend United in the FA Cup on Saturday 4th November 2017.
CS: Darren, well played - a place in the FA Cup Second Round, and your team were well worth that today.
DW: I think today we had to prove that we could compete against a League One team, and the only way we were going to do that was when we crossed that white line and entered that arena. Every individual played a massive part in that performance.
CS: There were suggestions before the game, from one of their players, that you couldn't compete with a League One team. Was that a bit of motivation for your players?
DW: I'm not on social media, so I'm not that stupid. But I think that if I was a player that probably would have encouraged me to put on a performance. But I don't think my players need to get involved in that. What you've seen is a group of individuals of character, desire and commitment and fight, and today we came out on top. The players deserve that.
CS: In the first half, in particular, you completely dominated the game.
DW: I thought we did, certainly with the counter-attack. When you look at their squad, and what we're working with, we had six on the bench today. With young Tommy (Scott) from the academy, what a great moment that is for him. Rhys Browne and Jake Gray had to join the field because of our two forwards, but when you're fighting up against that, and you put on that performance as a manager, and certainly for the football club, you feel very proud.
CS: The penalty was how the goal came, but no arguments about it - a clear foul on Sam Surridge?
CS: The push on Surridge?
DW: Definitely. So it was two penalties, but it just shows how quickly we break. You could see that in the last three games.
CS: Otis is full of confidence, and it was a good penalty from him.
DW: I think that when you look at individuals, being young and only just being together for a short period of time, I look at what Lee Johnson has created in a short space of time with the younger players he had last year, and the experiences that they went through, I think with the experience it builds mindsets. What I can see is that every experience that these players are going through - Omar Sowunmi in particular; I thought his performance was very very good today. These players are growing, and when that happens, you grow in confidence and I think you can see that within the team, but they still have to show an athleticism and fitness. We've got both at the moment.
CS: In the second half, you had some more defending to do. How pleased were you with the defensive effort that helped you keep a clean sheet?
DW: I think that when you're a manager, and you look at the subs that are coming on, you're always a little bit aware of the quality that Nile Ranger, Jermaine McGlashan. You'd be over the moon if they joined this club.
CS: So pleased that you had to keep a clean sheet to win the game, and you did that.
DW: With the organisation, you could probably hear me throughout the game saying make sure you stick together and stay together, distances, stay compact, and it was very very disciplined. Certainly when we broke, I thought we could have scored three or four today.
CS: Coupled with last Saturday's win as well, it's two highly impressive performances in a row. What can this do for the confidence of the players?
DW: It's very pleasing and more importantly the players are going to grow with confidence. But I think the whole club as a whole deserve it; the supporters and staff, because we work extremely hard and I feel we're doing a great job of getting to where we want to be.
CS: Of course it's FA Cup, so you're into the Second Round. Ninety minutes away from the Third Round. That's where clubs entering at this stage want to get to, isn't it?
DW: Well the success story that's been built at this football club, as far as the giant-killers, I've seen it. Today I explained to the players, and we talked about the history of this football club, and what it means to the football club, and my team put that into practice. We can all talk about success and we can all talk about history, but you've still got to get a group of players to take you on that journey. That was a good start today.
CS: You were a part of giant-killings when this club was a non-league club. How much do you enjoy being the underdog in this competition?
DW: I just love being the underdog, because when you're at Yeovil you've got to fight against all odds with resources. But this football club has got an unbelievable desire and commitment, I think for me personally, to succeed, and it has done on many fronts. I think that with the group of players that you've seen there today that we've got half a chance of creating something.
CS: Just finally, in that Second Round draw, what's the main thing that you want? Is it a home time here at Huish Park what you'll really be hoping for?
DW: I think anything that can bring a lot of finances to the football club.
CS: So anything that will let you get to the Third Round and the riches that could be on offer there?
DW: Definitely, because everyone will get behind that - players, supporters - and I think the club deserve it.


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At age of 55 years, Mahesh suffers from a massive heart attack. He gets a Lumpsum of Rs 50 lacs (50% of Rs 1 crore) to take care of his medical expenses. His life cover of remaining Rs 1 crore will continue and will need to pay Rs 9,070 for this life cover.
