text:
Our region in detail
Want to scratch under the surface of the Highlands and Islands? See the numbers that are driving our social and economic priorities - our population, skill sets, business base and cost of living.
Our geography
The Highlands and Islands stretches from Shetland in the north, to the Kintyre peninsula in the south, and from the Outer Hebrides in the west to Moray in the east.
It accounts for just over half of Scotland's landmass but less than 9% of its population.
The region has a complex geography, incorporating the UK's highest mountains, a fjord-like coastline, and around 100 inhabited islands.
Of the population of 470,000, 62% live in remote areas; 23% in large settlements (13% in Inverness, the only city); and around a fifth on an island.
The region has the lowest population density in the UK, and one of the lowest in Europe.
Trends and statistics
With a population of 469,365 in 2018, the Highlands and Islands is characterised by population sparsity, an ageing population and net out-migration of young people. Following a period of strong growth between 2001 and 2011 (7.8% compared with 4.7% for Scotland), population growth slowed to 0.5% between 2011 and 2018, lower than the 2.6% for Scotland.
The trend of low of population growth is expected to continue, with the region's total population projected to be largely unchanged by 2040 and Scotland's population projected to grow by approximately 5% by 2040.
Nearly a quarter (23%) of the region's population are aged 65+, up from 19% in 2008, and projected to be 31% by 2040. For Scotland, the 65+ age group accounts for 19% of the population, up from 16% in 2008 and projected to be 25% by 2040.
The working age (16-64) population is expected to fall and make-up a lower share of the total population by 2040 (54% compared to 61% in 2018), while the share of the population under 16 is expected to remain relatively stable (15% by 2040 compared to 16% in 2018).
Reflecting this, the dependency ratio – the number of dependents (under 16s and over 65s) per 100 people of working age (aged 16-64) – which increased from 57 in 2008 to 65 in 2018, is projected to be 85 by 2040.
As the number of deaths exceeds births, the region increasingly relies on positive net migration to maintain and grow its population.
Net out-migration of young people is a long-standing and significant issue as young people move out of the region to pursue education and career opportunities in the rest of Scotland and further afield.
HIE's research on the attitudes and aspirations of young people aged 15-30 illustrates an increasing commitment to staying in the region (55% want to stay in the region up from 43% in 2015). Around three in five (59%) believe that young people who leave will return to the region when the time is right.
Almost two-thirds (64%) would like to work in the Highlands and Islands in future but cite a number of economic and social factors that need to be in place to facilitate this. The top four economic factors cited by young people were good pay levels, high quality jobs, a low cost of living and opportunities for career progression, and quality of life, availability of affordable housing and access to good healthcare the top three social factors.
Skills - school-leavers
School leaver attainment in the Highlands and Islands is broadly similar to the national average. In 2017-18 around a fifth of pupils in the region and across Scotland achieved at least one award at SCQF Level 7 (Advanced Higher). SCQF Level 6 (Higher) was the highest level of qualification achieved for around two-fifths of leavers and SCQF Level 5 (National 5) for just under a quarter of leavers.
At 95.4% (compared with 94.4% for Scotland), school leavers in the region in 2017-18 were more likely to go on to a positive initial destination of further or higher education (FE or HE), training, voluntary work or employment. They were more likely than average to enter employment (33.8% versus 22.7% nationally), but less likely to enter higher education (36.3% compared with 41.1% across Scotland).
In 2017-18, the vast majority (80%) of FE students from the region were studying within the Highlands and Islands. HE students from the region were more likely than FE students to be studying at institutions elsewhere in Scotland (54% compared to 20%). Around a third (34%) were based within the Highlands and Islands and a further 12% were studying through the open university so likely to be based within the region.
Modern Apprenticeships
Modern apprenticeship (MA) starts increased by 22% to 2,788 between 2012-13 and 2018-19. This represents 10% of all MA starts in Scotland.
Employment rates
In terms of the wider labour market, economic activity (8.3%) and employment rates (78.9%) in the Highlands and Islands are higher than nationally (77.4% and 74.1% respectively in 2018). They have remained relatively unchanged over the last decade. Self-employment is also higher (11.3% versus 8.4% nationally), and a greater proportion of people in the Highlands and Islands work from home: 15.5% compared to 10.8% nationally.
Following the long-term trend, unemployment in the region is lower than for Scotland (2.4% in July 2019 compared to 3.2% nationally).
The strong labour market participation in the Highlands and Islands is driven by high employment rates for both men and women (80.8% and 77.1% respectively in 2018). The employment rate for 16-24-year olds (67.1%) is also above the national average (57.2%), reflecting the greater proportion of school leavers from the region going directly into employment.
Levels of self-employment are more prevalent amongst men (14.7% versus 7.8% of women in 2018) and women in the region are more likely than both men in the region and women nationally to be employed part-time (46.8% in 2018 compared to 11.0% and 41.3% respectively).
Skills workforce
Mirroring the pattern for Scotland, there has been a marked increase in the skills levels of the working age population in the Highlands and Islands over the last 10 years. More than two-fifths (42.5%) have a qualification at NVQ Level 4 or above, up from around a third (31.6%) in 2008. This is broadly in line with the levels across Scotland (44.2% up from 33.0% in 2008). Fewer in the Highlands and Islands (7.0%) than nationally (9.7%) have no qualifications.
Median gross weekly pay for all employees in the Highlands and Islands is around 90% of the Scottish average (£407.60 in 2018 compared to £453.30 respectively).
These figures point to the challenge of underemployment in the region with 34% of businesses employing staff with higher qualifications and skills than are required for their current role (35% in Scotland). They also reflect the impact of out-migration of young people on the labour market, and the cyclical nature of employment for the large number of employees working in seasonal industries.
Compared to Scotland, the region has a lower proportion of employees in professional (15.4% versus 20.7% nationally in 2018) and associate professional and technical occupations (9.5% versus 13.4%), and a higher proportion of employees working in skilled trades (16.2% compared to 11.1%).
Our enterprises
In 2018, there were 22,425 VAT registered enterprises in the Highlands and Islands (12.7% of the Scottish total), with 27,295 business sites. As with Scotland, the regional business base is dominated by micro enterprises (0-9 employees) with 81.8% and 83.8% of sites defined as such. Most of the remainder (14.7% and 14.0%) are small businesses (10-49 employees). The majority of employees in the region work for an enterprise with fewer than 50 employees.
The sectoral profile of enterprises in the Highlands and Islands differs to that of Scotland. While still the most dominant industry, the region has a lower proportion of enterprises in the service sector (58% compared to 72% for Scotland), but a greater proportion in primary industries (25% versus 11%). The remainder of enterprises (17% in both the Highlands and Islands and Scotland) are in secondary industries.
A similar pattern is seen in terms of employment with 78% of employees working in the service sector, 14% in secondary industries and 7% in primary industries (compared to 83%, 13% and 4% across Scotland).
Within these industries, health is the most dominant employer in the region and Scotland (16.8% of all employees compared to 15.5% nationally). This is followed by accommodation and food services (broadly – tourism), with a notably higher proportion of employees working in this industry (10.3%) than across Scotland overall (8.0%). Retail accounts for just under one in 10 employees (9.3% versus 9.0% nationally).
The public sector is a key employer in the region, although employment in this sector has declined since 2009 within the region (from 32.5% to 26.1% in 2018) and nationally (29.3% to 25.5%).
Business and administration and support services, financial and insurance are under-represented in the region in terms of level of employment and professional, scientific and technical services and information and communication both in terms of employment and number of enterprises.
The Highlands and Islands has a strong and diverse social economy with 1,196 social enterprises, 21% of the Scottish total.
They contribute 7% of all GVA from social enterprises in Scotland and 8% of employment.
There are lower rates of both business births and deaths in the Highlands and Islands compared to Scotland. In 2017, there were 9.3 business births per 100 active enterprises in the region and an equal number of business deaths compared to 11.9 and 11.2 across Scotland. The rates are higher than in 2012, with the birth rates up from 8.8 regionally and 11.0 nationally and the death rates up from 8.7 and 10.5. Compared to the Scottish average, businesses born in the region have had a slightly higher survival rate over this period, with 47.9% of those established in 2012 still operating five years later (compared to 43.7% nationally).
The emergence of new sectors of activity such as life sciences and renewable energy across the region and especially cluster development within these sectors, is helping to increase productivity in the region and provide alternative employment opportunities.
Gross Value Added (GVA)
GVA for the region has been growing steadily in line with Scotland over the last decade (but remains slightly lower per head of population (£24,330) compared to Scotland (£25,485); however, between 2016 and 2017 there was a slight decline for the Highlands and Islands, while Scotland maintained its level of growth.
Households, community and cost of living
Compared to Scotland overall, those living in the region have higher levels of personal well-being and life satisfaction compared to Scotland and the UK, with Orkney, the Outer Hebrides, Shetland and Highland ranked the top four local authorities in Scotland for happiness in 2018-19, and Orkney, the Outer Hebrides and Highland the top three for life satisfaction.
People living in the Highlands and Islands are more likely than those in Scotland overall to rate their neighbourhood highly as a place to live (76% compared to 57%). They also have higher levels of satisfaction with their housing (58% very satisfied versus 51%) and a greater sense of belonging to their community (52% very strongly agree compared to 36% nationally). Pride is particularly high among young people from the region – 87% are proud to be associated with their community, up from 78% in 2015. Increasing numbers are keen to be able to work in their home communities.
Improvements are steadily being made to digital and transport connectivity across the region. However, people in remote rural Scotland typically require a 10-40% greater budget than elsewhere in the UK to meet an acceptable standard of living. Costs are enhanced by the longer distances people must routinely travel, particularly to work, and the inhospitable terrain and climate.
In addition, access to appropriate and affordable housing is a constraint to both population attraction and economic growth, and the region's six local authorities have the highest levels of fuel poverty across Scotland.
However, the region has a lower proportion of children living in low income families, with 13.0% of 0-15-year olds doing so in 2016 compared to 16.8% in Scotland overall.
Community land ownership
In Scotland, community land ownership is concentrated in the Highlands and Islands, mostly within the Outer Hebrides (70%) and Highland (25%). With increasing levels of both community land and asset ownership, opportunities are opening up for more localised and sustainable development.
Further research links
National Records of Scotland
Business Panel
Skills Development Scotland
VisitScotland


