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Hard Science — September 23, 2022
Einstein's theory of general relativity passes another test, with implications for dark matter and dark energy
The theory is accurate within at least one part in a quadrillion.
Credit: canbedone / Adobe Stock
Scientists carried out an ultra-precise test of a core premise of Einstein's modern theory of gravity. The theory stood up with an accuracy of one part in a quadrillion.
The assertion that inertial and gravitational mass are the same is known as the equivalence principle, and Einstein hard-wired equivalence into his theory of gravity.
The latest test rules out some alternative theories of gravity, but not all of them. The research has significant consequences for conjectural ideas such as dark energy and dark matter.
Don Lincoln
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Researchers used a satellite orbiting the Earth to carry out an ultra-precise test of a core premise of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which is the modern theory of gravity. The question is whether two different kinds of mass — gravitational and inertial — are identical. The scientists found that two objects aboard the satellite fell toward Earth at the same rate, with an accuracy of one part in a quadrillion. This successful test of Einstein's theory has substantial implications for current cosmic mysteries — for example, the question of whether dark matter and dark energy exist.
Fooling the ancients
Gravity is the force that holds the Universe together, tugging at distant galaxies and guiding them in an eternal cosmic dance. The strength of gravity is governed partly by the distance between two objects, but also by the masses of objects. An object with more mass experiences more gravity. The technical name for this type of mass is "gravitational mass."
Mass has another property, which one might call inertia. This is an object's tendency to resist changes in motion. In other words, more massive things are harder to move: It's easier to push a bicycle than a car. The technical name for this type of mass is "inertial mass."
There is no reason a priori to assume that gravitational mass and inertial mass are the same. One governs the force of gravity, while the other governs motion. If they were different, heavy and light objects would fall at different rates, and indeed philosophers in ancient Greece observed that a hammer and a feather fall differently. Heavy objects certainly do seem to fall faster than light ones. We now know that air resistance is the culprit, but that was hardly obvious in the past.
The situation was clarified in the 17th century, when Galileo performed a series of experiments using ramps and spheres of different masses to show that objects of different masses fall at the same rate. (His oft-cited experiment of dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa is probably apocryphal.) And in 1971, astronaut David Scott convincingly repeated Galileo's experiment on the airless Moon, when he dropped a hammer and a feather, and they fell identically. The ancient Greeks had been fooled.
Dark conjecture
The assertion that inertial and gravitational mass are the same is known as the equivalence principle, and Einstein hard-wired equivalence into his theory of gravity. General relativity successfully predicts how objects fall in most circumstances, and the scientific community accepts it as the best theory of gravity.
However, "most" circumstances does not mean "all," and astronomical observations have revealed some perplexing mysteries. For one, galaxies rotate faster than their stars and the gases within them can account for or than Einstein's theory of gravity can explain. The most accepted explanation for this discrepancy is the existence of a substance called dark matter — matter that does not emit light. Another cosmic conundrum is the observation that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. To explain this oddity, scientists have postulated that the Universe is full of a repulsive form of gravity called dark energy.
However, these are matters of informed conjecture. It could be that we do not fully understand gravity or the laws of motion. Before we can have any confidence that dark matter and dark energy are real, we need to validate Einstein's theory of general relativity with very high precision. To do that, we need to show that the equivalence principle is true.
While Isaac Newton tested the equivalence principle back in the 1600s, modern efforts are much more accurate. In the 20th century, astronomers bounced lasers off mirrors left on the moon by Apollo astronauts to show that inertial and gravitational mass are the same to an accuracy of one part in 10 trillion. That achievement was impressive. But the most recent experiment went further still.
General relativity passes another test
A group of researchers called the MicroSCOPE collaboration launched a satellite into space in 2016. Cylinders of titanium and platinum were on board, and the scientists' intent was to test the equivalence principle. By putting their apparatus in space, they isolated the equipment from vibrations and small gravitational differences created by nearby mountains, underground oil and mineral deposits, and the like. The scientists monitored the location of the cylinders using electric fields. The idea is that if the two objects orbited differently, they would need to use two different electric fields to keep them in place.
What they found was that the required electric fields were the same, allowing them to determine that any differences in inertial and gravitational mass came out to less than one part in a quadrillion. Essentially, they made a precise validation of the equivalence principle.
While this is an expected outcome from the point of view of general relativity, it has very substantial consequences for the study of dark matter and dark energy. While those ideas are popular, some scientists believe that the rotational properties of galaxies can be better explained by new theories of gravity. Many of these alternative theories imply that the equivalence principle is not quite perfect.
The MicroSCOPE measurement saw no violation of the equivalence principle. Its results rule out some alternative theories of gravity, but not all of them. Researchers are preparing a second experiment, called MicroSCOPE2, that should be about 100 times more precise than its predecessor. If it sees deviations of the principle of equivalence, it will give scientists crucial guidance toward developing new and improved theories of gravity.
Space & Astrophysics
Isaac Newton's life was one long search for God
From physics and alchemy to theology and eschatology, Isaac Newton's research was rooted in a personal pursuit of the Divine.
Without Einstein, we might have missed General Relativity
Einstein's "happiest thought" led to General Relativity's formulation. Would a different profound insight have led us forever astray?
Einstein's demon-haunted quantum world
Einstein hated "spooky action at a distance," but much to his chagrin, quantum mechanics remains as spooky as ever.
Is dark matter real? Astronomy's multi-decade mystery
The key problem with the dark matter hypothesis is that nobody knows what form dark matter might take.
Peeking behind a black hole: how matter bends space that bends light
Albert Einstein and his theory of general relativity continue to amaze us to this day.
Ask Ethan: Why does nature obey laws at all?
No matter what physical system we consider, nature always obeys the same fundamental laws. Must it be this way, and if so, why?


