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Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).

Taiji or tai chi () is a Chinese cosmological term for the "Supreme Ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be compared with the old wuji (, "without pole"). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy which this universe was created from is known as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things. Included among these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine, and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (tai chi ch'üan) and qigong (ch'i kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term "dualistic-monism" or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts. According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light).  Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu ( 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.

Linguistic aspects
These Chinese terms yīn  "dark side" and yáng  "white side" are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters

The Chinese characters  and  for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component "mound; hill" radical (graphical variant of ) with the phonetic components jīn  (and the added semantic component yún  "pictographic: cloud") and yáng . In the latter, yáng  "bright" features  "sun" +  +  "The rays of the sun".

Pronunciations and etymologies
The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of  is usually the level first tone yīn "shady; cloudy" or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn "to shelter; shade" while  "sunny" is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn  and yáng :
 ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)
 ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)
 ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)
 ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)
 im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC "overcast; cloudy", Adi muk-jum "shade", and Lepcha so'yǔm "shade"; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ  "dim; gloomy" and qīn < *khəm  "blanket".Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ "reflecting light", Burmese laŋB "be bright" and ə-laŋB "light"; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ  "prosperous; bright" (compare areal words like Tai plaŋA1 "bright" & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes  bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ "bright"; however Schuessler reconstructs  bǐngs Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides  liàng < *raŋh  shuǎng < *sraŋʔ "twilight (of dawn)"; míng < *mraŋ  "bright, become light, enlighten"; owing to "the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function".

Meanings
Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis's ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.
Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous
Yang 陽 or 阳 — Bound morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river

The compound yinyang  means "yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc."

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin  "shady side (of a mountain)" and yang  "sunny side (of a mountain)" with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac "shady side of a mountain" and adret "sunny side of a mountain" (which are of French origin).

Toponymy
Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang "sunny side" and a few contain yin "shady side". In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the "south side of a hill" in Hengyang , which is south of Mount Heng  in Hunan province, and to the "north bank of a river" in Luoyang , which is located north of the Luo River  in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to "north side of a hill" in Huayin , which is north of Mount Hua  in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San'in region  from the south-side San'yō region , separated by the Chūgoku Mountains .

Loanwords
English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:
yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]
a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.
b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a 'seed' of the other.
yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]
a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.
b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded "yin and yang" usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang, 1850 for yin-yang, and 1959 for yang-yin.

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as  (lit. "foreign silver") "silver coin/dollar", but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *. While yang and yin can occur together in context, yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term "irreversible binomial" refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).

Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B. For example, tiandi  "heaven and earth" and nannü  "men and women". Yinyang meaning "dark and light; female and male; moon and sun", is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including "linguistic convenience" (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that "proto-Chinese society was matriarchal", or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was "purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions".

History
Joseph Needham discusses yin and yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: "lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first."

He then discusses Zou Yan (; 305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes "There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time."

Nature
Yin and yang is a concept originated in ancient Chinese philosophy that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.

In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42. It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more.

Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.

Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the skyan intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. The growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness.

The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season. In summer it seeks to procure healthier leaves, whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring. Where it's gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. Creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.

Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:
 The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
 Illness is the doorway to health.
 Tragedy turns to comedy.
 Disasters turn out to be blessings.

Modern usage

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. Other color arrangements have included the white of yang being replaced by red. The taijitu is sometimes accompanied by other shapes.

The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the "sunny place' or "south slope") is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destruction, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sun, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creation, and daytime.

Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.  If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy, yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken () and yang is solid (). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ) or more yin (e.g. ) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g.,  is heavily yang, while  is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g.  and ). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally "Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate"). The term is commonly used to mean the simple "divided circle" form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.

T'ai chi ch'uan

T'ai chi ch'uan or Taijiquan (), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:

See also

 Dualistic cosmology
 Shatkona
 Dialectic
 Ayin and Yesh
 Enantiodromia
 Flag of Mongolia
 Flag of South Korea
 Flag of Tibet
 Fu Xi
 Gankyil
 Huangdi Neijing
 Ometeotl
 Onmyōdō
 T'ai chi ch'uan
 Taegeuk
 Tomoe
 Zhuangzi

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

 Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
 Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
 "Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang", by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)

Chinese martial arts terminology
Chinese philosophy
Chinese words and phrases
Dichotomies
Dualism in cosmology
Religious symbols
Symbols
Tai chi
Taoist cosmology
Traditional Chinese medicine


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Q: wget download javascript link I'm writing a script to mirror certain pages of a website. Some of the pages include a javascript popup links with pages that need to be mirrored. For example, many of the pages that are being downloaded include links such as the following:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Baldwin: Fort Lewis, WA; Fall, 2005.
Yancy Baldwin was in the 158 with the rest of the Oklahoma Boys in Iraq in 2006. He was stationed at Camp Liberty and served as a squad leader taking a crew out into Baghdad each day. His fantasy football career started in the MGL in 2010. After Josh Hastings left the OIL to commish the MGL full-time, Yancy took his place. Yancy joined the OIL in 2011 and finished in fourth place both of his first two seasons. 2013 was rough for him, and he didn't make the playoffs. Instead, he finished in seventh place, just out of the playoffs.
In 2014, each team in the OIL had their uniforms mocked up by Andrew Krause Design. After a redesign for Dead Again, it was clear that not much distinguished that franchise from Baldwin's Reapers. They each shared a common theme (death) and a common color scheme (silver and black). Commissioner Cliburn asked Baldwin if he was willing to rebrand his franchise as the Roughnecks, and he agreed. The result is a completely new identity that stands out among the franchises of the OIL.


a) Tuscola County Economic Development Corp.
i) Notice of Public Hearing regarding further amendments to the township's zoning ordinance that pertain to wind energy conversion systems and special land use permit process.
Wassa/Hall motioned to approve the minutes from the October 1, 2012 council meeting; all in favor, motion carried.
Wassa/Gehrls motioned to approve the minutes from the October 4, 2012 and October 8, 2012 Police Committee meetings; all in favor, motion carried.
F. Young asked about the police meeting.
Fire – seven fire runs for the month of October. D. Young discussed October fire runs. Fire Prevention Week – took engines to Elementary School K-2. Two people are in Fire Fighter 1 training, books will change next year and it is approximately $500 for the class. Halloween went well.
Police – More resumes have been received.
DPW – D. Englehart stated the subdivision sewer station went down and board had to be replaced. Old board is being repaired so that a spare will be on hand. Leaf pickup is going well but winding down, average year, about 9 – 12 loads total. Requested permission to purchase a used hot-water pressure washer that is 3 years old for $1,700. It would save on degreasers and not have to be replaced as often as cold water pumps we've been using. Same pressure washer new would be $4,500, so there is a $2,800 cost savings over purchasing it new.
Hall/Wassa motioned to purchase the used hot-water pressure washer for $1,700; all in favor, motion carried.
Clerk's Items – The parliamentary procedure class was very informative. Copies of basic parliamentary quick reference guide were distributed to the council. Confirmed that the Fire Department will direct traffic at the road closures for the County-Wide Veteran's Parade on Sunday, November 11, 2012, beginning at 4:00 p.m. Clerk's office will be closed Friday, November 23, 2012, for the Thanksgiving holiday.
Request received from the Tuscola Economic Development Corp. for a partnership contribution of $800 for 2012-13.
Hall/Wassa motioned to give them $650 as currently budgeted and to consider raising the amount to $800 for our next budget; all in favor, motion carried.
Re-notice of Public Hearing from the Fairgrove Township Planning Commission on Thursday, November 8, 2012, at 7:00 p.m. in the Multi-Purpose Room at the Akron-Fairgrove Jr./Sr. High School, 2800 N. Thomas, Fairgrove, MI 48733, for the purpose of hearing comments regarding further amendments to the Township's zoning ordinance that pertains to wind energy conversion systems and the special land use permit process.
Asbestos Inspection in old school – D. Young knows of a company that encapsulates asbestos and will advise. B. Phelps said if he is elected to council he is willing to continue researching this. Otherwise, no new information available at this time—postponed until December 2012 council meeting.
MDOT Performance Resolution – form needed to authorize D. Englehart and M. Couture to submit road closure permit applications to the State of Michigan on behalf of the village.
Hall/Gehrls motioned to approve authorization of D. Englehart and M. Couture on the MDOT Performance Resolution; all in favor, motion carried.
Discussion held regarding renewing the Michigan Bean Festival's (MBF) building lease for a period of three years beginning January 1, 2013 and ending December 31, 2015.
Hall/Gehrls motioned to approve renewing the Michigan Bean Festival's building lease as written; all in favor, motion carried.
L. Haubenstricker spoke on behalf of the MBF and stated that they need to change dead bolts on doors of MBF building because they have been tampered with.
Hall/Gehrls motioned to allow MBF to change the locks in order to secure the building; all in favor, motion carried.
Discussion held regarding replacing the roof on the MBF building in the future. $20,000 estimate for asphalt roofing, metal may not be possible due to spacing of roof trusses–check with C. Childs for more information. MBF Committee heard that utilities were higher than usual during the festival this year and would like to pay the village for the difference, if significant. Clerk to check records to compare utility bills but does not believe the amount to be significant. MBF committee is looking for ideas on where to place approximately one dozen 3'x5' banners that recognize major sponsors so that they are more visible during the festival.
B. Bean requested permission to allocate a few handicap parking spaces and have signs put up near the MBF building for bingo during the festival. D. Englehart stated that would be no problem and signs could be put up.
Hall/Gehrls motioned to grant permission to the Michigan Bean Festival committee to use the village hall for their meetings the 3rd Sunday of each month and to provide them with a key, if needed; all in favor, motion carried.
J. Gehrls would like the Fire Department to consider having an open house/appreciation event so that the citizens can look at the new fire truck and see the results of their financial support. Also, Gehrls stated that our Fire Department is one of best quality, yet one of the lowest paid in the area (minimum wage) and would like council to consider giving raises.
Wassa/Hall motioned to approve October disbursements totaling $14,265.15; all in favor, motion carried.


