text:
76 countries where homosexuality is illegal
The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, or ILGA, lists the following 78 (plus 4) countries with criminal laws against sexual activity by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex people (LGBTIs).
The total is 82 if you include political entities such as Gaza/Palestine, the Turkish-controlled northern portion of Cyprus, and Indonesia, where two large provinces outlaw homosexual acts.
The total is 76-plus countries, according to a list from the St. Paul's Foundation for International Reconciliation.
Homosexuality in Africa
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi(enforcement of law suspended), Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sao Tome, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Homosexuality in Asia,including the Middle East
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine/Gaza Strip, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen,
Two Asian/Middle Eastern countries are listed separately by the ILGA under the heading "Legal status of homosexual acts unclear or uncertain":
In Iraq, there is no law against homosexual acts, but homophobic violence is unchecked and self-appointed sharia judges reportedly have imposed sentences for homosexual behavior.
In India, enforcement of the law against homosexual activity has been suspended by court action.
Homosexuality in Americas
Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago,
Homosexuality in Oceania
Cook Islands,
Indonesia(Aceh Province and South Sumatra), Kirbati, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu,
Homosexuality in Europe
Northern Cyprus,
Also in Europe and worth mentioning but not on a list of countries with laws against homosexuality are:
Russia, where several cities and regions have laws that prohibit discussion of homosexuality in the presence of minors;
Dating in the UK - Gay marriage in the world - European countries where gay marriage is legalized - Differences between civil partnership and marriage - The first gay marriage in the UK - Documents for Marriage or Civil Partnership - How to adopt a child - Gay dating and same sex marriage in the UK - Dating a man in Scotland and marry him - Dating a man in Wales and marry him - Dating a man in Northern Ireland - Homosexual rights and gay marriage in France - Dating gays and same sex partnership in Germany - Dating gays and same sex couples laws in Italy - Dating gays and marriage in Spain - Homosexuals in Russia, the laws - Is Russia Anti Gay? - 76 countries where homosexuality is illegal - Gay vocabulary - menwedding.co.uk operates on the international scene, how it works?
Gay dating anywhere in England: Barking and Dagenham - Barnet - Bexley - Birmingham - Blackburn - Blackpool - Bolton - Bournemouth - Bradford - Brent - Brighton - Bristol - Bromley - Cambridge - Camden - Chesterfield - Colchester - Coventry - Crawley - Croydon - Derby - Dudley - Ealing - Eastbourne - Enfield - Exeter - Gloucester - Greenwich - Hackney - Hammersmith and Fulham - Haringey - Harrow - Havering - Hillingdon - Hounslow - Huddersfield - Ipswich - Islington - Kensington and Chelsea - Kingston upon Hull - Kingston upon Thames - Lambeth - Leeds - Leicester - Lewisham  - Liverpool - London - Luton - Manchester - Merton - Middlesbrough - Newcastle upon Tyne - Newham - Northampton - Norwich - Nottingham - Oldbury/Smethwick - Oldham - Oxford - Peterborough - Plymouth - Poole - Portsmouth - Preston - Reading - Redbridge - Richmond upon Thames - Rotherham - Sheffield - Slough - Southampton - Southend-on-Sea - Southwark - St Helens - Stockport - Stoke-on-Trent - Sunderland - Sutton - Sutton Coldfield - Swindon - Tower Hamlets - Walsall - Waltham Forest - Wandsworth - Watford - West Bromwich - Westminster - Woking/Byfleet - Wolverhampton - York...
Gay dating anywhere in Scotland: - Glasgow - Edinburgh - Aberdeen - Dundee - Paisley - East Kilbride - Livingston - Hamilton - Cumbernauld - Kirkcaldy - Dunfermline - Inverness - Perth - Ayr - Kilmarnock - Greenock - Coatbridge - Glenrothes - Fort William - Ullapool - Tobermory - Ullapool - Dornoch...
Gay dating anywhere in Northern Ireland: - Belfast - Derry/Londonderry - Lisburn - Newtownabbey - Bangor - Craigavon - Castlereagh - Clogher - Downpatrick...
Gay dating anywhere in Wales: - Cardiff - Swansea - Newport - Wrexham - Barry - Neath...
See also: Gay dating anywhere in the Republic of Ireland: - Dublin - Cork - Limerick - Galway - Waterford - Cashel...
International gay dating sites


These are the providers in Crossville.
Charter Spectrum has been around since 1993.
Internet speeds of upto 300 mbs have been seen in the area.
We have recorded 2 of their plans, ranging from $44.99 /mon to $99.99 /mon.


Decades ago they were seen as the coolest cars around - with owners proud to take them for a spin around the streets.
But these days those popular cars are almost extinct with some models having fewer than 160 left in existance.
Some of these models include the Ford Cortina, Austin Metro and the Morris Marinas.
Vet warns "idiot" who caught cat in potentially lethal SNARE that the owner is a "beefy guy"
One of the cars listed on cargear.net as being incredibly rare - rarer than the Javan rhinoceros in fact - is the Ital from the 1980s.
In 2008 it was named second in a poll of the worst cars ever built.
It was known for its dashboard that faced away from the driver and its rust problems, according to the Mirror Online.
The last car to wear the Morris badge only saw 175,276 built. But in 2005 only 185 were still registered in the UK.
Today there are only 47 of these cars registered in the UK.
Figures show that 4,154,902 models were produced of Britain's best selling car from 1960s and 1970s.
But sadly only 3,814 of these remain.
The car was also known for being a racing car and was used by Sir Jackie Stewart.
Over 1.5 million of these were made throughout the 1980s and into the early 90s.
It was originally created to replace the ageing Mini.
Is this the worst potholed road in Skegness?
Today, there are only 478 registered.
This model was built as a replacement for the Ford Cortina.
Production on the model started in 1982 and stopped in 1993.
Around 3,470,524 were built in that time.
In 2005 there were 67,817 but this has now plummeted to 3,900.
This car was the number two UK best seller in 1973, but it was also popular around the world.
The car has previously been described as outdated and a poor performer.
At the height of its popularity 809,000 were built.
In 2005 there were 550 left.
Now there is only 294.
Numbers of these cars are drastically reducing.
badged as the Chrysler Avenger and later manufactured by Peugeot as the Talbot Avenger.
The "forgotten family car" of the 1970s now only has 229 left.
This car will be remembered for its square steering wheel - and has been described as the "worst car of all time".
One company even hired them to do "ironic" Cotswold tours.
It was launched in 1973 and between its nine years of production 642,240 were built.
Many drivers have said this car was ahead of its time.
The car even had a fifth gear but there were also quality issues with the model.
Cargear.net say it is not remembered with universal fondness.
There were 472,098 made between 1969 and 1981.
In 2005 this had dropped to 318 and now only 159 remain.


Citation: CHEN LIANG (2008-01-31). From a Christian Socialist to a Christian Realist: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Soviet Union, 1930-1945. ScholarBank@NUS Repository.
Abstract: Niebuhr's engagement with the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1945 played a decisive role in the formation of Christian realism. First, Niebuhr's encounter with the communist religion (as he called communism) not only resulted in his rejection of the liberalistic interpretation of religion but also greatly deepened his understanding of the nature of religious faith itself. Second, grappling with this communist religion also drove Niebuhr to see more clearly the impotency of Western Christianity on the problem of justice. Third, his "flirtation" with Marxism not only led him to "rediscover" sin, the linchpin of Christian realism, but also contributed to the emergence of the key theme, namely, myth and meaning in his theology. Lastly, Niebuhr's realistic approach to international power politics, culminating in the "positive defense" policy regarding the reconstruction of Europe during the period under examination, was a direct result of his engagement with the Soviet Union.