Ryan has experience in healthcare operations and management at numerous facilities in Colorado, including serving as Chief Operating Officer at Rose's sister hospital, North Suburban Medical Center.
Lynne has devoted her entire career to nursing and has served in several nurse leadership roles at Rose before becoming Chief Nursing Officer. In February 2017, Lynne led the Rose nursing staff team to accomplish Magnet Recognition Program® status, the "gold standard" in recognition of nursing excellence.
Deborah is a seasoned financial executive who has served as CFO at Rose's sister facility, North Suburban Medical Center, and as the controller at sister hospital Swedish Medical Center. During her time at Swedish, she also had oversight of financial operations for multiple other HealthONE entities.
Hollie comes to Rose from HealthONE sister hospital Swedish Medical Center, where she served as vice president of operations since 2016. Prior to that, Hollie was vice president of AirLife and & Emergency Services for HealthONE. She has extensive experience with quality, patient satisfaction, staffing, physician engagement and operations.


text:
odile decq reveals new images of 'antares', a residential tower being built in barcelona
architecture 0 shares connections: +2040
PARTISANS sculpts 'fold house' in ontario to embrace the contours of its hillside site
new images and more information has been announced regarding 'antares', the luxury residential tower designed by french architect odile decq. first unveiled at the 2018 venice architecture biennale, the project is currently under construction in barcelona where it will present sweeping views across the city and the adjacent mediterranean sea. as well as the scheme's distinctive external appearance, decq is also responsible for the project's interiors.
antares, which is being developed by the shaftesbury asset management group, will comprise 28 stories and a total of 89 residences. located on avinguda diagonal, one of barcelona's broadest and most important avenues, the building will offer a selection of 1- to 4-bedroom residences, duplexes, and penthouses. homes will feature spacious balconies, floor-to-ceiling windows, and terraces that provide encompassing views of the catalan capital.
'antares is my first residential development and its design speaks to the heart of my philosophy to bring originality and innovation to everything I do,' explains odile decq. 'I hope antares sets a new standard for what a luxury building can be. from the building's architecture, which embraces the beauty of the surrounding barcelona area, all the way to the finishes in the interiors, I have taken the utmost care and consideration into every aspect of its design.'
antares will also feature a curated collection of lifestyle and wellness amenities for residents. these include: a sky terrace complete with an infinity pool on the building's roof; a separate floor of wellness amenities including a state-of-the-art gym, yoga room, indoor pool and sauna, treatment rooms, and relaxation areas; and a spacious private garden area and porte-cochère.
'we are excited to be collaborating with odile decq to bring a truly unique development to the barcelona residential market,' adds philippe camus, the chief executive officer of the shaftesbury asset management group. 'antares will feature artful design, exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail that together provides a compelling offering we are confident buyers will respond well to.' sales began in fall 2019 with the building expected to begin occupancy in 2020. more information can be found of the project's official website.
see designboom's previous coverage of the project here | image © designboom
name: antares
design: odile decq
developer: the shaftesbury asset management group
status: under construction, sales began in fall 2019 with the building expected to begin occupancy in 2020
philip stevens I designboom
ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN (359)
mikiya kobayashi installs ceiling full of 'suns' within sushi bar in valencia, spain
laura ortín arquitectura installs curved partitions within residential refurbishment in spain
mesura nestles family residence 'casa ter' into spain's mediterranean landscape
m-i-r-a blurs interior & exterior with vast windows in barcelona loft apartment
elizaveta ivanova models and renders ricardo bofill's home and studio 'la fabrica'
ODILE DECQ (14)
odile decq discusses design of 'antares' as the tower nears completion in barcelona
odile decq discusses 'antares', her luxury residential tower planned for barcelona
odile decq revamps antti lovag's maison bernard in the south of france
studio odile decq positions artists' residency overlooking french valley
odile decq's flying horse takes form in sifang art museum
LAD refurbishes private apartment overlooking the fontana di trevi in rome
'domūs houthaven' complex in amsterdam houses compact apartments with diverese typologies
no. 33 park row in NYC by rogers stirk harbour + partners revealed in new images

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There's a big buzz at the farm over our bees. Our honey bees provide important pollination to the farm's vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers. They are such diligent workers traveling great distances to collect pollen. If it wasn't for them, we wouldn't have the beautiful displays annually at CFG. More so, they collectively are responsible for much of our world's food supply. This very coexistence which we witness every year makes us dedicated to providing housing and habitat for honey bees. With dwindling populations in the wild, CFG is committed to helping out the honey bee. As an added bonus, we get to harvest golden honey which the kitchen uses to make yummy treats.
Raw honey contains 22 amino acids, 27 minerals and 5,000 enzymes. Raw honey offers many nutritional benefits without the man-made chemicals found in many other forms of sweeteners.
An average hives produce 25 pounds of honey per year but some can produce up to 65 pounds per year.
Besides serving as pollinators, our bees provide honey that we collect each fall.


My complete overwhelming joy at another chance to see Chucky up to his tricks renders my opinion of this worthless. The doll could've farted for 90 minutes and if it was subtitled 'Hey Andy, I'm your friend to the end, wanna play?' then I'd be whooping and applauding.
There wasn't any farting. But I did whoop and applaud.


text:
package org.pentaho.di.trans.steps.accessoutput;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.apache.commons.vfs2.FileObject;
import org.pentaho.di.core.Const;
import org.pentaho.di.core.ResultFile;
import org.pentaho.di.core.exception.KettleException;
import org.pentaho.di.core.exception.KettleValueException;
import org.pentaho.di.core.vfs.KettleVFS;
import org.pentaho.di.i18n.BaseMessages;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.Trans;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.TransMeta;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.step.BaseStep;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.step.StepDataInterface;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.step.StepInterface;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.step.StepMeta;
import org.pentaho.di.trans.step.StepMetaInterface;

/**
 * Writes rows to a database table.
 *
 * @author Matt
 * @since 6-apr-2003
 */
public class AccessOutput extends BaseStep implements StepInterface {
  private static Class<?> PKG = AccessOutput.class; // for i18n purposes, needed by Translator2!!

  public static final int COMMIT_SIZE = 500;

  private AccessOutputMeta meta;
  private AccessOutputData data;

  public AccessOutput( StepMeta stepMeta, StepDataInterface stepDataInterface, int copyNr, TransMeta transMeta,
    Trans trans ) {
    super( stepMeta, stepDataInterface, copyNr, transMeta, trans );
  }

  public boolean processRow( StepMetaInterface smi, StepDataInterface sdi ) throws KettleException {
    meta = (AccessOutputMeta) smi;
    data = (AccessOutputData) sdi;

    Object[] r = getRow(); // this also waits for a previous step to be finished.
    if ( r == null ) {
      // no more input to be expected...
      setOutputDone();
      return false;
    }

    if ( first && meta.isDoNotOpenNewFileInit() ) {
      try {
        if ( !openFile() ) {
          return false;
        }

      } catch ( Exception e ) {
        logError( "An error occurred intialising this step: " + e.getMessage() );
        stopAll();
        setErrors( 1 );
      }
    }
    try {
      writeToTable( r );
      putRow( data.outputRowMeta, r ); // in case we want it go further...

      if ( checkFeedback( getLinesOutput() ) ) {
        if ( log.isBasic() ) {
          logBasic( "linenr " + getLinesOutput() );
        }
      }
    } catch ( KettleException e ) {
      logError( "Because of an error, this step can't continue: " + e.getMessage() );
      setErrors( 1 );
      stopAll();
      setOutputDone(); // signal end to receiver(s)
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  }

  private boolean writeToTable( Object[] rowData ) throws KettleValueException {
    if ( rowData == null ) {
      // Stop: last line or error encountered
      if ( log.isDetailed() ) {
        logDetailed( "Last line inserted: stop" );
      }
      return false;
    }

    if ( first ) {
      first = false;

      data.outputRowMeta = getInputRowMeta();

      // First open or create the table
      try {
        String realTablename = environmentSubstitute( meta.getTablename() );
        data.table = data.db.getTable( realTablename );
        if ( data.table == null ) {
          if ( meta.isTableCreated() ) {
            // Create the table
            data.createTable( realTablename, data.outputRowMeta );
          } else {
            logError( BaseMessages.getString( PKG, "AccessOutput.Error.TableDoesNotExist", realTablename ) );
            setErrors( 1 );
            stopAll();
            return false;
          }
        } else if ( meta.isTableTruncated() ) {
          data.truncateTable();
        }
        // All OK: we have an open database and a table to write to.
        //
        // Apparently it's not yet possible to remove rows from the table
        // So truncate is out for the moment as well.

