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Is Posthospital Syndrome a Result of Hospitalization-Induced Allostatic Overload?
J Hosp Med. Online Only. May 30, 2018. doi: 10.12788/jhm.2986
By: Deena S. Goldwater, MD, PhD, Kumar Dharmarajan, MD, MBA, Bruce S. McEwen, Phd, Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM
View all work by this author
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM, Harold H. Hines, Jr. Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Suite 200, New Haven CT 06510; Telephone: 203-764-5885; Fax: 203-764-5653; E-mail: harlan.krumholz@yale.edu
After discharge from the hospital, patients face a transient period of generalized susceptibility to disease as well as an elevated risk for adverse events, including hospital readmission and death. The term posthospital syndrome (PHS) has been used to describe this time of enhanced vulnerability. Based on data from bench to bedside, this narrative review examines the hypothesis that hospital-related allostatic overload is a plausible etiology of PHS. Resulting from extended exposure to stress, allostatic overload is a maladaptive state driven by overuse and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system that ultimately generates pathophysiologic consequences to multiple organ systems. Markers of allostatic overload, including elevated levels of cortisol, catecholamines, and inflammatory markers, have been associated with adverse outcomes after hospital discharge. Based on the evidence, we suggest a possible mechanism for postdischarge vulnerability, encourage critical contemplation of traditional hospital environments, and suggest interventions that might improve outcomes.
© 2018 Society of Hospital Medicine
After discharge from the hospital, patients have a significantly elevated risk for adverse events, including emergency department use, hospital readmission, and death. More than 1 in 3 patients discharged from the hospital require acute care in the month after hospital discharge, and more than 1 in 6 require readmission, with readmission diagnoses frequently differing from those of the preceding hospitalization.1-4 This heightened susceptibility to adverse events persists beyond 30 days but levels off by 7 weeks after discharge, suggesting that the period of increased risk is transient and dynamic.5
The term posthospital syndrome (PHS) describes this period of vulnerability to major adverse events following hospitalization.6 In addition to increased risk for readmission and mortality, patients in this period often show evidence of generalized dysfunction with new cognitive impairment, mobility disability, or functional decline.7-12 To date, the etiology of this vulnerability is neither well understood nor effectively addressed by transitional care interventions.13
One hypothesis to explain PHS is that stressors associated with the experience of hospitalization contribute to transient multisystem dysfunction that induces susceptibility to a broad range of medical maladies. These stressors include frequent sleep disruption, noxious sounds, painful stimuli, mobility restrictions, and poor nutrition.12 The stress hypothesis as a cause of PHS is therefore based, in large part, on evidence about allostasis and the deleterious effects of allostatic overload.
Allostasis defines a system functioning within normal stress-response parameters to promote adaptation and survival.14 In allostasis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) exist in homeostatic balance and respond to environmental stimuli within a range of healthy physiologic parameters. The hallmark of a system in allostasis is the ability to rapidly activate, then successfully deactivate, a stress response once the stressor (ie, threat) has resolved.14,15 To promote survival and potentiate "fight or flight" mechanisms, an appropriate stress response necessarily impacts multiple physiologic systems that result in hemodynamic augmentation and gluconeogenesis to support the anticipated action of large muscle groups, heightened vigilance and memory capabilities to improve rapid decision-making, and enhancement of innate and adaptive immune capabilities to prepare for wound repair and infection defense.14-16 The stress response is subsequently terminated by negative feedback mechanisms of glucocorticoids as well as a shift of the ANS from sympathetic to parasympathetic tone.17,18
Extended or repetitive stress exposure, however, leads to dysregulation of allostatic mechanisms responsible for stress adaptation and hinders an efficient and effective stress response. After extended stress exposure, baseline (ie, resting) HPA activity resets, causing a disruption of normal diurnal cortisol rhythm and an increase in total cortisol concentration. Moreover, in response to stress, HPA and ANS system excitation becomes impaired, and negative feedback properties are undermined.14,15 This maladaptive state, known as allostatic overload, disrupts the finely tuned mechanisms that are the foundation of mind-body balance and yields pathophysiologic consequences to multiple organ systems. Downstream ramifications of allostatic overload include cognitive deterioration, cardiovascular and immune system dysfunction, and functional decline.14,15,19
Although a stress response is an expected and necessary aspect of acute illness that promotes survival, the central thesis of this work is that additional environmental and social stressors inherent in hospitalization may unnecessarily compound stress and increase the risk of HPA axis dysfunction, allostatic overload, and subsequent multisystem dysfunction, predisposing individuals to adverse outcomes after hospital discharge. Based on data from both human subjects and animal models, we present a possible pathophysiologic mechanism for the postdischarge vulnerability of PHS, encourage critical contemplation of traditional hospitalization, and suggest interventions that might improve outcomes.
POSTHOSPITAL SYNDROME
Posthospital syndrome (PHS) describes a transient period of vulnerability after hospitalization during which patients are at elevated risk for adverse events from a broad range of conditions. In support of this characterization, epidemiologic data have demonstrated high rates of adverse outcomes following hospitalization. For example, data have shown that more than 1 in 6 older adults is readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge.20 Death is also common in this first month, during which rates of postdischarge mortality may exceed initial inpatient mortality.21,22 Elevated vulnerability after hospitalization is not restricted to older adults, as readmission risk among younger patients 18 to 64 years of age may be even higher for selected conditions, such as heart failure.3,23
Vulnerability after hospitalization is broad. In patients over age 65 initially admitted for heart failure or acute myocardial infarction, only 35% and 10% of readmissions are for recurrent heart failure or reinfarction, respectively.1 Nearly half of readmissions are for noncardiovascular causes.1 Similarly, following hospitalization for pneumonia, more than 60 percent of readmissions are for nonpulmonary etiologies. Moreover, the risk for all these causes of readmission is much higher than baseline risk, indicating an extended period of lack of resilience to many types of illness.24 These patterns of broad susceptibility also extend to younger adults hospitalized with common medical conditions.3
Accumulating evidence suggests that hospitalized patients face functional decline, debility, and risk for adverse events despite resolution of the presenting illness, implying perhaps that the hospital environment itself is hazardous to patients' health. In 1993, Creditor hypothesized that the "hazards of hospitalization," including enforced bed-rest, sensory deprivation, social isolation, and malnutrition lead to a "cascade of dependency" in which a collection of small insults to multiple organ systems precipitates loss of function and debility despite cure or resolution of presenting illness.12 Covinsky (2011) later defined hospitalization-associated disability as an iatrogenic hospital-related "disorder" characterized by new impairments in abilities to perform basic activities of daily living such as bathing, feeding, toileting, dressing, transferring, and walking at the time of hospital discharge.11 Others have described a postintensive-care syndrome (PICS),25 characterized by cognitive, psychiatric, and physical impairments acquired during hospitalization for critical illness that persist postdischarge and increase the long-term risk for adverse outcomes, including elevated mortality rates,26,27 readmission rates,28 and physical disabilities.29 Similar to the "hazards of hospitalization," PICS is thought to be related to common experiences of ICU stays, including mobility restriction, sensory deprivation, sleep disruption, sedation, malnutrition, and polypharmacy.30-33
Taken together, these data suggest that adverse health consequences attributable to hospitalization extend across the spectrum of age, presenting disease severity, and hospital treatment location. As detailed below, the PHS hypothesis is rooted in a mechanistic understanding of the role of exogenous stressors in producing physiologic dysregulation and subsequent adverse health effects across multiple organ systems.
Nature of Stress in the Hospital
Compounding the stress of acute illness, hospitalized patients are routinely and repetitively exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors that may have downstream adverse consequences (Table 1). In the absence of overt clinical manifestations of harm, the possible subclinical physiologic dysfunction generated by the following stress exposures may increase patients' susceptibility to the manifestations of PHS.
Sleep Disruption
Sleep disruptions trigger potent stress responses,34,35 yet they are common occurrences during hospitalization. In surveys, about half of patients report poor sleep quality during hospitalization that persists for many months after discharge.36 In a simulated hospital setting, test subjects exposed to typical hospital sounds (paging system, machine alarms, etc.) experienced significant sleep-wake cycle abnormalities.37 Although no work has yet focused specifically on the physiologic consequences of sleep disruption and stress in hospitalized patients, in healthy humans, mild sleep disruption has clear effects on allostasis by disrupting HPA activity, raising cortisol levels, diminishing parasympathetic tone, and impairing cognitive performance.18,34,35,38,39
Malnourishment
Malnourishment in hospitalized patients is common, with one-fifth of hospitalized patients receiving nothing per mouth or clear liquid diets for more than 3 continuous days,40 and one-fifth of hospitalized elderly patients receiving less than half of their calculated nutrition requirements.41 Although the relationship between food restriction, cortisol levels, and postdischarge outcomes has not been fully explored, in healthy humans, meal anticipation, meal withdrawal (withholding an expected meal), and self-reported dietary restraint are known to generate stress responses.42,43 Furthermore, malnourishment during hospitalization is associated with increased 90-day and 1-year mortality after discharge,44 adding malnourishment to the list of plausible components of hospital-related stress.
Mobility Restriction
Physical activity counterbalances stress responses and minimizes downstream consequences of allostatic load,15 yet mobility limitations via physical and chemical restraints are common in hospitalized patients, particularly among the elderly.45-47 Many patients are tethered to devices that make ambulation hazardous, such as urinary catheters and infusion pumps. Even without physical or chemical restraints or a limited mobility order, patients may be hesitant to leave the room so as not to miss transport to a diagnostic study or an unscheduled physician's visit. Indeed, mobility limitations of hospitalized patients increase the risk for adverse events after discharge, while interventions designed to encourage mobility are associated with improved postdischarge outcomes.47,48
Other Stressors
Other hospital-related aversive stimuli are less commonly quantified, but clearly exist. According to surveys of hospitalized patients, sources of emotional stress include social isolation; loss of autonomy and privacy; fear of serious illness; lack of control over activities of daily living; lack of clear communication between treatment team and patients; and death of a patient roommate.49,50 Furthermore, consider the physical discomfort and emotional distress of patients with urinary incontinence awaiting assistance for a diaper or bedding change or the pain of repetitive blood draws or other invasive testing. Although individualized, the subjective discomfort and emotional distress associated with these experiences undoubtedly contribute to the stress of hospitalization.
IMPACT OF ALLOSTATIC OVERLOAD ON PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION
Animal Models of Stress