text:
The Right to Know: Disclosure of Information for Collective Bargaining and Joint Consultation
Howard Gospel, G Lockwood and P Willman April 2000
Tags: disclosure of information; collective bargaining; joint consultation
The legal obligation on employers to provide information to employees has grown since the early 1970s. At that time, the emphasis was on disclosure for collective bargaining. In the 1980s and 1990s, the emphasis shifted more to disclosure for joint consultation. In the context of new legislation, the possibility of further interventions from Europe, and a greater commitment to openness in other areas of company and public life, disclosure of information for collective bargaining and joint consultation at work is again on the agenda. This article focuses on disclosure for both of these processes. Disclosure for collective bargaining is the most developed and potentially significant area of the law from an industrial relations perspective. Disclosure for joint consultation, however, has been the most dynamic area in recent years. Voluntary information provision by firms has also been a significant part of developing human resource management practice. The paper therefore provides a broad examination of the law on disclosure. The UK provisions are conceptualised as constituting an agenda-driven disclosure model; i.e. the trigger for their use lies within the bargaining agenda. By contrast, the provisions stemming from European initiatives are event-driven; i.e. they are triggered by specific employer initiated events that affect employment contracts in other ways irrespective of the representative context. In the final sections, we attempt a broader evaluation of the intent and impact of the legislation and assess the pros and cons of the different approaches.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Positive Parenting Has Lasting Impact for Generations
November 17, 2015 Uncategorisedbooks, child abuse, children, continuing education, Dr Alvy, instructors, parent education, parenting, workshops12903934
An important study that looked at data on three generations of families shows that "positive parenting" not only has positive impacts on adolescents, but on the way they parent their own children.
Positive parenting was defined at showing a great deal of warmth to children, being involved in their daily lives, monitoring their activities and being consistent in their use of disciple.
In the first study of its kind, David Kerr, assistant professor of psychology at Oregon State University, and project director Deborah Capaldi, and co-authors Katherine Pears and Lee Owen of the Eugene-based Oregon Social Learning Center, examined surveys from 206 boys who were considered "at-risk" for juvenile delinquency. The boys, then in elementary school, and their parents were interviewed and observed, which gave Kerr and colleagues information about how the boys were parented.
Starting in 1984, the boys met with researchers every year from age 9 to 33. As the boys grew up and started their own families, their partners and children began participating in the study. In this way, the researchers learned how the men's childhood experiences influenced their own parenting.
"This study is especially exciting because we had already identified processes by which risk behaviors and poor parenting may be carried across generations," Capaldi said. "Professor Kerr has now demonstrated that there is an additional pathway of intergenerational influence via positive parenting and development."
Kerr said there is often an assumption that people learn parenting methods from their own parents. In fact, he said most research shows that a direct link between what a person experiences as a child and what she or he does as a parent is fairly weak.
"Instead, what we find is that 'negative' parenting such as hostility and lack of follow-through leads to 'negative' parenting in the next generation not through observation, but by allowing problem behavior to take hold in adolescence," Kerr said. "For instance, if you try to control your child with anger and threats, he learns to deal in this way with peers, teachers, and eventually his own children. If you do not track where your child is, others will take over your job of teaching him about the world.
"But those lessons may involve delinquency and a lifestyle that is not compatible with becoming a positive parent," Kerr pointed out.
The researchers' prior work showed that children who experienced high levels of negative parenting were more likely to be antisocial and delinquent as adolescents. Boys who had these negative characteristics in adolescence more often grew up to be inconsistent and ineffective parents, and to have children with more negative and challenging behaviors.
"We knew that these negative pathways can be very strong," Kerr said. "What surprised us is how strong positive parenting pathways are as well. Positive parenting is not just the absence of negative influences, but involves taking an active role in a child's life."
The researchers found that children who had parents who monitored their behavior, were consistent with rules and were warm and affectionate were more likely to have close relationships with their peers, be more engaged in school, and have better self-esteem.
"So part of what good parenting does is not only protect you against negative behaviors but instill positive connections with others during adolescence that then impact how you relate with your partner and your own child as an adult," Kerr said
"This research shows that when we think about the value of prevention, we should consider an even wider lens than is typical," he added. "We see now that changes in parenting can have an effect not just on children but even on grandchildren."
The study was funded by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and published in a special issue of the journal Developmental Psychology which was devoted to the findings of the few long-term studies of intergenerational family processes.
An obvious implication of this important study is that all parents should be given opportunities to learn and use the positive parenting approaches that are taught in modern parent training programs, including those available through the CICC (see Parenting Programs).


Students performing their news presenter presentations. The students are doing really well at researching their news and practicing presenting them.
What an awesome idea Room 2 .... looks great!! Good listening and speaking skills - well done to you all!!


text:
Wayward Girls and Wicked Women edited by Angela Carter: Review
"…the title of this collection is, of course, ironic. Very few of the women in these stories are guilty of criminal acts, although all of the have spirit and one or two of them, to my mind, are, or have potential to be, really evil." So starts Angela Carter's introduction to Wayward Girls and Wicked Women.
This collection includes a diverse group of women writers of a variety of races and nationalities about women living in a variety of social classes and conditions. There are clever mothers, vivacious prostitutes, determined girls, and abandoned housewives. These aren't evil women but women who live outside the norms of their societies. A lot of these stories wouldn't pass the Bechdel test, but that's not the fault of the characters or the writers. These are women who live in a man's world after all. Some of the stories are told from a male point of view, but most are from women.
In Collette's Rainy Moon, a woman gets back at her ex with witchcraft, Bessie Head's Life tells of a prostitute who decides to settle down, Djuna Barnes's The Earth has sisters fighting over land, and the clever mother in Elizabeth Jolley's The Last Crop outwits a doctor. Angela Carter herself contributed one of her wicked fairy tales to the collection: The Loves of Lady Purple. It's a twist on Pinocchio, only this puppet awakens with disastrous consequences for its male creator. I haven't read a Carter story yet that works out for the dude.
Every Angela Carter story ending.
There are two stories that stand out for me in the book. The first is from The Gloria Stories by Rocky Gamez. In it the unnamed protagonist moves away but receives letters of home from Gloria. Gloria is quite a woman- "she wanted to be a man." She dresses like one, acts like one, drives a fast car, and womanizes as much as any guy. Until she meets Rosita. Gloria declares in one letter that she will marry Rosita. When the protagonist comes home, she finds Gloria convinced that she's impregnated Rosita and there is no talking her out of it. I would love to read the rest of Gloria's adventures.
The second story I loved for different reasons. In The Long Trial by Andree Chedid, a poor mother in a small Egyptian village hopes for advice from a holy man. Instead, he tries blessing her with a benediction of "seven more children." She flips the F out. She's already got nine kids! This story shows how important birth control is for impoverished women. It got me right in the heart.
For the most part, I enjoyed the stories. There were a few weird ones and I couldn't make heads or tales of Wedlock by George Egerton since the dialogue was in a dialect. Still, I would definitely recommend Wayward Girls and Wicked Women. There is something for everybody.
Leave a Comment Book Review, Short Stories
Readers Imbibing Peril IX
2 A.M. at The Cat's Pajamas by Marie-Helene Bertin...
Lena Finkle's Magic Barrel by Anya Ulinich: Review...
Mind of Winter by Laura Kasischke: Review
A More Diverse Universe 2014
Wayward Girls and Wicked Women edited by Angela Ca...
Landline by Rainbow Rowell: Review
Lazy Sunday Thoughts: Summer Update


The temple names are Chandraprabhu, Rikhabdev, Parasnath, Shitalnath, Sambhavanth, Gyan Bhandar, Shantinath and Kunthunath. Unfortunately I am not able to accurately attribute all my photos to any specific one of these temples.
My first visit was cut short as the temples were closing at 3pm, and my return visit the following day revisited some of the same temples, and also explored new ones in what can only be described as a completely random fashion !
A visit here is actually quite a disorientating experience, with no signage and seemingly nondescript doorways leading to an unexpected new temples – I was constantly losing track of where I'd been and precisely where I was in relation to the other temples.
Subsequent research on the web hasn't really helped me identify the exact temple names for many of these photos. I don't think I'm the only one who has had a hard time achieving this !
This is one temple complex that was totally complex ! But in many respects that doesn't really matter, it's actually part of the joy of visiting this place. Whilst it does result in a bit of a dump of photos on the blog, it does accurately represent what you will see if you come here.
To see everything, you should plan for at least 90 minutes. And critical to that plan is to ensure you know the opening and closing times. There's one ticket to see everything here, and the guards that hover around the three main entrances will know the opening times for any specific day.
Remember not to wear any leather items, although on the days I visited they didn't seem to check for this.
Opening times have a habit of changing, so check with the caretakers. The intricate carving rivals that of the marble Jain temples in Ranakpur and Mt Abu, and has an extraordinary quality because of the soft, warm stone.
Nice photography Sir, congrats. I visited Jaiselmer last month but nobody inform us about this Jain temple complex. Sir, where exactly located?.
Hi Anil…they're right inside the fort, there's a sign pointing in the direction of the Jain Temples in the square by the palace entrance. Sorry you missed them !
I have been lucky enough to spend lots of time in jaisalmer over the last fifteen years or so. Usually any stroll around the fort brings one past the temples, which are on either side of a laneway…and guides indicate also. They have been world heritage listed for many years, I believe.
The photographs are just great. So easy to mix up…these two open at this time..another later…library only sometimes. I just get " lost" in the lovely interiors…your photos are a great record.. Please next time check out the view looking down on the complex.
I was lucky enough to be there so long they treated me as a local and didn't charge entry fee! I felt very honoured….the Jains are so commercial.


PPC Protect stops click fraud on your PPC campaigns ✅. Automated and easy protection set up in three clicks giving you more leads, saving you money and allowing you sell more through PPC ???. Award Winning click fraud protection service for AdWords advertisers. 30 day free trial on all accounts.


During the procession of La Divina Pastora 154 (2nd highest attendance procession of devotees in Latin America), it was published in the leading newspaper "El Impulso" of the city of Barquisimeto, Edo. Lara. Venezuela, a brief review of the Virgin, La Divina Pastora, accompanied by a silhouette image of the Virgin and that the use of a tablet or smartphone, allowing enjoy the beauty of the Image of the Divine Shepherdess in Augmented Reality . Thousands of people enjoyed this innovative breakthrough. Besides a PC application in Augmented Reality where the application through a facial recognition and follow him to the Divina Pastora stood beside her and could take pictures to create experiences on social networks it was developed.