In case of unfortunate death, his wife, who is the nominee will get Rs 1 crore.


Here are just some of the books and products we have to offer!
Beauty for Ashes is a compilation of true stories where God transformed pain to praise, wounds to worship, and tragedy to triumph.
Distractions Have a Name, and Purpose Has a Face. Beyond Blessed serves as a reminder of God's divine design for our destiny. Through the authors personal stories we gain access to the internal force that drives her. She allows the reader to rejoice in her victories, weep in her setbacks and focus on the face of the father in spite of what is or is not in sight. Beyond Blessed a book by Maura Gale. Foreword by Dr. Kimberly Leslie-Patton.


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WI Crackdown on Worker Misclassification Nets $1.4 Million in Unpaid Taxes, Interest & Penalties
Workerscompensation.com reports that Wisconsin's focus on misclassification of workers as independent contractors allowed the state to collect $1.4 million.
Department of Workforce Development (DWD) Secretary Ray Allen announced that due to the department's efforts to combat the misclassification of workers in Wisconsin across numerous industries, the state netted $1.4 million in unpaid Unemployment Insurance (UI) taxes, interest and associated penalties. This figure doesn't include the additional dollars brought into the UI Trust Fund due to continued compliance with UI tax law.
The state's efforts to reduce worker misclassification is part of a multi-pronged, anti-fraud initiative that is designed to ensure employers comply with requirements to classify workers correctly as employees or independent contractors under unemployment, worker's compensation and equal rights law. Employers who misclassify workers as independent contractors unfairly avoid UI tax and other tax obligations. Conversely, combating worker misclassification has protected and strengthened the state's UI Trust Fund, which ended 2017 with a balance of nearly $1.5 billion and increased $313 million over the year. The latest annual report detailing the state's strong UI anti-fraud measures is available online.
"The state's UI program plays an important role in helping workers as they rapidly transition from a period of unemployment to a new, rewarding career," Secretary Allen said. "We owe it to the Wisconsin employers that fund this vital program to ensure that everyone plays by the rules so that workers who are out of work through no fault of their own have access to the temporary safety net they need, and so that businesses don't gain an unfair competitive advantage by skirting legal obligations."
DWD operates a dedicated Worker Misclassification Unit, staffed with a team of seasoned, former law enforcement professionals, many of whom specialized in investigating white-collar crime during their previous careers. This unit teams with the UI Division's Audit Section as well as the Program Integrity Section to effectively investigate, formulate cases and pursue monies owed to the UI Trust Fund as well as associated penalties.
Source: WI Crackdown on Worker Misclassification Nets $1.4 Million in Unpaid Taxes, Interest & Penalties
Stiffer Penalties Proposed for Misclassification of Construction Workers From The Legal Intelligencer, Victoria Hudgins reports on a Pennsylvania state representative's efforts to increase the penalties for misclassifying workers. The construction industry is frequently the target of government efforts to find and punish companies that misclassify workers. Victoria writes: A state representative seeks to increase the penalties for misclassifying construction employees as independent contractors."Intentional…More →...
Employee misclassification crackdown: DOL shells out millions to fund detection and enforcement From HR.BLR.com, Jasmin M. Rojas, JD writes "For a while we have been telling you that the United States Department of Labor (DOL) is serious about cracking down on employee misclassification. Since announcing its Misclassification Initiative in September 2011, the DOL continues to make employer compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) a top…More →...
DOL Awards $10.2 Million to 19 States to Help Finance Their Crackdown on Independent Contractor Misclassification From the Independent Contractor Compliance and Misclassification Legal Blog – "The news from Washington, D.C. yesterday is that the U.S. Department of Labor is funding 19 states' efforts to crack down on businesses that unwittingly or intentionally fail to make unemployment contributions for individuals misclassified as independent contractors. While class actions in court continue to receive the most attention, unemployment proceedings…More →...