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What is Hoodoo and Rootwork?
Southern Rootwork is a living tradition currently practiced and passed along by word of mouth, imitation, and observation over time and space within groups, such as family, ethnic, social class, regional, and others. It evolved out of a conglomeration of African Traditional Religions (ATRs) brought to American shores with the slave trade. The word Hoodoo is often used interchangeably with rootwork to denote various forms of African-based ethnobotanical, folk magic systems, medicinal healing and hexing through the use of herbs, roots, bones, and stones. Southern rootwork as we know it today is largely influenced by Native American and Latino Diasporic traditions, as well as European folk magic. That said, it is African at its roots.
When it first arrived to these shores via the slave trade, Hoodoo was a very powerful system of ancestral-based magical, spiritual and herbal system of knowledge said to be directly connected to the African Vodou Spirits. It is said that Legba, the primary deity and intermediary, was given this system of knowledge by the forest spirits (Azizzas) and he along with the Vodou, in turn passed the knowledge on to the ancestors. The system provided the ancestors with a means of controlling and influencing the environment and was a primary way of coping with daily living. The African spirits were represented by crude wooden fetishes called boccio which were undoubtedly the forerunner of the American Voodoo doll; though, popular culture and the tourist trade have corrupted their original meaning and intent. According to the Mami Wata society:
"This system of knowledge was mastered by most Africans who lived on the Guinea Coast, all the way to Nigeria and the Bight of Benin (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Togo, Angola, Senegal, etc.) It is from these African populations in particular (Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, Kongo-based groups) who carried this knowledge and tradition with them during their forced migration to the New World.
From the Dahomean perspective, if one were to substitute the word "Hunbonon" (familiar/mother) or Gbo/Gbokonan (medicine maker) for the popular New World term "Hoodoo", one would be placing this system of both magic, esoteric science, medicine and art, back in its historical mileu."
For the term itself refers to a body of powerfully consecrated priests whose title literally translates as "producers or activators." Producers in the sense that it is they who not only possess the knowledge of all of the most sacred herbs, animals, metals, and other products of nature, used in magic, "hexing" and medicine, but are also its activators.
These priest are derived from all aspects of West African traditional spiritual practices, from our Bokonons,(geomancers), Azondoto, Zokas, Garbara, Akpases (socerers), Botonons (priest) and Mamaissiis (Mami Wata priests)."
Over time, the connection between the Vodou religion and the system of sacred knowledge of herbs, animals and minerals in magic and medicine was weakened as a result of colonization and the various traumatic events associated with colonization, i.e. religious persecution, forced separation of families, slavery, discrimination, Christianity and the Black Code (particularly in Louisiana). Now, Hoodoo is mostly considered to be the practice, study and use of roots, herbs, bones, stones, natural elements, and their magical, esoteric and medicinal use within a particular cultural context without the initiatory and religious practices of the Vodou religion or intervention of its pantheon of spirits. The connection between Legba, the Azzizas and the gift of knowledge of the healing properties of plants, herbs and roots has been forgotten by modern day rootworkers. Let us not forget from whence the "root" in rootwork came.
Article copyright 2013-2014 Denise Alvarado, All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Most families of enormous wealth have a dark and sometimes scandalous, even monstrous past.
Donald Trump's clan is no exception to that rule.
His grandfather was a pimp and a tax evader, his father a racist who would in the course of his life, clash with New York City Police as a member of the Ku Klux Klan and then as a wealthy real estate magnate, refuse to rent to people of color.


Jessica "Jee" Eribal, a 40-year-old wife and mother from barangay Tisa in Cebu City, was crowned 2017 Mrs. International held at Grand Balloon Orchid Country Club in Singapore on December 7, 2017. This regional human resource (HR) manager for Personal Collection also won the best speech at the competition. Jee has a 15-year-old son and when she was still single, she joined Mutya ng Pilipinas Central Visayas in 1998 and Miss Cebu Tourism in 2000.


Also presented: Portland, OR, American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) 55th Annual Conference Meetings, May 2000.
AAPOR SESSION E: Impact of Telephone Sampling Design on Sample Efficiency and Bias -- Friday 5/19/2000 1. Introduction. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) is the latest in a series of surveys sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor (DoL) to examine issues surrounding youth entry into the work force and subsequent transitions in and out of the work force. The NLSY97 is following a cohort of approximately 9,000 youths who completed an interview in 1997 (the base year). These youths were between 12 and 16 years of age as of December 31, 1996, and are being interviewed annually using a mix of some core questions asked annually and varying subject modules. We will compare two different weighting strategies for the first three rounds of NLSY97 data.
Pedlow, Steven and Colm O'Muircheartaigh. "Combining Samples versus Cumulating Cases: A Comparison of Two Weighting Strategies in NLSY97." Presented: New York, NY, Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 11-15, 2002.


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Q: How to query intermediate table? I have two classes in ruby:-
   class Role < ActiveRecord::Base
       # attr_accessible :title, :body
       acts_as_authorization_role :subject_class_name => 'User', :join_table_name =>   "roles_users"
    end

and
     class User < ActiveRecord::Base
      acts_as_authentic
          acts_as_authorization_object :role_class_name => 'Role', :subject_class_name => 'User'
          acts_as_authorization_subject :association_name => :roles , :join_table_name => 'roles_users'
          has_one:employee_detail ,:foreign_key => "User_id"

     end

and migration files are:-
 class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
    def change
    create_table :users do |t|
     t.string :username
     t.string :email
     t.string :crypted_password
     t.string :password_salt
     t.string :persistence_token
     t.timestamps
   end
 end
end

 class CreateRoles < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
    create_table "roles" , :force => true  do |t|
      t.string  :name ,             :limit => 40
      t.string  :authorizable_type, :limit => 40
      t.integer :authorizable_id
      t.timestamps
   end
 end
end

 class RolesUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
    create_table "roles_users", :id => false, :force => true do |t|
    t.references  :user
    t.references  :role
  end
 end
end

i have user id and want to retrieve role id, but not able to query intermediate table. can anyone provide some solution for this. thnks

A: It's clear that your user is going to have multiple roles
You can define an habtm relation in user for for role and get retrive roles roles like following
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
      acts_as_authentic
      acts_as_authorization_object :role_class_name => 'Role', :subject_class_name => 'User'
      acts_as_authorization_subject :association_name => :roles , :join_table_name => 'roles_users'
      has_one:employee_detail ,:foreign_key => "User_id"
      has_and_belongs_to_many :roles
end

And retrieve roles for a user like below
user = User.find user_id
user.roles # this will give you roles array
role_ids = user.roles.map { |r| r.id } # if you only want array of ids