Laboratory techniques reminiscent of the numerous environmental stressors associated with hospitalization have been used to reliably trigger allostatic overload in healthy young animals.51 These techniques include sequential exposure to aversive stimuli, including food and water deprivation, continuous overnight illumination, paired housing with known and unknown cagemates, mobility restriction, soiled cage conditions, and continuous noise. All of these techniques have been shown to cause HPA axis and ANS dysfunction, allostatic overload, and subsequent stress-mediated consequences to multiple organ systems.19,52-54 Given the remarkable similarity of these protocols to common experiences during hospitalization, animal models of stress may be useful in understanding the spectrum of maladaptive consequences experienced by patients within the hospital (Figure 1).
These animal models of stress have resulted in a number of instructive findings. For example, in rodents, extended stress exposure induces structural and functional remodeling of neuronal networks that precipitate learning and memory, working memory, and attention impairments.55-57 These exposures also result in cardiovascular abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, progressive atherosclerosis,58,59 and enhanced inflammatory cytokine expression,60 all of which increase both atherosclerotic burden and susceptibility to plaque rupture, leading to elevated risk for major cardiovascular adverse events. Moreover, these extended stress exposures in animals increase susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections and increase their severity.16,61 This outcome appears to be driven by a stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid levels, decreased leukocyte proliferation, altered leukocyte trafficking, and a transition to a proinflammatory cytokine environment.16, 61 Allostatic overload has also been shown to contribute to metabolic dysregulation involving insulin resistance, persistence of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, catabolism of lean muscle, and visceral adipose tissue deposition.62-64 In addition to cardiovascular, immune, and metabolic consequences of allostatic overload, the spectrum of physiologic dysfunction in animal models is broad and includes mood disorder symptoms,65 intestinal barrier abnormalities,66 airway reactivity exacerbation,67 and enhanced tumor growth.68
Although the majority of this research highlights the multisystem effects of variable stress exposure in healthy animals, preliminary evidence suggests that aged or diseased animals subjected to additional stressors display a heightened inflammatory cytokine response that contributes to exaggerated sickness behavior and greater and prolonged cognitive deficits.69 Future studies exploring the consequences of extended stress exposure in animals with existing disease or debility may therefore more closely simulate the experience of hospitalized patients and perhaps further our understanding of PHS.
Hospitalized Patients
While no intervention studies have examined the effects of potential hospital stressors on the development of allostatic overload, there is evidence from small studies that dysregulated stress responses during hospitalization are associated with adverse events. For example, high serum cortisol, catecholamine, and proinflammatory cytokine levels during hospitalization have individually been associated with the development of cognitive dysfunction,70-72 increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke in the year following discharge,73-76 and the development of wound infections after discharge.77 Moreover, elevated plasma glucose during admission for myocardial infarction in patients with or without diabetes has been associated with greater in-hospital and 1-year mortality,78 with a similar relationship seen between elevated plasma glucose and survival after admission for stroke79 and pneumonia.80 Furthermore, in addition to atherothrombosis, stress may contribute to the risk for venous thromboembolism,81 resulting in readmissions for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism posthospitalization. Although potentially surrogate markers of illness acuity, a handful of studies have shown that these stress biomarkers are actually only weakly correlated with,82 or independent of,72,76 disease severity. As discussed in detail below, future studies utilizing a summative measure of multisystem physiologic dysfunction as opposed to individual biomarkers may more accurately reflect the cumulative stress effects of hospitalization and subsequent risk for adverse events.
Elderly patients, in particular, may have heightened susceptibility to the consequences of allostatic overload due to common geriatric issues such as multimorbidity and frailty. Patients with chronic diseases display both baseline HPA axis abnormalities as well as dysregulated stress responses and may therefore be more vulnerable to hospitalization-related stress. For example, when subjected to psychosocial stress, patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, or atherosclerosis demonstrate elevated cortisol levels, increased circulating markers of inflammation, as well as prolonged hemodynamic recovery after stress resolution compared with normal controls.83-85 Additionally, frailty may affect an individual's susceptibility to exogenous stress. Indeed, frailty identified on hospital admission increases the risk for adverse outcomes during hospitalization and postdischarge.86 Although the specific etiology of this relationship is unclear, persons with frailty are known to have elevated levels of cortisol and other inflammatory markers,87,88 which may contribute to adverse outcomes in the face of additional stressors.
IMPLICATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
A large body of evidence stretching from bench to bedside suggests that environmental stressors associated with hospitalization are toxic. Understanding PHS within the context of hospital-induced allostatic overload presents a unifying theory for the interrelated multisystem dysfunction and increased susceptibility to adverse events that patients experience after discharge (Figure 2). Furthermore, it defines a potential pathophysiological mechanism for the cognitive impairment, elevated cardiovascular risk, immune system dysfunction, metabolic derangements, and functional decline associated with PHS. Additionally, this theory highlights environmental interventions to limit PHS development and suggests mechanisms to promote stress resilience. Although it is difficult to disentangle the consequences of the endogenous stress triggered by an acute illness from the exogenous stressors related to hospitalization, it is likely that the 2 simultaneous exposures compound risk for stress system dysregulation and allostatic overload. Moreover, hospitalized patients with preexisting HPA axis dysfunction at baseline from chronic disease or advancing age may be even more susceptible to these adverse outcomes. If this hypothesis is true, a reduction in PHS would require mitigation of the modifiable environmental stressors encountered by patients during hospitalization. Directed efforts to diminish ambient noise, limit nighttime disruptions, thoughtfully plan procedures, consider ongoing nutritional status, and promote opportunities for patients to exert some control over their environment may diminish the burden of extrinsic stressors encountered by all patients in the hospital and improve outcomes after discharge.
Hospitals are increasingly recognizing the importance of improving patients' experience of hospitalization by reducing exposure to potential toxicities. For example, many hospitals are now attempting to reduce sleep disturbances and sleep latency through reduced nighttime noise and light levels, fewer nighttime interruptions for vital signs checks and medication administration, and commonsensical interventions like massages, herbal teas, and warm milk prior to bedtime.89 Likewise, intensive care units are targeting environmental and physical stressors with a multifaceted approach to decrease sedative use, promote healthy sleep cycles, and encourage exercise and ambulation even in those patients who are mechanically ventilated.30 Another promising development has been the increase of Hospital at Home programs. In these programs, patients who meet the criteria for inpatient admission are instead comprehensively managed at home for their acute illness through a multidisciplinary effort between physicians, nurses, social workers, physical therapists, and others. Patients hospitalized at home report higher levels of satisfaction and have modest functional gains, improved health-related quality of life, and decreased risk of mortality at 6 months compared with hospitalized patients.90,91 With some admitting diagnoses (eg, heart failure), hospitalization at home may be associated with decreased readmission risk.92 Although not yet investigated on a physiologic level, perhaps the benefits of hospital at home are partially due to the dramatic difference in exposure to environmental stressors.
A tool that quantifies hospital-associated stress may help health providers appreciate the experience of patients and better target interventions to aspects of their structure and process that contribute to allostatic overload. Importantly, allostatic overload cannot be identified by one biomarker of stress but instead requires evidence of dysregulation across inflammatory, neuroendocrine, hormonal, and cardiometabolic systems. Future studies to address the burden of stress faced by hospitalized patients should consider a summative measure of multisystem dysregulation as opposed to isolated assessments of individual biomarkers. Allostatic load has previously been operationalized as the summation of a variety of hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic factors, including blood pressure, lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin, cortisol, catecholamine levels, and inflammatory markers.93 To develop a hospital-associated allostatic load index, models should ideally be adjusted for acute illness severity, patient-reported stress, and capacity for stress resilience. This tool could then be used to quantify hospitalization-related allostatic load and identify those at greatest risk for adverse events after discharge, as well as measure the effectiveness of strategic environmental interventions (Table 2). A natural first experiment may be a comparison of the allostatic load of hospitalized patients versus those hospitalized at home.
The risk of adverse outcomes after discharge is likely a function of the vulnerability of the patient and the degree to which the patient's healthcare team and social support network mitigates this vulnerability. That is, there is a risk that a person struggles in the postdischarge period and, in many circumstances, a strong healthcare team and social network can identify health problems early and prevent them from progressing to the point that they require hospitalization.13,94-96 There are also hospital occurrences, outside of allostatic load, that can lead to complications that lengthen the stay, weaken the patient, and directly contribute to subsequent vulnerability.94,97 Our contention is that the allostatic load of hospitalization, which may also vary by patient depending on the circumstances of hospitalization, is just one contributor, albeit potentially an important one, to vulnerability to medical problems after discharge.
In conclusion, a plausible etiology of PHS is the maladaptive mind-body consequences of common stressors during hospitalization that compound the stress of acute illness and produce allostatic overload. This stress-induced dysfunction potentially contributes to a spectrum of generalized disease susceptibility and risk of adverse outcomes after discharge. Focused efforts to diminish patient exposure to hospital-related stressors during and after hospitalization might diminish the presence or severity of PHS. Viewing PHS from this perspective enables the development of hypothesis-driven risk-prediction models, encourages critical contemplation of traditional hospitalization, and suggests that targeted environmental interventions may significantly reduce adverse outcomes.
Dr. Dharmarajan is Chief Scientific Officer for Clover Health, a Medicare Preferred Provider Organization. Drs. Dharmarajan and Krumholz work under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures that are publicly reported. Dr. Krumholz is a recipient of research grants, through Yale, from Medtronic and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing and from Medtronic and the Food and Drug Administration to develop methods for postmarket surveillance of medical devices; chairs a cardiac scientific advisory board for UnitedHealth; is a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the founder of Hugo, a personal health information platform.
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Yes, I know what you're thinking about ranchers not working alone in remote areas.
The article quotes John Wheeler, New Mexico's Secretary of Homeland Security, as saying "In addition to the operation, one of the keys is the amount of dissemination of information. Knowledge is power." How profound. Of course, they had just requested cell towers so they could provide and receive information. I'm sure these poor Luna Co. locals didn't realize what a powerful tool that was until Secretary Wheeler told them. After all, they didn't use the word "dissemination".