text:
Lewis Hamilton never considered quitting F1 during two-month break after controversy
Associated PressFeb 18, 2022, 9:15 AM EST
Irwen Song ATPImages/Getty Images
Lewis Hamilton insisted Friday he never considered quitting Formula One in protest while the Mercedes driver took nearly two months away in an emotional recovery from the controversial F1 finale that cost him a record an eighth championship.
Once he accepted the results, Hamilton put the debacle behind him and began preparation for the upcoming season.
"Whilst moments like this might define careers, I refuse to let this define mine," Hamilton said from Mercedes' team headquarters in Brackley, England.
Hamilton dominated the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in December and was five laps away from breaking a tie with Michael Schumacher for most titles in F1 history. But a Nicholas Latifi crash brought out a caution and set in motion a frenzied sequence of events that altered the finish.
Race director Michael Masi changed his mind when deciding how to conclude the race, and Max Verstappen, who had pitted for fresh tires, was lined up second behind Hamilton with all lapped traffic removed between title contenders on a restart with one lap remaining. Hamilton on old tires had little chance to defend Verstappen, who passed the British driver to win his first world title.
The FIA announced sweeping changes Thursday to its race control procedures and removed Masi as race director following an extensive review of the season finale.
Mercedes has accepted the results of the review and Hamilton said he's ready for another run at the record book. Hamilton said he takes no issue with Verstappen and has been in contact to offer "my full support" to Latifi, who received death threats following the finale.
"I don't hold any grudges with anybody; I never think that's ever a good thing to carry around with you," he said. "I moved forwards. I don't dwell on the past. I feel centered and fully focused. I don't have anything over my shoulders holding me back this year.
"If you think what you saw at the end of the last year was my best, wait to see this year."
Hamilton won three consecutive races to tie Verstappen in the standings heading into the finale in Abu Dhabi. He dominated the race and led 51 of the 58 laps; Verstappen led only the final lap in winning the title.
Hamilton gave just one brief interview after climbing from his car but appeared shell-shocked on the podium as Verstappen and Red Bull celebrated. He skipped the mandatory postrace news conference, boycotted the season-ending gala, and made just one public appearance – three days after the race when Hamilton received his knighthood at Windsor Castle.
Hamilton's retreat from the public eye did little to quell speculation he was so disgruntled that he was considering walking away from F1 after 103 victories over 15 seasons. He finally re-emerged earlier this month with a social media post, then participated Friday in Mercedes' launch of its car for the upcoming season.
I've been gone. Now I'm back! pic.twitter.com/Y8i0cgJXZq
— Lewis Hamilton (@LewisHamilton) February 5, 2022
Hamilton took questions for about 20 minutes Friday and said he spent the time after Abu Dhabi with his entire family – a rare moment they were all together in the same place – as he "just unplugged. Switched off." He said he focused on being present with his loved ones and has not watched a replay of the race, feeling no urge to revisit the event.
Mercedes team principal Toto Wolff said he was "never concerned" that Hamilton would retire.
"We knew he needed to take the time to reflect on things and particularly to understand how he would return in the right frame of mind," Wolff said. "I think what he did was absolutely right to take himself out of the microcosm of Formula One and step aside. He has come back in a great mindset. He's positive, he's determined and he, yet again, adversity that was thrown at him will make him stronger. It's attack mode."
Hamilton turned 37 last month and will be paired with fellow British driver George Russell this season as Russell moved from Williams to Mercedes. He said he's as committed as ever to racing for another title.
"I think at the end of seasons, the question is whether you are willing to commit the time, the effort, that it takes to be a world champion," Hamilton said. "Do you want to sacrifice the time? Do you believe that you can continue to punch higher than the weight you are punching?
"That's a normal mental process for me, but of course this one was compounded by a significant factor, and I think ultimately a sport that I loved my whole life, there was a moment that I lost a little bit of faith within the system. But I'm generally a very determined person. I am focused on being the best I can be and coming back stronger."