Employers face crackdown over worker misclassification From the Employee Benefit News — "Since the onset of the recession, there has been a surge in worker misclassification litigation and enforcement against employers that are trying to effectively manage their finances, but are incorrectly classifying their workers. There is also concern around the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate, which may make misclassifications a tempting alternative…More →...
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Adam and Eve in Ancient Gnostic Literature and 1 Timothy 2:13-14
Posted by Marg | Mar 9, 2015 | 1 Timothy 2:12, All Posts on Equality, Church History, Paul and Women | 13
Tags: 1 Timothy 2:13-14, Adam and Eve, Ancient Ephesus, Eve's Deception, First Timothy, Gnosticism
For Beth
In other articles on this website I have suggested that the heresy in Ephesus—which motivated Paul to write his first letter to Timothy—was a kind of pre-Gnostic or syncretistic heresy (cf. 1 Tim. 1:3-7; 2:5; 4:1-4, 7; 6:20; etc).[1] I have also previously suggested that 1 Timothy 2:13-14 was written to correct heretical ideas concerning Adam and Eve.
Several ancient texts (discovered in 1945 near Nag Hammadi, Egypt) show that the biblical creation accounts were interpreted freely and allegorically in the first few centuries of the common era. In some of these texts, Eve is depicted as a powerful force while Adam is passive.
One of my readers wanted more information about these texts and wanted to check them for herself. So in this post I provide links to Gnostic works which present Eve in a very different light to how the Bible presents her. In these texts, Eve is sometimes described as Adam's teacher. She is also depicted as superior to Adam, as preceding him, or as giving life to him in some way.
The links to these texts, along with a few sample quotes, are provided to show the plausibility that 1 Timothy 2:13-14 was written to correct a faulty understanding that Eve was created first and that she was neither deceived nor a sinner.
Most of the texts are not long but, if you want to read just the pertinent sentences, I suggest searching the texts using the word "Adam". [To search, go to the text online, press and hold Ctrl and then press the letter F key. Then type in the word "Adam" in the field that pops up.]
Reading the Gnostic texts is one thing, understanding them is another. To help in understanding, it is important to note that "Eve" is equivalent to the Greek word "Zoe," and that both words mean "Life".[2] Eve, or Zoe, is portrayed in some texts as the daughter or messenger of the divine "Sophia." (Sophia is considered by some Gnostics as the feminine hypostasis, or manifestation, of the Godhead.) Other Gnostic terms are applied to other "heavenly projections" of Eve, such as "Epinoia" (a Greek word which, in other contexts, typically means "thought").
A SELECTION OF GNOSTIC TEXTS
Apocalypse of Adam (c. 50-150)
In this work, Adam speaks and says that Eve "taught me a word of knowledge of the eternal God." The text thus refers to Eve as a teacher of theological knowledge.
Online text and commentary.
Thunder, Perfect Mind (c. 100-230)
This text contains the ramblings of a woman called "Life" (i.e. Zoe, a.k.a Eve). Unlike what the title suggests, this piece of writing is not conducive or indicative of a perfect mind. This piece is not especially helpful in discussing the heresy of 1 Timothy 2:12 but lends weight to the idea that some strands of Judaism and early Christianity held to strange ideas about Eve.
Gospel of Philip (c. 180-250)
This work is even weirder. It states that Adam came into being through two virgins, one of whom is Spirit and seems to be Eve.
The Apocryphon of John (c. 120-180)
This book portrays Eve as a teacher of Adam:
And he sent, through his beneficent Spirit and his great mercy, a helper to Adam, luminous Epinoia which comes out of him, who is called "Life" (Zoe). And she assists the whole creature, by toiling with him and by restoring him to his fullness and by teaching him about the descent of his seed (and) by teaching him about the way of ascent, (which is) the way he came down.