Keratins are part of a large group of proteins known as intermediate filaments, which, together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cell cytoskeleton. Keratins are widely expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, to which they confer mechanical resilience. Keratins are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and, accordingly, often demarcate pathways of embryonic development and cell differentiation. For example, keratins 8 and 18 are the only keratins detectable in preimplantation blastocyst; in the epidermis, keratins 5 and 14 are expressed in proliferating basal cells, whereas keratins 1 and 10 are the major keratins produced in more differentiated suprabasal cells.
and sequencing of various keratin genes are given in Table 1. An exhaustive list of keratin mutations can be obtained at http://www.interfil.org.
Keratins can be classified according to their isoelectric point and amino acid sequence (e.g., basic or type I, and acidic or type II), their major site of expression (e.g., epithelial keratins and hair keratins), or, their cysteine content (e.g., hard and soft keratins).
As for all other intermediate filaments, keratins are organized into two nonhelical end domains of varying sequence, flanking a central a-helical rod segment (Fig. 1). The sequences found at both ends of the rod segment are remarkably conserved across species and keratin types. They are known as the helix initiation motif (HIM) and the helix termination motif (HTM).


Welcome New Member - Pretty Lake Golf Club. Located at 10055 Pretty Lake Trail in Plymouth. Pretty Lake Golf Club is 18 holes of championship golf. The facility includes The Sandtrap restaurant, pool, tennis courts and extravagant views of Pretty Lake. Contact them at 574-935-3705.


text:
Niezależność od alternatyw niezwiązanych (, IIA) – w teorii wyboru społecznego, cecha metod głosowania, która opisuje czy wybór zwycięskiej alternatywy jest niezależny od niezwiązanych z nią zmian poparcia wśród innych opcji.

Historia
Możliwość wpływu nieadekwatnych zmian preferencji na wynik głosowania w kontekście krytyki metody Bordy zauważył już Condorcet, mimochodem w Essai sur l'application de l'analyse à la probabilité des décisions rendues à la pluralité des voix z 1785, i w Essai sur la Constitution et les fonctions des Assemblées provinciales z 1788. Zagadnienie poruszył wprost także Daunou w polemice m.in. z Laplacem z 1803 – w okresie gdy na życzenie Napoleona francuskie instytucje rezygnowały ze stosowania metody Bordy. Te argumenty pozostały, w ocenie McLeana, praktycznie przeoczone przez następne półtorej wieku. Kryterium wykorzystano ponownie m.in. w tekstach Huntingtona z 1938 i – w nieco odmiennym znaczeniu – Nasha z 1950. Jego współczesną nazwę, i sens najczęściej przyjmowany w teorii wyboru społecznego, wprowadziła praca Social Choice and Individual Values Arrowa z 1951. Subtelne różnice między wersją Nasha i Arrowa były okazjonalnie powodem konfuzji.

Opis formalny
Zgodnie z notacją Hamana, funkcja wyboru społecznego  spełnia kryterium IIA wtedy i tylko wtedy, gdy dla dwóch profili preferencji  i  relacji preferencji  oraz dla dowolnego zbioru alternatyw :

To kryterium podobne do słabego aksjomatu ujawnionych preferencji (WARP) w postaci używanej w teorii wyboru społecznego. IIA dotyczy nieadekwatnych zmian indywidualnego poparcia, a WARP nieadekwatnych zmian puli rozważanych alternatyw, co ceteris paribus w obu przypadkach nie powinno wpływać na wyniki głosowania.

Przypisy

Ordynacje wyborcze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lake visitors should take caution of high water during holiday weekend
by: Karen Ricketts
Posted: May 25, 2019 / 12:00 PM UTC / Updated: May 25, 2019 / 12:00 PM UTC
ASHDOWN, Ark. – Dierks Lake is experiencing high water causing 51 campsites to be closed.
As the water recedes, some campsites and camping loops will remain closed to allow for flood damage repairs and to clean up the sites.
Campgrounds and facilities that will be affected at Dierks Lake are as follows: Jefferson Ridge Loop 1, Loop 2, and all swim beaches.
We would like to apologize for any inconvenience this causes our visitors.
Water levels are higher than normal at Dierks, De Queen, Gillham, and Millwood lakes so please be aware of floating debris and submerged objects. Wear your life jacket and watch out for others when boating. You might be doing everything right, but another boater who is not paying attention could put you and those with you in serious danger.
For more information about recreational activities at our parks please visit our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/littlerockusace, our webpage at http://www.swl.usace.army.mil/ or call the Army Corps of Engineers Millwood Office between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. weekdays at 1-870-898-3343.
More State News Stories
Jordan Johnston named interim head football coach at Jacksonville High
JACKSONVILLE, Ark. - An interim head football coach has been named for Jacksonville High School.
Jordan Johnston has been selected to lead the Jacksonvillle Titans in the upcoming season.
Weakened Barry still poses flood, tornado risks for parts of the South
NEW ORLEANS (AP) — Even though Tropical Depression Barry did not unleash catastrophic flooding in Louisiana, many across the Gulf Coast were urged to take heed of tornado and flash-flood warnings Monday as the storm moved north.
Barry was downgraded from a tropical storm on Sunday afternoon but continued to pose a threat. Much of Louisiana and Mississippi were under flash-flood watches, as were parts of Arkansas, eastern Texas, western Tennessee and southeastern Missouri.
Woman dies after crashing car at Bella Vista Country Club
BELLA VISTA, Ark. (KNWA) — A 62-year-old woman died on Sunday after suffering a possible medical emergency that caused her to wreck her vehicle onto the Bella Vista Country Club Golf Course, according to the city's communications director.
Charmane Richman was pronounced dead in her vehicle when EMS arrived on the scene.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;

namespace Surging.Core.CPlatform.Ioc
{
    public abstract class BaseRepository
    {
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Meet and talk to locals at the bus stations while traveling from Paris to Strasbourg.There is no better way to get inside travel information while exploring a new city than to go straight to its people.
Much more than a mere vehicle taking you from Paris to Strasbourg, riding the bus will expose you to some of most stunning panoramas while enroute to your final bus stop.
Taking the bus creates the smallest carbon footprint compared to other modes of transport. Not to mention that buses will allow you to discover scenic gems from Paris to Strasbourg that are otherwise impossible to come by with a plane.
Create your own real life musical score by curating a personalized bus travel playlist - the perfect accompaniment to your bus ride from Paris to Strasbourg.
If you are looking for the return bus journey, take a look at buses from Strasbourg to Paris.