text: Q: Move a Keras/tensorflow model from Linux to Windows Suppose I have used keras (with tensorflow backend) on a Linux VM and have trained and saved that model on my Linux VM. Now I have a requirement to use that model on a Windows machine. Is there some way of exporting that model to some sort of cross-platform format so that I can use code on my Windows machine to import and save it for later use there?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm a big believer in public property and libraries.
I had mentioned libertarianism (not unkindly) in this blog, and it began building a debate. So i deleted the posts, I don't think this is the place and I take the blame and apologize for inviting it.


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What is expo 2020?
2020 Expo Pavilions
Mars Science City Project
Opportunity Pavilion
Mobility Pavilion
The Frame – Dubai
Sustainability Pavilion
Dubai Expo 2020 Masterplan
Deira Islands
Dubai Airport – AL Maktoum
Hyperloop interior
The collection of luxury cars
Downtown Dubai-Gallery
Worlds Most Expensive Yachts
Atlantis The Palm Dubai
Emirates Classic Car Festival
Expo 2015 Italy
Dubai Aereal View
Home / 2020 Expo Dubai / Dubai Creek Tower – Santiago Calatrava
Dubai Creek Tower – Santiago Calatrava
By Daria Ricchi
In 2020 Expo Dubai , Architecture , Dubai Expo 2020 Updates , Expo 2020 Dubai - News Feeds
Breaking the ground, breaking the records. Santiago Calatrava's tower DCH will soon become the tallest building in the world reaching 828 meters, and winning over his older neighbor Burj Khalifa, thus becoming the next new landmark in Dubai. The works just started and the tower will be complete before the opening of Expo2020.
The Spanish engineer and architect Calatrava whose bridges have become his signature in many cities, approached Dubai with a different project. "Throughout my career, I have used technology and engineering as a vehicle for beauty and art. This project is an artistic achievement," he declared. In fact, the tower will be a mix of techne and art, a mix of "elegance and beauty with mathematics and geometry," he added. Its skin repeats for 828 meters the weave of flowers. Its structure is the compromise of nature and history. It reminds the shape of a lily flower but also evokes the shape of a minaret, a distinctive architectural feature in Islamic culture.
The tower will be at the center of Dubai Creek Harbor as the acronym DCH explains, and its central Plaza will become a lively epicenter of Dubai's life, similar to that of Mediterranean piazzas or Arab souk. It will include retail space, a museum, educational facilities, and an indoor auditorium. Other spaces for events will be up the spine of the building.
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Daria Ricchi
Daria Ricchi is an architectural historian and writer. She is currently visiting fellow at Oxford University, UK.
She has a Ph.D. in history and theory of architecture from Princeton University. She has taught at Princeton University, Yale University, and Parson. The New School, New York.
She published widely in scholarly and non-scholarly magazines (area, casamica- il corriere della sera, Low-Res, Pidgin, Threshold, AA Files).
Expo 2020, Santiago Calatrava
Worlds Most Expensive Yachts Seen in Dubai
On July 4, 2018 | In 2020 Expo Dubai
The collection of luxury cars of the Sheikh of Dubai
On June 5, 2018 | In Galleries
On May 31, 2018 | In 2020 Expo Dubai
Updates & News (gulfnews.com)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Bestselling Novelist Preeti Shenoy has officially announced the release date of her Latest Novel "The Rule Breakers".The Book will be released on Sept 17, 2018. She has written 10 books and all her books have been popular among young readers. Life is what you make it" novel is the most inspiring books among peers even now.
Suraj - the cousin of Veda had a crush on her and Veda unknowingly started to like him but she didn't want to divert her concentration and focuses more on her dreams and thus avoided him.
Veda was forced for an arranged marriage by her parents and she got to say Yes. Forced to leave behind an idyllic life in the hill town of Joshimath—filled with conversations and pleasurable times with her siblings, and her best friend, the handsome Suraj—she puts aside her ambitions and moves into a flat in Pune with an indifferent husband and a mother-in-law from hell.
Life after marriage was hell for Veda and she couldn't accept the meaninglessness of her life and her existence..Will Veda Break the RULE of her life to find her meaning to her existence?
Read the Story to know How Veda brought back meaning to her existence and broke down the struggles she engulfed.
Studious, smart and sincere, Veda harbours big dreams for the future. But her parents arrange a marriage for her, and the twenty-year-old discovers that she has no say in the matter.
Also Read: The First Chapter of The Rule Breakers to know more about Veda.
The pdf version of this book "The Rule Breakers " By Preeti Shenoy will be soon available on our website. Our team will inform you by email when "The E-book of Preeti Shenoy"The Rule Breakers will be available. Then you can download free PDF Book from the link. You can download the Pdf of Preeti Shenoy's other Books Here for free.
Thus The Rule Breakers is an Inspirational Tale for those who find it difficult to stand up for what they want in life. Also, Preeti Shenoy brings together the most complex themes like women's equality, gender diversity, and inclusion, a path to find one's inner purpose in this tale.