      } catch ( Exception e ) {
        logError( BaseMessages
          .getString( PKG, "AccessOutput.Exception.UnexpectedErrorCreatingTable", e.toString() ) );
        logError( Const.getStackTracker( e ) );
        setErrors( 1 );
        stopAll();
        return false;
      }
    }

    // Let's write a row to the database.
    Object[] columnValues = AccessOutputMeta.createObjectsForRow( data.outputRowMeta, rowData );
    try {
      data.rows.add( columnValues );
      if ( meta.getCommitSize() > 0 ) {
        if ( data.rows.size() >= meta.getCommitSize() ) {
          data.addRowsToTable( data.rows );
          data.rows.clear();
        }
      } else {
        data.addRowToTable( columnValues );
      }
    } catch ( IOException e ) {
      logError( BaseMessages.getString(
        PKG, "AccessOutput.Exception.UnexpectedErrorWritingRow", data.outputRowMeta.getString( rowData ) ) );
      logError( Const.getStackTracker( e ) );
      setErrors( 1 );
      stopAll();
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  }

  public boolean init( StepMetaInterface smi, StepDataInterface sdi ) {
    meta = (AccessOutputMeta) smi;
    data = (AccessOutputData) sdi;

    if ( super.init( smi, sdi ) ) {
      if ( !meta.isDoNotOpenNewFileInit() ) {
        try {
          return openFile();

        } catch ( Exception e ) {
          logError( "An error occurred intialising this step: " + e.getMessage() );
          stopAll();
          setErrors( 1 );
        }
      } else {
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  boolean openFile() throws Exception {
    data.oneFileOpened = true;
    String realFilename = environmentSubstitute( meta.getFilename() );
    if ( log.isBasic() ) {
      logBasic( BaseMessages.getString( PKG, "AccessOutput.log.WritingToFile", realFilename ) );
    }
    FileObject fileObject = KettleVFS.getFileObject( realFilename, getTransMeta() );
    File file = FileUtils.toFile( fileObject.getURL() );

    // First open or create the access file
    if ( !file.exists() ) {
      if ( meta.isFileCreated() ) {
        data.createDatabase( file );
      } else {
        logError( BaseMessages.getString( PKG, "AccessOutput.InitError.FileDoesNotExist", realFilename ) );
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      data.openDatabase( file );
    }

    // Add the filename to the result object...
    //
    if ( meta.isAddToResultFiles() ) {
      ResultFile resultFile =
        new ResultFile( ResultFile.FILE_TYPE_GENERAL, fileObject, getTransMeta().getName(), toString() );
      resultFile.setComment( "This file was created with an access output step" );
      addResultFile( resultFile );
    }

    return true;
  }

  public void dispose( StepMetaInterface smi, StepDataInterface sdi ) {
    meta = (AccessOutputMeta) smi;
    data = (AccessOutputData) sdi;
    if ( data.oneFileOpened ) {
      try {
        // Put the last records in the table as well!
        if ( data.table != null ) {
          data.addRowsToTable( data.rows );
        }

        // Just for good measure.
        data.rows.clear();

        if ( data.db != null ) {
          data.closeDatabase();
        }
      } catch ( IOException e ) {
        logError( "Error closing the database: " + e.toString() );
        setErrors( 1 );
        stopAll();
      }
    }
    super.dispose( smi, sdi );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home > Can Senate Democrats Get Their $3.5 Trillion Budget Reconciliation Package Off the Ground?
Can Senate Democrats Get Their $3.5 Trillion Budget Reconciliation Package Off the Ground?
July 14, 2021 Topic: Infrastructure Blog Brand: Politics Tags: InfrastructureAmerican Rescue PlanChuck SchumerDemocrats
The ambitious proposal, which greenlights reconciliation, a legislative process that Democrats can use to block a Republican filibuster, would be combined with a nearly $1 trillion bipartisan effort of traditional infrastructure that's still being drafted.
by Rachel Bucchino L
Senate Democrats announced late Tuesday that they have reached a deal on a sweeping $3.5 trillion budget reconciliation package that pours money into "every major program," according to Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), including climate change and health care sought by President Joe Biden.
The ambitious proposal, which greenlights reconciliation, a legislative process that Democrats can use to block a Republican filibuster, would be combined with a nearly $1 trillion bipartisan effort of traditional infrastructure that's still being drafted, bringing the total new spending close to roughly $4 trillion—a figure that "is very, very close to what President Biden asked us for," Schumer said.
The deal will also include a Medicare expansion of vision, hearing, and dental benefits, key priorities from progressives, including Senate Budget Committee Chairman Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), along with spending for addressing climate change and strengthening family-service programs. Biden is expected to meet with Senate Democrats on Wednesday to help shape support around the agreement.
"We are very proud of this plan," Schumer told reporters. "We know we have a long road to go. We're going to get this done for the sake of making average Americans' lives a whole lot better."
Schumer announced the deal after a two-hour, closed-door meeting with Budget Committee Democrats Tuesday night, where leaders agreed that they want to push a budget resolution that largely reflects the accord through the House and Senate before lawmakers break for the August recess.
Although Sen. Mark Warner (D-Va.) told reporters that the plan will be "fully paid for," the specifics on spending and revenue parameters remain relatively broad. A Democratic aide familiar with the negotiations noted, however, that the deal wouldn't raise taxes on individuals earning less than $400,000 or on small businesses.
"What this legislation says among many, many other things ... is the wealthy and large corporations are going to start paying their fair share of taxes so that we can protect the working families in this country," Sanders told reporters.
But Democrats could face seething opposition from moderate and progressive members of the party, as Senate Democrats would need total unity from their 50-member caucus to pass the multi-trillion-dollar effort. Democrats didn't say whether they have full support for the measure.
Two key centrist Democrats, Senators Joe Manchin (W.Va.) and Kyrsten Sinema (Ariz.), will likely be the hardest to convince to back the agreement, underscoring an uphill battle ahead for Schumer to uphold his promise on swiftly pushing Biden's agenda through within the next month.
Manchin, however, told reporters Wednesday that he's "open" to the spending agreement.
"I'm open to looking at everything they provide. OK? They're going to have to provide all the information that's going to be needed," he said. "They worked hard, they should have a proposal."
Sanders and other progressives originally pushed for a $6 trillion top-line figure, one that received pushback from moderate Democrats who wanted a lower price tag.
The announcement comes as lawmakers crafting the bipartisan infrastructure effort face boiling pressure to strike a deal by the end of the week.
Lawmakers involved in negotiations said Tuesday that while the group has made progress, they are still hammering out specifics on several key issues. They plan to wrap up talks by Thursday, with a goal that the bill would reach the floor next week.
"There's a goal to have all member-level decisions made by the time we end the session on Thursday," Sen. Rob Portman (R-Ohio), a lead negotiator in the bipartisan discussions, told reporters.
The infrastructure bill would need support from at least 10 Republican senators, who would join the 50 Democrats to hit the 60-vote threshold.
Rachel Bucchino is a reporter at the National Interest. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report and The Hill.
Source URL:https://nationalinterest.org/blog/politics/can-senate-democrats-get-their-35-trillion-budget-reconciliation-package-ground-189676


It might seem slightly bonkers, given that I had driven for nearly two hours, to pull in for a coffee break just a few miles short of my destination. But that's exactly what I did on my recent trip to Kilkenny city when I stopped in the pretty village of Bennettsbridge which is only four miles from the city.
Bennettsbridge is on a scenic stretch of the river Nore. It has many attractions including: a multi-arched picturesque stone bridge; some beautiful old mills; many stately ancient trees; swans gliding majestically and ducks paddling peacefully on the river; and it's home to many small craft producers. It's a charming place where you can feel, if you ignore the hum of traffic and the overhead electricity wires, the decades dissolving, the centuries colliding and a palpable connection with the past.
The main reason I stopped in Bennettsbridge was to visit the Nicholas Mosse pottery, shop and café all of which are in one of the village's old mills. Nicholas Mosse and his wife Susan started their pottery business in 1976. Their aim was: 'to create beautiful things with our Irish traditions.' Heritage and restoration are also important to them. They rescued and breathed new life into an old 16th century mill, where earlier generations of the Mosse family had milled flour, before moving their business into it in 1985.
Nicholas is a potter and Susan is the artist who creates the designs for decorating the spongeware pottery. She draws them many times until she is wholly satisfied with the artwork and only then cuts out the sponges which a skilled team uses to transfer the designs to the undecorated vessels that a group of potters who work in the business produce.
The first thing I did when I arrived was to head to the first floor café. The rustic café room with its river view is peaceful place to while away some time. High glass cabinets filled with a divine collection of vintage spongeware pottery line one wall of the room and also on display is a cute tea set made by Nicholas Mosse when he was just eleven years old.
The icicle tingle of taste-bud nervousness about ordering a coffee somewhere new proved unnecessary as I found the coffee here good, not utterly sublime but that's the holy grail. I also had a delicious scone with some utterly lovely jam. All the crockery used in the café is from the Nicholas Mosse range and there is something special and soothing about drinking out of and eating off hand crafted tableware.
Thus fortified I wandered around the shop which carries a vast selection of stock not just the spongeware pottery but also glass, tea towels, PVC coated fabrics … Naturelllement I bought some things: a Christmas jug (like the one in the image above) and two pretty mugs one decorated with old roses and the other with forget-me-nots. I found them in a large section upstairs which sells seconds (I found it difficult to spot the flaws) at reduced prices.
And then it was back in the car to pottle along the back road into Kilkennny city.
Unbelievable! When I was living in Milan I used to go to this fancy spa and one of the masseuses who worked there told me that if I really wanted to lose weight I should have started my day sipping hot water with lemon juice. So, is that true?
such a lovely post and nice photographs!
Thank you for your comment. And a special thank you for your compliment on one of the sentences in my post. I really appreciate that as I spent an age trying to find the right words to express what I felt.
That's so very true Meg. It's all part of the travel and of life's journey. Bennettsbridge is lovely so I am very glad I stopped there.
Thank you very much TG. *waving* back from the Emerald Isle.
I have followed your East Coast adventure on the blog and, of course, on the instagram thingyumbob. I love the Emily Bridgewater mug BTW. Safe journey back to LA.
And if your celtic soul celebrates it, Happy St Patrick's Day!
Thank your so very much.