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Obstacles and alternative options for cardiac rehabilitation in Nanjing, China: an exploratory study
Hong Jin†1Email author,
Qin Wei1,
Long Chen1,
Qin Sun1,
Yun Zhang1,
Juan Wu1,
Genshan Ma1 and
Naifeng Liu†1Email author
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders201414:20
© Jin et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is still not well developed in mainland China. The objective of this study is to investigate the barriers associated with those seeking cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and to explore appropriate secondary prevention modalities tailored to the needs of Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
A consecutive series of eligible patients was recruited from the cardiac department of a teaching hospital in Nanjing, located in southeast China. Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 328 patients prior to hospital discharge. Patient preferences for seeking an outpatient CR program or an alternative outpatient self-choice, minimal-cost educational program were evaluated. Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical data were assessed. Additionally, patients were asked to provide the reasons affecting their choice.
Overall, only 14.3% patients preferred the standard CR program. Factors associated with non-participating were female gender (odds ratios [ORs], 6.05, 95% CI, 1.30-28.19), older age (ORs, 1.11, 95% CI, 1.04-1.19, per year), less education (ORs, 8.13, 95% CI, 2.83-23.38), low income (ORs, 3.26, 95% CI, 1.24-8.54), and having either basic medical care or a lack of health insurance (ORs, 10.01, 95% CI, 3.90-25.68). The most common reason for refusing to participate in CR was that patients could not afford it. Of the remaining patients, 65.8% patients chose self-choice educational programs, especially for female (ORs, 5.84, 95% CI, 2.67-12.79), older (ORs, 1.06, 95% CI, 1.02-1.11, per year), and low income (ORs, 2.14, 95% CI, 1.12-4.10) patients. The main reasons for their preferences were their desires for more information about disease and risk factors, the low cost, feasibility, and saving time.
Multiple barriers, which may occur at the patient, health system, and societal levels, have prevented eligible patients from participating in CR programs. Self-choice educational programs, an alternative model incorporating more information, would strongly meet the needs of most patients. A feasible delivery format for secondary prevention should be provided for all CHD patients.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China, despite advances in medical treatment [1–3]. Urbanization, industrialization, and the aging of the population have resulted in a rapid and significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of CHD in the past decades [1]. Uncontrolled risk factors, unhealthy lifestyles, and lack of knowledge about the disease have resulted in poor management of CHD among Chinese patients [4, 5].
The high mortality and morbidity associated with CHD has resulted in calls for the universal provision of rehabilitative and preventive measures for all patients with this disease [6]. During the past decades, many studies conducted in Western countries have demonstrated that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can significantly reduce cardiac risk and symptoms, improve functional capacity, enhance psychological well-being and reduce the risk of further cardiac events [7–9]. However, even in many developed countries, participation rate in hospital-based CR programs are reported to be low, particularly for women [10, 11], the elderly [12, 13], patients at a lower socioeconomic status [14], patients with less education [15] and patients lacking insurance [16]. Many attempts have been made by rehabilitation centers to offer choices in the format of the program, in an effort to encourage participation. These alternatives have included individual consultations with health professionals and self-education [17], as well as modular approaches [18], group counseling programs [19], and home-based CR programs [20]. Randomized trials studying the effects of these alternative CR models have demonstrated beneficial outcomes for patients participating in such programs after cardiac events [18–20].
In developed Western countries, CR is a rapidly developing area on health care. However, in mainland China, the concept of CR is relatively new and has received little attention [21]. In contrast to the high numbers of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed, CR is still in its infancy, and CR services are rarely found in most parts of the country [5]. This fact is surprising, considering the size of the country and its population. A lack of priority, limited health care resources and scarce rehabilitation facilities are believed to pose major challenges to the development and implementation of CR programs in mainland China [5]. To date, there is no standard design for CR programs in mainland China. In searching for barriers to CR and potential solutions to the CR gap, we firstly introduced a standard CR model based on a 3-month outpatient program for patients following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [22] in our center. Secondly, if patients did not agree to participate in the standard CR program, we offered an alternative self-choice educational program for increasing knowledge about heart disease and stimulating lifestyle changes.
Therefore, the aims of this study were: 1) to identify factors and reasons for non-participating in the standard CR program; 2) to investigate whether patients preferred an alternative self-choice educational program model for getting information; 3) to further evaluate predictors for attending the alternative self-choice educational program. Finally, 4) the desire for specific information regarding heart disease and preventive therapies were also examined.
A consecutive series of patients with ACS between September 2010 and March 2012 were recruited from a cardiac center of teaching hospital with approximately 1500 beds, located in Nanjing, a provincial capital with 9 million populations. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: were over 80 years of age or had severe comorbidities, psychiatric illness or cognitive decline that impaired their ability to complete the study's measures. A total of 468 patients were admitted to the hospital for ACS during the study period. After excluding patients based on the criteria above, there were 372 eligible patients who initially consented to participate in the study. However, 31 patients failed to follow up, and 13 patients were unable to complete interview, leaving a population of 328 patients (Figure 1). All participants gave full written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Committee of Clinical Investigation of Southeast University School of Medicine.
Flowchart for recruitment. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; *Includes significant cardiac comorbidities and advanced cancer; #Illness that caused patients to feel unwell and precluded participation in the study (e.g., such as a transient viral or bacterial infection).
Data collected from the medical records included demographic information, clinical history of chronic diseases, comorbidities, cardiac diagnoses (ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina), medications, and record of whether invasive procedures were performed during hospitalization (PCI, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)).
While patients were still in the hospital following their PCI, CABG, or continued medical treatment procedure, they were approached by a nurse from the CR team to check for eligibility and for recruitment in the study. After the acute care period, all patients were approached by a nurse from the CR team regarding participation in a standard outpatient CR course. The proposed outpatient CR program was a 12 weeks plan that included moderate intensity endurance training and education about the disease and risk factors. The endurance training was administered for 45 minutes per day for 3 times a week at a target aerobic intensity of 50% to 70% heart rate reserve. In addition, all exercise training group patients received individual counseling on exercise prescription, secondary prevention, and daily activities by a physician and a nurse over a period of 12 weeks. Patients would need to pay for the CR program at their own expense because basic medical insurance did not cover the costs of the program. If patients declined to attend the standard CR program, they were offered an alternative format of education regarding secondary prevention-a self-choice, minimal cost educational program, which was promoted by local enthusiasts (e.g., cardiologists (H.J.), nurses (Q.S.) or physiotherapists (Y.Z.)) who perceived a therapeutic gap and filled it, often by "borrowing" time from other professions required for this multidisciplinary activity. Patients were encouraged to attend education classes, which were held once weekly with lectures given by physicians, nurses, dieticians, and pharmacists on cardiac disease, secondary prevention, management, diet, smoking cessation, and medication.
Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 372 patients prior to hospital discharge. These interviews were approximately 20 minutes and were administered in a location convenient to the patient (e.g., bedside). Of the 372 patients who were interviewed at baseline (i.e., prior to discharge), complete data regarding all secondary prevention format preferences were available in 328 cases. The data regarding patient' attitudes and beliefs about CR programs, as well as their preference for a self-choice educational program, were collected using a structured questionnaire. Researchers were registered nurses with graduate degrees and specialized expertise in cardiac care.
Participants completed both the face-to-face interviews and the structured questionnaire independently prior to discharge. The questionnaire surveyed the following: the first section included patient baseline characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status, health insurance status, and income bracket prior to the acute event. The second section included attitudes about participation in a standard CR program. First, the researchers advised patients about the purposes, benefits, and costs associated with the CR program. Then, patients were asked if they would like to participate in a CR program. All patients responded 'Yes' or 'No'. Patients who did not want to attend were asked about their reasons. To perform this assessment, they were asked, 'Why did you decline to join the CR program?' Patients were prompted with possible options, which included unaffordability, transportation issues, work or time conflicts, health problems, self-exercise (their desire to exercise independently of the program), skepticism towards the benefits of rehabilitation, and lack of family support, among others and were asked to choose their reasons.