The Kingston HyperX Impact 32GB (2x 16GB) DDR4 3200MHz RAM set recorded on Amazon USA priced at $230.46 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
These DDR4 SODIMM sticks should be excellent for laptops & miniPCs such as the Intel NUC, Gigabyte Brix, MSI Cubi, etc.
The Yamaha Aventage RX-A3060 Network AV Receiver and Yamaha PRO-300 Black Headphones Bundle recorded on Amazon priced at $1575.78 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
Like its predecessor, the RX-A3050, The RX-A3060 is a beast, and comes highly recommended by AV professionals.
Oozes with power, wired and wireless connectivity, and support for the latest formats such as Dolby Atmos and 4K upscaling - this AV Receiver should be on many audiophiles' list.
The price may seem steep, but it's a bargain (usually sold above $1900). The Aventage RX-A3060 delivers in spades. You will not be disappointed.
And you get a nice bonus - the Yamaha PRO-300 headphones.
You can read a review of the RX-A3060 on WhatHiFi.
The Corsair Flash Voyager GTX 512GB USB3.1 Flash Drive recorded on Amazon priced at $129.99 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
Read & write speeds up to 440 MB/s.
Considered one of the best you can get for this form-factor.
Any self-respecting computer tech guy should have his sights on this one.
The Sony a7S mark II Full-frame Mirrorless Camera with Video Bundle recorded on Amazon priced at $1998.00 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
Great camera for shooting UHD video, especially in low light with its full-sensor readout and large pixels.
Wow!! Worth it. You just need a good lens, or you're almost done.
The 1TB Samsung T5 portable external SSD storage recorded on Amazon priced at $175.08 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
The T5 has a USB3.1 Gen2 port (via USB Type-C) with speeds up to 540MB/s.
The shell is made of Aluminum, and the device can sustain drops from up to 2 meters high.
The 1TB Crucial MX500 2.5" SATA3 SSD recorded on Amazon USA priced at $115.99 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
Nice solid SSD drive, now at an attractive price point.
The 1TB WD SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD recorded on Amazon priced at $142.99 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
There's a WD Blue 3D NAND SSD (BiCS 64-layer 3D TLC flash) with the Marvell 88SS1074 SSD controller inside, in case you were wondering. Acting as a SATA to USB3.1 Gen2 bridge is the ASMedia ASM235CM chip.
The SSD is nestled in an IP55-rated rugged shell, offering speeds up to 550MB/s reads with the USB Type-C port (USB3.1 gen2 10Gbps).
There's a review up on Imaging Resource.
The 64GB Samsung Galaxy S9+ Mobile Phone (Dual-SIM, Midnight Black, Italian version) recorded on Italian Amazon.it priced at €529.00 Euro. Lowest ever!
The 64GB Lexar Pro 1000x UHS-II U3 microSDXC recorded on Amazon priced at $28.99 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
This is one of the better microSD card offerings on the market, with up to 150MB/s reads. Also, it comes with a USB3.0 Type-A Adapter which turns it into a flash drive.
The Canon EOS R Mirrorless Digital Camera Body recorded on eBay priced at $1639.99 & FREE UPS Ground Shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
The EOS R is Canon's first Full-Frame Mirrorless camera. It features a 30.3MP sensor, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and an SDXC UHS-II card slot.
The 2TB Crucial MX500 2.5" SATA3 SSD recorded on Amazon priced at $224.99 & FREE shipping in the US. Lowest ever!
Pretty solid SSD drive, at an attractive price point.
The Samsung 860 EVO 1TB 2.5" SATA3 SSD recorded on German Amazon.de priced at €137.51 Euro & FREE shipping in Germany. Lowest ever!
Uses Samsung MJX controller & V-NAND Technology.


Across all industries, robots are revolutionizing the way companies operate in nearly every sector of the economy. From the creation of the robotic vehicle assembly lines in manufacturing to robot-assisted surgery in healthcare, robots have long helped improve productivity and accuracy while simplifying complex processes. Now, the next wave of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is hitting the back office. Using actionable, real-time insights from operations intelligence, companies can now augment the orchestration and automation of adaptive business processes.
The proliferation of automation and artificial intelligence is an important driver of organizational performance and has already begun to drive business transformation. Chief among these is the impact of automation to improve speed to market and accuracy of data extraction by eliminating human error from the equation. Along the same lines, regulatory or legal compliance rules are being embedded with an RPA framework so that instead of a human manually hunting for violations after collecting information, the system can carry out a check simultaneously as data is input, making the process substantially more efficient.
These new technologies are also profoundly changing how brands engage with their customers and how they manage their contact centre partners. Enterprises are leveraging better customer insights by graduating from leveraging RPA capabilities as an enabler to eliminating mundane, repetitive tasks and helping employees discover the next-best actions for proactive customer engagement. In fact, according to Gartner, "By 2025, customer service organizations that embed AI in their multichannel customer engagement platform will elevate operational efficiency by 25%." (Source: Gartner, Predicts 2019: CRM Customer Service and Support, Olive Huang et al., 13 December 2018).
At Startek and Aegis, we've recently deployed a robotic process automation solution for an e-commerce giant with great success. The solution encompasses a digitized and automated email response management system for seller support. Using intelligent bots, Return Order (RO) requests are now automatically segregated and assigned to the appropriate team. Manual follow-ups with e-commerce dealers have also been replaced by rule-based scheduling and well-defined and informative email responses.
Teams now have access to a uniform, web-based User Interface (UI) to track cases assigned to them and to keep track of the chronological progress of each case. We also developed a built-in alert mechanism, encompassing defined business logic, which reduced overall manual tracking overhead. Adding RPA technology to handle such customer requests resulted in a 20% reduction in average handle time. Additionally, the RPA solution helped humanize the process of manually tagging RO requests for further action. Human error has been reduced, and employees no longer have the burden of tracking and sending alerts.
By leveraging RPA technology in conjunction with existing business processes, we helped our client streamline a long running customer process across functional boundaries and technology silos. Yet, deploying the RPA solution did not supplant the human touch. Instead, it complemented the entire RO engagement cycle by reducing manual intervention to a bare minimum.
Even in a world of robots and intelligent automation, humans continue to be an essential component of the customer experience. Intelligent actions of programmable robots cannot be deciphered systematically without human input. That's why it is important to strike a balance between the talent and the machine. A highly intelligent BPM requires a balance between automated technologies and authentic human communication to streamline processes and gain productivity while building trust, rapport, and loyalty with your customers. To learn more, visit us online at www.aegisglobal.com or www.startek.com.


As totally a homeowner's real estate agent, my skill is strictly dedicated to assisting individuals to most effectively market their houses for the highest possible profit within the span of time chosen.
We completely are cognizant of why you need the highest feasible price when you sell your residence now and need expert advice on the most profitable ways to sell your house quickly.
And if you desire to find a home, we fully understand why you want to find the finest buyer real estate agent to get the most outstanding value available that you can manage in the most exclusive neighborhood.
We are delighted to refer you to to the best buyer real estate agent. Yet, if our team has in fact helped you market your house, our experts are more than happy to work with you as a purchaser realtor in order to help you to obtain a new house to get the most terrific price available that you can afford in the best area.
I have figured out what causes a home to sell for the highest price without having to use cash to create enhancements. On the contrary, for homeowners that wish to create a few minimal renovations, I understand which revisions will definitely result in a higher price for the house as well as which renovations normally will certainly not. Creativity is probably the most critical capability considering that it assists me to find exactly what might be done to raise the value of and also beautify a house. Building knowledge is very important due to the fact that it allows me to review the prices of remodeling changes. Nearby market conditions and styles are actually beneficial in determining the optimum cost a residence may sell for in a certain area. Purchaser agents undoubtedly possess sorts of abilities that I do not possess and they are actually outstanding at what they perform. As the seller realtor, I prefer to consider myself as an experienced positive arbitrator.
The buyer real estate agent is generally a negative negotiator, writing up deadlines, due dates, and demands and detecting discrepancies, defects, and deficiencies as well as demonstrating a downer appearance, consistently acting disheartened and depressed about the residence of the homeowner, as well as displaying downright desperation, disenchantment, defeat, despair, and disillusionment. Of course, this is actually an oversimplification however I have truly seen it happen lots of times. I have passion about the product I am marketing: the property is actually special, it is very special. I seem to, and also genuinely feel that, I negotiate coming from power, never ever coming from a position of weakness. I recognize the best ways to negotiate and constantly feel I can out-negotiate a buyer real estate agent due to the fact that I definitely have the higher ground with the sun behind me. Mine is a peaceful type of bargaining whereas the buyer realtor has to resort to depressive, damaging, bargaining strategies.
The purchaser real estate broker show of disappointment is actually, typically, the initial indication that I am winning in the negotiations. I am able to use my natural good personality to be kind to purchaser real estate agents.
As strictly a seller's agent, my expertise is completely focused entirely on assisting individuals to most effectively market their houses for the highest revenue within the span of time intended.