text:
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a prophylactic treatment in migraine
Azza B. Hammad1,
Rasha E. Elsharkawy1 &
Ghada S. Abdel Azim ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-38021
The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery volume 57, Article number: 5 (2021) Cite this article
Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promising results in the treatment of headache disorders, with migraine being one of the most encountered.
To assess the role of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a preventive treatment of migraine (with and without aura) and correlate the results with the serum level of the inflammatory biomarker (neurokinin A).
Forty patients, with age ranging from 15 to 55 years, diagnosed with migraine (30 migraine without aura and 10 with aura) and 20 apparently healthy individuals, who were age and sex matched with the patient group, were included in this study.
A low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS protocol was applied for all patients for five consecutive days interictally. Assessment of pain intensity using visual analogue scale and frequency and duration of attacks as well as number of pills taken by patients as an abortive treatment according to the Basic Diagnostic Headache Diary for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after TMS sessions was done. In addition, the Migraine Disability Assessment scale (MIDAS) was applied to assess the severity and degree of disability caused by migraine.
Measurement of neurokinin A serum level was done by using ELISA for all patients before and after TMS and for control group once.
There was a significant reduction in pain intensity, frequency and duration of migraine attacks, migraine disability scores, and number of pills taken as abortive treatment for attacks after rTMS (P < 0.001). Also, serum level of neurokinin A in the patients was significantly reduced after rTMS (P < 0.001).
Low-frequency rTMS is an effective prophylactic treatment for migraine with and without aura.
Migraine is a neurological disorder affecting about 15% of the population, with a genetic, environmental, and hormonal basis. This pathology causes continuous and severe episodes of headache, and in some cases, it also causes nausea, vomiting, and photophobia [1].
Despite the high prevalence of this headache, many of the genetic causes and physiopathological mechanisms are still unknown, which makes it harder to find efficient treatments [2].
Studies have shown the pathophysiology of migraines to involve complex biochemical changes that lead to pain. One underlying mechanism is cortical spreading depression (CSD) of the neocortex and hippocampus, which then activates the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, causing vasodilation of blood vessels and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, ultimately leading to meningeal irritation and pain. Other changes include increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, leading to enhanced central sensitization and pain [3].
Pharmacologic therapies of migraine such as simple analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs remain the first-line treatment. However, many individuals continue to have headaches refractory to various prophylactic and/or abortive therapies, while others are at risk of medication overuse headaches [4].
There are a number of non-pharmacologic, non-invasive neurostimulation techniques being researched, which include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) [5].
Among non-pharmacologic therapies, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique involving repeated series of dynamic magnetic impulses, has been studied as a preventive migraine treatment [6].
Although the exact mechanisms through which rTMS works are not completely known, it is considered to be multifactorial. The applied electric charges induced by the magnetic field cause various neurochemical changes such as increased dopamine levels in the hippocampus, reduction in raclopride C11 binding in the caudate nucleus, fluctuations in glutamate/glutamine levels at the site of rTMS, and increased plasma β endorphin levels [4].
Furthermore, rTMS has been shown to induce weak electrical currents, causing depolarization of neurons and inhibition of cortical spreading depression (CSD), which ultimately terminates the aura and reduces the duration or severity of migraine [7]. Additionally, rTMS at the motor cortex is thought to reduce pain by altering the motor cortex projections to the medial thalamus and anterior cingulate/orbitofrontal cortices, thereby modulating pain [4].
Previous findings on rTMS as a therapy for migraine have been inconsistent partly due to no standardized protocol regarding area of stimulation, Frequency, amount of pulses, intensity, and sessions needed to achieve reliable outcomes. Low-frequency rTMS (1–3 Hz) and high-frequency rTMS (10–20 Hz) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex consistently have not demonstrated effective outcomes and have not performed better than sham treatments. However, there have been promising results following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex for several pain conditions, including migraine [8].
Neurovascular inflammation is characterized by the release of potent vasoactive neuropeptides, predominantly calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and neurokinin A from activated peripheral nociceptive sensory nerve terminals. These peptides lead to a cascade of inflammatory tissue responses including arteriolar vasodilatation, plasma protein extravasation, and degranulation of mast cells in their peripheral target tissue. Neurovascular inflammatory processes have long been implicated as a possible mechanism in the pathophysiology of migraine [9].
In this study, we evaluate the role of low-frequency rTMS at 1 Hz over the vertex as a preventive treatment of migraine (with and without aura) and correlate the results with serum level of the inflammatory biomarker (neurokinin A).
This study included 40 patients who were diagnosed with migraine (six of them are males and 34 are females). They were divided into two groups: group A, 30 patients with migraine without aura, and group B, 10 patients with aura; all patients were selected from outpatient clinic of the Neurology Department of Al Zahraa University Hospital. The patients' age ranged from 15 to 55 years, and they fulfilled the criteria of migraine with aura and migraine without aura based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition [10]. Patients on prophylactic treatment for migraine and those with severe types of migraine (e.g., familial hemiplegic migraine or migraine with brain stem aura) and epileptic patients were excluded from the study. In addition, patients with other types of headache, other neurological diseases, or psychiatric diseases and patients with pacemaker or metallic implant were also excluded.
Also, 20 apparently healthy subjects, who were age and gender matched with the patient group, were included as a control group for serum levels of neurokinin A only. The Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Al Azhar University approved the study. In addition, an informed consent was signed by every patient for participation in the study.
Patients had full clinical general and neurological examination. Every patient had a headache diary to record the frequency and duration of attacks as well as number of pills taken as an abortive treatment during 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after TMS sessions according to the Basic Diagnostic Headache Diary (BDHD) [11].
Pain intensity was assessed by using visual analogue scale (on scale from 0 to 10), and the severity and degree of disability of migraine were assessed by using the Migraine Disability Assessment scale (MIDAS) 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after TMS sessions.
Interictally, rTMS treatment was performed on five consecutive days using Neuro-MS/D Therapeutic device (Neurosoft Ltd., Ivanovo, Russia). A repetitive magnetic stimulator was used to apply two trains of 500 pulses separated by a 1-min interval between the trains at a frequency of 1 Hz over vertex (Cz, 10-20 EEG System). The center of figure-of-eight coil magnetic stimulator was applied on the vertex.
The stimulation intensity was set to visual motor threshold of the dominant hand, an intensity that corresponds approximately to the resting motor threshold.
Assessment of visual motor threshold
We assessed the individual motor threshold of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand for each subject by visual inspection. This was performed by putting the probe (figure of eight) on the patient scalp over the region of right hand motor cortex and starting stimulation with single pulses with different intensities. We determined the stimulator intensity that produced a visually detectable minimal muscle contraction in the target muscle in at least 5 out of 10 (50%) trials.
Low-frequency TMS was used based on the rationale that cortical hyperexcitability is proposed to be the putative basis for the pathophysiological disturbances in migraine.
Neurokinin A serum level was estimated for the control group and during interictal period immediately before and after TMS treatment for the patient group using the RayBio (RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) Neurokinin A Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) Kit which is an in vitro quantitative assay for detecting neurokinin A peptide based on the competitive enzyme immunoassay principle.
This is a clinical controlled prospective study.
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. Qualitative data were presented as numbers and percentages and compared between groups using chi-square test while quantitative data were presented in the form of mean, standard deviation (SD), range, median, and interquartile range (IQR) according to their distribution. The comparison between two independent groups regarding quantitative data with parametric distribution was done by using independent t test while comparison of quantitative data with non-parametric distribution was done by using the Mann-Whitney test. Also, the comparison between two independent groups regarding quantitative data with parametric distribution was done by using paired t test while comparison of quantitative data with non-parametric distribution was done by using Wilcoxon's rank test. Spearman's correlation coefficient test was used to assess the correlation between two quantitative parameters in the same group. The confidence interval was set to 95% and margin of error accepted 5%. So, the P value was considered significant at the level of < 0.05.
Characteristics of the study population
The study included 40 migraine patients (34 females (85.0%) and six males (15.0%)), with a mean age of 30.53 ± 8.47 years. The control group included 20 subjects (13 females (65.0%) and seven males (35.0%)) with a mean age of 29.75 ± 4.94 years. Thirty Patients with migraine without aura (group A) (25 females (83.3%) and five males (16.7%)) had a mean age of 31.53 ± 8.76 years. Ten patients with migraine with aura (group B) (nine females (90%) and 1 male (10%)) had a mean age of 27.50 ± 7.08 years. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups as regards age and gender.
Changes of clinical data after TMS treatment
Comparison between pre- and post-rTMS reveals a highly significant reduction in the number of headache attacks, duration of individual attack, number of pills per month, pain intensity, MIDAS score, and MIDAS grade post-TMS in comparison with pre-TMS (P value < 0.001) in the patient group (Table 1).
Table 1 Comparison between 4 weeks pre- and 4 weeks post-TMS treatment as regards clinical data of migraine and MIDAS in the patient group
Generally, treatment of migraine by rTMS was easy to be applied and well tolerated by the patients. No facial twitching, headache, mood changes, tinnitus, dizziness, fatigue, or more serious adverse effects (e.g., seizures) were reported.
Results of serum neurokinin A level
There was a significantly higher serum level of neurokinin A in patients with migraine than in the control group (P value < 0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2 Comparison between the patient group (pre-TMS) and control group as regards neurokinin A serum level, and comparison between pre-TMS and post-TMS treatment neurokinin A serum level in the patient group
After TMS, there was a highly significant reduction in the serum level of neurokinin A in the patient group (Table 2). However, still serum level in the patient group was significantly higher than that in the control group (Table 2).
Comparison between the pre- and post-rTMS reveals a highly significant reduction in the number of headache attacks, duration of individual attack, number of pills per month, pain intensity, MIDAS score, and serum level of neurokinin A in group A (migraine without aura) (Table 3).
Table 3 Comparison between 4 weeks pre- and 4 weeks post-TMS as regards clinical data of migraine, MIDAS, and serum levels of neurokinin A in group A (migraine without aura)
Also, comparison between the pre- and post-rTMS reveals a highly significant reduction in the number of headache attacks, duration of individual attack, number of pills per month, pain intensity, MIDAS score, and serum level of neurokinin A in group B (migraine with aura) (Table 4).
Table 4 Comparison between 4 weeks pre- and 4 weeks post-TMS as regards clinical data of migraine, MIDAS, and serum levels of neurokinin A in group B (migraine with aura)
There was a positive correlation between neurokinin A serum level and number of headache attacks, duration of individual attack, number of pills per month, pain intensity, and MIDAS score pre- and post-TMS (Tables 5 and 6; Figs. 1 and 2).
Table 5 Correlation between neurokinin A serum level and clinical parameters of migraine pre-TMS
Table 6 Correlation between neurokinin A serum level and clinical parameters of migraine post-TMS
Correlation between neurokinin A serum level and number of headache attacks pre-TMS
Correlation between neurokinin A serum level and pain intensity pre-TMS
In this study, the tested rTMS protocol was effective in the overall reduction in days of migraine/month, duration of migraine attack, number of analgesics taken during acute attacks, intensity of pain, and degree of disability assessed by MIDAS score 4 weeks after the sessions. In addition, we noticed that improvement even has lasted more than 1 month in five patients who were followed up to 6 months considering decreasing the effect of TMS with increasing the period post-sessions. Our results were partially consistent with those of Teepker et al. [12] who treated twenty-seven migraineurs with low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz) using the same protocol with a round coil; the study was a placebo-controlled, blinded study that resulted in a moderate and significant reduction regarding migraine attacks, days with migraine, and total hours with migraine, whereas no effects were evident for pain intensity and the use of analgesics.
This improvement in these migraine parameters can be explained by reduction in cortical excitability caused by low-frequency rTMS. Central neuronal hyperexcitability is proposed to be the putative basis for the physiological disturbances in migraine. In addition, studies of the visual cortex in patients with migraine have generally concluded that migraine (particularly migraine with aura) is associated with a state of functional cortical hyperexcitability [2].
In another explanation regarding the effects of TMS in migraine, previous studies have also suggested that blood flow and metabolic changes at the stimulation site, brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation, improvements in synaptic plasticity, and changes in the activity of the neural circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC)-cingulate cortex, including both the DLPFC and the anterior cingulate cortex, are involved [13].
Other studies, moreover, have demonstrated that the suppressive effects of low rTMS can be propagated to other regions not directly stimulated, presumably by functional connections. For instance, low rTMS of the left primary motor cortex reduces motor evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse TMS administered to the right primary motor cortex, an effect presumably mediated by transcallosal projections [14].
The reduction in pain intensity in our study and subsequently reduction in abortive analgesics intake but not in Teepker et al.'s study may be explained by the use of figure-of-eight coil in our study while using round coil in Teepker et al.'s [12] study assuming that figure-of-eight coil is more effective than round coil as proven by Rollnik et al. [15].
In contrast to a circular coil, a figure-of-eight coil in which two coils are placed beside each other, wired such that the stimulator current rotates in opposite directions in the two coils, produces a more localized peak induced field and can decrease the uncertainty as to the site of stimulation. In fact, the area under the center of the side-by-side coils experiences approximately twice the induced electric fields that occur elsewhere in the vicinity of the coils [16].
These results are consistent with the study made by Tamura et al. who revealed that low-frequency rTMS over M1 induced earlier recovery from acute pain compared with the sham or control conditions after induction of acute pain by intradermal capsaicin injection. This modulation of pain is thought to be through modification of C-fiber pathways by slow rTMS [17].
The current study revealed non-significant difference between patients with migraine without aura and migraine with aura regarding the response to rTMS sessions. However, this may be due to the small number of the patients with migraine with aura in our study. This corresponds to the conclusion of Misra et al.'s study which cited that there is no significant difference between patients with migraine with aura and patients with migraine without aura regarding to the response to rTMS [18]. This also can be explained through that most of the neurophysiological characteristics are certainly common to migraine patients with and without aura because most patients with migraine with aura also experience migraine attacks without aura [19].
Neurokinin A plays an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine through enhancing the neurovascular inflammation mechanism being released from primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and increasing its level during the migraine attack [20].
In this study, there was a highly significant increase in neurokinin A serum level in the patient group in comparison to the control group before rTMS sessions. However, after sessions, there was a reduction in neurokinin A serum level by about 50% in the patient group. Nevertheless, it is still higher than the control group. This may be due to the neurovascular inflammatory processes, which have long been implicated as a possible mechanism in the pathophysiology of migraine. The results also revealed a positive correlation between neurokinin A serum level and number of headache attacks, duration of individual attack, number of pills per month, pain intensity, and MIDAS score pre- as well as post-TMS treatment. These results are in agreement with Sarchielli et al.'s [21] study results where ten migraineurs were treated with rizatriptan. He assessed neurokinin A serum level before and after treatment, where he found a significant decrease in neurokinin A serum level with significant pain relief and alleviation of accompanying symptoms. Patients who did not respond to rizatriptan had less significant variations in neurokinin A serum level before and following rizatriptan administration, which indicate that neurokinin A is a good indicator for migraine improvement.
Generally, treatment of migraine by rTMS was easy to be applied and well tolerated by the patients, with minimal (e.g., mild dysesthesias and scalp discomfort) or no side effects.
Limitations of the study were the relatively small sample of migraine patients and no control group for TMS as the sham group. In addition, low-frequency TMS was used, while most studies used high-frequency TMS.
In conclusion, the tested low-frequency rTMS protocol was easy to be applied, well-tolerated, safe, and effective method for migraine prevention with less or no side effects. Further research examining non-daily treatment rTMS protocol among larger study populations with variable migraine subtypes is warranted.
The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
BDHD:
Basic Diagnostic Headache Diary
CGRP:
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CSD:
Cortical spreading depression
EEG:
EIA:
Enzyme Immunoassay
MIDAS:
Migraine Disability Assessment scale
rTMS:
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
SPSS:
Statistical Program for Social Science
TG:
Trigeminal ganglia
TMS:
5-HT:
5-Hydroxytryptamine
Straube A, Andreou A. Primary headaches during lifespan. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2019;20:35.
Goadsby P, Holland P, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(2):553.
Goadsby P. Pathophysiology of migraine. Ann Indian Acad Neur. 2012;15(Suppl. 1):S15–22.
Zardouz S, Shi L, Leung A. A feasible repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation clinical protocol in migraine prevention. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2016;4:1–5.
Stilling JM, Monchi O, Amoozenger F, Debert CT. Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation(TMS / tDCS) for the treatment of headache: a systematic review. Headache. 2019;59(3):339–57.
Lipton R, Pearlman S. Transcranial magnetic simulation in the treatment of migraine. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(2):204–12.
Almaraz A, Dilli E, Dodick D. The effect of prophylactic medications on TMS for migraine aura. Headache. 2010;50(10):1630–3.
Hulla R, Liegey-Dougall A. A systematic review of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor cortex areas as a migraine preventive treatment. Cephalalgia Rep. 2019;2:1–13.
Ramachandran R. Neurogenic inflammation and its role in migraine. Semin immunopathol. 2018;40(3):301–14.
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211.
Jensen R, Tassorelli C, Rossi P, Allena M, Osipova V, Steiner T, et al. A basic diagnostic headache diary (BDHD) is well accepted and useful in the diagnosis of headache. A multicentre European and Latin American study. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(15):1549–60.
Teepker M, Hötzel J, Timmesfeld N, Reis J, Mylius V, Haag A, et al. Low-frequency rTMS of the vertex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(2):137–44.
Leahu P, Matei A, Groppa S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine prophylaxis. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2018;11(2):175–6.
Schambra H. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for upper extremity motor recovery: does it help? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(12):97.
Rollnik J, Wüstefeld S, Däuper J, Karst M, Fink M, Kossev A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain – a pilot study. Eur Neurol. 2002;48(1):6–10.
Barker A, Shields K. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: basic principles and clinical applications in migraine. Headache. 2017;57(3):517–24.
Tamura Y, Okabe S, Ohnishi T. N Saito D, Arai N, Mochio S, et al.: Effects of 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on acute pain induced by capsaicin. Pain. 2004;107(1-2):107–15.
Misra U, Kalita J, Bhoi S. High-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol. 2013;260(11):2793–801.
Charles A. The pathophysiology of migraine: iImplications for clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):174–82.
Buture A, Gooriah R, Nimeri R, Ahmed F. Current understanding on pain mechanism in migraine and cluster headache. Anesthesiol Pain Med. 2016;6(3):e35190.
Sarchielli P, Pini L, Zanchin G, Alberti A, Maggioni F, Rossi C, et al. Clinical-biochemical correlates of migraine attacks in rizatriptan responders and non- responders. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(3):257–65.
The authors acknowledge the subjects for their participation and cooperation in this study.
The authors did not receive any funding for this work.
Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine - For Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Azza B. Hammad, Rasha E. Elsharkawy & Ghada S. Abdel Azim
Azza B. Hammad
Rasha E. Elsharkawy
Ghada S. Abdel Azim
AB and RE contributed to the research idea, data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript review. GS contributed to the data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing and review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ghada S. Abdel Azim.
The Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Al Azhar University approved the study. The number is not available. An informed written consent was taken from each patient involved in this study prior to the conduct of any study-related activities. All data obtained from every patient were confidential and were not used outside the study.
None of the authors has any conflict of interest.
Hammad, A.B., Elsharkawy, R.E. & Abdel Azim, G.S. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a prophylactic treatment in migraine. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 57, 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00254-4
Neurokinin A