text:
U.S. MID-AMATEUR
Sunday Notebook: Brutal Wind Batters Field September 25, 2010 By Stuart Hall
Tim Spitz (above), the runner-up in 2009, was just one of many golfers victimized by the gusting winds on Sunday at the 2010 U.S. Mid-Amateur. (John Mummert/USGA)
Bridgehampton, N.Y. — Brutal.
That was Tim Spitz's one-word assessment of afternoon playing conditions in the second round of the 30th U.S. Mid-Amateur Championship at Atlantic Golf Club.
On Saturday, Spitz was one of six U.S. Mid-Am quarterfinalists from a year ago to sit among the leaderboard's top 20. He was in with a comfortable 1-over 73.
Sunday was not so comfortable. Playing in the afternoon wave, Spitz posted a late 8-over 80 and was left to agonize whether his 9-over 153 was good enough to get him into Monday's 64-player match play field.
Eleven players joined Spitz at 153, creating a 12-man playoff for the final five match-play spots. Since 2002, nine is the most over par to make the cut.
The wind was howling, said Spitz, 34, of Pittsford, N.Y., last year's Mid-Am runner-up. It was a two- or three-club wind, easily. I won't call it British Open-like winds, but it had to be close.
Tim Jackson (1994 and 2001 Mid-Amateur champion), Kevin Marsh (2005 champion) and Sean Knapp (2008 U.S. Mid-Amateur semifinalist) thought it was a four-club wind at times. Statistically, Atlantic Golf Club played nearly a stroke easier in the second round. At The Bridge on Sunday, the course was more than two strokes more difficult than the first round.
Scott Harvey, 32, of Greensboro, N.C., was of the belief that the wind aided many of the field's better players, explaining why so many of the Mid-Am marquee names were on the leaderboard from the get-go.
If you can control your ball, no problem, said Harvey, who shared medalist honors with 1996 Amateur Public Links champion Tim Hogarth of Northridge, Calif., and reigning champion Mid-Amateur champion Nathan Smith of Pittsburgh, Pa. But a shot offline? The wind is really going to exaggerate shots. Then you're in trouble and just playing to make bogey.
Since 2002, only once has the medalist finished at par or higher. In 2006, six players finished stroke play at 1-over par.
Mike McCoy, 47, of West Des Moines, Iowa, threw in another factor for the cream rising to the top.
Later in the year everybody's game is sharp, said McCoy, last year's U.S. Mid-Am co-medalist and a 2008 Mid-Am semifinalist. The golf course and the weather separate the more seasoned players from the average players. It's probably a combination of guys coming in here sharp and some demanding conditions.
Mindset also plays a part, Spitz said. The mantra of just surviving to reach match play does not necessarily hold true with every player.
To be honest, I play to win and be medalist, he said. It's a 36-hole tournament, so why not try and win.
Harvey agrees, but knowing that a lost stroke here and there does not end the chance of winning the bigger title is comforting. In Harvey's case, shooting an opening round 1-under 71 gave him even more breathing room.
Five was the lowest over-par cutline of the past nine years.
In all USGA events even par in stroke play will get you into the top 10, Harvey said.
But you also know that in most instances four, five or six over par will get you into match play.
Especially this year — thanks in large part to the wind.
Betting Proposition
Casey Cusack is a gambling man. Literally.
Given that a player from Anchorage, Alaska, has never won a Mid-Amateur, much less any USGA championship, the odds of one winning would be difficult to compute.
Cusack likes the odds, though. The reason being that Cusack, 30, who was a professional poker player for nearly seven years, hails from the 49th state.
Goal one for the week was accomplished when he posted a 6-over 150 in stroke-play qualifying.
Today I was a little disappointed, but I do like the way I'm playing, Cusack said, who shot a 4-over 76 at Atlantic Golf Club Sunday. We'll see what happens the rest of the week.
Cusack grew up in Alaska playing, oddly enough, hockey. He took up golf at age 15 and three years later moved to Arizona. He helped Chaparral High School win a state championship. Cusack never attended college, but began playing poker professionally at age 21.
Cards ultimately trumped competition.
I just quit playing, he said. The last couple of years I have started playing more seriously again.
Seriously? Crack on the quality of golf in Alaska, but consider that Cusack is a two-time Alaskan Triple Crown winner. The last two years, Cusack has won the state's three majors — the state amateur stroke and match play tournaments, and the Anchorage Golf Association city championship.
Cusack, who splits his year between Anchorage and Phoenix, Ariz., also qualified for the U.S. Amateur Public Links Championship earlier this summer. The tournament dates, though, conflicted with the Alaska State Amateur. Since Cusack was the reigning champion, he thought it best to return.
He shot 15-under 273 and won by five strokes.
Regardless of this week's outcome, Cusack is toying with the idea of turning pro in an attempt to earn a PGA Tour card.
I don't know, we'll have to see, he said, but it is something I'd like to try at some point.
Don't bet against him.
Proud Bronco
Ben Trap Leestma posted an early 78 at Atlantic Golf Club on Sunday, finishing his two-day stay with a 13-over 157. But Leestma, 30, of Boise, Idaho, left the grounds somewhat satisfied.
The U.S. Air Force F-15C pilot proudly displayed Boise State University car flags as he drove away. Boise State's football team is currently ranked No. 3 in the country and defeated 24th-ranked Oregon State 37-24.
Stuart Hall is a freelance writer whose work has previously appeared on USGA championship websites.


Wi-Fi Calling lets you make and receive calls over Wi-Fi when there's a poor mobile signal, or none at all.
There's no additional charge for using Wi-Fi Calling. All calls you make with it will use your plan's minutes as usual. Simply connect to a Wi-Fi network and set up Wi-Fi Calling on a compatible phone.


text:
The Thornton-Donovan School (TD) was founded as the New Rochelle School and Kindergarten in New Rochelle, New York. It was founded by Judge Martin Jerome Keogh in 1901.  The first teacher and headmistress was Emily Scott Thornton, a Philadelphia native educated at University College Nottingham, now the University of Nottingham. The headmaster as of 2018 is Douglas E. Fleming, Jr.

The school is now at its third campus, on Overlook Circle in the Beechmont neighborhood of New Rochelle. It inhabits three former homes, including the former Andrew Crawford estate, now the Main Building.

Overview
The Thornton-Donovan School is now a New York State accredited high school educating over 175 students in grades K-12 every year. On May 25, 2005, students planted two flowering trees at the end of Overlook Circle and at Lester Place and Beechmont Lake as a gift to the city of New Rochelle, New York.

The school has a swimming pool, an outdoor playset, woodchips, a driveway, more than thirty living trees, a large grassy field, a basketball/tennis/family court, three buildings, a parking lot/Hacky Sack arena, and a shed for arts and crafts which is used only during the summer.

2008-2009 Renovation
During the early 2008, plans were being made to expand and level the field along with building a new basketball court. A proposal for the renovation was sent to the New Rochelle Department of Development Planning Board on June 24. The proposal stated that the field would be graded, ten irrigation sprinklers would be installed, the basketball court would be taken apart and relocated to allow more field space, a ten-foot chain link fence would enclose the new court, and twenty trees were to be removed during the process. Headmaster Douglas Fleming has referred to the final product as the Field of Dreams.

Summer Challenge Program
In the summer, the school also holds a summer camp program, in its 46th consecutive year as of summer 2014. Children aged 3–14 are permitted to join the program. The children are split into two divisions: Play School (3–7 years) and Sports Fitness (7–14 years). They participate in a wide variety of sports. Activities include: tennis, softball, field hockey, swimming, arts and crafts, karate, dance, basketball, soccer, trampolining, capture the flag, an outdoor playset, watermelon, and kickball. The older group is also taken to a bowling alley in the Bronx every Friday, where the children have a chance to bowl.

Thematic Language Education
Middle and Upper School curricula are themed annually on an area of the world. Students are exposed daily to a dynamic course of learning throughout the year learning not only about international cultures, but actual politics, history and the arts of painting in an intramural and experiential context. The school also has strong ties to several countries, with 35 sister schools throughout Europe, Asia, and Latin America. During the school year, about four students are selected to go to one of several sister schools. The more notable exchange trips are to Busan, South Korea; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dublin, Ireland; La Rochelle, France; Nottingham, England; Rome, Italy; Mexico City, and Guatemala City.

A rigorous course of learning is punctuated by a "spring-time fling" trip to locations associated with the year's theme (i.e. - the country or locale the school studied). Students, faculty and friends can all join for an exceptional educational excursion. Since 1994, there have been 18 trips, of which 14 were international.

1990s
Little information about the first six trips taken by the school has been given through their website; however, trips to six countries and one state were undertaken between 1994 and 1999.

2000- Greece
The new millennium began with an 11-day trip to Greece that started on May 18 and ended on May 28. The travelers departed from John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City on May 18 and landed in Athens, Greece on May 19. The group spent the morning and early afternoon at the Hotel Plaka in old Athens, overlooking the Acropolis. After touring the old city that evening, the school went to the Acropolis at night before going to Pnyx Hill to see a light show. On May 20, a full day of sightseeing took place. Travelers visited the Propylaea, Temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, the Parthenon, the Acropolis Museum, and the Theatre of Dionysus. At 6:00 pm, they attended a Changing of the Guard ceremony in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

2001- Spain
In 2001, the school took an 18-day excursion to Spain from May 10 to 28.

2002- New York
The following year was a ten-day tour of New York City, Upstate New York, and Montreal from April 12 to 21.

2003- Florida
In 2003, the school traveled to southern Florida from April 25 to May 4.

2004- Belgium
In 2004, a ten-day trip to Belgium began on April 29 and ended on May 8.

2005- Illinois and Missouri
In 2005, the schools' most recent non-international trip took place from April 1 to 10 in Illinois and Missouri.

2006- England
During 2006, the school traveled to England for two weeks from April 28 to May 13.

2007- Japan

From May 4 to 17, 2007, the school journeyed to Japan. One of the largest excursions made by the school, a total of 90 people, including teachers and parents, took part in the trip across the Pacific. Due to the large number of people, two flights were taken to Japan, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, both of which were from John F. Kennedy Airport to Narita Airport; however, the first stopped in Los Angeles, California to reduce the amount of waiting time between the two flights. That night was spent in the Shiba Park Hotel in Tokyo. The first destination was the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo before traveling to the Meiji Shrine which dates back to 1920. After visiting the shine, the group traveled across the Rainbow bridge to the Fuji Television building. The final visit of the day was to the Tokyo International Forum where the group attended a performance by La Folle Journee au Japan. The next day the school traveled to the Imperial Palace for an exclusive tour inside the building; however, this did not take place due to misunderstandings by the students and the group toured the outside of the palace. After touring the Imperial Palace, the next stop was the John Lennon Museum in Chūō-ku, Saitama.