Mistakes in web design cost you money. How much is a matter of knowing which error you're making.
How about real world examples of these mistakes (including screenshots)? Here it is.
How can mistakes in web design cost sales?
Well, pushing sales forward in the digital era has brought new challenges. Maybe, it all was easier before when a salesperson simply had to meet a prospect, pitch a product, and have his/her fingers crossed for a positive outcome.
Right now though we have so many more things to consider. You can drive sales via email, social media, phone calls, and so on and so forth. Conquering all of these channels with the same magnitude is hard.
So, priorities should be on board as well.
Let's take a look at statistics.
As you can see, the majority of companies find websites the most efficient digital channel to drive sales.
Why are websites killing the game?
A customer can get an answer to his/her questions without ever needing to contact a sales team. So, when a prospect approaches you, you can easily know what he/she wants to buy.
A trustworthy website helps generate leads as well. If a visitor sees that a company is mentioned by industry leaders, has honest testimonials on the website, and all kinds of contact information, the odds of him/her contacting you are higher.
Searching websites is a strategy of gift-shoppers. Present-buyers look for inspiration by researching what's out there on the web. According to data collected by "Virtual Goods Mean Real Money This Holiday" report, 21% of gift-shoppers already trust websites for research rather than physical stores.
Everything is in one place. There's hardly another place on the Internet where you can find or store all the information about a company a customer might need. In a social media group page, important information can get lost in time and you can pin only one post.
However, you can sort all the information you need by placing it on your website: costs, testimonials, lists of services, portfolios, blogs, contacts, news, resources, products, and so on, and so forth.
Having a website is your way to know the audience. There's Facebook Insights. There are a ton of email marketing metrics. You can go and see a prospect personally or take dozens of calls per day.
Via Analytics, you can get all kinds of reports that will help you know your audience better. Knowing all of that, you get an idea of how to target those people via email or social media, talk to them on the phone or behave at meetings.
Websites for sales – underrated?
You'd think there's so much hype about e-commerce and selling online that everyone should have a flawless website. After all, compared to yearly phone bills or fuel costs for transportation, hiring a developer and building a small website won't cost much.
There are dozens of websites that look like this one. That kind of sets a tendency — companies don't really care about their Internet page. Thus there are a few easy to avoid yet common mistakes e-commerce websites' owners make quite often.
Often the most visited page of a website. Are you making any of these mistakes on your homepage?
A homepage is basically your website in a nutshell. If a visitor stumbles upon it, make sure you'll give them a clear vision of what the company does.
Make sure your positioning is on the first screen and it's visually separated from the body text.
State the offer loud and clear in one sentence, a phrase, or a few words.
In the offer, try to define target audience who'd be interested to keep exploring the website. That means you can include the region you are based in, the specific interests or the nature of work of your prospects.
If you are working for the B2B market, it can be harder to create a compelling offer while keeping it short and brief. Yet, not entirely impossible. Take a look at how it was done by this roofer company.
Here, you can see everything you need to know about the company's positioning: the area where it's located and the main service it offers. That's not much, yet enough.
Don't put your offer next to a big text block even if it's separated by a different font and text size.
In the offer, avoid loud and senseless adjectives like "best", "most professional", or "efficient". They mean nothing for a client but will take more space on the screen.
Though your offer has to differ from all the other content on the page, don't use more than three fonts in more than three colors. Remember about aesthetics, not just grabbing attention.
In the example above, the offer is hard to distinguish from the other content on the page.
Takeaway: the homepage is your website in a nutshell. Make sure that if your customer has a chance to visit only this page, they'll still get enough information to trust a company and ask for a deal.
There are dozens of companies on the Internet. Everyone's websites look familiar. Quite frankly, can you tell the difference between the websites I'm about to show to you right away?
It's hard to tell them apart right away. Now imagine that you are a customer, who's researched dozens of offers? And, mind you, not everyone has a backlog of their search. Eventually, it all ends up being: "I saw a good website but I don't remember which one that was".
In order to stand out from this extremely tough crowd, make sure you offer something for free to start building customer's trust right after the first session.
Those free offers are called "lead magnets" because when a customer needs a deal, he/she is more likely to contact a familiar company than a new one.
a promo code for the first order.
Here's the way to offer a free bonus: a content marketing agency, for instance, can develop a free strategy for its clients.
Takeaway: as there are a lot of websites, you have to stand out. One way to do it is to build trust by providing free value. It's important to take into account that you don't have to offer a free service rather but a bonus.
No matter what branding or marketing classes you take, every instructor will eventually end up saying: "The logo is a huge branding element. Make sure your clients remember your logo".
That wouldn't be wrong. The logo is indeed important. Also, if we hired a designer to create it or spent a few hours doing it ourselves, it's only logical to be proud of the result. Still, it doesn't mean you should dedicate the entire first screen to showcase your logo.
Where to put a logo?
Statistics tell us that a left corner is a better place for a website logo than a right one. Brands are also quite actively placing their logos on the left. Think about Facebook or McDonald's, for instance.
Another cool way is to natively put your logo into the pictures in the slider or portfolio items. Take a look at how a design studio in LA has done it.
A lot of companies don't have any logo whatsoever. However, that's not a good practice. Even if you don't print any visual materials and not many people might see your logo, don't neglect it.
One of the biggest purposes of a logo is a favicon — an icon associated with a website that shows in browser or address bar. The websites with no favicon are not half as appealing as those that have it.
Takeaway: on your website, there has to be a logo. Yet, it doesn't have to disturb the navigation purpose or distract a user. So, put a logo in the left corner or at the center of the page.
It's no secret that social proof doesn't work as well as it once was. Almost every customer is aware of the facts that companies write testimonials by themselves and not every company in the list of clients is a real client of the company.
Video testimonials: One thing is when there's a stock picture and a pile of text. Yet, it's completely different when there's a real person speaking in front of the camera about his or her relationship with a company.
Certificates and awards: We might not entirely trust all this stuff. Still, out of a no-name company with no achievements whatsoever and the one that has been certified or awarded, customers will evidently choose the second one.
Mentions by famous media outlets: If someone wrote about you, be proud to showcase it on the homepage.
They mentioned their partners and media outlets that have written about the company. It makes an impression, doesn't it?
Takeaway: ensure that your visitors know about all the cool things that happened to the company — a fancy award, a new certificate, a brand mention, or a big number of followers on social media. It's all social proof. It matters.
It seems marketers have been discussing positioning and unique selling points like forever. However, as it takes quite a lot of creativity to come up with good selling points, a lot of salespeople prefer to not bother.
Think of something that matters to you while getting a service. Perhaps, you can only feel safe when the manufacturer is willing to sign a written deal? Maybe, the warranty will break the tie between two offers? Could it be that you bought a smartphone only knowing that a lot of shops in the city can fix it if needed? Think of those features in terms of your customers and your product. What do people really want? What features among those can you offer? Write them down — you're golden!
Dedicate some of your time to think of different ways to say the same things.For instance, there's but a ton of ways to say "professional". By replacing it with "responsible", you'll emphasize the particular traits of your team members (always on time, do their job quickly). By saying "friendly", you'll have an entirely different vibe about your team. Describing your services, try to avoid cliched phrases by emphasizing particular qualities of the product.
Everyone has a mailbox. Millions of people use Gmail. So having a CRM integrated to your Gmail account speaks to a customer's heart.
Then, instead of saying that NetHunt is "multi-functional", a team simply lists all the functions of the extension.A customer can see: indeed, I can do email tracking, follow-ups, integrate a CRM with Zapier. That's multi-functional.
Takeaway: the best approach to create good selling points is perhaps "show — do not tell". If your team is so professional, show us the fruits of their work — don't bother talking. If a product is multi-functional, list all of those features, not just both about it.
Design speaks to common elements and styles across your entire site. What are you conveying about your brand?
Apart from the homepage, the design is quite an issue on most websites. Even if you, as a sales manager, don't have a practical way to change a design on your own, make sure your marketing team knows what's what.
Let's go over a few most common mistakes in web design that cost you sales and prohibit from doing your job as a salesperson to the best of your ability.