The volume we find the most helpful and the volume we use for comparison is the average of volume over the past 50 trading days. Most charting programs allow you to set the days you want to use for average volume. Investor's Business Daily uses a 50 day volume average. Quicken.com states that it uses a 10-day volume average for stocks in its Quotes area. That appears to be the difference.


Explore these five super-power technologies that can boost your team's performance without sacrificing time, manpower, or your IT budget.
Learn any of these technologies free for a week. Start your free week today!
Looking for ways to boost your IT team's performance that aren't time-consuming or expensive? There are plenty of cost-effective technologies that can help small IT teams perform big tasks! Here are five technologies that can help make your IT team more efficient — and an asset to your organization.
Cloud — Cloud-based services enable IT pros to perform a wide variety of tasks from storing data to building applications. The vendors, which include Google, Amazon, and Microsoft, will do the heavy lifting for you, freeing up more time for your team. So, cloud tech can offer your team a lot of bang for its buck. Check out all of our cloud training.
ITIL® — Wouldn't it be nice if your team had a trusted source when it comes to best practices and standards for delivering high quality IT services, quickly and successfully? Enter the ITIL® framework. Your team can use ITIL® best practices to implement and execute strategies confidently.
Linux — If you don't have the budget for big-name servers, operating systems, network switches, etc., Linux offers a lot of solutions for free. Who doesn't like that price? Because Linux is open source, it's highly customizable and can be integrated into nearly any environment. As a result, Linux is found in many server rooms today. Browse our entire Linux training library.
Security — Protecting data for your organization and customers might be your team's most important task. It's paramount that your team members keep up to date on the latest IT security tools and best practices. Being able to anticipate attacks and implement prevention measures is crucial. Get your team up to speed with our IT security training.
Virtualization — Virtualization can allow your IT team to shift its focus from managing server boxes to improving services. This technology can help you save money, energy, and time — while reducing time spent on desktop management. See our virtualization courses.
Networking Basics: What are the Key OSPF Areas and Different LSA Types?
Networking Basics: What are Broadcast Domains?
Networking Basics: What is MPLS?
Networking Basics: What is IPv4 Subnetting?


text:
Q: Find both maximum and minimum values in linear programming problem Hi all. I have a linear programming problem where I need to find both maximum and minimum values of the objective function. The optimal points are not relevant.
Is there an efficient way to do so?

A: Probably not much more efficient than finding the max and min solutions separately.

A: You can certainly construct problems where the active constraints for the maximum are disjoint from the active constraints for the minimum, so this is as hard as separately solving for max and min.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
How can case study research in the social sciences become more open?
by Ivett Molnar | Jan 11, 2023 | News, Open access
Open social science aims to enhance the ease of reproducing and replicating all forms of case study evidence, and to strengthen the robustness and generalizability of studies using this key methods tool. This event is part of a series of workshops organised to support the development of the CIVICA Research Open Science Handbook for the Social Sciences.
Speakers: Professor Patrick Dunleavy FBA FAcSS, Emeritus Professor of Political Science and Public Policy; Editor-in-Chief of the LSE Press, London School of Economics and Political Science and Dr Tim Monteath, CIVICA Open Social Science Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science
Date: Thursday 19 January 2023
Time: 11:00-12:00 (GMT), 12:00-13:00 (CET), 13:00-14:00 (EET)
Library Display
New CEU Library
Research Tips
Training and tours
How to subscribe to our RSS feeds


text:
Goodguys brings 2,000 hot rods to York this weekend
York Dispatch
Goodguys Rod & Customs Association is coming to York this weekend for an automotive festival.
The world's largest hot rodding association was founded in 1983, making this its 36th year, according to Betsy Bennett, Goodguys' communications director.
"There's a lot of things to do besides looking at the cars," Bennett said. "A lot of tire screeching and a lot of sound really brings a lot to these events."
The festival will display about 2,000 cars, made in 1987 or older, from 25 states and two Canadian provinces, according to Bennett.
There will be races and contests as well as kid zones, Bennett said.
"Our events are all about action and activity and motion, so when they come to an event, we have the cars on display but also racing and competition, so we have a full-scale automotive event," Bennett said.
When asked how many people will be attending, Bennett said she's hoping to have a "good balance" from the York area and beyond.
Goodguys publishes The Goodguys Gazette, a monthly magazine that reaches around 70,000 people worldwide, according to Bennett.
Goodguys 1st Grundy Insurance Great American Nationals runs 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and Saturday and 8 a.m . to 3 p.m. Sunday, Aug. 16-18, at the York Expo Center, 334 Carlisle Ave.
Spectator tickets are $18 for adults, $8 for kids 7-12, free for children 6 and under, and parking is $5. For more information, go to Goodguys Rod & Custom Association.


