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Home College of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Philosophy Christopher Michael Turner
Christopher Michael Turner
My interests span the history of philosophy from antiquity to the present day, focused around a series of central questions, including the following: To what extent is human flourishing under our control and to what extent is it outside of our control? If human flourishing essentially involves the use of reason in a good life shared with others, who is deemed capable of such reason and who is not, and why? What current obstacles prevent us from fulfilling our potential to lead fulfilling lives? What would an ideal political community look like, and how has such a life been imagined within the history of utopian thought? I have extensively researched the relation between fortune and human happiness in ancient thought, explored a dozen different approaches to interpreting Plato's Socrates going back more than a century, as well as authored articles on a kind of fundamental errancy that belongs to human theory and praxis as it unfolds over time in the work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Theodor Adorno. My current research project focuses on the development of a thinking which aims to come to terms with tragic reversals and sudden plunges into misfortune and catastrophe. What will emerge from the analysis is that the essentially fallen and susceptible nature of ethical and political life turns out to be no excuse for impasse and failure, though it certainly does help illuminate their persistence. From the ancient Cynics to the contemporary theorist Peter Sloterdijk, an ethical art and political praxis of taking over one's own fallenness will be elaborated, on the basis of which it becomes possible to 'turn back' the turns of fortune, to wriggle free from the twists of fate, and to recoup the ends of praxis from the counter-finalities that would invert them.
Building Location: Science 1
See Building #9: Map
Office Location: S 241 - See Map
E-mail: cturner11@csustan.edu
B.A. (summa cum laude), Northern Arizona Universiy (Philosophy), June 2009
M.A., DePaul University (Philosophy), December 2011
Ph.D. (with distinction), DePaul University (Philosophy), June 2016
Dissertation: "Aristotle and the Cynics on Happiness and Misfortune" (Awarded Mellon/ACLS Dissertation Completion Fellowship 2014-2015)
Dissertation Committee: Sean Kirkland (Director), Michael Naas, Will McNeill, Richard A. Lee, Jr., and Julie Piering
20th Century Continental Philosophy (especially the Frankfurt School and Western Marxism)
Areas of Competence:
Ethics (including Professional Ethics)
19th Century German Philosophy
Argument Analysis of Plato's Laches. On-line, Edinburgh: Archelogos, 2016. Co-author George Rudebusch. 38,000 words (equivalent of 100-page book).
http://www.archelogos.com/xml/toc/toc-laches.htm
( Project Archelogos is creating an argument database, using a new methodology for the analysis into arguments of Plato's and Aristotle's philosophical texts. Project Archelogos enjoys wide international collaboration and received the Henry Ford Foundation Award for the Preservation of European Culture in 1997.)
"Under Adorno's Spell: Bann as Fundamental Concept Rather Than Mere Metaphor." New German Critique 129, November 2016.
"Happiness, Time, and Perplexity: Aristotle's Ethical Epistemology in EN I.10." In: AKAN - Antike Naturwissenschaft und ihre Rezeption, Band 11, 2016.
"Cosmopolis: Towards a Positive Conception of Cynic Political Philosophy." Yearbook in Cosmopolitan Studies (http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/ycs/) 2 (2015).
"A Philosophical Solution to the Problem of Socrates." Co-authored with George Rudebusch. Journal of Ancient Philosophy 8 (2), 2014.
"The Return of Stolen Praxis: Counter-Finality in Sartre's Critque of Dialectical Reason." Sartre Studies International, 20 (1), 2014.
Kritik der Rechte ('Critique of Rights'), by Christoph Menke. Ongoing with Polity, 2018
What Happened in the 20th Century? by Peter Sloterdijk [Was geschah im 20. Jahrhundert?, Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2016]. Completed with Polity, 2018
I Am Not a Brain: Philosophy of Mind for the 21st Century, by Markus Gabriel 'Ich ist nicht Gehirn, Berlin: Ullstein, 2015]. Cambridge: Polity, 2017.
Not Saved: Essays After Heidegger by Peter Sloterdijk [Nicht gerettet: Versuche nach Heidegger, Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verglag, 2001]. With co-translator, Ian Alexander Moore. Cambridge: Polity, 2016.
Play as Symbol of the World by Eugen Fink [Spiel als Weltsymbol, Freiburg: Karl Alber, 2010]. With co-translator, Ian Moore. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016.
Freedom to Fail - Heidegger's Anarchy by Peter Trawny [Freiheit und Irre: Heideggers Anarchie, Berlin: Matthes & Seitz, 2014]. With co-translator, Ian Alexander Moore. Cambridge: Polity, 2015.
"Correspondence between Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schiller." In: Philosophers and their Poets: Reflections on the Poetic Turn in German Philosophy Since Kant, SUNY Press, completed and forthcoming in 2017.
"The Universal and Annihilation: Heidegger's Being-Historical Anti-Semitism [Das Universale und die Vernichtung. Heideggers seinsgeschichtlicher Antisemitismus]" by Peter Trawny. With Ian Alexander Moore, translation of a Public Lecture delivered (in our translated English) at Södertörn Högskola, Stockholm, Sweden, 2014. To be published in Heiegger's "Black Notebooks": Philosophy, Politics, Anti-Semitism (ed. by Peter Trawny and Andrew Mitchell), completed and curently under review with Columbia University Press.
"Fragments on the History of Philosophy ["Fragmente über Geschichtsphilosophie"], by Peter Trawny. With Ian Alexander Moore. Philosophy Today 60 (4), 2016.
"On Machiavelli" by Johann Gottlieb Fichte [Über Machiavelli, als Schriftsteller, und Stellen aus seinen Schriften, 1807]. Translation with Ian Alexander Moore, in: Philosophy Today 60 (3), 2016.
Conferences/Presentations:
"Under Adorno's Bann: Time for a Spell Check?" Southwest Seminar in Continental Philosophy at Northern Arizona University, May 29th-31st, 2015.
"Happiness, Time, and Perplexity: Aristotle's Ethical Epistemology in EN I.10." Applied Epistemology in Ancient Philosophy and Science, International Conference at the University of Trier, July 3-5, 2014.
"Aristotle's Ideal Polis and Political Exclusion." Northern Arizona University, Philosophy Department Colloquium Series, May 2014.
"Aristotle's Ideal Polis & Human Happiness: An Inclusive or Exclusive Politics?" Presentation at DePaul Philosophy Circle (with Esthefany Archila), April 2014.
Commentator on: Justin Humphries, "Plato's Theory of Writing in the Theaetetus" at the Ancient Philosophy Society, 13th Annual Independent Meeting, Notre Dame, April, 2013
"The Return of Stolen Praxis: Reading Sartre on Counter-Finality under the Spell of Adorno," Paper presentation as part of a panel on Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason (with Greg Trotter and Dr. Bill Martin) at the North American Sartre Society, Novemeber 2012.
"Bridging the Human/Animal Divide in Plato's Statesman," paper presentation at the Collegium Phaenomenologicum, July 2012.
"History of Cynic Philosophy" panel on Ancient Cynicism with Dr. Julie Piering and Dr. Bracht Branham at the Richard Wood Conference for Ancient Thought, Northern Arizona University, March 2008.
Philosophy Student Perspectives
Philosophy Major B.A.
Ethics Minor
Lectures and Conferences
Liberal Studies Concentration


A light weight wand made from tough plastic with a brush on the collection end. Used for collecting dust and chippings from benches in the workshop. The handle is adjustable to find the most comfortable angle in use.
The connection end is 100mm diameter to suit our standard 100FLEX transparent flexible hose, a hose clamp may also be required to secure the hose to the collector.


text:
Q: Dynamic array and functionalize malloc I try to malloc an array functionally, and this function also can check whether the memory is enough or not.
The first code block can't work.
When it executes " *pi = 5 ", the compiler shows this error message " Thread 1: EXC_BAD_ACCESS(code=1, address=0x0) " .
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 void malloc_and_check(int *var)
 {
     if(!(var = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int))))
     {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 }

 int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
 {
    int *pi;
    malloc_and_check(pi);
    *pi = 5;
    printf("%d", *pi);
    free(pi);
 }

However, the codes as below can work normally.
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>

    int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
    {
        int *pi;

        if(!(pi = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int))))
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        *pi = 5;
        printf("%d", *pi);
        free(pi);
    }

What are the difference between them? Thanks!

A: When you pass the int * var into malloc_and_check you are updating a local copy of the pointer so the original is unchanged. You can fix this in two ways:
(a) return the pointer from malloc_and_check
int * malloc_and_check()
{
    int * var = 0;
    if(!(var = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int))))
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        return 0;
    }
    return var;
}

Then you would call it as
pi = malloc_and_check();

(b) pass in a pointer to the pointer
void malloc_and_check(int ** var)
{
    if(!( *var = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int))))
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}

Then you would pass it in as
 malloc_and_check(&pi);

A: You are trying to pass the pointer by value (pass by value). You need to pass a double pointer to the function  malloc_and_check. Due to this the value assigned to the pointer is not reflecting back in the caller.
Please modify your code as below:
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 void malloc_and_check(int **var)
 {
     if(!(*var = malloc(sizeof(int))))
     {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 }

 int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
 {
    int *pi;
    malloc_and_check(&pi);
    *pi = 5;
    printf("%d", *pi);
    free(pi);
 }

A: The pointer var is allocated memory dynamically but it is local to the function malloc_and_check. The pointer pi in the function main will not get to know the address of the memory allocated to var. It is a bad access and may also result in crash sometimes.
try the code below to get the expected results :
#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 void malloc_and_check(int **var)
 {
     int *var1;
     if(!(var1 = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int))))
     {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     else
        *var = var1;
 }

 int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
 {
    int *pi;
    malloc_and_check(&pi);
    *pi = 5;
    printf("%d", *pi);
    free(pi);
 }