The third section was explored within the group who did not agree to join a CR program. Patients were asked if they would like to attend a self-choice educational program to obtain more information about heart disease and lifestyle. Among patients who agreed to attend a self-choice educational program, we further assessed the reasons for joining the educational program, such as receiving more information about disease and risk factors, low cost, feasibility, saving time, among others. Additionally, these patients were asked to choose the specific information they desired, namely, knowledge about the disease, physical activity, diet, medication, stress management, modifying risk factors, career advice, and lifestyle changes, among others.
Additionally, before hospital discharge, all study patients were asked to complete a questionnaire, the Chinese Mandarin versions of the Short Form 36-Item (SF-36) Health Survey [23], which was used to assess the health status. The SF-36 is a widely used generic instrument consisting of 36 items. It yields 8 subscale profiles, including physical and mental health summary measurements. A high score reflects good health status. After 12 weeks from hospital discharge, SF-36 questionnaires were repeated in all study patients, including those who did not participate in CR or self-choice educational program.
Attendance at standard CR or a self-choice educational program was confirmed by a telephone survey 3 months after the initial interview, with attendance defined as having attended at least one CR or self-choice educational program session.
Patients were divided into three groups according to whether they agreed to attend the CR program, the self-choice educational program, or refused to attend both programs. All data are expressed as the means ± standard deviations for normally distributed data and as the medians (interquartile range) for skewed continuous variables. Comparisons of continuous variables among the three groups were performed using a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables across groups. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to indentify factors associated with non-participating in CR, defined as refusal to participate in CR prior to hospital discharge, or attendance in a self-choice educational program. Significant univariate predictors were included in multivariate logistic regression analyses. We included 5 covariates in the model: age, gender, education, insurance, and income. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). All tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Overall, the mean age of the cohort was 63.0 ± 7.6 years, and 26.2% were women. A comparison of the socioeconomic and clinical characteristics of patients among three groups is shown in Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study patients
Refusal to attend CR (n = 281)
Agreed to attend CR (n = 47)
Agree to attend EP (n = 185)
Refusal to attend EP (n = 96)
Age, years
Gender, female
9 (9.4)
Education: Junior high school or lower
Current smoker
Basic medical care or lack of health insurance
Free medical care or other commercial health insurance
Income: (Chinese Yuan/month)
Low (≤3,000)
Medium (3,000 - 5,000)
High (≥5,000)
BMI (kg/m2)
Medical diagnosis:
NSTEMI
No. of diseased vessels
1 (1 - 2)
1 (1-2)
50 (45 - 55)
CABG
Duration of hospitalization (days)
Previous heart disease
Co-morbidity:
Data are represented as the means ± SD or the median (interquartile) or number (%) of patients; SD indicates standard deviation; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; EP, educational program; BMI, body mass index; STEMI, ST segment elevated myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction; EF, ejection fraction as assessed by echocardiography; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft. P value represents statistical differences among three groups.
When compared to patients who did not agree to participate in CR, those who preferred CR were younger and more likely to be male (p < 0.001). Low income and less educated patients were more likely to prefer the educational program compared to the patients who declined the CR or educational programs (p < 0.001). Patients with basic medical care or without health insurance were less likely to prefer CR as compared to those who agreed to participate in a CR program (p < 0.001). There were no differences across groups in terms of BMI, medical diagnosis, number of diseased vessels, management strategies (PCI, CABG, or continued medical treatment), length of hospital stay, or ejection fraction as evaluated by echocardiography. In the multivariable model, factors that were independently associated with non-participation in CR included female gender, older age, basic medical care or lack of insurance, low income, and poor education (Table 2).
Multivariate logistic regression model for factors associated with non-participating in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) (n = 328)
Adjusted ORs
95% CI Lower - Upper
Age (per year)
> Junior high school
≤ Junior high school
< 0.001
Free or commercial
Basic medical care or none
Income (Chinese Yuan/month)
Medium/high (> 3,000)
Low-income (≤ 3,000)
ORs, odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; Dependent variable, patients refused to participate in CR: non-participating = 1, participation = 0.
Reasons given by patients who refused to participate in a CR program are presented in Table 3. Patients were asked to indicate the most important reason. The most common reason for refusing to attend CR was unaffordability. Other reasons included conflicts with work or insufficient time to attend, poor health (chronic dialysis, peripheral vascular disease, trait anxiety, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, arthritis, and other disability/impairment), transportation problems, and lack of support from family members.
Reasons for patients' refusal to participate in cardiac rehabilitation (CR)
Reason*
Patients (n = 281), n (%)
Unaffordability (Cannot afford CR)
Work or time conflicts
Difficulty with commute to rehabilitation center
22 (7.8)
Self-exercise
Family members did not support CR
Considered CR to be non-essential or reluctant to join
Responsibility to domestic duties
*Patients could give only one reason.
Among patients who declined to participate in the CR program, 185 patients (65.8%) preferred an alternative educational program. The multiple regression analysis of predictors for the participation in the educational program is summarized in Table 4. Female, older, and low-income patients were more likely to attend the educational program. Unlike predictors for the participation in CR, insurance status and education level was not associated with participation rates in the alternative educational program.
Multivariate logistic regression model for factors associated with participation in self-choice educational program (n = 281)
ORs, odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; Dependent variable, patients agreed to participate in self-choice educational program: participation = 1, non-participating = 0.
When patients were asked why they preferred the self-choice educational program over CR, they gave the reasons as listed in Figure 2. The foremost reason was their desire to learn about the disease and how to reduce risk factors. Low costs were considered the second most important reason for their decision. Other reasons were its feasibility and time-saving nature.
Reasons for choosing self-choice educational program. Bars represent the percentage of patients who provided the indicated answer. Patients could choose more than one answer.
Lastly, patients were asked what they wanted to learn from health professionals (Table 5). The majority of patients wanted to know how to exercise, manage risk factors, and gain knowledge about diseases, diet, and pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle changes and career advice were considered important information in less than half of the study patients. In addition, a minority of patients reported that they needed advice on strategies for coping with stress and depressed mood.
Preferred information regarding secondary prevention among patients who agreed to participate in self-choice educational program
Relevant information*
Modifying risk factors
Knowledge about the disease
105 (56.8 )
Career advice and returning to work
Management of depressed mood
*Patients could give more than one choice.
There was no significant difference in scores of physical function and mental health among three groups at baseline. After 12 weeks from hospital discharge, there was an improvement in scores of physical function and mental health, with an increase of 79.7% and 58.6% in CR group, 27.6% and 22.4% in educational program group, and 18.8% and 11.2% in patients who did not participate in CR or educational program. These results showed that CR and self-choice educational program had a profound effect on physical function and mental health (Table 6, p < 0.001).
Percent changes in scores of SF-36 Questionnaire after 12 weeks from hospital discharge in all study patients
Physical function, %
27.6 (18.2 - 41.4)
13.8 (6.0 - 26.8)
79.7 (58.5 - 108.7)
Mental health, %
Data are represented as the median (interquartile); SF-36, Short Form 36-Item Health Survey; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; EP, educational program; P value represents statistical difference among three groups.