text:
Mountain Living /
Destinations /
25 ML Secret Travel Tips
Contributors and staff members share their mountain west hidden gems
By Devon Miner
Contributors and staff members share their mountain west hidden gems. Take a peek below!
BRIDGER RIDGE
The precarious spine of the Bridger Ridge has called out to me since I moved to Montana in 1990. It spans the eastern side of Gallatin Valley, where Bozeman is nestled. Beginning at an elevation of 6,394 feet from Bridger Bowl Ski Area, the climb traverses the mountain over 2.3 miles, topping out at 8,510 feet. It's a push, but at the top the reward of panoramic views of five different mountain ranges makes it worth the effort. —Seabring Davis, writer
LONE PINE LAKE
After exploring Death Valley National Park last fall, my partner and I made the last-minute decision to hike the Mt. Whitney Trail to Lone Pine Lake, located at just over 10,000 feet. As we hopped across streams and walked through corridors of gold-leafed aspen trees, the snow-capped granite peaks in the distance—I realized that what started out as a side excursion had turned out to be the best part of our entire trip. —Tate Gunnerson, writer
Growing up in Fort Worth, Texas, photographer Emily Redfield came to Crested Butte to fly-fish and ride horses along the Taylor River in the summers and to ski the slopes throughout winter. Redfield hopes to make it back permanently to the charming mountain town. "The sweeping valley leading up to the dramatic peak of Crested Butte ski mountain and the laid-back town full of quaint Victorian architecture has captured me. With teenagers going to college fairly soon, Crested Butte is on my husband's and my radar as our next home base." —Emily Minton Redfield, photographer
Aspen's John Denver Sanctuary is a peaceful, green song garden blooming beside the Roaring Fork River and surrounded by the mountains. With a profusion of flowers, meandering streams and footpaths, and rocks carved with song lyrics and poems, it's a place of beauty and contemplation—perfect for humming a tune with sunshine on your shoulders. —Laura Beausire, writer
It's no surprise that I ended up living in the Vail Valley. As a little girl, my parents would pile all the kids in the Suburban and make the trek from Minnesota to Colorado a few times a year. I drew mountain scenes constantly as a kid and knew that someday I would find myself out here. I've skied a ton of resorts in Colorado and I still am happy to find Vail and the backcountry my happy place. Could I name a favorite run? Yes, but I can't divulge that information—some things are sacred. —Kimberly Gavin, photographer
Known as the "Upper Loop," to me it will always be the "magical tree forts and boulders" hike of my hometown, Crested Butte. Just off the easy, close-to-town trail are huge boulders that long ago tumbled off the mountain, accompanied by a collection of tree forts that change their configuration yearly, depending on who's visited. Summer through fall, my must-do is to climb atop a boulder and take in the magic of the mountain, aspens and sky. —Michelle Starika Asakawa, copy editor
A modest assemblage of Old West storefronts, Victorian hotels and confectionary shops, Ouray is tucked into a tight box canyon. Alpine splendor surrounds: verdant evergreens, candy-colored wildflowers, aspens, winding rivers that morph into frozen waterfalls. The "Switzerland of America," Ouray offers quaint charm intensified by the town's unlikely persistence amid the sublime landscape—the jagged mountains with peaks sharp as wolf's teeth, forever threatening to devour it. —Alicita Rodriguez, writer
When all I have is a half day to spare and I crave a quick high altitude fix, I head to Blue Lake in the Brainard Lake Recreation Area. Hardly a well-kept secret, the relatively easy half-day hike—teeming with wildflowers or filled with snowfields, depending on the season—culminates with a spectacular alpine lake that never ceases to take my breath away. —Mindy Pantiel, writer
SLEEPING INDIAN
Cody's Sleeping Indian is located on the Upper South Fork of the Shoshone River, a fabled valley that dead ends in the Washakie Wilderness. From here there are four or five major trailheads; you can ride to Dubois, Meteetsee or the trailheads near Jackson without crossing a road. When I was 18 I was lucky enough to get a job as a wrangler at the historic Valley Ranch and spent three summers there. This is definitely a special, timeless corner of the West. —Chase Reynolds Ewald, writer
MAROON BELLS WILDERNESS
Maroon Bells Wilderness is my happy place. I try to do a backpacking trip there for two or three nights each summer. Last year, my boyfriend, his dog Boone and I trekked the Aspen-to-Crested-Butte trail, an 11-mile hike that traverses through wildflower fields, across streams and up steep switchbacks. The views are incomparable, and I love disconnecting for a few days to play outside. —Michelle Johnson, writer
I would have to say my favorite place to visit in the Rocky Mountains is Park City. It's only a 30-minute drive from Salt Lake City, so it's easy and convenient to get to. The town itself consists of a three-block radius and is preserved as an old mining town with tons of amazing restaurants and shopping. —Kendall Buckley, account executive
After meeting near Aspen, the now husband-and-wife photography duo Peter and Kelley Gibeon immediately bonded over their love for mountain lifestyle and capturing it through their lenses. "A recent ski run in Big Sky, Montana, from an 11,166-foot summit was an especially sweet pause in our momentum. The four-minute, 1,450-foot vertical ride up the Lone Peak tram paralleled the craggy outcroppings of the Big Couloir and delivered us to the summit. Endless views, rich blue skies, sunshine, and plenty of that white fluff all the way down Liberty Bowl." —Peter and Kelley Gibeon, photographers
Lake Tahoe is a gem. Mountain lakes have a strong draw for a girl who grew up in Wyoming with no water in sight. There are countless beautiful spots around the lake, but Emerald Bay on the southern side of the lake is by far the best. I will take the mile-long walk down to Vikingsholm Castle, where you can stop at the public beach, but I love to explore all the walking trails and discover small secluded beaches along the less traveled areas of the bay. In my opinion it is the most beautiful spot in the West from any vantage point you choose. —Loneta Showell, art director
There are few places where you can have such an intimate concert experience amid the beauty and breathtaking views of the San Juan Mountains. Each time we visit Telluride we attend a summer concert festival and have experienced the music genius of Pearl Jam, Beck and Ben Harper. In this park setting, you can set up a sun shade, put your bare feet in the grass and let your kids run around while gazing at the awe-inspiring views. —Holly Scott, publisher and vice president
When I need an escape, in my mind I'm kayaking in Grand Teton National Park. I like to paddle around the perimeter of the shallow, turquoise String Lake as people picnic, paddleboard and swim (when the mountain water is warm enough). My favorite spot is a patch of lily pads along the south shore; sometimes I just stop paddling and sit, absorbing their beauty under Wyoming's blue skies and the Cathedral Range above. —Darla Worden, editor in chief
My favorite "spot" is in the WFO trees at Vail Resort on a powder day! I love to ski and was introduced by locals to WFO in 2011 when I worked at a restaurant in town. WFO is a bit of a traverse from most chairlifts on the hill, but being able to always find fresh lines is worth the trip! —Maggie Swift, advertising director
Telluride has it all—from the historic town that is totally walkable, to the seasonal festivals (bluegrass anyone?), it has the best skiing, picturesque hiking with towering aspens and the most breathtaking mountains. It's one of the few spots that I can't decide if I like more in the winter or summer—it's one of the few places I want to be year round. —Eleanor Wynant, account executive
BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS
On a mountain spine, I feel the tension between what is tangible and the expanse of what is beyond. The ridge is akin to the touching of polar emotions, the intricate line between earth and sky. Exploring the Beartooth Mountains of Montana and Wyoming reminds me of this. I am in awe of the sheer magnitude of beauty and force. With each trek, I rediscover how special this wilderness is. —Audrey Hall, photographer
Having the opportunity to travel the country for clients and shoot in mountain towns throughout the Rockies, I will always have a soft spot for Crested Butte—the town that I have called home for over 20 years. For me nothing can compare to its mountains, valleys and rivers that surround it. Trail running the Upper Loop is my passion and meditation. —James Ray Spahn, photographer
FRYINGPAN RIVER
Cracking the top of Rawlings' list are Colorado's Fryingpan River, Utah's Green River (below Flaming Gorge Reservoir), Montana's Madison River and Idaho's Middle Fork of the Salmon in the Frank Church-River of No Return. "My favorite time is twilight, when the quiet of darkness is fast approaching and the setting sun creates quick sparks on the fast-moving stream. I stand waist-deep in water, lulled by the rhythm of my cast—surrounded by mountains and meadows in the fading light of a perfect evening." —Irene Rawlings, writer
There is no place more magical than Grand Teton National Park in the autumn. I like to visit in early October, when the trees are still ablaze with color and the first snows are just dusting the valley floor. In the evenings we like to drive up into the park with a thermos of hot chocolate to hear the elk bugle and to stargaze. —Taylor Cornelius, researcher
Crested Butte is a favorite mountain spot of this Colorado native. My family and I stayed at a friend's secluded cabin in the Gunnison National Forest, where we were alone except for a few friendly horses that visited us each day. The grandeur of the landscape is breathtaking. Downtown Crested Butte is 45 minutes away, where you can shop, nosh and drink with cool people and stunning mountain views. —Kasey Harvey, digital editor
GUANELLA PASS
Guanella Pass was one of the first places that I camped and hiked when I moved to Colorado, and it remains one of my favorite mountain spots. Just a little over an hour from Denver sits this beautiful oasis. Camping spots line the scenic route all the way to the Silver Dollar Lake Trail, a 3.9-mile trek with scenic views of three beautiful freshwater lake. —Laura Pilz, production manager
RABBIT EARS PASS
Typically known as the winding route that leads into Steamboat Springs, Rabbit Ears Pass is an overlooked beauty. I got the chance to snowmobile through said pass, where we were guided through snowy evergreens up to a large open field to race around one another. The pass is comprised of peaks of the Continental Divide and offers sweeping views of mountain ranges reaching all the way to Wyoming. If you need a break from the ski slopes, this is definitely the spot. —Devon Miner, writer
My favorite mountain spot is Sun Valley, Idaho, in the summertime. The village abounds with colorful flowers and artful activities, including the Sun Valley Summer Symphony, Ballet Sun Valley and world-class ice-skating shows. The beautiful weather is also perfect for hiking and biking around the resort. A particular highlight is the Sun Valley Wine Auction, hosted annually in July. Guests enjoy a weekend full of amazing food and wine surrounded by incredible scenery. —Leah Brinks, events & sponsorship director
Get more content like this: Subscribe to the magazine | Sign up for our free e-newsletter
Archive »You Might Also Enjoy
7 Tips for Turning Your Home Into a Haven For Books
Think like a librarian to add layers, character, and class to your interiors.
These 3 Montana Homes Are All About Holistic Design
Thanks to top-notch integrated interior and architectural design, these mountain retreats truly reflect their owners' style and transcend any one genre.
Montana High Style
The fundamentals of mountain chic are black and white
5 Romantic Hot-Spring Getaways in Colorado
Tom Cruise's $59 Million Telluride Home
A Look Inside Peyton Manning's Denver House
The Best Christmas Towns of Colorado
Oprah Winfrey's New Home in Telluride, Colorado


Kim Kardashian was wearing her hot red mini when she stepped out in NYC on Apr. 14 — but the star showed off more than her signature curves, she decided to flash her Spanx while walking down the street!
Everyone thought it was an accident, but later Kim Karashian told her fans that she wants everyone to know she wears Spanx and she wants everyone to see them!


text:
10,092,366 viewers kuwa shabiki
Game of Thrones Links
chambua kulingana na: Most Recent | ya kiwango cha juu
onyesha viungo vya game of thrones (151-160 of 5458)
« awali | inayofuata »
Actor J. J. Murphy dies after beginning filming for Game of Thrones season 5
Veteran Northern Irish actor J. J. Murphy has died while filming scenes for Game of Thrones season 5.
imewasilishwa kwa Saejima zaidi ya mwaka mmoja uliopita
Alfie Allen talks Theon Greyjoy, majibu shabiki maswali with IGN and ET
Alfie Allen recently sat down with both IGN and Entertainment Tonight to promote the Game of Thrones Season 3 DVD release. Alfie talks all things Theon Greyjoy, particularly his torturous past season, majibu shabiki questions, and more.
ongeza maoni
All 30 "Game Of Thrones" Episodes Ranked From Worst To Best
dragoni and death are a plus! Torture and tedium are not.
Amanda Peet still doesn't know if Jon Snow is dead au alive
None of us are taking the death of Jon Snow well, but probably the most frustrated Game of Thrones shabiki is actress Amanda Peet.
imewasilishwa kwa nermai zaidi ya mwaka mmoja uliopita
And Now For An Alternate Universe Where "Game Of Thrones" Characters Made Good Choices
An Alternate Universe Where "Game Of Thrones" Characters Made Good Choices
wanyama Abound in a GOT Marketplace
Here on GoT, we believe the details make the world. Could we have an exotic market without pounds of turmeric, paprika, and other colorful spices?
Announcing the Game of Thrones Compendium
HBO has just unveiled its latest Game of Thrones project with a teasing tweet, and this is going to be a special one for fans.
Another season 3 character returns!
It's an exciting week in casting news- we have yet another return of a season 3 Game of Thrones character confirmed!
Anthrax joins the season 5 Catch The kiti cha enzi lineup
Last week, we learned that HBO is creating a new edition of Catch The kiti cha enzi with hardcore band Killswitch Engage, and now we've learned that thrash metal mainstays Anthrax are also signing on for the Game of Thrones season 5 mixtape.
Are wewe zaidi Like Arya au Sansa Stark From "Game Of Thrones"?
imewasilishwa kwa Blacklillium zaidi ya mwaka mmoja uliopita
« awali
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 ...
inayofuata »
Game of Thrones Klabu Zilizohusiana
A Song of Ice and moto
Lena Headey
Robb Stark
klabu zaidi >>