A: The change you make to var in the function is lost when the function returns. Either you need to pass var as a double pointer or you need to return a pointer from the function.
Example where the function returns a pointer:
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 int* malloc_and_check()
 {
     int *var;
     if(!(var = malloc(sizeof(int))))
     {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient Memory\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     return var;
 }

 int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
 {
    int *pi;
    pi = malloc_and_check();
    *pi = 5;
    printf("%d", *pi);
    free(pi);
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Director Nicole Stewart with Greek storyteller Basil Sideris with SOLUNA producer Muriel Quancard and Vietnamese storyteller Linh Matthews looking on.
The curtain has closed on the core of Oral Fixation's fourth season of storytelling, but there's one special show to go, Destination: America, and it's dear to Oral Fixation creator Nicole Stewart's heart. The cast of storytellers for Destination: America is made up of immigrants who will share their experience coming to this country and becoming American citizens in a performance at the Dallas Museum of Art's Horchow Auditorium on Saturday.
Oral Fixation hosted their first immigration-themed show, developed to celebrate naturalization ceremonies, at the DMA last year. But this year the show will be part of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra's inaugural Soluna Fest, bringing in elements of music and art that will amplify the powerful subject matter. We chatted with Nicole about Destination: America and Oral Fixation's involvement with Soluna this year.
Where did the idea to do a show about immigration come from? It was actually a wonderful, synergistic moment. One of my favorite type of moments in life where magic just happens. I'm a pilates instructor -- that's what I've done as my bread and butter since I graduated from Northwestern. It's a wonderful job where I get to help people connect with their bodies, and I love it. A gal that I had instructed in pilates was at a luncheon with Carolyn Bess, who's the director of programming of Arts and Letters Live at the [Dallas Museum of Art]. For some reason this woman said to Carolyn, "You've got to meet Nicole Stewart."
We met at Stephan Pyles, and over flatbreads we just started talking. There was no specific agenda. But she mentioned to me that Max Anderson [director of the DMA] had instituted these naturalization ceremonies. I said, "God, I would really love to talk to those people and to find out why they came to America and what it's like to go through the citizenship process -- what it's like to leave their friends and family, their culture and their language behind." Carolyn said, "We would love to have you do that show as part of Arts and Letters Live."
When they booked you for the DMA this year was that prior to Soluna being attached? We were going to do it in June, and then, on a personal note, I was pregnant and I was due the same day as we were planning the event, so I called Carolyn and said, "Do you think we can move it to May" ... [The DMA is] doing a couple of other events with Soluna, and she told me about [it] and that the theme was Destination: America, and we were like, "This is perfect." We moved the event. I ended up having a miscarriage, but we might not have thought of it otherwise. Anna Sophia van Zweden loved the idea and they're really adding a lot. They're providing La Rondalla, the acoustic youth guitar outfit out of Oak Cliff to perform. They're a program of Big Thought, which I'm a huge fan of, and they're going to be performing right before the show in Horchow and they'll do a 45-minute set during [a] reception [afterward]. They're just lovely ... and they just won a huge award [for being] one of the 50 most prominent, best arts education programs in the country. I'm really excited to connect with them, and that sort of brings in the music aspect of Soluna.
And then Anna Sophia also told me they have a couple of resident artists. One of them is Monte Laster out of Paris. He actually grew up west of Fort Worth and left the country at age 19. He's been living in Paris for over 20 years. He does what's called social sculpture art. What he's doing particularly with Oral Fixation is, we had all of our storytellers -- we cast them well in advance this time -- and we had them all come to the museum on a Monday when it was closed and we all walked the galleries of the permanent collections together and each of them selected a piece of art that either was from their home country or that evoked memories of the time before they came to America. Monte brought with him his filmographer, Antoine, from Paris, and I really didn't know what to expect in this interaction.
I couldn't have anticipated the chemistry and the power that art would have to make these storytellers feel. More than one of them choked up in tears as they interacted with the pieces and shared with us on camera why the piece that they selected was important to them. So that was one aspect of the film that Monte's creating. The other aspect is that he went on location to each of our storytellers' either home or work and filmed them in their world. I can tell you from seeing some of Antoine's footage that it's just breathtaking. Goosebumps all over the place. Instead of having the behind the scenes videos that we normally have at the beginning of the show, it'll be a 5-minute video that's created by Monte, and I just think it's going to give more of a 3-dimensional aspect to these people's lives. Most of the stories are about what their life was like at home and why they came to America, so I think it's sort of an interesting epilogue to see them here and what their life is like now.
Given the gravity of the subject matter, do you think this show will have the same blend of humor and tenderness that Oral Fixation has become known for? It's a lot harder to find the humor ... I've used the [moment of] becoming a citizen as the turning point in all of the stories in the editing process. So I would say this is more of a heartstring puller than certainly "Happy Camper" [the theme of Oral Fixation's last show], which, you know, my cheeks hurt from laughing so hard. I think laughter is the best medicine, it's so healing and wonderful, but for me as a director, I'm a sixth generation Dallasite and I don't know what it's like to leave my home behind and to learn a new language and to start over.
We interact with folks who have done just that every single day, in so many different ways -- working at your dry cleaner, or driving your Uber or at the grocery store ... One of my storytellers is from Mexico and she came to the United States at age 30. She had been working in education, she had a degree in education, but she didn't speak English. So when she came here she started working in a restaurant making burritos. She'd never worked in food service before. And it was really humbling for her and it was an important step in her getting settled here and getting grounded. She's since moved on and gotten her master's, and she's working in education again.
Ultimately, my goal in sharing these stories is for the citizens of Dallas to give our immigrants more compassion and respect for the journeys that have brought them here. We have a very diverse cast this year. We have several refugees I learned last year from working with a Bosnian refugee; she was very clear with me, she said, "NIcole, an immigrant is someone who elected to come to this country and leave their home, a refugee did not want to leave their home. They were forced." I think that's a really interesting distinction.
As far as how the association with Soluna and the DMA will affect this production -- I know you've mentioned the musical performance by La Rondalla and the artworks selected by the storytellers -- it also sounds like there are a lot of artists in the cast. That was another wonderful contribution from Soluna. Francisco Moreno is a resident artist with Soluna this year and he's a local Mexican American artist who studied painting at RISD. He's incredibly talented and he came to the United States from Mexico when he was 6. A lot of his work deals with this tension between wanting to fit in and assimilate and wanting to maintain his Mexican heritage. He's just a lovely guy and he's going to be sharing his immigration story and also some insights into how that affects his work.
Was there a language barrier with any of the storytellers, or because of the subject matter was your process working with the storytellers different in any way? I learned last year that I needed a lot more time with each storyteller than I normally do. I typically work with editing folks over the phone for ease of scheduling and that kind of thing doesn't work for the most part with immigrants. They want to meet with me, they want to connect with me, and for some of them it's harder to understand. I did have to make sure that I could understand them speaking English so that onstage the audience is able to understand them, and also that they felt comfortable reading their story aloud in English. But I've been so impressed by the language skills.
One gentleman, Ghazwan Altaie, who grew up in Iraq and lived there until 2003 until he received a death threat and he became a refugee in Jordan for 10 years, he's only been in this country for three months, and he has perfect English. He's just the most phenomenal person. I never thought that I would have such a close connection with someone from that part of the world. It's just been so refreshing. So yes, it adds extra challenges, but for me personally, the rewards of being able to intimately connect with folks from all over the world, and the rewards of being able to share them with our community are even greater than the shows I work on during the regular season.
How did you field submissions? We have some amazing organizations here in Dallas, like DFW International and the International Rescue Committee. I reached out to a bunch of Hispanic organizations, because we have so many Hispanic immigrants in Dallas and North Texas. I wanted to make sure that they were well represented. So we have two in this year's cast and we also had two last year. The museum has a wonderful network as well. So Maria Teresa Pedroche, who I believe is the community director at the museum, she put me in touch with a lot of people. So it was a lot more of reaching out.
I heard about a guy who was a former lost boy of Sudan who was working at the Albertson's in Snider Plaza ... I ended up getting put in touch with an organization called Friends of the Lost Boys DFW, which I never knew existed. So I've just been finding these amazing organizations and it's so fun to be able to bring them to the public eye ... I did receive some submissions, but by and large those were not the stories that were selected. I was really intentional. It's impossible to represent the world in seven people, but I tried ... I think this may be what I'm most proud of in my career so far, this one evening.
Catch the show at 7:30 p.m. Saturday at Horchow Auditorium in the Dallas Museum of Art (1717 N. Harwood St.). Tickets are $35 online at TicketLeap or at 214-922-1818.
Caroline North is the music and culture editor at the Dallas Observer. She studied English at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and in 2012 returned to her hometown of Dallas, where she spends her free time seeking out new places to roller skate and play pinball.


Description: Luigi is in jail for killing his brother Mario, but he can't stand that place and is going to do everything he can to escape. Are you with or against him?
Good Demo. You Should Make The Game! vs.


