text:
Q: How to approach GNU's "wc -l" speed with Go (golang)? I am trying to catch GNU's wc -l speed at counting lines. I would be satisfied being 1.5-2 times slower. The best I could do is 4 times slower. The code using syscall.Mmap:
main.go
package main

import (
    "flag"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "os"
    "runtime/pprof"
    "syscall"
)

const (
    DATA_READ int64 = 4096 * 4096
)

var cpuprofile = flag.String("cpuprofile", "", "write cpu profile to file")

func main() {
    flag.Usage = func() {
        fmt.Printf("Usage: %s [options] <file>\n\n", os.Args[0])
        flag.PrintDefaults()
    }
    flag.Parse()
    if len(flag.Args()) != 1 {
        flag.Usage()
        os.Exit(1)
    }
    file_path := flag.Args()[0]

    if *cpuprofile != "" {
        profile, err := os.Create(*cpuprofile)
        if err != nil {
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        pprof.StartCPUProfile(profile)
        defer pprof.StopCPUProfile()
    }

    // Open file for reading
    file, err := os.OpenFile(file_path, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    fi, err := file.Stat()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    file_size := fi.Size()
    fd := int(file.Fd())
    defer file.Close()

    line_counter := 0
    read_from := int64(0)
    for {
        read_size := DATA_READ
        if (file_size - read_from) < read_size {
            read_size = file_size - read_from
        }
        if read_size == 0 {
            break
        }
        data, err := syscall.Mmap(
            fd, read_from, int(read_size),
            syscall.PROT_READ, syscall.MAP_PRIVATE)
        if err != nil {
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        for _, char := range data {
            if char == '\n' {
                line_counter += 1
            }
        }
        err = syscall.Munmap(data)
        if err != nil {
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        read_from += int64(len(data))
    }
    fmt.Println(line_counter)
}

Straightforward approach, read large chunks into buffer, straight.go
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "os"
)

const BUF_SIZE = 4096 * 4096

func main() {
    if len(os.Args) != 2 {
        fmt.Printf("Usage: %s <file>\n\n", os.Args[0])
        os.Exit(-1)
    }

    file, err := os.Open(os.Args[1])
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer file.Close()

    buf := make([]byte, BUF_SIZE)
    line_counter := 0

    for {
        bytes_read, err := file.Read(buf)
        if err != nil {
            if err == io.EOF {
                break
            } else {
                log.Fatal(err)
            }
        }

        for i := 0; i < bytes_read; i++ {
            if buf[i] == '\n' {
                line_counter += 1
            }
        }
    }

    fmt.Println(line_counter)
}

The test file was generated with the python script:
import os
data = ' '*80 + '\n'
data *= 1000000
with open(os.environ['HOME'] + '/data', 'w') as dest:
    for i in range(70):
        dest.write(data)
        dest.flush()

Timings:
$ time ./main ~/data
70000000

real    0m3.965s
user    0m3.768s
sys     0m0.196s

$ time ./straight ~/data

70000000

real    0m5.180s
user    0m4.432s
sys     0m0.748s

$ time wc -l ~/data
70000000 /home/<user>/data

real    0m0.947s
user    0m0.440s
sys     0m0.504s

I tried to profile my main.go program:
./main -cpuprofile main.prof ~/data
go tool pprof ./main main.prof

Results weren't helpful for me. It is also interesting main.go is faster than straight.go in both user and sys departments. Looks like index, value := range doesn't make range checking (user) and mmap is indeed faster than a plain Read (sys and user). Still, the fastest program I did is 4 times slower than a "wc -l", which only does getc(fp).
I wonder is there anything else I could do to approach the speed of old good wc?
upd: was wrong about getc, the real wc from coreutils uses safe_read, which is essentialy a wrapper over the plain read.

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Citation: CHOI, J.J., FREDERICK, R.D. PROFILING DEFENSE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION OF GLYCINE MAX CV. KOMATA INOCULATED WITH SOYBEAN RUST. Phytopathology. 83:S16. 2003.
Technical Abstract: Soybeans are the most important legume produced in the United States, used for food, feed, and fuel. A devastating soybean rust pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is found worldwide except North America and Europe. Currently, there are no resistant cultivars commercially available in the US. Glycine max cv. Komata is an Asian cultivar that shows resistance to several soybean rust isolates. In order to prepare for the arrival of the soybean rust pathogen, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance. As an initial step, a real-time PCR-based approach and a northern blot analysis were used to assess the expression of known soybean defense-related genes during a susceptible and a resistant interaction using two different soybean rust isolates. The defense-related genes used in this study included acidic and basic chitinases, beta 1,4-glucanase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). In the resistant interaction, differences in the transcription levels of these genes were observed within the first twelve hours after inoculation.