2008- Portugal

The 2008 trip taken by the school was from April 25 to May 10 in Portugal.

2009- Brazil
From April 29, 2009, the school toured Salvador, Brazil. The trip has taken students through the favelas of Rio de Janeiro and entered the Amazon Rainforest on May 1.

2010- South Africa
As of September 28, 2008, the 2009-10 semester trip is set to be about South Africa.

The arts and community connections
 The mural "The Constellations" on the first floor of T-D's main building was painted by a relative of James Joyce, Alton S. Tobey
 Lumen Martin Winter's Haus was T-D's second acquisition for the current opus. The mosaic is in the United Nations' headquarters at Manhattan. There is also a mural by him entitled "Aspirational Music" in the school's main building structure.
 The school has many connections to Lion's Club International, a worldwide "service" organization.

Notable alumni
Wayne Allyn Root – the 2008 United States Libertarian Party vice-presidential nominee. He attended the school from 1977 to 1979 when he graduated.
 Joey Kramer - The drummer from Aerosmith.

Headmasters
1. Emily Scott Thornton- 1901-1945
2. Genevieve F. Berns- 1945-1968
3. Douglas E. Fleming, Jr.- 1968–present

References

External links
 Thornton-Donovan School website
 TD Private School School Report
 Video about the Thornton-Donovan School

Educational institutions established in 1901
Education in New Rochelle, New York
Private K-12 schools in Westchester County, New York
1901 establishments in New York (state)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Facility where severely disabled woman was impregnated will close
by Virginia Carter
in World Media
A state government spokesperson says Hacienda HealthCare officials have expressed their intent to accept voluntary regulations from the state's Department of Health Services, meaning the facility will remain open. After one blown deadline after another, with the facility ignoring state orders, Hacienda said yesterday that it would be closing the wing of the facility where the victim and patients like her are housed.
They also mentioned their plan to transition their patients and staffers to other facilities in the area over the next few months.
Hacienda Healthcare said it "as come to understand that it is simply not sustainable to continue to operate our Intermediate Care Facility for the Intellectually Disabled" after a board of directors voted on the decision earlier this month, according to AZ Central.
"Your recent correspondence and statements to the media make it clear that rather than complying with the prior agreement to bring in a third party and without a definite plan to address challenges Hacienda faced with the third party it chose, such as costs, the Board of Directors made a decision to close the facility citing the facility's lack of financial viability", the letter said.
A 29-year-old incapacitated woman who has limited mobility and can't speak gave birth at the facility on December 29, prompting police to launch a sexual assault investigation. Sutherland, 36, was a licensed nurse who had worked at the facility since 2011. "We will work with the State closely during this time to ensure every patient's safety, security and care as we will lead up to what eventually will be a sad goodbye to many beloved patients", it said.
In January, state regulators ordered Hacienda HealthCare officials to find a third party-manager for its facilities, and on January 30, officials with Indiana-based Benchmark Human Services say they have been contracted by Hacienda to act as a third-party manager.
"This is very disturbing news".
"Given the high medical risks associated with transferring these patients, moving this medically fragile community is the option of last resort and not the state's goal", the Arizona Department of Economic Security and state Medicaid program said in a joint statement obtained by the Republic.
"We want to find a path forward that is in the best interests of the patients - and this approach is not it", she told the outlet. "They are the ones who should come first, without question". "State agencies are exhausting all efforts to bring this to a conclusion that is beneficial to the patients, some of whom have been at this facility almost their entire lives".
Patrick Ptak, a spokesman for Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey, called the result "good news and the best immediate outcome". "This approach simply does not meet that test".
A former nurse at the facility, Nathan Sutherland, has been arrested in connection with the sexual assault. "Everyone's first priority should be protecting their health and safety".
"Our patients, their families, our team members and the community deserve nothing less than this commitment from us", the care provider said.
Virginia Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax calls for investigation into sexual assault allegations
Edmonton Oilers fire general manager Peter Chiarelli
Stenson Named European Golfer of the Year
Man charged with sexual assault after posing as ridesharing driver: Toronto police 7/18/2019
Year-old dies after being hit with golf ball in Utah 7/18/2019
South Korea demands worldwide probe over Japanese sanctions claims 7/18/2019
Peckish penguins pop by sushi shop 7/18/2019
Drug kingpin El Chapo sentenced to life in U.S. prison 7/18/2019
Turkey crosses "red line", gets booted from F-35 partnership 7/18/2019
Jeffrey Epstein's treatment is 'worse' because of his wealth, his lawyers say 7/18/2019
In rare rebuke, dozens of Republicans hit Trump over 'racist' tweets 7/18/2019
French Inventor Wows Bastille Day Crowd With Flyboard Display 7/17/2019
After teen gamer is slain, photos of her corpse circulate online 7/17/2019
You Can Now Merge Your Accounts In Fortnite
Head to the Epic Games site to read the complete breakdown of what will happen, what will be kept, and what will be lost. This process is ideal for players with two or more accounts who wish to only play on one console or platform.
Huawei Deals for Tech Will Have Consequences, U.S. Warns EU
Huawei has repeatedly denied that its telecommunication technology poses a threat to the USA security. Already preparatory works are going on in many countries for the next-generation 5G wireless networks.
Kurds launch final push to defeat IS in Syria
But activists and residents say Isis still has sleeper cells in Syria and Iraq, and is laying the groundwork for an insurgency. US President Donald Trump predicted on Wednesday that ISIS will have lost all of its territory by next week.
Jaguar slump: Tata Motors shares plunge 30% on Jaguar woes
Most of the cuts are expected to be in the United Kingdom , with a voluntary redundancy programme being launched. Its transformation programme is on track to achieve £2.5bn of cash and profit improvement by March 2020.
2018 Cheltenham Festival: An Early Look At The Arkle
He will take some beating if aimed at this race; Mullins has trained the Arkle winner in two of the last three years. With the right schooling over fences, Charli Parcs could feature prominently if aimed at the Arkle.
The Continuity of the Multimedia Exhibition of Santiago Ribeiro in Times Square in New York in the International Press
As Ribeiro continues planning the project's next phase, he is testing innovative exhibition spaces such as Times Square. He conceived the International Surrealism Now movement in Coimbra with a major exhibit organized by Bissaya Barreto.
Are Mobile Games the Right Way to Fight Stress?
Video games and stress relief Video games have been called a lot of things in the decades that have passed since their emergence. But the question still remains: are mobile games the right way to de-stress? Let's see what science has to say about the matter.
General concerns of beginners in the casino
In general, there are three main concerns related to fraud in the casino. - I will not receive a prize Is this possible? Yes. Some of the online casinos can be fakes that having worked for just a week and collecting bets will simply disappear.
College Basketball's Contenders For 2016-17
That should be enough for Bill Self to do some serious damage, and if Jackson pans out they'll be right in the national title mix. At the time, some analyses counted it as the biggest surprise of the tournament that Oregon got the top seed out West.
Microgaming - a leading online casino software provider
Other benefits include: ● Game Choice: Microgaming offers gambling fans the largest selection of games in the market. Have you ever played on a site powered by Microgaming software? What did you think? Share your experience below.
Joe Biden draws line against progressives on health care7/17/2019
Barry remnants could bring flooding rain to Upstate NY7/17/2019
Trump Enacts Tighter Foreign Content Restrictions for American Products7/17/2019
Trump tells Democratic congresswomen of color to leave US7/17/2019
England Chief Giles Dismisses World Cup Final 'Extra Run' Row7/17/2019
Climate a 'signature issue' as Ursula von der Leyen annointed European Union chief7/17/2019
5 dead, over 40 trapped in Dongri7/17/2019
Toddler dies after falling into grease trap at Tim Hortons restaurant7/17/2019
India Cancels Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Launch Minutes Before Takeoff7/17/2019
Ryanair to cut flights and close down some bases amid Boeing crisis7/17/2019
No Charges for Officer in Garner Chokehold Death7/17/2019
China Reports Slower Economic Growth In Wake Of U.S. Tariffs7/17/2019


Prep - Lettered in track...Named all-Ohio in the 4x100m and pole vault...Won a conference title...Placed at state several times.
Personal - Born Torie Maree Allgire...Daughter of Jeff Allgire and Shelley Mumaw...Has a sister, Arianna.
Birth Date - November 14, 1994.