I'll get to talking about home offices in a minute.
Casey doesn't give a rip about cameras. The only reason he has them is because they enable him to share stories in the medium he enjoys – video. He said that a camera is good if it gets in the way of him and his audience as little as possible. This is what your home office should be like.
Business can be broken down pretty simply. Business is about two people helping each other: the person who offers the product or service and the person who receives it. Everything else can just get in the way. In a world where most of us can work wherever we want, we have the option to create the perfect environment. So we can help the most people and make the most money. This is why home office design is important.
Light is something that's important to consider. What light works best for you? The best home offices have this area covered. For some people, natural light is best. This means positioning the desk near a window while making sure glare isn't an issue. For others, having a window leads to distraction and checking the weather every ten minutes. Instead, those workers may consider curtains and using lots of artificial light.
When considering lighting, make sure to consider how you will look on camera. Consider getting a light to boost your clarity during webcam calls.
Some of us work best in peace and quiet. Others like a more open office space. All good home offices have just the right amount of noise for their occupant.
If you like noise, consider setting up your desk in a common space. Furthermore, make sure you have good speakers. Listening to music may boost your productivity. Personally, I like listening to EDM dance music while I work. Gets things going.
This is probably the most important aspect of a home office to get right. Consider what is important to you and consider getting the best equipment you can afford.
If you're a writer, two screens can be convenient. This way, you can write on one screen and research from the other.
If you create videos, you'll need a lot of tech. Get whatever you need to make the distance between you and your audience as short as possible. Also make sure to have a place where all the gear goes so you don't have to search for that elusive pair of scissors – yes even those are tech. But, have your wall hangers, charging docks, you name it. Get the right tech so you can get the job done as easily as possible.
A good home office is a pleasant place to be. Get a chair that encourages good posture while still being comfortable. When your body gets tired, your brain is soon to follow. Get a desk of appropriate height. Ergonomics are of the utmost importance. If you're comfortable in the office, you'll be able to work longer. And more work leads to more success.
Working at home has its hurdles. One of which is being bothered by others. Perhaps it's your children who want to see you. Or maybe it's your unemployed roommate who thinks it's okay to knock on the door asking if you know if there are any Lucky Charms left. You don't even eat Lucky Charms… It's important for a home office to have rules. For more on setting boundaries, read this post.
A popular rule is that if the door is closed, only bother for emergencies. If the door is open, you're free to come in. If you always like the door closed, set hours. For instance from 6 AM to 6 PM, there should be no intrusions but you may knock between 12-1. A great benefit of working from home is not getting distracted by colleagues. Don't allow those who live with you to be a new distraction.
Is the office beautiful? Do you enjoy the way its aesthetics make you feel? It's important you enjoy being there. Going to work each day is easier if you're headed to a beautiful place. Functional offices fit the personality of the person who works in them. Does your home office match your personality?
What else do you want with you? For me, I keep my cell on the desk at all times as well as a glass of water. That's enough for me. Some people enjoy hanging inspirational quotes from the wall. Have you brought in your dirty overused stress ball you toss in the air while thinking? You know it has to be there. Stop fighting it, allow yourself to put in the items that help you think the best and work the best. Make sure your physical reminders help you to get more work done. I heard a story of one person who kept a photo of his ex-wife in the top drawer of his desk. Every time he felt like being lazy, he'd pull out her picture, look at it, get angry, and make another call. The best revenge is living well.
If you live in a home that's just not conducive to work, consider renting an office space.
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text:
Afghanistan: Rabbani Details Plans On Political Future
By Jean-Christophe Peuch
The United Nations announced yesterday that the Northern Alliance has agreed to participate in a conference of tribal leaders to be held next week in Berlin. Talking from Kabul during a telephone roundtable discussion organized by RFE/RL's Persian Service, former Afghan President Burhanuddin Rabbani confirmed that he will send a representative to the German capital and detailed his views on Afghanistan's political future.
Prague, 21 November 2001 (RFE/RL) -- When former Afghan President Burhanuddin Rabbani entered Kabul on 17 November, five years after being ousted by the Taliban regime, he promised not to monopolize power and to work toward restoring peace in his war-torn country.
A month ago, few would have bet on Rabbani's political future, despite the fact that the United Nations and most foreign countries were still recognizing him as Afghanistan's legitimate leader.
To most regional experts, the 60-year-old Rabbani is a man whose formal leadership among Afghanistan's opposition has been persistently challenged by the unabated popularity of other Northern Alliance leaders, such as Ahmad Shah Massoud. Massoud, the military commander of the Northern Alliance, was assassinated in his Panjshir stronghold two days before the 11 September terrorist attacks in the United States.
Yet today, Rabbani's position looks stronger than ever. After his unexpected return to the Afghan capital under the protection of Northern Alliance forces, the prospect of other anti-Taliban leaders, such as 87-year-old former King Mohammad Zahir Shah, playing a prominent role in Afghan politics is fading away.
Before Northern Alliance forces entered the Afghan capital, the United States had made little secret that it wanted the ex-monarch to be the figurehead in post-Taliban Afghanistan. But now Washington may have to revise its plans.
President George W. Bush urged the Northern Alliance not to enter Kabul. But his call remained unheeded.
Talking from Kabul during a telephone roundtable discussion that included correspondents from RFE/RL's Persian, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek services, Rabbani dismissed suggestions that his decision to enter Kabul immediately after the Taliban had pulled out from the capital was motivated by a thirst for power. He said that only concerns for the safety of Kabul residents prompted the Northern Alliance to ignore Bush's calls: "When the Taliban regime collapsed in Kabul, we did not enter the city for 17 hours. But, during this period, people were killed, some looting took place, and it was feared that the Taliban would attack us again. So, in order to ensure the safety of the Kabul population, we had to enter the city."
Despite Rabbani's claims to the contrary, his surprise return to Kabul has raised suspicions that he will try to cling to power rather than build the broad-based government the UN expects to emerge from the ruins of the Taliban regime.
The international organization is notably calling for the creation of an inclusive government representing all of Afghanistan's ethnic groups, including the predominant Pashtun community from which the Taliban is drawn and which accounts for some 40 percent of the country's 20 million-strong population.
Tribal chiefs representing all ethnic groups -- Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Shi'a Hazaras, and Pashtuns -- are expected to convene soon into a so-called "Loya Jirga" to elect a replacement to the Taliban, which is not foreseen to be included in the talks.
Yet there is growing concern among regional experts that such groups as the Pashtuns or the Hazaras -- who have been periodically at odds with the Northern Alliance despite their strategic alliance against the Taliban -- might be left out.
Rabbani told RFE/RL that all ethnic groups will be represented in the Loya Jirga and in the future government: "Concerning the broad-based government that will be set up through the Loya Jirga, we have a very clear mechanism. The only way to convince [people] that they will have a fair representation is to elect the Loya Jirga members according to the percentage of population represented by each ethnic group. Those percentages in turn should be based on the most recent UN statistics."
But Rabbani also said that, in his view, this system should be altered to allow representatives of the Afghan diaspora into the Loya Jirga. He also hinted that the armed opposition to the Taliban should have a greater say in Afghanistan's domestic affairs: "Afghan specialists and politicians living abroad should be included in the Loya Jirga regardless of these percentages. Our program also says that more rights should be granted to those people who belong to the [anti-Taliban] resistance and to those people who are living in refugee camps and who are going through great sufferings."
Even before the U.S. decided to launch strikes on the Taliban, over 1 million Afghans had left drought-affected areas and regions most affected by the conflict between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance. Hundreds of thousands more have left the country since the beginning of the U.S.-led military campaign on 7 October to reach makeshift refugee camps outside Afghanistan.
Solving the refugee crisis is one of the most urgent tasks that await the future government of Afghanistan and the international community.
Ensuring that the country does not spiral into clan warfare -- as happened after Soviet troops withdrew from the region in 1989 -- is another major concern.
The Northern Alliance has agreed to participate in a UN-sponsored conference of Afghan leaders that is scheduled to take place next week in the German capital, Berlin.
Rabbani told RFE/RL that he does not expect any breakthrough at the upcoming meeting, which he said will be a mere forum to discuss some broad issues. He also said that all decision-making pertaining to the country's political future should take place inside Afghanistan.
The UN is also considering dispatching an international peacekeeping force to Afghanistan to help prevent ethnic unrest. A number of countries -- including Germany, France, Turkey, and Jordan -- have already expressed their readiness to participate in such a force.
Rabbani did not mention a possible UN peacekeeping mission in Afghanistan. But he reiterated that the Northern Alliance would welcome only a limited foreign military force in the country: "In principle, we do not agree with the presence of foreign troops inside Afghanistan. But we do not object to a limited number of troops performing humanitarian and logistical duties."
Tensions have simmered over Britain's deployment of 100 elite soldiers north of Kabul, with Northern Alliance military commander Mohammad Qasim Fahim claiming that the operation was decided without his consent. Other anti-Taliban leaders later said any large-scale military deployment would have to be discussed with the UN.
(Aris Azizpoor of the Turkmen service contributed to this report.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Error occurred prerendering page "/". Deployment Error Vercel | Next.js I am trying to deploy my site via Vercel and while generating static pages, it throws the below error in logs
info  - Generating static pages (0/6)
Error occurred prerendering page "/". Read more: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/prerender-error
Error: Minified React error #130; visit https://reactjs.org/docs/error-decoder.html?invariant=130&args[]=undefined&args[]= for the full message or use the non-minified dev environment for full errors and additional helpful warnings.
    at a.b.render (/vercel/path0/node_modules/react-dom/cjs/react-dom-server.node.production.min.js:45:32)
    at a.b.read (/vercel/path0/node_modules/react-dom/cjs/react-dom-server.node.production.min.js:41:83)
    at Object.exports.renderToString (/vercel/path0/node_modules/react-dom/cjs/react-dom-server.node.production.min.js:52:138)
    at Object.renderPage (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/server/render.js:686:46)
    at Object.defaultGetInitialProps (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/server/render.js:316:51)
    at Function.getInitialProps (/vercel/path0/.next/server/pages/_document.js:514:20)
    at Object.loadGetInitialProps (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/shared/lib/utils.js:69:29)
    at renderDocument (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/server/render.js:699:48)
    at renderToHTML (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/server/render.js:774:34)
    at async /vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/export/worker.js:273:36
info  - Generating static pages (1/6)
[]
info  - Generating static pages (2/6)
info  - Generating static pages (4/6)
info  - Generating static pages (6/6)
> Build error occurred
Error: Export encountered errors on following paths:
    /
    at /vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/export/index.js:500:19
    at runMicrotasks (<anonymous>)
    at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5)
    at async Span.traceAsyncFn (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/trace/trace.js:74:20)
    at async /vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/build/index.js:987:17
    at async Span.traceAsyncFn (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/trace/trace.js:74:20)
    at async /vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/build/index.js:861:13
    at async Span.traceAsyncFn (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/trace/trace.js:74:20)
    at async Object.build [as default] (/vercel/path0/node_modules/next/dist/build/index.js:82:25)
error Command failed with exit code 1.
info Visit https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/cli/run for documentation about this command.
Error: Command "yarn run build" exited with 1

I've tried to fix it by using the Prerender error guide Next.js provided but still wasn't able to fix it.
My pages directory structure is below
pages
 ┣ api
 ┃ ┣ auth
 ┃ ┃ ┗ [...nextauth].js
 ┃ ┗ hello.js
 ┣ auth
 ┃ ┗ signin.js
 ┣ [postRoute]
 ┃ ┗ [currentPost]
 ┃ ┃ ┗ index.js
 ┣ dashboard.js
 ┣ edit.js
 ┣ index.js
 ┗ _app.js

And this is my index.js file
import Head from "next/head"
import Contribution from "../components/Contribution"
import Features from "../components/Features"
import Footer from "../components/Footer"
import Header from "../components/Header"
import Landing from "../components/Landing"
import SubFooter from "../components/SubFooter"
import styles from "../styles/Home.module.scss"

export default function Home() {
  return (
    <>

        <title>Skill Up | Credit Based Learning</title>
        <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" />

        <Landing />

        <Features />
        <Contribution />
        <SubFooter />

    </>
  )
}

Thanks in advance!