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Articles concerning the issues of mental illness and the treatment of insanity, including writing related to concepts such as moral treatment and the defective classes.
During the early 19th century, epilepsy and insanity were considered closely related, so some historical articles on the institutionalization of epileptics may also be found here.
After Care for the Insane: New York State 1906After Care for the Insane was another much needed service that was introduced, organized and came to fruition in 1906 by Miss Louisa Lee Schuyler. When inmates were discharged from the state hospitals, many had no where to go. They had no home, no job, no friends or relatives willing to help them and many had children that had been separated from them during their incarceration. Miss Schuyler and her league of volunteers of The State Charities Aid Association helped these people to re-enter society with a helping hand by working in co-operation with the superintendents of the state hospitals.
Brigham, AmariahIn the summer of 1842, Dr. Brigham was appointed Superintendent of the New York State Lunatic Asylum, at Utica. The institution was opened on the 16th of January, 1843. From this time, until the period of his death, he was unceasing in his devotion to the great cause of humanity in which he was engaged....Dr. Brigham was not only desirous of establishing an institution which should be creditable to the State, but, in order that our citizens should avail themselves of its advantages, he labored to diffuse a more extended knowledge of the subject of insanity. This he did by popular lectures, and by embodying in his reports details of the causes, the early symptoms, and means of prevention.
Care of the Filthy Cases of Insane: 1885Written by Stephen Smith, M.D., State Commissioner of Lunacy, New York City. "The care of these patients is all that can be desired. Each of these hospitals has a regular day and night service, so organized that the filthy are trained, if possible, to habits of personal care and cleanliness. They are not only promptly changed when found to be soiled; but, as far as practicable, their necessities are anticipated, and they are required to protect and care for themselves."
Care Of The Insane In New York (1736 - 1912)Written by Linda S. Stuhler. "...the hospital was an institution of great public utility and humanity, and that the general interests of the state required that fit and adequate provision be made for the support of an infirmary for sick and insane persons."
Chapin, John B., M.D., LL.D.John Chapin, M.D., LL.D. (1829 – 1918) — Advocate for the Chronic Insane of New York, and the Removal of All Insane Persons from the County Almshouse. This 1918 Obit was copied with permission and derived from the blog researched and developed by Linda S. Stuhler.
Colony For Epileptics (1914)"From the inception of public care of the insane in New York State epileptics were undoubtedly provided for from time to time, but no special provision was existent beyond a separate ward in the various hospitals. In 1873 Dr. Ordroneaux mentioned special provision for the epileptic on Blackwell's Island." This entry was copied with permission and derived from the blog researched and developed by Linda S. Stuhler.
Defective Classes (1891)I propose the following classification of the defective classes, depending upon the three divisions of the mental faculties which are generally accepted by psychologists. Insanity and idiocy are different forms of defective intellect. Crime and vice are caused by defect of the emotions or passions. And pauperism is caused by defect of the will. Blindness and deaf-mutism are defects of the senses, requiring special forms of education, but are not defects of the mind any more than the loss of an arm or a leg. Blind or deaf people properly educated are not a burden or a danger to society, as are criminals, insane persons, or paupers. Their defects are physical, not mental, and they should not be classed with persons who have these mental defects.
Deportation of the Insane Aliens: 1907The present course taken by the United States Government in deporting insane aliens who have been in this country for some time is characterized by unnecessary harshness and even injustice. The purpose of deportation is to save this country the expense of maintaining a dependent person. The great majority of the aliens who are deported are persons who entered the country in perfectly good faith, with the intention and desire of earning a living, and in the vigor of youth, the average age of those deported being thirty years. It is not altogether their own fault that such aliens find themselves surrounded by economic and social conditions so unfavorable to their mental and physical health that they break down under the strain of competing with those who are better adapted to the conditions of life in this country.
Duty Of The States Toward Their Insane Poor: 1874Presentation by Dr. J. B. Chapin of the Willard Asylum for the insane on "The Duty of the States toward their Insane Poor."
First Annual Report Of The Trustees Of (Mass.) State Lunatic Hospital: 1833Other institutions, both in Europe and America, which have exhibited the most remarkable proportion of cures, have discriminated in their admissions, receiving the more hopeful cases only. The inmates at Worcester have been a more select class than were ever before assembled together; but unfortunately for success in regard to cures, it has been a selection of the most deplorable cases in the whole community. Of the one hundred and sixty-four individuals received, considerably more than one half came from jails, almshouses and houses of correction, and about one third of the whole number had suffered confinement for periods varying from ten to thirty-two years.
Franklin Pierce's 1854 VetoThe legislation advocated by Dorothea Dix -- and passed by the House and Senate -- was not unprecedented. At a time when there was no federal income tax, public land represented the largest potential financial resource available to the federal government. Federal lands had already been used to promote the construction of railroads, and there were discussions in 1854 of a homestead act that would provide free land to settlers who were willing to move to the West.
Franklin Pierce's Veto Is ChallengedWilliam Seward was one of the most powerful statesmen of the 1850s. Under Abraham Lincoln, with whom he vied for the 1860 Republican Presidential nomination, he was Secretary of State. In 1854, as a Senator from New York, he was a supporter of the Dorthea Dix bill that passed both the House and Senate. Here he provided his rationale for opposing the veto message given by President Pierce. The effort to override the veto failed.
Hoyt, Dr. Charles S.Dr. Charles S. Hoyt (1822-1898): Superintendent of New York State and Alien Poor, in the Service of the State Board of Charities. This 1898 Memorial to Dr. Charles S. Hoyt was copied with permission and derived from the blog researched and developed by Linda S. Stuhler.
Increase of Insanity (1895)It is within the observation of most physicians who have the care of the insane that the insanity of physical degeneration, resulting from syphilis, paralysis, intemperance, under-feeding, epilepsy, etc., is growing more and more common. These are the least hopeful forms of insanity; and it is their prevalence which seems to have caused a diminution in the rate of recoveries, almost everywhere noticed within the last twenty years. Cases really acute, and not complicated with these forms of disease and degeneracy, recover as easily and as fast as ever; and there is even a tendency to virtual recoveries of the chronic insane, which was not so much noted until recent years.
Insanity in the Middle States: 1876This entry is from the Proceedings of the third Conference of Charities held at Saratoga, New York, September 6, 1876. by Mr. Sanborn. "Insanity is, in the middle states, as in the other states, increasing disproportionately to the increase of population..."
Life In The Asylum (1855)The Opal was published by the patients at the New York State Insane Asylum in Utica during the 1850s. It contained comments on current events, literary essays and book reviews, poetry, and descriptions of events at the asylum, including the dramatic and musical productions of the patients themselves.
Listening to Patients: The Opal as a Source The Opal, which was "dedicated to usefulness," is a ten volume Journal that was written and edited by the patients of the Utica State Lunatic Asylum, (1851 – 1860). The more than 3,000 pages of material in The Opal includes political commentary, humor, advice, and theory on insanity in the form of articles, poetry, prose, cartoons, plays, and literature.
Management Of Almshouses In New EnglandPresentation by Frank B. Sanborn at the Eleventh Annual Session, National Conference Of Charities And Correction, 1884. In this paper for the NCCC, Sanborn reviews the basic structure of poorhouse care in Massachusetts and demonstrates reformers' intense interest in controlling costs and removing able-bodied children from poorhouses.
Massachusetts Report On Public Charities: 1876 As Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity, Franklin Benjamin Sanborn held the most powerful position on the board. This report to the National Conference of Charities illustrates Sanborn's deep faith in the power of statistical research to illuminate the nature of social problems.
Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital: New York - 1891This is a lengthy "Letter to the Editor" of The New York Times written by "Index Medicus," a medical society and journal. If New York State was transferring patients out of their district to another state hospital, why couldn't the State pay for the transportation of patients whose family and friends wanted them to receive homeopathic medical care as opposed to allopathic medical care?
Moral TreatmentWritten by Dr. James W. Trent, Jr., Gordon College. "Moral treatment was a product of the Enlightenment of the late eighteenth century. Before then people with psychiatric conditions, referred to as the insane, were usually treated in inhumane and brutal ways."
New York State Care System For The Insane Completed: 1896"The Governor has approved the bill creating the Manhattan State Hospital and providing for the transfer of the lunatic asylums of this city and the care of their inmates to the State"
Our New York State Charities: 1873"At present these petty criminals spend their time in complete idleness in the county jails, and go out worse than they entered. To improve this class there should be a separate department in the State work-houses proposed, and the criminal statutes should be changed, so that the magistrates could commit them to these, and for longer terms than is at present the custom."
Poor House Conditions: Albany County, New York - 1864In 1824 the New York State legislature enacted the "County Poorhouse Act," a measure that called for one or more poorhouses to be built or established in each county. Thenceforth, all recipients of public assistance were to be sent to that institution. All expenses for building and maintaining the poorhouse(s) and supporting its inmates were to be defrayed by the county out of tax funds. The Act also created a new body of relief officials: County Superintendents of the Poor.
Scientific Charity Movement and Charity Organization Societies"Scientific charity built on Americans' notion of self-reliance, limited government, and economic freedom. Proponents of scientific charity shared the poorhouse advocates' goals of cutting relief expenses and reducing the number of able-bodied who were receiving assistance, as well as the moral reformers' goal of uplifting people from poverty through discipline and religious education via private charity. In this model, individuals responded to charity and the government stayed out of the economic sphere.
State Board of Charities of New York: Reports 1878-1884n the early years of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, representatives of the states in attendance were invited to share reports on their experiences, problem areas and achievement in connection with the charities and institutions in their respective states. Below are reports from the New York representative at the conferences held from 1978 to 1884.
State Care of the Insane: New York 1901"Rise and Progress of New York State Care of the Insane: 1901" by Goodwin Brown, Ex-State Commissioner in Lunacy. "It is consonant with its destiny and greatness that the Empire State should have, of all States and countries in the world, the most complete, humane, and comprehensive system of caring for this most unfortunate class."
Three Years In A Mad House (1851)"Astounding Disclosures! Three Years In A Mad House," by Isaac H. Hunt, 1851. Hunt, a former patient at the Maine Insane Hospital published a scathing attack on his treatment by the institution's attendants and doctors. Isaac Hunt describes all sorts of abuses and mistreatment. His account makes people wonder whether or not the asylum offered conditions better than those uncovered in local almshouses and jails by the investigative reports of Dorothea Dix. Out of Hunt's complaints came an investigation by the Maine Legislature into conditions at the asylum.
Training Schools - And Civilian Public Service (1944)Article by Stephen Angell in The Reporter, 1944. The Civilian Public Service (CPS) was set up to provide conscientious objectors in the United States an alternative service to military service during World War II.
Treatment of the Insane: 1876The "Preface" is from the Proceedings for the third Conference of Charities held at Saratoga, New York, September 6, 1876. It is followed by a paper titled "The Treatment of the Insane" delivered paper by Dr. Nathan Allen, of Lowell, Mass.
Willard Asylum for the Insane: Steward's Report 1900Steward's Report by Captain Morris J. Gilbert, 1900. According to Dr. Robert E. Doran, Jr., author of "History Of The Willard Asylum For The Insane And The Willard State Hospital," "...he was totally responsible for all purchasing as well as overseeing the farm and maintenance work."
Willard State Hospital, New York. Primary Sources
Willard, Sylvester D.Sylvester David Willard, M.D., LL. D. (June 19, 1825 – April 2, 1865) — Volunteer Surgeon in Civil War, Founder of Willard Asylum for the Insane
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Neither the US nor Australia are up there with the top-ranking countries when it comes to teaching maths. Why is that? Where are we going wrong? Jim Stigler is a psychologist who studies how people learn maths and the best ways to teach it. He says we've falsely sold learning by telling students it is easy and fun. Jim Stigler says the counties which produce the best result in maths teaching make their students struggle. He calls it productive struggle. After the struggle, the teacher leads students providing understanding. Understanding is important says Jim Stigler, not memorization. In Sydney, Eddie Woo, is an acclaimed teacher of maths. He speaks to Carl Smith.
Jim Stigler: In the US we try to tell students that learning is fun and easy. Well, learning is not fun and easy, we sell them a lie in that case. Whereas in other countries, in particular like Japan, they'll say actually learning is hard and it's suffering and you feel really confused. And they teach the children that from the time they are in kindergarten and first grade.
Robyn Williams: Okay, come and join the suffering, feel the pain. This is The Science Show.
The Science Show on RN, where listening is for masochists, but it does you good. Let's join James Stigler at the University of California, Los Angeles. He's a psychologist and he's here to help with maths.
What's a psychologist doing with maths?
Jim Stigler: Trying to figure out how people learn it, which is not that easy, and then also what's the most effective way to teach it. So there's a long tradition of psychologists studying teaching and learning and I pretty much fit into that tradition.
Robyn Williams: I have a friend called Brian Butterworth who is at University College London who publishes material about how many people in the population are in some ways psychologically innumerate, in other words their brains don't work with numbers. It's only about 4%, leaving 90%-odd who should be. Is that surprising as a figure?
Jim Stigler: It's not surprising but I think 90%-odd of people think they are innumerate, I think that's the problem, it's not that they are innumerate, but they really believe they can't do maths, for various reasons, mainly because at some point they were socialised to believe that maths is something you either can do or you can't. So as soon as they met their first challenge in mathematics, that was all the evidence they need to realise, oh, I'm not a maths person, I can't do that. So then they begin to steer clear of maths.