Businesses Online created this area of their website to increase the awareness of charities and the many ways we can all help, either by donation of money or our time all help the organisations to fund their work.
Please note the link for charitable will's, the directors of Businesses Online have used this method to donate & feel that individuals and businesses can leave a lasting legacy to benefit all.
Join the growing group of people who've decided to leave a gift in their Wills to Cancer Research UK.
Macmillan's campaign against prescription charges for cancer patients.
DID YOU KNOW you can now donate to charities through your will without the legal cost to yourself.
Macmillan Cancer Support and Cancerbackup are delighted to announce that they have agreed to merge.
Macmillan Campaign Against Hospital Parking Charges: Latest news in the fight against hospital parking charges.
A recent Macmillan survey found that one in five cancer patients turn the heating off even though they are cold, because they're worried about rising fuel bills. Many people don't realise that cancer patients do not automatically qualify for help.
A Message from Rob Drury.
Earlier this year, I lost my lovely wife, Sophie Drury, to ovarian cancer after she had defied the odds for almost a decade. She was just 34 years old when she died.
Jacky Pickles, Janice Wrigglesworth and Marie Morton are three women from Yorkshire who suffer from multiple myeloma - a type of blood cancer.


text:
draft-ietf-ippm-loss-06.txt
rfc2680.txt
Network Working Group G. Almes Network Working Group G. Almes
INTERNET-DRAFT S. Kalidindi Request for Comments: 2680 S. Kalidindi
Expiration Date: August 1999 M. Zekauskas Category: Standards Track M. Zekauskas
Advanced Network & Services Advanced Network & Services
February 1999 September 1999
A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM
<draft-ietf-ippm-loss-06.txt>
1. Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months Status of this Memo
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
The list of Internet-Draft shadow directories can be accessed at Copyright Notice
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
This memo defines a metric for one-way packet loss across Internet This memo defines a metric for one-way packet loss across Internet
paths. It builds on notions introduced and discussed in the IPPM paths. It builds on notions introduced and discussed in the IPPM
Framework document, RFC 2330 [1]; the reader is assumed to be Framework document, RFC 2330 [1]; the reader is assumed to be
familiar with that document. familiar with that document.
This memo is intended to be parallel in structure to a companion This memo is intended to be parallel in structure to a companion
document for One-way Delay (currently "A One-way Delay Metric for document for One-way Delay ("A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM") [2];
IPPM" <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-06.txt>) [2]; the reader is assumed to the reader is assumed to be familiar with that document.
be familiar with that document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [5]. document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [5].
Although RFC 2119 was written with protocols in mind, the key words Although RFC 2119 was written with protocols in mind, the key words
are used in this document for similar reasons. They are used to are used in this document for similar reasons. They are used to
ensure the results of measurements from two different implementations ensure the results of measurements from two different implementations
are comparable, and to note instances when an implementation could are comparable, and to note instances when an implementation could
perturb the network. perturb the network.
+ Using this sample, several 'statistics' of the sample are defined + Using this sample, several 'statistics' of the sample are defined
and discussed. and discussed.
This progression from singleton to sample to statistics, with clear This progression from singleton to sample to statistics, with clear
separation among them, is important. separation among them, is important.
Whenever a technical term from the IPPM Framework document is first Whenever a technical term from the IPPM Framework document is first
used in this memo, it will be tagged with a trailing asterisk. For used in this memo, it will be tagged with a trailing asterisk. For
example, "term*" indicates that "term" is defined in the Framework. example, "term*" indicates that "term" is defined in the Framework.
2.1. Motivation: 1.1. Motivation:
Understanding one-way packet loss of Type-P* packets from a source Understanding one-way packet loss of Type-P* packets from a source
host* to a destination host is useful for several reasons: host* to a destination host is useful for several reasons:
+ Some applications do not perform well (or at all) if end-to-end + Some applications do not perform well (or at all) if end-to-end
loss between hosts is large relative to some threshold value. loss between hosts is large relative to some threshold value.
+ Excessive packet loss may make it difficult to support certain + Excessive packet loss may make it difficult to support certain
real-time applications (where the precise threshold of "excessive" real-time applications (where the precise threshold of "excessive"
depends on the application). depends on the application).
+ In quality-of-service (QoS) enabled networks, provisioning in one + In quality-of-service (QoS) enabled networks, provisioning in one
direction may be radically different than provisioning in the direction may be radically different than provisioning in the
reverse direction, and thus the QoS guarantees differ. Measuring reverse direction, and thus the QoS guarantees differ. Measuring
the paths independently allows the verification of both the paths independently allows the verification of both
guarantees. guarantees.
It is outside the scope of this document to say precisely how loss It is outside the scope of this document to say precisely how loss
metrics would be applied to specific problems. metrics would be applied to specific problems.
2.2. General Issues Regarding Time 1.2. General Issues Regarding Time
{Comment: the terminology below differs from that defined by ITU-T {Comment: the terminology below differs from that defined by ITU-T
documents (e.g., G.810, "Definitions and terminology for documents (e.g., G.810, "Definitions and terminology for
synchronization networks" and I.356, "B-ISDN ATM layer cell transfer synchronization networks" and I.356, "B-ISDN ATM layer cell transfer
performance"), but is consistent with the IPPM Framework document. performance"), but is consistent with the IPPM Framework document.
In general, these differences derive from the different backgrounds; In general, these differences derive from the different backgrounds;
the ITU-T documents historically have a telephony origin, while the the ITU-T documents historically have a telephony origin, while the
authors of this document (and the Framework) have a computer systems authors of this document (and the Framework) have a computer systems
background. Although the terms defined below have no direct background. Although the terms defined below have no direct
equivalent in the ITU-T definitions, after our definitions we will equivalent in the ITU-T definitions, after our definitions we will
skipping to change at page 5, line 5
Skew measures the change of accuracy, or of synchronization, Skew measures the change of accuracy, or of synchronization,
with time. For example, the clock on a given host might gain with time. For example, the clock on a given host might gain
1.3 msec per hour and thus be 27.1 msec behind UTC at one time 1.3 msec per hour and thus be 27.1 msec behind UTC at one time
and only 25.8 msec an hour later. In this case, we say that the and only 25.8 msec an hour later. In this case, we say that the
clock of the given host has a skew of 1.3 msec per hour relative clock of the given host has a skew of 1.3 msec per hour relative
to UTC, which threatens accuracy. We might also speak of the to UTC, which threatens accuracy. We might also speak of the
skew of one clock relative to another clock, which threatens skew of one clock relative to another clock, which threatens
synchronization. {Comment: A rough ITU-T equivalent is "time synchronization. {Comment: A rough ITU-T equivalent is "time
drift".} drift".}
3. A Singleton Definition for One-way Packet Loss 2. A Singleton Definition for One-way Packet Loss
3.1. Metric Name: 2.1. Metric Name:
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss
3.2. Metric Parameters: 2.2. Metric Parameters:
+ Src, the IP address of a host + Src, the IP address of a host
+ Dst, the IP address of a host + Dst, the IP address of a host
+ T, a time + T, a time
3.3. Metric Units: 2.3. Metric Units:
The value of a Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss is either a zero The value of a Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss is either a zero
(signifying successful transmission of the packet) or a one (signifying successful transmission of the packet) or a one
(signifying loss). (signifying loss).
3.4. Definition: 2.4. Definition:
>>The *Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss* from Src to Dst at T is 0<< means >>The *Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss* from Src to Dst at T is 0<< means
that Src sent the first bit of a Type-P packet to Dst at wire-time* T that Src sent the first bit of a Type-P packet to Dst at wire-time* T
and that Dst received that packet. and that Dst received that packet.
that Src sent the first bit of a type-P packet to Dst at wire-time T that Src sent the first bit of a type-P packet to Dst at wire-time T
and that Dst did not receive that packet. and that Dst did not receive that packet.
3.5. Discussion: 2.5. Discussion:
Thus, Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss is 0 exactly when Type-P-One-way- Thus, Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss is 0 exactly when Type-P-One-way-
Delay is a finite positive value, and it is 1 exactly when Type-P- Delay is a finite value, and it is 1 exactly when Type-P-One-way-
One-way-Delay is undefined. Delay is undefined.
The following issues are likely to come up in practice: The following issues are likely to come up in practice:
+ A given methodology will have to include a way to distinguish + A given methodology will have to include a way to distinguish
between a packet loss and a very large (but finite) delay. As between a packet loss and a very large (but finite) delay. As
noted by Mahdavi and Paxson [3], simple upper bounds (such as the noted by Mahdavi and Paxson [3], simple upper bounds (such as the
255 seconds theoretical upper bound on the lifetimes of IP 255 seconds theoretical upper bound on the lifetimes of IP
packets [4]) could be used, but good engineering, including an packets [4]) could be used, but good engineering, including an
understanding of packet lifetimes, will be needed in practice. understanding of packet lifetimes, will be needed in practice.
{Comment: Note that, for many applications of these metrics, there {Comment: Note that, for many applications of these metrics, there
these packets as lost but packet with corruption in other parts of these packets as lost but packet with corruption in other parts of
the packet as not lost would be inconsistent.} the packet as not lost would be inconsistent.}
+ If the packet is duplicated along the path (or paths) so that + If the packet is duplicated along the path (or paths) so that
multiple non-corrupt copies arrive at the destination, then the multiple non-corrupt copies arrive at the destination, then the
packet is counted as received. packet is counted as received.
+ If the packet is fragmented and if, for whatever reason, + If the packet is fragmented and if, for whatever reason,
reassembly does not occur, then the packet will be deemed lost. reassembly does not occur, then the packet will be deemed lost.
3.6. Methodologies: 2.6. Methodologies:
As with other Type-P-* metrics, the detailed methodology will depend As with other Type-P-* metrics, the detailed methodology will depend
on the Type-P (e.g., protocol number, UDP/TCP port number, size, on the Type-P (e.g., protocol number, UDP/TCP port number, size,
precedence). precedence).
Generally, for a given Type-P, one possible methodology would proceed Generally, for a given Type-P, one possible methodology would proceed
as follows: as follows:
+ Arrange that Src and Dst have clocks that are synchronized with + Arrange that Src and Dst have clocks that are synchronized with
each other. The degree of synchronization is a parameter of the each other. The degree of synchronization is a parameter of the
see what percentage of packets from a given stream exceed a given see what percentage of packets from a given stream exceed a given
time-out value.} time-out value.}
Issues such as the packet format, the means by which Dst knows when Issues such as the packet format, the means by which Dst knows when
to expect the test packet, and the means by which Src and Dst are to expect the test packet, and the means by which Src and Dst are
synchronized are outside the scope of this document. {Comment: We synchronized are outside the scope of this document. {Comment: We
plan to document elsewhere our own work in describing such more plan to document elsewhere our own work in describing such more
detailed implementation techniques and we encourage others to as detailed implementation techniques and we encourage others to as
well.} well.}
3.7. Errors and Uncertainties: 2.7. Errors and Uncertainties:
The description of any specific measurement method should include an The description of any specific measurement method should include an
accounting and analysis of various sources of error or uncertainty. accounting and analysis of various sources of error or uncertainty.
The Framework document provides general guidance on this point. The Framework document provides general guidance on this point.
For loss, there are three sources of error: For loss, there are three sources of error:
+ Synchronization between clocks on Src and Dst. + Synchronization between clocks on Src and Dst.
+ The packet-loss threshold (which is related to the synchronization + The packet-loss threshold (which is related to the synchronization
The measurement instruments should be calibrated such that the loss The measurement instruments should be calibrated such that the loss
threshold is reasonable for application of the metrics and the clocks threshold is reasonable for application of the metrics and the clocks
are synchronized enough so the loss threshold remains reasonable. are synchronized enough so the loss threshold remains reasonable.
In addition, the instruments should be checked to ensure the that the In addition, the instruments should be checked to ensure the that the
possibility a packet arrives at the network interface, but is lost possibility a packet arrives at the network interface, but is lost
due to congestion on the interface or to other resource exhaustion due to congestion on the interface or to other resource exhaustion
(e.g., buffers) on the instrument is low. (e.g., buffers) on the instrument is low.
3.8. Reporting the metric: 2.8. Reporting the metric:
The calibration and context in which the metric is measured MUST be The calibration and context in which the metric is measured MUST be
carefully considered, and SHOULD always be reported along with metric carefully considered, and SHOULD always be reported along with metric
results. We now present four items to consider: Type-P of the test results. We now present four items to consider: Type-P of the test
packets, the loss threshold, instrument calibration, and the path packets, the loss threshold, instrument calibration, and the path
traversed by the test packets. This list is not exhaustive; any traversed by the test packets. This list is not exhaustive; any
additional information that could be useful in interpreting additional information that could be useful in interpreting
applications of the metrics should also be reported. applications of the metrics should also be reported.
3.8.1. Type-P 2.8.1. Type-P
As noted in the Framework document [1], the value of the metric may As noted in the Framework document [1], the value of the metric may
depend on the type of IP packets used to make the measurement, or depend on the type of IP packets used to make the measurement, or
"Type-P". The value of Type-P-One-way-Delay could change if the "Type-P". The value of Type-P-One-way-Delay could change if the
protocol (UDP or TCP), port number, size, or arrangement for special protocol (UDP or TCP), port number, size, or arrangement for special
treatment (e.g., IP precedence or RSVP) changes. The exact Type-P treatment (e.g., IP precedence or RSVP) changes. The exact Type-P
used to make the measurements MUST be accurately reported. used to make the measurements MUST be accurately reported.
3.8.2. Loss threshold 2.8.2. Loss threshold
The threshold (or methodology to distinguish) between a large finite The threshold (or methodology to distinguish) between a large finite
delay and loss MUST be reported. delay and loss MUST be reported.
3.8.3. Calibration results 2.8.3. Calibration results
The degree of synchronization between the Src and Dst clocks MUST be The degree of synchronization between the Src and Dst clocks MUST be
reported. If possible, possibility that a test packet that arrives reported. If possible, possibility that a test packet that arrives
at the Dst network interface is reported as lost due to resource at the Dst network interface is reported as lost due to resource
exhaustion on Dst SHOULD be reported. exhaustion on Dst SHOULD be reported.
3.8.4. Path 2.8.4. Path
Finally, the path traversed by the packet SHOULD be reported, if Finally, the path traversed by the packet SHOULD be reported, if
possible. In general it is impractical to know the precise path a possible. In general it is impractical to know the precise path a
given packet takes through the network. The precise path may be given packet takes through the network. The precise path may be
known for certain Type-P on short or stable paths. If Type-P known for certain Type-P on short or stable paths. If Type-P
includes the record route (or loose-source route) option in the IP includes the record route (or loose-source route) option in the IP
header, and the path is short enough, and all routers* on the path header, and the path is short enough, and all routers* on the path
support record (or loose-source) route, then the path will be support record (or loose-source) route, then the path will be
precisely recorded. This is impractical because the route must be precisely recorded. This is impractical because the route must be
short enough, many routers do not support (or are not configured for) short enough, many routers do not support (or are not configured for)
record route, and use of this feature would often artificially worsen record route, and use of this feature would often artificially worsen