Of the eligible patients who were offered a standard CR program, only a low proportion of patients chose this option. It is evident that there are many factors leading to poor participation rates for CR. Insurance coverage has been shown to be a major factor impacting participation in CR [11, 24]. Patients without insurance are less likely to participate, which agrees with previous studies that report a lack of funding from insurance or other sources to impact attendance [16, 24]. In agreement with this, very few people have free medical care or other commercial health insurance in mainland China [25]. Although the majority of the population are covered by the National Health Service in mainland China, the proportion of people who receive reimbursement for their medical treatment fees among those with medical insurance varies significantly by the type of medical insurance [25]. Moreover, the treatment costs for most patients are only partially reimbursed through basic medical care when they become ill and are admitted to the hospital. The average proportion of medical payments paid out-of-pocket is approximately 60% for the whole population, and government expenditures for health account for only 36% of the total health expenditure [4, 26]. In addition, according to the reimbursement system, the National Health Service is unlikely to pay for a patient's participation in a CR program after hospital discharge [5]. This further leads to a financial burden for most patients.
Socioeconomic status also reflects financial and material well-being, factors that may contribute to participation in CR. Similar to findings in industrialized countries [14, 27, 28], patients with higher income and education were more likely to attend CR. Given the association between cost and insurance coverage, lower educational and economic status may serve as markers for lack of insurance. In addition, patient characteristics such as age and gender have been reported to be significant predictors of participation in CR. In agreement with previous studies [10, 12, 13], older patients and women were less likely to attend CR. The reason for this disparity may be related to patients' preferences, but it is even more likely that gaps in CR participation for these groups are due to financial strains, self-exercise, time conflicts, transportation problems, or a lack of family support. The most common reason for patients' refusal to attend CR was that patients could not afford CR, which may be attributed to perceived insufficient health care resources and an under-developed reimbursement system. Understanding patient-reported reasons for their decision may further help understand the barriers associated with CR participation. Thus, a lack of emphasis, resources, and institutional support for such services are a few of the most important obstacles preventing greater participation in CR programs in mainland China.
The majority of patients in our study showed a clear preference for choosing the CR alternative, a self-choice educational program offered at minimal cost. Patients provided a wide range of reasons for their choices. Of these, receiving more information, the low cost, feasibility, and saving time were the most frequently given advantages of the self-choice educational programs. The strong desire for information among patients after acute cardiac events agrees with previous reports [29], and this indicates that the amount of information received during hospital stays are low. During a patient's stay in the acute care, it is unlikely that physicians and nurses provide effective education about lifestyle modifications due to the short duration of the hospital stay as well as the high physical and emotional stress experienced by the patient during this phase of hospitalization. Additionally, because information may have been delivered at a time, patients were unable to completely understand some information by medical staffs and the need for information increases when patients are left on their own to handle their problems [30]. In this situation, the availability of self-choice educational programs at low cost, preferred by the majority of patients due to its affordability and feasibility, is a better opportunity to provide information about their disease, educate them about compliance with treatment regimens, and make informed decisions about lifestyle changes.
Women were more likely to prefer educational programs. Heart disease in women is characterized by a poorer prognosis, greater disability, and a higher rate of morbidity and early death after myocardial infarction compared with men [31]. Women often underestimate their risk for heart disease [32, 33] and have longer pre-hospital delays than men [34]. After an acute cardiac event, women did not feel that they had received enough information from a health professional about treatment and preventive health behaviors and wanted a great deal of information about the management of their disease [29]. In accordance with a previous study [35], older patients wanted more information on disease management and prevention than younger and employed patients. The following explanations of these results are possible: 1) older age is associated with receiving less information during hospitalization [30]; 2) older patients may need information repeated due to age-related visual and hearing problems. In addition, lower-income patients wanted to attend educational programs, which was in line with recent evidence that low-socioeconomic status participants showed similar attendance and adherence to program guidelines as their higher-socioeconomic status counterparts [36].
The findings from this study will have significant implications for those seeking options for the management of CHD, particular for disadvantaged people with inadequate medical resources. Educational programs, as a simple and effective alternative, could provide sufficient information about the disease process and health promotion, disease prevention and risk education to those patients who are not able to access standard CR. However, a single education intervention seems to be insufficient as a means to obtain sustainable and meaningful benefits [37]. Thus, it should be emphasized that, wherever possible, standard CR should be used as part of the outpatient treatment plan following cardiac events based on evidence-based guidelines [38].
Despite the effectiveness of conventional centre-based CR programs, participation rates are low [15, 39] and the majority of patients requiring CR are missing out on evidence-based health benefits of lifestyle interventions. Little research has been conducted on improving health outcomes for the majority of cardiac patients who do not attend CR. This study addresses these gaps in public health practice by testing an alternative delivery mode for CR. While this study leads to conclusions specific to mainland China, it has implications for other countries as well. More research is needed to explore possible strategies to overcome these barriers to participation in CR.
Our study has several limitations, particularly with regards to how we measured CR or self-choice educational program attendance. Attendance at CR or self-choice educational program was defined as having attended at least one session. We did not differentiate between patients who completed all sessions and patients who only ever attended one session. This precluded investigations associating between patient preferences and non-completion of the CR or self-choice educational program. The National Service Framework set the target at 85% for the number of eligible patients invited to join rehabilitation programs [40]. This study reports only on the numbers participating in rehabilitation programs, so it can only indirectly reflect the failure to meet this target. Although participation rate probably included a few who joined the program but dropped out too soon to gain the real benefit, the one of goals of this study were to examine the obstacles to CR and patient' wishes to attend alternative secondary preventive measures. In fact, only few patients dropped out of CR (2.1%) or of self-choice educational programs (3.8%) according latest data. The second main limitation pertains to measurement. Although the validity of questionnaire regarding preferences for CR or a self-choice educational program was not verified, the potential for social desirability biases in participant responses could be ruled out. Patients were asked about their preferences and reasons for their decisions prior to discharge. This enabled the exploration of patient preferences at a time when patients were likely to be making decisions about their own secondary preventive measures.
There were also other limitations. First, our study only considered a sample from one localized geographical location. Thus, it may not be possible to generalize our results to those living in other regions of China. Secondly, we had a relatively small study population, and our participants were recruited from a single center with a stable population. Finally, there is a lack of long-term follow-up data. We are not able to assess the extent to which participation in either secondary prevention program sponsored by our center affected the prognosis of these patients.
There were many barriers at the levels of the patient, the health system, and society that prevented eligible patients from accessing CR services. It is essential to provide a flexible model for CR delivery that is suitable for local conditions and meets the needs of patients. The majority of patients expressed a strong desire for self-choice educational programs to obtain more information about disease and health promotion even after hospital discharge, especially among female, older, and low-income patients. Findings from this study may be used to guide health professionals in providing or offering effective, safe, convenient and culturally relevant programs for CHD secondary prevention.
Hong Jin and Naifeng Liu contributed equally to this work.
CHD:
CR:
ST segment elevated myocardial infarction
Non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction
ANOVA:
One way analysis of variance
SF-36:
Short form 36-item health survey.
This study was supported by the Science and Technology Support Social Development Research Fund, a division of the Health Bureau of Jiangsu Province Government (grant no. BE2011793).
HJ was the principal investigator, involved in designing the study, analyzing the data, and writing the manuscript. QW and LC contributed to data collecting. HJ, QS, YZ and JW were responsible for exercise training and educational programs. NFL and GSM provided expertise in the research design and plan coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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text:
Els Vader, właśc. Elisabeth Cornelia Vader, po mężu Scharn (ur. 24 września 1959 we Vlissingen, zm. 8 lutego 2021) – holenderska lekkoatletka, sprinterka, medalistka halowych mistrzostw Europy w 1985,  trzykrotna olimpijka.