Robyn Williams: Jim Stigler. And Brian Butterworth is now back at the University of Melbourne. The name for the maths blindness is called dyscalculia, and that's the name of his book.
Brian Butterworth: There's a group of people who we call dyscalculics, and these are people who find it very difficult to learn arithmetic. It's rather like dyslexia, it's something you're born with and it's something that as far as we know you can compensate for but you don't recover from. But it's a serious problem and it affects over 5% of the people, so it's nearly a million Australians.
One of the indicators is an inability to represent fingers mentally. So they have, if you like, a vague representation of their fingers, whereas people who are good at maths usually have a rather precise representation of their fingers. This has been known for about 60 or 70 years, and it's quite easy to test for.
Now, it turns out that one of the parts of the brain that controls finger representation is in the parietal lobe. And Josef Gerstmann a long time ago discovered that if you had a lesion in a particular part of the left parietal lobe, known as the angular gyrus, you would have both impaired representations of your fingers and also impaired calculation. People have argued about this for a long time. Is the connection between fingers and numbers just an accident of neuroanatomy, or is it functional? It's kind of peculiar that in people who don't use their fingers to count…I mean, I don't use my fingers to count except when I'm trying to work out how many days car rental I have to pay for, but apart from that if I have to do 5+3 I don't do it on my fingers anymore. But nevertheless, we found that if you disabled this part of the brain temporarily using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation, then this would affect both their finger representation and also their numerical representation. And we thought that this showed that there was something rather functional about the relationship between these two capacities, even in adults who no longer use their fingers to do calculation with.
Robyn Williams: Brian Butterworth is working on maths and fingers at the University of Melbourne with Bob Reeve. Brian's book, just out, is Dyscalculia: From Science to Education, published by Rutledge.
And so back to psychologist James Stigler at UCLA.
How do countries compare? You've studied them, haven't you.
Jim Stigler: Yes, we've looked at mathematics teaching all over the world. The US does not do very well. Australia does a little bit better. But the top performing countries are countries like Japan, the Netherlands, China, Hong Kong, Switzerland.
Robyn Williams: What's their secret?
Jim Stigler: Well, interestingly, if you look superficially like, oh, do they work in groups, do they work individually, do they use the blackboard or do they use manipulatives, or do they do it all with symbols, you'll not find a pattern. But if you dig a little deeper, we believe we have identified three characteristics or features of the learning opportunities that enable them to learn maths deeply, and they are pretty obvious really. The first one is productive struggle. In the US we try to tell students that learning is fun and easy. Well, learning is not fun and easy, we sell them a lie in that case. Whereas in other countries, in particular like Japan, they'll say actually learning is hard, and it's suffering, and you feel really confused. And they teach the children that from the time they are in kindergarten and first grade. So when they meet their first challenge they think, oh, this is what learning feels like. Kind of like if we go to the gym and we get sore, we don't say, oh, I'm not a gym person, I better not do that anymore, we think that is part of getting in shape. And they've been able to figure out how to socialise their students to believe that. So like anything else, if you don't struggle and suffer to a certain extent, you can't learn maths, and to the extent we try to take that out of the instruction, our students aren't going to learn maths.
Robyn Williams: I'm just going to tell you a little story before I ask you about the other two, because that reminds me very much of a head of a school, she was actually teaching maths to Indigenous kids who'd often had pretty rough times. You know, they were there in school because there was nowhere else to go. And she told them, 'I'm going to teach you algebra, but you won't get it, it's just too hard. And it's the kind of thing that you've got to have a brilliant brain to do but I'll go through it because it's in the curriculum, but you just won't.' And they were so incensed by that, they all knuckled down and they got prizes, all of them. It's amazing. I hope that doesn't surprise you.
Jim Stigler: Well, I'd have to know her, but I think she probably had them in the palm of her hand.
Robyn Williams: Exactly. And what about the other two examples?
Jim Stigler: Well, first of all, if you just struggle and you don't have anyone introducing you to the conceptual structure of maths, it's very hard to learn it on your own. So there's a lot of evidence that pure discovery learning doesn't really work. But if you get people to struggle and then you provide them with some explicit access to this underlying structure of mathematics so that they can understand it deeply, that's the next feature. And that's really, really important. And there's a favourite quote I have which is not exactly this but it's from Confucius in China and he said; if I have not driven a student wild to distraction, where they absolutely are pulling their hair out, they can't stand it because they can't figure something out, if you're not at that level, you're not ready to be taught. But once a student gets to that level, then I can teach them the lesson. And I think that's a great model. You want the students to struggle with important maths problems, and then you want to step in when they are really going to be grateful for any help you can give them, and that's great instruction.
Robyn Williams: And what's the third?
Jim Stigler: The third is just doing this over and over again. It's this idea of deliberate practice. I'm sure you may have heard something about the literature on expertise, 10,000 hours, and it's not repetitive practice. Many times you go to a maths classroom and they say I taught you to do this one type of problem, now do 50 of them, and they are all identical. You're not learning anything from doing 50. But if each one is different from the one before and is more complex or covers a different territory or requires the coordination of some different knowledge, then you're actually broadening your understanding.
Robyn Williams: What about the tyranny of perfection? Because an awful lot of people are discussing things, as you are, in Australia have disputed the fact that there is only one correct answer and unless you get it you fail, because the journey there is rather more important than doing the king hit, which is total failure or total success. Is that something that you've looked at as well?
Jim Stigler: Well, often there is one correct answer, but there are many ways to get to that answer, and I think that's one of the most important things about maths. If the enemy of understanding is teaching someone the steps, if you say step one do this, step two, step three, as soon as you're following steps, you've stopped trying to figure out what makes sense in this situation, and you're not going to come up with a novel method in a new situation. So I think the key is, again, letting people try to figure out problems themselves and then sharing alternatives.
If you just take a class of students, and they do this in Japan all the time, and say here's a hard problem, work on it…first of all, our students won't work on it because they will say, well, you didn't teach us to do it yet, so what are you trying to pull here? But the Japanese students will just get to work. And because no one taught them the steps, of course they come up with many different ways to solve the problem. And then they are very interested to see what other students came up with. And then a skilful teacher can look across all those methods and say why do they all work, and why does that one not work, and that's how you get down to the mathematical structure. And it's very gratifying.
Robyn Williams: I'm going to ask you a question that I asked somebody who is actually a maths teacher in a school in Queensland who is in charge in a university of organising camps where kids can go in and spend a few days with people who know about maths and somehow suss it out, but I asked her what she does in a classroom, if she's standing at the board and she's trying to work out the answer to a problem and not getting it or getting it wrong. How do you deal yourself with failure?
Jim Stigler: That happens to me all the time because I teach statistics to university students and some programming using software to do data analysis, and I literally put a screen up in the front and I say let's see if we can figure this out, and sometimes I can't. But I have a class of 250 students and you can guarantee that some of them can figure it out, so they just shout at me. And I also tell them, gee, if I forget what the command is to do something, I usually google it and see if I can find it that way. So let's give it a try, and I'll google it. And of course what you realise is you have to know something to be able to interpret what comes back in a google search, and that's really what I want my students to learn. I don't want them to memorise a whole bunch of commands, I want them to know what a function is, and if they can't remember it, how they might find it and then how they would identify which is the right one.
Robyn Williams: You said in the beginning that the standard in American schools ain't what it should be. Any idea what's going to work putting that right, and are the young people worried themselves about the fact they are not getting the results they might?
Jim Stigler: I don't think they are that worried. If they have been taught somehow that the key is to memorise everything and then be able to put it on the test and to get an A, to convince them that that's not what you want them to do is very, very difficult. They don't really believe you.
In my course I spend time at the beginning trying to tell them that you cannot memorise what I want you to learn in this class, you have to understand it. And then at the end of the class I ask them how much memorisation was required, I do an exit survey, and there's quite a distribution. Some people say none, other people say a lot. But one thing we found is the people who think a lot of memorisation was required, they score significantly more poorly on the final exam. So they never really adapt that mindset, this idea that what's important is to understand what's going on, not to remember anything that I say.
Robyn Williams: And for those who are listening who are young and struggling with maths, are you convinced that for most of them, for most of us for that matter, if we knuckle down we can get successes and it's worth trying?
Jim Stigler: Absolutely. But you have to find someone who is a teacher who also thinks that you can figure it out. And if they think their job is just to teach you the steps, then it's going to be very hard. You not only have to learn maths but you have to teach the teacher what kind of help you need. And again, we've done research with community college students who are failing at maths. We have a big problem in this country, 60% of all the students nationwide who go to community college, they graduate high school, go to community college, they take a placement test, and they are not qualified to take a college maths class, even though they graduated high school. And then if you ask those students what's the problem, what does your teacher need to do to help you, the most common answer is; they need to break it down into smaller steps so that I can write every step down. So the students really are lacking the metacognition they need to help them figure out how to have a more productive mindset about maths.
My own opinion is that if they can figure out something on their own and if you can coax them to a point where they do that, that's the only way you can convince them that it's possible. And then I think some can go on and find that that's very rewarding. And I'm seeing that in my statistics class, but I see it's not by teaching them maths but by teaching them R, which is a programming language, because it's not maths. So they look at it and they go, oh, that's not maths, maybe I can do that, and it turns out they can do that. It's hard, and they have to struggle and they get things wrong but it doesn't paralyse them. You know, so many of the students have maths trauma in their background, and it's just very hard for them to overcome that.
Robyn Williams: You mentioned teachers and I mentioned before the name Eddie Woo, and any listeners who have not heard of this superhero who has actually won major national awards…do you have an Eddie Woo here in the United States?
Jim Stigler: Well, we have had Eddie Woos, and we probably have a lot of Eddie Woos. I think that's what's interesting about the way we view teaching, is it's a very idiosyncratic thing and a very personal thing. So great teachers, we tend to think of that more as a personality thing and something that somebody figured out. What I think we need to do is shift and depersonalise teaching and begin to look at what are the methods that every teacher could use that would help students learn more. So in a way I think what I like to see Eddie Woo teach, I would love that, I would kill to go see him teach, but is that the way to solve the problem? Probably not, because if a teacher looks at Eddie Woo, probably the first thing they're going to think is, oh, I could never do that, he's amazing, I could never do that. And instead we want to depersonalise it and say, oh, if you look at what he's doing, it's actually those same three features, that's what he's doing. You may have to do that a different way, but that's what he's doing.
Robyn Williams: Jim Stigler is Professor of Psychology at the University California, Los Angeles. And here is Eddie Woo, who also has a new book.
Eddie Woo: Really this is the overflow of all the things I learned about mathematics as a teacher that I never knew and I wished I had known when I was a student. I didn't particularly like maths when I was a kid. And when I started to teach this subject, the typical question that I get asked is; so why are we learning this, what's the point, when am I ever going to use this in my life? I wanted good answers to those questions, and the answers I came up with, they formed the book.
The main audience that I had in my mind, the person I was sitting across from and I pictured as I wrote was I guess what I would call a mathematically disenfranchised adult, someone who probably, going their way through school maybe had some success early on, but then when they met all those xs and ys or calculus or something like that, it just became too hard. And I meet so many people who in their grown adult life they've just said, you know what, I just closed that door, I've never been able to get past a certain hurdle in mathematics and I just think I'm not a maths person. And part of my own journey has been coming from that point of view and then realising, actually no, I think all of us, every single human being is capable of much more mathematics then we probably give ourselves credit for. It's that person who maybe doubts themselves a little bit that I wrote the book for.
Robyn Williams: And the book is Woo's Wonderful World of Maths. More from him later.
Well, so far we've heard from lots of countries, or about them, but not from Russia, with its own traditions. Harvard mathematician Tom Lehrer has some guidance.
Only be sure always to call it please, 'research'.
This I know from nothing. What I'm going to do.
I think of great Lobachevsky and I get idea - haha!
'Zhil byl korol' kogda-to, Pri njom blokha zhila' ('It stinks').
'Ya idu kuda sam tzar' peshkom hodil' ('It stinks').
A recently retired maths teacher friend of mine who regularly taught for understanding and I (who agree with this approach) have been discussing this for over 20 years and wondering why curriculum writers seem not to understand these principles.
Their is some advantage in rote learning of facts, such as times tables, to assist in rapid recall but teaching underlying principles and helping students apply them has always produced better results. Students can also transfer their own understanding to others.
Maths, were always completely bewildering... it simply made zero sense to me, and totally frustrated and angry to the point I simply gave up and read something I could cope with.
A beautiful podcast. Listened few times with the transcript in front. Will dig the authors who discussed and learn more about dyscalculia. Thanks. Love from Bangladesh.