In this passage Eve is shown as superior to Adam:
I am the light which exists in the light, I am the remembrance of the Pronoia—that I might enter into the midst of darkness and the inside of Hades. And I filled my face with the light of the completion of their aeon. And I entered into the midst of their prison, which is the prison of the body. And I said, 'He who hears, let him get up from the deep sleep.' And he wept and shed tears. Bitter tears he wiped from himself and he said, 'Who is it that calls my name, and from where has this hope come to me, while I am in the chains of the prison?' And I said, 'I am the Pronoia of the pure light; I am the thinking of the virginal Spirit, who raised you up to the honored place. Arise and remember that it is you who hearkened, and follow your root, which is I, the merciful one, and guard yourself against the angels of poverty and the demons of chaos and all those who ensnare you, and beware of the deep sleep and the enclosure of the inside of Hades.
Stephan A. Hoeller, a Gnostic scholar and Gnostic believer, comments on this passage and writes,
Nowhere is Eve's superiority and numinous power more evident than in her role as Adam's awakener. Adam is in a deep sleep, from which Eve's liberating call arouses him. While the orthodox version has Eve physically emerge from Adam's body, the Gnostic rendering has the spiritual principle known as Eve emerging from the unconscious depths of the somnolent Adam.[3]
Online text and commentary
The first two pages of the of The Apocryphon of John from a book found in Nag Hammadi.
The Hypostasis of the Archons (c. 200-300 CE)
This long text is an esoteric interpretation of Genesis chapters 1-6. It includes several passages about Adam and Eve including the following where Adam acknowledges that Eve has given him life:
The rulers took counsel with one another and said, "Come, let us cause a deep sleep to fall upon Adam." And he slept. – Now the deep sleep that they "caused to fall upon him, and he slept" is Ignorance. – They opened his side like a living woman. And they built up his side with some flesh in place of her, and Adam came to be endowed only with soul. And the spirit-endowed woman came to him and spoke with him, saying, "Arise, Adam." And when he saw her, he said, "It is you who have given me life; you will be called 'mother of the living'. – For it is she who is my mother. It is she who is the physician, and the woman, and she who has given birth.
Also, The Hypostatis of the Archons (or The Nature of the Rulers) refers to the serpent as "The Teacher" who is guided by the feminine principle which mystically inhabits it. The Serpent is portrayed in a somewhat positive manner which is very different to the biblical account where the serpent is cursed by God for bringing about the downfall of Adam and Eve.
This Gnostic text is disturbing because of the way it portrays God. Gnostics believe that the Creator is demented and distant; and "the rulers" (archons) in this text (which parallel God in Genesis 1 but with corrupted twists) are described as arrogant, as giving humans a hard time, and even as spiteful.
The Origin of the World (c. 270-330)
This work is difficult to follow and contains the following enigmatic passage about Eve:
When Sophia let fall a droplet of light, it flowed onto the water, and immediately a human being appeared, being androgynous. That droplet she molded first as a female body. Afterwards, using the body she molded it in the likeness of the mother, which had appeared. And he finished it in twelve months. An androgynous human being was produced, whom the Greeks call Hermaphrodites; and whose mother the Hebrews call Eve of Life (Zoe), namely, the female instructor of life. Her offspring is the creature that is lord. Afterwards, the authorities called it "beast", so that it might lead astray their modelled creatures. The interpretation of "the beast" is "the instructor". For it was found to be the wisest of all beings.
Now, Eve is the first virgin, the one who without a husband bore her first offspring. It is she who served as her own midwife. For this reason she is held to have said:
It is I who am the part of my mother; and it is I who am the mother.
It is I who am the wife; it is I who am the virgin.
It is I who am pregnant; it is I who am the midwife.
It is I who am the one that comforts pains of travail.
It is my husband who bore me; and it is I who am his mother.
And it is he who is my father and my lord.
It is he who is my force; What he desires, he says with reason.
I am in the process of becoming; yet I have borne a man as lord.
In this passage, Adam (again) claims that Eve has given him life, and that she has preceded him:
After the day of rest, Sophia sent her daughter Zoe, being called Eve, as an instructor, in order that she might make Adam, who had no soul, arise, so that those whom he should engender might become containers of light. When Eve saw her male counterpart prostrate, she had pity upon him, and she said, "Adam! Become alive! Arise upon the earth!" Immediately her word became accomplished fact. For Adam, having arisen, suddenly opened his eyes. When he saw her, he said, "You shall be called 'Mother of the Living'. For it is you who have given me life."