text:
Social Influence and Disruptive Low Carbon Innovations
Article available in the folowing languages:
DEENESFRITPL
How word of mouth can contribute to limiting global warming
Social influence plays a big part in many of our decisions. But is it also true when it comes to climate change? The SILCI project investigated and its findings are clear. Word of mouth indeed has a strong influence on people's decision to adopt a range of different behaviours and habits to reduce carbon emissions.
Climate Change and Environment
© Andrey Suslov, Shutterstock
"All of us have a part to play." In September 2020, the 108 United Kingdom citizens who formed the country's first Climate Assembly released the conclusions of their 6-month deliberations on how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. Beyond the proposals they made, one aspect stands out. Whilst clear government leadership is required, consumer-led change is equally important. One of the phenomena driving such change is called social influence. "We've known that social influence is important for spreading new ideas since the 1950s," says Charlie Wilson, professor at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. "It has been confirmed by thousands of studies and synthesised in a book called 'Diffusion of Innovations' by Everett Rogers. The book sets out the four key ingredients to understanding how and why new ideas spread: adopter heterogeneity (differences between people's motivations), information transmission (how the word spreads), social networks, and innovation attributes (inherent qualities of the product)." What is still unknown, however, is whether these mechanisms apply to the spread of potentially disruptive, low-carbon innovations in many different contexts. What role does social influence play then? To find out, Wilson kick-started the ERC-supported SILCI (Social Influence and Disruptive Low Carbon Innovations) project in 2016. "I wanted to focus on the potential contributions we could all make as consumers of goods and services. Over three quarters of global carbon emissions can be attributed to how we live, how we move around, how we eat, and how we interact with energy systems," he explains.
Applying social influence to climate change
SILCI's approach can be broken down into three steps. First, the team investigate potentially disruptive innovations in mobility, food, homes and energy. Then, they supplement this analysis with deep-dive case studies on specific innovations in each of these fields. Finally, they incorporate some of their new empirical insights into complex simulation models of the global energy and land-use systems to work out climate impacts. "The objective is to explore what the near- and longer-term climate impacts of consumer innovations might be. This was particularly exciting. We were able to show that – under certain assumptions – rapid uptake of digital consumer innovations could help the world limit warming to 1.5 °C, without having to rely on extremely costly and risky negative emission technologies," Wilson adds. The SILCI team have also confirmed the importance of word of mouth and social norms to spread awareness and experiences of low-carbon innovations (information transmission). Furthermore, SILCI analysis has identified the characteristics of successful low-carbon innovations, such as bicycle sharing. These include convenience, flexibility of choice, customisation, and pay-per-use cost structures (innovation attributes). On adopter heterogeneity, the team found that early adopters can be separated into three groups: novelty-seekers, technophiles and environmentally minded adopters. Social networks are also important: "We have found that people with less cliquey and more varied social networks, with larger numbers of both strong and weak social connections, are more likely to adopt low-carbon innovations," Wilson notes. The team have already surveyed 3 000 people in the United Kingdom and 3 000 people in Canada to differentiate adopters and non-adopters of 16 different low-carbon innovations related to mobility, food, homes and energy. A repeat survey is due to launch soon, tracking change over 2020. Efforts will then be focused on translating scientific insights into a comprehensive set of recommendations for policymakers, service providers and other stakeholders. "Social influence is a potentially self-reinforcing mechanism: the more we hear about a low-carbon innovation, the more likely we are to try it out. The more we try it out, the more we're likely to tell others about it. Then, the more we tell others about it, the more likely they are to try it," Wilson concludes. Thanks to SILCI, we now understand much more clearly how to successfully trigger these snowball effects for low-carbon innovations.
SILCI, word of mouth, climate change, low-carbon, innovation, social influence
SILCI
End date 31 May 2021
This project is featured in...
RESULTS PACK
Frontier research for the Green Deal: Driving forward Europe's climate ambitions through innovation and transformation
Discover other articles in the same domain of application
Trending Science
Trending Science: I'm an artist, not an uncultured caveman!
Trending Science: The cautionary tale of an ancient Chinese tomb, an emperor's grandma and an extinct ape
Announcing the latest CORDIS photo competition celebrating 100 issues of Research*eu!
Permalink: https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/423110-how-word-of-mouth-can-contribute-to-limiting-global-warming


My love for Japanese food rarely extends beyond Salmon, Tuna, Saba and Uni as I always equate it with raw and fresh seafood. As much as I would love to try out other dishes, I always end up ordering the same thing. So it really came as a surprise that we both agreed on having dinner at Yabu that night where no sushi or sashimi can be ordered off the menu.
Eversince Yabu was born, the standard for breaded pork chop was never the same. People began lining up and paying premium for moist and tender katsu. Such is the case of Yabu's Pork Tenderloin Set which is served with a 3/4 inch thick juicy pork with no fat, unlimited Japanese rice, miso soup, unlimited cabbage with your choice of dressing and fresh fruits for dessert.
All I could remember was seeing the phrase "stuffed with cream cheese" on the standee by the entrance and moments later, this mouth-watering goodness was placed on my side of the table. Overexcitement can really lead to low EQ that I never bothered flipping the menu to read the rest of the description when the staff was asking for our orders.
On the contrary, this would not be my first choice had I opened the menu since I usually order the Seafood or Salmon Katsu. So I'm ecstatic to have discovered this delicious dish of authentic Japanese ground beef and pork combination that I only learned after taking a bite.
Life is really full of surprises! And mine just came with extra cream cheese.


All of our adoptable pets are microchipped, vaccinated, and spayed and neutered before going to their forever homes. In addition to that, we also offer low-cost vaccinations for the public! Vaccinating your pets helps to prevent them from getting deadly diseases or reduces the intensity of their symptoms if they do contract something. Learn more about pricing and why you should vaccinate below.
Vaccinating your dogs and cats whenever they're needed next is important in preventing diseases, especially in young kittens and puppies! Vaccinations are administered by a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and paperwork is provided after you get your animal vaccinated! Unfortunately, we do not offer rabies vaccinations at our shelter, but you can get a rabies vaccine from your private veterinarian.
Please look online for resources and guidelines as to how often you should vaccinate and at what times, especially for younger animals.
Vaccines are health products that cause your pet's immune system to build up antibodies that can fight off diseases in the future. Vaccines help reduce the severity of future diseases and can even prevent them.
2. Why should I vaccinate?
Vaccinating your pets can help prevent them from contracting highly contagious and even deadly diseases that can easily be prevented by these vaccinations that are available to them. Vaccinating is especially important for puppies and kittens that are exposed to other animals when they're young because they haven't built strong immune systems yet. Vaccinating from our shelter also helps us fund spay and neuter initiatives and other projects.
3. Doesn't a veterinarian have to administer vaccines and microchips?
No, vaccinations are very easy to administer and are nearly painless because dogs and cats have thicker skin than we do. Veterinary offices typically have RVTs (registered veterinary technicians) and veterinary assistants administer vaccinations and microchips. Rabies shots are the only vaccinations that are required by law that veterinarians perform, and we don't provide them at our shelter.
4. Do I need to live in a certain county to vaccinate or microchip my pets from you?
No, you could be from a completely different state and we'll be able to vaccinate and microchip your pet for you!


MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Part-Time Lecturer Pool. The Mechanical Engineering Department at Cal Poly invites applications for possible temporary part-time position(s) available as determined by need for the 2019-20 academic year. Teaching assignments are in fundamental or advanced mechanical engineering courses.
A Masters degree in mechanical engineering or closely related field.
A PhD degree is preferred. Teaching, Industrial and/or a PhD is preferred.
Applicants with extensive industry experience are encouraged to apply.