This is the C-terminal regulatory (R) domain of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in the leucine biosynthetic pathway (PUBMED:15159544). This domain, is an internally duplicated structure with a novel fold (PUBMED:15159544). It comprises two similar units that are arranged such that the two -helices pack together in the centre, crossing at an angle of 34 degrees, sandwiched between the two three-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheets. The overall domain is thus constructed as a beta-alpha-beta three-layer sandwich (PUBMED:15159544).
This is the C-terminal regulatory (R) domain of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in the leucine biosynthetic pathway [(PUBMED:15159544)]. This domain, is an internally duplicated structure with a novel fold [(PUBMED:15159544)]. It comprises two similar units that are arranged such that the two helices pack together in the centre, crossing at an angle of 34 degrees, sandwiched between the two three-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheets. The overall domain is thus constructed as a beta-alpha-beta three-layer sandwich [(PUBMED:15159544)].
There are 26687 LeuA_dimer domains in 26605 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.
Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing LeuA_dimer domain.
This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with LeuA_dimer domain is also avaliable.
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing LeuA_dimer domain in the selected taxonomic class.
Crystal structure of LeuA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a key enzyme inleucine biosynthesis.
The leucine biosynthetic pathway is essential for the growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis and is a potential target for the design of newanti-tuberculosis drugs. The crystal structure of alpha-isopropylmalatesynthase, which catalyzes the first committed step in this pathway, hasbeen determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion methods andrefined at 2.0-A resolution in complex with its substratealpha-ketoisovalerate. The structure reveals a tightly associated,domain-swapped dimer in which each monomer comprises an (alpha/beta)(8)TIM barrel catalytic domain, a helical linker domain, and a regulatorydomain of novel fold. Mutational and crystallographic data indicate thelatter as the site for leucine feedback inhibition of activity. Domainswapping enables the linker domain of one monomer to sit over thecatalytic domain of the other, inserting residues into the active sitethat may be important in catalysis. The alpha-ketoisovalerate substratebinds to an active site zinc ion, adjacent to a cavity that canaccommodate acetyl-CoA. Sequence and structural similarities point to acatalytic mechanism similar to that of malate synthase and an evolutionaryrelationship with an aldolase that catalyzes the reverse reaction on asimilar substrate.