There were times where more was more. We loved whatever advancement and filter that was thrown our way. For that reason, everyone loved gradients more than regular colors. As a result, you might quite often see those as a website background.
Takeaway: make sure gradients and basic colors work well with one another. By percentage, the page looks cool if it has 70% of a one-colored scheme and only 30% of a gradient.
It's such a basic rule that one might wonder why it is still such a big issue.
However, the thing is, the font sizes we normally use to write documents are not okay for web pages. Also, it's important to remember that not all fonts are alike.
So, how to choose the font size?
To start with, choose the font itself. A lot of websites choose Arial as a regular practice. To imitate the newspaper page, media outlets like the Guardian choose Georgia as their main font.
Takeaway: use fonts like Arial or Verdana that are easy to read. Remember that smaller fonts than 14 pt. are very difficult for a visitor to read. It's also better to find out what font size is recommended for a particular family.
For the sake of SEO, website owners are advised to create as many pages as possible. To every category, there has to be a sub-category to target specific keywords more precisely. But as far as usability goes, finding a right category in a three-level menu is quite a piece of work.
With a search bar, it's easier to navigate a prospect. If you get a call with a question and want to direct a customer to a particular website page, it'll be way easier to say "type this and that in a search bar" than looking for the right sub-category in the menu.
A search bar often comes in handy while preparing for a sales pitch. You can, for instance, easily find the main information about the product, all the statistics, or a product testimonial you need.
Where to place a search bar?
Traditionally, the best place for a search bar is the top right corner of the page. It doesn't complicate the entire navigation process and is relatively easy for a visitor to find.
Takeaway: if you don't have a search bar yet, ask whoever is in charge to set it up for you for the sake of your sales.
Having a bright, juicy design is, in most cases, an advantage for a website. After all, those plain websites with no cool color schemes are boring. So let's bring as much color on board as possible. Right?
As "plain" as minimalistic websites might be, the main goal is still readability. So, having a tone or two of bright colors is totally fine. A color overload is a completely different story. To understand more precisely what I mean, take a look at the following interface.
Sorry. That must have hurt.
Anyways, as much as I love a shade of red or blue, having them together doesn't play the game for this webpage. How to achieve some sort of healthy balance?
Don't ignore white. Having some white space on your website gives it a sense of freedom. Also, white makes a good match to any other color so you cannot go wrong.
Use the shades from the same palette. As much as we might want to see red and purple together, it might not be the best idea in the world. Red and pastel, on the other hand, work just fine.
Except for colors, remember, that there should be a font balance as well. Make sure you use no more than 3 font modifications.
Discussing homepages, I've said before that a homepage is your website in a nutshell. For that reason, it might be tempting to put as much information in there as possible. However, like at a crossroad, it's easy to get lost on a cluttered homepage like this one.
The amount of blocks is overwhelming. I don't have the slightest idea about what to do next, where to go or what the best option is for me. There's a lot of information, at no doubt. But will a visitor have all the necessary courage to stay on the cluttered page?
How to sort the information on the website?
Portfolios (if there are any).
Everything else is optional and, quite frankly, not all that needed.
Takeaways: cluttered pages don't do anyone any good. Instead of putting everything there's to know about your company, make sure that only the most important details are emphasized. Also, there has to be white space between text blocks so that a page doesn't seem cluttered.
If design is about what you're saying, navigation is all about what you want users to do on your site.
As a lot of users do product research via mobile devices, navigation now needs to be easier than ever. Yet, as if they still target a PC user, many companies don't have time or desire to adjust their navigation. As a result, common mistakes appear. Let's take a look at some of them.
A drop-down menu was essentially designed to save space on the website. If a page has a lot of blocks, using this type of menu bar might only seem logical. Yet, there are quite a lot of reasons to not use the drop-down menu on the website.
Needs high precision. It's no secret that a drop-down menu requires a cursor to be in a particular position. Once it goes off at least slightest bit, a drop-down menu will disappear.
Glitches on mobiles. A drop-down menu can hardly be called mobile responsive. Tapping on a particular block requires even more precision than conquering its PC version.
Too many choices. If you have a drop-down menu, chances are, the homepage will be overloaded with information — not all of it needed. For that reason, it's better to think of few things your customers need the most and let go of everything else.
Takeaway: don't overload your menu with blocks. Rather than doing this, put some info blocks as sidebars on the page.
Statistically, you still can find data stating that buttons boost conversions. Still, looking forward, we can tell that users prioritize text links over buttons. Website designers are yet slow to accommodate themselves to the change.
Buttons are not search friendly as their text is not recognizable for search engines.
Takeaways: buttons do add a stylish effect to your website. However, try not to use buttons for important calls-to-action like "Register" or "Order".
Almost every company has a lot of information that is important or feels that way. Not wanting a customer to miss out on something important, website designers and owners often put ALL the information there is to know about their business.
It's hard to find your way around the overloaded navigation. So the visitor leaves instead of painfully struggling to find the right block.
So, how to build a menu that has just enough information and is comfortable for a visitor to work with?
Do an A/B testing to know which menu links matter most for a visitor. After you get an answer, put those important menu tabs to the top of the block.
Make sure all the links that are needed to make a purchase are easily accessible. That includes the list of services, contact information, payment methods, and "About the company" tab.
Always take a look at competitors' pages. If your company is new and there isn't any way for you to know your audience well enough, go to more experienced companies in the field and see how they build their menus. Perhaps, it'll give some valuable insights.
Takeaway: in menu building, less is totally more. It's better to have not more than a dozen blocks that are easy to manage and get to than try to keep up with few dozens of tabs which neither you nor your customers are comfortable with.
A lot of website owners have a template-based webpage. As a result, the names of menu tabs quite often don't change. You think: "Services" is an appropriate tab to describe the work we do, so I'll leave it".
However, those generic names like "About us", "Services", and so on, bring no clarity to a user. Instead, for the sake of easy and comfortable navigation, it's better to specify your tabs. For instance, instead of "Services", put "Website design" or "Roof repair" so that a user knows what he'll see on the page.
Takeaway: while being descriptive, remember about keeping menu names short and precise.
To see that this issue is still pressing, try to go to any website and find the email of the company. While doing that, time yourself and see how much time it'll take. It'll turn out, quite a while.
Perhaps, not wanting to be bothered by spam or people who don't really want to buy anything, companies choose to hide their contacts far away from a human eye. Still, as a frequent online shopper, I find this tendency particularly frustrating.
Where to put company's email?
"Contact" tab. You can have a general email like "info@companyname.com". Yet, it's better to provide a few emails for different matters — PR, advertising, partnership, inquiries about the product, etc.
The top right corner of the page. That's a good approach — even if a user has seen a website for the first time, they'll see right away that the company is easy to contact.
In the footer of the homepage. That's a good place for contact information for the sake of logic. It makes great sense — after reading all the info on the main page, a user might want to contact the company — an email in the footer comes in handy.
Takeaway: when you are shopping, do you want to see contact information within your reach? Well, so does your client. Make sure a company's email is visible even without having to choose "Contact" tab.
How to make sure your website is not killing your sales?
Even if you have all the recommendations in place, wouldn't it be nice to have some real proof of whether or not your website is doing its best in conquering, not killing your sales.
Weboptimization.com — a tool that will test the level of your website's optimization and give you tips on improving it.
Google page speed online — this Google-powered service will help you test the page speed on your website.
Webpagetest.org — another useful tool that'll help you see your website the way a user will. The service can also give recommendations on improving your website's interface.
Pingdom's web monitoring service — the gist of this service is that you can see the way users react to changes in your website with time.
Google Chrome Developer Tools — the tool that helps you manipulate the layout of your page and Java Script. Also, you can know which pages take most time to load and find the way to optimize it.
A website is an important lead generation channel — ignoring it is totally not the best idea in the world. However, if your Google Analytics account doesn't show the number you would want it to show, some small yet important mistakes could be blamed.
If you are a company owner, changing your website is not that difficult for you. However, if you are a sales manager, you'll have to talk to your supervisor and ask for some minor changes. It might take some stamina, but at the end of the day, all the struggle is worth the result.
A freelance writer. A thinker with hands glued to a keyboard. Founder of vashtext.com. Marketing and sales get me excited on daily basis.