the performance observed by removing the packet from common-case the performance observed by removing the packet from common-case
processing. However, partial information is still valuable context. processing. However, partial information is still valuable context.
For example, if a host can choose between two links* (and hence two For example, if a host can choose between two links* (and hence two
separate routes from Src to Dst), then the initial link used is separate routes from Src to Dst), then the initial link used is
valuable context. {Comment: For example, with Merit's NetNow setup, valuable context. {Comment: For example, with Merit's NetNow setup,
a Src on one NAP can reach a Dst on another NAP by either of several a Src on one NAP can reach a Dst on another NAP by either of several
different backbone networks.} different backbone networks.}
4. A Definition for Samples of One-way Packet Loss 3. A Definition for Samples of One-way Packet Loss
Given the singleton metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, we now define Given the singleton metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, we now define
one particular sample of such singletons. The idea of the sample is one particular sample of such singletons. The idea of the sample is
to select a particular binding of the parameters Src, Dst, and Type- to select a particular binding of the parameters Src, Dst, and Type-
P, then define a sample of values of parameter T. The means for P, then define a sample of values of parameter T. The means for
defining the values of T is to select a beginning time T0, a final defining the values of T is to select a beginning time T0, a final
time Tf, and an average rate lambda, then define a pseudo-random time Tf, and an average rate lambda, then define a pseudo-random
Poisson process of rate lambda, whose values fall between T0 and Tf. Poisson process of rate lambda, whose values fall between T0 and Tf.
The time interval between successive values of T will then average The time interval between successive values of T will then average
1/lambda. 1/lambda.
{Comment: Note that Poisson sampling is only one way of defining a {Comment: Note that Poisson sampling is only one way of defining a
sample. Poisson has the advantage of limiting bias, but other sample. Poisson has the advantage of limiting bias, but other
methods of sampling might be appropriate for different situations. methods of sampling might be appropriate for different situations.
We encourage others who find such appropriate cases to use this We encourage others who find such appropriate cases to use this
general framework and submit their sampling method for general framework and submit their sampling method for
standardization.} standardization.}
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream
+ T0, a time + T0, a time
+ Tf, a time + Tf, a time
+ lambda, a rate in reciprocal seconds + lambda, a rate in reciprocal seconds
A sequence of pairs; the elements of each pair are: A sequence of pairs; the elements of each pair are:
+ T, a time, and + T, a time, and
+ L, either a zero or a one + L, either a zero or a one
The values of T in the sequence are monotonic increasing. Note that The values of T in the sequence are monotonic increasing. Note that
T would be a valid parameter to Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, and that T would be a valid parameter to Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, and that
L would be a valid value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss. L would be a valid value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss.
Given T0, Tf, and lambda, we compute a pseudo-random Poisson process Given T0, Tf, and lambda, we compute a pseudo-random Poisson process
beginning at or before T0, with average arrival rate lambda, and beginning at or before T0, with average arrival rate lambda, and
ending at or after Tf. Those time values greater than or equal to T0 ending at or after Tf. Those time values greater than or equal to T0
and less than or equal to Tf are then selected. At each of the times and less than or equal to Tf are then selected. At each of the times
in this process, we obtain the value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss at in this process, we obtain the value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss at
this time. The value of the sample is the sequence made up of the this time. The value of the sample is the sequence made up of the
resulting <time, loss> pairs. If there are no such pairs, the resulting <time, loss> pairs. If there are no such pairs, the
sequence is of length zero and the sample is said to be empty. sequence is of length zero and the sample is said to be empty.
The reader should be familiar with the in-depth discussion of Poisson The reader should be familiar with the in-depth discussion of Poisson
sampling in the Framework document [1], which includes methods to sampling in the Framework document [1], which includes methods to
compute and verify the pseudo-random Poisson process. compute and verify the pseudo-random Poisson process.
We specifically do not constrain the value of lambda, except to note We specifically do not constrain the value of lambda, except to note
the extremes. If the rate is too large, then the measurement traffic the extremes. If the rate is too large, then the measurement traffic
will perturb the network, and itself cause congestion. If the rate will perturb the network, and itself cause congestion. If the rate
is too small, then you might not capture interesting network is too small, then you might not capture interesting network
behavior. {Comment: We expect to document our experiences with, and behavior. {Comment: We expect to document our experiences with, and
All the singleton Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss metrics in the sequence All the singleton Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss metrics in the sequence
will have the same values of Src, Dst, and Type-P. will have the same values of Src, Dst, and Type-P.
Note also that, given one sample that runs from T0 to Tf, and given Note also that, given one sample that runs from T0 to Tf, and given
new time values T0' and Tf' such that T0 <= T0' <= Tf' <= Tf, the new time values T0' and Tf' such that T0 <= T0' <= Tf' <= Tf, the
subsequence of the given sample whose time values fall between T0' subsequence of the given sample whose time values fall between T0'
and Tf' are also a valid Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream and Tf' are also a valid Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream
sample. sample.
The methodologies follow directly from: The methodologies follow directly from:
+ the selection of specific times, using the specified Poisson + the selection of specific times, using the specified Poisson
arrival process, and arrival process, and
+ the methodologies discussion already given for the singleton Type- + the methodologies discussion already given for the singleton Type-
P-One-way-Packet-Loss metric. P-One-way-Packet-Loss metric.
Care must be given to correctly handle out-of-order arrival of test Care must be given to correctly handle out-of-order arrival of test
packets; it is possible that the Src could send one test packet at packets; it is possible that the Src could send one test packet at
TS[i], then send a second one (later) at TS[i+1], while the Dst could TS[i], then send a second one (later) at TS[i+1], while the Dst could
receive the second test packet at TR[i+1], and then receive the first receive the second test packet at TR[i+1], and then receive the first
one (later) at TR[i]. one (later) at TR[i].
In addition to sources of errors and uncertainties associated with In addition to sources of errors and uncertainties associated with
methods employed to measure the singleton values that make up the methods employed to measure the singleton values that make up the
sample, care must be given to analyze the accuracy of the Poisson sample, care must be given to analyze the accuracy of the Poisson
arrival process of the wire-times of the sending of the test packets. arrival process of the wire-times of the sending of the test packets.
Problems with this process could be caused by several things, Problems with this process could be caused by several things,
including problems with the pseudo-random number techniques used to including problems with the pseudo-random number techniques used to
generate the Poisson arrival process. The Framework document shows generate the Poisson arrival process. The Framework document shows
how to use the Anderson-Darling test verify the accuracy of the how to use the Anderson-Darling test verify the accuracy of the
Poisson process over small time frames. {Comment: The goal is to Poisson process over small time frames. {Comment: The goal is to
ensure that the test packets are sent "close enough" to a Poisson ensure that the test packets are sent "close enough" to a Poisson
schedule, and avoid periodic behavior.} schedule, and avoid periodic behavior.}
The calibration and context for the underlying singletons MUST be The calibration and context for the underlying singletons MUST be
reported along with the stream. (See "Reporting the metric" for reported along with the stream. (See "Reporting the metric" for
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss.) Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss.)
5. Some Statistics Definitions for One-way Packet Loss 4. Some Statistics Definitions for One-way Packet Loss
Given the sample metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, we Given the sample metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, we
now offer several statistics of that sample. These statistics are now offer several statistics of that sample. These statistics are
offered mostly to be illustrative of what could be done. offered mostly to be illustrative of what could be done.
5.1. Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Average 4.1. Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Average
Given a Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, the average of all Given a Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, the average of all
the L values in the Stream. In addition, the Type-P-One-way-Packet- the L values in the Stream. In addition, the Type-P-One-way-Packet-
Loss-Average is undefined if the sample is empty. Loss-Average is undefined if the sample is empty.
Example: suppose we take a sample and the results are: Example: suppose we take a sample and the results are:
Stream1 = < Stream1 = <
<T1, 0> <T1, 0>
Then the average would be 0.2. Then the average would be 0.2.
Note that, since healthy Internet paths should be operating at loss Note that, since healthy Internet paths should be operating at loss
rates below 1% (particularly if high delay-bandwidth products are to rates below 1% (particularly if high delay-bandwidth products are to
be sustained), the sample sizes needed might be larger than one would be sustained), the sample sizes needed might be larger than one would
like. Thus, for example, if one wants to discriminate between like. Thus, for example, if one wants to discriminate between
various fractions of 1% over one-minute periods, then several hundred various fractions of 1% over one-minute periods, then several hundred
samples per minute might be needed. This would result in larger samples per minute might be needed. This would result in larger
values of lambda than one would ordinarily want. values of lambda than one would ordinarily want.
Note that although the loss threshold should be set such that any Note that although the loss threshold should be set such that any
errors in loss are not significant, if the possibility that a packet errors in loss are not significant, if the possibility that a packet
which arrived is counted as lost due to resource exhaustion is which arrived is counted as lost due to resource exhaustion is
significant compared to the loss rate of interest, Type-P-One-way- significant compared to the loss rate of interest, Type-P-One-way-
Packet-Loss-Average will be meaningless. Packet-Loss-Average will be meaningless.
Conducting Internet measurements raises both security and privacy Conducting Internet measurements raises both security and privacy
concerns. This memo does not specify an implementation of the concerns. This memo does not specify an implementation of the
metrics, so it does not directly affect the security of the Internet metrics, so it does not directly affect the security of the Internet
nor of applications which run on the Internet. However, nor of applications which run on the Internet. However,
implementations of these metrics must be mindful of security and implementations of these metrics must be mindful of security and
privacy concerns. privacy concerns.
There are two types of security concerns: potential harm caused by There are two types of security concerns: potential harm caused by
the measurements, and potential harm to the measurements. The the measurements, and potential harm to the measurements. The
rate will be artificially lowered. Therefore, the measurement rate will be artificially lowered. Therefore, the measurement
methodologies SHOULD include appropriate techniques to reduce the methodologies SHOULD include appropriate techniques to reduce the
probability measurement traffic can be distinguished from "normal" probability measurement traffic can be distinguished from "normal"
traffic. Authentication techniques, such as digital signatures, may traffic. Authentication techniques, such as digital signatures, may
be used where appropriate to guard against injected traffic attacks. be used where appropriate to guard against injected traffic attacks.
The privacy concerns of network measurement are limited by the active The privacy concerns of network measurement are limited by the active
measurements described in this memo. Unlike passive measurements, measurements described in this memo. Unlike passive measurements,
there can be no release of existing user data. there can be no release of existing user data.
7. Acknowledgements 6. Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Matt Mathis for encouraging this work and for Thanks are due to Matt Mathis for encouraging this work and for
calling attention on so many occasions to the significance of packet calling attention on so many occasions to the significance of packet
loss. loss.
Thanks are due also to Vern Paxson for his valuable comments on early Thanks are due also to Vern Paxson for his valuable comments on early
drafts, and to Garry Couch and Will Leland for several useful drafts, and to Garry Couch and Will Leland for several useful
suggestions. suggestions.
8. References 7. References
[1] V. Paxson, G. Almes, J. Mahdavi, and M. Mathis, "Framework for [1] Paxson, V., Almes,G., Mahdavi, J. and M. Mathis, "Framework for
IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, May 1998. IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, May 1998.
[2] G. Almes, S. Kalidindi, and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay [2] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S. and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay
Metric for IPPM", Internet-Draft <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-06.txt>, Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999.
[3] J. Mahdavi and V. Paxson, "IPPM Metrics for Measuring [3] Mahdavi, J. and V. Paxson, "IPPM Metrics for Measuring
Connectivity", RFC 2498, January 1999. Connectivity", RFC 2678, September 1999.
[4] J. Postel, "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September 1981. [4] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981.
[5] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement [5] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997. Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[7] S. Bradner, "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", RFC [6] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
2026, October 1996. 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
9. Authors' Addresses 8. Authors' Addresses
Guy Almes Guy Almes
Advanced Network & Services, Inc. Advanced Network & Services, Inc.
200 Business Park Drive 200 Business Park Drive
Armonk, NY 10504 Armonk, NY 10504
Phone: +1 914 765 1120 Phone: +1 914 765 1120
EMail: almes@advanced.org EMail: almes@advanced.org
Sunil Kalidindi Sunil Kalidindi
EMail: kalidindi@advanced.org EMail: kalidindi@advanced.org
Matthew J. Zekauskas Matthew J. Zekauskas
200 Buisiness Park Drive 200 Business Park Drive
EMail: matt@advanced.org EMail: matt@advanced.org
Expiration date: August, 1999 9. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
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text:
Place a Penny
About the Sculpture
Buy the Replica
Memorial Design Narrative
"The design of this memorial was influenced and inspired by the "Pennies Project," the Unknown Child sculpture and biography of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. All three of these focus on children, especially children in unfortunate circumstances and culture."
– Doug Thornton, architect/designer of the memorial
This memorial is intended as a remembrance of the 1.5 million innocent Jewish children, represented by the 1.5 million pennies, embodied by the sculpture and experienced in a contemplative walk back through time with the intention of understanding what happened so that it will never, ever be repeated in our society. Click here to read the memorial's design narrative.
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Circle G Ranch is a 231-acre tract, 163 acres of which were once owned by Elvis and Priscilla Presley, currently being developed into an exciting new entertainment destination in Mississippi.
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The Circle G Ranch developers have ambitious plans that preserve the site's historic features, embrace the local community and honors causes about which Elvis felt most passionately, such as veterans, children with special needs and other worthwhile causes.
Following restoration, the property will be a destination for guests from all over the world to explore the historical components as well as a place to enjoy music, equestrian activities, community events and more.
Though not Jewish, Canadian sculptor Rick Wienecke found himself drawn to Israel in his personal search for God. Fascinated with the country's rise out of the ashes of the Holocaust, he became an Israeli citizen and spent 25 years creating Holocaust-related art, including The Fountain of Tears. See his work at castingseeds.com.
ABOUT THE ARCHITECT
Doug Thornton, AIA, LEED AP
Mississippi State University, School of Architecture, B/Arch, Magna Cum Laude, 1988
Architectural Licenses in Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee and New Jersey
Member of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Construction Specifications Institute (CSI), the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB)
Board Member of the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi, DeSoto Arts Council and AIA Mississippi Chapter
DONATE | CONTACT