Kariera sportowa
Zajęła 5. miejsce w sztafecie 4 × 100 metrów, 6. miejsce w biegu na 200 metrów i odpadła w półfinale biegu na 100 metrów na mistrzostwach Europy juniorów w 1977 w Doniecku.

Odpadła w eliminacjach biegu na 60 metrów na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1979 w Wiedniu. Na igrzyskach olimpijskich w 1980 w Moskwie odpadła w półfinale biegu na 20 metrów i eliminacjach biegu na 100 metrów. Zajęła 4. miejsce w biegu na 200 metrów i odpadła w półfinale biegu na 60 metrów na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1982 w Mediolanie, a na kolejnych halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1983 w Budapeszcie ponownie zajęła 4. miejsce w biegu na 200 metrów. Odpadła w ćwierćfinale biegu na 100 metrów na mistrzostwach świata w 1983 w Helsinkach. Na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1984 w Göteborgu nie ukończyła finałowego biegu na 60 metrów, a w biegu na 200 metrów awansowała do finału, lecz w nim, nie wystąpiła. Odpadła w półfinale biegu na 200 metrów i ćwierćfinale biegu na 100 metrów na igrzyskach olimpijskich w 1984 w Los Angeles.

Zdobyła brązowy medal w biegu na 200 metrów, przegrywając jedynie z reprezentantkami Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej Maritą Koch i Kirsten Emmelmann, a także zajęła 5. miejsce w biegu na 60 metrów na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1985 w Pireusie. Na mistrzostwach Europy w 1986 w Stuttgarcie zajęła 7. miejsce w sztafecie 4 × 100 metrów i odpadła w półfinale biegu na 100 metrów. Zajęła 4. miejsce w biegu na 60 metrów na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1987 w Liévin, zaś na halowych mistrzostwach świata w 1987 w Indianapolis zajęła 6. miejsce w biegu na 60 metrów i odpadła w półfinale biegu na 200 metrów.

Odpadła w półfinale biegu na 60 metrów na halowych mistrzostwach Europy w 1988 w Budapeszcie, a w biegu na 200 metrów awansowała do półfinału, lecz w nim nie wystąpiła. Na swych trzecich igrzyskach olimpijskich w 1988 w Seulu odpadła w półfinale sztafety 4 × 100 metrów i ćwierćfinale biegu na 100 metrów.

Była mistrzynią Holandii w biegu na 100 metrów w latach 1979–1982 i 1984 oraz w biegu na 200 metrów w latach 1979–1982, 1984, 1986 i 1988 a także halową mistrzynią w biegu na 60 metrów latach 1979–1982, 1984 i 1985 oraz w biegu na 200 metrów w 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987 i 1988.

Była dwukrotnie rekordzistką Holandii w biegu na 100 metrów do czasu 11,25 s, uzyskanego 28 sierpnia 1981 w Brukseli oraz trzykrotnie w biegu na 200 metrów do czasu 22,81 s, osiągniętego 2 sierpnia 1981 w Pescarze.

Rekordy życiowe Vader:
 bieg na 100 metrów – 11,17 s (14 czerwca 1986, Barcelona)
 bieg na 200 metrów – 22,81 s (2 sierpnia 1981, Pescara)
 bieg na 400 metrów – 52,78 s (8 czerwca 1986, Breda)
 bieg na 50 metrów (hala) – 6,21 s (19 stycznia 1985, Zwolle)
 bieg na 60 metrów (hala) – 7,11 s (22 lutego 1987, Liévin)
 bieg na 200 metrów (hala) – 23,34 s (14 lutego 1988, Liévin)

Mężem Els Vader był Haico Scharn (1945–2021), który był biegaczem średniodystansowym, olimpijczykiem z 1972. Zmarł 4 miesiące po niej.

Przypisy

Holenderscy sprinterzy
Holenderscy olimpijczycy
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1980
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1984
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1988
Urodzeni w 1959
Zmarli w 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Does the Android Manifest affect build in Flutter This is my first post on stack overflow so please be easy going here. It's also been a couple years since I've made an app so my conceptual understanding is not what it used to be.
My goal at the moment is to set up RTSP service for my mobile app.
I am having trouble getting the plugin I am using to connect to anything on the internet so one of my first debugging steps is to make sure the AndroidManifest.xml file is okay.
Below, is my AndroidManifest.xml file.
 <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.ad_hoc.ad_hoc">

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
   <application
        android:label="ad_hoc"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher">
        <activity
            android:name=".MainActivity"
            android:launchMode="singleTop"
            android:theme="@style/LaunchTheme"
            android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden|keyboard|screenSize|smallestScreenSize|locale|layoutDirection|fontScale|screenLayout|density|uiMode"
            android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
            android:windowSoftInputMode="adjustResize">
            <!-- Specifies an Android theme to apply to this Activity as soon as
                 the Android process has started. This theme is visible to the user
                 while the Flutter UI initializes. After that, this theme continues
                 to determine the Window background behind the Flutter UI. -->
            <meta-data
              android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.NormalTheme"
              android:resource="@style/NormalTheme"
              />
            <!-- Displays an Android View that continues showing the launch screen
                 Drawable until Flutter paints its first frame, then this splash
                 screen fades out. A splash screen is useful to avoid any visual
                 gap between the end of Android's launch screen and the painting of
                 Flutter's first frame. -->
            <meta-data
              android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable"
              android:resource="@drawable/launch_background"
              />
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <!-- Don't delete the meta-data below.
             This is used by the Flutter tool to generate GeneratedPluginRegistrant.java -->
        <meta-data
            android:name="flutterEmbedding"
            android:value="2" />
    </application>
</manifest>

Will the flutter build be effected if I have a few errors in my manifest file? I'm able to run the app, but I'm not sure if my internet permissions are working therefore I am unsure.
Here are the following errors I am getting in my manifest file:

"Unresolved class MainActivity" and "Attribute android:launchMode is
not allowed here"

The "is not allowed here" errors are occurring for multiple attributes. Should I resolve these or leave be? I've built new projects to see if this problem persists and it does. Not sure how to solve this.
For the unresolved class, I'm not sure how to get the manifest to recognize the main activity I use in my main.dart.xml file. The name of the primary Activity is not MainActivity.
Any pointers/help would be much appreciated.
Are there any simple tests that I can do to make sure that my app is able to connect to the internet?
So to summarize my question, will the internet permissions be granted although I have these problems in the manifest file?
Thank you!

A: Yes, when building or running on an android device the manifest will obviously have an effect on running the app. But - if your AndroidManifest.xml would really contain those errors the app would not launch in the first place.
My guess would be you either look at the wrong AndroidManifest.xml or your Android Studio has some problems. First make sure you are actually in the android module, and not in the root flutter project. ie. not in myproject/ but in myproject/android (in Android Studio you can use "Tools -> Flutter -> Open For Editing in Android Studio").
If you are really in the correct module, try to run from inside Android Studio which is opened from your Android app, not from the root folder. This might give you more error messages.
Also: by default the debug variants of the android manifest from the default flutter project template will include the internet permission. So if you don't change anything it's possible that the debug builds work, but the release builds are missing the internet permission.


text:
Hildur Guðnadóttir
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Todd Phillips, writer-director of the new DC Comics film Joker, sat down to talk with HFPA journalist Gabriel Lerman about sneaking an old-school 70s-style character piece through the studio system, convincing Joaquin Phoenix to tackle the titular role, and how their partnership informed and evolved the character over...