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from FRI 3:00 PM PST until SAT 6:00 PM PST, Orange County Inland, Riverside County Mountains, San Bernardino County Mountains, San Bernardino and Riverside County Valleys-The Inland Empire, Santa Ana Mountains and Foothills
FBI top ten fugitive from Los Angeles found, killed in NC
FOX 11 Los Angeles
APEX, N.C. (FOX 46 CHARLOTTE) - A man who was listed on the FBI's top ten most wanted fugitive list was shot and killed after he was discovered hiding out in a North Carolina hotel on Wednesday, acording to authorities.
Greg Carlson was wanted in connection to multiple armed sexual assaults that took place in Los Angeles.
On Wednesday morning, the FBI and the Apex Police Department raided the Woodsrping Suites where they had been told Carlson's was hiding.
When they entered the room, Carlson was armed, and as authorities tried to take him into custody, he was shot and killed.
He was placed on the notorious list in September of 2018.
FOX 46 reported on this story from Charlotte, N.C.
Tioni Theus: Teen's dad recalls last moments with his daughter
Motorcyclist traveling at more than 130 mph dead after horrific crash in West Hills


If you think this is my weirdest draft position rankings yet, you're probably not alone. There are more than a few big names I have outside of my top 10. However, let me explain my process here. The players represented are the ones I can envision becoming starting quarterbacks in the NFL. Some of them scare me a bit (Derek Carr) or are long shots (Logan Thomas), but at the very least, I can see it happening. If a player didn't make my list they either have a damning trait (Jimmy Garopollo) or too many flaws (Zach Mettenberger) that led me to believe they won't last as starters.
What more do you want in a top quarterback prospect? Teddy Bridgewater has elite short to intermediate accuracy, touch, and pocket movement skills. He also comes with more than adequate arm strength and anticipation. The only areas where you can really knock Bridgewater are his frame and his ability to throw deep outside the numbers. Given his aptitude in protecting his body, and several quarterbacks proving arm strength can improve, those concerns seem overblown. The NFL doesn't seem to share this view, but Teddy Bridgewater is a fantastic quarterback prospect. He even shows plenty of athletic ability to make plays on the move, and outside of structure.
Bridgewater's savvy ability to maneuver the pocket and short to intermediate passing dominance is very reminiscent of Brees. Much like the Saints' quarterback, Bridgewater will make his offensive line look much better. Brees is also a smaller quarterback, but has lasted this long in the NFL because he is a master in the pocket. Bridgewater can do the same. Both players show the skills needed to overcome their lack of a cannon right arm.
According to reports, Bridgewater is destined to take a precipitous fall on draft day. In reality, he should be the first pick in the draft. If he tumbles, it shows that the NFL has an antiquated way of evaluating quarterbacks, or something more sinister is at play. At worst, Teddy will be a top-15 NFL quarterback. However, his baseline talent alone suggests he can be much more. Let him fall at your own peril, NFL general managers.
Perhaps one of the most polarizing prospects ever to enter the NFL. The evaluations on Johnny Manziel vary greatly. Some believe he has special ability, while others say he can't cut it as a pro quarterback. I find myself leaning more toward the former. It's hard to think of a player who can defy the odds on the field like Manziel. He has outstanding instincts, and improvisational ability. He also has very good arm strength and ball placement. If you draft him, you're betting that he can improve from the pocket, and within the standard structure of an offense.
Manziel is so unique that he requires a blend of quarterbacks to compile an accurate comparison. His improvisational skills can make him or break him, just like Romo. He possesses the innate ability to avoid defenders and make plays on the run like Wilson. He is just as capable of making a wow or head-scratching throw like Favre. Manziel is capable of being all of these players at their best, and at their worst.
Manziel comes into the league with a lot to learn, but also a lot to offer. He would be best off not forced into early action. If he does have to play right away, he could go a similar path to RGIII. If he lands with a creative coach, Manziel will take the league by storm his rookie year. Defensive coordinators will catch up, and he'll suffer through a "sophomore slump". Long-term, Manziel will harness his abilities and be a successful starter in the NFL.
"He just looks like a quarterback". Standing at 6'5 and 230 plus pounds, Blake Bortles fits the NFL's cookie cutter mold. Of course, there are other positives with this player. Bortles plays well in the pocket, goes through his progressions and has enough natural arm talent. Unfortunately, there are several issues as well. His mechanics desperately need fixing. Bortles leaves too many throws on the field due to his sloppy lower body mechanics. There are some aspects to like, but he is no sure thing.
If everything breaks right for Blake Bortles, he can be a player similar to the two-time Super Bowl winner. He has the build and movement skills to remind some of Roethlisberger. If he cleans up his flaws—like Big Ben has—Bortles can be something special. However, as a passer he is much more similar to another tall strapping quarterback in Matt Schaub. The former Texans' starter had a nice run, but was never a top ten quarterback. It's a safer bet Bortles ends up closer to that path.
If Bortles gets a little tweaking and refinement, he can be a very good starter. He doesn't have overwhelming physical ability, but he's no slouch there either. Much of his future depends on his landing spot. He's no slam-dunk to be a franchise quarterback.
The Tarheel's senior quarterback generated a bit of buzz before the 2013 season. Bryn Renner quickly fell off the map after sustaining a season ending injury. Playing in an ill-fitting spread style offense towards the end of his career didn't do him any favors either. Sometimes good players get lost in the process, and I believe that's what has happened to Renner. He's a strong pro style passer who's good at executing play action, and building off a running game. Renner plays at a fast pace, but in a very controlled manner. He throws with plenty of velocity and puts the ball where it needs to be. Best of all, Renner is a master in the pocket. He stands strong in the eye of the storm, eludes the pressure and reset to throw. The UNC product is capable of throwing off platform, and with bodies around him. His fearlessness and command of the field should be coveted in NFL circles.
When watching Renner fight through wave after wave of pressure in the South Carolina game, you can't help but be reminded of Andrew Luck. Just like the Colts' star, Renner seems oblivious to pressure and doesn't let it affect him as a passer. Both players can climb the pocket with bodies draped over them. Renner also has the quick release, and throws the same accurate and catchable ball as Kurt Warner. Much like the potential Hall of Famer, Renner might not play as great if the offense isn't well structured. But if you set things up right, he can help you make some magic.
Renner's age—24 years old—and injury situation will cause him to fall into the late rounds. However, of all quarterbacks who might rise from the ashes, Renner presents the best bet to surprise. He's a mature leader who is versed in multiple schemes, which will endear him to an NFL coaching staff. You might not hear from him for a few years, but if Renner lands in the right situation, he'll quickly rise up a depth chart. He has all the skills of a starting quarterback; he just needs a path to get there. Renner would look great in a classic drop back passing attack, behind a strong offensive line and running game—Minnesota with Norv Turner and Adrian Peterson, perhaps.
Once regarded with a higher status, the shine came off David Fales over the years. The longer he played, the more his arm strength concerns became apparent. There is no getting around that; Fales does have a weak arm. However, unlike other weak armed passers who went high in the draft—paging Andy Dalton—Fales does everything else well. He is an accurate passer, who excels at the mental aspect of the game. There are certain routes that Fales throws flat out perfectly. He can execute on the move, but isn't rattled when playing from the pocket.
Matt Hassleback ended up stringing together a more than respectable run as the Seahawks starter. Fales could have a similar career if he emerges as a leading man. Hassleback's accuracy and anticipation helped him succeed despite less than stellar physical tools. False shows the same ability to compensate. His task will be accepting his limitations and playing within them.
Fales might only ever develop into a strong backup option. His physical limitations put a ceiling on how far he can carry an organization. However, like his player comparison he is capable of taking a team on a run if surrounded with a strong supporting cast. We will see Fales' best if he goes to a west coast system, and spends several years mastering the verbiage before playing.
He's been touted as Johnny Manziel-lite, but Brett Smith is really good in his own right. He's another prospect who isn't bothered by pressure. Good thing too, because he faced a ton of it as the quarterback at Wyoming. Smith makes plays on the move, but doesn't bail on the design as quickly as Manziel. He doesn't have a ton of experience from the pocket, but his game seems like its translatable. Smith can throw down the field and doesn't lack confidence in his own ability. He needs work, but has a ton of tangible upside.
When Case Keenum first burst on to the scene it was easy to see why he is intriguing. He isn't superbly talented, but he didn't lack for confidence. Brett Smith plays with the same sort of aggression. There isn't a throw he believes he can't make. Smith is the type of passer who isn't timid and will throw it to his best players no matter what—the perfect relief pitcher. Stylistically he resembles a young Jeff Garcia. Nothing special about his arm but has nimble feet and playmaking ability.
Smith is another one who will fall through the cracks. He was already snubbed from the NFL Scouting Combine. He's the type of player, like Keenum, who can come off the bench and keep an offense viable. Perhaps if he gets some of the coaching he needs, he can be a starter.
They don't come more experienced than Aaron Murray. A torn ACL ended his senior season, but Murray spent several years before that starting for Georgia in the SEC. He is another player who isn't overwhelming physically, but does play to his strengths. Murray is an accurate passer and does well on the move. He isn't bothered by having to make a throw off platform, and shows enough arm strength to threaten the defense deep. Aaron Murray might not have the skill set of an NFL starter, but he can be a strong backup with developmental upside. It's not out of the question he excels in a system like the Saints run. Murray would fit nicely as a mistake free distributor at the quarterback position.
The former number one overall pick isn't an impressive physical specimen. However, he is accurate and is quite good as a runner. Murray displays the same type of mental acumen and toughness that Smith has developed. He is a bit more willing to throw downfield than Smith. A low-end starter of Smith's caliber is probably Murray's absolute ceiling.
The most likely scenario is that Murray ends up as someone's long-term backup. If the number one quarterback goes down for an extended period, he can more than hold his own. It'll take the right system, but Murray can have success in the NFL.
This is lower than you will find Derek Carr almost anywhere else. There are a lot of positives with this player. He has a great arm—maybe the best in this class. Carr can make any throw, and when he gets into a rhythm he can carve up a defense. He is a very talented passer who can succeed when everything is going well. That's the problem; not everything will go well at the next level. Carr shows an aversion to pressure. His offensive system does not highlight it often, but there are signs that he wilts in the pocket. Passers who are timid in the face of a pass rush just can't succeed in the NFL. Carr flashes those issues, and it is a very real problem. When bodies are around him, his short to intermediate accuracy really suffers, and it's not very good to begin with.
Carr is basically Matthew Stafford after taxes, and Stafford is far from a perfect player anyways. Both run too hot and cold, and abandon their fundamentals. To Carr's credit, he can sling the ball deep, and make the stick throws to wow you, just like Stafford. Unfortunately, Carr shows signs of being afraid of the rush, which destroyed Blaine Gabbert as a player. Evaluators missed this damning attribute when Gabbert came out because his offense at Missouri masked it. However, Carr's offense is structured the same way, and just like Gabbert the signs are there.
Carr scares me to death, and there's no way I'd take him in the first round. Because of his arm talent he might end up going there, and certainly won't last long in the second if not. Maybe in the right scheme his issues can be covered up, or perhaps the shades of Gabbert are a mirage. Behind a good offensive line, he might be able to sit back unafraid and just throw. Defensive coordinators are too smart in the NFL, and if he has Gabbert syndrome he just won't succeed.
He's not the second coming of Cam Newton, but that doesn't mean Logan Thomas should be a tight end. The Virginia Tech senior has some hideous tape. Sometimes it looks as if Thomas has never played quarterback in his entire life, and there is no denying that. But to say there is not clay here to mold is ridiculous. Thomas is massive, has a quality NFL level arm, and is an upper-tier athlete. What more are you looking for in a developmental quarterback? Thomas also doesn't look overwhelmed on the field, and doesn't drop his eyes against the rush. He also has the requisite short memory after a mistake that quarterbacks need. He just too often makes another one anyways. Remember, Thomas is still relatively new to the quarterback position, and his time to learn is not nearly up.
If you put Logan Thomas on an NFL field today it would be a disaster. He would probably look as bad as Josh Freeman did during his legendary Monday night embarrassment this year. Both players are big, strong, and have whips for right arms. Freeman and Thomas both struggle to read defense, and need a ton of work. Of course, Freeman has regressed to this point, where as Thomas is just starting out here.
It would be best if we don't hear from Logan Thomas for a couple years. He needs to sit behind a competent starter, and absorb the finer aspects of the position. If he follows that path Thomas will emerge ready to play down the line. Colin Kaepernick came out of Nevada with plenty of issues, and we've seen what time and a quarterback guru have done for him. If Thomas gets as lucky, he has a future playing Kaepernick's role.
He's under the radar for some, but there are plenty of smart people in Keith Wenning's corner. If you pop on his games you can see why. Wenning is a great deep ball passer. He doesn't have a rocket arm, but his posture and lower body mechanics let him thrive there. Wenning hits receivers in stride, and has excellent placement beyond 20 yards. He throws a great fade route, and puts a nearly flawless arc on his passes. The Ball State quarterback also shows several advanced attributes. He knows how to use his eyes to manipulate defenses, and is adept at scanning the whole field. It's really hard to find a major flaw with Wenning as an individual player, and you could argue he should be higher on this list.
Wenning won't be drafted until the later rounds. He probably won't sniff a starting job for a few years, and like Hoyer he might bounce around for a while. However, some coach is eventually going to see where Wenning wins, and wisely invest in him. When that time comes, some team is going to luck into a quality player. Maybe he never turns into a starter, but it's hard to envision him not sticking around as a perfect backup quarterback.