A: In Landing.js,edit.js and index.js you have imported Fragment from 'react/cjs/react.development' instead of 'react'. React development doesn't exist in the scope of next build so it fails


text:
Home News Swiss FINMA warns of binary options broker Get Binary
Swiss FINMA warns of binary options broker Get Binary
News July 10, 2015 —by Maria Nikolova 0
The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has just updated its warning list and the newest additions include binary options broker Get Binary.
The company, which is not included in the Commercial register and is not authorized to offer i
nvestment services in Switzerland, is nevertheless targeting Swiss investors. The Customer support phone numbers include one in Switzerland – a fact that partially explains the regulator's concerns.
Get Binary offers binary options trading services from https://www.getbinary.com/. The firm claims to have a main office in the UK, but this still does not mean that the broker is regulated there. In fact, there is no such name on the list of the Gambling Commission, which is (still) the body responsible for regulating binary options providers in the UK.
FINMA reiterates that the fact that a company is on the warning list does not automatically mean that its activities are unlawful. However, by including companies like this in the list, FINMA is highlighting the lack of authorisation of the respective entity.
To view the full Warning List, click here.
unauthorized binary options broker
no license
Get binary
Getbinary
Allianz Global Investors raises stake in IG Group again
Thomson Reuters spot FX volumes down 1.8% MoM; 4th monthly decline in a row
Principal of binary options trading firm fined $200,000 for illegal off-exchange trading
ESMA will not renew the binary options product intervention measure
French AMF warns against a binary options trading website
Bitstamp and Silvergate Bank launch Bitcoin Collateralized Loans
Allianz Global Investors raises stake in IG Group again…NewsThe investment manager bought 417,300 shares on July 7, 2015, thus increasing its holding in IG Group to 18,650,710 shares, or 5.09%.…
Thomson Reuters spot FX volumes down 1.8% MoM; 4th monthly decline in a row…NewsDaily FX Spot volumes averaged $108 billion in June, down 1.8% from May's $110 billion, as Thomson Reuters spot FX platform saw its fourth continuous …


text:
Unterbreitenloh ist ein Gemeindeteil der Kreisstadt Kronach im Landkreis Kronach (Oberfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Unterbreitenloh ist in der Ortsstraße Breitenloh (=B 303) des Gemeindeteils Gehülz aufgegangen.

Geschichte
Das Anwesen erhielt die Haus-Nr. 2 des Ortes Breitenloh und lag direkt an der Gemarkungsgrenze zu Seelach. In direkter Nachbarschaft stand dort Haus Nr. 11 dieses Ortes. Beide Anwesen wurden wenig später Unterbreitenloh genannt.
Mit dem Gemeindeedikt wurde Unterbreitenloh der Gemarkung Breitenloh dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Neuses und der 1818 gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Gehülz zugewiesen. Im amtlichen Ortsverzeichnis von 1952 wurde der Ort erstmals aufgelistet, auf den topographischen Karten wurde der Ort nie gesondert verzeichnet. Am 1. Mai 1978 wurde Unterbreitenloh im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern in Kronach eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort war ursprünglich katholisch und nach St. Johannes der Täufer (Kronach) gepfarrt. Seit der Gründung der Pfarrei St. Bonifatius (Gehülz) in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts sind die Katholiken dorthin gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Kronach)
Ort im Landkreis Kronach

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Wellfleet Bay
Our Conservation Work
Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary
Diamondback Terrapins
Pilgrim Heights Hawk Watch
Birdfeeder Cams
Climate Action Center
Wellfleet Bay is open Tuesday-Saturday from 9am-4pm—see fees & guidelines. Read More
Wellfleet Bay Horseshoe Crab Research
About Horseshoe Crabs
In 2015, Wellfleet Bay received a $50,000 grant from the Mass Environmental Trust to conduct a thorough study of the horseshoe crab population in Wellfleet Harbor.
You can help support research like this when you purchase an environmental license plate for your vehicle.
Horseshoe crabs (HSC) have been crawling ashore on Cape Cod to mate on full moon nights for about 350 million years, and Mass Audubon seeks to ensure this ancient rite of spring continues for the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).
However, increased harvesting of these fascinating animals threatens their population.
In Massachusetts, horseshoe crabs are harvested to be used as bait for the eel and conch fisheries. In addition, their blood is the source of a chemical used to test medical devices and injectable drugs for toxins. For this purpose, crabs are caught, bled, and then returned to the water.
Closures of the horseshoe crab fisheries in New Jersey, New York, and other neighboring states are expected to increase harvest pressure on dwindling populations of Massachusetts horseshoe crabs.
It is crucial that state managers have a robust estimate of the number of crabs in Massachusetts before they can set appropriate harvest quotas to ensure a sustainable fishery.
As a first response, the state has reduced the annual quota and prohibited harvests around the full moons from late April through June.
Research & Findings
Summary of Horseshoe Crab Data 2001-2012 533.77 kB
Data collected by the Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary and other collaborators indicate that these closures are not working and the horseshoe crab population continues to dwindle.
An analysis of Wellfleet Bay's data indicates low and likely declining numbers of spawning crabs in Wellfleet Harbor. This report was presented to the Massachusetts Marine Fisheries Commission in support of a petition by Wellfleet's shellfishing community to ban horseshoe crab harvest in Wellfleet.
In collaboration with the University of Rhode Island, the National Park Service, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, and others, Mass Audubon also surveys spawning horseshoe crabs on the Outer Cape.
Throughout the Cape and Southeastern Massachusetts, scientists and volunteers count the number of adult spawning horseshoe crabs on and around the new and full moons at high tide.
National Park Service, University of Rhode Island, UMass Amherst, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Worcester Polytechnical Institute, The Horseshoe Crab Conservation Association, Mass Bays Program, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and many more.
We need your help! You can make a difference in the effort to preserve these very special creatures.
To sign up as a survey volunteer, please contact our Survey Coordinator by email. Wellfleet Bay survey sites include Wellfleet Harbor, Nauset Estuary, and Pleasant Bay.
Rapid Assessment Surveys
Rapid Assessment - Protocol 670.13 kB
Rapid Assessment - Data Sheet 371.52 kB


Meaning and definitions of bushwhack, translation in Welsh language for bushwhack with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of bushwhack in Welsh and in English language.
What bushwhack means in Welsh, bushwhack meaning in Welsh, bushwhack definition, examples and pronunciation of bushwhack in Welsh language.


text:
Charles Koch mocks critics: 'I'm still here, I'm going stronger than ever'
By parkercountyblog on February 1, 2016
Charles Koch. AP Photo
By Paul Bedard (@SecretsBedard) • 1/31/16 5:16 PM
Conservative philanthropist Charles Koch, broadly defining why his family business is so heavily involved in movement politics, said Saturday night that an America where people help each other out is being replaced by one of "control, dependency, cronyism and poverty."
Speaking in Indian Wells, Calif., at the Koch-funded Freedom Partners Chamber of Commerce winter meeting, Koch said, "America is moving further and further away from this type of society. And we're moving more toward a system of control, dependency, cronyism and poverty, in which people, rather than trying to help each other, are pitted against each other. And groups are pitted against each other, which is so destructive and undermining the American dream."
The CEO of Koch Industries addressed some 500 business leaders and philanthropists, and explained why his family plans to spend hundreds of millions on the election and also why it is so deeply involved in funding other groups aimed at expanding prosperity.
Koch referred to the nonstop liberal attacks on him and his company and their painting of his efforts as a conspiracy to take over the nation. Definant and humorous, he mocked those who claim his organization a secret society and said he hasn't felt the attacks have had any impact. "I'm still here. And matter of fact, I'm going stronger than ever," said Koch.
"And as you might expect, I get a lot of questions about, 'Why are you dedicating so much of your life, and so much of your resources to trying to make America better — particularly when you get so much garbage thrown at you?' Well, I don't enjoy eating garbage anymore than anybody else.' But, just to go back a little and give my evolution in this thing — I was blessed starting many years ago to learn some principles and values that transformed my life," said Koch, who recently published, Good Profit: How Creating Value for Others Built One of the World's Most Successful Companies.
"And for me, the central point in these principles is to identify the fact that to have a life of meaning, and to have a life of principle, you need to first of all, identify what your individual capabilities are, what your comparative advantage is, what your aptitudes are, fully develop them, and then apply them to helping other people improve their lives to your mutual benefit. And that's what I've been trying to do all these years, and continue to try to do is to take these ideas, and share them with as many people as possible — to give people the opportunity to learn these. And then, as people learn these, to try to move America toward policies that will allow people to actually practice these ideas. These ideas of mutual benefit, of becoming successful by helping other people improve their lives," he added.
He presented four key agenda policies:
— "The first one is to change, reverse the policies that are moving us toward a two-tiered society — a society that's destroying opportunities for the disadvantaged and creating welfare for the wealthy."
— "The second one is the irresponsible, destructive spending by both political parties that is making people's lives worse."
— "And the third one is to get government at all levels — that is, local, state and federal — to focus on the government's primary responsibility to the people to keep America safe instead of being distracted with all sorts of other objectives that undermines that primary obligation of government."
— Fourth, "protecting free speech, which is the foundation of a free society. And, as we know, it's under attack everywhere."
Paul Bedard, the Washington Examiner's "Washington Secrets" columnist, can be contacted at pbedard@washingtonexaminer.com.
Posted in: National Issues	| Tagged: Constitution


text:
\section{Introduction}
The search for a quantum theory of gravity has been a long and difficult one; a direct
quantization of general relativity using the tools of quantum field theory gives a theory
with an ill ultraviolet behavior, and a lack of a fundamental physical principle to construct
the theory makes matters worst. One can think that  the black hole plays a similar role in
quantum gravity as the atom played in the development of quantum mechanics and
quantum field theory.  We may use
it as a starting point for testing different constructions that include quantum aspects of
gravity. Research on black hole physics has uncovered several mysteries: Why is the statistical
black hole entropy proportional to the horizon area? What happens to the information in black
hole evaporation? The answer to these questions and others have been extensively studied in the
literature particularly in the two main proposals to build a quantum theory of gravity, namely,
string theory \cite{horo}, and loop quantum gravity \cite{ash}.