Sunday Photo; Buddha head at Waujeongsa – Wake Up and Laugh!
I first saw this head in a book that features dishes from different temples across the country accompanied by a photograph taken at each temple. I wrote down the name of the temple with the gigantic head and looked it up online when i got home. It turns out it wasn't very far from my home, so I soon my a trip with my friends to visit.
When we got there, things had obviously changed. In the photo, the head sat humbly on the ground, the natural, raw material remained. As we stepped off the bus, we could see the head shinning in the noon light all the way from the road, painted gold, propped up on huge shoulders of piled stone. First impressions were a cross between impressive and ridiculous, and we all let out a good laugh at the sight of it.
I don't know the dimensions, but the temple claims that it's the biggest Buddha head (without a body) in the world. (If you've followed the Sunday Photos for a while now, you've probably caught on that this "biggest in the world" claim is a recurring theme in Korean temples.) All I know is, it sure is the biggest head I've come across in my travels!
I took this picture during my last visit, in the summer. I liked this angle because it reminds me a little of the first photo I saw of it, sitting humbly among the pines.
Maybe this is Huineng's missing head!


text:
package de.nuss.ratelimit;

import org.springframework.hateoas.Resources;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

import de.nuss.ratelimit.policy.Policy;

public interface CrudClient<T> {
	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/")
	Resources<Policy> findAll();

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST, value = "/")
	long save(T entity);

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT, value = "/{id}")
	void update(@PathVariable("id") long id, T entity);

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/{id}")
	T findById(@PathVariable("id") long id);

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/{id}")
	void delete(@PathVariable("id") long id);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Invariant free factors for automorphisms of free products I am thinking the following question: for a group that splits as a free product $G = G_1 \ast F_n $, where $G_1$ is any infinite group (preferebly freely indecomposable) and we denote by $F_n$ the free group on $n$ generators. Can we find an (outer) automorhism $\phi$ of $G$ with $\phi(G_1) = G_1$ which also satisfies the properties:
1) there is no $\phi$-invariant (up to cojugacy) proper free factor $H$ of $G$ which strictly contains $G_1$ and
2) there is no any free product decomposition of $G$, $G = G_1 \ast H$, where $ H = <w, v>$ for some elements $w,v$ of $G$ with $\phi(H) = H$.
For example for the automorphism of $G = G_1 \ast <a> \ast <b>$ (where $<a> \ast <b>$ is isomorphic to $F_2$) which induces the identity on $G_1$ and sends $a$ to $ab$ and to $b$ to $ag$, where $g \in G_1$, is it possible to prove that it is satisfies these properties?
In general, is there any such automorphism? Is there anything like this in the literature?