If you're going to wipe out, wipe out in style !! There's still fence netting attached to his bindings - messy !
Perfect day - lunch alfresco of course !
No 🦀 crabs today ! Boo hoo . Pensive sea at Bembridge.
Salted Ta-Honey Tart - simply DIVINE - a crazy mix of caramelised butter, honey, tahini and cream - it's like a reinvented millionaires shortbread just much, much better. Recipe features in February Waitrose mag by Annie Rigg.
My new kitchen blackboard - bought for my first cookery demonstration held yesterday !
Dachshund in the snow ⛄ ❄ (hardly really dashing) !
Snow holes - it's one way to spend the afternoon !
Recycling at ENB - ballet shoes in the bin !!


Nipigon River Bait Tackle and Souvenirs is the physical shop/location of the different businesses and products I produce and services I offer. Started out with locally picked worms and rudimentary maps for visiting fisher people I now have a year round bait and tackle shop in Nipigon which carries a large range of useful resources, products and information for not only the fisher-person but for all types of adventurers to this area.
This site is dedicated Northern Gardening, wild edible and medicinal plants, berries and mushrooms local to this part of the world.
These are some of the resource and information websites operated by myself and my business.


text:
module Twocheckout
  VERSION = '0.5.0'.freeze
end


text:
La vergine di Norimberga, chiamata anche vergine di ferro, è una macchina di tortura inventata nel XIX secolo ed erroneamente ritenuta medioevale. La macchina è un sarcofago antropomorfo di legno dotato all'interno di punte metalliche o lame che avrebbero la funzione di ferire il condannato postovi all'interno, teoricamente senza lederne gli organi vitali per prolungarne l'agonia fino alla morte.

Storicamente non si hanno prove dell'esistenza e dell'impiego della vergine di ferro. Il termine deriva da un esemplare risalente al XIX secolo proveniente dalla città di Norimberga. Così come altri oggetti del periodo, è ritenuto un falso storico creato ad arte per impressionare i visitatori dei musei. Infatti oltre a non esistere originali medievali del dispositivo, non si trovano fonti storiche che parlino di un suo impiego prima del XIX secolo. È quindi confermato che sia un mito risalente al XVIII secolo nel quale si percepiva il Medioevo come un'epoca oscura.

Storia
Ne La città di Dio, un libro latino di filosofia cristiana risalente al V secolo d.C., viene riportato che Marco Atilio Regolo, un politico e militare romano, venne rinchiuso in una scatola con chiodi. Morì non in maniera diretta per via delle ferite ma a causa della privazione di sonno dovuta al dolore. Secondo altre tradizioni, il console romano fu sottoposto a varie torture tra cui l'abbacinamento e morì in seguito al rotolamento da una collina rinchiuso dentro una botte irta di chiodi.

A parte questo riferimento, non si trovano altre fonti che citino uno strumento simile fino alla fine del XVIII secolo, quando il filosofo tedesco Johann Philipp Siebenkees riportò in un suo scritto della presunta esecuzione di un trafficante di monete false nel 1515 per mezzo di una vergine di ferro nella città di Norimberga riportata poi anche da Gustav Freytag nel suo Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit (Quadri del passato tedesco, 1859-1867). In questo documento viene descritto il funzionamento della vergine di ferro come quello di un sarcofago la cui apertura, dotata di punte, richiudendosi sulla vittima ne trafiggevano arti e parti non vitali in modo da non ucciderlo se non dopo giorni di atroci sofferenze.

Da quel momento, esemplari di vergine di ferro incominciarono a comparire nei musei di tutta Europa e negli Stati Uniti, compreso l'esemplare più famoso, conservata al museo di Norimberga risalente agli inizi del 1800 ma andato poi distrutto a seguito dei bombardamenti sulla città durante la seconda guerra mondiale nel 1945. Una copia che si diceva provenisse dal castello reale di Norimberga e che venne esposta al pubblico, venne venduta da J. Ichenhauser di Londra al conte di Shrewsbury nel 1890 insieme ad altri strumenti di tortura e, dopo essere stata esposta alla World's Columbian Exposition di Chicago nel 1893, fu esposta in una mostra itinerante negli Stati Uniti. Questa copia venne messa all'asta nei primi anni sessanta del XX secolo ed è ora esposta in un museo di reperti medievali della città di Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Altri esemplari si trovano fra gli altri al Castello di Peschici, al Museo della Tortura di Siena e molti altri musei della tortura di tutta Europa e del mondo, tra cui il San Diego Museum of Man, il Meiji University Museum.

Già all'epoca ne venne messa in dubbio l'originalità e lo storico J. Ichenhauser la definì nel 1893 "… di nessun interesse per storici e antiquari". Klaus Graf, importante archivista tedesco, nel 2001 definì la Vergine di Norimberga come "una finzione del XIX secolo, perché solo nella prima metà del XIX secolo gli schandmantel, a volte chiamati "vergini", vennero dotati di aculei interni; in seguito, questi oggetti furono adattati a morbose fantasie mitiche e letterarie." Gli esemplari risalenti al XVIII secolo potrebbero essere state costruiti come probabile errata interpretazione di uno Schandmantel o Schandtonne (mantello o barile della vergogna) di reale origine medievale che era un barile di legno e metallo ma privo di punte o lame interne. Wolfgang Schild, professore di diritto penale, storia del diritto penale e filosofia del diritto all'Università di Bielefeld, ha sostenuto che questi ipotetici strumenti di tortura siano assemblati in maniera artificiosa per creare oggetti spettacolari da esporre nei musei per attirare l'attenzione del pubblico.

Non esistono prove che tali macchine siano state inventate nel Medioevo, né utilizzate per scopi di tortura, ma nonostante questo sono molto famose nell'immaginario comune sul periodo medioevale nella cultura di massa; la maggior parte dei miti sulle torture inferte in epoca medievale risalgono al periodo fra 1700 e 1800, quando divenne usanza comune pensare al medioevo come un'epoca molto più brutale rispetto ai tempi moderni e inoltre si tendeva a dare una rappresentazione esagerata di molti aspetti della vita in epoca medievale non solo nel campo della tortura. Questi dispositivi vennero realizzati nel Settecento per creare oggetti di interesse da esporre a scopi commerciali nelle mostre. A Monaco di Baviera, secondo alcune testimonianze, durante il governo del principe Carlo Teodoro, era utilizzato un simile strumento di supplizio, situato nella cosiddetta via della Donzella.

Nel libro stampato nel 1844, "Persecuzioni nel Papato" del francese Frederic Shoberl, cita uno strumento impiegato da alcuni ecclesiastici per estorcere una confessione a un prigioniero che ricorda il principio di funzionamento della vergine di Norimberga dotata di chiodi e lame che trafiggevano il petto del condannato. Testimonianze dirette e prove dell'esistenza dello strumento non si hanno fino al XIX secolo quando ne venne ritrovato uno in una collezione antiquaria probabilmente realizzato durante gli ultimi anni del XVIII secolo quando era di moda il gotico e una certa idea del medioevo.

Si ha prova di un utilizzo moderno dello strumento: 'Uday Saddam, figlio del dittatore iracheno Saddam Hussein e dirigente del comitato olimpico iracheno durante il governo del padre, venne accusato di averlo utilizzato contro gli atleti che effettuavano scarse prestazioni. Secondo la descrizione, era alto due metri, largo 90 centimetri e profondo abbastanza da ospitare un uomo adulto; appariva chiaramente usurato e i suoi chiodi di ferro avevano perso il proprio acume. Giaceva su un lato, a portata di vista dagli uffici di 'Uday, al primo piano dell'associazione calcio. Lo strumento venne portato all'attenzione della rivista Time da un gruppo di saccheggiatori che stava spogliando lo stabile di tutte le cose di pregio. Essi avevano lasciato lì la "Vergine di Norimberga", ritenendola priva di valore.

Caratteristiche
La Vergine di Ferro aveva un aspetto antropomorfo con un volto da fanciulla e arricchito da un'austera Gorgiera in legno o in metallo idealmente modellato affinché vi si potesse riconoscere lo sguardo misericordioso di Maria ed un corpo rigido formato da una coppia di porte assomiglianti ad una bara. Nel complesso misurava due metri di altezza e quasi un metro di larghezza definendo una stazza abbastanza ampia da racchiudere il corpo di un uomo completamente sviluppato.

Ciò che colpisce sono le dozzine di aculei taglienti e arrugginiti progettati per infilzare i condannati schivando gli organi vitali non appena la doppia porta si richiudeva permettendo alla vittima di rimanere in vita e in posizione retta. Talvolta si è riscontrato in qualche modello della Vergine di Norimberga un lungo chiodo non mobile destinato a infilzare il pene o la vagina dei condannati al fine di infliggere ulteriori sofferenze.

Un'altra caratteristica, secondaria e variabile ma ulteriormente significativa, era che le ante potevano essere aperte indipendentemente. Ciò sarebbe stato utile qualora si fosse voluto verificare lo stato del condannato garantendo altresì l'impossibilità ad effettuare fughe, ribellioni o ritorsioni. Nonostante ciò le porte della Vergine avevano uno spessore considerevole apparentemente progettate per insonorizzare il piccolo ambiente del sarcofago, assicurando cioè che le urla ed i lamenti dei condannati non potessero essere ascoltati all'esterno quando entrambe le porte erano sigillate.