Since the birth of general relativity people started searching for
solutions to Einstein's field equations and very powerful and
sophisticated methods have been developed. For some time it has been
known that changing the causal structure of space time (i.e.
interchanging the coordinates $r\leftrightarrow t$), changes a
static solution for a cosmological one. The best known case is the
Schwarzschild metric that under this particular diffeomorphism
transforms into the Kantowski-Sachs metric \cite{ro}. This interchange of
variables has been used recently as a method to generate new cosmological solutions
\cite{kergow,revqm,om1}. Later in an independent
way in \cite{qv1,qv2}, it has been suggested that
by interchanging $r \leftrightarrow it$ we can get time dependent solutions from stationary solutions
in string theory. In this way we may relate $Dp$-brane (black hole
like) solutions to $S$-brane solutions, i.e. time dependent backgrounds
of the theory. On the other side, there are proposals to
obtain $S$-brane solutions \cite{om1,Peet,qo,om2}; thus, if cosmological
solutions ($S$-branes) can be generated from
stationary ones ($Dp$-branes), we can expect that this procedure works the other way
around.

In the past a lot of work has been done in relation with cosmology and
quantum cosmology \cite{lmike,hh}, so one can expect that
the classical exchange of $t \leftrightarrow r$ can be applied at
quantum level, that is, use the WDW (Wheeler-DeWitt) equation of the
cosmological (time dependent) models and from it obtain the
corresponding quantum equation for the stationary ones.

In the last years, noncommutativity (NC) has attracted a lot of attention
\cite{connes,sw}. Although most of
the work has been in the context of Yang-Mills theories, noncommutative
deformations of gravity have been proposed \cite{mofat,cham}. In
\cite{sab1}, the
Seiberg-Witten map is used consistently to write a
noncommutative theory of gravity, which only depends on the
commutative fields and their derivatives. If we attempt
to write down the field equations and solve them, it turns to be technically very difficult, due to
the highly non linear character of the theory. In \cite{ncqc}, an
alternative to incorporate noncommutativity to cosmological models has been proposed, by
performing a noncommutative deformation of the minisuperspace. The
authors applied this idea to the Kantowski-Sachs metric, and were able
to find the exact wave function for the noncommutative model.

Further, we know that from quantum mechanics we can get the
thermodynamical properties of a system. This already has been used
in connection with black holes \cite{york}. In \cite{paths}
the authors use the Feynman-Hibbs path integral procedure \cite{feynman}, to calculate
the thermodynamical properties, temperature and entropy, of a black hole, in agreement
with previous results \cite{otros}.

In this paper we apply some of these
ideas to obtain thermodynamical properties for a quantum black hole
and its noncommutative counterpart. We propose a quantum
equation for the Schwarzschild black hole, starting from the WDW equation for
the Kantowski-Sachs cosmological model.
We  apply the Feynman-Hibbs method to calculate the thermodynamical
properties. As we will show the temperature of the black hole and
its entropy get corrected, one of the corrections to the entropy is
a logarithmic correction that already has been obtained by other
means \cite{otros}. We  extend this procedure to include
noncommutativity by making the same kind of ansatz as in
\cite{ncqc}, namely, imposing that the minisuperspace variables do
not commute; from this we  are able to define the WDW equation for
the noncommutative Schwarzschild black hole  and following a similar
procedure as in \cite{paths}, we find the noncommutative wave function, the
temperature and entropy of the {\it``noncommutative Schwarzschild
black hole"}. As we will see apart of the presence of the factor $e^{-3\nu\theta}$
that multiplies the commutative entropy and temperature, the functional form of
the corrections are of the same kind. We
also show how the minisuperspace coordinate $\Omega$ is
changed by noncommutativity, allowing us to infer the
noncommutative entropy, if one uses the well-known Euclidean
calculation. The result agrees with the most relevant term of the
entropy calculated from the noncommutative WDW equation and the
Feynman-Hibbs procedure followed here.

The paper is organized as
follows: In section II we exhibit the WDW equation for the
Schwarzschild metric and the corresponding wave function. In section
III we review the proposal of introducing noncommutativity in the
minisuperspace, and obtain the noncommutative Wheeler-DeWitt (NC-WDW) equation
for the Schwarzschild black hole. In section IV we use the Feynman-Hibbs method on the WDW equation to
calculate the entropy of the Schwarzschild black hole, and apply the method to calculate the entropy of the noncommutative black hole. And finally section V
is devoted to conclusions and outlook.

\section{A Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the Schwarzschild Black Hole}

Let us begin by reviewing the relationship between the cosmological
Kantowski-Sachs metric and the Schwarzschild metric \cite{ro}. The
Schwarzschild solution can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^{2}=&-&\left(1-\frac{2m}{r}\right)dt^{2}+\left( 1-\frac{2m}%
{r}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}\nonumber\\
&+&r^{2}\left(d\theta^{2}+\sin^{2}\theta d\varphi^{2}\right) .
\end{eqnarray}
For the case $r<2m$, the $g_{tt}$ and $g_{rr}$ components of the metric change
in sign and $\partial_{t}$ becomes a spacelike vector. If we make the
coordinate transformation $t\leftrightarrow r$, we find%
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^{2}=&-&\left(\frac{2m}{t}-1\right)^{-1}  dt^{2}+\left(  \frac{2m}%
{t}-1\right)dr^{2}\nonumber \\
&+&t^{2}\left(d\theta^{2}+\sin^{2}\theta d\varphi^{2}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
when compared with the parametrization by Misner of the Kantowski-Sachs metric%
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^{2}=&-&N^{2}dt^{2}+e^{\left( 2\sqrt{3}\gamma\right)} dr^{2} \nonumber\\
&+&e^{\left(-2\sqrt{3}\gamma\right)} e^{\left(-2\sqrt{3}\Omega\right)}
\left(d\theta^{2}+\sin^{2}\theta d\varphi^{2}\right),
\label{KSmetric}%
\end{eqnarray}
we identify
\begin{gather}
N^{2}=\left(\frac{2M}{t}-1\right)^{-1},~~~~~~
e^{2\sqrt{3}\gamma}=\frac{2M}{t}-1,\nonumber \\
e^{-2\sqrt{3}\gamma}e^{-2\sqrt{3}\Omega}=t^{2},
\label{dif}
\end{gather}
where this metric with the identification of the $N$, $\gamma$, and $\Omega$
functions  is also a classical solution for the Einstein
equations.
The metric (\ref{KSmetric}) can be introduced into de ADM (Arnowitt-Deser-Misner)
action and a consistent set of equations for $N$, $\gamma$, and $\Omega$ can be
obtained by varying the action, these equations can be show to be
equivalent to the Einstein equations. The
corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the
Kantowski-Sachs metric, with some particular factor ordering, is%
\begin{equation}
\left[  -\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial\Omega^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}}%
{\partial\gamma^{2}}+48e^{ -2\sqrt{3}\Omega } \right]
\psi(\Omega,\gamma)=0.\label{ks}
\end{equation}
The solution of this equation is given by \cite{misner}
\begin{equation}
\psi_\nu=e^{\pm i\nu\sqrt{3}\gamma}K_{i\nu}\left(4e^{-\sqrt{3}\Omega}\right) ,
\end{equation}
where $\nu$ is the separation constant and $K_{iv}$ are the modified
Bessel functions.
In \cite{ro1} it has been shown that this wave function describes quantum planck size states.

\section{NonCommutative Quantum Cosmology and the Quantum Black Hole}

The noncommutative deformation for this cosmological model, has been proposed
in \cite{ncqc}.
We begin by modifying the simplectic structure in minisuperspace, by assuming that the
coordinates $\Omega$ and $\gamma$ obey the commutation relation%
\begin{equation}
\left[  \Omega,\gamma\right] = i\theta,
\label{non}
\end{equation}
in a similar fashion as in noncommutative quantum mechanics. As usual this deformation
can be reformulated in terms of the Moyal product%
\begin{eqnarray}
&f&\left( \Omega,\gamma\right) \ast g\left( \Omega,\gamma\right)\nonumber \\
&=&f\left( \Omega,\gamma\right) e^{\left(  i\frac{\theta}{2}\left(
\overleftarrow
{\partial}_{\Omega}\overrightarrow{\partial}_{\gamma}-\overleftarrow{\partial
}_{\gamma}\overrightarrow{\partial}_{\Omega}\right)\right)} g\left(
\Omega,\gamma\right)  .
\end{eqnarray}
Now the Wheleer-DeWitt equation for the noncommutative theory will be%
\begin{equation}
\left[-P_{\Omega}^{2}+P_{\gamma}^{2}-48e^{-2\sqrt{3}\Omega}\right]
\ast\psi(\Omega,\gamma)=0.
\end{equation}
As is know in noncommutative quantum mechanics, the original
phase space is modified. It is possible to reformulate in terms
of the commutative variables and the ordinary product of functions, if
the new variables $\Omega\rightarrow\Omega+\frac{1}{2}\theta
P_{\gamma}$ and $\gamma \rightarrow\gamma-\frac{1}{2}\theta P_{\Omega}$ are
introduced. The momenta remain the same. As a consequence, the
original WDW equation changes, with a modified
potential  $V(\Omega,\gamma)$\cite{mezincescu},
\begin{eqnarray}
V\left( \Omega,\gamma\right) \ast\psi\left( \Omega,\gamma\right) &=&V\left(
\Omega-\frac{\theta}{2} P_{\gamma},\gamma+\frac{\theta}{2}P_{\Omega}\right)\nonumber\\
&\times&\psi\left(\Omega,\gamma\right),
\end{eqnarray}
so the NC-WDW equation takes the form%
\begin{equation}
\left[  -\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial\Omega^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}}%
{\partial\gamma^{2}}+48e^{\left( -2\sqrt{3}\Omega+\sqrt{3}\theta
P_{\gamma }\right) } \right]  \psi(\Omega,\gamma)=0. \label{ncwdw}
\end{equation}
We solve this equation by separation of variables with the ansatz%
\begin{equation}
\psi(\Omega,\gamma)=e^{i\sqrt{3}\nu\gamma } \chi\left(
\Omega\right),
\end{equation}
where $\sqrt 3 \nu$ is the eigenvalue of $P_{\gamma}$.
Thus $\chi\left(  \Omega\right)  $ satisfies the equation \cite{ncqc},%
\begin{equation}
\left[ -\frac{d^{2}}{d\Omega^{2}}+48e^{\left(
-2\sqrt{3}\Omega+3\nu\theta\right)}-3\nu^2\right]\chi(\Omega)=0.\label{ncbh}
\end{equation}
The solution of the NC-WDW equation is%
\begin{equation}
\psi_{\nu}(\Omega,\gamma)=e^{\left(i\sqrt{3}\nu\gamma\right)}
K_{i\nu}\left[  4e^{-\sqrt{3}\left( \Omega- \sqrt{3}
\nu\theta/2 \right) } \right]  .
\end{equation}
In \cite{ncqc} the consequences of this wave function have been analyzed.
As a result of noncommutativity the
probability density has several maxima, which correspond to
new stable states of the Universe, opposite to the commutative
case where only one stable state exists. Following the previous section,
this wave function could describe noncommutative quantum black holes.
We can find the noncommutative temporal evolution of $\Omega$ and $\gamma$
trough a WKB type method; this yields the classical noncommutative
solutions of the Kantowski-Sachs universe \cite{mena,bb}.