text:
Happy Tenth Birthday to the Saints Tour!
By RTIJune 12, 2019Uncategorized
The Saints Tour: Greater Braddock (2015) was RealTime's first work as a producing entity, in collaboration with Pittsburgh's Bricolage Production Company. But the roots of the project go waaay back. On the 10th anniversary of the project's life, RealTime Artistic Director Molly Rice traces the history of this unique, far-reaching and long-lived project.
I told my students this semester that if I died tomorrow, I would feel OK, because I would know I had made one complete, truly connective thing. That's the SAINTS TOUR. As Spring of 2019 melts into Summer, I want to acknowledge this work in my life that's brought me the greatest extended joy and connection, that turns 10 years old this year.
Scott Anthony, "St. Frances Hope Augustine Theodore." Louisville 2009.
Emily Kicklighter as the Tour Guide. Louisville 2009.
In the early part of 2009 I wrote this site-specific, processional play based on Medieval miracle plays, whose structure I was into at the time. Since then, the play has been fully rewritten for each community in which it occurs. But originally I wrote it for Louisville Kentucky, for rockstar Raymond Rizzo's then-new Motherlodge Live Arts Exchange. I wrote it because he asked me to, and I knew Motherlodge was in part a love letter to his hometown. So having never been there (we didn't have a budget for travel; we didn't have a budget period) I used Ray's musings about Louisville and Google Map View to create a path from which, in the play, extraordinarily empathetic, kind, quietly life-shifting beings called "saints" are said to have emerged. The tour traveled through the unsung corners of Louisville on a tiny band tour bus that Ray found for us. It was magic.
Emily Kicklighter originated the role of The Tour Guide, directed by Marc Bovino (now of The Mad Ones). So many special people were part of it: Scott Anthony; Mauriece Hamilton; Tyrone Cotton; Amber Estes Theineman, Adam Toussaint, Timothy Tucker— all of whom have continued on to do amazing things in life and in art.
The homeless chefs-in-training made dinner for the audience after each show at the Salvation Army soup kitchen, which made community partnerships an inextricable part of the project.
Taylor Mac as Tour Guide, West Village 2010.
International chanteuse Lady Rizo emerging from Cherry Lane Theater. Yair Evnine on cello. Lower Manhattan, 2012.
In 2010 the TOUR touched down in the West Village and again my art-heart and the tour expanded with the talent involved. Taylor Mac was Tour Guide with Rachel Chavkin directing (both on Broadway with new plays in 2019, and both nominated for Tonys, of which Rachel Chavkin won for Best Director of a Musical). Knud Adams heroically assistant-directed and helped produce, and over 20 rotating artists came through the tour, including Jenn Baker, Salty Brine, Rick Burkhardt, Heather Christian, Tyrone Cotton, Juliana Francis Kelly (with her otherworldly paper napkin saints), Kate Hamilton, Eliza Huberth, William Joshua Henderson, Nick Lerangis, Wesley Middleton, Dave Malloy (also a Tony nominee since then!), Elias Orling, Emily Orling, Forrest Paquin, Jesse Posner, Lady Rizo, Kate Armstrong Ross, Raphi Sacks …just wow.
Our partnerships increased to include Jefferson Market Garden, Cherry Lane Theatre and Judson Memorial Church – New York City, where I met spiritual warrior Micah Bucey whom you all should know. Audience gathered for a donated meal from Lifethyme Natural Market after the show; in the heart of Manhattan, generosity flows.
Crystal Finn as Tour Guide, Lower Manhattan 2012.
Shanelle Jenkins as the Herald, Lower Manhattan 2012.
In 2012, thanks to Andy Horwitz & the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, we did the show smack dab in the middle of Occupy Wall Street. The luminous Crystal Finn played our Tour Guide and Maureen Towey (since then a producer of the New York Times' Daily 360) directed. Mohammad Yousef (now of Target Margin Theater) helped produce, and designers Simone Duff and Sarah Maiorino created all our ridiculously gorgeous relics. Lower Manhattan came alive with musicians like Carrie Erving and Chris Loxley of Ponyhof, trumpeter Shanelle D. Jenkins, the dual tubas of Santino Lo and Lorenzo Wolff, Forrest Paquin, instrument designer Ben Simon, and horn player Wayne Tucker. (So much brass–somehow fitting for Wall Street.)
At the end of each show, everybody ate tacos in the wind at the very tip of Manhattan, overlooking the Statue of Liberty.At the end of each show, everybody ate tacos in the wind at the very tip of Manhattan, overlooking the Statue of Liberty.
Bria Walker as the Tour Guide. Braddock PA, 2015.
Vanessa German's bridge of forgiveness, Braddock 2015.
And finally in 2015, the TOUR touched down in the mill town of Braddock, PA. Audiences school-bussed and walked through this mill-shadowed, magical terrain with Bria Walker as our guide. Along with Bricolage Production Company, Real/Time Interventions (my then brand-new company with Rusty Thelin) spent 2 years in Braddock, connecting with locals like Phyllis Brown, Mary Carey, Jeb Feldman, Gisele Barreto Fetterman (now Second Lady of Pennsylvania), John Hempel, Laura Ramie, Brendan Renne, and Chef Kevin Sousa (now of Superior Motors), and partnering up with the Braddock Carnegie Library, Grow Pittsburgh, Gardweeno, Monongahela Cemetery (hands down the most beautiful place in PGH), UnSmoke Systems and the Braddock Youth Project.
The talent was again beyond belief, and largely visual this time. local/ international visual artists Cheryl Capezzuti, Lenka Clayton, Vanessa German (recent winner of the Don Tyson Prize), David Pohl, Zena Ruiz, Lindsey Peck Scherloum, James Simon, and New Guild Studio Inc. lit up all of Braddock with their site-specific creations & installations.
The Parade, with Seth and Nathan Barnes, Bria Walker and Jessica Bryant. Braddock 2015.
Along with Braddock performer TaeAjah Cannon-Barnes, violinists Cara Garofalo and Jennifer Sternick and aerialists Jessica Bryant and Kristin Lyndal Garbarino, an amazing family of Braddock residents– trumpeter Sanford-Mark Barnes and his three boys Nate Cannon-Barnes, Isaiah Gorman (graduating with honors today!), and Seth Barnes carried us through the neighborhood every night with their music and word-art.
The show featured a parade every night with Braddock residents and the audience, who carried signs that local teenagers had made of friends and loved ones they thought of as Saints.
Saint Javon, played by Nate Barnes. Braddock 2015
One of those not-yet ascended Braddock saints was teenager Antwon Rose II, who we connected with through our work on the TOUR. Last year he was shot in Braddock by a police officer while he was running away.
He bears a striking resemblance to the "Patron Saint of Braddock" character written in the show, Saint Javon, who in the show wears a hoodie and is seen all over town mysteriously digging in the dirt. I wonder if Antwon is perhaps the person that the character Saint Javon was standing in for– or just one of the Braddock "almost-men who die for nearly nothing", as the script says.
He is embedded as a Saint in this work, as a tragic example of the message the piece attempts to carry— about destructive assumption, brutality, sacrifice, the cost of human pain, and forgiveness.
A lot can happen in 10 years. People's careers grow, or are set aside for families or the challenges of life. People start doing their art again, or stop. People die (RIP Saints Tour Braddock documentarian James Patrick Dames) and are born. The show itself sparked at least one marriage, between Rusty Thelin and me on May 1st, 2015, in Monongahela Grounds Cemetery, and our first Saints Tour baby that we know of: Kenai Cannon-Barnes, born to TaeAjah Cannon-Barnes and Nate Cannon-Barnes, who got together while working on the project. Each time it touches down, THE SAINTS TOUR is a snapshot of a hugely diverse group of talented people, a sort of live collage of their original artistic stamp on a particular place and time. I love that.
What I'm most proud of is that it brings together and celebrates so many extraordinary artists, local and international, sung and unsung, traditional and unusual, in each and every journey.
My deepest thanks to all of you who've been a part of this pilgrimage. Special thanks to Morgan Jenness and Mark Russell, who helped shepherd it on its way. If I have forgotten to name you, please forgive me, and know that you've contributed to something that's meant a lot to a lot of people– including me.
PS: The TOUR continues. RealTime is currently considering productions in the South, on the East Coast, and one here in Pittsburgh, involving the refugee community. Let me know if you think your community could benefit from one. Here's to ten more years, and beyond.