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On 29 June the Men of League Northern Sydney Committee held its first Manly-Warringah junior rugby league clubs & referees association members' awards night at the Manly Leagues Club with more than 115 people in attendance.
Earlier this week, Men of League was very grateful to receive a big cheque from northern Sydney club, Holy Cross Rhinos JRLFC.
Footballers, and the toughest ones too, are more prone to depression than most. Here we look at the issue through the eyes of those who have been victims.
Last week, Kangaroos coach Tim Sheens gave our Pull Your Socks Up competition winners, the Glenmore Park Brumbies 8-1s a private coaching clinic.
All roads led to the Michael Cronin Oval at Gerringong on Saturday, 13 July.
The Men of League Foundation has hailed its recent Pull Your Socks Up campaign as a great success, with the initiative raising more than $16,000.
We are very pleased to reveal the winner of our recent Pull Your Socks Up competition, which was held in conjunction with the Men of League Weekend.
The Men of League are fully committed to the Clontarf Foundation in their efforts to improve the education, discipline, self-esteem, life skills and employment prospects of young Aboriginal men.


text:
Q: Determine the slope and write the Cartesian equation of the line. Write the equation of the line by the origin of coordinates that has vector director of components (1,2)  determine the slope and write the Cartesian equation of the line.
My attempt:
Let $l$ a line such that pass for the origin.
Let $a$ a director vector of $l$. we know  as $a$ is a director vector of $l$ then the components $(1,2)$ are in the line.
We have two points of the line.
We know the general equation for the line is $Ax+By+C=0$
Here i'm stuck can someone help me?

A: Assuming that $(1,2)$ is a vector parallel to the line, the line has slope $\frac{2}{1} = 2$.
From this, we can deduce that the Cartesian equation of the line is
$$y = 2x + c$$
for some constant $c$. We cannot determine $c$ unless we are given more information (such as a particular point on the line).

A: I take it you want the line through the origin and $(1,2)$.  The equation is $y=2x$.  This is in slope-intercept form (slope $2$, $y$-intercept $0$).  The slope is $m=\dfrac {\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\dfrac{2-0}{1-0}=2$.

A: A directing vector of a line is a vector which is collinear to any vector formed by two points on this line.
Now take the point $O(0,0)$ which belongs to the line (as given) and any point $M(x, y) $ on this line. Thus the vector $OM$ is collinear to $(1,2)$; meaning that there exists a real number $k$ such that $OM=$k$a$.
Thus, by comparing their coordinates, we get: $x=k$ and $y=2k$, and thus $y=2x$ is the equation of this line (or $2x-y=0$).


text:
Home Politics Swachh Bharat: PM admits, it is possible only with popular support
Swachh Bharat: PM admits, it is possible only with popular support
Swachh Bharat is a flagship scheme launched by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, three years back and since then the government has made big claims praising the scheme but the ground reality in the clean–up mission so far is not encouraging. While it is a basic social obligation stressed by the saying 'Cleanliness is next to Godliness', the idea was reiterated by Mahatma Gandhi who said sanitation was more important than political freedom. That was picked up by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi who announced the programme from the ramparts of the Red Fort on 15th August, 2014. The fact remains that it is not a programme that can be accomplished by the efforts of the official machinery spending government funds without bringing about a mindset change and creating a sense of cleanliness among the people at large. The sincerity of purpose of the Prime Minister should of course, be lauded, but the goal can hardly be achieved without bringing an attitudinal change among masses and classes. It is a Herculean task for any government. Efforts can be made by the government, but it cannot be taken as a project or mission.
With the announcement, the people started showering praise on the Prime Minister and hundreds of programmes were taken up in which Ministers and government officials took brooms and started cleaning streets. These programmes were more of photo opportunities rather than any sincere attempt to achieve the cause. We have commented on these shows in these columns many a time in the past. Now the Prime Minister realized the fact and admitted that government could not achieve the motto without the participation of the people. On October 3, the Prime Minister was addressing a meeting organized on the third anniversary of the programme in New Delhi. Prime Minister sought popular participation to make the programme a success. It was an admission on his part when he said even a 1000 Gandhis and a lakh Modis would not succeed unless the mission is adopted by 125 crore Indians. Even speaking of hurdles and obstacles in the way he expressed his determination to take the programme forward.
He also asked the media and opposition parties not to criticize the programme. He said they could flay him on any subject but this one. The point being made here is not to find fault with the government, but to explain the ground reality. Besides making efforts to create awareness among the people, what the government can do is to make the civic and municipal bodies financially strong to concentrate on their main goal of cleaning the towns and cities. Ironically these elected municipalities and corporations are usually the cesspools of corruption. If the functioning of these bodies is up to the mark, at least 50 per cent of cleaning job of towns and cities can be achieved. The other 50 per cent depends on the civic sense of citizens who are the key players. The contrast between claims and deeds can be witnessed from the reported fact that the Municipal Corporation of Delhi was issued central government funds in 2014-15; no money has been given since then. Is it political rivalry or something else?
VIAS M K Siddiqui
Cleaning India
Dussera
Swach Bharat
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text:
Irms Pauli, de son vrai nom Irmgard Pauli, (née le  à Wernigerode, morte le  à Fulda) est une costumière allemande.

Biographie
Elle est la fille de l'avocat Oskar Pauli et de son épouse Margarete Hasert, la fille d'un avocat de Wernigerode. Elle suit des études de couture et intègre l'école de mode de Hambourg. En 1949, elle devient l'assistante de la costumière Erna Sander chez . En 1953, elle est costumière principale. Au cours des années 1950, elle travaille sur des comédies, des drames ou des films musicaux.

Dans les années 1960, elle travaille sur des films avec le docteur Mabuse, de nombreuses  ou de Karl May. Elle crée ainsi les costumes des personnages de Winnetou et d'Old Shatterhand interprétés par Pierre Brice et Lex Barker. Elle travaille aussi sur d'autres grandes productions comme Die Nibelungen ou Pour la conquête de Rome.

À partir de 1961, elle travaille également pour la télévision, sur des opérettes et des films historiques.

Filmographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Costumier allemand
Naissance en octobre 1926
Naissance à Wernigerode
Décès en juin 1988
Décès à Fulda
Décès à 61 ans
Mort dans un accident de la route en Allemagne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are so excited to launch our new company, Open-Editions, and to share the first of many artist-designed, factory-made goods!
Our first product is my "Thank You Tote"- developed in 2012 at the Workshop Residence and originally produced by their label (Thank you, Workshop!). I've been delighted and amazed at how the tote has taken off since my residency and I'm so proud of the object it's become. It's a joy to see people use their totes around town and I always love the reactions I get from cashiers when I take my own to the grocery store. It's also gratifying to hear customers say how much they enjoy giving the bag as a 'thank you' gift! As a full-time artist, I focus mostly on creating work for the gallery environment but I see the Thank You Tote as an extension of my practice and love the opportunity to author something with function that can exist so freely in the world.
Braden and I have been having fun producing our first batch of totes with the new Open-Editions label and we've been designing some new graphics and colorways to expand on the ones that already exist. We are also working to develop some new products that will serve as our in-house line to compliment the projects we commission and develop with artists in the future.
We are excited to roll out lots of new stuff over the next few months and can't wait to introduce you to some artists we like and some amazing manufacturers who bring everything we design to life.
Follow us on Instagram @openeditions to see what we are working on and join our mailing list to stay in touch!