\section{NonCommutative Black Hole Entropy}
In this section we compute the temperature and entropy for the
black hole using the Feynman-Hibbs procedure for
statistical mechanics, and then we apply it to the noncommutative
black hole.

Following Section II, we consider Eq. (\ref{ks}). This equation depends on
two variables $(\Omega,\gamma)$, but after the
separation of variables we have $\psi(\Omega,\gamma)=e^{
i\sqrt{3}\nu\gamma}\chi(\Omega)$. Thus, the dependence on the variable $\gamma$
is the one of a plane wave and is eliminated when computing the thermodynamical
observables. Therefore, we could consider this as a suitable approach for the black hole,
described by the following equation:
\begin{equation}
\left[-\frac{d^{2}}{d\Omega^{2}}+48 e^{-2\sqrt{3}\Omega}\right]\chi(\Omega)
=3\nu^2 \chi(\Omega).\label{bh}
\end{equation}
Now that we have this quantum equation, we can use the Feynman-Hibbs procedure
to compute the partition function of the black hole. This procedure has the advantage that
the relevant information is contained in the potential function
\begin{equation}
V(\Omega)=48 e^{-2\sqrt{3}\Omega}.
\end{equation}
This exponential potential can always be expanded, in particular, the calculations are simplified for small $\Omega$. After  expanding to second
order in $\Omega$,  we make the change of variable $\alpha=\sqrt{6}\Omega-1/\sqrt{2}$,
multiply Eq. (\ref{bh}) by $\frac{E_p}{12}$, and finally rename
$\alpha=\frac{x}{l_p}$. We get the familiar form,
\begin{equation}
\left[-\frac{1}{2}l_{p}^{2}E_{p}\frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}+4\frac{E_{p}}{l_{p}%
^{2}} x^{2}\right] \chi\left( x\right) = E_{p}\left[
\frac{\nu^2}{4}-2\right] \chi\left( x\right). \label{osc}
\end{equation}
When comparing with the usual harmonic oscillator we identify
$\hbar\omega=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2\pi}}E_{p}$  in order to
obtain the correct Hawking temperature for the black hole \footnote{
The factor corresponds to an ambiguity in the value of the lowest eigenvalue of the spectrum
\cite{kastrup}. In loop quantum gravity the Barbero-Immirizi parameter \cite{barbero} is fixed
in a similar way.}.

Further, the Feynman-Hibbs procedure allows to incorporate the quantum
corrections to the partition function through the {\it
``corrected"} potential, which results in \cite{feynman}
\begin{equation}
U(x)=\frac{3E_{p}}{4\pi l_{p}^{2}}
\left[x^{2}+\frac{\beta l_{p}^2E_{p}}{12}\right].
\end{equation}
Thus, the corrected partition function is given by
\begin{equation}
Z_{Q}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2\pi}}\frac{e^{ -\frac{\beta^{2}%
E_{p}^{2}}{16\pi}}}{\beta E_{p}},
\label{part}
\end{equation}
from which we can proceed to calculate the thermodynamics of interest.
The internal energy of the black hole is
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{E} &=&-\frac{\partial}
{\partial\beta}\ln Z_{Q}\nonumber \\
& = &\frac{1}{8\pi}\beta E_{p}^{2}+\frac {1}{\beta}=Mc^{2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Solving for $\beta$ in terms of the
Hawking temperature $\beta_{H}=\frac{8\pi Mc^{2}}{E_{p}^{2}}$, the
corrected temperature of the black hole is
\begin{align}
\beta &= \frac{8\pi Mc^{2}}{E_{p}^{2}}\left[
1-\frac{1}{8\pi}\left(\frac{E_{p}}{Mc^{2}}\right)^{2}\right]
=\beta_{H} \left[1-\frac{1}{\beta_{H}} \frac{1}{Mc^{2}}\right].
\label{24}
\end{align}
In order to calculate the entropy we use
\begin{equation}
\frac{\mathit{S}}{k}=\ln{Z_Q}+\beta\bar{E},
\end{equation}
from which
we arrive to the corrected entropy. In terms of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
$\frac{\mathit{S_{BH}}}{k}=4\pi\left(\frac{Mc^2}{E_p}\right)^2=\frac{A_s}{4l_{p}^2}$,
the black hole entropy takes the simple form,
\begin{equation}
\frac{\mathit{S}}{k}=\frac{\mathit{S_{BH}}}{k}-\frac{1}{2}\ln{\left[
\frac{\mathit{S_{BH}}}{k}\right]}+\mathcal{O}\left({\mathit{S}^{-1}_{BH}}\right).
\end{equation}
This result has the interesting feature that the coefficient of the first
correction, the logarithmic one, agrees with the one obtained in string theory
\cite{ads}, as well as in loop quantum gravity \cite{loop1}. The form
of this correction had been known already from other works \cite{otros},
where it was obtained by other considerations.

In order to calculate the thermodynamics of the noncommutative
black hole, we follow the same method as before, and we
start by considering Eq. (\ref{ncbh}). A straightforward calculation,
using the same steps as in the commutative
case, shows that Eq. (\ref{ncbh}) can be cast to the simple expression,
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\left( -\frac{1}{2} l_{p}^{2}E_{p}\frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}+4\frac{E_{p}}{l_{p}%
^{2}}e^{ 3\nu\theta}  x^{2}\right)
\chi\left(  x\right)\nonumber\\
&&=E_{p}\left(\frac{\nu^2}{4}-2e^{3\nu\theta} \right)
\chi\left( x \right).\label{ncosc}
\end{eqnarray}
Thus noncommutativity gives a modified version of Eq. (\ref{osc}),
with modified potential
\begin{equation}
V_{NC}(x)=4\frac{E_{p}}{l_{p}^{2}}e^{ 3\nu\theta} x^{2},
\end{equation}
and a ``frequency",
\begin{equation}
\hbar\omega_{NC}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2\pi}} E_{p}e^{\frac{3\nu\theta}{2}
},\label{hwNC}
\end{equation}
which coincides with the commutative case for $\theta=0$.
Now we can directly apply the Feynman-Hibbs method to Eq.
(\ref{ncosc}) and obtain the corrected partition function,
\begin{equation}
Z_{NC}=\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{3}}\frac{e^{-\frac{3\nu\theta}{2}}}{\beta E_{p}}{\exp{\left( -\frac{\beta^{2}
E_{p}^{2}e^{3\nu\theta}}{16\pi}\right)}} ,
\end{equation}
from which we calculate the temperature
of the noncommutative black hole in terms of the commutative Hawking
temperature,
\begin{equation}
\beta= \beta_{H}e^{-3\nu\theta}\left[ 1- \frac{1}{\beta_{H}}
\frac{e^{3\nu\theta}}{Mc^{2}} \right]\label{betaNC}.
\end{equation}
If we define the noncommutative Hawking
temperature $\beta_{H}^{NC}=\beta_{H}e^{-3\nu\theta}$, the black hole
temperature takes the same form as in the commutative case,
\begin{equation}
\beta=\beta_{H}^{NC}
\left[1-\frac{1}{\beta_{H}^{NC}}\frac{1}{Mc^2}\right].
\label{nct}
\end{equation}
The entropy is calculated following the previous steps.
If we define the noncommutative Hawking-Bekenstein entropy as
$S_{NCBH}=S_{BH}e^{-3\nu\theta}$, we get
\begin{equation}
\frac{\mathit{S_{NC}}}{k}=%
\frac{\mathit{S}_{NCBH}}{k}-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left[%
\frac{\mathit{S}_{NCBH}}{k}\right]+\mathcal{O}\left({\mathit{S}^{-1}_{NCBH}}\right).
\label{nce}
\end{equation}
It has the same form as the
commutative case; again the logarithmic correction to the entropy appears
with a $-\frac{1}{2}$ factor. Also it is clear that we get
the commutative entropy in the limit $\theta\to 0$.

We may infer some properties for the temperature and entropy, using
Eq(\ref{dif}), we arrive to
\begin{equation}
\left( 1-e^{-2\sqrt{3}\gamma}\right)e^{-\sqrt{3}\gamma}e^{-\sqrt{3}\Omega}=2M.\label{masa}
\end{equation}
We can construct a similar expression for the
noncommutative metric by replacing the functions
$\gamma$, $\Omega$, and the mass parameter $M$ by their
noncommutative counterparts \cite{bb} $\gamma_{NC}$, $\Omega_{NC}$, and
$M_{NC}$. To relate the noncommutative theory with
the commutative one, we substitute the classical solutions from \cite{mena,bb} in Eq. (\ref{masa})
and in its noncommutative version.
From this we can find a simple relationship between the masses
$M_{NC}=Me^{\sqrt{3}\theta P_{\gamma_0}}$. From the relation between
the temperature and entropy and the mass of the black hole \cite{hw}, we arrive to
\begin{eqnarray}
\beta_{NCBH}&=&\beta_{BH} e^{- \sqrt{3}\theta P_{\gamma_0}},\nonumber\\
\mathit{S}_{NCBH}&=&\mathit{S}_{BH}e^{-\sqrt{3}\theta P_{\gamma_0}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, we have the same behavior for the noncommutative temperature and
entropy as in (\ref{nct}) and (\ref{nce}).

\section{Conclusions and Outlook}
Black holes are natural candidates to probe aspects of quantum gravity,
in particular, noncommutative effects.

In principle, in order to study noncommutative black holes,
we would require a noncommutative version of general relativity, and then solve its
field equations to find the noncommutative metric. This is a very
difficult task.

However, it is possible to
circumvent these difficulties as we show in this paper.
With this idea in mind, we have extended the proposal
of noncommutativity in \cite{ncqc} to the Schwarzschild black hole
by using the diffeomorphism between the Kantowski-Sachs and
Schwarzschild metrics. The corresponding NC-WDW equation
is used as the quantum equation for the noncommutative black hole.