To surprise Nico, Jack builds a huge, 30-foot-high mechanical dinosaur. But it escapes and runs amok all over town! Nico wants to get rid of the giant uncontrollable tyrannosaurus before the police get involved, but he must first figure out what caused the extinction of the actual dinosaurs.


You got here right here since you wish to download the e-book referred to as A World Without Princes (The School for Good and Evil, #2) and it is written by Soman Chainani. You can download it in PDF or EPUB format, however you too can read it on-line. It belongs to the style Fantasy. We hope you get pleasure from studying.


October 22, 2017 – Another day on the Serengeti….
We had decided to do a pre-breakfast morning drive departing before sunrise, which meant we were up quite early in the cool night air. Thankfully, there was some hot water already prepared for us to make coffee or tea before our drive which was fine since we knew there would be a nice hot breakfast waiting for us on our return. The night had been restful even with the often not so distant whooping of the hyenas as they were scrounging through the area surrounding camp. I had heard a male lion with his low rumbling roars the night before, but didn't hear the same last night. With the coming of dawn, the birds were already quite active with their constant calls.
It was cool enough for us all to need either fleece or a shell since having the top up on the vehicle meant a stiff breeze whether you were standing up or not. I always stand when we're on a drive as it's my favorite way to view game, though I think the others were mostly sitting and this was probably smart considering my hands were quite cold and nearly freezing from the cold, morning air. As we drove out east from camp, we again spotted groups of wildebeest, though somewhat fewer than yesterday as much of the main herd had moved overnight in the direction of Naabi Hill, where we would be heading after breakfast to depart from the park. We drove from kopje to kopje hoping to spot a kill that was the main purpose of leaving so early. It was also to hopefully catch a glimpse of some animals that you don't normally see during the day. We had spotted several bat-eared foxes, nocturnal animals, that each quickly ran off to their burrows as soon as they heard us and where they would have been heading shortly regardless.
We were well into the rolling hills and kopjes by the time the sun decided to rise above the horizon and grace us with its warm rays of sunlight though the air remained cool enough for us to remain bundled up. We ran across a small family of elephants moving across the plain heading to an unknown destination. We investigated several kopjes searching for lions, but didn't spot any this morning much to our dismay, nor did we have the opportunity to see a kill that we had all hoped for. We eventually made our way back to camp at least with the knowledge that we would have another scrumptious breakfast before departing while taking our time to reach Naabi Gate and game viewing along the way.
We enjoyed another amazing breakfast consisting of an omelette, mandazi, bacon, sausage, fruit and, of course, tea, before heading off to our tents to pack up. It was certainly tough for us to depart after only two nights there, but regardless, it was still an adventure that would remain with everyone forever. There is nothing that compares to the Serengeti in its immenseness and diversity, both for its wildlife and topography. It is truly unique and a treasure.
On our way to Naabi Gate we still had more to see and briefly spotted a hippo out of the water heading home from its nighttime foraging. There were long lines of wildebeest to our left all along the main road as they were moving about looking for the perfect grass to satisfy them. And along with the wildebeest all about, there was a small group of female lions with their many cubs sitting under tree just on the side of the road. Their bellies were all full so they had clearly eaten recently and Simon had spotted some signs of a likely kill nearby just before we came upon the family so that was the likely source of their meal.
We arrived at Naabi Hill in time to depart the Serengeti well under our deadline as we had 48 hours there with the fees we had paid. No one was yet hungry enough for lunch so we all decided to make the trek to the crater rim and have lunch there after traversing the wide plain that passes by Lake Ndutu and Olduapai Gorge. The story on the correct spelling of this very famous site where Louis and Mary Leaky spent much of their lives, making discovery after discovery, is that it was originally misspelled as "Olduvai" by the first westerner to see it. The area was actually named for the sisal plant that grows there and that the Maasai call "Oldupai." All the maps in Tanzania and the park that bears its name use the correct spelling as do I.
Once having ascended to the crater rim, we looked for a good picnic site to have our lunch and soon found one, though I'm sure that Simon had already decided where we were heading. There were some log sections scattered in several areas to sit on and two Marabou Storks who stalking around the area looking for scraps. These are seriously large birds that have a rather ghoulish look about them with very long and sharp beaks that would not be fun to tangle with. They stayed at an appropriate distance, thankfully, and were more intimidating than anything else.
We opened our box lunches from the camp to find a nice array of typical safari food – a cucumber sandwich, a piece of chicken, juice box, cupcake, pasta and a chocolate bar. Everyone was looking forward to the meal since it had been some time since breakfast. I sat quietly eating my piece of chicken, keeping a steady eye on the storks pacing back and forth behind us, to make sure they weren't going to try something. I had just taken a bite of my chicken and was holding it less than a foot in front of my face when suddenly there was a huge grey blur, a whoosh of air, and I felt the chicken being quickly snatched from my hand. As I looked to my left, I saw what had stolen my chicken and it was a huge black kite with its wings spread soaring off someplace to enjoy his booty that had previously been my lunch.
I should have been aware of this possibility as I have seen these kites dive bomb other unsuspecting victims down on the crater floor at the lunch spot as they can spot prey (or a sandwich) from high in the sky. In fact, we always eat our lunch in the crater in our vehicle just to prevent this occurrence and I had somehow overlooked the fact that these birds would very likely be staking out any lunch spot in the vicinity. Following the event, I was quite calm and merely stated that a bird had just stolen my chicken and which quite impressed Neena as she said that she would have been totally freaked out. Kites are fairly large birds with a wingspan of probably 5 feet, so Neena's reaction was totally a reasonable one and, for whatever reason, it had just seemed like such a matter-of-fact occurrence to me that I didn't react. Or perhaps it was that I had seen this happen so many times before that it didn't entirely surprise me. I hadn't been injured or even suffered a scrap, so we all went along eating our lunches, though with a bit more caution than before.
Following our lunch, we began our trek around the crater rim once again heading towards the Ngorongoro Gate and, eventually, Karatu. We had planned to have nyama choma for dinner, which translates literally to "burnt meat," which is essentially barbecued beef, chicken or goat, at one of the local restaurants. We had mentioned to Alex, our volunteer coordinator, about our plans for dinner before we had left on safari, but it turned out he had other plans for the evening, and so, we would be left having not only to find the restaurant on our own, but to also chance ordering our own food, which can be a interesting proposition around here.
Ke, a longstanding repeat volunteer here at FAME who is from the US and also happens to be a medical student at Yale currently, decided to come along with us also. Ke has come for several months this time to revamp all of the networking here at FAME as well as help on some of the patient information systems that gather data on the patients seen here along with their medical information. The four of us and Ke went to town and after a bit of searching, found the nyama choma restaurant that Alex had recommended. There was a popular soccer match going on so there was a crowd watching that, but we found a few tables to combine and sat down to order dinner.
We couldn't understand the price she was giving us for the nyama choma as it sounded like she was saying 80,000 TSh (T-shillings) per kilo of meat, or bit less than $40, which made absolutely no sense as that would be almost the price of Kobe beef, so Ke and I went up front to check with the cook. The cook sits in a little smokehouse with slabs of meat hanging from hooks from which he slices off chunks and then grills it. The nyama choma was actually 8,000 TSh per kilo or less than $4, a much more reasonable price. We ordered 3 kilos for the five of us along with three plates of "chipsies," or French fries.
They serve the meat, in this case we think it was beef, but also could have been goat, on a dish with some hot sauce and small piles of salt in which to dip your meat. The meat was chewy, but delicious just the same and I think everyone very much enjoyed it. It was another great ending to a very successful day having started in the Serengeti and ended in our small town of Karatu. Tomorrow we would begin our last week at FAME seeing patients.
October 21, 2017 – A Full Day in the Central Serengeti….
October 23, 2017 – More neurology days at FAME….