Sigma joins the mirrorless party, but can its sd Quattro compete?
Sigma has taken the photography world by storm with its phenomenal Art lenses, which rival many competing lenses from Canon and Nikon at significantly lower prices. But that success hasn't translated over to the company's cameras. Its SA-mount DSLRs have remained little more than a curiosity for most shooters, even as Sigma glass has skyrocketed in popularity.
Still, Sigma keeps trying. The latest SA-mount cameras are the twin sd Quattro and sd Quattro H (MSRPs TBD), Sigma's first mirrorless models. Like the fixed-lens dp Quattro cameras, the sd Quattros have a funky shape and use an unconventional Foveon sensor (APS-C in the case of the sd Quattro, or APS-H for the sd Quattro H). Unfortunately, like those cameras, they also suffer from the same quirks Sigma cameras have suffered from since time immemorial.
We got the chance to check out these new oddities at CP+ 2016 in Yokohama, Japan, where Sigma was showing them off to curious onlookers. Here's what we found.
Aside from the sensor inside, the sd Quattro and sd Quattro H are identical, and like all recent Sigma products, they're sturdy, heavy, and beautifully put together. The body feels like a (strangely shaped) brick in your hand, for better and worse, and all the buttons have a pleasant tactility. The camera has a heft that's reminiscent of full-frame DSLRs, and even though it has a slightly unusual shape, the grip feels well-designed.
The control scheme is also fairly well thought-out. There are discrete buttons for EV compensation, ISO, metering, and more. There's also a handy switch to toggle between the EVF and screen, or you can leave it on auto and let the eye sensor do the work.
The rear display is certainly pretty enough, and it has a neat trick; what looks like a super widescreen panel at first glance turns out to be a traditional 4:3 display paired with a secondary, monochrome status LCD. Most of the time it shows you your vital shooting settings, but press one of the buttons arrayed along the right-hand side of the display and it'll blank out everything else so you can focus on the setting you're adjusting.
Though difficult to judge thanks to the conditions of the trade show floor, shots from the Foveon sensors appeared to be just as sharp and color-rich as we've come to expect—as long as you shoot at ISO 400 and lower, that is. As with previous Foveon cameras, shots taken with the sd Quattros at higher sensitivities are marred with extreme noise and ugly, splotchy noise reduction.
Long story short, these are definitely not do-it-all-cameras. But if you're primarily shooting landscapes or posed subjects, the image quality can be breathtaking—particularly if you're shooting with the stellar Art primes.
Pretty much everything else, to be honest.
If you were expecting Sigma's first mirrorless cameras to be a quantum leap forward in usability, well… sorry. All the usual complaints about Sigma cameras still apply here: slow autofocus, slow processing, slow everything. There's noticeable lag as photos are processed after each shot, for instance, while the EVF just blanks out.
Then there's the EVF itself, which looked so bad that I thought I'd been handed a defective unit. But nope, it's just that bad. Sigma says it has 2,360,000 pixels, but in my experience this thing has the resolution of a potato. Colors are smeared, detail is absent, and in general you're just better off using the rear display.
The sd Quattros use the same SA mount as all Sigma DSLRs, meaning they have access to all the same glass.
As I mentioned above, image quality degrades noticeably at even moderate ISO settings and only gets worse from there. Shots at ISO 1600 and above are virtually unusable. That's typical for Sigma, but it still baffles me every time I run into that wall of noise. I mean, we live in an age where Nikon just released a camera that can produce serviceable black & white images at ISO 409,600.
The sd Quattro H variant is intriguing—we haven't seen an APS-H camera in some time—but it leaves you wondering how many of Sigma's APS-C lenses will project enough of an image circle to avoid excessive vignetting. And if you really have to use full-frame lenses to get the most out of the sd Quattro H, why not just make it a sd Quattro FF and be done with it?
Shots at ISO 1600 and above are virtually unusable.
Ultimately, this is a camera that's capable of cranking out amazing shots under ideal conditions, but step a sliver outside of those conditions and you're in trouble. With so many better, smaller, lighter, more adaptable, and cheaper options on the market, you'd have to be a real Sigma die-hard to look at this camera and think, "that's the one for me."
While Sigma's cameras mostly just leave us scratching our heads, I can still admire the company's chutzpah. Year after year it lets its freak flag fly, ceaselessly pursuing the unusual tech and wacky form factors that have become its trademark. If you want to own a camera that makes other camera nerds do a double-take and ask, What the heck is THAT?, well, here's your camera.
Like the dp Quattros, dp Merrills, o.g. dps, and SD-series DSLRs, these new mirrorless Quattros are rife with flaws that make them impractical (at best) for the average shooter. Even moderately high sensitivities slaughter image quality, the cameras are annoyingly slow, and the EVF is borderline unusable.
But when you hit that sweet spot and maximize the Foveon sensor's potential—holy cow, these things can deliver the goods. Do those few fleeting moments of greatness mean you should buy this camera? No, probably not. Should you admire the fact that it exists? Maybe, just maybe.