We use the Feynman-Hibbs formalism to calculate the
thermodynamics of the Schwarzschild black hole and obtain the Hawking Bekenstein
temperature and then the entropy which has
the logarithmic correction with the coefficient $-1/2$. This value
has been recently predicted by string theory \cite{ads} and loop quantum gravity
\cite{loop1}.

Finally, these ideas are applied to the
noncommutative black hole, and the corresponding entropy and
temperature are obtained. As a result, these thermodynamic quantities
are modified due to the presence of the noncommutative parameter.
In particular, noncommutativity decreases the value of the entropy,
which can be understood from the fact that noncommutativity decreases the
available physical states.

These ideas could be applied to other singular static solutions, i.e. black hole
type solutions.

\acknowledgments{ \noindent This work was partially supported by grants
PROMEP-UGTO-CA-3, CONACYT 44515, CONACYT 51306 and CONACYT 47641.
M. S. is also supported by  PROMEP-PTC-085.}

\vskip 2truecm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Michael Nielsen started performing on the ukulele at the age of four and professionally on guitar at the age of 12. Teaching has always been part of his musical interest since his early teens. He gained an LTCL in classical guitar performance and MPhil in physics and microtonal music involving the design of unique microtonal guitars. His MPhil work will be featured in the second edition of The Contemporary Guitar (2014) by Californian microtonal guitarist and broadcaster, John Schneider. From 1983-85 Mike attended Berklee College of Music, Boston receiving a scholarship and Jim Hall Incentive award. Recently he was awarded the Vice-Chancellor Scholarship to study for PhD at the University of Ulster. The study involves microtonal composition, improvisation and performance.
Mike is the founder and director of the Masters in Jazz Performance Program at the Dublin Institute of Technology of Music and conducts the big band. He is also the ensemble director, tutor and one of Ireland's representative performers during the annual international jazz summer school, the Sligo Jazz Project. As a jazz guitarist he performed with many international artists including Dave Liebman (previously with Miles Davis) with whom he has toured Europe, Australia and New Zealand and recorded twice. As a solo guitarist he performed on the same bill as the legendary guitarist John McLaughlin during his first visit to Dublin and before the Elvin Jones Band at the ESB Dublin Jazz Festival. Mike also specializes in odd-meter performance and has toured Europe and U.S. teaching and performing. His book on rhythm will be published by Schott Publishers, Germany in 2014.
He has received many Arts Council, Improvised Music Company and Music Network performance, project, touring and travel awards. As a composer he was commissioned to write music for the Kilkenny Arts Festival which was recorded for Lyric FM; the University of Ulster; IMC and Temple Bar Properties among others and writes music ranging from solo guitar to big band. Mike has featured as soloist with the Concert Orchestra on three occasions including two premiers of works by Ronan Guilfoyle and recently played in the National Concert Hall at a tribute to Noel Kelehan. He features in the Encyclopedia of Ireland.


Discover China's past and present — from historic Beijing, to the bustling metropolis of Shanghai. Visit the iconic Terra Cotta Warriors and giant pandas, and explore the storied Yangtze River on an all-balcony river cruiser.
Travel Privately with A&K | This itinerary is available as a private journey, Signature China & the Yangtze. Priced from $7,995.
Arrive in the capital city of Beijing, China's longtime seat of power, where you are transferred to your luxurious hotel.
After your welcome briefing, participate in a private tai chi lesson taught by a master instructor at the Temple of Heaven, a stunning example of classical Ming period architecture. After lunch, take in the sweep of history at Tiananmen Square before exploring the imperial grandeur of the Forbidden City. Tonight, gather for a special welcome dinner at your hotel.
This morning, Ride Like a Local on a pedicab through a hutong, a vast yet intimate neighborhood of small winding alleyways dating to China's dynastic period. Then, travel to the well-preserved Mutianyu section of the Great Wall of China. Ride a cable car to the top of the wall to take in sweeping views of the surrounding mountains. After experiencing this wonder of the world, return to Beijing.
Fly to Xian, a modern city cloaked in over 3,000 years of history. Once the eastern terminus on the Great Silk Road, Xian has become a melting pot of Middle Eastern and Asian influences. Upon arrival, enjoy a Chef 's Table noodle-throwing demonstration followed by lunch. Visit the old city's Muslim Quarter with its teeming markets and beautiful Great Mosque, a 14th-century national heritage site. A blend of classic Chinese temple architecture and central Asian embellishments make it one of the most fascinating sites in Xian.
Today, accompanied by an on-site specialist, visit the excavation site of the Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses, the life-size army created during the Qin Dynasty to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife. More than 8,000 remarkably crafted soldiers are spread throughout three dig pits, each revealing a unique face. After lunch, stroll along the impressive ramparts of the City Wall. Tonight, gather for dinner.
Travel by bullet train to Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province. For lunch, enjoy a spicy Sichuan hot pot, a regional specialty. Afterward, immerse yourself in local life and culture at People's Park, where area residents play traditional Chinese instruments, practice calligraphy and engage in tai chi. Then, learn about unique, centuries-old matchmaking techniques still in use today, before checking in to your hotel, where you observe a traditional tea demonstration.
Today, visit the Chengdu Panda Breeding and Research Center. Enjoy the rare opportunity to observe these endangered creatures roaming freely in their specially designed habitat. Then, board a high-speed train for a ride through the Chinese countryside to Chongqing, where you embark on your river cruiser, 'Sanctuary Yangzi Explorer,' for a three-night journey to Yichang. Settle into your cabin as the ship sails downstream to the stunning Three Gorges region.
Start your morning with tai chi on the deck before breakfast. Disembark in the small city of Fuling and enjoy a shore excursion, beginning with a visit to the White Crane Ridge Underwater Museum. Descend 150 feet underwater to see centuries-old rock carvings. Afterward, continue to a local market to gain insight into the region's rich culinary culture. This afternoon, learn about Chinese traditional medicine and reflexology. Tonight, attend the Captain's Reception.
Early this morning, 'Sanctuary Yangzi Explorer' navigates the Qutang and Wu gorges before anchoring at Badong, where you board a ferry and travel up Shennong Stream. Transfer to "pea pod" boats poled by Tujia boatmen to view a scenic gorge. The Tujia are members of a local minority culture famed for their boatbuilding skills and keen knowledge of the Yangtze. Gain insights into their daily lives on a village visit. Return by ferryboat to your ship. Tonight, savor a "Taste of China" dinner, followed by onboard entertainment.
This morning, disembark in Yichang and fly to Shanghai, stopping briefly to photograph the Three Gorges Dam, a project that resulted in the resettlement of 1.2 million residents of the cities submerged behind it. Upon arrival in Shanghai, transfer to your elegant hotel, located on the city's historic Bund.
Explore dynamic Shanghai, where stunning modern skylines meet classic street markets and gardens. Walk along the Bund, Shanghai's most popular promenade. Later, stroll the streets of Old Town and visit the 16th-century Yu Garden with its pavilions and streams. Enjoy lunch followed by an afternoon at leisure. Tonight, enjoy a relaxing Scenic Sundowner at a local hot spot, observing the city's lights and architecture.
Walk Shanghai's Historic Jewish Quarter and learn how it became a haven for Jews fleeing Europe in World War II.
Explore the West Bund Art Center, the city's rising art district, to view works by local and international artists.
Savor a Street Food Tour, sampling local specialties, such as soup dumplings and steamed crab.
Then, gather tonight for a festive farewell dinner.
After breakfast, transfer to the airport to depart for home or begin a Hong Kong Post-Tour Extension.
Cruiser with the largest cabins on the Yangtze, each with a private balcony.
Palatial luxury hotel, superbly located on the Bund.
Visit the Summer Palace, a UNESCO-listed park; and explore Beijing's Olympic Sites.
Arrive Beijing, China, and transfer outside the city center to your extraordinary hotel — a tranquil, luxurious sanctuary located just steps from the historic Summer Palace.
Visit the Summer Palace, the largest and most well-preserved royal park in China. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this ensemble of lakes, gardens and palaces is acclaimed as a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design. Tonight, gather for dinner.
Visit the Water Cube and Bird's Nest in Olympic Park. Encounter the 798 Art District, a once-industrial complex built by East Germany, this area has been reclaimed by a thriving artist community. Check in to the Four Seasons Hotel Beijing for the start of your main tour.
Explore electric Hong Kong, with its glittering skyline, bustling markets, Man Mo Temple and floating villages.
Arrive in Hong Kong, where you are met and transferred to your hotel. This evening, experience a local night market with your guide and enjoy the Symphony of Lights along Hong Kong's skyline.
Transfer to Sheung Wan to stroll its herbal medicine market. Take an informative look at Man Mo Temple, and take a tram to Victoria Peak for stunning views of the city. Drive to Aberdeen and board a sampan to experience the floating villages of the Tanka community. Gather for dinner this evening.
Last group event: farewell dinner at 7:30 p.m. on Day 12.
Please note that multiple groups of 18 A&K guests and other passengers may be travelling on board 'Sanctuary Yangzi Explorer' simultaneously.