text:
Ski Holiday Events - Morzine Chalets | Alptitude Chalets
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About Morzine | Events
Morzine-Avoriaz is an active community that hosts free events all year round. Below are a list of just a few of these for you to enjoy!
December Events:
Rock on Snowboard Tour 15th/16th/17th Dec
To kick off winter in some serious style – you'll be able to test all the latest equipment on the slopes for free, get advice on the right gear for your chosen discipline, and take part in events, contests and the have-a-go stand. All the brands will be here… There will also be free concerts and parties throughout the weekend.
Father Christmas in Morzine
The festive season in the snowy Alps is always magical and every year there is some sort of celebration in resort to mark the occasion. Christmas in Morzine officially starts at the beginning of December when the Christmas lights are switched on. The night is marked with vin chaud, hot chocolate and music. From then on you can enjoy Christmas concerts, festive markets and live music throughout town as the resort gears up for Christmas and New Year.
Torchlit descent
Come midnight the hoards of merry revellers head the centre of town for the big countdown – not an official event as such, more of a long-held tradition. On the stroke of midnight you are advised to duck as champagne corks and fireworks are unleashed in celebration! Likewise, planning ahead is advised if you have your heart set on ringing in the New Year in a particular bar or club – some of them are ticket-only, so enquire in advance to avoid disappointment!
January Events:
Grand Odysee Savoie Mont Blanc
La Grande Odysee Savoie Mont Blanc
Europe's largest husky dog race is an epic event that sets teams of dogs and mushers against each other as they attempt to cross fourteen resorts across the Savoie region including Les Gets, Morillion, Megeve and Samoens. The race runs for ten days from around 10 days in January.
February Events:
March Events:
Rock the Pistes
Rock the Pistes and Snowboxx Festival 17th-24th March
Snowboxx and Rock the Pistes Festival is one of the events of the season in the Portes du Soleil. A music festival spread across the entire ski area, each resort hosts a series of indoor and piste-side concerts so you literally have to ski to some of the venues and party on in your ski boots. And the best part is: the festival is included in the cost of your lift pass, which some might say means it's absolutely FREE. Past acts have included Basement Jaxx, Rag'n'Bone Man, the Klaxons, Caravan Palace and Chinese Man. The line-up hasn't been announced for this year yet, but we'll keep you updated!
Crankworx, Les Gets
Nicholi Rogatkin performs at Crankworx in Les Gets in 2016
This is a huge International Mountain biking event, bringing together the best freestyle, freeride and downhill riders from around the world. It's part of a 3 stage world tour that starts in Rotorua in New Zealand, then heads to Les Gets and finishes up in Whistler, Canada. Come and check out the pros competing in the European Whip Off Championships, GT Dual Speed & Style, Rockshox Pump track night challenge, FMB Diamond Slopestyle, the Polygon Air Downhill & the IXS Cup. There's so much riding to be had in Les Gets for beginners to experts, or just come along and watch the pro's do their thing!
Passportes du Soleil MTB
Pass'Portes du Soleil MTB Event
The Pass'Portes du Soleil event sets the start of the summer season – 3 days of mountain biking across the Portes du Soleil. The classic circuit is 80km long, it includes 7000m of downhill and 1000m of uphill. 15 lifts give you access to 9 different resorts, with some great riding along the way. The trails range in altitude from 2250m – 1000m and take riders through both France and Switzerland. All routes use the areas comprehensive lift network meaning that much of the uphill work is done from the comfort of a chairlift and all you have to do is enjoy the downhill. Riders tackling the full 80km circuit are rewarded with a whopping 6500m of descent! However, if you prefer to earn your descents with a bit of uphill pedalling, then each route has an alternate section enabling you to get your head down and get a bit of a sweat on. Likewise, for hardcore downhillers, options are available to deviate off the main drag onto some steeper, more technical sections where you can really put those downhill bikes through their paces.
The Fête de la Musique is the celebration that takes place every summer solstice on 21st June in cities, towns and villages across France. More than a music festival, the Morzine Fête de la Musique is a free event that spills out from the bars and restaurants onto the streets and encompasses every type of music imaginable, from local amateur teen bands to professional classical musicians, from club DJ's to traditional folk bands.
2018 French National DH Championships
The event will take place in Morzine from July 26-28, 2018.
The sponsors Santa Cruz bicycles are working in partnership with the Morzine-Avoriaz Tourism Office and the Pleney Lift Company to develop a brand new Downhill track for the occasion, on the legendary Pleney mountain.
Celebrated across the whole of France with a bang…well, several in fact, fireworks always feature heavily. And the residents of Morzine celebrate this national holiday with as much enthusiasm as the rest of the country. Various activities are held across the city on the 14th, in memory of the storming of the Bastille on the same date in 1789. Traditionally the fireworks display normally starts off between 10-11pm.
The Alps have played a large part in the race over the years with the gruelling mountain climbs providing some of the most exciting spectacles of the event. The route changes slightly each year, taking in different towns, villages and cols along the way. Even if the race doesn't pass near to where you are this summer you can guarantee that it will still be avidly watched in bars and cafés around the country with everyone joining in to cheer on the famous yellow jersey!
Le Monde de Morzna
This event was created to provide some fantastic children's entertainment and as an opportunity for families to spend time together. For three days the Place de l'Office de Tourisme becomes an imaginary village where children can meet elves, fairies, wizards and witches!
Mont Blanc Motor Rally
For petrol heads in the Alps the Mont Blanc Rally is one of the big events of the summer. First held in 1947 it was originally organised as part of the Fete d'Evian and was known as the "Rally Paris-Evian".Over the years the rally's course and focus shifted and it became the "Rally Evian – Mont-Blanc" and then in its tenth year, the "Rally Mont-Blanc Iseran". It was not until 1961 that it finally became the "Rally Mont-Blanc".
Trail des Hauts Forts
Morzine mountain trail race held in August. It is an all natural trail runners race with a short (23km) and a long (43km) version of the Trail des Hauts Forts. The route takes you through three mountain passes around the Hauts-Forts peaks and through some of the most beautiful landscapes in the Portes du Soleil area.
Jazz Up Festival Avoriaz
Get the apres ski going with a week devoted to jazz. The main concerts are held in Festival Hall and there is live music in the bars, cafes and restaurants – jazz concerts, aperitif sessions, dinner dances and gala concerts are on the agenda.
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