PROTO-GNOSTICISM IN THE EPHESIAN CHURCH
Many of these Gnostic writings were penned after First Timothy was written. However, some of these heretical ideas were, most likely, circulating for years before they were written down. A few of these ideas may have some similarities with the heresy at Ephesus.
Cerinthus was a well-known proto-Gnostic teacher who had come to Ephesus from Alexandria some time in the latter half of the first century.[4] Like his compatriot Philo of Alexandria, Cerinthus favoured allegorical interpretations of Old Testament scripture. Yet we do not know what Cerinthus thought or taught about Adam and Eve.
Revelation 2:6 mentions that there was a heretical sect known as the Nicolaitans in Ephesus, but we know little about this relatively short-lived group. It is within First Timothy itself that there are the strongest clues about the nature of the heresy at Ephesus (1 Tim. 1:3-7; 2:5, 15; 4:1-4, 7; 6:20). These clues led men such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Eusebius to link the heresy in First Timothy with the Gnosticism they knew in the second and third centuries.[5]
Unlike the elaborate Gnostic stories, Paul gives a succinct and straightforward summary of the biblical account of creation and the Fall, albeit leaving out the bit that Adam was also a sinner.
For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. 1 Timothy 2:13-14 (Italics added.)
Paul may well have written this to correct the false notion, evident in some later Gnostic writings, that Eve was created first and then Adam, and that Adam was the one deceived.[6] More on 1 Timothy 2:13 here.
Is there a connection between the Gnostic Adam and Eve and Paul's correction in 1 Timothy 2:13-14?
[1] Scholars are increasingly reluctant to call syncretistic religious beliefs before the second century AD "Gnosticism". In the context of the letter to the Ephesians, which, like the letters to Timothy, was written in the late first century, Clinton Arnold is wary about the calling the heresy in Ephesus "Gnosticism", but concedes:
A total dismissal of all Gnostic interpretation of Ephesians would not be a proper conclusion to draw . . . . Even if the thoroughgoing dualism characteristic of fully developed Gnosis cannot be demonstrated before A.D. 135 . . . , other streams of religious influence (with permutations already in process) may have existed which had a profound impact on developing Gnosis. One or a number of these merging streams may have been converging in the first century forming the beginning of Gnosis.
Clinton E. Arnold, Ephesians: Power and Magic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 12.
[2] Curiously, the Septuagint (the Greek New Testament) has "Zoe" in Genesis 3:20, but "Eva" in Genesis 4:1.
[3] Stephan A. Hoeller, The Genesis Factor, published in Quest, September 1997. Available online at The Gnosis Archive here.
[4] According to Ernest Renan, Cerinthus was "considered to be the bitter opponent of Paul." "Chapter XVIII Ephesus—The Old Age of John—Cerinthus—Docetism", History of the Origins of Christianity. Book V. The Gospels, 219. (Source) It is more certain, however, that Cerinthus was an opponent of John who, in later life, lived in Ephesus. John may have had Cerinthus in mind when he wrote 1 John 2:22-23.
There is a much-repeated story that John ran out of a bath-house in Ephesus when he discovered Cerinthus was inside. John ran out yelling, "Let's get out of here in case the bath-house falls down for Cerinthus the enemy of truth is inside." Ireneaus, Against Heresies, 3.3.4.
Epiphanius, who is not a reliable source of information, claims that Cerinthus was from Asia Minor and began his teaching there. He also claims that Cerinthus was already causing trouble in the mid-first century and that Acts 15:24 refers to him and other Judaisers like him. Panarion Book 1 28.
[5] More about how these early church writers linked the Ephesian heresy with second-century Gnosticism is here. (Check the footnotes too.)
[6] In 1 Timothy 2:12, Paul uses the unusual verb authentein. Albert Wolters writes about a cognate noun of authentein and its association with Gnosticism,
It is noteworthy that the word authentia played a prominent role in Gnosticism; for example it was the name of the supreme deity in the systems of the early Gnostics Cerinthus and Saturninus, and in the Gnostic writing Poimandres (first and second centuries AD).