Esecuzione
Secondo i folcloristici rituali il condannato, una volta emessa la sentenza definitiva, doveva passare attraverso sette stanze con sette lucchetti prima di essere giustiziato. L'ultimo ambiente era un lungo corridoio e si presentava come la "Sala della Vergine" in fondo al quale era posto il sarcofago metallico ancora sigillato. Il condannato di fronte allo sguardo femminile riconosceva la figura della "Madonna" a cui rivolgeva suppliche e preghiere. Dall'esterno la figura appariva innocua e serena ma una volta spalancate le sue ante celava lunghi chiodi di ferro il cui scopo non era quello di uccidere all'istante ma di torturare lentamente. L'obiettivo, mai riscontrato storicamente, era quello di impalare la vittima ed infliggere una lunga e dolorosa agonia.

Una volta concluso il breve momento delle suppliche il condannato veniva condotto di schiena all'interno dell'armadio e i giustizieri richiudevano lentamente le ante del sarcofago in modo che gli aculei penetrassero la carne delle braccia, delle gambe e infine del busto trafiggendo la vittima contemporaneamente in innumerevoli parti del suo corpo. Il torace, le spalle e gli occhi erano le parti maggiormente colpite ma ciò senza uccidere direttamente il condannato ma causandogli spasmi e dolori lancinanti per giorni interi fino al sopraggiungere della morte.

Si pensa tuttavia che alcuni sarcofagi fossero dotati di punte mobili o removibili dalle porte al fine di porli e trasferirli a seconda della pena che si voleva infliggere al condannato. Ciò avrebbe definito la possibilità di giustiziare o graziare le vite dei detenuti a seconda della natura e della gravità dei crimini commessi. L'esito sarebbe stato più o meno mutilante e più o meno straziante a seconda di dove si sarebbero posizionati i chiodi al suo interno.

Influenza culturale

Letteratura

 La vergine di Norimberga, (The Squaw, 1893) di Bram Stoker.

Cinema

 La vergine di Norimberga (1963), del regista italiano Antonio Margheriti.
 Gli orrori del castello di Norimberga (1971), del regista italiano Mario Bava.
 Nel film Saw II - La soluzione dell'enigma (2005) rappresenta la prima trappola mortale di Jigsaw.

Fumetti
 Negli albi 135-136 (Il teatro della memoria) di Martin Mystère l'aiutante di Sergej Orloff viene rinchiuso nella Vergine di Norimberga. Allegato all'albo 136 si trova l'inserto La Santa Vehme e la Vergine di Norimberga.
 Nel manga Shaman King la leader degli X-Laws Iron Maiden Jeanne vive dentro una Vergine di Norimberga per poi manifestarsi quando combatte.

Musica

 La vergine di Norimberga, album di Riz Ortolani
 Il nome del gruppo musicale Heavy Metal degli Iron Maiden deriva dal nome inglese di questa macchina.

Note

Voci correlate
 Pera orale

Altri progetti

Strumenti di tortura
Falsi storici sul Medioevo


text:
Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate
G. I M Prinz, A. Ladenburger, M. Schirra, M. Feneberg, K. Thonke, R. Sauer, Y. Taniyasu, M. Kasu, Toshiki Makimoto
Aluminum nitride (AlN) has an ultrawide direct band gap of approximately 6.1 eV at low temperature and is fully miscible with gallium nitride. This makes AlN a promising material for ultraviolet optoelectronic applications. Here, we apply cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance spectroscopies to the same AlN layer grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on silicon carbide. In cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence, we observe strong near band edge emission at ≈6 eV. The contribution appearing at an energetic position of 5.983 eV could be identified as A free exciton recombination, strongly redshifted due to strain effects. The spectra obtained by reflectance measurements show features at 5.985 eV and ≈6.2 eV which we assign to the A exciton-in accordance to our luminescence measurements-and a combination of the B and C free excitons, respectively.
aluminum nitrides
silicon carbides
excitons
reflectance
gallium nitrides
vapor phase epitaxy
Prinz, G. I. M., Ladenburger, A., Schirra, M., Feneberg, M., Thonke, K., Sauer, R., ... Makimoto, T. (2007). Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate. Journal of Applied Physics, 101(2), [023511]. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2423141
Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate. / Prinz, G. I M; Ladenburger, A.; Schirra, M.; Feneberg, M.; Thonke, K.; Sauer, R.; Taniyasu, Y.; Kasu, M.; Makimoto, Toshiki.
In: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 101, No. 2, 023511, 2007.
Prinz, GIM, Ladenburger, A, Schirra, M, Feneberg, M, Thonke, K, Sauer, R, Taniyasu, Y, Kasu, M & Makimoto, T 2007, 'Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 101, no. 2, 023511. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2423141
Prinz GIM, Ladenburger A, Schirra M, Feneberg M, Thonke K, Sauer R et al. Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate. Journal of Applied Physics. 2007;101(2). 023511. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2423141
Prinz, G. I M ; Ladenburger, A. ; Schirra, M. ; Feneberg, M. ; Thonke, K. ; Sauer, R. ; Taniyasu, Y. ; Kasu, M. ; Makimoto, Toshiki. / Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate. In: Journal of Applied Physics. 2007 ; Vol. 101, No. 2.
@article{4b52e110eb204b3e946afc7b08a02420,
title = "Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate",
abstract = "Aluminum nitride (AlN) has an ultrawide direct band gap of approximately 6.1 eV at low temperature and is fully miscible with gallium nitride. This makes AlN a promising material for ultraviolet optoelectronic applications. Here, we apply cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance spectroscopies to the same AlN layer grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on silicon carbide. In cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence, we observe strong near band edge emission at ≈6 eV. The contribution appearing at an energetic position of 5.983 eV could be identified as A free exciton recombination, strongly redshifted due to strain effects. The spectra obtained by reflectance measurements show features at 5.985 eV and ≈6.2 eV which we assign to the A exciton-in accordance to our luminescence measurements-and a combination of the B and C free excitons, respectively.",
author = "Prinz, {G. I M} and A. Ladenburger and M. Schirra and M. Feneberg and K. Thonke and R. Sauer and Y. Taniyasu and M. Kasu and Toshiki Makimoto",
T1 - Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance of an aluminum nitride layer grown on silicon carbide substrate
AU - Prinz, G. I M
AU - Ladenburger, A.
AU - Schirra, M.
AU - Feneberg, M.
AU - Thonke, K.
AU - Sauer, R.
AU - Taniyasu, Y.
AU - Kasu, M.
AU - Makimoto, Toshiki
N2 - Aluminum nitride (AlN) has an ultrawide direct band gap of approximately 6.1 eV at low temperature and is fully miscible with gallium nitride. This makes AlN a promising material for ultraviolet optoelectronic applications. Here, we apply cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance spectroscopies to the same AlN layer grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on silicon carbide. In cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence, we observe strong near band edge emission at ≈6 eV. The contribution appearing at an energetic position of 5.983 eV could be identified as A free exciton recombination, strongly redshifted due to strain effects. The spectra obtained by reflectance measurements show features at 5.985 eV and ≈6.2 eV which we assign to the A exciton-in accordance to our luminescence measurements-and a combination of the B and C free excitons, respectively.
AB - Aluminum nitride (AlN) has an ultrawide direct band gap of approximately 6.1 eV at low temperature and is fully miscible with gallium nitride. This makes AlN a promising material for ultraviolet optoelectronic applications. Here, we apply cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and reflectance spectroscopies to the same AlN layer grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on silicon carbide. In cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence, we observe strong near band edge emission at ≈6 eV. The contribution appearing at an energetic position of 5.983 eV could be identified as A free exciton recombination, strongly redshifted due to strain effects. The spectra obtained by reflectance measurements show features at 5.985 eV and ≈6.2 eV which we assign to the A exciton-in accordance to our luminescence measurements-and a combination of the B and C free excitons, respectively.