text:
Q: Callback prints data but doesn't return it I'm using the AWS JavaScript SDK to work with DynamoDB.
I wrote the following (simplified) function to get the tables in my DB -
var AWS = require('aws-sdk');
var db = new AWS.DynamoDB();
function getTables() {
        db.listTables(function(err, data) {
            console.log(data);
            return data;
        });
    }

I can't understand why when I do the following -
x = getTables();

x doesn't get initialized with data (stays undefined), but console.log(data) prints the actual result.
I realize it's a callback, but I successfully print the response! It's not like I'm trying to print it outside the function, which would result in me trying to print something that hasn't been initialized yet. The response I get initialized the data variable, meaning it should be both printed and then returned!
What am I missing here?
Thanks in advance

A: There's a couple issues. The first is that you're not returning from your getTables function. So x will always be undefined.
Second issue is that you're trying to return data from the callback function, which is only executed sometime in the future and will be returing to the DynamoDB library function that executed it. You have to do whatever you want to do with data inside the callback function that you pass to db.listTables. The reason you data gets logged to the console is because at that point data is defined.
Here's an example for you to look at. It tries to explain the inner workings of your database library.
var FakeDB = {
    listTables: function(callback){
        setTimeout(function(){
            // This is your callback here.
            callback(["table1", "table2"]); // This is your callback function, this is where you're returning data to. To some code in FakeDB, inaccessable to you.

            //If I were to use "var data = callback(...);", data would be whatever you return from your callback.

        }, 5000);

        return undefined; // This is what is getting returned to your function: nothing.
    }
}

var x;

x = FakeDB.listTables(function(data){
    // This is where data is accessible

});

// x==undefined because that's what the listTables function returns.

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