"A Semantic Study of Authentēs and its Derivatives" in the Journal for Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, 1/11 (Spring 2006), 50. This paper can be viewed here.
The noun authentia is typically translated into English as "supreme power" in works by Early Church Fathers who addressed Christian Gnosticism. The infinitive authentein, sometimes translated as "to have authority over" in 1 Timothy 2:12, does not refer to a usual kind of authority. Is there an allusion to Gnosticism in Paul's use of the word authentein? More on authentein here.
Postscript: November 14 2019
Tatian, a second-century Christian Gnostic teacher, denied that Adam was saved. In Against Heresies 1.28.1, Irenaeus says this was a recent idea and unique to Tatian. But I do wonder if the idea was circulating earlier and if it has anything to do with Paul's correction in 1 Timothy 2:14, "And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner."
Springing from Saturninus and Marcion [other Christian Gnostics], those who are called Encratites (self-controlled) preached against marriage, thus setting aside the original creation of God, and indirectly blaming Him who made the male and female for the propagation of the human race. Some of those reckoned among them have also introduced abstinence from animal food, thus proving themselves ungrateful to God, who formed all things. They deny, too, the salvation of him who was first created. It is but lately, however, that this opinion has been invented among them. A certain man named Tatian first introduced the blasphemy. He was a hearer of Justin's [Justin Martyr], and as long as he continued with him he expressed no such views; but after his martyrdom he separated from the Church, and, excited and puffed up by the thought of being a teacher, as if he were superior to others, he composed his own peculiar type of doctrine. He invented a system of certain invisible Æons, like the followers of Valentinus; while, like Marcion and Saturninus, he declared that marriage was nothing else than corruption and fornication. But his denial of Adam's salvation was an opinion due entirely to himself. Against Heresies 1.28.1
(1) William Blake, Eve tempted by the Serpent, c.1796 (Wikimedia)
(2) The first two pages of the of The Apocryphon of John from a book found in Nag Hammadi. (Wikimedia)
6 Reasons 1 Timothy 2:12 is not as clear as it seems
1 Timothy 2:13: Another reason 1 Timothy 2:12 is not clear as it seems
The meaning of authentein, with a brief history of authent– words
An Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:12 that joins the dots of 1 Timothy 2:11-15
Chastity, Salvation, and 1 Timothy 2:15
Kephalē and Proto-Gnosticism
Women, Eve, and Deception
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Marg Mowczko lives north of Sydney, Australia, in a house filled with three generations of family. She strongly believes that if we are in Christ we are part of the New Creation and part of a community where old social paradigms of hierarchies and caste or class systems have no place (2 Cor. 5:17; Gal. 3:28). Marg has a BTh from the Australian College of Ministries and an MA with a specialisation in early Christian and Jewish studies from Macquarie University.
3 views on the ministry of the Seven in Acts 6
Philip's Prophesying Daughters
Periods of Purification after Childbirth (Leviticus 12:1-8)
The Portrayal of Women in the Bible and Biblical Inspiration
Cassandra Wright	on March 9, 2015 at 10:02 pm
I am truly convinced that Paul was writing against Gnosticism in his letters to Timothy. When we also consider that odd word in I Tim 2 about "authority," it works out better with the idea of "usurping" that simply having it. I can really picture these Gnostic women coming in and trying to take over, "correcting" the preaching of the Christians. That ties together much better. Of no one should usurp someone else's authority, but this was a personal letter about a specific topic.
Gnostic thought also helps with that confusing verse at the end of I Tim 2 about a woman or women being safe in childbirth. Since material things were seen as evil to gnostics, it was evil to create a child. Perhaps the verse is really teaching that a new Christian woman giving birth was not evil and she would not be punished or her soul harmed.
SO much we don't understand. Yet people act like those verses are perfectly clear and make eternal rules out of them. How presumptuous.
Marg	on March 10, 2015 at 8:01 pm
Irenaeus, Tertullian, Eusebius and others also believed that the heresy addressed in 1 Timothy was some kind of Gnosticism. And, I agree, Gnosticism helps to make sense of 1 Tim 2:15.