text:
The Standard of World Meal Intake for Fat and Carbohydrate has Changed Hiroshi Bando
Нe standard nutrition has been changed in several decades. From mid-20th century, it has been believed that abstinence of lipids would prevent arteriosclerosis. One of the source would be from classical Seven Countries study. At that time, fatal diseases were OassLfied such as all causes, all causes less infective and parasitic diseases and violence, diseases of the circulatory system and degenerative heart disease Нere was a correlation between mortality rate from degenerative heart disease and fat intake ratio as percent of total . It was sLJnLficant linear correlation: 1) highest country is USA with 7.0 in deaths at 1000 and 40% in fat intake ratio 2) lowest country is Japan with 0.6 in death/1000 and 7% in fat intake 3) Canada, Australia, England and Italy were linearly situated between USA and Japan. In the 1970s, exceptionally high mortality rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was observed in Finland, and they started the health program. It concentrated heavily on changing the population's diet, especially with respect to the quality of the fat consumed: a reduction in saturated and an increase in unsaturated fat intake . It showed both the feasibility and great potential of CVD prevention and heart health promotion through general dietary changes in the population. $Ñ?er that, there have been lots of nutritional research worldwide concerning the ratio of three major nutrients, Lnfluence to cardiovascular disease, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. High saturated fatty acid diet was supposed to be related to Lnfluence the development of cardiovascular disease. Recently, it has been reported that saturated fatty acids and lipids does not a Ù´ Ù?ect the mortality rate or cardiovascular disease incidence rate, as well as the converse reports that the risk decreases Нere is no sLJnLficant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CVD or coronary heart disease (CHD) with 5-23 year follow-up of 347,747 subjects, 11,006 developed CHD or stroke. However, further data would be necessary for the rejecting the saturated fat hypothesis . Нere has been a large-scale epidemiological study, which is called ͦНe Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study" . It plans to recruit approximately 140,000 individuals residing in >600 communities in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries around the world . As one of PURE study, the consumption of fruit and vegetables was investigated . Consumption is rather low worldwide, particularly in lowincome countries, and this is associated with low Ù´ a Ù?ordabLOLt\ Policies worldwide should enhance the availability and a Ù´ Ù?ordabLOLt\ of fruits and vegetables. In 2017, another PURE study was reported . Нe\ studied 125 287 participants from 18 countries in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia, and reported that replacement of saturated fatty acids with carbohydrates was associated with the most adverse effects on lipids, whereas replacement of saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fats improved some risk markers . Furthermore, associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries were reported . It showed that higher carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of total mortality (HR 1.28). On contrast, it showed that higher total fat was associated with lower total mortality (HR 0.77) and higher saturated fat intake was associated with lower risk of stroke (HR 0.79). Total fat and saturated and unsaturated fats were not significant associated with risk of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular disease mortality. According to these data, lower intake of carbohydrate about 50-55% and higher intake of fat about 35% were recommended. However, enough amount of protein would be necessary. Нen we suggest that less carbohydrate would be better for healthier life with adequate balance of 3 nutrients. In many countries and districts, the ratio of carbohydrate intake has seems to be around 50 – 70%. According to the data , the ratio less than 50% and more than 70% is shown in the following district: China, 5.5%, 42.6%; South Asia, 7.7%, 33.2%; Africa, 12.3%, 28.9%; South America, 25.5%, 14.5%; Middle East, 29.3%, 0.9%; Europe and north America, 39.7%, 1.5%, respectively . Furthermore, higher economic state tends to indicate higher fat intake, lower carbohydrate intake and better medical circumstance, which would be the limitation of various research. Consequently, we have to consider multiple axes in discussing the ideal or adequate ratio of fat and carbohydrate in various situations worldwide. Taking several data with cultural, historical and economic situation into consideration, it is rather dLÙ¹cuOt to propose the ideal proportion of three main nutrients. However, we expect the accumulation of sLJnLficant nutritional reports about better meal components in the world, leading to less metabolic syndrome and arteriosclerosis. In relation to these comment mentioned above, recent clinical and research concerning low carbohydrate diet (LCD) must be considered. Atkins and Bernstein started LCD with successful weight reduction in Europe and North American. Нere was Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) study, in which weight reduction was investigated in low fat, Mediterranean and LCD for 2 years Нe mean weight losses were 3.3 kg, 4.6 kg, and 5.5 kg, respectively. НLs is the milestone of the beneficLaO e Ù´ Ù?ects for LCD . On succession, the eÙ¹cac\ of LCD for 6 years in DIRECT study was reported. Нere have been various reports and discussion concerning the comparison between calorie restriction (CR) and LCD. Furthermore, the Lnfluences of LCD for arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease were investigated . As for Japan, authors and colleagues have started LCD and reported clinical studies including 2699 Journal of Clinical & Experimental Orthopedics ISSN 2471-8416 cases of LCD with remarkable weight reduction . We also cOarLfied that diabetic pregnant women can be treated successfully with LCD, and that remarkable elevated ketone bodies were observed in the axes of fetus, placenta, newborn and mother, suggesting that ketone bodies would generate necessary energy in the axes . In the clinical practice, the remarkable beneficial for LCD would be 1) successful weight reduction. 2) elevated ketone bodies with various beneficLaO e Ù´ Ù?ects to human organs, 3) three Ù´ dL Ù?erent LCD meals which are petit LCD, standard LCD and super LCD with carbohydrate ratio in 40%, 26%, 12%, respectively 4) decrease of triglyceride level , 5) rapid decrease of daily profiOe of blood glucose which can be calculated as Morbus (M) value indicating average and fluctuatLon of glucose in a day . НLs editorial was on the topics of the ratio for fat, carbohydrate, LCD in various meal and nutritional treatment. Нese speculations would be useful for the urgent problem worldwide, which is increasing metabolic syndrome (Met-S) such as obesity and diabetes. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) summarized the current situation and problems in the world. Diabetic prevalence will increase from 8.8% in 2015 to 10.4% in 2040. IDF summarized Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes in 2015.Нe important points were that 1) Monitoring carbohydrate intake, whether by carbohydrate counting or experience-based estimation, remains critical in achieving glycemic control in eating patterns and macronutrient distribution, and 2) the amount of dietary saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat recommended for people with diabetes is the same as that recommended for the general population in dietary fat. In summary, to prevent and treat arteriosclerosis and Met-S worldwide, we can apply adequate nutritional management such as less carbohydrate and enough fat with good quality
Hiroshi Bando


Wait, hold the phone.... MODX has different versions?
Yes it does, however, checking what version of MODX your site is running on is simple and important. Something to keep in mind - don't get "version" confused with "Evolution" versus "Revolution". Those are actually two different platforms and completely separate code bases. For example, Evolution may be at version 1.0.6 and Revolution at 2.2.1. We hope this clears up any confusion between MODX versions, and Evolution versus Revolution.
Where do I find what version of MODX I have?
The first step in finding your MODX version is to login into the MODX Content Manager typically found at www.yourdomain.com/manager. Are logged in now? Good. Let's keep rolling.
You can find your current version of Revolution in the upper-left corner of the screen.
An example of locating the Version of MODX in Revolution.
In Evolution, it's in the upper-right corner of the Manager. If you are used to editing pages from a front-end manager (editing while you can see your web pages), you are likely using Evolution and will need to click on the "Manager" button along the top in order to access the manager area.
An example of locating the Version of MODX in Evolution.
Why does MODX have versions in the first place?
Updates like these happen all the time across the open source community, but most updates are platform enhancements and aren't necessarily vital. Because Evolution is an older code base that is primarly being maintained rather than expanded on, updates will occur less often but are likely to be quite important, such as the most recent upgrade to 1.0.6 that cleared up some vulnerability issues. Revolution changes are occurring more often as MODX expands on it's newest code base.
Whenever large changes occur in versions, particularly when vulnerabilities are found, we like to notify our clients and let them know upgrading is a good idea. Clients under maintenance agreements with us will automatically get scheduled for testing and the upgrade. Others are welcome to contact our support team to perform the upgrade.


text:
<?php

namespace Phpug\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM
;
use Zend\Validator\IsInstanceOf;

/**
 * The Persistent-Storage Entity
 *
 * @category  php.ug
 * @package   Phpug
 * @author    Andreas Heigl<andreas@heigl.org>
 * @copyright 2011-2012 php.ug
 * @license   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php MIT-License
 * @version   0.0
 * @since     05.12.2012
 * @link      http://github.com/heiglandreas/php.ug
 * @ORM\Entity
 * @ORM\Table(name="groupcontact")
 * @property string $name
 * @property integer $service
 * @property integer $group
 */
class Groupcontact
{
    /**
    * @ORM\Id
    * @ORM\Column(type="integer");
    * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
    */
    protected $id;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(type="string")
     */
    protected $name;

    /**
     * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Service", inversedBy="contacts")
     */
    protected $service;

    /**
     * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Usergroup", inversedBy="contacts")
     */
    protected $group;

    /**
    * Magic getter to expose protected properties.
    *
    * @param string $property
    * @return mixed
    */
    public function __get($property) {
        return $this->$property;
    }

    /**
     * Magic setter to save protected properties.
     *
     * @param string $property
     * @param mixed $value
     */
    public function __set($property, $value) {
        $this->$property = $value;
    }

    /**
     * Convert the object to an array.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function toArray() {
        $return = get_object_vars($this);
        $return['url'] = $this->getUrl();
        $return['type'] = $this->service->name;
        return $return;
    }

    public function getUrl()
    {
        $baseUrl = $this->service->baseurl;
        return sprintf($baseUrl, $this->name);
    }

    public function getService()
    {
        if (! $this->service instanceof Service) {
            return 0;
        }
        return $this->service->id;
    }

    public function getServiceName()
    {
        if (! $this->service instanceof Service) {
            return '';
        }
        return $this->service->getName();

    }

    /**
     * Set the name
     *
     * @param string $name The name of the contact
     *
     * @return Groupcontact
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;

        return $this;
    }

    public function getName()
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    /**
     * Set the service
     *
     * @param mixed $service
     *
     * @return Groupcontact
     */
    public function setService($service)
    {
        $this->service = $service;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Set the id
     *
     * @param int $id
     *
     * @return Groupcontact
     */
    public function setId($id)
    {
        $this->id = $id;

        return $this;
    }

    public function getId()
    {
        return $this->id;
    }

    /**
     * Set the group
     *
     * @param int $group
     *
     * @return Groupcontact
     */
    public function setGroup($group)
    {
        $this->group = $group;

        return $this;
    }

    public function getGroup()
    {
        return $this->group;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Senator Barack Obama announced for the Presidency yesterday.
To ignore the race or gender issues inherent in Clinton, Richardson, or Obama's campaigns would be disingenuous. Maybe, just maybe, our national psyche needs a woman, or an Hispanic-American, or an African-American to run and win so that the nation might move past prejudices - if only to a small extent.
But will the majority of Americans then move further and ask these candidates how they would address our serious problems - and what they would have us do?
How soon before we hear smarmy talk-show references - intimating what exactly?- to Barack HUSSEIN Obama?
And, as to the experience canard: is John Edwards really any more experienced than Obama? Was candidate George W. Bush any more experienced?