Not too long ago, I started playing Pokémon Platinum (another version is the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, which I haven't played yet). I have already finished the game and since I'm a big fan of it, I am writing a guide to help those enthusiasts out there beat the game(my niece is playing this as well, :D). So, if you are playing it now and you have some questions to ask or need help about the Gym Leaders then you've come across the right page.
Let's start with the Sinnoh Gym Leaders.
You won't find Roark the first time you arrived at the Oreburgh Gym and so you can't battle him yet. Go to the second basement level of the Oreburgh mine and you will see him there. Talk to him and he will demonstrate how the HM (hidden machine) Rock Smash works. After that, Roark walks away and returns to his gym. You can continue to walk further and find items or you can immediately go after him and enter his gym. You will Find Roark at the top where he awaits you for a Pokémon battle. Win the battle an you'll receive your first gym badge.
All of Roark's Pokémon are Rock-type (both his Geodude and Onix are dual-type Pokémon, Rock- and Ground-type). If you choose Piplup at the beginning of the game then you're at edge. Piplup is a water-type Pokémon and water-type moves are strong against rock-types and ground-types. You need not to worry if you choose Turtwig on the other hand. Grass-type moves are also super-effective against Rock- and Ground-type Pokémon.
However, you'll have difficulty winning when you choose Chimchar as your starter Pokémon. Chimchar is a Fire-type Pokémon which is weak against Rock- and Ground-type moves. But you can counter those attacks by using the move Mach punch. Teach Chimchar the move Mach punch by leveling. Mach punch is a Fighting-type move which is super effective against Roark's Pokémon. Win the battle and you will receive you first badge – the Coal Badge! Roark will also give you TM76 (Technical Machine) Stealth Rock.
You will have to defeat three other trainers in the Gym first before you can battle Gardenia. Beat them and you will unblock the water barricades inside the Gym. You will need to cross over the huge rotating flower clock which will bring you to Gardenia. Now talk to Gardenia to battle her and win your second gym badge.
Gardenia's Pokémon are all grass-type. So you can have an easy win if you use Fire-, Ice-, and Flying type moves. If you have Chimchar as your starter Pokémon then you would not have to worry much. You can also try to catch Starly, a Flying-type Pokémon. Starly learns the move wing-attack when it reaches Lv. 13. Level up Starly to Lv. 14 and it will evolve into Staravia. It will inflict more damage when it is in its evolved form, considering that Gardenia's Pokémon are all around Lv. 20. After beating Gardenia, she will give you your second badge - The Forest Badge! She will also give you TM 86 Grass Knot.
Just like Roark, you will not find Fantina at her Gym when you first arrive there. A man in dark glasses will tell you that Fantina is not around at the moment. You will learn that she was at the Contest Hall.
You will find Fantina in the lower right corner of the Contest Hall. Talk to her and she'll tell you that she will be waiting at the Gym for your battle. Waste no more time and get back in the Gym and win your third gym badge.
All of Fantina's Pokémon are Ghost-type. She also has Haunter which is a dual-type Pokémon (Ghost- and Dark-type). Counter Fantina's attacks with Ghost- and Dark-type moves which will deal a lot of damage. Win the battle and you will receive your third shining gym badge – The Relic Badge! You will also receive from Fantina TM65 which is Shadow Claw.
You will meet Crasher Wake the first time you reach to Veilstone Gym. You will learn from him that Maylene and he have been training together. He then leaves the gym but you will surely get to see him soon as it turns out that he is the Pastoria City Gym Leader. Enter the gym where there are other four trainers ready for Pokémon battle. Beat all of them until you reach Maylene at the back of the gym. Challenge her for a Pokémon battle and win your fourth gym badge.
Maylene is a Fighting-type Pokémon user. Her Pokémon are naturally strong against normal-, ice-, rock-, dark- and steel-type Pokémon so take note of this. Beat Maylene's Machoke using Flying- and Psychic-type moves. You can also inflict major damage to her other Pokémon by using Fire- and Ground-type moves. Defeat Maylene and she'll give you your fourth glittering gym badge – The Cobble Badge! You will also receive from her the TM60 Drain Punch.
You first met Wake at the Veilstone City Gym. That time all you did was talking. But this time around, you meet him for a Pokémon battle. Enter his gym and proceed there by battling through six other trainers.
After beating all of them, advance at the back of the gym where Wake is waiting for you. Talk to him and challenge him in a Pokémon battle. Win and get your fifth gym badge.
Wake is a water-type Pokémon user. Using Fire-, Water-, Ice- and Steel-type moves against his Pokémon will be just a waste of time. Take note also that Water-type moves are strong against Ground- and Rock-type Pokémon, so these types of Pokémon won't be of much help this time (they inflict normal damage though). Beat Wake's Pokémon by using Grass- and Electric-type moves. Good luck! Defeat Wake and you'll get your fifth gym badge – The Fen Badge! He will also give you TM55 Brine.
The Canalave City Gym is built up of four floors. Use the lifts to carry you around the floors where seven other trainers are waiting for you to battle. Beat all of them until you reach the 4th floor where you will face Byron.
Challenge him in a Pokémon battle and win your sixth gym badge.
Byron's Pokémon are all Steel-type. Poison-type moves have no effects against his Pokémon so beware. Most of the Pokémon move types too will only inflict his Pokémon with only half of the normal damage. Moreover, Steel-type moves are super-efective against Ice- and Rock-type Pokémon, so do not send out Pokémon of these types (unless you've got no choice). Use Fire-, Fighting- and Ground-type moves instead and you'll surely succeed. These moves inflict twice the normal damage, so be smart and win the battle. You will receive your sixth gym badge after you beat Byron – The Mine Badge! You will also get from him TM91, teach this to your Pokémon to learn Flash Cannon.
Enter the gym and you will discover that the Snowpoint gym is built up of 5 levels of slippery floor tiles and barricades of snow balls. You'll find Candice standing at the top level of the gym, but it's a bit difficult to reach her because of the slippery floor. Be smart and make your way to her by sliding down and breaking those snow boulders.
The gym has also six other trainers ready for Pokémon battle. Beat all of them so you can face Candice. Win the battle and the seventh gym badge is rightfully yours.
All of Candice's Pokémon are dual ice-type. Inflict twice damage on her Sneasel by using Fighting-type moves and beat the rest by using Fire-type moves. Use this combination and you'll surely have success. Defeat Candice and you'll receive your seventh gym badge – The Icicle Badge! You will also receive TM72. Teach this to your Pokémon to learn Avalanche.
You'll come across Flint – one of the Pokémon League Elite 4 - the firs time you enter Sunyshore City. You'll learn from him that Volkner has lost his fighting spirit on Pokémon battles. Head your way to the Vista Lighthouse located at the bottom right spot of the city. Enter the building and you'll find Volkner inside. Talk to him and declare a Pokémon battle challenge.
All of Volkner's Pokémon are Electric-type which are naturally weak against Ground-type moves. Send off Pokémon that knows Ground-type moves and you're good to go. Show Volkner how skilled you are as a Pokémon trainer and you'll surely restore his fighting spirit. Beat him and you will finally get your eighth and final gym badge – The Beacon Badge! You will also receive from him TM57 Charge Beam.
You now have all eight gym badges which means that you're eligible to enter at the Pokémon League. Waste no time and head your way to Victory Road!
A guide about beating the elite four and Pokémon League Champion Cynthia. So, here it is. Hope this helps you my fellow avid gamers.
Who among the Sinnoh Gym Leaders did find the most difficult to beat?
Here is the latest Pokemon 3DS ROM for the lowest price!
These look very nice. There are at least two that I would like to have to add to my profile. Now all you need to add is a Rabbit badge, like the other aniamls, and I would be happy.
That ints'higs perfect for what I need. Thanks!
than adding more badge slots to aapper next to avatars, our plans are to give users the ability to feature more of their badges on their profile pages. So rather than (or in addition to) a row of recent achievement badges, you would have another row of customizable badge slots.Plus, we want to create a feature that will allow you to easily browse through all of the badges a user has achieved and purchased.


text:
Devin Jones
I first met Devin Jones on a social networking site over a decade ago. I interviewed him in New York, NY, on January 7, 2012. Below, he discusses some of the stigma associated with depression.
I saw some picture online, actually, and it was a really good quote that summarized everything. The gist of it was, 'do I tell people when I have issues that I'm dealing with—pain and whatnot—and let them think that I'm seeking the attention that comes with that, or do I just suffer in silence and pretend that everything is OK?' It really does feel like a lot of the time, it's one or the other, even if you legitimately have issues.
I know there have been a lot of people who assume that's just a cry for attention, because unfortunately, there are some people who do that. You hear about people that cut themselves, and do that stuff for attention, and that's sickening, honestly, but it happens. So, a lot of people don't understand, especially if they haven't dealt with it, and they don't get it, so it's hard to talk about. I think that because there's such an awful stigma placed upon having depression in our society that it makes telling people that much worse.