The English translations make it sound straightforward, but the Greek raises some perplexing issues, including the word authentein, which despite appearances is not etymologically related to the word "authority", and may mean something entirely different in 2:12 (considering how the cognate nouns are used.)
For an explanation that strains credulity, here's John Piper's take on 1 Tim 2:12 which he provides when answering the question, "Can a Woman Preach If Elders Affirm It?" His answer is "no".
Donald Johnson	on March 10, 2015 at 1:55 am
I believe there is merit in Bruce Fleming's take on 1 Tim that Paul is doing a triple mapping of himself when deceived (before Damascus road) to Eve with the serpent to some woman or some small group of women at Ephesus with the idea that the solution to address being deceived is to be taught the truth, ala the imperative (command) in 1 Tim 2:11 which does not seem like a command in English.
The point is that there was some sort of false teaching that implied getting gnosis/knowledge of some sort. And Gnostic teaching certainly fits the bill.
judy	on March 17, 2015 at 11:18 pm
To all here, you will find another article stating much the same information halfway down the page at
http://godswordtowomen.org/fees.htm
By Don Rousu from Alberta Canada, it corroborates much of the teaching here…and ends with a paraphrase of 1 Tim 2:11-14.
If he and this writer are correct, we have wasted the lives of multiplied thousands of women with our determination to avoid higher learning and context in many churches.
I would like to add that so many men have been deceived throughout history, namely leading a multitude of false cults, that to accept females as solely deceived is nonsense.
Curious Thinker	on March 20, 2015 at 2:10 pm
Very interesting. I assumed that Paul was refererring a cult of Artemis where taught that women were descendants of the Amazon tribe and women's superiority where Eve was created first and women would be saved in childbirth from Artemis the fertility goddess. I wasn't even aware of the Gnostic teachings but that was fasinating. Great post once again.
I'm pretty sure that Artemis was making her presence felt in some way in the Ephesian church, but there is much more evidence which directly connects the Ephesian church with the heresy of Proto-Gnosticism.
Krysta	on December 22, 2015 at 6:25 am
This is amazing!! I was just reading in Kostenberger's "Women in the Church" and he talks about how Artemis isn't directly mentioned or even implied in the Pastoral Epistles. We can't determine how much that cult affected the church but I found it interesting to learn about the early church's struggle with gnosticism! Now we have TWO possible sources of influence that required Paul's correction of their skewed creation account in 1 Timothy 2:13-14! Fascinating! My husband poo-pooed my idea that Paul was correcting false teaching there and NOT giving a permanent reason for his prohibition rooted in creation order! But gnosticism fits the bill, even when it comes to women being fearful of bearing children! It makes so much sense to me! I really had no idea what gnosticism was or that it had infiltrated the church much less that they believed that Eve was superior to Adam! Amazing! I was researching it and Google suggested you Marg! I was like, "Yes! A source I can trust!"! Thanks Marg!
Jean	on May 25, 2016 at 4:50 am
This is really fascinating. I consider myself fairly well read, but I didn't know these early gnostic texts existed, much less were prominent. Your explanation makes a whole lot more sense than the universal prohibition that is preached in many conservative/reformed circles. Thanks for the food for thought!
Hi Marg, I really like your article and the painting you have chosen to illustrate it. Can you tell me who the artist of the painting is and the date please?
Marg	on February 13, 2019 at 8:00 pm
Hi Matt, the picture I've used is an excerpt from a painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder. It was painted in 1526.
You can see the whole painting here: https://www.artbible.info/art/large/515.html
Thanks Marg. How do you think this painting supports the fascinating gnostic texts? Maybe he knew of them? Did you choose it for a particular reason? I see the painting is in the Courtauld Gallery in London, so I might pop in and see it!
I chose the image for two simple reasons: because it depicted Adam and Eve and I liked the look of it. I think I've used the same image for other articles on Adam and Eve. I didn't choose it because of any implicit gnostic message in the painting. It must be great to live in a place where there are lots of artefacts of European culture nearby.
Thanks Marg.