'Here is Love' is a series of events celebrating the rising of Jesus!
All the events are accompanied by a written 12-day journey through the Easter story using imaginative prayer. Pick up your copy on a Sunday morning!
An evening of the old favourites on Easter Sunday to celebrate the risen King!


text:
Ancient American
Royal Belt Ornament
c. A.D. 400–500
Early Classic period (A.D. 250–600)
Pale gray-green jade
9 1/4 × 3 × 1/8 in. (23.5 × 7.6 × 0.3 cm)
AP 2004.05
Piano Pavilion, North Gallery
This exquisitely decorated jade belt ornament originally formed part of a royal costume that included a belt assemblage consisting of three such pendants. One side represents a full-length profile portrait of a young Maya ruler richly attired in the regalia associated with enthronement. Dark spots on his body signify the supernatural, and allude to Hunahpu, one of the Hero Twins of Maya mythology. Smaller spots on his cheeks and nose and a whiskerlike element at the corner of his mouth symbolize his kinship with the jaguar, the feline associated with the night. He wears a jaguar-skin skirt overlaid by a royal belt incorporating elaborate paraphernalia that includes a mask surmounted by a skull (a reference to death) and three celt-shaped plaques, as the one described here. A rope extends from the belt down the leg and supports a small figure of Chac, the rain god. The complex headgear incorporates a ferocious skull, jade beads, and a jester god mask, the symbol of rulers.
On the reverse, the principal elements of the incised glyphic text include the presentation of an object (perhaps a badge or a celt) to the ruler portrayed here, possibly called Machaak, and a date suggesting that his death ("he entered the water") took place nine days after the presentation of the object. The Maya believed that at death an individual entered the watery Maya Underworld (Xibalba) before being reborn in the afterlife and rejoining the sky.
Adult: Royal Belt Ornament
Kimbell Art Museum, Acoustiguide Inc.
Private collection, in the United States by January 1971.
European private collection;
(sale, Christie's, New York, 12 November 2004, no. 47, pp. 46–49, illus. pp, 46–47, as "An Important Mayan Jade Regal Belt Pendant");
purchased by Kimbell Art Foundation, Fort Worth, 2004.


text:
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Uses of Package
java.nio.channels

Packages that use java.nio.channels

Package
Description

java.io

Provides for system input and output through data streams,
serialization and the file system.

java.lang

Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java
 programming language.

java.net

Provides the classes for implementing networking applications.

java.nio.channels

Defines channels, which represent connections to entities that are capable of
 performing I/O operations, such as files and sockets; defines selectors, for
 multiplexed, non-blocking I/O operations.

java.nio.channels.spi

Service-provider classes for the <tt>java.nio.channels</tt> package.

java.nio.file

Defines interfaces and classes for the Java virtual machine to access files,
 file attributes, and file systems.

java.nio.file.spi

Service-provider classes for the <tt>java.nio.file</tt> package.

java.util

Contains the collections framework, legacy collection classes, event model,
date and time facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility
classes (a string tokenizer, a random-number generator, and a bit array).

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.io

Class and Description

FileChannel

A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.lang

Class and Description

Channel

A nexus for I/O operations.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.net

Class and Description

DatagramChannel

A selectable channel for datagram-oriented sockets.

ServerSocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented listening sockets.

SocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented connecting sockets.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.nio.channels

Class and Description

AsynchronousByteChannel

An asynchronous channel that can read and write bytes.

AsynchronousChannel

A channel that supports asynchronous I/O operations.

AsynchronousChannelGroup

A grouping of asynchronous channels for the purpose of resource sharing.

AsynchronousCloseException

Checked exception received by a thread when another thread closes the
 channel or the part of the channel upon which it is blocked in an I/O
 operation.

AsynchronousFileChannel

An asynchronous channel for reading, writing, and manipulating a file.

AsynchronousServerSocketChannel

An asynchronous channel for stream-oriented listening sockets.

AsynchronousSocketChannel

An asynchronous channel for stream-oriented connecting sockets.

ByteChannel

A channel that can read and write bytes.

Channel

A nexus for I/O operations.

ClosedChannelException

Checked exception thrown when an attempt is made to invoke or complete an
 I/O operation upon channel that is closed, or at least closed to that
 operation.

CompletionHandler

A handler for consuming the result of an asynchronous I/O operation.

DatagramChannel

A selectable channel for datagram-oriented sockets.

FileChannel

A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.

FileChannel.MapMode

A typesafe enumeration for file-mapping modes.

FileLock

A token representing a lock on a region of a file.

GatheringByteChannel

A channel that can write bytes from a sequence of buffers.

InterruptibleChannel

A channel that can be asynchronously closed and interrupted.

MembershipKey

A token representing the membership of an Internet Protocol (IP) multicast
 group.

MulticastChannel

A network channel that supports Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting.

NetworkChannel

A channel to a network socket.

Pipe

A pair of channels that implements a unidirectional pipe.

Pipe.SinkChannel

A channel representing the writable end of a Pipe.

Pipe.SourceChannel

A channel representing the readable end of a Pipe.

ReadableByteChannel

A channel that can read bytes.

ScatteringByteChannel

A channel that can read bytes into a sequence of buffers.

SeekableByteChannel

A byte channel that maintains a current position and allows the
 position to be changed.

SelectableChannel

A channel that can be multiplexed via a Selector.

SelectionKey

A token representing the registration of a SelectableChannel with a
 Selector.

Selector

A multiplexor of SelectableChannel objects.

ServerSocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented listening sockets.

SocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented connecting sockets.

WritableByteChannel

A channel that can write bytes.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.nio.channels.spi

Class and Description

AsynchronousChannelGroup

A grouping of asynchronous channels for the purpose of resource sharing.

AsynchronousCloseException

Checked exception received by a thread when another thread closes the
 channel or the part of the channel upon which it is blocked in an I/O
 operation.

AsynchronousServerSocketChannel

An asynchronous channel for stream-oriented listening sockets.

AsynchronousSocketChannel

An asynchronous channel for stream-oriented connecting sockets.

Channel

A nexus for I/O operations.

ClosedChannelException

Checked exception thrown when an attempt is made to invoke or complete an
 I/O operation upon channel that is closed, or at least closed to that
 operation.

DatagramChannel

A selectable channel for datagram-oriented sockets.

InterruptibleChannel

A channel that can be asynchronously closed and interrupted.

Pipe

A pair of channels that implements a unidirectional pipe.

SelectableChannel

A channel that can be multiplexed via a Selector.

SelectionKey

A token representing the registration of a SelectableChannel with a
 Selector.

Selector

A multiplexor of SelectableChannel objects.

ServerSocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented listening sockets.

SocketChannel

A selectable channel for stream-oriented connecting sockets.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.nio.file

Class and Description

SeekableByteChannel

A byte channel that maintains a current position and allows the
 position to be changed.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.nio.file.spi

Class and Description

AsynchronousFileChannel

An asynchronous channel for reading, writing, and manipulating a file.

FileChannel

A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file.

SeekableByteChannel

A byte channel that maintains a current position and allows the
 position to be changed.

Classes in java.nio.channels used by java.util

Class and Description

ReadableByteChannel

A channel that can read bytes.

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text:
Kristen Bialik
Former Research Assistant
Displaying 40-48 of 48 results
Obama issued fewer executive orders on average than any president since Cleveland
Obama has issued 35 executive orders per year in office, slightly fewer than the 36 per year in office that George W. Bush issued and the lowest average in 120 years.
Obama used clemency power more often than any president since Truman
Obama granted clemency to more people than any U.S. president in 64 years, but he also received far more requests than any president on record.
More Americans say government should ensure health care coverage
As the debate continues over repeal of the Affordable Care Act and what might replace it, a growing share of Americans believe that the federal government has a responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage.
Blacks and Hispanics face extra challenges in getting home loans
Black and Hispanic mortgage applicants are denied more frequently than whites and Asians, and when they do obtain mortgages they tend to pay higher rates.
Tillerson would be first secretary of state without military or government experience
At least four secretaries of state previously worked as top executives for large private-sector companies.
Most Americans favor stricter environmental laws and regulations
A majority of U.S. adults say stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost, while roughly a third say such regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy.
Republicans, Democrats find common ground on many provisions of health care law
Americans remain split in their opinions about the Affordable Care Act and its future. But while President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to repeal the overhaul, individual provisions are broadly popular, even across partisan lines.
What kinds of backgrounds do U.S. attorneys general have?
Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, President-elect Donald Trump's pick for attorney general, closely resembles many previous Justice Department leaders.
Page1Page2Page3Page4You are reading page5


I've played through Final Fantasy VII exactly once. It was about 15 years ago, and I absolutely loved it. A few years after that, I started itching to play it again, but never got around to it. Then there started to be rumors of a remake, so I decided to wait. Then I started listening to No One Can Know About This, and decided I'd start replaying it when they got to the game. Then I heard a Switch version was coming, so I decided that was how I was finally going to play it.
So last week, I finally dove back in and started another play through of Final Fantasy VII.
First impression are.. not so great? The battle mechanics and everything are fine, but the game just looks awful. So much so that it becomes difficult to play. There have been several times already (I'm still in Midgar) where I've had to look up a guide just to figure out, like, where I was supposed to move my dang character. There are plenty of classic games I like playing, but the murky, muddy, dark environments in this are just hard to work through.
On the plus side, the timing worked out that I'm also able to play through this time as a run at the Materia Lockdown charity challenge, organized by my friend Bill (from The RPG Golden Years podcast). Basically, he and his team have gone through and created a series of job classes based on different combinations of Materia, so you end up with, like, Cloud only being able to use purple and green, or Aerith using red and yellow.
I'm still pretty early on in the game, so I haven't really fully felt the impacts of the limitations this challenge sets out, but I've definitely found myself being more thoughtful about assigning Materia than I would be if I could just throw it anywhere. I'll probably post mini updates about my progress on the blog as I keep playing through the game, but so far I'd definitely recommend everyone check it out. It's an interesting twist on a classic game, and it's in support of a fantastic charity.
Plus, I made the logo, which I'm really pretty proud of.


An early nineteenth century Spanish edition of Jose Francisco's important satirical novel, originally banned by the Inquisition, in a fine binding.
Direct from the library at Newton Hall, Northumberland. With the armorial bookplates in Volumes I - III of author Samuel Edward Widdrington.
Written in the original Spanish.
Jose Francisco de Isla de la Torre y Rojo, 1703 - 1781, was a Spanish novelist and Jesuit. The first volume of his important work, Historia del Famoso Predicador Fray Gerundio de Campazas, was banned within a month of publication in 1758 by the Inquisition; the second part was published in 1768 and de Isla was exiled. The novel is a blend of two elements, narrative satire and the burlesque. This work is often seen as a insight into the life and customs of particular Spanish cities, as the descriptions and details given by de Isla are considered authentic.
Samuel Edward Widdrington (formerly Cook), 1787 - 1856, was an English writer on Spain. Having served in the Royal Navy he lived for some years in Spain. He served as High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1854. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and the Royal Geographical Society. He inherited the estates of Newton Hall, Northumberland, and the Widdrington name.
The bindings are tight and firm. There is only very mild wear to the extremities, with just very mild rubbing, prominent to the spine. Internally the pages are generally clean and bright. Overall the condition is very good indeed.


This is a persistant tabletop role playing game played online through a discord server. A persistant world is a game in which you may roleplay, fight other players, and interact with them without the influence of a storyteller or game master. I would suggest you read the rules, in particular The Basics and Character Creation before you make a character up on the top side menus.
Here are some helpful thinks in addition to those.