Dr. Steven Capener is an associate professor of Korean Literature at Seoul Women's University in the Republic of Korea (ROK). He earned his BA from the University of Montana in Sport Science, and his MA and first PhD in Sport Philosophy from Seoul National University. He went on to complete another PhD in modern Korean literature from Yonsei University (ROK). He has been living in the ROK since the late 1980s. He worked for the International Division of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) from 1989-1992. Professor Capener was a member of the US National Taekwondo Team in 1986 and 1987. He won bronze medals in the 1986 1st World University Taekwondo Championships and the 8th World Taekwondo Championships as well as a gold medal in 1987 at the 10th Pan American Games. At his current position, he teaches Korean Literature, English Literature, and Literary Translation. He is a Kukkiwon 8th degree.
Dr. Wojchiech J. Cynarski is a full professor at the University of Rzeszow in Rzeszow, Poland. He is the Founder and President of Idokan Poland Association (IPA) and International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society (IMACSSS) since 1993, and the editor of the Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology since 2000, which is indexed in Scopus and other indexes. Since 2005, Professor Cynarski has been the Chair of Cultural Foundation for Physical Education, Tourism, and Recreation at University of Rzeszow. He is the current president of IMACSSS and of the IPA. He has published over 600 scientific works, including 15 books (monographs and manuals). His major scientific interests concern sociology of culture, tourism, and sport; philosophy; pedagogy; and martial arts. He is a high-ranking Karate black belt and an honorary black belt in Taekwondo.
Master Suzan Crochet is an 8th dan (ITF) and earned a BEd and an MSEd Degree in Physical Education (Perceptual Motor & Developmental Delays). She is a recently-retired public school educator (1980-2014) where she specialized in Special Needs Education. She is a highly-decorated competitor and coach, having earned multiple gold medals in International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) tournaments. She has earned certification at numerous international instructor courses and has umpired at international events. She is the President of the Phoenix Group (ITF INO#78). In addition, she is the ITF's Discipline and Reconciliation Committee chairperson.
Dr. Ron Dziwenka (Kukkiwon 7th dan) holds a PhD in East Asian Studies from the University of Arizona. He is also a 7th dan in Changmookwan Taekwondo. He has published several papers on martial arts philosophy and has presented his research at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress as well as at international conferences in the Republic of China, Republic of Korea (ROK), Canada, Mexico, and the USA. During his 12 years at Yonsei University in the ROK, he was a contributing member of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Research Society. He was an invited member of the WTF Scientific Research Committee (2015-2017). He is currently the Senior Study Abroad Advisor in the Center for International Education and an adjunct faculty member in the History Department at Salisbury University and an active member of the Society for the Study of Philosophy and the Martial Arts as well as the American Philosophical Society. He is a Co-founder and the President of iACT.
Dr. John A. Johnson (International Taekwon-Do Federation [ITF] 6th dan, Korea Hapkido Federation [KHF] 6th dan, Kukkiwon 4th dan) is an assistant professor at the Department of Taekwondo in Keimyung University (Daegu, Korea). He is one of only a handful of foreign Taekwondo professors ever in Korea and is the first ITF practitioner to hold that distinction. He earned his PhD from Kyung Hee University and is the executive director of the International Association for Taekwondo Research (IATR). Professor Johnson has presented his research on Taekwondo international relations, pedagogy, philosophy, and history in several countries including Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Mexico, Portugal, and the USA. In 2015, he taught Taekwondo Etiquette and Self-defense courses for the World Taekwondo Federation/Kyung Hee University Partnership Athlete, Coach, and Youth Programs. He was the International Relations Director for the KHF and organized Hapkido demonstrations at US military bases, including the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea. Dr. Johnson was an assistant producer of the Fight Quest – Hapkido television show that aired on the Discovery Channel. Over the years, he has taught ITF Taekwon-Do and Hapkido classes and/or workshops in Thailand, South Korea, and the US. He has lived in South Korea since 1999 and has spent 35 years studying Korean martial arts. He is a Co-founder and Vice President of iACT..
Dr. Greg Kailian earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from Boston University and a doctorate in International Education from the University of Southern California. He lived in the ROK for a decade starting in 1973 as a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer assigned to the Seoul National University College of Education. Considered among the most highly qualified and experienced non-Koreans in Taekwondo, he is certified as a Kukkiwon 9th dan, 1st Class Master Instructor, and 1st Class Poom/Dan Promotion Test Examiner, as well as a World Taekwondo "S" class international referee. Dr. Kailian is the author of Sport Taekwondo Referee Primer.
Dr. Young Sun Kim earned his PhD from Yonsei University (Republic of Korea). He has been a career researcher for Kukkiwon since the 1980s and has published numerous articles in the fields of Physical Education, History, and Philosophy. He is a Lecturer of Taekwondo Spirit and History for the World Taekwondo Academy at the Kukkiwon, the Primary Researcher of the 2015 Kukkiwon Taekwondo Spirit Development Project, and an editor and contributor of the 2013 and 2018 Kukkiwon Whitebooks on Taekwondo Education. Grandmaster Kim (8th dan Kukkiwon) is the Chief Instructor of the International Taekwondo Academy in Yonsei University, which he founded in 1987.
Grandmaster Herb Perez is a former US Olympian in Taekwondo and politician. He was a gold medalist in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. He competed at both the 1987 and 1991 World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) World Taekwondo Championships, winning the bronze medal each time. He also became the first American to beat Korea at the 1987 World Cup Championships in Helsinki, Finland to become the WTF World Champion. He starred as himself (with the nickname "Olympus") on the 1995-1997 martial arts TV series WMAC Masters. He also served as Chairman for the WTF Education Committee and Vice Chair of the WTF Technical Committee along with Dr. Steven Capener. Together they created and implemented the multi-tiered scoring system in place today along with the video review protocol. Master Perez became a prominent critic of electronic scoring in the 2016 Summer Olympic Taekwondo competition. Outside of Taekwondo, he was a City Councilman and Mayor for Foster City, CA. Master Perez is now the Vice Mayor of Foster City, CA.
Dr. Franjo Prot is a World Taekwondo Europe (WTE) Council Member and Vice President of the Croatian Taekwondo Federation. He is a full tenured professor at the University of Zagreb, now affiliated with the Science and Research Centre of Koper, Slovenia. Dr. Prot's scientific work can be divided in four main disciplines: kinesiology, data analysis, psychology, and biological anthropology. He has presented and published his contributions since 1981. He is an active member of various national and international scientific and professional associations. He has been President of the Program Committee of the 3rd to 7th International Conference on Kinesiology, organized by the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Zagreb. He was a member of the Program Committee of the International Scientific and Expert Symposium "Child in Motion," organized by the Faculty of Education at the University of Ljubljana and Faculty of Education and Applied Kinesiology in the University of Primorska, Koper. He is a regularly invited speaker and lecturer at the Postgraduate Studies Department at the University of Zagreb and Ljubljana. Dr. Prot is a former national team competitor (2nd World Taekwondo Federation World Championships in Seoul in 1975, European Championships in Stuttgart in 1975, and European Championships in Rotterdam in 1976), and is an active sports official (4-term Croatian Taekwondo Federation President) and National Team Leader for Taekwondo sport events. Since 1986, Dr. Prot has continuously headed most of the national teams participating in official international Taekwondo events, namely the World Taekwondo Championships, World Taekwondo Cups, European Taekwondo Championships, FISU Universiades, and University World Taekwondo Championships. Under his leadership, the Croatian Taekwondo competitors have won numerous World and European medals and titles; among them two bronze medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, one bronze medal in the 2012 London Olympic Games, and four medals in the 2015 European Games. For the Universiade 2019 at Napoli, Italy, he is the World Taekwondo technical delegate (TD) for the Taekwondo event.