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BWW Interviews: Playwright Vickie Ramirez Discusses STAND-OFF AT HWY #37
by Ellen Dostal
BroadwayWorld.com Mar. 7, 2014
What would you do if the government decided to build a road through your backyard without asking, without having the right, and without any regard for what you think? Playwright Vickie Ramirez examines the subject in her latest play, STAND-OFF AT HWY #37, now on stage at the Wells Fargo Theatre for Native Voices at the Autry.
A dramatic tale about political, environmental and spiritual convictions, it begins with a clash between protesters and law enforcement over plans to build a highway through a reservation in upstate New York. How it affects everyone involved, especially one young soldier [Eagle Young pictured left], will surprise even him. In our interview, Vickie shares why she writes and what a story like this one means to her.
BWW: As a writer, it must be a somewhat surreal experience when you've finished your work and a play is finally ready for the stage.
V: It really is. You have all these images in your head and then you see what comes out through collaboration with other people. It's often so much more than you realized. It's beautiful.
When you're in development - as with Native Voices at the Autry - do you continue to revise the script after you've started working with the actors?
V: Yes, to me it's an important part of the development process because everyone has their own speech patterns, inflections, and interpretation of ways to say things. If you get actors who really are accustomed to going deep into character work, there's a lot of interesting feedback they can offer. In some cases they see something in the script that you hadn't seen before and you get to think about whether you want to explore that a little more. You definitely have the bones of the story down but there's always room for new ideas, as long as they stay within the point you're making in the first place. I see it as a great opportunity to grow the piece. Luckily Native Voices' has a similar perspective and I was allowed to go deep into the process early, with the actors and some really terrific dramaturgs; Shirley Fishman, Dylan Southard and Jean Bruce Scott. It's an incredibly supportive and positive program for development and what's enjoyable is that their regular audience is used to the process and so they are also very vocal and active.
Where did the idea come from for this story, STAND-OFF AT HWY #37?
V: I've had people ask me if the play is based on an actual event but it's not; it's an amalgam of many incidents. My mother's reservation was Six Nations and I grew up two minutes outside of there. We spent our full childhood on the reservation and on our grandfather's farm on the weekends. It's literally a five minute drive, and there was a land claim dispute in the town between the town and the reservation. It was amazing to watch how it affected people; how it affected relationships; how it affected my parents who were living there going to and from the reservation; the response of the townspeople who knew my mother was Indian; how they responded to her after living with her for over fifty years in their town. It happens frequently in upstate New York. One time, Governor Pataki actually sent the National Guard out to police the border of the reservation.
That had to be a challenging situation. How do you handle that emotionally as a child in the midst of all the confusion?
V: You don't really. It feels like an invasion. The best description is, it's as if somebody goes into your backyard and says, we're taking your property and putting a road through the middle of it. You say, no, I don't think so. Then they bring in government troops to ensure that the road goes through. I tried to explain it to people but nobody would take it seriously. Nobody would believe that it was happening because there wasn't a lot of press. Even with the National Guard being sent up to Seneca, try Googling to find the stories about it. There was a point where one of the old clan mothers was saying on the radio that she was ready to go to war if she had to. But because it didn't affect a large part of the population, it didn't register on the radar.
Is Aunt Bev in Stand-Off based on your mother?
V: No, but she visited there a couple of times and went chatting. Native protests are very inter-esting: they are militant, they are active, but they're also very social occasions. People bake for it, they bring nice comfy chairs for the elders and picnic blankets. It's like, well, we're going to be here for a while so let's have fun.
Do you hope that Stand-Off will change the way people see events like these?
V: I hope it makes them a little more aware of what's currently going on. These issues are ongoing. They're not anachronistic. Everybody seems to think that we're all good now and that everything's fine; since the boarding schools aren't happening anymore. We're good but the situation is not. It's awkward because, the truth is, I don't think anyone specifically is a black cowboy hat-wearing bad guy; it's just priorities are different and entitlements come from very different places, and there is invariably going to be a clash.
I read that you started a Native theatre company in the early 90s. Is that something you did to create more opportunities for Native Americans?
V: There was a group of us. It was Cochise Anderson, Irene Bedard, James Fall, Betsy Theobald, and a few others. We were tired of the anachronistic voice and the victimized Indian - the whole archetype of how people see us, because when they see us in that sort of persona, they don't actually see us as regular people. So we wanted to bring forward the contemporary Native voice to examine who we are now because we have been colonized; we have been changed dramatically. How do we cope? Who are we now? We do have major identity issues in the nations about where we fit in the world at large so we did work based on expressing those ideas.
Are you still working together as an ensemble?
V: Not currently, although Cochise still says he wants to get us all back together again in Minnesota. If that happens, I'll be there.
How did you get started writing?
My mum always used to say she knew I liked my stories because even as a toddler she would read a story to me and I could repeat it verbatim. "That one likes her stories," she'd say. From a very young age, I always wrote but I shelved it for a long time and in the early 90s I was pretending I could act. The funny thing was, I was watching all the actors around me who were doing the work. They were so good and they were taking the script and breaking it down, finding motivations out of what I thought was thin air. And I was busy restructuring the script...maybe if we cut this line and move this over here, and if I add this doesn't this sound better? And I got a talking to. They basically said, no, that's not your job, you're an actor. And I saw then that I wasn't an actor because I needed to fix this script, or I wanted to write the story. I kept thinking that the stories that were being written were not our stories. I didn't know any of the characters I saw on stage. They were usually pieces written by non-Natives. I really wanted to hear the people I knew up there.
Have you mainly written plays or have you written other kinds of work as well?
V: I've written short stories and I had a screenplay optioned but I write primarily for stage. There's something really great about getting out of your room after spending ten hours at a computer and taking it out to other people to see how it flows. I want people to take it and see what they can do with it, how they can build on top of it. That's the fun part of collaboration.
Do you remember the first story you ever wrote?
V: I can't remember the very first but the story I remember most is something I wrote in the third grade about a mountain climber getting into trouble and having an action adventure.
Do you ever mentor young people?
V: I did some work with the 52nd Street Project in New York City that teaches children about theater and how to write their own plays. I mentored a 9-year old in creating her own play and I created a play for another child based on what they were interested in. It was fun watching them discover the story and the process. I love to work with any child, especially native kids because they don't get a lot of it.
What wisdom do you pass on to them about the work?
V: The most important thing I try to teach them is that nothing is wrong. If they're writing, and if it's something they want to explore, they should do it. It can be silly. It can be them just letting their mind wander. Whatever they do, they shouldn't check themselves. I would rather just let them write because whatever is going to come out is going to come from a real place. The young girl that I mentored at the 52nd Street Project was going to write about summer so I asked her, what does summer remind you of, and she said, flies. So she wrote a play about summertime and black flies.
Did you have a mentor or did you have to find your way on your own?
V: My mum was always encouraging. My dad was more of a pragmatist. He doesn't understand how people make a living doing anything creative. He would always say, but you're going to have another job...a real job, right? And my sister has been really supportive. I have a lot of friends and a couple of teachers in my life who really believe in what I'm doing.
I think that's important because without some type of encouragement it can be hard to stay on the path of your dreams.
V: Absolutely. You can get dislodged, or you can sort of bury yourself, but you have to remem-ber that people believe in you.
That's one of the things that comes through in Stand-Off. Was it intentional that Aunt Bev gives her wisdom to the younger characters without actually leading them right to it?
V: I was hoping it would come through. I really believe in the wisdom of the every day. I don't believe in making the teaching holy or precious because then it becomes separate; it's not organic. If it's just incidental it works better. In my family, my grandfather (my mother's father) was a great teacher, and it was always incidental. He'd say, 'here, climb that apple tree and get me an apple' and then he would tell you all about the apple: where it comes from, what good medicine it was, all while you were eating. That's how he taught everything.
You've written characters like Thomas (played by Eagle Young), that show people how to figure things out on their own without actually saying, this is how you figure something out on your own. That's a great teaching tool for relationships.
V: Eagle does it really comfortably, as do all the actors, because they allow the transitions to happen organically. I enjoy the chemistry of the cast and I think [director] Jon Lawrence Rivera did an amazing job of casting because he found people who really react off each other well. It took us a long time to cast the role of Thomas. They had weeks of callbacks having the actors read with every member of the cast to make sure that the connection happened. I also think that the play is a lot of fun too.
Kalani Queypo certainly adds quite a bit of fun to the play.
V: Yes, he has so much fun with his character. Because we've gone through this long develop-ment process, Kalani was cast as Darrin from the very first reading at Native Voices. He slid into the character like he was wearing a pair of fluffy slippers. He was so comfortable and immediately Darrin. He got all the beats, all the humor. And DeLanna Studi is great as a militant activist - she really enjoys saying "back off, Stormtroopers!". We really got lucky with this cast.
Vickie Ramirez is an alumna of the Public Theater's Emerging Writer's Group 2009, and a member of Chukalokoli Native Theater Ensemble and Amerinda Theater. She is the recipient of the 2009/2010 NYC Urban Artists Fellowship and the 2010 NYSCA Individual Artist Award. Her work has been presented at the Public Theater, the Flea, Ohio Northern University, Santa Fe Theatre Festival, the Roundabout Theater's Different Voices Program, EST, BOO-Arts, Mixed Phoenix Theater Company and the 52nd Street Project.
Native Voices at the Autry's STAND OFF AT HWY #37 by Vickie Ramirez runs through March 16, in the Wells Fargo Theater, 4700 Western Heritage Way, Los Angeles, CA 90027. For tickets, call (323) 667-2000 x 200 or visit www.NativeVoicesattheAutry.org.
All photos by Craig Schwartz © 2014
LaVonne Rae Andrews and Matt Kirkwood
Tinasha LaRaye, Eagle Young and Matt Kirkwood
Eagle Young and Kalani Queypo
DeLanna Studi and Eagle Young
(L-R) DeLanna Studi, LaVonne Rae Andrews and Kalani Queypo
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NRA-ILA | Harvey Weinstein Renounces Earlier Renunciation of Violent Films?
Harvey Weinstein Renounces Earlier Renunciation of Violent Films?
As we reported in January, the movie tycoon and Obama fundraiser had, at that time, announced his intention to "make a movie with Meryl Streep" that would make the NRA "wish they weren't alive …." We had suggested that perhaps Weinstein was not the best person to lecture the rest of America on the evils of firearms and how he doesn't "think we need guns in this country." Among other reasons, he himself has a well-armed retinue of bodyguards and has gained his fortune largely from sensationally bloody films.
Weinstein's vow to abandon over-the-top violence could signal the end of one of the longest-running and most critically successful partnerships in 21st-century Hollywood. It would presumably preclude him from working with Quentin Tarantino, whose films Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction and Django Unchained were all brought to the big screen by Weinstein-owned companies.
Well, if Harvey Weinstein has been looking in the mirror lately, we can only imagine that what he sees looking back at him are dollar signs. The entertainment press is abuzz this week with news that Weinstein will produce and distribute Taratino's upcoming "post-Civil War actioner," The Hateful Eight.


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