Dr. Hyeongseok Song (Kukkiwon 4th dan) has been a Professor at the Department of Taekwondo, Keimyung University in Daegu, Korea since 1999. He earned his PhD in 1995 at the Deutsche Sporthochschule zu in Koeln, Germany. He is now the President of the Korean Society for the Philosophy of Sport, Dance, and Martial Arts, the Vice President of the Society of Korean Sport Philosophy, and the Chairperson of the Korea Taekwondo Center in Keimyung University. His research interests are in historical and philosophical problems of Taekwondo and sport from a humanistic perspective, and he has published extensively in these fields. Professor Song has contributed to several articles to international journals and presented at numerous academic conferences worldwide on Taekwondo.
Dr. George Vitale (International Taekwon-Do Federation [ITF] 8th dan) started training in Taekwon-Do as a martial art in the early 1970s. Currently, he is only the seventh American-born practitioner to achieve the level of 8th dan in ITF Taekwon-Do. He spent 24 years with the New York State Police and now draws upon that investigative training and experience to aid in researching the history of Taekwon-Do. Among his four undergraduate degrees is a BA in History, and he has earned an MA from the City University of New York (CUNY). After attending CUNY's Graduate School and University Center's Doctoral Program for two years, he enrolled in an international program administered in part through the Pyongyang government in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). In 2011, he earned his doctorate from their State Commission on Academic Degrees and Titles, becoming the first American to do so. His training, studies, and research have led him to over 70 countries around their world, often teaching during his extensive travels. Dr. Vitale's utilization of Taekwon-Do as a tool of soft diplomacy has resulted in a long-term active engagement with the people of the DPRK to establish peace between the ROK and DPRK. His various activities toward this goal lead to his membership in the National Committee on North Korea in Washington, D.C. He continues to present and publish research articles on Taekwon-Do. His work has earned him recognition from numerous organizations, as well as appreciation not only from the US government but also from the governments of both the ROK and the DPRK.
Sanko Lewis has lived in Seoul, South Korea for over a decade and is an assistant professor at Sahmyook University where he teaches literature. He completed his PhD at Kyunghee University, with a research focus in martial arts and East Asian philosophy and received an award of excellence from the Graduate School of Physical Education for his PhD dissertation: "Preaching Peace, Practising War: Mohism's Resolution of the Paradoxical Ethics of War and Self-Defence in East Asian Martial Arts." He has given several interviews and presentations for Korean media about his life in Korea and about Taekwondo and martial arts philosophy. He is also is a regular contributor to martial arts magazines and his blog that focuses on techno-philosophical topics in ITF Taekwon-Do is well regarded in the ITF community. Dr. Lewis has also been an executive member in various positions in the national governing bodies for ITF Taekwon-Do in his home country of South Africa. He practices several martial arts and teaches ITF Taekwon-Do in Seoul, Korea.
Dr. Joseph Lynch earned his PhD in Philosophy at the Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, CA in 1992. Since 2010, he has been a professor of Philosophy at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA. Among other courses, he has taught Philosophical Classics, Ethics, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Cognitive Science, Asian Philosophy, and Buddhism. He is the Chief Editor and Publisher of the philosophical journal Between the Species and a Fellow of Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Fall 2008 to the Present. His academic areas of specialization are Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Religion, and Philosophy and the Martial Arts. Dr. Lynch is also the Founder and Director of the Society for the Study of Philosophy and the Martial Arts.
Dr. Udo Moenig was born in Peißenberg, which is near Munich, Germany. As a young man, he studied various martial arts and began Taekwondo in 1979. During the 1980s, he was a member of the German national Taekwondo team and trained professionally for four years as a member of the German national military team, headquartered at the Sportschule in Sonthofen. In 1988, after finishing his military service, he traveled extensively in Asia and, in 1990, settled for further studies and training in Korea. After earning his BA in Asian Studies from the University of Maryland, he engaged in three terms of North Korean Studies from the Graduate School for North Korean Studies. He then earned his MA and PhD degrees in Physical Education from Keimyung University (ROK) with concentrations in Taekwondo, History, and Philosophy. In 2005, Professor Moenig was appointed by the Youngsan University Department of Taekwondo in Youngsan, ROK as the first foreigner in Korea to teach Taekwondo at the university level. He has researched, lectured, and published extensively in the field of Asian Studies, martial arts, and sports. He has authored (or co-authored) a variety articles about Taekwondo and martial arts that have been published in various journals. His latest publication is a groundbreaking work titled Taekwondo: From a Martial Art to a Martial Sport (London: Routledge, 2015).
Dr. Allan Back is a professor of Philosophy at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania. He received his BA in philosophy (Phi Beta Kappa) from Reed College, and his PhD in Philosophy is from the University of Texas at Austin. He has studied Taekwondo and Hapkido for many years. He has written many articles and three books with the late Dr. Daeshik Kim on the martial arts and now continues to do so by himself. He has also published widely in such areas as the history and philosophy of logic, ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, comparative philosophy, and philosophy of sport. His first book received a prize from VG-Wort. In 1999, he was awarded a Forschungspreis from the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (Senior Humboldt Research Prize) for his research Senior Humboldt Research Prize) and has been occasionally in residence at the University of Freiburg. Professor Bäck has also taken an American Philosophical Association Fellowship for the Institute for Advanced Studies at Edinburgh University in Scotland in recognition of his scholarly work. Kutztown University has given him the Chambliss Research Lifetime Achievement Award for his research and the Wiesenberger Award for Excellence in Teaching.
Dr. Tobias Winright was formerly a law enforcement officer (initially corrections, then some reserve policing, and as an academy ethics instructor) and a lay ecclesial minister (in campus, parish, and youth ministry). Now, Dr. Winright is currently the Hubert Mäder Endowed Associate Professor in Health Care Ethics and an Associate Professor of Theological Ethics at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri. He has a PhD in Christian Ethics/Moral Theology from the University of Notre Dame, an MDiv. from Duke University Divinity School, a BA in Political Science from the University of South Florida-St. Petersburg, and an AA is from St. Petersburg Junior College. He has coauthored, edited, and coedited five books, and has authored numerous journal articles and book chapters on theological ethics and just war, pacifism, just policing, capital punishment, ecology, and bioethics. He is currently writing a book on Just and Unjust Policing and another book on gun rights and regulations, as well as editing the T&T Clark Companion to Christian Ethics, which contains over 50 essays by international contributors on a wide variety of ethical topics. He is an Associate Editor for Health Care Ethics USA, was coeditor of the Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics from 2012 to 2017, and from 2010 to 2015 he was book review editor for the international journal Political Theology. He practices Taekwondo at Arch Taekwondo with Master Patrick Thimangu in St. Louis, Missouri.